Magnolia brasiliensis - new species northeast Brazil

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Magnolia brasiliensis (Magnoliaceae), a new species and new record for the Northeastern region of Brazil Article  in  Brittonia · April 2018 DOI: 10.1007/s12228-018-9529-1

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Magnolia brasiliensis (Magnoliaceae), a new species and new record for the Northeastern region of Brazil CECÍLIA OLIVEIRA DE AZEVEDO1, LUCAS CARDOSO MARINHO2, ANDERSON FERREIRA PINTO MACHADO3, FRANK ARROYO4, AND J. ANTONIO VÁZQUEZ-GARCÍA5 1

Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Estrada do Bem-Querer, Km 4, s/n, Bairro Universitário, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45083-900, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036-900, Brazil 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Rua Hormindo Barros, 58, Quadra 17, Lote 58 Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45029-094, Brasil 4 Herbario MOL, Universidad Agraria La Molina, Av. La Universidad, s/n, La Molina, Lima, Peru 5 Instituto de Botánica (Herbario IBUG), Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Universidad de Guadalajara-CUCBA, Las Agujas, Zapopan, km 15, carretera, Guadalajara-Nogales, Jalisco, Mexico

Abstract. A new species of Magnolia is described for the flora of Brazil, based on material from Bahia and Minas Gerais states. This species represents the first record of Magnoliaceae in the Northeastern region of Brazil. Magnolia brasiliensis differs from all other Brazilian species of Magnolia by having adaxially glossy leaves and differs from M. ovata by having a lower number of stamens and carpels. Despite its large extent of occurrence, the conservation status attributed to the new species is Endangered, mainly based on the low number of mature individuals in each subpopulation (< 50) and an area of occupancy of less than 16 km2. Keywords: Conquista plateau, semideciduous seasonal forest, Espinhaço Range, South America, Talauma.

Magnoliaceae comprises two subfamilies: Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae. The delimitation of genera, subgenera and sections in the family is not yet a consensus among the authors. Figlar & Nooteboom (2004) recognize only two genera for the family: Liriodendron L and Magnolia L. All genera of Magnoliaceae, except Liriodendron, have been merged within Magnolia (Figlar, 2000; Nooteboom, 2000; Figlar & Nooteboom, 2004). Molecular studies have shown that the Neotropical Talauma Juss. (= Magnolia section Talauma, subsection Talauma) forms a basal clade of Magnolioideae (Nie et al., 2008; Kim & Suh, 2013). The subsection Talauma is morphologically characterized by the stipules adnate to the petiole and carpels with circumscissile dehiscenc (Figlar & Nooteboom, 2004). Kim & Suh (2013)

recognized Talauma as a section of Magnolia, however, in their analysis the subsection did not form a monophyletic clade. The Brazilian Flora Group (BFG, 2015) recognized only two species of Magnoliaceae native to Brazil: M. amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts, which in Brazil is restricted to the Northern region, and M. ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng., which is widespread in Brazil except in the Northeastern region. A third species, M. paranaensis A. Vázquez, was recently described from Paraná state, and is confined to this state in the Southern region (Vázquez-García et al., 2013). For delimitation of the geographical regions of Brazil see IBGE (2017). Here we present the description of yet another new species of Magnolia, this one from Bahia and Minas Gerais. Its publication extends the

Brittonia, DOI 10.1007/s12228-018-9529-1 ISSN: 0007-196X (print) ISSN: 1938-436X (electronic) © 2018, by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A.

