CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 90th edition

SAVE OFFLINE

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 90th Edition Internet Version 2010 Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology Associate Editor W. M. “Mickey” Haynes Scientist Emeritus National Institute of Standards and Technology

Editorial Advisory Board

Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University

Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII

Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science

Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University

Michael Frenkel National Institute of Standards and Technology

Dana L. Roth Millikan Library California Institute of Technology

Robert N. Goldberg National Institute of Standards and Technology, retired

Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Foreword by the Publisher Publishing the 90th edition of this landmark reference is a true milestone in the history of CRC Press. Since its first publication in 1913 – as a 116-page pocket-sized book priced at $2 – the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics has developed into a 2800 page tome that no longer fits anyone’s pocket but still finds a place on every scientist’s bookshelf. Certainly, the tremendous advances in science and technology over the past 96 years have fuelled the increase in the Handbook’s contents, but the immense task of data selection, compilation, and organization has been expertly performed by a succession of Editors, Advisory Board members, and Contributors. These people have played a significant role in shaping the Handbook that we see today, and it is to them that I wish to pay tribute in this Foreword. Covering such large subject areas, the Editors have always relied on a team of subject experts from around the world to contribute articles and tables. A cursory glance over the names credited through the years provides an interesting historical roll call of renowned chemists and physicists who have given their time and scientific expertise to the Handbook. These contributors include leaders such as Nobel Laureate Glenn T. Seaborg, space science pioneer James Van Allen, and C. S. “Speed” Marvel, considered the father of synthetic polymer chemistry. Originally conceived by the Ohio-based Chemical Rubber Company as an incentive to encourage sales of their laboratory supplies, the Handbook started life as a small booklet of useful mathematical formulae and laboratory data. By 1913, it had grown to 116 pages and was published in its own right as the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. The Editor was William R. Veazey, an Associate Professor of Chemistry at the (then) Case School of Applied Science. Who could have predicted that this pocket book was to become so well known that its users came to refer to it as the ‘Rubber Bible’ or, simply, the ‘CRC’? To paraphrase a review of the 88th edition –“if you can’t find a copy in your lab, that’s because someone in the next lab has stolen it.” Veazey’s successor was Charles D. Hodgman, his Assistant Editor for the first edition and an Associate Professor of Physics at Case. Hodgman went on to hold the position of Editor from 1915 to 1963, overseeing 42 editions of the Handbook. Under his



Editorship the Handbook grew to over 3000 pages and the coverage expanded to include x-ray crystallography, nuclear physics, synthetic polymers, and other fields that did not exist when his first edition appeared. Following Hodgman’s retirement Robert Weast took over the Editorship and published the 45th edition in 1964. Noticeably bigger with an 8” by 10” page size, the Handbook continued to expand in both scope and magnitude over the next few years. In 1972, The Chemical Rubber Company first published it under the CRC Press imprint, and in the late 1970’s sold off its laboratory supply business, moved to new headquarters in Florida, and began building its book publishing business. David R. Lide became the Handbook’s fourth Editor in 1989, and took the opportunity to radically overhaul the organization and content to reflect the needs of the modern user. He added, merged, and deleted tables, and during the period of his editorship, updated 100 percent of the content. Staying within the confines of a single volume has always meant difficult decisions on which tables to include – often at the expense of others –but with the advent of electronic media, the Handbook is now available electronically and space constraints are less of a problem. Modern production techniques and the move to a larger page size have given the current Handbook a cleaner and more user-friendly look. Publication of the 90th edition marks David Lide’s final edition as Editor-in-Chief, and the publisher wishes to take this opportunity to thank him for his tremendous expertise and enthusiasm that has helped make the Handbook so indispensable to today’s scientists. Starting with the 91st edition, the Handbook editorship transfers to W.M. “Mickey” Haynes, Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Thermophysics, Scientist Emeritus at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and former Chief of the NIST Physical and Chemical Properties Division. We look forward to a new era in the Handbook’s long and illustrious history. Fiona Macdonald Publisher, CRC Press Boca Raton, Florida March 2009

PREFACE The 90th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics marks a milestone for this reference work, which first appeared in 1913. For almost a century the Handbook has been updated annually, except for a few wartime years, and has served several generations of R&D professionals, engineers, and students. Its aim has always been to provide broad coverage of all types of physical science data commonly encountered by scientists and engineers, with as much depth as can be accommodated in a one-volume format. The data contained in the Handbook have been carefully selected by experts in each field; quality control is a high priority and the sources are documented. The annual updates make it possible to add new and improved data in a timely fashion, and references to more detailed data sources have helped to establish the Handbook as the first place to look for physical and chemical data. This edition also marks the retirement of the current Editor-in-Chief after 20 years in that post. The reception to the changes I have made in the book is very gratifying, and I greatly appreciate the suggestions that have come from the Editorial Board, the contributors, and many users. The new Editor will be W. M. “Mickey” Haynes, who has had long experience in providing physical and chemical data through the National Institute of Standards and Technology and through his service as Editor of the International Journal of Thermophysics. I am confident that he will continue the tradition of excellence the Handbook has achieved. Many new tables and updates are included in the 90th Edition, especially in the following areas: Fluid properties (Sec. 6) - new data over a wider temperature and pressure range for - Water (including D2O) and steam - Air - Refrigerants and other important industrial fluids Biochemistry (Sec. 7) – new tables on - Enzyme catalyzed reactions - Structure and functions of common drugs - Chemical constituents of human blood Analytical chemistry (Sec. 8) – new and expanded tables on - Proton NMR shifts for solvents and other fluids - Mass spectral peaks - Nuclear moments and other data for NMR spectroscopy - Aqueous solubility of organic compounds Astronomy and geophysics (Sec. 14) – new data on - Properties of the planets and their satellites - Major world earthquakes, 850 AD to 2008 - Interstellar molecules Other new and expanded tables - International recommendations for the expression of uncertainty of measurements - Description of the new IUPAC chemical identifier (InChI) - Nobel prize winners in physics and chemistry - Threshold limits for airborne contaminants In addition to offering the full text of the print edition in searchable pdf format, this Internet Version 2010 presents the major tables of numerical data in the form of interactive tables that can

be sorted, filtered, and combined in various ways. Substances in these tables can be retrieved by searching on name, formula, CAS Registry Number, or chemical structure, and such a search can be combined with a request for a desired property. Thus one can request a specific property of a specific substance (for example, viscosity of benzene) and receive a customized table with exactly that information. In addition, the Internet version includes a section with pdf files of many older tables that have been removed from the print edition to make space for new material. Suggestions on new topics for the Handbook and notification of errors are always appreciated. Input from users plays a key role in keeping the book up to date. Address all comments to Editor-in-Chief, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. The list of current contributors follows this Preface. The assistance and support of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Chemical and Biological Sciences Publisher for CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Books, is greatly appreciated. Finally, I want to thank Mimi Williams, Pam Morrell, Glen Butler, James Yanchak, and Theresa Delforn for their outstanding work in production of the book and Ronel Decius, Robert Morris, and Aviel Alkon for producing the Internet version. David R. Lide June 2009 The 90th Edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated to my wife, Bettijoyce Breen Lide, and to the members of my family David Alston Lide, Vanessa Lide Whitcomb and David Whitcomb, James Lide and Deborah Horowitz, Quentin Lide and Suzanne Romero, Neil and Lizzie Molino, and Van Molino and to my grandchildren David A. Lide, Jr., Mary Lide, Grace Lide, David A. Whitcomb, Kate Whitcomb, and Zoë Lide

How To Cite this Reference The recommended form of citation is: David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition (Internet Version 2010), CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition (Internet Version 2010), David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific judgment, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. © Copyright Taylor and Francis Group LLC 2010

Current Contributors Robert A. Alberty Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England J. R. Fuhr Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Gmehling Universität Oldenburg Fakultät V, Technische Chemie D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Allan H. Harvey Thermophysical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305 Steven R. Heller Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 Henry V. Kehiaian 7, Allee de la Caravelle 94430 Chennevieres sur Marne France Carolyn A. Koh Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois St. Golden, Colorado 80401

Willem H. Koppenol Dept CHAB Lab. f. Anorg. Chemie, HCI H211 Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 ETH Hönggerberg CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

Cedric J. Powell Surface and Microanalysis Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Eric W. Lemmon Thermophysical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Joseph Reader Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817

E. Dendy Sloan Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois St. Golden, Colorado 80401

Yu-Ran Luo School of Chemistry and Material Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, China William C. Martin Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Alan D. McNaught 8 Cavendish Avenue Cambridge CB1 7US England Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010 N. Moazzen-Ahmadi Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada Peter J. Mohr Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 I. Ozier Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia 6224 Agricultural Road Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada

Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Petr Vanýsek Department of Chemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Martin Luther University Institute of Physical Chemistry Mühlpforte 1 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180 Piotr Zyla Particle Data Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720

CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: 2006 Peter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor, and David B. Newell These tables give the 2006 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2006 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2002 adjustment as well as the data that became available between 31 December 2002, the closing date of that adjustment, and 31 December 2006, the closing date of the new adjustment. The new data has led to a significant reduction in the uncertainties of many recommended values. The 2006 set replaces the previously recommended 2002 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants. This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the task group are: F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan S. G. Karshenboim, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation ¨ I. Lindgren, Chalmers University of Technology and Goteborg University, Sweden B. A. Mamyrin (deceased), A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Federation ¨ W. Martienssen, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Germany

P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America ¨ W. Woger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of)

References 1. Mohr, P. J., Taylor, B. N., and Newell, D. B., “CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1187, 2008; also appears in Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 633, 2008, and online at . 2. Yao, W. M., et al., J. Phys. G 33, 1, 2006.

TABLE I: An abbreviated list of the CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2006 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 μ0

electric constant 1/μ0 c2 Newtonian constant of gravitation

�0 G

Planck constant h/2π elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h

h h¯ e

electron mass proton mass proton-electron mass ratio fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h Avogadro constant

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 6.674 28(67) × 10−11

m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1 m3 kg−1 s−2

(exact)

6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 2.067 833 667(52) × 10−15 7.748 091 7004(53) × 10−5

Js Js C Wb S

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10

me mp mp /me α α −1

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 1.672 621 637(83) × 10−27 1836.152 672 47(80) 7.297 352 5376(50) × 10−3 137.035 999 679(94)

kg kg

R∞ NA , L

10 973 731.568 527(73) 6.022 141 79(30) × 1023

m−1 mol−1

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 4.3 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10

F0

G0

(exact) (exact) 1.0 × 10−4

6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8

1-1

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-2

TABLE I: (Continued.) Quantity Faraday constant NA e molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA 1 u = mu = 12

Relative std. uncert. ur

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

F R k σ

96 485.3399(24) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 5.670 400(40) × 10−8

C mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 W m−2 K−4

2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 7.0 × 10−6

eV

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

J

2.5 × 10−8

u

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

TABLE II: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2006 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 μ0

electric constant 1/μ0 c2 characteristic√impedance of vacuum μ0 /�0 = μ0 c

�0

Newtonian constant of gravitation

Numerical value UNIVERSAL 299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12

Relative std. uncert. ur

m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1

(exact) (exact) (exact)

Z0

376.730 313 461...

�

(exact)

G G/¯hc h

6.674 28(67) × 10−11 6.708 81(67) × 10−39 6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 4.135 667 33(10) × 10−15 1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 6.582 118 99(16) × 10−16 197.326 9631(49)

m3 kg−1 s−2 (GeV/c2 ) −2 Js eV s Js eV s MeV fm

1.0 × 10−4 1.0 × 10−4 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

2.176 44(11) × 10−8 1.220 892(61) × 1019 1.416 785(71) × 1032 1.616 252(81) × 10−35 5.391 24(27) × 10−44

kg GeV K m s

5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5 5.0 × 10−5

C A J−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

Planck constant in eV s h/2π in eV s h¯ c in MeV fm

h¯

Planck mass (¯hc/G) 1/2 energy equivalent in GeV Planck temperature (¯hc5 /G) 1/2 /k Planck length h¯ /mP c = (¯hG/c3 ) 1/2 Planck time lP /c = (¯hG/c5 ) 1/2

mP mP c2 TP lP tP

elementary charge

Unit

ELECTROMAGNETIC e 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 e/ h 2.417 989 454(60) × 1014

magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constant1 2e/ h von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = μ0 c/2α

F0

G0 G−1 0 KJ

2.067 833 667(52) × 10−15 7.748 091 7004(53) × 10−5 12 906.403 7787(88) 483 597.891(12) × 109

Wb S � Hz V−1

2.5 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8

RK

25 812.807 557(18)

�

6.8 × 10−10

Bohr magneton e¯h/2me in eV T−1

μB

927.400 915(23) × 10−26 5.788 381 7555(79) × 10−5 13.996 246 04(35) × 109

J T−1 eV T−1 Hz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8

μB / h 1 See 2 See

Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-3

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

nuclear magneton e¯h/2mp in eV T−1

Symbol

Numerical value

Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h R∞ hc in eV Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4π�0h¯ 2/me e2 Hartree energy e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 in eV quantum of circulation

Fermi coupling constant3 weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme) 2 sin2 θW = sW ≡ 1 − (mW /mZ ) 2 electron mass in u, me = Ar (e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

46.686 4515(12) 0.671 7131(12)

m−1 T−1 K T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

μN

5.050 783 24(13) × 10−27 3.152 451 2326(45) × 10−8 7.622 593 84(19) 2.542 623 616(64) × 10−2 3.658 2637(64) × 10−4

J T−1 eV T−1 MHz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR General α 7.297 352 5376(50) × 10−3 −1 α 137.035 999 679(94) 10 973 731.568 527(73) 3.289 841 960 361(22) × 1015 2.179 871 97(11) × 10−18 13.605 691 93(34)

m−1 Hz J eV

6.6 × 10−12 6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

a0

0.529 177 208 59(36) × 10−10

m

6.8 × 10−10

Eh

4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18 27.211 383 86(68) 3.636 947 5199(50) × 10−4 7.273 895 040(10) × 10−4

J eV m2 s−1 m2 s−1

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

GeV−2

8.6 × 10−6

h/2me h/me

Electroweak GF /(¯hc) 3 1.166 37(1) × 10−5 sin2 θW me

0.222 55(56)

Electron, e− 9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 5.485 799 0943(23) × 10−4 8.187 104 38(41) × 10−14 0.510 998 910(13)

electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio

me /mμ me /mτ me /mp me /mn me /md me /mα

4.836 331 71(12) × 10−3 2.875 64(47) × 10−4 5.446 170 2177(24) × 10−4 5.438 673 4459(33) × 10−4 2.724 437 1093(12) × 10−4 1.370 933 555 70(58) × 10−4

electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NA me Compton wavelength h/me c λC /2π = αa0 = α 2/4πR∞ classical electron radius α 2 a0 Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2

−e/me M(e), Me λC λC re σe

−1.758 820 150(44) × 1011 5.485 799 0943(23) × 10−7 2.426 310 2175(33) × 10−12 386.159 264 59(53) × 10−15 2.817 940 2894(58) × 10−15 0.665 245 8558(27) × 10−28

2.5 × 10−3 kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

4.2 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.3 × 10−10 6.0 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−10 4.2 × 10−10

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m m2

2.5 × 10−8 4.2 × 10−10 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9 2.1 × 10−9 4.1 × 10−9

recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006). on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006). The value for they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction ( MS) scheme, is sin2 θˆ W ( MZ ) = 0.231 22(15).

4 Based

sin2 θW

6.8 × 10−10 6.8 × 10−10

R∞ R∞ c R∞ hc

me c2

3 Value

Relative std. uncert. ur

μB / hc μB /k

μN / h μN / hc μN /k

fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant

Unit

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-4

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |μe |/μB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio electron-proton magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded helion magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25◦ C) electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|μe |/¯h

muon mass in u, mμ = Ar (μ) u (muon relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

μe μe /μB μe /μN

−928.476 377(23) × 10−26 −1.001 159 652 181 11(74) −1838.281 970 92(80)

ae ge

1.159 652 181 11(74) × 10−3 −2.002 319 304 3622(15)

6.4 × 10−10 7.4 × 10−13

μe /μμ

206.766 9877(52)

2.5 × 10−8

μe /μp

−658.210 6848(54)

8.1 × 10−9

μe /μ�p

−658.227 5971(72)

1.1 × 10−8

μe /μn

960.920 50(23)

2.4 × 10−7

μe /μd

−2143.923 498(18)

8.4 × 10−9

μe /μ�h

864.058 257(10)

1.2 × 10−8

γe γe /2π

1.760 859 770(44) × 1011 28 024.953 64(70)

mμ

Muon, μ− 1.883 531 30(11) × 10−28

J T−1

Relative std. uncert. ur 2.5 × 10−8 7.4 × 10−13 4.3 × 10−10

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg

5.6 × 10−8

u J MeV

2.5 × 10−8 5.6 × 10−8 3.6 × 10−8

mμ c2

0.113 428 9256(29) 1.692 833 510(95) × 10−11 105.658 3668(38)

muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NA mμ

mμ /me mμ /mτ mμ /mp mμ /mn M(μ), Mμ

206.768 2823(52) 5.945 92(97) × 10−2 0.112 609 5261(29) 0.112 454 5167(29) 0.113 428 9256(29) × 10−3

muon Compton wavelength h/mμ c λC, μ /2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

λC, μ λC, μ μμ μμ /μB μμ /μN

11.734 441 04(30) × 10−15 1.867 594 295(47) × 10−15 −4.490 447 86(16) × 10−26 −4.841 970 49(12) × 10−3 −8.890 597 05(23)

aμ gμ

1.165 920 69(60) × 10−3 −2.002 331 8414(12)

5.2 × 10−7 6.0 × 10−10

μμ /μp

−3.183 345 137(85)

2.7 × 10−8

muon magnetic moment anomaly |μμ |/(e¯h/2mμ ) − 1 muon g-factor −2(1 + aμ ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio tau mass5 in u, mτ = Ar ( τ) u (tau relative atomic mass times u)

mτ

Tau, τ− 3.167 77(52) × 10−27 1.907 68(31)

kg mol−1 m m J T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.6 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg

1.6 × 10−4

u

1.6 × 10−4

5 This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Yao et al., 2006), but τ τ with a standard uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of −0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV.

