Crusades. The Illustrated History

SAVE OFFLINE

CONTENTS

Crusades: The Illustrated History

Copyright © Duncan Baird Publishers 2004 Text copyright © Duncan Baird Publishers 2004

INTRODUCTION

Commissioned artwork and maps © Duncan Baird

Thomas F. Madden

6

Publishers 2004 -----------;;1-----------

All rights reserved Published in the United States ofAmerica by

CHRISTENDOM AND THE UMMA

The University of Michigan Press

12

Alfred J. Andrea

First published in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 2004 by Duncan Baird Publishers Ltd

Christian Unity and Divergence

14

No part of this book may be reproduced in any

The Rise of Islam

18

form or by any electronic or mechanical means,

Pilgrimage

22

including information storage and retrieval systems,

The Shared Holy Land

24

Christian Holy War and Jihad

26

The vvest Awakes: The Eleventh Century

28

without permission in writing from the publisher. Typeset in Bembo and Trajan Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore

-------------u-------------

Printed in China by Imago 2007 2006 2005 2004

432 1

2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

THE FIRST CRUSADE: "IMPELLED BY THE LOVE OF GOD"

32

data applied for.

John France

ISBN 0-472-11463-8

Chaos in the East

34

The Armies Depart

36

NOTES

The abbreviations

CE

and

BCE

are used throughout

this book: CE BCE

Common Era (the equivalent of AD)

Captions to illustrations on pages I:

I

and

2:

A 13th-14th-century Islamic stucco ((tile/'

probably from Toledo, Spain. Mudejar craftsmen inserted the arms of their Christian lords in the shield shapes which formed at the intersections, the central stars carried emblems

of their own. This

example has letters in Kufic

script intertwined to produce a lobed arch, which is the main feature of the tile. Page

2:

A 13th-century mosaic

4°

The Sieges ofAntioch

42

The Road to Jerusalem

Before the Common Era (the equivalent of BC)

Page

The Campaign in Anatolia

of a soldier with a sword of the basilica

in Veneto-Byzantine style,from the interior of San Marco, Venice.

The Fall

of the Holy

City

The Growth of the Latin East

44 46 48

The Diversity of Crusading

50

({Warrior Monks)): The Military Orders

52

The Rise

of Islamic

Unity

Crusader Castles

54 56

------------;;-----------3 THE SECOND CRUSADE: WAR CRUEL AND UNREMITTING John France

Captions to the chapter opener illustrations are on page

223.

Disaster in the East

60

The Kingdom Recovers

64

European Settlement in the East

66

The Racefor Egypt

68

of Saladin Horns of Hattin

The Rise

70

The ((Sweet Victory)): Saladin Triumphant

74

76

4 THE THIRD CRUSADE:

A CAMPAIGN OF EUROPE'S ELITE

14 8

The Fifth Crusade

78

Prophecy

Helen Nicholson

IS2

The Crusade

of Frederick

II

IS4

The Kings Take the Cross

80

Disorder in the Crusader Kingdom

The Crusade Heads East

82

The First Crusade

The Siege ofAcre

84 86

The Mamluk Sultanate

Control of the Sea

88

A Kingdom Without a King

Advance to Jerusalem

90

The Second Crusade

Discord and Rivalry

94 96

The Decline of the Latin East

Barbarossa ~ Crusade

The End

of the

Enterprise

The End

of the

of Louis

IX

162

Latin Empire

of Louis

IX

8

98

THE LAST CRUSADES: THE OTTOMAN THREAT

100

Crusading Projects and Dreams

102

Cyprus: The

104 106

The Rise

The Conquest of Zara An Errand of Mercy Relations Sour

ew Crusade

venice Joins the Crusade Broken Promises

The Sack

17 2

Jonathan Harris

Thomas F Madden

ew Pope, a

168

;;

5 THE FOURTH CRUSADE:

A

164 166 170

U A TRAGIC MISFIRE

IS8 160

ofAcre

The Fall

IS6

of Constantinople

ew Frontline

of the

174 176 17 8

Ottomans

The Maritime League

180

108

The Conquest of the Balkans

182

110

The Crusade

112

Disaster at varna

of Nicopolis

184 186

of Constantinople of the Mediterranean

The Founding of the Latin Empire

114

The Fall

188

The Spoils of m.r

116

Knights

190

6 CRUSADES IN EUROPE: INFIDELS,

PAGANS, AND HERETICS

19 2

The Reformation

;; 118

The Battle of Lepanto

194

The Glories of the Ottomans

196

The End of the Crusades

198

William L. Urban

U

The Reconquista

120

The Fruits of Three Faiths Thomas F: Madden

12 4

The Wendish Crusade

126

Crusades in the Eastern Baltic

128

Crusading in the Western Imagination

202

The Albigensian Crusade

Islamic Responses to the West

206

Popular Crusades

13 2 13 6

Political Crusades

138

The Hussite Crusade

140

U 7 THE FIFTH CRUSADE TO 1291: THE LOSS OF THE HOLY LAND

142

James M. Powell

The Crusader States Council and Crusade

144 146

9 THE LEGACY OF THE CRUSADES Carole Hillenbrand

A Clash

of Civilizations?

