Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology

Editorial Advisory Board Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-5080 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, CA 92545 Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1, rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University, Sakado 350-0295, Japan Gerd Rosenblatt 1177 Miller Avenue Berkeley, CA 94708 Dana L. Roth Millikan Library / Caltech 1-32 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125 Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180

FOREWORD My acquaintance with the CRC Handbook goes back sixty years, for when I was inducted into the wonders of chemistry by an uncle of mine (“Uncle Tungsten”)—I was ten—he lent me his copy of the 23rd (1939) edition. This was not pocket-sized, like the earlier editions he had on his shelf, and indeed contained over 2200 pages, but these were printed on thin India paper, and the whole book, with its soft red morocco cover, fitted easily in the hand. I fell in love with it straightaway—my uncle, seeing this, told me I might keep it—for its tables were so full of information that I thought of it as containing the whole universe between its covers. I was especially attracted to the Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, a hundred and fifty densely-packed pages which, through constant poring over, I got almost by heart. I think I owe the only original idea I had in my chemical boyhood to these tables—for, having been struck by the steadily rising melting points and densities of the transition metals in Groups IV-VI as one went from Period 3 to 6 (Ti, Zr, Hf; V, Nb, Ta; Cr, Mo, W), I was then taken aback to find that the Period 7 analogues of these broke the series. Thorium had a lower melting point and density than hafnium; uranium lower ones than tungsten. Could it be, I wondered, that they were not in fact analogues of hafnium and tungsten, not transition metals at all, but belonged to an interpolated series which resembled the rare-earth metals? To my joy, after the War, I found that this naïf idea of mine, a possibly unjustified leap of the imagination, turned out to be true—but it was entirely due to poring over the tables of the CRC Handbook that I owed it. Although my interests later turned more to biology and then medicine, the CRC Handbook has never lost its enchantment for me. I got the 30th (1947) and the 41st (1959-1960) editions—at this point the Handbook still had its smaller format, but had become almost cubical in shape (the 41st edition had nearly 3500 pages); and then, of course, it morphed into its present, monumental format. While I keep the massive recent editions in my study, I keep my original one, the 23rd edition, on my bedside table, for it is easy to handle (especially when one is reading in bed), and was my most cherished gift as a boy. Indeed, one way and another, whether reading in bed or in my study, I have always had a Handbook near me. While the CRC Handbook is monumental in its scope, a huge, alwaysto-be-relied-upon mine of information, it is also a friendly book, a companion which has given me joy for the greater part of my life. Oliver Sacks New York October 2003

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PREFACE Since the First Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics appeared in 1913, the size and scope have expanded in step with the growth of scientific knowledge. It has not only served as a reference source for professionals and students, but has provided inspiration to many young people as they developed their interest in science. The late Linus Pauling, in his Foreword to the 74th Edition, wrote "I attribute much of my knowledge about substances and their properties to my study of the information that the Handbook provided." In the Foreword to the present edition Oliver Sacks, author of the best seller Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood, describes the strong influence the Handbook had on him from the age of ten. Throughout its history the overall philosophy of the Handbook has been to provide broad coverage of all types of data commonly encountered by physical scientists and engineers. While the Internet has spawned numerous large databases covering narrow areas of science, we feel there is still a need for a concise reference source spanning the full range of the physical sciences and focusing on key data that are frequently needed by R&D professionals, engineers, and students. We hope this Internet version of the CRC Handbook will be a step in continuing to serve these needs. The 85th Edition includes updates and expansions of several tables, such as Aqueous Solubility of Organic Compounds, Thermal Conductivity of Liquids, and Table of the Isotopes. A new table on Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures has been added, as well as tables on Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals and Critical Solution Temperatures of Polymer Solutions. In response to user requests, several topics such as Coefficient of Friction and Miscibility of Organic Solvents have been restored to the Handbook. The latest recommended values of the Fundamental Physical Constants, released in December 2003, are included in this edition. Finally, the Appendix on Mathematical Tables has been revised by Dr. Daniel Zwillinger, editor of the CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae; it includes new information on factorials, Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, orthogonal polynomials, statistical formulas, and other topics. This new Internet edition has added 13 new subsections that can be accessed as interactive tables. These include tables on atomic and molecular polarizabilities, diffusion in gases and liquids, vapor pressure and density of mercury, ionic radii in crystals, surface tension, and other topics. All material in the printed Handbook is accessible in the Internet version as interactive tables and/or pdf displays. The Editor appreciates suggestions on new topics for the Handbook and notification of any errors. Input from users plays a key role in keeping the book up to date. Address all comments to Editor-in-Chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press LLC, 2000 N. W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431. Comments may also be sent by electronic mail to [email protected].

The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. Valuable suggestions have been received from the Editorial Advisory Board and from many users. The assistance and support of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Chemistry Publisher at CRC Press, is greatly appreciated. Finally, I want to thank Susan Fox, James Miller, Helena Redshaw, James Yanchak, Robert Morris, and Ronel Decius of the CRC Press staff for all their efforts. David R. Lide October 2004

How To Cite this Reference The recommended form of citation is: David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, David R. Lide, ed., , CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.

This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific judgment, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. © Copyright CRC Press LLC 2005

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CURRENT CONTRIBUTORS Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England K. Fischer LTP GmbH Oppelner Strasse 12 D-26135 Oldenburg, Germany Jean-Claude Fontaine ITODYS CNRS, University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France H. P. R. Frederikse 9625 Dewmar Lane Kensington, Maryland 20895 J.R. Fuhr Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Gmehling Universität Oldenburg Fakultät V, Technische Chemie D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 C. R. Hammond 17 Greystone Rd. West Hartford, Connecticut 06107

Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 H. Donald Brooke Jenkins Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL England Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France J. Alistair Kerr School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT England J. Krafczyk DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817 William C. Martin Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Menke DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010

Peter J. Mohr Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Joseph Reader Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 B. N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Thomas G. Trippe Particle Data Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, California 94720 Petr Vany´sek Department of Chemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Institut für Physikalische Chemie Martin Luther University D-06217 Merseburg Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180

Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors Fundamental Physical Constants Standard Atomic Weights (2001) Atomic Masses and Abundances Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 International System of Units (SI) Units for Magnetic Properties Conversion Factors Conversion of Temperatures Conversion Factors for Energy Units Conversion Factors for Pressure Units Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems Periodic Table of the Elements

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