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-5

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

mτ c2

2.847 05(46) × 10−10 1776.99(29)

tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NA mτ

mτ /me mτ /mμ mτ /mp mτ /mn M(τ), Mτ

3477.48(57) 16.8183(27) 1.893 90(31) 1.891 29(31) 1.907 68(31) × 10−3

tau Compton wavelength h/mτ c λC, τ /2π

λC, τ λC, τ

0.697 72(11) × 10−15 0.111 046(18) × 10−15

proton mass in u, mp = Ar (p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NA mp proton Compton wavelength h/mp c λC,p /2π

mp

energy equivalent in MeV

proton rms charge radius proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2μp /μN proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − μ�p /μp (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2μp /¯h shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2μ�p /¯h (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C)

neutron mass in u, mn = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV neutron-electron mass ratio

Proton, p 1.672 621 637(83) × 10−27

mp c2 mp /me mp /mμ mp /mτ mp /mn e/mp M(p), Mp λC,p λC,p

1.007 276 466 77(10) 1.503 277 359(75) × 10−10 938.272 013(23) 1836.152 672 47(80) 8.880 243 39(23) 0.528 012(86) 0.998 623 478 24(46) 9.578 833 92(24) × 107 1.007 276 466 77(10) × 10−3 1.321 409 8446(19) × 10−15 0.210 308 908 61(30) × 10−15

Unit J MeV

kg mol−1

Relative std. uncert. ur 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4

m m

1.6 × 10−4 1.6 × 10−4

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

1.0 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 4.3 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.6 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.0 × 10−10 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m

Rp μp μp /μB μp /μN gp

0.8768(69) × 10−15 1.410 606 662(37) × 10−26 1.521 032 209(12) × 10−3 2.792 847 356(23) 5.585 694 713(46)

μp /μn μ�p

−1.459 898 06(34) 1.410 570 419(38) × 10−26

μ�p /μB μ�p /μN

1.520 993 128(17) × 10−3 2.792 775 598(30)

1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8

σp�

25.694(14) × 10−6

5.3 × 10−4

γp γp /2π

2.675 222 099(70) × 108 42.577 4821(11)

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.6 × 10−8 2.6 × 10−8

γp�

2.675 153 362(73) × 108

s−1 T−1

2.7 × 10−8

γp� /2π

42.576 3881(12)

MHz T−1

2.7 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

4.3 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

Neutron, n 1.674 927 211(84) × 10−27

mn mn c

2

mn /me

1.008 664 915 97(43) 1.505 349 505(75) × 10−10 939.565 346(23) 1838.683 6605(11)

m J T−1

J T−1

7.8 × 10−3 2.6 × 10−8 8.1 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.7 × 10−8

6.0 × 10−10

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-6

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron molar mass NA mn

mn /mμ mn /mτ mn /mp M(n), Mn

8.892 484 09(23) 0.528 740(86) 1.001 378 419 18(46) 1.008 664 915 97(43) × 10−3

neutron Compton wavelength h/mn c λC,n /2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

λC,n λC,n μn μn /μB μn /μN

1.319 590 8951(20) × 10−15 0.210 019 413 82(31) × 10−15 −0.966 236 41(23) × 10−26 −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 −1.913 042 73(45)

neutron g-factor 2μn /μN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25◦ C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|μn |/¯h

gn

−3.826 085 45(90)

2.4 × 10−7

μn /μe

1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3

2.4 × 10−7

μn /μp

−0.684 979 34(16)

2.4 × 10−7

μn /μ�p

−0.684 996 94(16)

2.4 × 10−7

γn γn /2π

1.832 471 85(43) × 108 29.164 6954(69)

deuteron mass in u, md = Ar (d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

Deuteron, d 3.343 583 20(17) × 10−27

md md c

2.013 553 212 724(78) 3.005 062 72(15) × 10−10 1875.612 793(47)

2

kg mol−1 m m J T−1

2.5 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−4 4.6 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−10 1.5 × 10−9 1.5 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

3.9 × 10−11 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NA md

md /me md /mp M(d), Md

3670.482 9654(16) 1.999 007 501 08(22) 2.013 553 212 724(78) × 10−3

deuteron rms charge radius deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

Rd μd μd /μB μd /μN

2.1402(28) × 10−15 0.433 073 465(11) × 10−26 0.466 975 4556(39) × 10−3 0.857 438 2308(72)

deuteron g-factor μd /μN deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio

gd

0.857 438 2308(72)

8.4 × 10−9

μd /μe

−4.664 345 537(39) × 10−4

8.4 × 10−9

μd /μp

0.307 012 2070(24)

7.7 × 10−9

μd /μn

−0.448 206 52(11)

2.4 × 10−7

triton mass in u, mt = Ar (t) u (triton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV triton-electron mass ratio triton-proton mass ratio

mt

Triton, t 5.007 355 88(25) × 10−27

mt c2

3.015 500 7134(25) 4.500 387 03(22) × 10−10 2808.920 906(70)

mt /me mt /mp

5496.921 5269(51) 2.993 717 0309(25)

kg mol−1 m J T−1

4.3 × 10−10 1.1 × 10−10 3.9 × 10−11 1.3 × 10−3 2.6 × 10−8 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

8.3 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 9.3 × 10−10 8.4 × 10−10

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-7

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

triton molar mass NA mt

M(t), Mt

3.015 500 7134(25) × 10−3

kg mol−1

8.3 × 10−10

triton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio

μt μt /μB μt /μN

1.504 609 361(42) × 10−26 1.622 393 657(21) × 10−3 2.978 962 448(38)

J T−1

2.8 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8

triton g-factor 2μt /μN triton-electron magnetic moment ratio triton-proton magnetic moment ratio triton-neutron magnetic moment ratio

gt

5.957 924 896(76)

1.3 × 10−8

μt /μe

−1.620 514 423(21) × 10−3

1.3 × 10−8

μt /μp

1.066 639 908(10)

9.8 × 10−9

μt /μn

−1.557 185 53(37)

2.4 × 10−7

Helion, h 5.006 411 92(25) × 10−27

helion (3 He nucleus) mass in u, mh = Ar (h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV

mh

helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NA mh shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25◦ C)

mh /me mh /mp M(h), Mh μ�h

5495.885 2765(52) 2.993 152 6713(26) 3.014 932 2473(26) × 10−3 −1.074 552 982(30) × 10−26

μ�h /μB μ�h /μN

−1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 −2.127 497 718(25)

1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8

μ�h /μp

−0.761 766 558(11)

1.4 × 10−8

μ�h /μ�p

−0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3 × 10−9

γh�

2.037 894 730(56) × 108

s−1 T−1

2.8 × 10−8

γh� /2π

32.434 101 98(90)

MHz T−1

2.8 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

1.5 × 10−11 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25◦ C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|μ�h |/¯h (gas, sphere, 25◦ C)

alpha particle mass in u, mα = Ar (α) u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NA mα Avogadro constant atomic mass constant 1 m( 12 C) = 1 u mu = 12

mh c

2

3.014 932 2473(26) 4.499 538 64(22) × 10−10 2808.391 383(70)

Alpha particle, α 6.644 656 20(33) × 10−27 mα mα c

2

mα /me mα /mp M(α), Mα

4.001 506 179 127(62) 5.971 919 17(30) × 10−10 3727.379 109(93) 7294.299 5365(31) 3.972 599 689 51(41) 4.001 506 179 127(62) × 10−3

PHYSICOCHEMICAL 6.022 141 79(30) × 1023 NA , L mu

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

u J MeV

8.6 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg mol−1 J T−1

kg mol−1

9.5 × 10−10 8.7 × 10−10 8.6 × 10−10 2.8 × 10−8

4.2 × 10−10 1.0 × 10−10 1.5 × 10−11

mol−1

5.0 × 10−8

kg

5.0 × 10−8

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-8

TABLE II: (Continued). Quantity

Symbol

= 10−3 kg mol−1/NA energy equivalent in MeV Faraday constant6 NA e

mu c2

J MeV C mol−1

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

3.990 312 6821(57) × 10−10 0.119 626 564 72(17) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 8.617 343(15) × 10−5 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 69.503 56(12)

J s mol−1 J m mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 eV K−1 Hz K−1 m−1 K−1

1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

Vm n0 Vm

22.413 996(39) × 10−3 2.686 7774(47) × 1025 22.710 981(40) × 10−3

m3 mol−1 m−3 m3 mol−1

1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

S0 /R

−1.151 7047(44) −1.164 8677(44)

σ c1 c1L c2

5.670 400(40) × 10−8 3.741 771 18(19) × 10−16 1.191 042 759(59) × 10−16 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2

W m−2 K−4 W m2 W m2 sr−1 mK

7.0 × 10−6 5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 1.7 × 10−6

b � b

2.897 7685(51) × 10−3 5.878 933(10) × 1010

mK Hz K−1

1.7 × 10−6 1.7 × 10−6

NA h NA hc R k

molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA in eV K−1

k/ h k/ hc molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Loschmidt constant NA /Vm T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)7 5 + ln[(2πmu kT1 / h2 ) 3/2 kT1 / p0 ] 2 T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 second radiation constant hc/k Wien displacement law constants b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231... b� = νmax /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2

Relative std. uncert. ur

Unit

1.492 417 830(74) × 10−10 931.494 028(23) 96 485.3399(24)

F

molar Planck constant

Numerical value

3.8 × 10−6 3.8 × 10−6

TABLE III: The variances, covariances, and correlation coefficients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coefficients.1 α α h e me NA me /mμ F

0.0047 0 .0005 0 .0142 −0 .0269 0 .0269 −0 .0528 0 .0679

h 0.0002 24.8614 0 .9999 0 .9996 −0 .9996 0 .0000 −0 .9975

e 0.0024 12.4308 6.2166 0 .9992 −0 .9991 −0 .0008 −0 .9965

me −0.0092 24.8611 12.4259 24.8795 −1 .0000 0 .0014 −0 .9990

NA 0.0092 −24.8610 −12.4259 −24.8794 24.8811 −0 .0014 0 .9991

me /mμ −0.0092 −0.0003 −0.0048 0.0180 −0.0180 6.4296 −0 .0036

F 0.0116 −12.4302 −6.2093 −12.4535 12.4552 −0.0227 6.2459

1

The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ); and the correlation coefficient is r (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )]. 6 The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3401(48) [5.0 × 10−8 ] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ−90 and RK−90 given in Table IV. 7 The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass A is given by S = S + 3 R ln A − R ln( p/ p ) + 5 R ln(T/K). r r 0 0 2 2

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-9

TABLE IV: Internationally adopted values of various quantities. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

relative atomic mass1 of 12 C molar mass constant molar mass of 12 C conventional value of Josephson constant2 conventional value of von Klitzing constant3 standard atmosphere

Ar ( 12 C) Mu M( 12 C) KJ−90 RK−90

12 1 × 10−3 12 × 10−3 483 597.9 25 812.807 101 325

kg mol−1 kg mol−1 GHz V−1 � Pa

Relative std. uncert. ur (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact)

1 The relative atomic mass Ar ( X) of particle X with mass m( X) is defined by Ar ( X) = m( X)/mu , where mu = m( 12 C)/12 = Mu /NA = 1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the unified atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X is m( X) = Ar ( X) u and the molar mass of X is M( X) = Ar ( X) Mu . 2 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. 3 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

TABLE V: Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Relative std. uncert. ur

Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Cu x unit: λ(CuKα1 )/1 537.400 Mo x unit: λ(MoKα1 )/707.831 ˚ angstrom star: λ(WKα1 )/0.209 010 0

xu(CuKα1 ) xu(MoKα1 ) ˚∗ A

m m m

lattice parameter1 of Si (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C) √ {220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8 (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C) molar volume of Si M(Si)/ρ(Si) = NA a 3/8 (in vacuum, 22.5◦ C)

a

1.002 076 99(28) × 10−13 1.002 099 55(53) × 10−13 1.000 014 98(90) × 10−10

543.102 064(14) × 10−12

m

d220

192.015 5762(50) × 10−12

m

2.6 × 10−8

Vm (Si)

12.058 8349(11) × 10−6

m3 mol−1

9.1 × 10−8

2.8 × 10−7 5.3 × 10−7 9.0 × 10−7 2.6 × 10−8

1 This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for the effects of impurities.

TABLE VI: The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2006 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit: 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA 1 u = mu = 12

eV

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

J

2.5 × 10−8

u

1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27

kg

5.0 × 10−8

Natural units (n.u.) n.u. of velocity: speed of light in vacuum n.u. of action: reduced Planck constant (h/2π) in eV s in MeV fm

c, c0

299 792 458

m s−1

(exact)

h¯

1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34 6.582 118 99(16) × 10−16 197.326 9631(49)

Js eV s MeV fm

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

h¯ c

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-10

TABLE VI: (Continued.) Quantity n.u. of mass: electron mass n.u. of energy in MeV n.u. of momentum in MeV/c n.u. of length (¯h/me c) n.u. of time

Relative std. uncert. ur

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

me me c2

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31 8.187 104 38(41) × 10−14 0.510 998 910(13)

kg J MeV

5.0 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

me c

2.730 924 06(14) × 10−22 0.510 998 910(13) 386.159 264 59(53) × 10−15 1.288 088 6570(18) × 10−21

kg m s−1 MeV/c m s

5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 1.4 × 10−9 1.4 × 10−9

λC h¯ /me c2

Atomic units (a.u.) a.u. of charge: elementary charge a.u. of mass: electron mass a.u. of action: reduced Planck constant (h/2π) a.u. of length: Bohr radius (bohr) (α/4πR∞ ) a.u. of energy: Hartree energy (hartree) (e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 )

e

1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19

C

2.5 × 10−8

me

9.109 382 15(45) × 10−31

kg

5.0 × 10−8

h¯

1.054 571 628(53) × 10−34

Js

5.0 × 10−8

a0

0.529 177 208 59(36) × 10−10

m

6.8 × 10−10

Eh

4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18

J

5.0 × 10−8

2.418 884 326 505(16) × 10−17 8.238 722 06(41) × 10−8 2.187 691 2541(15) × 106 1.992 851 565(99) × 10−24 6.623 617 63(17) × 10−3 1.081 202 300(27) × 1012

s N m s−1 kg m s−1 A C m−3

6.6 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−8 6.8 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of time of force of velocity (αc) of momentum of current of charge density

h¯ /Eh Eh /a0 a0 Eh /¯h h¯ /a0 eEh /¯h e/a03

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of electric potential of electric field of electric field gradient of electric dipole moment of electric quadrupole moment

Eh /e Eh /ea0 Eh /ea02 ea0 ea02

a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u. a.u.

of electric polarizability of 1st hyperpolarizability of 2nd hyperpolarizability of magnetic flux density of magnetic dipole moment (2μB ) of magnetizability of permittivity (107 /c2 )

e2 a02 /Eh e3 a03 /Eh2 e4 a04 /Eh3 h¯ /ea02 h¯ e/me e2 a02 /me e2 /a0 Eh

27.211 383 86(68) 5.142 206 32(13) × 1011 9.717 361 66(24) × 1021 8.478 352 81(21) × 10−30 4.486 551 07(11) × 10−40

1.648 777 2536(34) × 10−41 3.206 361 533(81) × 10−53 6.235 380 95(31) × 10−65 2.350 517 382(59) × 105 1.854 801 830(46) × 10−23 7.891 036 433(27) × 10−29 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−10

V V m−1 V m−2 Cm C m2 C2 m2 J−1 C3 m3 J−2 C4 m4 J−3 T J T−1 J T−2 F m−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.1 × 10−9 2.5 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.4 × 10−9 (exact)

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-11

TABLE VII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 2006 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 2 2 Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree). Relevant unit J

kg

m−1

Hz

1J

(1 J) = 1J

(1 J)/c2 = 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−17 kg

(1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 47(25) × 1024 m−1

(1 J)/h = 1.509 190 450(75) × 1033 Hz

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 . . . × 1016 J

(1 kg) = 1 kg

(1 kg)c/ h = 4.524 439 15(23) × 1041 m−1

(1 kg)c2 / h = 1.356 392 733(68) × 1050 Hz

1 m−1

(1 m−1 )hc = 1.986 445 501(99) × 10−25 J

(1 m−1 )h/c = 2.210 218 70(11) × 10−42 kg

(1 m−1 ) = 1 m−1

(1 m−1 )c = 299 792 458 Hz

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h = 6.626 068 96(33) × 10−34 J

