Illustrated history of USA

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Bryn O'Callaghan

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AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE

USA

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Longman

P e arson Ed ucat io n Limi t e d, Ed inburgh Ga ll", Harlow, Essex CM2Q 2JE. Eng land and Associa ted Com panies thro ug ho ut the wor ld. W'WW. longman.rom

€:I Longman Group UK Limited 1990 A ll righ ts rese rved, no part of th is publication may be reproduced. sto red in a retrieval sys te m,

o r transmitt ed in any form o r by any mean s, electronic, mechanica l. photoco pying, recordi ng, o r o the rwise, withou t the p rior wri tten pe rm ission o f the Publishers . Firs t pu blish ed 19':10 Seventeenth im pressio n 2004 British Library Ca ta log ing in Publica tion Data O' Callaghan, D.B. (De nnis Brynley), 1931-

An illu strat ed history of the U.S.A. 1. United Sta tes, histo ry J. Title 973

Set in 10 /1 2 pi Bembo Printed in Ch ina EPC/17 ISB N 0 582 74921 2

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m en to Virgi nia. They obtained large st retches of land and bro ug ht worke rs from Engl and to clear r rccs and plant to bacco. Soon the ho uses and barns of their est ates. o r "plantations;" co uld be seen through th e trees along the ba nks o f'thc james river. M ost ofthc wo rke rs on t hese ea rly planta tions were "indentured servants" from Englan d . Thcv pro m ised to work for an employer fo r an ag reed num ber o f years> about seven was average - III e xchange fo r food and clothes. At rhc end they became free to work for themselves. Luckier ones we re given a small plcce of land to S U rf :I farm of th eir own -if they w ere still alive. Life in Virginia

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5 C O LU N IAL L I H . IN A ."lLRI CA

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Governors and assemblies All th e Eng lish colon ies In America sha red a tradition of represent ative govern m..nt . This means that in all of them peo ple had a say in ho w they w er e governed. Each colo ny had its own gov ernmen t . At th e head of th is governme nt was a go vernor, chosen in most cases by th e En glish king . T o rule effectively , these govern o rs depended upo n th e cooperat ion of assemblies elected by th e colo nists . In most o f th e colo nies all white male s who o w ned some land had the right to vote, Sinc e so m any colon ists owned land. this m eant that far more peo ple had the vote in America th an in England itself-or in any other European country at thi s run e.

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6 TH E R O OTS OF R EV OLU TI ON In the: eighteenth cen tury Britain and Prance fough t several m aj or wars. T he struggle betwee n th em

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a ll in Europe. Asia and N o rth Am erica.

In North Amer ica. France claim ed to O W II Ca nada and Lo uisiana. Ca nada. or N ew Fralin ', ex ten ded no rth fro m th e Sf. L J. \ \'f CIl CT Ri ver and so ut h towards th e frontie r areas ofth e En gl ish co lo n ies 0 11 the Atlantic coas t. Lo uisiana. nam ed for th e Frenc h king, Lo uis X IV. stretched across th e cen ter of the continent . It includ ed all th e land s drained by the Mi ssissippi River and its rnburatic s. In th e middle of the eig hteent h n ' lH u ry most of the for ests and plains of bot h o f thcsc vas t areas we re still un expl or ed by Europeans. 'n it' French claim to own rhcm was based upon journeys ma de in the previo us cen tury by tw o fam ous ex plo rers.

T he first o f't hcsc explorer'> was Samuel de Champlain. From 1603 onwards , ChJ.tIIp1J.in explored the lands on both sides o f th e St. Lawrence River and set up trading posts there. T he two most impo rtant of these poses late r grew into the cities of Q uebec and Montreal. The o ther French e xplo rer was Ik nr: La Salle. La Salk' was J. fur. trade r, explorer and em pire builder all III o ne. ln th e 1670s he ex plo red th e valley of the Mississippi. " lr is ucar fy all so beaut iful and so fertile," he wrote. "So full of meadows. brooks and rivers: so abo unding III fish and veniso n that one can find here all Chat is needed to support flo ur ishin g col on it's. Th e soil w ill produ ce everyt hi ng tha t is g rown in France." TI,,· HririlJ. "'M"~· Yosemite became a national park thar is, a park belo ngi ng to th e who le nation. c

Yosemite was no t th e United States" first national park . That was Yello w sto ne Park . T his is a 3,45H square- mile area of volc an ic ro cks and fo rest in th e Rock y Mountai ns and it beca me a national park in 1872 ,

Yellowstone is one of th e world's largest w ildlife sanctuaries. Bears , mountain sheep, buffalo. m oose and m o re th an two hundred kinds of birds ma ke their homes there. Its most famous sight, ho w ev er, is "O ld Faithful. " T his is a volcan ic ge yse r which every hour shoots approximately 10,000 ga llo ns of wa ter almost 165 feet into th e air. When Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901 he set up more big national pa rk s and forests. ' In 1916 Congress e-stablished the National Parks Serv ice to loo k after them. The American system of na tjo nal parks became one of the m ost ad m ired in the w o rld, It has been tak en as an exa m ple by llIany other co uumcs.