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documented geographic distribution of Magnoliaceae in Brazil to the Northeastern region. Materials and methods Type material, protologues, and Neotropical specimens of Magnolia were examined in the JSTOR Global Plants online database, as well as in relevant herbaria. Fieldwork was carried out in November 2008, December 2016, and January and March 2017 in the forest fragment of the Poço Escuro Reserve, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. The morphological description was based on fresh and herbarium material. The leaf description follows Ellis et al. (2009) and general shapes of reproductive structures follow Radford et al. (1974). The map was made using the website SimpleMappr (Shorthouse, 2010), and the conservation status was assessed based on the categories and criteria of the IUCN (2012) and the guidelines of the IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2017). New species Magnolia brasiliensis C. O. Azevedo, A. F. P. Machado & A. Vázquez, sp. nov. Type: Brazil. Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Poço Escuro, 14°52'S, 41°0'W, 900–1300 m elevation, 10 Nov 2008 [fl], C. O. Azevedo, V. A. O. Dittrich & C. A. E. Leitão 354 (holotype: HUEFS barcode 000037437). (Figs. 1, 2) Magnolia brasiliensis (sect. Talauma, subsect. Talauma) is similar to M. ovata, but it differs by having the leaves 3.5–6.5 cm wide (vs. 8–14.5 cm wide in M. ovata); the petals 3–3.5 × 1.3– 1 cm (vs. 5–6 × 3–3.2 cm); the stamens 75–93 (vs. 144–150); the carpels 37–57 (vs. 68–71); and the fruits 7–8 × 6–7 cm (vs. 11–15 × 8–9 cm). It can also be readily distinguished from M. ovata and other closely related species by its adaxially glossy leaves.

Trees (5–)10–20 m tall, 10–30 cm dbh, with buttresses; small branches and twigs flexible, drying blackish, with scattered lenticels; stipules adnate to petiole, 4.5–5 mm long, green, oblong to conical, apex obtuse, base truncate, early-caducous, glabrous. Petioles 2–2.8 cm long, green, asperous and slightly dilated at the base, adaxially concave, abaxially convex, adnate stipules with scar mostly along the entire length of the petiole. Leaf blades 7.5–14.5 × 3.5–6(–8.5) cm, elliptic to ovate, the base acute, the apex acute, the margin

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entire to revolute in sicco, adaxially glossy green and coriaceous in vivo to grayish and strongly coriaceous in sicco, the midvein adaxially impressed and abaxially prominent; the secondary veins 9–10 pairs, prominent on both surfaces, arched and connected, the tertiary veins strongly reticulate on both surfaces. Flowers terminal, solitary, floral buds ellipsoid, 3–4 × 2–2.5 cm; hypsophylls 2, concave, green to yellowish when mature; peduncle 3–5 × 5 mm, somewhat lignified at the base, glabrous, with or without scattered lenticels; sepals 3, 3–3.2 × 2.4–3.2 cm, navicular, obovate, greenish, base truncate, apex rounded; petals 6 (7), 3–3.5 × 1.3–1.7 cm, cream-colored, navicular, spathulate, apex obtuse, base attenuate to truncate, inner petals shorter; stamens 75–93, 8– 9 mm, spathulate, slightly falcate, spirally arranged in 4–5 series, apex obtuse, whitish to yellowish, thecae 2, introrse, with longitudinal dehiscence; gynoecium 1.8–2 × 1–1.3 mm, strobiliform, ellipsoid, slightly suberous, cream colored, with 40–57 carpels. Immature fruits obovoid to broadly ovoid, occasionally subspheric, creamy-green basally, dark green distally, lenticellate, glabrous, 4.5– 6.5 cm long, 5.0 cm in diameter; mature fruits 7– 8 × 6–7 cm subspheric, dehiscence circumscissile, in irregular syncarpic masses, blackish; carpels slightly prominent, blackish in the dorsal wall. Seeds 1–2 per carpel, angular, obovoid, 8–12 mm long, 5 mm thick (widest side), sarcotesta dark red, with fragrant smell. Distribution and habitat.—Magnolia brasiliensis is known from the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais, typically at 900–1300 m (Fig. 3). In Bahia it occurs in Mata de Cipó (liana forest), a kind of semideciduous seasonal forest, at the transition between Caatinga and Atlantic Rainforest (Andrade-Lima, 1971). In the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, Magnolia brasiliensis is always associated with watercourses and riparian gallery forests. Phenology.—The species was observed flowering between October and December, and fruiting between January and March. Conservation status.—We consider Magnolia brasiliensis to be Endangered based on the following criteria of the IUCN (2012): B2ab(i, ii, iii, iv); C1; C2a(i); D. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for the species are estimated to be 178,245 km2 and 24 km2, respectively. The single known population in Bahia comprises less than 50 mature individuals. It is in a small protected area, the