(1 Hz)h/c2 = 7.372 496 00(37) × 10−51 kg

(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 951 . . . × 10−9 m−1

(1 Hz) = 1 Hz

1K

(1 K)k = 1.380 6504(24) × 10−23 J

(1 K)k/c2 = 1.536 1807(27) × 10−40 kg

(1 K)k/ hc = 69.503 56(12) m−1

(1 K)k/ h = 2.083 6644(36) × 1010 Hz

1 eV

(1 eV) = 1.602 176 487(40) × 10−19 J

(1 eV)/c2 = 1.782 661 758(44) × 10−36 kg

(1 eV)/ hc = 8.065 544 65(20) × 105 m−1

(1 eV)/ h = 2.417 989 454(60) × 1014 Hz

1u

(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 830(74) × 10−10 J

(1 u) = 1.660 538 782(83) × 10−27 kg

(1 u)c/ h = 7.513 006 671(11) × 1014 m−1

(1 u)c2 / h = 2.252 342 7369(32) × 1023 Hz

1 Eh

(1 Eh ) = 4.359 743 94(22) × 10−18 J

(1 Eh )/c2 = 4.850 869 34(24) × 10−35 kg

(1 Eh )/ hc = 2.194 746 313 705(15) × 107 m−1

(1 Eh )/ h = 6.579 683 920 722(44) × 1015 Hz

K

eV

u

Eh

1J

(1 J)/k = 7.242 963(13) × 1022 K

(1 J) = 6.241 509 65(16) × 1018 eV

(1 J)/c2 = 6.700 536 41(33) × 109 u

(1 J) = 2.293 712 69(11) × 1017 Eh

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 /k = 6.509 651(11) × 1039 K

(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 589 12(14) × 1035 eV

(1 kg) = 6.022 141 79(30) × 1026 u

(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 16(10) × 1034 Eh

1 m−1

(1 m−1 )hc/k = 1.438 7752(25) × 10−2 K

(1 m−1 )hc = 1.239 841 875(31) × 10−6 eV

(1 m−1 )h/c = 1.331 025 0394(19) × 10−15 u

(1 m−1 )hc = 4.556 335 252 760(30) × 10−8 Eh

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h/k = 4.799 2374(84) × 10−11 K

(1 Hz)h = 4.135 667 33(10) × 10−15 eV

(1 Hz)h/c2 = 4.439 821 6294(64) × 10−24 u

(1 Hz)h = 1.519 829 846 006(10) × 10−16 Eh

1K

(1 K) = 1K

(1 K)k = 8.617 343(15) × 10−5 eV

(1 K)k/c2 = 9.251 098(16) × 10−14 u

(1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55) × 10−6 Eh

1 eV

(1 eV)/k = 1.160 4505(20) × 104 K

(1 eV) = 1 eV

(1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 188(27) × 10−9 u

(1 eV) = 3.674 932 540(92) × 10−2 Eh

1u

(1 u)c2 /k = 1.080 9527(19) × 1013 K

(1 u)c2 = 931.494 028(23) × 106 eV

(1 u) = 1u

(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 7149(49) × 107 Eh

1 Eh

(1 Eh )/k = 3.157 7465(55) × 105 K

(1 Eh ) = 27.211 383 86(68) eV

(1 Eh )/c2 = 2.921 262 2986(42) × 10−8 u

(1 Eh ) = 1 Eh

STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2007) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 2007 by the IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights. Those changes affected the following elements: Lu, Mo, Ni, Yb, and Zn. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the

Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium

Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In

Atomic no. 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49

value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the terrestrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified.

References 1. Weiser, M. E., “Atomic weights of the elements 2005,” Pure Appl. Chem. 78, 2051, 2006; J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 485, 2007. 2. Chemistry International, Vol. 29, No. 6, p. 18, 2007.

Atomic weight

Footnotes

Name

[227.0277] 26.9815386(8) [243.0614] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [209.9871] 137.327(7) [247.0703] 9.012182(3) 208.98040(1) [264.12] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251.0796] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.9054519(2) 35.453(2) 51.9961(6) 58.933195(5) 63.546(3) [247.0704] [271] [262.1141] 162.500(1) [252.0830] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257.0951] 18.9984032(5) [223.0197] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 196.966569(4) 178.49(2) [277] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3)

a

Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium

a g gr a a

a gmr g g a gr g gmr

r a a a g a g g a a g

a gr gmr

Symbol I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg

Atomic no. 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106

Atomic weight 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.90547(7) [262.1097] 207.2(1) 6.941(2) 174.9668(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938045(5) [268.1388] [258.0984] 200.59(2) 95.96(2) 144.242(3) 20.1797(6) [237.0482] 58.6934(4) 92.90638(2) 14.0067(2) [259.1010] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973762(2) 195.084(9) [244.0642] [208.9824] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [144.9127] 231.03588(2) [226.0254] [222.0176] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) [272.1535] 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261.1088] 150.36(2) 44.955912(6) [266.1219]

Footnotes

gm g a gr bgmr g

a a g g gm a

gr a g gr g

a a g a a a

a g g a g a

1-12

6679X_S01.indb 12

4/11/08 10:53:23 AM

Standard Atomic Weights (2007) Name Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium

Symbol Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm

Atomic no. 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69

Atomic weight 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.98976928(2) 87.62(1) 32.065(5) 180.94788(2) [97.9072] 127.60(3) 158.92535(2) 204.3833(2) 232.03806(2) 168.93421(2)

1-13 Footnotes

Name

r r g

Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununhexium Ununquadium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

gr gr a g

g

Symbol Sn Ti W Uub Uuh Uuq U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

Atomic no. 50 22 74 112 116 114 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic weight

Footnotes

118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [285] [289] [289] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.054(5) 88.90585(2) 65.38(2) 91.224(2)

g

a a a gm gm g

g

No stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets for the isotope of longest half-life. Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. g Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. m Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. r Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value should be applicable to any normal material. a

b

6679X_S01.indb 13

4/11/08 10:53:23 AM

ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses were taken from the 2003 evaluation of Audi, Wapstra, and Thibault (References 2, 3). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. An asterisk * after an entry indicates the mass value was derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Reference 4); these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 4 for full Z 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15 16

Isotope 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16 O 17 O 18 O 18 F 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Al 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 P 32 P 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S

Mass in u 1.00782503207(10) 2.0141017778(4) 3.0160492777(25) 3.0160293191(26) 4.00260325415(6) 6.015122795(16) 7.01600455(8) 9.0121822(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093054(4) 11.0114336(10) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.003241989(4) 14.0030740048(6) 15.0001088982(7) 15.99491461956(16) 16.99913170(12) 17.9991610(7) 18.0009380(6) 18.99840322(7) 19.9924401754(19) 20.99384668(4) 21.991385114(19) 21.9944364(4) 22.9897692809(29) 23.99096278(8) 23.985041700(14) 24.98583692(3) 25.982592929(30) 26.98153863(12) 27.9769265325(19) 28.976494700(22) 29.97377017(3) 30.97376163(20) 31.97390727(20) 31.97207100(15) 32.97145876(15) 33.96786690(12) 34.96903216(11) 35.96708076(20)

Abundance in % 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70) 0.000134(3) 99.999866(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.636(7) 0.364(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 100

details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is variable). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined.

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2005. 2. Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., and Thibault, Nucl. Phys., A729, 336, 2003. 3. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Atomic Mass Data Center, World Wide Web site, 4. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003. Z 17 18

19

20

21 22

23 24

25 26

94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24) 0.01(1)

27

Isotope 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 42 K 43 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 48 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ti 47 Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 50 V 51 V 50 Cr 51 Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 54 Mn 55 Mn 52 Fe 54 Fe 55 Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57 Co

Mass in u 34.96885268(4) 36.96590259(5) 35.967545106(29) 37.9627324(4) 39.9623831225(29) 38.96370668(20) 39.96399848(21) 40.96182576(21) 41.96240281(24) 42.960716(10) 39.96259098(22) 41.95861801(27) 42.9587666(3) 43.9554818(4) 44.9561866(4) 45.9536926(24) 46.9545460(24) 47.952534(4) 44.9559119(9) 45.9526316(9) 46.9517631(9) 47.9479463(9) 48.9478700(9) 49.9447912(9) 49.9471585(11) 50.9439595(11) 49.9460442(11) 50.9447674(11) 51.9405075(8) 52.9406494(8) 53.9388804(8) 53.9403589(14) 54.9380451(7) 51.948114(7) 53.9396105(7) 54.9382934(7) 55.9349375(7) 56.9353940(7) 57.9332756(8) 58.9348755(8) 56.9362914(8)

Abundance in % 75.76(10) 24.24(10) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44)

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

1-9

HC&P_S01.indb 9

5/2/05 8:33:34 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-10 Z

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35 36

37

38

39 40

HC&P_S01.indb 10

Isotope 58 Co 59 Co 60 Co 58 Ni 59 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 64 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 65 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 67 Ga 68 Ga 69 Ga 71 Ga 68 Ge 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 75 As 74 Se 75 Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 79 Se 80 Se 82 Se 79 Br 81 Br 78 Kr 80 Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 86 Kr 85 Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 84 Sr 85 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 89 Y 90 Zr 91 Zr 92 Zr 94 Zr

Mass in u 57.9357528(13) 58.9331950(7) 59.9338171(7) 57.9353429(7) 58.9343467(7) 59.9307864(7) 60.9310560(7) 61.9283451(6) 62.9296694(6) 63.9279660(7) 62.9295975(6) 63.9297642(6) 64.9277895(7) 63.9291422(7) 64.9292410(7) 65.9260334(10) 66.9271273(10) 67.9248442(10) 69.9253193(21) 66.9282017(14) 67.9279801(16) 68.9255736(13) 70.9247013(11) 67.928094(7) 69.9242474(11) 71.9220758(18) 72.9234589(18) 73.9211778(18) 75.9214026(18) 74.9215965(20) 73.9224764(18) 74.9225234(18) 75.9192136(18) 76.9199140(18) 77.9173091(18) 78.9184991(18) 79.9165213(21) 81.9166994(22) 78.9183371(22) 80.9162906(21) 77.9203648(12) 79.9163790(16) 81.9134836(19) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.91061073(11) 84.911789738(12) 85.91116742(21) 86.909180527(13) 83.913425(3) 84.912933(3) 85.9092602(12) 86.9088771(12) 87.9056121(12) 88.9074507(12) 89.907738(3) 88.9058483(27) 89.9047044(25) 90.9056458(25) 91.9050408(25) 93.9063152(26)

Abundance in %

Z

100

41 42

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.15(3)

43

30.85(3) 48.268(321)

44

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123) 0.631(9)

60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.38(18) 27.31(26) 7.76(8) 36.72(15) 7.83(7) 100 0.89(4)

45 46

47 48

9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.355(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(31) 11.500(19) 56.987(15) 17.279(41) 72.17(2)

49

50

27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

51 52

Isotope 96 Zr 93 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 100 Mo 97 Tc 98 Tc 99 Tc 96 Ru 98 Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 104 Ru 106 Ru 103 Rh 102 Pd 104 Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 116 Cd 111 In 113 In 115 In 112 Sn 113 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te

Mass in u 95.9082734(30) 92.9063781(26) 91.906811(4) 93.9050883(21) 94.9058421(21) 95.9046795(21) 96.9060215(21) 97.9054082(21) 98.9077119(21) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062547(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(22) 99.9042195(22) 100.9055821(22) 101.9043493(22) 103.905433(3) 105.907329(8) 102.905504(3) 101.905609(3) 103.904036(4) 104.905085(4) 105.903486(4) 107.903892(4) 109.905153(12) 106.905097(5) 108.904752(3) 105.906459(6) 107.904184(6) 109.9030021(29) 110.9041781(29) 111.9027578(29) 112.9044017(29) 113.9033585(29) 115.904756(3) 110.905103(5) 112.904058(3) 114.903878(5) 111.904818(5) 112.905171(4) 113.902779(3) 114.903342(3) 115.901741(3) 116.902952(3) 117.901603(3) 118.903308(3) 119.9021947(27) 121.9034390(29) 123.9052739(15) 120.9038157(24) 122.9042140(22) 119.904020(10) 121.9030439(16) 122.9042700(16) 123.9028179(16) 124.9044307(16) 125.9033117(16) 127.9044631(19)

Abundance in % 2.80(9) 100 14.77(31) 9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26) 9.67(20)

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8)

5/2/05 8:33:35 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances Z 53

54

55

56

57 58

59 60

61 62

63 64

HC&P_S01.indb 11

Isotope 130 Te 123 I 125 I 127 I 129 I 131 I 124 Xe 126 Xe 128 Xe 129 Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 134 Xe 136 Xe 129 Cs 133 Cs 134 Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 130 Ba 132 Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 140 Ba 138 La 139 La 136 Ce 138 Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 144 Ce 141 Pr 142 Nd 143 Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd 145 Pm 147 Pm 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 152 Gd 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd

Mass in u 129.9062244(21) 122.905589(4) 124.9046302(16) 126.904473(4) 128.904988(3) 130.9061246(12) 123.9058930(20) 125.904274(7) 127.9035313(15) 128.9047794(8) 129.9035080(8) 130.9050824(10) 131.9041535(10) 133.9053945(9) 135.907219(8) 128.906064(5) 132.905451933(24) 133.906718475(28) 135.9073116(20) 136.9070895(5) 129.9063208(30) 131.9050613(11) 132.9060075(11) 133.9045084(4) 134.9056886(4) 135.9045759(4) 136.9058274(5) 137.9052472(5) 139.910605(9) 137.907112(4) 138.9063533(26) 135.907172(14) 137.905991(11) 139.9054387(26) 140.9082763(26) 141.909244(3) 143.913647(4) 140.9076528(26) 141.9077233(25) 142.9098143(25) 143.9100873(25) 144.9125736(25) 145.9131169(25) 147.916893(3) 149.920891(3) 144.912749(3) 146.9151385(26) 143.911999(3) 146.9148979(26) 147.9148227(26) 148.9171847(26) 149.9172755(26) 151.9197324(27) 153.9222093(27) 150.9198502(26) 152.9212303(26) 151.9197910(27) 153.9208656(27) 154.9226220(27) 155.9221227(27) 156.9239601(27)

1-11 Abundance in % 34.08(62)

100

0.0952(3) 0.0890(2) 1.9102(8) 26.4006(82) 4.0710(13) 21.2324(30) 26.9086(33) 10.4357(21) 8.8573(44) 100

Z

65 66

67 68

69 70

0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(6) 52.19(6) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

71 72

73 74

75 76

77 78

79 80

Isotope 158 Gd 160 Gd 159 Tb 156 Dy 158 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165 Ho 162 Er 164 Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 169 Tm 168 Yb 169 Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 174 Hf 176 Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 185 Re 187 Re 184 Os 186 Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 192 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 190 Pt 192 Pt 194 Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt 198 Pt 197 Au 198 Au 196 Hg

Mass in u 157.9241039(27) 159.9270541(27) 158.9253468(27) 155.924283(7) 157.924409(4) 159.9251975(27) 160.9269334(27) 161.9267984(27) 162.9287312(27) 163.9291748(27) 164.9303221(27) 161.928778(4) 163.929200(3) 165.9302931(27) 166.9320482(27) 167.9323702(27) 169.9354643(30) 168.9342133(27) 167.933897(5) 168.935190(5) 169.9347618(26) 170.9363258(26) 171.9363815(26) 172.9382108(26) 173.9388621(26) 175.9425717(28) 174.9407718(23) 175.9426863(23) 173.940046(3) 175.9414086(24) 176.9432207(23) 177.9436988(23) 178.9458161(23) 179.9465500(23) 179.9474648(24) 180.9479958(19) 179.946704(4) 181.9482042(9) 182.9502230(9) 183.9509312(9) 185.9543641(19) 184.9529550(13) 186.9557531(15) 183.9524891(14) 185.9538382(15) 186.9557505(15) 187.9558382(15) 188.9581475(16) 189.9584470(16) 191.9614807(27) 190.9605940(18) 192.9629264(18) 189.959932(6) 191.9610380(27) 193.9626803(9) 194.9647911(9) 195.9649515(9) 197.967893(3) 196.9665687(6) 197.9682423(6) 195.965833(3)

Abundance in % 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 100 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1)

5/2/05 8:33:37 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-12 Z

81

82

83 84 85 86

87 88

89 90

91 92

HC&P_S01.indb 12

Isotope 197 Hg 198 Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 204 Hg 201 Tl 203 Tl 205 Tl 204 Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb 207 Bi 209 Bi 209 Po 210 Po 210 At 211 At 211 Rn 220 Rn 222 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 224 Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 227 Ac 228 Th 230 Th 232 Th 231 Pa 233 U 234 U 235 U

Mass in u 196.967213(3) 197.9667690(4) 198.9682799(4) 199.9683260(4) 200.9703023(6) 201.9706430(6) 202.9728725(18) 203.9734939(4) 200.970819(16) 202.9723442(14) 204.9744275(14) 203.9730436(13) 205.9744653(13) 206.9758969(13) 207.9766521(13) 209.9841885(16) 206.9784707(26) 208.9803987(16) 208.9824304(20) 209.9828737(13) 209.987148(8) 210.9874963(30) 210.990601(7) 220.0113940(24) 222.0175777(25) 223.0197359(26) 223.0185022(27) 224.0202118(24) 226.0254098(25) 228.0310703(26) 227.0277521(26) 228.0287411(24) 230.0331338(19) 232.0380553(21) 231.0358840(24) 233.0396352(29) 234.0409521(20) 235.0439299(20)

Abundance in % 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

Z

93 94

6.87(15) 29.52(1) 70.48(1) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)

100

95 96

97 98

99 100 101

100 100 0.0054(5) 0.7204(6)

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Isotope 236 U 238 U 237 Np 239 Np 238 Pu 239 Pu 240 Pu 241 Pu 242 Pu 244 Pu 241 Am 243 Am 243 Cm 244 Cm 245 Cm 246 Cm 247 Cm 248 Cm 247 Bk 249 Bk 249 Cf 250 Cf 251 Cf 252 Cf 252 Es 257 Fm 256 Md 258 Md 259 No 262 Lr 261 Rf 262 Db 263 Sg 264 Bh 265 Hs 268 Mt 281 Ds 272 Rg

Mass in u 236.0455680(20) 238.0507882(20) 237.0481734(20) 239.0529390(22) 238.0495599(20) 239.0521634(20) 240.0538135(20) 241.0568515(20) 242.0587426(20) 244.064204(5) 241.0568291(20) 243.0613811(25) 243.0613891(22) 244.0627526(20) 245.0654912(22) 246.0672237(22) 247.070354(5) 248.072349(5) 247.070307(6) 249.0749867(28) 249.0748535(24) 250.0764061(22) 251.079587(5) 252.081626(5) 252.082980(50) 257.095105(7) 256.094060(60) 258.098431(5) 259.10103(11)* 262.10963(22)* 261.108770(30)* 262.11408(20)* 263.11832(13)* 264.12460(30)* 265.13009(15)* 268.13873(34)* 281.16206(78)* 273.15362(36)*

Abundance in % 99.2742(10)

5/2/05 8:33:38 AM

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND IONIZATION ENERGY OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE William C. Martin The ground state electron configuration, ground level, and ionization energy of the elements hydrogen through rutherfordium are listed in this table. The electron configurations of elements heavier than neon are shortened by using rare-gas element symbols in brackets to represent the corresponding electrons. See the references for details of the notation for Pa, U, and Np. Ionization energies to higher states (and more precise values of the first ionization energy for certain elements) may be found in the table “Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10 of this Handbook. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

References

1. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Kotochigova, S., and Sansonetti, J. E., NIST Physical Reference Data Web Site, , October 2004. 2. Martin, W. C., and Wiese, W. L., “Atomic Spectroscopy”, in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135-153.