200

210

;; Further Reading

212

Chronology

21 4

Index

2IS

Text Acknowledgments

222

Picture Credits

224

INTRODUCTION Religious warfare, once thought to be an artifact of a distant past, has reemerged in recent years. A spate of Islamist terrorist attacks have reminded the western world that for many people religion is still a reason to kill and to be killed. That is a hard lesson for the West, which long ago relegated religious belief to personal preference and celebrates religious diversity; it requires westerners to look beyond modern sensibilities to a medieval world view that, for them, has largely passed away-for it has not passed away everywhere. Out of a desire to understand today's events, many commentators turned to Christianity's holy wars: the crusades. It was their legacy, some contended, that had led directly to the attacks. When President George W Bush spoke of the new war on terrorism as a "crusade" he was roundly criticized for the perceived suggestion that it was a war of Christianity against Islam. His aides apologized, saying that the president had only used the term in its sense of a campaign, but in the Middle East the remark was thought to confirm a popular -../ assessment ofAmericans and Europeans as "crusaders."

The taking ofJerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade)from a mid- 14th century edition of History ofJerusalem by William ofTyre. In 2001) just weeks after the terrorist attacks against New York and Washington) D. C. ) former us. president Bill Clinton claimed that the captur~ and sack ofJerusalem was still remembered by Muslims in the region) implying that the descendants of crusaders ought to shoulder their burden of the blame. Many other observers likewise began to see the root causes of Islamist attacks as lying in the crusades of the Middle Ages.

INTRODUCTION

So what were the crusades and who were the crusaders? After many decades of rigorous investigation by historians of the Middle Ages we are now much better able to answer. However, much of this research lies in academic publications aimed at specialists rather than lay readers, while many books aimed at a mass market perpetuate errors and misunderstandings that were corrected decades ago. As a result, outside the academic world the crusades remain badly understood. The purpose of Crusades: The Illustrated History is to satisfy the popular desire for answers about the crusades with the fruits of years of exacting historical research. The professional historians assembled here have each made significant contributions to our understanding of the crusades-and here they have written fascinating narratives that reflect the latest conclusions of modern scholarship. During the Middle Ages virtually all western Christians believed that the crusades to the East were divinely sanctioned wars against the enemies of Christ and his church. Even after the fall of the crusader states in 1291 the recapture of the Holy Land remained an important matter for western Christians. Then the expansion of the . Islamic Ottoman empire (see Chapter Eight) forced Europeans to put aside any ideas of reclaiming Jerusalem and instead defend Europe. In the sixteenth century, when western Europe was in the gravest danger of Muslim conquest, the crusades as an institution began to collapse utterly. As secular authority in Europe increased, religious unity crumbled. The Protestant Reformation severely undercut the crusades because doctrines were rejected that were central to crusading-in particular the secular authority of the pope and the doctrine of indulgence. Martin Luther insisted that the crusades were the tool of a corrupt papacy. However, even Luther was aware of the threat that the power of the Islamic Turks posed to Christian Europe, and the old ideal of Christian unity in the face of the Muslim threat never died entirely-in 15}1 the victory of a Catholic admiral over the Turks at Lepanto was celebrated in Protestant lands no less than in Catholic ones (see pages 194-195), and more than a century later Protestants joined the ranks of the pope's Holy League which, in the last crusades of all, began to roll back the frontier of the Ottoman empire (see pages 198-199).

Writing the History of the Crusades By this time, histories of the earlier crusades had begun to appear. In his very popular Historie

of the

Holy Warre (1639), the English

divine Thomas Fuller questioned the wisdom of the medieval crusades, which, in his view, had spent European lives and wealth for nothing more than a faraway plot of land and a few relics. His view

7

8

INTRODUCTION

was not untypical of Protestant writers. However, the French Jesuit historian Louis Maimbourg praised the movement and its participants in his own Histoire des croisades (History of the Crusades, 1675). The eighteenth century saw a dramatic shift in western thinking. Not only had the Ottoman threat been averted, but European states were now expanding on a global scale. With the Muslim danger passed, many Europeans belittled it and cast doubt on its former gravity. It was the age of the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on rational thought, religious toleration, and anticlericalism-in such an intellectual atmosphere the medieval crusades did not fare well, and they were denounced by Voltaire, Hume, and others as a bloody manifestation of medieval barbarism, ignorance, superstition, and fanaticism in which thousands of the foolish had set out in a pitiful attempt to save their souls. In Ober Volkerwanderung, Kreuzziige und

Mittelalter (On the Migration of Peoples, Crusades, and the Middle Ages, 1791), Friedrich Schiller even suggested that the crusades could be better understood as a continuation of the barbarian migrations and invasions that had destroyed ancient Rome. However, the Romantic movement of the late eighteenth and nineteenth century embraced the chivalric piety of the medieval knight. In History of the Crusades (1820), the British historian Charles Mills criticized Enlightenment scholars such as Edward Gibbon for projecting modern values on medieval men. He judged that the crusaders were heroic, selfless, and courageous. Nationalism also changed historians' views, particularly in France, where the crusades began to be seen as an important part of the national heritage. The six-volume Histoire des croisades (1817-22) by Joseph-Fran