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AZEVEDO ET AL.: A NEW SPECIES OF MAGNOLIA FROM BRAZIL

FIG. 1. Magnolia brasiliensis. A. Detail of the trunk. B. Adaxial surface of leaf. C. Detail of the abaxial surface of leaf. D. Branch with a senescent flower (with just one sepal). E. Branch with floral bud. F. Gynoecium, with sepals, petals and stamens removed. G. Stamen. H. Apical view of immature fruit. Photos: A–C and G, by L. C. Marinho, D–F and H, by C. O. Azevedo.

Poço Escuro Reserve, within a forest fragment covering ca. 17 ha. This fragment is surrounded

by urbanized and otherwise degraded land, and is highly threatened by edge-effects (Soares Filho,

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FIG. 2. Magnolia brasiliensis. A. Hypsophylls. B. Adaxial surface of petals. C. Gradation showing the development of gynoecium towards fruit. D–F. Gradation showing the dehiscence of the fruit. Photos: A–C, by C. O. Azevedo; D–F, by A. Vázquez, D, Irwin & al. 22808 (MO); E–F, Melo Silva & al. 50.

2000; Jesus, 2010) (Fig. 3). The status of the populations in Minas Gerais is less well documented, but the specimens gathered from these populations were all collected near urbanized

areas and/or along roadsides outside of permanent conservation areas. Additional Specimens Examined. BRAZIL. Bahia: Mun. Vitória da Conquista, Reserva do Poço Escuro,

FIG. 3. Geographical distribution of Magnolia brasiliensis. In the right corner, the satellite view of the type locality in the Poço Escuro Reserve, Bahia, extracted from Google Earth.

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AZEVEDO ET AL.: A NEW SPECIES OF MAGNOLIA FROM BRAZIL

TABLE 1. Morphological comparisons between Magnolia brasiliensis and other morphologically or geographically close species of Magnolia that occur in Brazil.

Size of leaf blades (cm) Leaf adaxial surface Leaf indumentum Number of lateral veins in leaf Size of petals (cm) Number of stamens Fruit size (cm) Number of carpels Geographical distribution

M. amazonica

M. brasiliensis

M. ovata

M. paranaensis

11–28.5 × 4.2–10.5*

7.5–14.5 × 3.5–6.5(–8.5)

13.2–16.5 × 8.4–10.3**

28–38 × 7.8–14.5

non-glossy on the midrib* 15–19 pairs*

glossy glabrous 9–10 pairs

non-glossy glabrous** 10–13 pairs**

non-glossy glabrous 9–11 pairs

6–7 × 3.5–4 98–102 7–8.5 × 6-6.5 44–48 North region (Acre and Pará states)

3–3.5 × 1.3–1.7 75–93 7–8 × 6–7 37–57 Bahia and Minas Gerais states

5–6 × 3–3.2 144–150* 11–15 × 8–9 68–71* widespread in Brazil except in the Northeastern region

4.5–5 × 2.4–3 138–142 unknown 50–60 South region (Paraná state)

*from Lozano-Contreras (1990), ** from type material, Saint-Hilaire s.n. (P)