Ground-state configuration 1s 1s2 1s2 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 [Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 [Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Kr] 5s [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s

Ground level 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 F4 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 6 D1/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 F5

Ionization energy (eV) 13.5984 24.5874 5.3917 9.3227 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645 5.1391 7.6462 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596 4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996 4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605

1-13

HC&P_S01.indb 13

5/2/05 8:33:39 AM

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State

1-14 Z 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

HC&P_S01.indb 14

Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

Element Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium

Ground-state configuration [Kr] 4d8 5s [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 6d 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 ?

Ground level 4 F9/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 1 o G4 4 o I 9/2 5 I4 6 o H 5/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 5 D0 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 D3 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 (4,3/2)11/2 (9/2,3/2)o6 (4,3/2)11/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 ? 3 F2 ?

Ionization energy (eV) 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298 3.8939 5.2117 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 10.7485 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9? 6.0?

5/2/05 8:33:40 AM

Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range –180 to 4000 °C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS-90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. t/°C –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 –100 –90 –80 –70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

t90–t68

0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.002 –0.005 –0.007 –0.010 –0.013 –0.016 –0.018 –0.021 –0.024 –0.026 –0.028 –0.030 –0.032 –0.034 –0.036 –0.037 –0.038 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.039 –0.039

t90–t48

0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 –0.006 –0.012 –0.016 –0.020 –0.023 –0.026 –0.026 –0.027 –0.027 –0.026 –0.024 –0.023 –0.020 –0.018 –0.016 –0.012 –0.009 –0.005 –0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.030

t/°C

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750

t90–t68 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.041 –0.042 –0.043 –0.045 –0.046 –0.048 –0.051 –0.053 –0.056 –0.059 –0.062 –0.065 –0.068 –0.072 –0.075 –0.079 –0.083 –0.087 –0.090 –0.094 –0.098 –0.101 –0.105 –0.108 –0.112 –0.115 –0.118 –0.122 –0.125 –0.11 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 –0.05 –0.04 –0.02 –0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03

t90–t48

0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.001 –0.002 –0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56

The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064 °C range.

References 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 64, 1545, 1992.

t/°C

760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

t90–t68

0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 –0.02 –0.03 –0.05 –0.06 –0.08 –0.10 –0.11 –0.13 –0.15 –0.16 –0.18 –0.19 –0.20 –0.22 –0.23 –0.23 –0.24 –0.25 –0.25 –0.25 –0.26 –0.26 –0.26 –0.30 –0.35 –0.39 –0.44 –0.49 –0.54 –0.60 –0.66 –0.72 –0.79 –0.85 –0.93

t90–t48 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

t/°C 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

t90–t68 –1.00 –1.07 –1.15 –1.24 –1.32 –1.41 –1.50 –1.59 –1.69 –1.78 –1.89 –1.99 –2.10 –2.21 –2.32 –2.43 –2.55

t90–t48

T/K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

T90–T76 –0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0003 –0.0004 –0.0005 –0.0006 –0.0007 –0.0008 –0.0010 –0.0011 –0.0013 –0.0014 –0.0016 –0.0018 –0.0020 –0.0022 –0.0025 –0.0027 –0.0030 –0.0032 –0.0035 –0.0038 –0.0041

T90–T68

3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8

–0.006 –0.003 –0.004 –0.006 –0.008 –0.009 –0.009 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 –0.004 –0.005 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.008

1-21

Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90

1-22 T/K 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

T90–T76

T90–T68 –0.008 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.005 –0.004 –0.003 –0.002 –0.001

T/K 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

T/K 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014

T/K 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 –0.006 –0.031 –0.040 –0.040 –0.055 –0.089 –0.124

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French name Le Système International d’Unités), was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the modern metric system of measurement. The core of the SI is the seven base units for the physical quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These base units are: Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

SI base unit Name Symbol m meter kg kilogram second s A ampere K kelvin mole mol candela cd

candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540∙1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

SI derived units Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division (and, in the case of °C, subtraction). Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities. The next table lists some examples of derived units expressed directly in terms of base units: Physical quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number density, mass density specific volume current density magnetic field strength concentration (of amount of substance) luminance refractive index

The SI base units are defined as follows: meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux

(a)

SI derived unit Name square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter

Symbol m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3 m3/kg A/m2 A/m

mole per cubic meter candela per square meter (the number) one

mol/m3 cd/m2 1(a)

The symbol “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value.

For convenience, certain derived units, which are listed in the next table, have been given special names and symbols. These names and symbols may themselves be used to express other derived units. The special names and symbols are a compact form for the expression of units that are used frequently. The final column shows how the SI units concerned may be expressed in terms of SI base units. In this column, factors such as m0, kg0 ..., which are all equal to 1, are not shown explicitly.

Name radian(a) steradian(a) hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber

Symbol rad sr(c) Hz N Pa J W C V F Ω S Wb

SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1

1-18

HC&P_S01.indb 18

5/2/05 8:33:45 AM

International System of Units (SI) magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature luminous flux illuminance activity (of a radionuclide) absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, organ equivalent dose catalytic activity

1-19 tesla henry degree Celsius(d) lumen lux becquerel gray sievert

T H °C

Wb/m2 Wb/A

kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1 m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 K

lm lx Bq Gy Sv

cd ∙ sr(c) lm/m2

m2 ∙ m–2 ∙ cd = cd m2 ∙ m–4 ∙ cd = m–2 ∙ cd s-1 m2 ∙ s-2 m2 ∙ s-2

katal

kat

J/kg J/kg

s–1 ∙ mol

The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities of different nature but the same dimension. Some examples of their use in forming derived units are given in the next table. (b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value. (c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units. (d) It is common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K. The numerical value of a Celsius temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by t/°C = T/K-273.15. The unit °C may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g., millidegree Celsius, m°C. Note that there should never be a space between the ° sign and the letter C, and that the symbol for kelvin is K, not °K. (a)

The SI derived units with special names may be used in combinations to provide a convenient way to express more complex physical quantities. Examples are given in the next table: Physical Quantity dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension angular velocity angular acceleration heat flux density, irradiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and γ rays) absorbed dose rate radiant intensity radiance catalytic (activity) concentration

SI derived unit Name Symbol As SI base units m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-1 pascal second Pa ∙ s newton meter N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 newton per meter N/m kg ∙ s-2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-1 = s-1 2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-2 = s-2 squared watt per square W/m2 kg ∙ s-3 meter joule per kelvin J/K m-3 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 joule per kilogram J/(kg ∙ K) m2 ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per kilogram J/kg m2 ∙ s-2 watt per meter W/(m ∙ K) m ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per cubic J/m3 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 meter volt per meter V/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-3∙ A-1 coulomb per cubic C/m3 m-3 ∙ s ∙ A meter coulomb per C/m2 m-2 ∙ s ∙ A square meter F/m m-3 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 farad per meter henry per meter H/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 joule per mole J/mol m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ mol-1 J/(mol ∙ K) m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 ∙ joule per mole mol-1 kelvin coulomb per C/kg kg-1 ∙ s ∙ A kilogram gray per second Gy/s m2 ∙ s-3 watt per steradian W/sr m4 ∙ m-2∙ kg∙ s-3 = m2 ∙ kg∙ s-3 2 watt per square W/(m ∙ sr) m2 ∙ m-2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 meter steradian = kg ∙ s-3 katal per cubic kat/m3 m-3 ∙ s-1 ∙ mol meter

In practice, with certain quantities preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit

HC&P_S01.indb 19

names, in order to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. For example, the SI unit of frequency is designated the hertz, rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI unit of angular velocity is designated the radian per second rather than the reciprocal second (in this case retaining the word radian emphasizes that angular velocity is equal to 2π times the rotational frequency). Similarly the SI unit of moment of force is designated the newton meter rather than the joule. In the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent the gray and sievert, respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram. In the field of catalysis, the SI unit of catalytic activity is designated the katal rather than the mole per second. The special names becquerel, gray, sievert, and katal were specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second, joule per kilogram and mole per second.

Units for dimensionless quantities, quantities of dimension one Certain quantities are defined as the ratios of two quantities of the same kind, and thus have a dimension which may be expressed by the number one. The unit of such quantities is necessarily a derived unit coherent with the other units of the SI and, since it is formed as the ratio of two identical SI units, the unit also may be expressed by the number one. Thus the SI unit of all quantities having the dimensional product one is the number one. Examples of such quantities are refractive index, relative permeability, and friction factor. Other quantities having the unit 1 include “characteristic numbers” like the Prandtl number and numbers which represent a count, such as a number of molecules, degeneracy (number of energy levels), and partition function in statistical thermodynamics. All of these quantities are described as being dimensionless, or of dimension one, and have the coherent SI unit 1. Their values are simply expressed as numbers and, in general, the unit 1 is not explicitly shown. In a few cases, however, a special name is given to this unit, mainly to avoid confusion between some compound derived units. This is the case for the radian, steradian and neper.

5/2/05 8:33:46 AM

International System of Units (SI)

1-20

SI prefixes The following prefixes have been approved by the CGPM for use with SI units. Only one prefix may be used before a unit. Thus 10-12 farad should be designated pF, not μμF. Factor 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101

Name yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

Name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol d c m μ n p f a z y

The kilogram Among the base units of the International System, the unit of mass is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name “gram” and prefix symbols to the unit symbol “g”. Example : 10-6 kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not 1 μkg (1 microkilogram).

Units used with the SI Many units that are not part of the SI are important and widely used in everyday life. The CGPM has adopted a classification of non-SI units: (1) units accepted for use with the SI (such as the traditional units of time and of angle); (2) units accepted for use with the SI whose values are obtained experimentally; and (3) other units currently accepted for use with the SI to satisfy the needs of special interests.

(2) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International system, whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt(b) dalton(c) unified atomic mass unit(c) astronomical unit(d)

Symbol Value in SI Units eV 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14) ∙10-19 J(a) Da 1 Da = 1.660 538 86(28) ∙ 10-27 kg(a) u ua

1 u = 1 Da 1 ua = 1.495 978 706 91(06) ∙ 1011 m(a)

For the electronvolt and the dalton (unified atomic mass unit), values are quoted from the 2002 CODATA set of the Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 1-1 of this Handbook). The value given for the astronomical unit is quoted from the IERS Conventions 2003 (D.D. McCarthy and G. Petit, eds., IERS Technical Note 32, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 200). The value of ua in meters comes from the JPL ephemerides DE403 (Standish E.M. 1995, “Report of the IAU WGAS SubGroup on Numerical Standards”, in “Highlights of Astronomy”, Appenlzer ed., pp 180-184, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). It has been determined in “TDB” units using Barycentric Dynamical Time TDB as a time coordinate for the barycentric system. (b) The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. (c) The Dalton and unified atomic mass unit are alternative names for the same unit, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C, at rest and in its ground state. The dalton may be combined with SI prefixes to express the masses of large molecules in kilodalton, kDa, or megadalton, MDa. (d) The astronomical unit is a unit of length approximately equal to the mean Earth-Sun distance. It is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.017 202 098 95 radians/day (known as the Gaussian constant). (a)

(3) Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Name nautical mile

Symbol Value in SI Units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 a = 1 dam2 = 102 m2 ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2

knot are hectare bar ångström barn

(1) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System Name minute hour day degree minute second liter metric ton neper(a) bel(b)

Symbol min h d ° ’ ” l, L t Np B

Value in SI units 1 min = 60 s 1 h= 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1° = (π/180) rad 1’ = (1/60)° = (π/10 800) rad 1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 000) rad 1L= 1 dm3= 10-3 m3 1 t = 103 kg 1 Np = 1 1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np

The neper is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound pressure level, and logarithmic decrement. Natural logarithms are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in nepers. The neper is coherent with the SI, but is not yet adopted by the CGPM as an SI unit. In using the neper, it is important to specify the quantity. (b) The bel is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound-pressure level, and attenuation. Logarithms to base ten are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in bels. The submultiple decibel, dB, is commonly used. (a)

HC&P_S01.indb 20

Other non-SI units The SI does not encourage the use of cgs units, but these are frequently found in old scientific texts. The following table gives the relation of some common cgs units to SI units. Name erg dyne poise stokes gauss oersted maxwell stilb phot gal

Symbol Value in SI units erg 1 erg = 10–7 J dyn 1 dyn = 10–5 N P 1P = 1dyn∙ s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa∙∙ s St 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10–4 m2/s G 1G  10–4 T Oe 1 Oe  (1000/4π) A/m Mx 1Mx  10–8 Wb sb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 ph 1 ph = 104 lx Gal 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10–2 m/s2 Note: The symbol  should be read as “corresponds to”;

these units cannot strictly be equated because of the different dimensions of the electromagnetic cgs and the SI.

5/2/05 8:33:47 AM

International System of Units (SI) Examples of other non-SI units found in the older literature and their relation to the SI are given below. Use of these units in current texts is discouraged. Name Symbol Ci curie R roentgen rad rad rem rem X unit γ gamma Jy jansky fermi metric carat torr Torr standard atmosphere atm cal calorie(a) μ micron (a)

Value in SI units 1 Ci = 3.7 ∙ 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 ∙ 10–4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10–2 Gy 1 r e m = 1 cSv = 10–2 Sv 1 X unit ≈ 1.002 ∙ 10–4 nm 1 γ =1 nT = 10–9 T 1Jy = 10–26 W ∙ m–2 ∙ Hz–1 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10–15 m 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2 ∙ 10–4 kg 1 Torr = (101325/760) Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 μ = 1 μm = 10–6 m

1-21

References 1. Taylor, B. N., The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001. 2. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Le Système International d’Unités (SI), 7th French and English Edition, BIPM, Sèvres, France, 1998; 8th Edition to be published 2006. 3. Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. 4. NIST Physical Reference Data web site, , October 2004.

Several types of calorie have been used; the value given here is the so-called “thermochemical calorie”.

HC&P_S01.indb 21

5/2/05 8:33:47 AM

Conversion Factors The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g.,

1 calth = 4.184 J



1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J

Thus,

1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth

Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example:

3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10–2

or

0.035 239 07

A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: 1. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 2. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 3. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example:  6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 4. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950

Similarly:

3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103

or

3 386.389

Reference Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.

Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere..................................................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abcoulomb.................................................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abfarad......................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 abhenry........................................................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abmho.......................................................................... siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+09 abohm.......................................................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abvolt........................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 acceleration of free fall, standard (gn).................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................9.806 65 E+03 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9........................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................4.046 873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.233 489 ampere hour (A ∙ h)................................................... coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.6 E+03 ångström (Å).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–10 ångström (Å).............................................................. nanometer (nm).....................................................................................1.0 E–01 E–01 apostilb (asb).............................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 E+02 are (a)........................................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 astronomical unit (ua or AU)................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.495 979 E+11 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.013 25 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.013 25 E+02 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 atmosphere, technical (at)10.................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 9

The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm2).

