Handout - Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

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UFRJ – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro CLAC – Curso de Línguas Aberto à Comunidade – English VII – Monitor: Clarice Frauches - Name: _______________________________________________

THE PRESENT PERFECT  What is it? The present perfect is a verb tense used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

 How is it used? The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. Remember that irregular verbs are different: their past participle will vary from verb to verb.

 When is it used?      

Actions started in the past and continuing in the present. Ex: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.); Have you played the piano since you were a child? An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Ex: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.); It has rained a lot this year. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now. Ex: We have visited Portugal several times; They have seen that film six times. An action when the time is not important (the result is what is important). Ex: He has read 'War and Peace'. (= the result of his reading is important); Someone has eaten my soup! Actions completed in the very recent past (usually expressed with +just). Ex: I have just finished my work.; We have just seen her. Talk about someone’s life experience. Ex: They have visited Paris three times.; We have never seen that film. PS: We often use Present Perfect with an unfinished time word (ex: this month, this week, today). Ex: I haven't seen her this month./ She's drunk three cups of coffee today. We CAN’T use the present perfect with a finished time word. -> NOT: I’ve seen him yesterday.

PAST PARTICIPLE

 What is it? O Past Participle (particípio passado) é uma forma verbal utilizada como estruturas complementares de alguns tempos verbais e ainda, pode desempenhar o papel de adjetivos.

 How is it used? Para os verbos regulares, o past participle é formado pelo acréscimo de –d ou –ed, por exemplo: agree – agreed; ask – asked; call – called, etc. Já os verbos irregulares apresentam formas distintas, por exemplo, be – been; sell – sold; speak – spoken, etc.

 When is it used?  



Estruturas Verbais: o past participle pode ser utilizado como parte de alguns tempos verbais, sobretudo, dos perfect tenses. Ex: Present Perfect: My parents have gone to Italy three times. (Meus pais foram na Itália três vezes). Voz Passiva: a passive voice também utiliza os verbos no past participle. Lembre-se que as vozes verbais são divididas em ativa e passiva. A diferença é a ênfase dada em cada uma delas. Na ativa, o foco é no sujeito que pratica a ação. Já na passiva, o foco é na ação praticada pelo sujeito. Ex: The Tower of London was built in 1078. (A Torre de Londres foi construída em 1078) Adjetivos: como adjetivos, o past participle qualificam algo ou mesmo alguém. Ex: That city doesn’t have paved streets. (Aquela cidade não tem ruas pavimentadas.)

Verb patterns in the Past Participle (phonetically-oriented) Group 1 (“en”) Base form

Past participle

Group 2 [ʌ] Base form

Group 3 (no change)

Past participle

Base form

Past participle

be

been

begin

begun

bet

bet

see

seen

ring

rung

shut

shut

beat

beaten

sing

sung

cost

cost

bite

bitten [ɪ]

swim

swum

cut

cut

rise [ai]

risen [ɪ]

drink

drunk

put

put

write [ai]

written [ɪ]

sink

sunk

hit

hit

eat

eaten

hang

hung (hanged*)

hurt

hurt

fall

fallen

---

---

let

let

Drive [ai]

Driven [ɪ]

---

---

run

run**

forgive

forgiven

---

---

come

come**

give

given

---

---

become

become**

hide [ai]

hidden [ɪ]

---

---

---

---

* Hang (pendurar) → hung (pendurado) Hang (enforcar) → hanged (enforcado) ** Vale lembrar que, embora o past participle seja igual a base form, o simple past é diferente nesses três casos, diferente dos outros verbos no grupo (ran, came, became). Same as simple past form Group 5 (“d” → “t”)

Group 4 [ɔ] Base form

Past participle

Base form

Group 6 [ɛ]

Past participle

Base form

Past participle

bring

brought

send

sent

say

said

think

thought

bend

bent

hold

held

teach

taught

spend

spent

read

read

fight

fought

build

built

meet

met

buy

bought

lend

lent

lead

led

catch

caught

---

---

leave

left

lose

lost

---

---

keep

kept

shoot

shot

---

---

Deal

dealt

seek

sought

---

---

Sleep

slept

---

---

---

---

feel

felt

---

---

---

---

mean

meant

Same as simple past form Group 7 [æ] Base form

Group 8 [oʊ]

Past participle

Base form

Group 9 [ʊ]

Past participle

Base form

Past participle

sit

sat

sell

sold

stand

stood

have

had

tell

told

understand

understood

misunderstand

Misunderstood

---

---

---

---

Same as simple past form Group 11 [eɪ]

Group 10 [ɝ] Base form

Past participle

Base form

Group 12 (particular cases)

Past participle

Base form

Past participle

mishear

misheard

make

made

find

found [aʊ ]

hear

heard

pay

paid

win

won [ʌ]

---

---

Group 13 (same simple past form - “e” + “n”) Base form

Past participle

---

---

Group 14 (same as simple past form + “n”) Base form

Group 15 (same as simple past form + “ten”)

Past participle

Base form

Past participle

wear

worn

speak

spoken

forget

forgotten

tear

torn

wake

woken

get

gotten

---

---

break

broken

---

---

---

---

choose

chosen

---

---

---

---

freeze

frozen

---

---

Group 16 (same as base form + “n”) Base form

Group 17 (same as base form + “ne”)

Past participle

Base form

Past participle

blow

blown

do

done

throw

thrown

go

gone

show

shown

---

---

draw

drawn

---

---

grow

grown

---

---

know

known

---

---

take

taken

---

---

shake

shaken

---

---

*** fly → flown (a base form não é a mesma que o particípio, mas o verbo to fly é da mesma família dos verbos to blow, to throw, to know, to grow, daí a equivalência nas formas participiais deles)

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS  What is it? The present perfect continuous is used to refer to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.

 How is it used? The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements: the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and the base of the main verb +ing. Examples: Affirmative: She has been / She's been running. Negative: She hasn't been running. Interrogative: Has she been running? Interrogative negative: Hasn't she been running?

 When is it used? 

ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT (*uso mais recorrente) She has been waiting for you all day (= and she's still waiting now). I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (= and I still haven't finished it). They have been travelling since last October (= and they're not home yet).



ACTIONS THAT HAVE JUST FINISHED, BUT WE ARE INTERESTED IN THE RESULTS She has been cooking since last night (= and the food on the table looks delicious). It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet). Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).