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- - 16- THE AM ERINDIANS' LA S T ST AND W ha t happened to the Ameri ndia ns as white people sp read across rhe plains and mounta ins of th e American West? This cha pte r aims to ans we r that question. When the co w boys and homest ead ers arrive d on the

GTe,at Plains, Amerin dian peoples like the Sioux had been ro aming acr oss th em fo r h un d reds o f Y C oUS . T he Sioux lived by h u nt ing the b uffalo. In the early par t ofthe nineteenth cen tu ry.a n esti m ated twelve million ofthese gentle, hCJ \'Y anima ls wa ndered th e Great PLUllS. They moved about in herds. So me times these herds were so big that th ey stretched as far as th e eye could see. The buffalo p rov ided the Sioux w ith eve rything th at they nccd cd-. foo d. cloth ing, to o ls, homes. In th e 18-Ws wagon trains heading for O regon and Califo rnia began to cross th e G reat Plains. The A me rind ians usuall y let the m pass without tr ouble . T hen railro ad s began to push across th e grasslands. T he railroad s carried wh ite pe ople who sta yed o n the p rairies an d began to plough th em. At first th e A merindia ns tried to drive th e new co mers away from th eir hu nting grounds . Bu t soon th ey saw that this wa s im po ssible . So the y m ade treaties w ith ebe govemmcnt in Was hington , gIvm g up large pieces o f th eir land fo r w hite far me rs to settle u pon . In IRS t th e Paw nee peo ple sig ned away an area th at to day fo r ms most o f th e state of Nebraska. In 1858 the Sio ux g ave up an area alm o st as big in So uth D ako ta . In th e H~60s th e Comanche and the Kio w a gave u p lands in Kansas, Colorad o and T exas. In re tu rn fo r such agreements the government pr omised to leave the Amerind ians in pea ce o n th e land s th at rem ained theirs . T he Fort Larami e tr eaty of l868 was typ ical o f these agr eements . So was what happened to it. In this treaty the government decla red th at large areas between the Missou ri Riv er and the Rock y M ountains belong ed to th e Sioux. It gave a so lem n p romise that th e lands would remain Siou x properlY "as long as [he g rass sho uld gro w and the wa ter flo w . " 66

Fine and m oving words. Six yea rs lat er , howe ver. American so ld iers found gold in th e Black H ills of So uth Da kota. The Black I !ills we re sacred to the Sio u x an d w hen [he gon' m melH tri ed to buy them, th e Sio ux refused to sell. "One d ocs not sell the Earth upo n which the people wal k," said a chief nam ed Crazy H o rse. But the Ameri can govern me n t ignored the Sioux's refusal. It broke the Fort Laramie treaty and allowed pro specto rs and m iners to en ter th e Black H ills. In the w inte r of 1875 tho usands of white me n poured into the area. By thi s tim e the A mer ind ian peoples of the Great Plains wer e faring ano ther serious problem. T he buffalo w as begin ning to disa ppea r. M ore and more of the land that [he big an im als need ed to graze upon was be ing tak en by ranc hers and farmers. Wo rse still, wh ite hu n ters wer e shooting down [he b uffalo III tho usands. They killed th em fo r th eir hides o r for spo rt and left their flesh to rot . In j ust two ye ars be tween lH72 and 1874 th e hunter s alm o st completely destro yed th e g reat herds. A VIsitor to the Plains in 1873 des cribed w hat he saw there. " Where th ere we re m yriad s [vast numbers] o f bu ffa lo the yea r befo re. then' w ere now my riads of corpses. T he Amerind ians co uld not u nd erstand this beha vior, " Has the w hite man become a child that he should recklessly kill and no t car?" asked a Kiowa chief. Bu r th e Amer ican ar m y encouraged th e slaug h ter. Genera l Sheridan , the officer \VI1O commanded the army in the West, saw th e ex terminati on o f the buffalo as J way to end Amerindian resistance to th e o ccupa tion of their land. "These men rth e buffalo h unte rs I have d one more in th e last two years to settle [he Ind ian question th an th e en tire reg ular ar m y has do ne in th e last thirty yea rs, " he wrote. " Sen d th em powd er and lead and fo r the sake of lastin g peace let them kill , skin, an d sell um il th e buffalo es are ex termina ted ." As m o re settlers claimed homesteads in th e Wes t the Am er ican go vern me nt need ed more land fo r them. T o obta in th is it d ecid ed to fo rce th e Amerindians to give up their wan d eri ng way o fl ife. It sen t so ld iers to