10

1-28

Conversion Factors

1-29

To convert from to Multiply by bar (bar)....................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E+05 bar (bar)....................................................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.0 E+02 E–28 barn (b)........................................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.589 873 E–01 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.589 873 E+02 biot (Bi)........................................................................ ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)11................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth (Btuth)11................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu).......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 87 E+03 British thermal unit (39 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.059 67 E+03 British thermal unit (59 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 80 E+03 British thermal unit (60 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 68 E+03 British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.730 735 E+00 British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.729 577 E+00 British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.442 279 E–01 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.441 314 E–01 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.192 204 E+02 British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit E+02 [Btuth ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.188 732 British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine E+03 (BtuIT/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT/h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.930 711 E–01 British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth/h)............... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.928 751 E–01 British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin E+00 [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.674 466 E+01 British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth/min)...... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.757 250 British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT/lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.326 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth/lb)........... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine E+03 [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine E+03 [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºR)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT/s)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth per second (Btuth/s)............ watt (W)..................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for the International Table used in this listing is subscript “IT”. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript “th.” Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btuth, is based on the thermochemical calorie, calth, where calth = 4.184 J exactly.

11

1-30

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)].................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ h)]...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ h)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ min)]................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ s)]......................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth/(in2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.634 246 E+06 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.523 907 E–02 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.523 907 E+01 calorieIT (calIT)11.......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth (calth)11........................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (cal) (mean)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorie (15 ºC) (cal15)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.185 80 calorie (20 ºC) (cal20)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.181 90 calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth , kilogram (nutrition)12.............................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)12................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth/(cm ∙ s ∙ ºC)]................................................. watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram (calIT/g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram (calth/g)........................................ joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g ∙ K)].................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram kelvin [calth/(g ∙ K)]................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieth per minute (calth/min)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 calorieth per second (calth/s)..................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm2)........... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth/(cm2 ∙ min)].................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................6.973 333 calorieth per square centimeter second [calth/(cm2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................4.184 candela per square inch (cd/in2)............................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.550 003 carat, metric............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.0 carat, metric............................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.0 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13............................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224

E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E–02 E+00 E+04 E+02 E+04 E+03 E–04 E–01 E+03 E+00 E+03

The kilogram calorie or “large calorie” is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix “kilo” is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. 12

Conversion Factors

1-31

To convert from to Multiply by centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 E+01 centimeter of water (4 ºC)13..................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 38 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)13..... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP)............................................................ pascal second (Pa ∙ s).............................................................................1.0 E–03 centistokes (cSt)......................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–06 chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)9............................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.011 684 E+01 circular mil................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................5.067 075 E–10 circular mil................................................................. square millimeter (mm2)......................................................................5.067 075 E–04 clo................................................................................. square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.55 E–01 cord (128 ft3)............................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3)............................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.719 474 E–04 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.719 474 E–01 cubic foot per second (ft3/s).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic inch (in3)14........................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.638 706 E–05 cubic inch per minute (in3/min)............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.731 177 E–07 cubic mile (mi3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.168 182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................7.645 549 E–01 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................1.274 258 E–02 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.365 882 E–04 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................2.365 882 E–01 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.365 882 E+02 curie (Ci)..................................................................... becquerel (Bq)........................................................................................3.7 E+10 E–13 darcy15.......................................................................... meter squared (m2)................................................................................9.869 233 day (d).......................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................8.64 E+04 day (sidereal).............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................8.616 409 E+04 debye (D)..................................................................... coulomb meter (C ∙ m).........................................................................3.335 641 E–30 degree (angle) (°)........................................................ radian (rad).............................................................................................1.745 329 E–02 degree Celsius (temperature) (ºC).......................... kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = t/ºC+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (ºC)........... kelvin (K).................................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)16......................... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................t/ºC ≈ t/deg.cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)16.......... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... degree Celsius (ºC)....................................................................................t/ºC = (t/ºF –32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... kelvin (K)......................................................................................................T/K = (t/ºF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(ºF)..... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (ºF).... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h/Btuth)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/BtuIT)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.761 102 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/Btuth)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.762 280 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(BtuIT ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch E+00 [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(Btuth ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.938 112 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ s/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.265 651 E–04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ s/Btuth)................................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.269 175 E–04 degree Rankine (ºR).................................................. kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = (T/ºR)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (ºR)......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 denier........................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.111 111 E–07 denier........................................................................... gram per meter (g/m)...........................................................................1.111 111 E–04 dyne (dyn)................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.0 E–05 dyne centimeter (dyn ∙ cm)..................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)..........................................................................1.0 E–07 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2)................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E–01 The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E–05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 14 15

1-32

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by electronvolt (eV)......................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.602 177 E–19 EMU of capacitance (abfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 EMU of current (abampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 EMU of electric potential (abvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 EMU of inductance (abhenry)................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 EMU of resistance (abohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 erg (erg)....................................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per second (erg/s)............................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per square centimeter second E–03 [erg/(cm2 ∙ s)].............................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 ESU of capacitance (statfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 ESU of current (statampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 ESU of electric potential (statvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 ESU of inductance (stathenry)............................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 faraday (based on carbon 12).................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S survey foot)9 ...................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.828 804 fermi............................................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 fermi............................................................................. femtometer (fm)....................................................................................1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.957 353 foot (ft)........................................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 foot (U.S. survey ft)9.................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 006 footcandle................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 footlambert................................................................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13.................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.063 666 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13.................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................4.063 666 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.989 067 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13..................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.989 067 foot per hour (ft/h)................................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................8.466 667 foot per minute (ft/min).......................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.08 foot per second (ft/s)................................................ meter per second (m/s)........................................................................3.048 foot per second squared (ft/s2)............................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................3.048 foot poundal............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.214 011 foot pound-force (ft ∙ lbf )........................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.355 818 foot pound-force per hour (ft ∙ lbf/h).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.766 161 foot pound-force per minute (ft ∙ lbf/min)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.259 697 foot pound-force per second (ft ∙ lbf/s)................. watt (W)..................................................................................................1.355 818 foot to the fourth power (ft4)17................................ meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................8.630 975 franklin (Fr)................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641

E+04 E+00 E–15 E+00 E–05 E+01 E–01 E–01 E+01 E+00 E+04 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E–05 E–03 E–01 E–01 E–02 E+00 E–04 E–02 E+00 E–03 E–10

gal (Gal)....................................................................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................1.0 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.546 09 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ liter (L).....................................................................................................4.546 09 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... cubic meter per joule (m3/J)................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... liter per joule (L/J).................................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................6.309 020 gamma (γ)................................................................... tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gauss (Gs, G).............................................................. tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 gilbert (Gi).................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................7.957 747

E–02 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–08 E–05

17

E–09 E–06 E–05 E–02 E–09 E–04 E–01

This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the “moment of section” or “area moment of inertia” of a plane section about a specified axis.

Conversion Factors

1-33

To convert from to Multiply by gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.420 653 E–04 gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ liter (L).....................................................................................................1.420 653 E–01 E–04 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.182 941 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.182 941 E–01 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................1.570 796 E–02 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... degree (angle) (°)....................................................................................9.0 E–01 grain (gr)..................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................6.479 891 E–05 grain (gr)..................................................................... milligram (mg).......................................................................................6.479 891 E+01 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.711 806 E–02 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ milligram per liter (mg/L)....................................................................1.711 806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf/cm2)......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)......................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.0 E+03 hectare (ha)................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 horsepower (550 ft ∙ lbf/s) (hp)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.456 999 horsepower (boiler).................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................9.809 50 horsepower (electric)................................................ watt (W)..................................................................................................7.46 horsepower (metric)................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................7.354 988 horsepower (U.K.)..................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.4570 horsepower (water)................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.460 43 hour (h)........................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.6 hour (sidereal)............................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.590 170 hundredweight (long, 112 lb).................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................5.080 235 hundredweight (short, 100 lb)................................ kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924

E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01

inch (in)....................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 inch (in)....................................................................... centimeter (cm).....................................................................................2.54 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13.......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13.......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13.......................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13.......................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 389 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13................ kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 389 inch of water (39.2 ºF)13............................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 82 inch of water (60 ºF)13............................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.4884 inch of water, conventional (inH2O)13................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 889 inch per second (in/s)............................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2).............................. meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4)17.............................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................4.162 314

E–02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02 E+02 E–02 E–02 E–07

E+02 kayser (K).................................................................... reciprocal meter (m–1)..........................................................................1.0 kelvin (K)..................................................................... degree Celsius (ºC).................................................................................t/ºC = T/K – 273.15 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal).......................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 E+03 E+01 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth/min)..................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth/s)........................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf )................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force meter (kgf ∙ m)............................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)........... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ megapascal (MPa).................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ∙ s2/m)............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h)....................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.777 778 E–01 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp)............................... newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. megajoule (MJ).......................................................................................3.6 E+00

1-34

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+03 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour).................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.144 444 E–01 lambert18...................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.183 099 langley (calth/cm2)...................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 light year (l.y.)19.......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.460 73 liter (L)20...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2)................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391

E+03 E+04 E+15 E–03 E+01

maxwell (Mx)............................................................. weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.0 E–08 mho.............................................................................. siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+00 microinch.................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–08 microinch.................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................2.54 E–02 micron (µ)................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–06 micron (µ)................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................1.0 E+00 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–05 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. millimeter (mm)....................................................................................2.54 E–02 mil (angle)................................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................9.817 477 E–04 mil (angle)................................................................... degree (º).................................................................................................5.625 E–02 mile (mi)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 344 E+03 mile (mi)...................................................................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 344 E+00 E+03 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)9.................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 347 E+00 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)9.................. kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 347 E+03 mile, nautical 21.......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.852 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... meter per cubic meter (m/m3)............................................................4.251 437 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... kilometer per liter (km/L)....................................................................4.251 437 E–01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)22.................. liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km)..........................................divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................4.4704 E–01 mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. kilometer per hour (km/h)..................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile per minute (mi/min)........................................ meter per second (m/s).........................................................................2.682 24 E+01 mile per second (mi/s)............................................. meter per second (m/s).........................................................................1.609 344 E+03 millibar (mbar)........................................................... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.0 E+02 millibar (mbar)........................................................... kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.0 E–01 E+02 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13. pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)13 ...pascal (Pa).................................................................................................9.806 65 minute (angle) (')....................................................... radian (rad)..............................................................................................2.908 882 E–04 minute (min).............................................................. second (s).................................................................................................6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal)....................................................... second (s).................................................................................................5.983 617 E+01 nit................................................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................1.0 nox................................................................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0

E+00 E–03

oersted (Oe)................................................................ ampere per meter (A/m).......................................................................7.957 747 ohm centimeter (Ω ∙ cm).......................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.0 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.662 426 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm square millimeter per meter (Ω ∙ mm2/m)............................................................................................1.662 426 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................3.110 348 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. gram (g)....................................................................................................3.110 348 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.841 306

E+01 E–02 E–09 E–03 E–02 E+01 E–02 E+01 E–05

The exact conversion factor is 104/π. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995, page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994.) 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name “liter” as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name “International nautical mile.” 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 18 19

Conversion Factors

1-35

To convert from to Multiply by ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)......................................................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.841 306 E+01 E–05 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.957 353 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf )............................. newton (N)...............................................................................................2.780 139 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. newton meter (N ∙ m)............................................................................7.061 552 E–03 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. millinewton meter (mN ∙ m)................................................................7.061 552 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/in3)......... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................1.729 994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ft2)........ kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.051 517 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/in2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................4.394 185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.390 575 E–02 parsec (pc).................................................................. meter (m).................................................................................................3.085 678 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................8.809 768 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... liter (L)......................................................................................................8.809 768 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................1.555 174 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................1.555 174 perm (0 ºC)................................................................. kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)].................................................................................5.721 35 perm (23 ºC)............................................................... kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)]..................................................................................5.745 25 perm inch (0 ºC)........................................................ kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]...................................................................................1.453 22 perm inch (23 ºC)...................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]..................................................................................1.459 29 phot (ph)..................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... meter (m)................................................................................................4.233 333 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.233 333 pica (printer’s)............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................4.217 518 pica (printer’s)............................................................ millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.217 518 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.731 765 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.527 778 point (printer’s).......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.514 598 point (printer’s).......................................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.514 598 poise (P)...................................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.0 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23....................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb)............................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................3.732 417 poundal....................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.382 550 poundal per square foot........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.488 164 poundal second per square foot............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 pound foot squared (lb ∙ ft2).................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................4.214 011 pound-force (lbf )24.................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 pound-force foot (lbf ∙ ft)......................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.355 818 pound-force foot per inch (lbf ∙ ft/in)................... newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................5.337 866 pound-force inch (lbf ∙ in)....................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ∙ in/in).................. newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft)................................... newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.459 390 pound-force per inch (lbf/in).................................. newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio)............................. newton per kilogram (N/kg)...............................................................9.806 65 23 24

The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E–01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound unless otherwise specified. If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/ s2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.

E+16 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–11 E–11 E–12 E–12 E+04 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E+00 E+00 E–02 E+00 E+00 E+01 E–01 E+00 E+01 E+02 E+00

1-36

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2)..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.788 026 E+01 E+03 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf ∙ s/ft2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch E+03 (lbf ∙ s/in2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................6.894 757 pound inch squared (lb ∙ in2)................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................2.926 397 E–04 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3).................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.932 764 E–01 pound per foot (lb/ft)............................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ∙ h)]............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.133 789 E–04 pound per foot second [lb/(ft ∙ s)].......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................9.977 637 E–02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................1.198 264 E–01 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ∙ h)]............. kilogram per joule (kg/J)......................................................................1.689 659 E–07 pound per hour (lb/h).............................................. kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................1.259 979 E–04 pound per inch (lb/in).............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.785 797 E+01 pound per minute (lb/min)..................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................7.559 873 E–03 pound per second (lb/s)........................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound per square foot (lb/ft2)................................. kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................4.882 428 E+00 pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2)..................................................................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................7.030 696 E+02 pound per yard (lb/yd)............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................4.960 546 E–01 E+03 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 quad (1015 BtuIT)11...................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................9.463 529 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................9.463 529

E+18 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01

rad (absorbed dose) (rad)........................................ gray (Gy)..................................................................................................1.0 rem (rem).................................................................... sievert (Sv)..............................................................................................1.0 revolution (r).............................................................. radian (rad).............................................................................................6.283 185 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 rhe................................................................................ reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ∙ s)–1]...................................................1.0 rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)9..................... meter (m)................................................................................................5.029 210 roentgen (R)................................................................ coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).............................................................2.58 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198

E–02 E–02 E+00 E–01 E+01 E+00 E–04 E–01

second (angle) (")....................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................4.848 137 second (sidereal)........................................................ second (s)................................................................................................9.972 696 shake............................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................1.0 shake............................................................................ nanosecond (ns).....................................................................................1.0 skot............................................................................... candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 slug (slug).................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.459 390 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3).................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.153 788 slug per foot second [slug/(ft ∙ s)]........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 square foot (ft2).......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................9.290 304 square foot per hour (ft2/h)..................................... square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................2.580 64 square foot per second (ft2/s).................................. square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................9.290 304 square inch (in2)......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................6.4516 square inch (in2)......................................................... square centimeter (cm2).......................................................................6.4516 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 988 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 988

E–06 E–01 E–08 E+01 E–04 E+01 E+02 E+01 E–02 E–05 E–02 E–04 E+00 E+06 E+00

Conversion Factors

1-37

To convert from to Multiply by square mile E+06 (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)9..................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 998 square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)9..................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 998 E+00 square yard (yd2)........................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................8.361 274 E–01 statampere.................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statcoulomb................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statfarad....................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 stathenry..................................................................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statmho........................................................................ siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 statohm........................................................................ ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statvolt......................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 stere (st)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 stilb (sb)....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.0 E+04 stokes (St).................................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–04 tablespoon.................................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.478 676 tablespoon.................................................................. milliliter (mL).........................................................................................1.478 676 teaspoon...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.928 922 teaspoon...................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................4.928 922 tex................................................................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.0 therm (EC)25............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 06 therm (U.S.)25............................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 804 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.916 667 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.916 667 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................8.896 443 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................8.896 443 ton, long (2240 lb)..................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.016 047 ton, long, per cubic yard.......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.328 939 ton, metric (t).............................................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 tonne (called “metric ton” in U.S.) (t).................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT/h)...................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.516 853 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)26........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 ton, register................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 ton, short (2000 lb).................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.071 847 ton, short, per cubic yard......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.186 553 ton, short, per hour................................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................2.519 958 torr (Torr)................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224

E–05 E+01 E–06 E+00 E–06 E+08 E+08 E–02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+09 E+00 E+02 E+03 E–01 E+02

unit pole...................................................................... weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.256 637

E–07

watt hour (W ∙ h)....................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2)..................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 watt per square inch (W/in2).................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.550 003 watt second (W ∙ s).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0

E+03 E+04 E+03 E+00

yard (yd)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.144 year (365 days)........................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.1536 year (sidereal)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 815 year (tropical)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 693

E–01 E+07 E+07 E+07

The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value. 25

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin Rankine

To Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Celsius Kelvin Rankine Celsius Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin

tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15) t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R

Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature Designation of Large Numbers U.S.A.

Other countries

6

10

million

million

109

billion

milliard

1012

trillion

billion

1015

quadrillion

billiard

1018

quintillion

trillion

100100

googol

10googol

googolplex

1-33

HC&P_S01.indb 33

5/2/05 8:33:53 AM

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.