14°50'23"S, 40°50'14.3"W, 14 Dec 2016 [fl, fr], L. C. Marinho & C. O. Azevedo 1215 (CEPEC, HUEFS, HVC); 13 Jan 2017 [fr], A. F. P. Machado et al. 1571, 1572 (HVC). Minas Gerais: Mun. Datas, rodovia Datas–Serro, morro do Côco, 18°26'S, 43°41'W, 1300 m, 8 Jan 1988 [fr], J. R. Pirani et al. 11715 (NY, SP); Morro do Côco, próximo ao trevo para Diamantina, 18°26'S, 43°4'W, 1300 m, 21 Mar 1989 [fr], R. Mello-Silva et al. 49 (F, SPF); Mun. Diamantina, 7 km NE of Diamantina, road to Mendanha, 1300 m, 29 Jan 1969 [fr], H. S. Irwin et al. 22808 (F, MO, NY); Serra do Cipó, 1225 m, 18 Feb 1972 [fr], W. Anderson et al. 36210 (MO, NY); 3 km da estrada Diamantina–Belo Horizonte na estrada para Conselheiro Mata, 18°15'S, 43°43'W, 1300 m, 30 Oct 1988 [fl, bud], R. M. Harley et al. 25459 (MO); estrada Diamantina–Mendanha, 10 Dec 1992 [fl, bud], H. F. Leitão Filho et al. 27789 (UEC); km 685 da BR 367 na direção de Couto de Magalhães, lado esquerdo da rodovia, N do Caminho dos Escravos, 18°13'04"S, 43°35'36"W, 6 Feb 2009 [fr], L. M. Borges et al. 393 (HUEFS, RB, USP); Mun. Jaboticatubas, km 126 ao longo da rodovia Lagoa Santa–Conceição do Mato Dentro–Diamantina, 5 Sep 1973 [fl, bud and fr], J. Semir et al. 4422 (UEC); km 127–128 ao longo da rodovia Lagoa Santa– Conceição do Mato Dentro–Diamantina, 10–15 Dec 1973 [fl], J. Semir & D. A. Lima 4828 (UEC); Mun. Santana do Riacho, Serra do Cipó, córrego 2 Pontinhas, 19°85'S, 43°34'W, 1220 m, 24 Mar 1989 [fr], R. Mello-Silva et al. 50 (F, SPF, UEC); km 126 da rodovia Belo Horizonte–Conceição do Mato Dentro, Retiro Alto do Palácio, 1300 m, 9 Mar 1990 [fr], A. Freire Fierro et al. 1580 (QCA, SPF).

Some specimens of Magnolia brasiliensis cited here as paratypes were cited by Pirani & MelloSilva (1996) as M. ovata in their review of Magnoliaceae in the Serra do Cipó of Minas Gerais. Although they provided a detailed description of the vegetative aspects, the authors did not mention the numbers of stamens and carpels. This was also the case of specimens that were treated as M. ovata by Lozano-Contreras (1994).

Within subsect. Talauma, the new species is most similar to Magnolia ovata, which is widely distributed in the Central Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) and Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil (BFG, 2015). Both species have glabrous leaves that overlap in size and secondary vein number, but they differ in the aspect and shape of the leaf blades, the size of the petals and fruits, and the number of stamens and carpels (see Table I), the last two characters being of primary importance in the delimitation of Magnolia species (Vázquez-García et al., 2013). Magnolia brasiliensis is also similar to M. paranaensis of the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. The two species differ from the other Brazilian species of Magnolia in having fewer carpels and secondary veins in the glabrous leaves, and can be distinguished from each other in the size of the leaf blades, petals, and fruits, as well as number of stamens (see Table I). Acknowledgements We thank the José Aírton Lopes Almeida and Valdenir Marinho for their invaluable help with fieldwork, and the curators of CEN, CEPEC, F, HUEFS, HVC, MO, NY, QCA, RB, SPF, UEC, and US for making their collections physically and virtually available. JAVG thanks the University of Guadaljara-CUCBA, CONACyT-SNI, and PROMEP-SEP for financial support to visit F, NY, MO, QCA, US, and WIS; and Viacheslav Shalisko for photos of herbarium specimens at NY.

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