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drive the Amerindians onto "reser vation s." T hese reservatio ns we re areas ofla nd tha t w ere usually so dry or rocky th at rhc go vern me nt thou gh t w hite settle rs we re never likely to wa nt them. The Ameri ndians fought back. O ne of their best known leaders was Sitt ing Bull o f the Sioux . " We lived in om cou nt ry in the wa y our fathers and our fathers' fath ers lived before us and w e soug ht trouble with no men ," he said later. " But the soldiers carne into our cou ntry and fired up on us and we fough t back. Is it so bad to fight in defense of one's country and lo ved OIl CS?" The Amer indians wer e outnu m bered and outgunned. Bur they in flicted so me surprising defeats on the Ameri can soldiers. 111ey won their best kno wn viceorv at the Bartle of the Littl e Big Horn in j une 1876, a ll a hill beside the Litt le Big Horn River 3,000 Sio ux and C heyenne wa r riors led by C razy Ilorse su rrounded and killed all 225 men of a com pany of Unired SUtCS cava lry, The dead included the cavalry men's commander, General

George Armstron g C uste r. For this reason the battle is sometimes called "Custe r's Last Stand." The Battle of the Litt le Big I lorn was also the last stand for the Ameri ndians. The Am erican government and peop le w ere ang ry at th e defeat of their soldi er s. T hey felt that they had been hum iliated. More soldiers we re sent w est to hunt down Custer 's killers. The Sio ux were to o w eak to fight back , Wit h the buffalo gOlle, mor e of their peo ple w ere dyin g t'v ery day o f sta rva tion and disease. The Sio ux surre nde red and the soldiers ma rched them aw ay to the reser vations. Other Am erindi ans w ere no more fo rtu nate than the Sioux. By 1890 most of the Am erican West , fro m the Mississippi River to the Pacific O cean , w as occupied by canle ranchers, farmers, or mi llers . The Amerindi ans had not hin g left exce pt the reservations. The U nited Scares government said that it would help and protect the reservation Amerindians. It 67

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promised th em food. ma terials to build ho mes , too ls to cultiv at e the lan d . But the pro mises we re ofte n broken. T here was g reat suffering 011 the reserva tions. Ep idemic diseases swept thr o ug h the m , ki lling th eir people. In lW)() a religious prophet to ld the Sio ux to dance a special da ncecalled the (;host D ance. l ie rold rhem tha t it"rhey d id so J great miracle would take place . Their dead wa rr io rs would conic bark to life, the buffalo wou ld reru m and ,III rhc wh ite me n would be sw ept awa y by J g rea t Hood .

T he Gh osr Dance m o vement W;I S peace ful. But the D ancer s' beliefs w o rr ied the government . So di d the farr that SO IlH.. o f the m w aved rifles abo ve their head s as they danced. It ordered rhc U Ill Y to ar rest the m o ve men t's leade rs. O n J cold 1kn.. m ber day in ISt)l)a group ofJSl) Sio ux , 120 men ami :Do WOIlWll and child ren, left their rese rva tion. Led by J. chief nam ed Uig Foot , they set otT to join another g roup nea rby to r safe ty. But J. part y ofsoldiers stopped the m on th e WJ.y and ma rched th ('111 to all army pos t at Wo unde d Knee C reek. (,R

The G host D an cers ' Song Fath er, han ' pit y o n us We arc cr yin g fo r thirst All is go ne! We have nothing to cat Fath er , w e arc poor. We arc ve ry po o r. T he buffalo an.. g OlH.'. T hey arc all gone. Take pity 0 11 us, Father, Wl' arc da ncing as yo u w ished Because yo u co m manded us. We dance hard , w e dan ce lon gHave pit y, Father, help us Yo u arc clo se by in the dark Hear us and help us. T ake aw ay rhc whi te m en Sen d hac k the buffalo We arc poor and w eak We call do nothing alo ne H el p us to be what w e: o nce wcrc-. H appy hunters of buffalo.

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Next monung the soldias ordered rhc Sioux to give up rhcir g uns. One you ng warrior refused . A sho t fJng am, follo we d by manv 1Il0H'. Th e soldier s began shooting do w n th e Sio u x wom en and child ren as well as th e m en. \Vithm miuurcs m ost of th e Sioux were dead or badly wounded. MJIlY of the wounded who craw led aw ay died later in a blizzard th at swe pt over the camp. At the tim e Amer icans called what happened at WO\1tHkd Kn ee a ba nlc. O rhcr peo ple since have railed it a m assacre. But whatever the event s at Wounded Knee arc calk-d . o ne thing is cer tain. l-or the Sio ux th ey m ark ed th e end of aII ho pe ofa return to their old w ay o f lit'1.', Hut the Sioux , like o ther Amerindia ns. sur vived . In 1924 Co ngr ess passed the Indian C itizenship Act. This recog nized A merindi ans as full citizens of the United Stares and gJH' rhcm till' rig ht to vote. In 1934 the Ind ian Reo rganizatio n Act encouraged them to set lip their o wn councils to run the affa irs o fthei r rcscr vanons.

In sp ire of such im p ro vemen ts. Amerind ians remained far behind most other Americans III health, wealth , ami cduca ticu. Loo k at some facrs from th l' 1980s. T Il