‒

Wavenumber v cm–1 v: 1 cm–1 1 v: 1 MHz  3.33564 × 10–5 1 aJ  50341.1 E: 1 eV  8065.54 Eh  219474.63 Em: 1 kJ/mol  83.5935 1 kcal/  349.755 mol T: 1 K  0.695039

‒

Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1 1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109 2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107

Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10–5 6.626076 × 10–10 1 0.1602177 4.359748 1.660540 × 10–3 6.947700 × 10–3

Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10–4 4.135669 × 10–9 6.241506 1 27.2114 1.036427 × 10–2 4.336411 × 10–2

Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10–6 1.519830 × 10–10 0.2293710 3.674931 × 10–2 1 3.808798 × 10–4 1.593601 × 10–3

2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10–5 8.61738 × 10–5 3.16683 × 10–6

Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10–3 3.990313 × 10–7 602.2137 96.4853 2625.500 1 4.184

Molar energy Em Temperature T K kcal/mol 2.85914 × 10–3 1.438769 9.53708 × 10–8 4.79922 × 10–5 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 627.510 3.15773 × 105 0.239006 120.272 1 503.217

8.31451 × 10–3

1.98722 × 10–3

1

Examples of the use of this table: 1 aJ  50341 cm–1 1 eV  96.4853 kJ mol–1 The symbol  should be read as meaning corresponds to or is equivalent to.

‒

E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE; Eh is the Hartree energy

1-34

HC&P_S01.indb 34

5/2/05 8:33:54 AM

Conversion Factors for Pressure Units Pa kPa MPa bar atm Torr µmHg psi

Pa 1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757

kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757

MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757

bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757

To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left-hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example:

1-40

1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atm 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa

atm 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046

Torr 0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151

µmHg 7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1

psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1

Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure

Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→ BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1 BtuIT in h–1 ft–2 °F–1 Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1 Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1 calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1 kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1 J s–1 cm–1 K–1 W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1 mW cm–1 K–1



BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1

BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1

Btuth in h–1 ft–2 °F–1

calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1

calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1

kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1

J s–1 cm–1 K–1

W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1

mW cm–1 K–1

1

12

1.00067

12.0080

4.13379×10–3

4.13656×10–3

1.48916

1.73073×10–2

1.73073×10–2 1.73073

17.3073

8.33333×10–2

1

8.33891×10–2

1.00067

3.44482×10–4

3.44713×10–4

0.124097

1.44228×10–3

1.44228×10–3 0.144228

1.44228

0.999331

11.9920

1

12

4.13102×10–3

4.13379×10–3

1.48816

1.72958×10–2

1.72958×10–2 1.72958

17.2958

8.32776×10–2

0.999331

8.33333×10–2

1

3.44252×10–4

3.44482×10–4

0.124014

1.44131×10–3

1.44131×10–3 0.144131

1.44131

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

2.42071×102

2.90485×103

1

1.00067

3.60241×102

4.1868

4.1868

4.1868×102 4.1868×103

2.41747×102

2.90096×103

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

0.999331

1

3.6×102

4.184

4.184

4.184×102

4.184×103

0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789×10–2

8.05824 6.93347×102 6.93347×102 6.93347 0.693347

0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176×10–2

8.06363 6.93811×102 6.93811×102 6.93811 0.693811

2.77592×10–3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846×10–3 2.38846×10–4

2.77778×10–3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006×10–3 2.39006×10–4

1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421×10–2

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222 1×102 1×102 1 0.1

11.6222 1×103 1×103 10 1

1-41

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert FROM ↓ multiply by appropriate

factor to OBTAIN →

abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot

abΩ cm

1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010

µΩ cm 1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107

Ω cm

10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1

StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11

Ωm

10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1

Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108

Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12

Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1

1-37

HC&P_S01.indb 37

5/2/05 8:33:56 AM

Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics Equivalent Second Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 m3 mol-1 s-1 = 1cm3 molecule -1s-1 = 1 (mmHg)-1 s-1 = 1 atm-1 s-1 1 ppm-1 min-1 = at 298 K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m2 kN-1s-1 =

cm3 mol-1s-1 1 103 106 6.023 × 1023 6.236 × 104 T 82.06 T 4.077 × 108

dm3 mol-1s-1 10-3 1 103 6.023 × 1020 62.36 T 8.206 × 10-2 T 4.077 × 105

m3 mol-1s-1 10-6 10-3 1 6.023 × 1017 6.236 × 10-2 T 8.206 × 10-5 T 407.7

cm3 molecule-1s-1 1.66 × 10-24 1.66 × 10-21 1.66 × 10-18 1 1.035 × 10-19 T 1.362 × 10-22 T 6.76 × 10-16

(mmHg)-1s-1 1.604 × 10-5 T-1 1.604 × 10-2 T-1 16.04 T-1 9.658 × 1018T-1 1 1.316 × 10-3 21.93

atm-1s-1 1.219 × 10-2 T-1 12.19 T-1 1.219 × 104 T-1 7.34 × 1021 T-1 760 1 1.667 × 104

ppm-1min-1 2.453 × 10-9 2.453 × 10-6 2.453 × 10-3 1.478 × 1015 4.56 × 10-2 6 × 10-5 1

m2 kN-1s-1 1.203 × 10-4 T-1 1.203 × 10-1 T-1 120.3 T-1 7.244 × 1019T-1 7.500 9.869 × 10-3 164.5

8314 T

8.314 T

8.314 × 10-3 T

1.38 × 10-20 T

0.1333

101.325

6.079 × 10-3

1

To convert a rate constant from one set of units A to a new set B find the conversion factor for the row A under column B and multiply the old value by it, e.g.. to convert cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to m3 mol-1 s-1 multiply by 6.023 × 1017. Table adapted from High Temperature Reaction Rate Data No. 5, The University, Leeds (1970). Equivalent Third Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm6 mol-2 s-1= 1 dm6 mol-2 s-1 = 1 m6 mol-2 s-1= 1cm6 molecule –2s-1= 1 (mmHg)-2 s-1 = 1 atm-2 s-1 = 1 ppm-2 min-1= at 298K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m4 kN-2s-1=

cm6 mol-2s-1 1 106 1012 3.628 × 1047 3.89 × 109 T2 6.733 × 103 T2 9.97 × 1018

dm6 mol-1s-1 10-6 1 106 3.628 × 1041 3.89 × 103 T2 6.733 × 10-3 T2 9.97 × 1012

m6 mol-2 s-1 10-12 10-6 1 3.628 × 1035 3.89 × 10-3 T2 6.733 × 10-9 T2 9.97 × 106

cm6 molecule-2 s-1 2.76 × 10-48 2.76 × 10-42 2.76 × 10-36 1 1.07 × 10-38T2 1.86 × 10-44T2 2.75 × 10-29

6.91 × 107 T2

6.91 T2

69.1 × 10-5 T2

1.904 × 10-40 T2 0.0178

(mmHg)-2 s-1 2.57 × 10-10T-2 2.57 × 10-4T-2 257 T-2 9.328 × 1037T-2 1 1.73 × 10-6 2.89 × 104

atm-2 s-1 1.48 ×10-4 T-2 148 T-2 1.48 ×108T-2 5.388 × 1043T-2 5.776 × 105 1 1.667 × 1010

ppm-2 min-1 1.003 × 10-19 1.003 × 10-13 1.003 × 10-7 3.64 × 1028 3.46 × 10-5 6 × 10-11 1

m4 kN-2s-1 1.477 × 10-8T-2 1.477 × 10-2T-2 1.477 × 104T-2 5.248 × 1039T-2 56.25 9.74 × 10-5 1.623 × 106

1.027 × 104

6.16 × 10-7

1

From J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 470, 1980, by permission of the authors and the copyright owner, the American Institute of Physics.



1-43

Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation Conversion between SI and Other Units

Quantity Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate

Symbol for quantity Expression in SI units A 1 per second D joule per kilogram ·˙ joule per kilogram D second W joule H ˙ H I U, V X˙ X

Expression Special in symbols name for for SI units SI units becquerel s–1 gray J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared

C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1

φ

Fluence rate

Φ

Kerma Kerma rate

K ˙ K

Lineal energy

y

1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter

Linear energy transfer

L

joule per meter

A W A–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

Mass energy transfer coefficient

µtr/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power

µen/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

joule meter squared per kilogram

J m2 kg–1

Specific energy

1-44

1.602 × 10–19 J

sievert

rem rem per second

rem rem s–1

0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1

volt

ampere volt

A V

1.0 A 1.0 V

R R s–1

2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1

cm–2

1.0 × 104 m–2

cm–2 s–1

1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1

Gy Gy s–1

roentgen roentgen per second 1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second

rad rad s–1

0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

MeV cm2 g–1

1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1

W Pa

kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr

W torr

1.0 W (101325/760)Pa

molecules (100 eV)–1

1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1

Gy

molecules per 100 electron volts rad

rad

0.01 Gy

Sv Sv s–1 V

gray

J m–1 m2 kg–1

Radiation chemical yield

eV

J m–1

meter squared per kilogram

P p

electronvolt

m–2 s–1

µ/ρ

Power Pressure

Value of conventional unit in SI units 3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

m–2

Mass attenuation coefficient

S/ρ

Symbol for conventional unit Ci rad rad s–1

J

joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere

Fluence

Symbols using special Conventional names units Bq curie Gy rad Gy s–1 rad

G

joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule

J s–1 N m–2 mol J–1

z

joule per kilogram

J kg–1

watt pascal

gray

Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation

1-45

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from MBq to mCi and µCi MBq 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800

mCi 189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6

MBq 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16

MBq 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8

mCi 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08 810 540 270 240 220

MBq 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.8

mCi 189 162 135 108 81 54 27 24 21.6

MBq 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and µCi to MBq mCi 200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50

MBq 7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850

mCi 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6

MBq 1480 1110 740 370 333 296 259 222

5 4 3 2 1

mCi

MBq 185 148 111 74.0 37.0

µCi 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

MBq 37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1

µCi 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

MBq 7.4 3.7 3.33 2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48

µCi 30 20 10 5 2 1

Conversion of Radioactivity Units 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)

100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)

Conversion of Absorbed Dose Units SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad)

SI Units 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)

= = = = = =

10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)

Conversion of Dose Equivalent Units 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv)

= = = = = =

10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem)

100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)

MBq 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037

Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems 1 torr (mmHg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4 °C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4 °C]

In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R = 8.314472 Pa m3 K-1 mol-1 = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa Units of V, T, n T n K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol cm3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol L K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol m3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol

V ft3

1-46

kPa 0.2936228 133.1851 0.1631238 73.99170 8314.472 3771381 4619.151 2095211 8.314472 3771.381 4.619151 2095.211 0.008314472 3.771381 0.004619151 2.095211

atm 0.00289784 1.31443 0.00160990 0.730242 82.0574 37220.6 45.5875 20678.1 0.0820574 37.2206 0.0455875 20.6781 0.0000820574 0.0372206 0.0000455875 0.0206781

Reference Mohr, P. J., Taylor, B. N., and Newell, D. B., “CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1187, 2008.

psi 0.0425864 19.3168 0.0236591 10.7316 1205.91 546993 669.951 303885 1.20591 546.993 0.669951 303.885 0.00120591 0.546993 0.000669951 0.303885

Units of P mmHg 2.20236 998.973 1.22353 554.984 62363.8 282878000 34646.5 15715400 62.3638 28287.8 34.6465 15715.4 0.0623638 28.2878 0.0346465 15.7154

in Hg 0.0867070 39.3296 0.0481706 21.8498 2455.27 1113690 1364.03 618717 2.45527 1113.69 1.36403 618.717 0.00245527 1.11369 0.00136403 0.618717

in H2O 1.17881 534.704 0.654900 297.058 33380.4 15141100 18544.7 8411730 33.3804 15141.1 18.5447 8411.73 0.0333804 15.1411 0.0185447 8.41173

ft H2O 0.0982351 44.5587 0.0545751 24.7548 2781.71 1261760 1545.39 700979 2.78171 1261.76 1.54539 700.979 0.00278171 1.26176 0.00154539 0.700979

S01_17.indd 1

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1 Group IA

1 H

2

13 IIIB IIIA

New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version

IIA

15 VB VA

14 IVB IVA

16 VIB VIA

17 VIIB VIIA

+1 -1

2 He

1.00794 1 +2

+1

6.941 2-1

9.012182 2-2 +1 12 +2

4 Be

5 B

Key to Chart Atomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic Weight

Mg

22.989770 24.3050 2-8-1 2-8-2 +1 20 +2 19

3 IIIA IIIB

4 IVA IVB

5 VA VB

Oxidation States

118.710 -18-18-4

7 VIIA VIIB

6 VIA VIB

+2 +4

50 Sn

10.811 2-3

Electron Configuration 10

9 VIIIA VIII

8

12 IIB IIB

11 IB IB

+3

13 Al

6 C

+2 +4 -4

12.0107 2-4 +3

14 Si

7 N 14.0067 2-5

+2 +4 -4

15 P

26.981538 28.0855 30.973761 2-8-3 2-8-4 2-8-5 +2 33 +3 32 +2 31 +4

+2 24 +1 30 +2 25 +2 27 +2 29 +2 26 +2 28 +3 +2 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 K Ca Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As +4 Cr +6 Mn +4 Fe +5 +7 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.92160 58.933200 58.6934 54.938049 55.845 -8-8-1 -8-8-2 -8-9-2 -8-10-2 -8-11-2 -8-13-1 -8-14-2 -8-16-2 -8-18-1 -8-18-2 -8-18-3 -8-18-4 -8-18-5 -8-15-2 -8-13-2 +3 +1 +2 +6 +3 +2 +3 +1 +2 +4 +3 +2 +4 +3 37 38 39 40 41 +5 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 +4 +3 +6 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb +7 Ru 85.4678 -18-8-1

55 Cs

Shell 0

4.002602 2

3 Li

11 Na

18 VIIIA

87.62 -18-8-2 +1

56 Ba

21 Sc

+3

22 Ti

+2 +3 +4

23 V

88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 -18-9-2 -18-10-2 -18-12-1 -18-13-1 -18-13-2 -18-15-1 -18-16-1 -18-18-0 -18-18-1 -18-18-2 -18-18-3 -18-18 -4 -18-18-5 +5 74 +1 80 +2 83 +6 75 +1 82 +1 81 +3 72 +2 57* +4 73 +3 77 +2 79 +4 76 +3 78 +3 +4 +3 +2 +4 +4 +6 +4 La Hf Ta W Re Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi +7 Os

83.798 -8-18-8 +1 0 52 53 54 +5 Te I +7 Xe -1 127.60 126.90447 131.293 -18-18-6 -18-18-7 -18-18-8 +2 85 0 +3 84 86 +4 +5

Po

At

Rn

(209) -32-18-6

(210) -32-18-7

(222) -32-18-8

186.207 -32-13-2

190.23 -32-14-2

192.217 -32-15-2

195.078 -32-17-1

196.96655 200.59 -32-18-1 -32-18-2

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

106 Sg

107 Bh

108 Hs

109 Mt

110 Ds

111 Rg

112 Uub

114 Uuq

116 Uuh

(223) -18-8-1

(226) -18-8-2

(227) -18-9-2

(261) -32-10-2

(262) -32-11-2

(266) -32-12-2

(264) -32-13-2

(277) -32-14-2

(268) -32-15-2

(271) -32-16-2

(272)

(285)

(289)

(289)

* Lanthanides

140.116 -19-9-2

** Actinides

90 Th

+4

232.0381 -18-10-2

59 Pr

+3

60 Nd

+3

140.90765 144.24 -21-8-2 -22-8-2 +3 +5 92 91 +4 +4 Pa U +5 +6 231.03588 238.02891 -20-9-2 -21-9-2

61 Pm

+3

(145) -23-8-2

93 Np (237) -22-9-2

62 Sm

+2 +3

150.36 -24-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

94 Pu (244) -24-8-2

63 Eu

+2 +3

151.964 -25-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

95 Am (243) -25-8-2

64 Gd

+3

157 .25 -25-9-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

96 Cm (247) -25-9-2

+3

65 Tb

+3

66 Dy

+3

67 Ho

+3

68 Er

+3

69 Tm

+3

208.98038 -32-18-5

70 Yb

158.92534 162.500 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.04 -27-8-2 -28-8-2 -29-8-2 -30-8-2 -31-8-2 -32-8-2 +3 +2 102 +3 +3 +3 97 98 99 100 101 +4 +3

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

(247) -27-8-2

(251) -28-8-2

(252) -29-8-2

(257) -30-8-2

(258) -31-8-2

(259) -32-8-2

+2 +3

79.904 -8-18-7

71 Lu

Metallic solids Non-metallic solids 4/29/05 3:00:36 PM

Liquids Gases

K-L-M

-L-M-N

103 Lr

-M-N-O

-N-O-P

+3

-N-O-P +3

(262) -32-8-3

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses. Elements 112, 114, and 116 have been reported but not confirmed. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

K-L

-O-P-Q

174.967 -32-9-2 +2 +3

K

+4 +6 -2

183.84 -32-12-2

+3 +4

207.2 -32-18-4

78.96 -8-18-6

+3 +5 -3

132.90545 137.327 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 -18-8-1 -18-8-2 -18-9-2 -32-10-2 -32-11-2 +1 88 +2 89** +3 104 +4 105 87

58 Ce

204.3833 -32-18-3

-2 9 -1 10 0 +1 8 +2 F Ne +3 O +4 +5 -1 18.9984032 20.1797 -2 15.9994 2-7 2-8 -3 2-6 +4 17 +1 18 0 +3 16 +6 +5 +5 -2 Cl +7 Ar -3 S -1 32.065 35.453 39.948 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8 +4 35 +1 36 0 +3 34 +6 +5 +5 -2 Br -1 Kr -3 Se

-O-P-Q

UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Quantity Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction Magnetic flux Magnetic potential difference, magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength, magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization g (Volume) magnetization Magnetic polarization, intensity of magnetization (Mass) magnetization Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole moment (Volume) susceptibility (Mass) susceptibility (Molar) susceptibility Permeability Relative permeabilityj (Volume) energy density, energy product k Demagnetization factor a. b. c.

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Symbol B Φ

Gaussian & cgs emu a

Conversion factor, C b

SI & rationalized mks c

gauss (G) d maxwell (Mx), G ⋅ cm2

10-4 10-8

tesla (T), Wb/m2 weber (Wb), volt second (V ⋅ s)

U, F

gilbert (Gb)

10/4π

ampere (A)

H M 4πM

oersted (Oe),e Gb/cm emu/cm3 h G

103/4π 103 103/4π

A/mf A/m A/m

J, I σ, M

emu/cm3 emu/g

4π × 10-4 1 4π × 10-7 10-3 4π × 10-10 4π (4π)2 × 10-7

T, Wb/m2 i A⋅m2/kg Wb⋅m/kg A ⋅m2, joule per tesla (J/T) Wb⋅mi dimensionless henry per meter (H/m), Wb/(A⋅m) m3/kg H⋅m2/kg m3/mol H⋅m2/mol H/m, Wb/(A⋅m) dimensionless

m j χ,κ χρ,κρ

emu, erg/G emu, erg/G dimensionless, emu/cm3 cm3/g, emu/g

χmol, κmol cm3/mol, emu/mol µ µr

dimensionless not defined

W D, N

erg/cm3 dimensionless

4π × 10-3 (4π)2 × 10-10 4π × 10-6 (4π)2 × 10-13 4π × 10-7 10-1 1/4π

J/m3 dimensionless

Gaussian units and cgs emu are the same for magnetic properties. The defining relation is B = H + 4πM. Multiply a number in Gaussian units by C to convert it to SI (e.g., 1 G × 10–4 T/G = 10–4 T). SI (Système International d’Unités) has been adopted by the National Bureau of Standards. Where two conversion factors are given, the upper one is recognized under, or consistent with, SI and is based on the definition B = µ0(H + M), where µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m. The lower one is not recognized under SI and is based on the definition B = µ0 H + J, where the symbol I is often used in place of J. 1 gauss = 105 gamma (γ). Both oersted and gauss are expressed as cm–1/2⋅g1/2⋅s–1 in terms of base units. A/m was often expressed as “ampere–turn per meter” when used for magnetic field strength. Magnetic moment per unit volume. The designation “emu” is not a unit. Recognized under SI, even though based on the definition B = µ0H + J. See footnote c. µr = µ/µ0 = 1+χ, all in SI. µris equal to Gaussian µ. B⋅H and µ0 M⋅H have SI units J/m3; M⋅H and B⋅H/4π have Gaussian units erg/cm3.

R. B. Goldfarb and F. R. Fickett, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, March 1985, NBS Special Publication 696. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

1-22

HC&P_S01.indb 22

5/2/05 8:33:48 AM

SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from IUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references: 1. Ian Mills, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 2. E. R. Cohen and P. Giacomo, Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Document IUPAP–25, 1987; also published in Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 3. ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, 1982.

GENERAL RULES The value of a physical quantity is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit, e.g.: T = 300 K V = 26.2 cm3 Cp = 45.3 J mol-1 K-1

Name Space and Time cartesian space coordinates spherical polar coordinates generalized coordinate position vector length special symbols: height breadth thickness distance radius diameter path length length of arc area volume plane angle solid angle time period frequency circular frequency, angular frequency characteristic time interval, relaxation time, time constant angular velocity velocity



Symbol x, y, z r, θ, φ q, qi r l h b d, δ d r d s s A, As, S V, (υ) α, β, γ, θ, φ… ω, Ω t T v, f ω τ, T ω υ, u, w, c, r˙

The symbol for a physical quantity is always given in italic (sloping) type, while symbols for units are given in roman type. Column headings in tables and axis labels on graphs may conveniently be written as the physical quantity symbol divided by the unit symbol, e.g.: T/K V/cm3 Cp/J mol-1 K-1 The values in the table or graph axis are then pure numbers. Subscripts to symbols for physical quantities should be italic if the subscript refers to another physical quantity or to a number, e.g.: Cp – heat capacity at constant pressure Bn – nth virial coefficient Subscripts that have other meanings should be in roman type: mp – mass of the proton Ek – kinetic energy The following tables give the recommended symbols for the major classes of physical and chemical quantities. The expression in the Definition column is given as an aid in identifying the quantity but is not necessarily the complete or unique definition. The SI Unit gives one (not necessarily unique) expression for the coherent SI unit for the quantity. Other equivalent unit expressions, including those that involve SI prefixes, may be used.

Definition

r = xi + yj + zk

SI unit m m, 1, 1 (varies) m m

T = t/N v = 1/T ω = 2πv

m2 m3 rad, 1 sr, 1 s s Hz rad s–1, s–1

τ = |dt/dlnx| ω= dφ/dt υ = dr/dt

s rad s–1, s–1 m s–1

α = s/r ω = A/r2

2-1

2-2 Name speed acceleration Classical Mechanics mass reduced mass density, mass density relative density surface density specific volume momentum angular momentum, action moment of inertia force torque, moment of a force energy potential energy kinetic energy work Hamilton function Lagrange function pressure surface tension weight gravitational constant normal stress shear stress linear strain, relative elongation modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus shear strain shear modulus volume strain, bulk strain bulk modulus, compression modulus viscosity, dynamic viscosity fluidity kinematic viscosity friction coefficient power sound energy flux acoustic factors reflection factor acoustic absorption factor transmission factor dissipation factor Electricity and Magnetism quantity of electricity, electric charge charge density surface charge density electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force electric field strength electric flux electric displacement capacitance permittivity permittivity of vacuum relative permittivity dielectric polarization (dipole moment per volume) electric susceptibility electric dipole moment

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol υ, u, w, c a, (g) m µ ρ d ρA, ρS υ p L I, J F T, (M) E Ep, V, Φ Ek, T, K W, w H L p, P γ, σ G, (W, P) G σ τ ε, e E γ G θ K η, µ φ v µ, (f ) P P, P­a ρ αa, (α) τ δ Q ρ σ V, φ U, ∆V, ∆φ E E Ψ D C ε ε0 εr P χe p, µ

Definition v = |υ| a = dυ/dt

SI unit m s–1 m s–2

Ep = ∫F ∙ ds Ek = 1/2mv2 W = ∫F ∙ ds H(q, p) = T (q, p) + V(q) L(q, ˙q) = T (q, ˙q) – V (q) p = F/A y = dW/dA G = mg F = Gm1 m2/r2 σ = F/A τ = F/A ε = ∆l/l E = σ/ε γ = ∆x/d G = τ/γ θ = ∆V/V0 K = – V0(dp/dV) τx,z = η(dvx/dz) φ = 1/η v = η/ρ Ffrict = µFnorm P = dW/dt P = dE/dt

kg kg kg m–3 1 kg m–2 m3 kg–1 kg m s–1 Js kg m2 N Nm J J J J J J Pa, N m–2 N m–1, J m –2 N N m2 kg –2 Pa Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa Pa s m kg –1 s m2 s–1 1 W W

ρ = Pr/P0 αa = 1 – ρ τ = Ptr/P0 δ = αa – τ

1 1 1 1

ρ = Q/V σ = Q/A V = dW/dQ U = V2 – V1 E = ∫(F/Q) ∙ ds E = F/Q = – grad V Ψ = ∫D ∙ dA D = εE C = Q/U D = εE ε0 = µ0–1 c0–2 εr = ε/ε0 P = D – ε0E

C C m–3 C m–2 V, J C–1 V V V m–1 C C m–2 F, C V–1 F m–1 F m–1 1 C m–2

χe = εr – 1 p = Qr

1 Cm

µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2) ρ = m/V d = ρ/ρ ρA = m/A υ = V/m = 1/ρ p = mv L=r×p I = Σmiri2 F = dp/dt = ma T=r×F

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name electric current electric current density magnetic flux density, magnetic induction magnetic flux magnetic field strength permeability permeability of vacuum relative permeability magnetization (magnetic dipole moment per volume) magnetic susceptibility molar magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment electrical resistance conductance loss angle reactance impedance (complex impedance) admittance (complex admittance) susceptance resistivity conductivity self-inductance mutual inductance magnetic vector potential Poynting vector

2-3

Symbol I j, J B Φ H µ µ0 µr

Definition I = dQ/dt I = ∫j ∙ dA F = Qv × B Φ = ∫B ∙ dA B = µH B = µH µr = µ/µ0

SI unit A A m–2 T A m–2 A m–2 N A–2, H m–1 H m–1 1

M χ, κ, (χm) χm m, µ R G δ X Z Y B ρ κ, γ, σ L M, L1 2 A S

M = B/µ0 – H χ = µr – 1 χm = Vmχ Ep = – m ∙ B R = U/I G = 1/R δ = (π/2) + φI – φU X = (U/I)sin δ Z = R + iX Y = 1/Z Y = G + iB ρ = E/j κ = 1/ρ E = – L(dI/dt) E1 = L1 2(dI2 /dt) B=∇×A S=E×H

A m–1 1 m3 mol–1 A m2, J T–1 Ω S 1, rad Ω Ω S S Ωm S m–1 H H Wb m–1 W m–2

Quantum Mechanics momentum operator

p˙

p˙ = – ih∇

m–1 J s

kinetic energy operator

Tˆ

Tˆ = –(h2/2m)∇2

J

Ĥ = Tˆ + V Ĥψ = Eψ P = ψ*ψ ρ = – eP S = – iћ(ψ*∇ψ – ψ∇ψ*)/2me j = – eS Aij = ∫ψi*Âψjdτ 〈A〉 = ∫ψ*ÂΨdτ (†)ij = (Aji)*

J (m–3/2) (m–3) (C m–3) (m–2 s–1) (A m–2) (varies) (varies) (varies)

Hamiltonian operator wavefunction, state function probability density charge density of electrons probability current density electric current density of electrons matrix element of operator  expectation value of operator  hermitian conjugate of Â

ˆ commutator of  and B anticommutator spin wavefunction coulomb integral resonance integral overlap integral Atoms and Molecules nucleon number, mass number proton number, atomic number neutron number electron rest mass mass of atom, atomic mass atomic mass constant mass excess elementary charge, proton charge Planck constant Planck constant/2π Bohr radius Hartree energy Rydberg constant fine structure constant

Ĥ Ψ, ψ, φ P ρ S j Aij, 〈i|Â|j〉 〈A〉, Ā †

ˆ ], [Â, Bˆ ]– [Â, B ˆ ]+ [Â, B α; β HAA HAB SAB A Z N me ma , m mu ∆ e h ћ a0 Eh R∞ α

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ – Bˆ Â [Â B

(varies)

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ + Bˆ Â [Â, B +

(varies) 1 J J 1

HAA = ∫ψA*ĤψAdτ HAB = ∫ψA*ĤψBdτ SAB = ∫ψA*ψBdτ

N=A–Z

mu = ma(12C)/12 ∆ = ma – Amu ћ = h/2π a0 = 4πε0ћ2/mee2 Eћ = ћ2/mea02 R∞ = Eh/2hc α = e2/4πε0ћc

1 1 1 kg kg kg kg C Js Js m J m–1 1

2-4 Name ionization energy electron affinity dissociation energy from the ground state from the potential minimum principal quantum number (H atom) angular momentum quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment of a molecule magnetizability of a molecule Bohr magneton nuclear magneton magnetogyric ratio (gyromagnetic ratio) g factor Larmor circular frequency Larmor frequency longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electric dipole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a nucleus electric field gradient tensor quadrupole interaction energy tensor electric polarizability of a molecule activity (of a radioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, disintegration (rate) constant half life mean life level width disintegration energy cross section (of a nuclear reaction) Spectroscopy total term transition wavenumber transition frequency electronic term vibrational term rotational term spin orbit coupling constant principal moments of inertia rotational constants, in wavenumber in frequency inertial defect asymmetry parameter centrifugal distortion constants, S reduction A reduction harmonic vibration wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity constant vibrational quantum numbers Coriolis zeta constant angular momentum quantum numbers degeneracy, statistical weight electric dipole moment of a molecule transition dipole moment of a molecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance zero–point average distance

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol Ei Eea Ed, D D0 De n see under Spectroscopy m,µ ξ µB µN γ g ωL vL T1 T2 p, µ Q; Θ eQ q χ α A λ t1/2, T1/2 τ Γ Q σ T ~ v, (v) v Te G F

Definition

E = – hcR/n2 Ep = – m ∙ B m = ξB µB = eћ/2me µN = (me/mp)µB γ = µ/L ωL = (e/2m)B vL = ωL/2π Ep = – p ∙ E Ep = 1/2Q: V˝ = 1/3Θ: V˝ eQ = 2 ∙ 〈ΘZZ 〉 qαβ = – ∂2V/∂α∂β χαβ = eQqαβ p (induced) = αE A = – dNB/dt A = γNB Γ = ħ/τ

T = Etot /hc ~ v = T´ – T˝ v = (E´ – E˝)/h Te = Ee/hc G = Evib/hc F = Erot/hc

J J J J J 1

SI unit

J T–1 J T–2 J T–1 J T–1 C kg–1 1 s –1 Hz s s Cm C m2 C m2 V m–2 J C m2 V–1 Bq s –1 s s J J m2 m–1 m–1 Hz m–1 m–1 m–1

A I A; IB; IC

Ts.o. = A〈 Lˆ ∙ Ŝ〉 I A ≤ IB≤ IC

m–1 kg m2

; B  ; C A A; B; C ∆ κ

à = h/8π2cI A A = h/8π2I A ∆ = IC – I A – IB

m–1 Hz kg m2 1

DJ ; DJK ; DK ; d1 ; d2 ∆J ; ∆JK ; ∆K ; δJ ; δK ωe ; ωr ωexe ; xrs ; gu’ υr ; lt ζrsα see additional information below g, d, β p, µ M, R re rz

κ=

(2B − A − C ) (A − C)

m–1 m–1 m–1 m–1 1 1

Ep = – p ∙ E M = ∫ψ´pψ˝dτ

1 Cm Cm m m

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name ground state distance substitution structure distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates normal coordinates mass adjusted dimensionless vibrational force constants, diatomic polyatomic, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates dimensionless normal coordinates nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio shielding constant chemical shift, δ scale (indirect) spin–spin coupling constant direct (dipolar) coupling constant longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio g factor hyperfine coupling constant, in liquids in solids Angular momentum electron orbital one electron only electron spin one electron only electron orbital + spin

Symbol r0 rs

2-5 Definition

SI unit m m

Ri , ri , θj , etc. Si

(varies) (varies)

Qr qr

kg1/2 m 1

f, (k) fij Fij φrst…, krst… γ σA δ JAB DAB T1 T2 γ g a, A T

f = ∂2V/∂r2

J m–2

fij = ∂2V/∂ri∂rj Fij = ∂2V/∂Si∂Sj

(varies) (varies) m–1

γ = µ/Iħ BA = (1 – σA)B δ = 106(v – v0)/v0 Ĥ/h = JAB Î A ∙ ÎB

C kg–1 1 1 Hz Hz s s

γ = µ/sħ hν = gµBB

C kg–1 1

Ĥhfs /h = aŜ ∙ Î Ĥhfs /h = Ŝ ∙ T ∙ Î

Hz Hz

Quantum number symbol Total Z–axis

Operator symbol Lˆ lˆ Ŝ ŝ

ML

Л

l S s

ml MS ms

λ Σ σ



Ω=Л+∑ KR, kR

Lˆ + Ŝ

nuclear orbital (rotational)

Rˆ

R



nuclear spin internal vibrational

Iˆ

I

MI

lˆ

l(lζ)

spherical top other

z-axis

L

ĵ, πˆ



Kl



l(lζ) K, k K, k

sum of R + L(+ j) sum of N + S

Nˆ Ĵ

N J

sum of J + I

Fˆ

MJ

F

MF

Electromagnetic Radiation Name wavelength speed of light in vacuum in a medium wavenumber in vacuum wavenumber (in a medium) frequency circular frequency, pulsatance refractive index Planck constant

Symbol λ c0 c v~ σ v ω n h

Definition

c = c0/n v~= v/c0 = 1/nλ σ = 1/λ v = c/λ ω = 2πv n = c0/c

SI unit m m s–1 m s–1 m–1 m–1 Hz s–1, rad s –1 1 Js

2-6 Name Planck constant/2π radiant energy radiant energy density spectral radiant energy density in terms of frequency in terms of wavenumber in terms of wavelength Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission stimulated emission stimulated absorption radiant power, radiant energy per time radiant intensity radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) irradiance, (radiant flux received) emittance Stefan–Boltzmann constant first radiation constant second radiation constant transmittance, transmission factor absorptance, absorption factor reflectance, reflection factor (decadic) absorbance napierian absorbance absorption coefficient (linear) decadic (linear) napierian molar (decadic) molar napierian absorption index complex refractive index molar refraction angle of optical rotation Solid State lattice vector fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal lattice vector (circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing Bragg angle order of reflection order parameters short range long range Burgers vector particle position vector equilibrium position vector of an ion displacement vector of an ion Debye–Waller factor Debye circular wavenumber Debye circular frequency Grüneisen parameter

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol ħ Q, W ρ, w

Definition ħ = h/2π

ρv , wv

ρv , wv

ρ = dρ/dv ρ ν = dρ / dν

J m–2

ρλ , wλ

ρλ = dρ/dλ

J m–4

dNn/dt = – AnmNn

s–1

Anm

SI unit Js J J m–3

ρ = Q/V

J m–3 Hz–1

Bnm Bmn Φ, P I M E, (I) ε σ c1 c2 τ, T α ρ A B

dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) × BnmNn dN /dt = – ρ v (vnm ) B N

s kg–1 s kg–1 W W sr–1 W m–2 W m–2 1 W m–2 K–4 W m2 Km 1 1 1 1 1

a, K α ε κ

a = A/l α = B/l ε = a/c = A/cl κ = α/c = B/cl

m–1 m–1 m2 mol–1 m2 mol–1

k

k = α/4π v

1

nˆ

nˆ = n + ik

1

R, Rm

n

Φ = dQ/dt I = dΦ/dΩ M = dΦ/dAsource E = dΦ/dA ε = M/Mbb Mbb = σT4 c1 = 2πhc02 c2 = hc0/k τ = Φtr /Φ0 α = Φabs /Φ0 ρ = Φrefl /Φ0 A = –lg(1 – αi) B = –ln(1 – αi)

R=

mn

(n − 1) Vm (n 2 + 2 ) 2

α R, R0 a1 ; a2 ; a3 , a; b; c

m

m3 mol–1 1, rad

R = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3

m m

G b1 ; b2 ; b3 , a*; b*; c*

G ∙ R = 2πm ai ∙ bk = 2πδik

m–1 m–1

d θ n

nλ = 2d sin θ

m 1, rad 1

σ s b r, Rj R0 u B, D qD ωD γ, Γ

γ = αV/κCv

Madelung constant

α, M

Ecoul =

density of states (spectral) density of vibrational modes

NE Nω, g

NE = dN(E)/dE Nω = dN(ω)/dω

u = R – R0

αN A z + z _ e 2 4 πε 0 R0

1 1 m m m m 1 m–1 s–1 1 1 J–1 m–3 s m–3

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name resistivity tensor conductivity tensor thermal conductivity tensor residual resistivity relaxation time Lorenz coefficient Hall coefficient thermoelectric force Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient work function number density, number concentration gap energy donor ionization energy acceptor ionization energy Fermi energy circular wave vector, propagation vector Bloch function charge density of electrons effective mass mobility mobility ratio diffusion coefficient diffusion length characteristic (Weiss) temperature Curie temperature Néel temperature

Symbol ρik σik λik ρR τ L AH , RH E Π µ, (τ) Φ n, (p) Eg Ed Ea EF , εF k, q uk(r) ρ m* µ b D L

Definition E=ρ∙j σ = ρ–1 Jq = – λ ∙ grad T

µ = υdrift/E b = µn/µp dN/dt = – DA(dn/dx)

SI unit Ωm S m–1 W m–1 K–1 Ωm s V2 K–2 m3 C–1 V V V K–1 J m–3 J J J J m–1 m–3/2 C m–3 kg m2 V–1 s–1 1 m2 s–1

L = Dτ

m

τ = l/υF L = λ/σT E = ρ ∙ j + RH(B × j)

Φ = E∞ – EF

k = 2π/λ ψ(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) ρ(r) = – eψ*(r)ψ(r)

θ, θw TC TN

K K K

N

1

Statistical Thermodynamics number of entities number density of entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant gas constant (molar) molecular position vector molecular velocity vector molecular momentum vector velocity distribution function (Maxwell)

n, C L, NA k, kB R r (x, y, z) c(cx , cy , cz), u(ux , uy , uz ) p(px , py    , pz ) f(cx )

speed distribution function (Maxwell– Boltzmann)

F(c)

average speed generalized coordinate generalized momentum volume in phase space probability statistical weight, degeneracy density of states partition function, sum over states, for a single molecule

2-7

c , u , 〈c〉, 〈u〉 q p Ω P g, d, W, ω, β ρ(E) q, z

n = N/V

R = Lk c = dr/dt p = mc f(cx ) = (m/2πkT)1/2 × exp ( – mcx2/2kT) F(c) = (m/2πkT)3/2 × 4πc2exp ( – mc2/2kT) c = ∫cF(c)dc p = ∂L/∂q˙ Ω = (1/h)∫pdq

ρ(E) = dN/dE q = ∑ g i exp( – ε i /kT )

m–3 mol–1 J K–1 J K–1 mol–1 m m s–1 kg m s–1 m–1 s m–1 s m s–1 (m) (kg m s–1) 1 1 1 J–1 1

i

for a canonical ensemble (system, or assembly) microcanonical ensemble grand (canonical ensemble) symmetry number reciprocal temperature parameter characteristic temperature

Q, Z Ω Ξ σ, s β Θ

β = 1/kT

1 1 1 1 J–1 K

2-8 Name General Chemistry number of entities (e.g. molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (of substance) Avogadro constant mass of atom, atomic mass mass of entity (molecule, or formula unit) atomic mass constant molar mass relative molecular mass (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume mass fraction volume fraction mole fraction, amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure partial pressure mass concentration (mass density) number concentration, number density of entities amount concentration, concentration solubility molality (of a solute) surface concentration stoichiometric number extent of reaction, advancement degree of dissociation Chemical Thermodynamics heat work internal energy enthalpy thermodynamic temperature Celsius temperature entropy Helmholtz energy (Helmholtz function) Gibbs energy (Gibbs function) Massieu function Planck function surface tension molar quantity X specific quantity X pressure coefficient relative pressure coefficient compressibility, isothermal isentropic linear expansion coefficient cubic expansion coefficient heat capacity, at constant pressure at constant volume ratio of heat capacities Joule–Thomson coefficient second virial coefficient compression factor (compressibility factor) partial molar quantity X chemical potential (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol

Definition

N

SI unit 1

mu = ma(12C)/12 MB = m/nB Mr,B = mB /mu

mol mol–1 kg kg kg kg mol–1 1

Vm w φ

Vm ,B = V/nB wB = mB /Σmi φB = VB /ΣVi

m3 mol–1 1 1

x, y p, P pB γ, ρ

xB = nB /Σni

1 Pa Pa kg m–3

n L, NA ma, m mf , m mu M Mr

C, n c s m, (b) Γ v ξ α

nB = NB /L

pB = yB p γB = mB /V CB = NB /V cB = nB /V sB = cB (saturated solution) mB = nB /mA ΓB = nB/A ∆ξ = ∆nB /vB

m–3 mol m–3 mol m–3 mol kg–1 mol m–2 1 mol 1

q, Q w, W U H T θ, t S A G J Y γ, σ Xm x β αp

θ/ºC = T/K – 273.15 dS ≥ dq/T A = U – TS G = H – TS J = – A/T Y = – G/T γ = (∂G/∂As )T , p Xm = X/n x = X/m β = (∂p/∂T)v αp = (1/p)(∂p/∂T)V

J J J J K ºC J K–1 J J J K–1 J K–1 J m–2, N m–1 (varies) (varies) Pa K–1 K–1

κT κS αl α, αV , γ

κT = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)T κS = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)S αl = (1/l)(∂l/∂T) α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T)p

Pa–1 Pa–1 K–1 K–1

Cp CV γ, (κ) µ, µJT B Z XB, (X´B ) µ

Cp = (∂H/∂T)p CV = (∂U/∂T)V γ = Cp/CV µ = (∂T/∂p)H pVm = RT(1 + B/Vm + …) Z = pVm /RT XB = (∂X/∂nB )T, p, nj ≠ B µB = (∂G/∂nB ) T, p, nj ≠ B

J K–1 J K–1 1 K Pa–1 m3 mol–1 1 (varies) J mol–1

λB = exp (µB /RT)

1

λ

∆U = q+ w H = U + pV

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities standard chemical potential

Symbol µ , µo

Definition

SI unit

J mol–1

φ

Name

2-9

standard partial molar entropy

SB

SB = – (∂µB /∂T)p

J mol–1 K–1

standard reaction enthalpy

∆rH

standard reaction entropy

∆rS

equilibrium constant equilibrium constant,

K ,K

φ

φ

φ

A, (A)

A = −(∂G / ∂ξ) p ,T = − ∑ νB µ B

J mol–1

∆ r H = ∑ νB H B

J mol–1

∆ r S = ∑ ν B SB

J mol–1 K–1

B

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

J mol–1

B

φ

affinity of reaction

∆ r G* = ∑ νB µ B φ

φ

∆rG

φ

standard reaction Gibbs energy (function)

φ

J mol–1

φ

HB = µB + TSB φ

HB

φ

standard partial molar enthalpy

K = exp( – ∆rG /RT)

1

pressure basis

Kp

K p = ∏pB νB

PaΣv

concentration basis

Kc

K c = ∏cB νB

(mol m–3)Σv

molality basis

Km

K m = ∏mB νB

(mol kg–1)Σv

f, p~

fB = λB

φ a

φB = fB /pB

1 1

f

fB = aB/xB

1

 µ − µB  am,B = exp  B  RT 

1

fugacity coefficient activity and activity coefficient referenced to Raoult’s law, (relative) activity activity coefficient activities and activity coefficients referenced to Henry’s law, (relative) activity, molality basis

am

B

B

lim (p / λ ) p→0 B B T

 µ − µB *  aB = exp  B  RT 

φ

fugacity

B

Pa

ac

 µ − µB *  ac,B = exp  B  RT 

1

mole fraction basis

ax

 µ − µB *  ax ,B = exp  B  RT 

1

γm

am, B = γm, BmB/m

γc γx

ac, B = γc, BcB/c ax, B = γx, BxB

1 1

Im , I Ic , I

Im = ½ ΣmBzB2 Ic = ½ ΣcBzB2

mol kg–1 mol m–3

φm = (µA* – µA )/(RTMAΣmB) φx = (µA – µA *)/(RT1nxA) Π = cBRT (ideal dilute solution)

1 1

φ

φ

concentration basis

concentration basis mole fraction basis ionic strength, molality basis concentration basis osmotic coefficient, molality basis mole fraction basis osmotic pressure

φm φx Π

φ

molality basis

φ

activity coefficient,

(i) Symbols used as subscripts to denote a chemical process or reaction These symbols should be printed in roman (upright) type, without a full stop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid → gas) sublimation (solid → gas) melting, fusion (solid → liquid) transition (between two phases) mixing of fluids solution (of solute in solvent) dilution (of a solution) adsorption displacement immersion

vap sub fus trs mix sol dil ads dpl imm

1

Pa

2-10

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities reaction in general atomization combustion reaction formation reaction

(ii) Recommended superscripts

Name

standard pure substance infinite dilution ideal activated complex, transition state excess quantity Symbol

r at c f ,º * ∞ id ‡

o

E

Definition

SI unit

Chemical Kinetics rate of change of quantity X rate of conversion rate of concentration change (due to chemical reaction) rate of reaction (based on amount concentration) partial order of reaction overall order of reaction rate constant, rate coefficient Boltzmann constant half life relaxation time energy of activation, activation energy pre-exponential factor volume of activation collision diameter collision cross-section collision frequency collision number collision frequency factor standard enthalpy of activation standard entropy of activation standard Gibbs energy of activation quantum yield, photochemical yield Electrochemistry elementary charge (proton charge) Faraday constant charge number of an ion ionic strength mean ionic activity mean ionic molality mean ionic activity coefficient charge number of electrochemical cell reaction electric potential difference (of a galvanic cell) emf, electromotive force standard emf, standard potential of the electrochemical cell reaction standard electrode potential emf of the cell, potential of the electrochemical cell reaction pH inner electric potential outer electric potential

X

X = dX/dt

(varies)

ξ

ξ = dξ/dt

mol s–1

rB,vB

rB = dcB/dt

mol m–3 s–1

v nB n k k, kB t1/2 τ Ea , E A ∆‡V d σ ZA ZAB, ZAA zAB, zAA ∆‡H o , ∆H‡ ∆‡S o , ∆S‡ ∆‡G o , ∆G‡ φ e F z Ic , I a± m± γ± n, (z)

 v = ξ /V = vB–1dcB/dt v = kΠcBnB n = ΣnB v = kΠcBnB c(t1/2) = c0/2 τ = 1/(k1 + k–1) Ea = RT2 d ln k/dT k = A exp( – Ea /RT) ∆‡V = – RT × (∂ln k/∂p)T dAB = rA + rB σAB = πdAB2 zAB = ZAB/LcAc­B

mol m–3 s–1 1 1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 J K–1 s s J mol–1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 m3 mol–1 m m2 s–1 m–3 s–1 m3 mol–1 s–1 J mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J mol–1 1

F=eL zB = QB/e Ic = ½ Σcizi2 a± = m±γ±/m o m±(v+ + v–) = m+v+m–v– γ±(v+ + v–) = γ+v+γ–v–

C C mol-1 1 mol m–3 1 mol kg–1 1 1

∆V, E, U

∆V = VR – VL

V

E

E = lim ∆V

V

Eo Eo E pH φ ψ

I →0

E o = – ∆rG o /nF = (RT/nF) ln K  o E = E o – (RT/nF) × Σviln ai

V V V

 c(H + )  pH ≈ − lg  −3   mol dm 

1

∇φ = –E ψ = Q/4πε0r

V V

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name surface electric potential Galvani potential difference volta potential difference

Symbol χ ∆φ ∆ψ

2-11 Definition χ=φ–ψ ∆αβφ = φβ – φα ∆αβψ = ψβ – ψα

V V V

µ α = (∂G/∂n α) B B I = dQ/dt j = I/A σ = Q/A

J mol–1 A A m–2 C m–2

electrochemical potential electric current (electric) current density (surface) charge density

µ

electrode reaction rate constant mass transfer coefficient, diffusion rate constant thickness of diffusion layer

k kd δ

kd,B = |vB|II,B/nFcA δB = DB/kd,B

transfer coefficient (electrochemical)

α

αc =

I j σ

SI unit

n

k ox = I a /(nFA∏ ci i ) i

− | v | RT ∂ ∂ ln| I c | ∂E nF

η = EI – EI = 0 – IRu

(varies) m s–1 m 1

overpotential electrokinetic potential (zeta potential) conductivity conductivity cell constant molar conductivity (of an electrolyte) ionic conductivity, molar conductivity of an ion electric mobility transport number reciprocal radius of ionic atmosphere

η ζ κ, (σ) Kcell Λ

κ = j/E Kcell = κR ΛB = κ/cB

V V S m–1 m–1 S m2 mol–1

λ u, (µ) t κ

λB = |zB|FuB uB = vB/E tB = jB/Σji κ = (2F2I/εRT)1/2

S m2 mol–1 m2 V–1 s–1 1 m–1

Colloid and Surface Chemistry specific surface area surface amount of B, adsorbed amount of B surface excess of B surface excess concentration of B

a, as, s nBs, nBa nBσ ΓB, (ΓBσ)

a = A/m

m2 kg–1 mol mol mol m–2

ΓB = nBσ/A Γ = ∑ Γi

total surface excess concentration

Γ, (Γ σ)

area per molecule area per molecule in a filled monolayer surface coverage contact angle film thickness thickness of (surface or interfacial) layer surface tension, interfacial tension film tension reciprocal thickness of the double layer average molar masses number–average mass–average Z–average sedimentation coefficient van der Waals constant retarded van der Waals constant van der Waals–Hamaker constant surface pressure

a, σ am, σm θ θ t, h, δ τ, δ, t γ, σ Σf κ

aB = A/NBσ am,B = A/Nm,B θ = NBσ/Nm,B

Mn Mm MZ s λ β, B AH π s, π

Mn = ΣniMi/Σni Mm = ΣniMi2/ΣniMi MZ = ΣniMi3/ΣniMi2 s = v/a

JX , J

JX = A–1 dX/dt

(varies)

qv = dV/dt

m3 s–1

qm = dm/dt

kg s–1 m s–1 W W m–2 W K–1 K W–1 W m–1 K–1

Transport Properties flux (of a quantity X) volume flow rate mass flow rate mass transfer coefficient heat flow rate heat flux thermal conductance thermal resistance thermal conductivity

qV, V  qm , m kd φ Jq G R λ, k

i

γ = (∂G/∂As )T,p Σf = 2γf κ = [2F2Ic/εRT]1/2

π s = γ0 – γ

φ = dq/dt Jq = φ/A G = φ/∆T R = 1/G λ = Jq/(dT/dl)

mol m–2 m2 m2 1 1, rad m m N m–1, J m–2 N m–1 m–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 s J J J N m–1

2-12 Name coefficient of heat transfer thermal diffusivity diffusion coefficient

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol h, (k, K, α) a D

Definition h = Jq/∆T a = λ/ρcp D = Jn/(dc/dl)

SI unit W m–2 K–1 m2 s–1 m2 s–1

The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities: mass (m), time (t), volume (V), area (A), density (ρ), speed (v), length (l), viscosity (η), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (g), cubic expansion coefficient (α), temperature (T), surface tension (γ), speed of sound (c), mean free path (λ), frequency (f), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (h), thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (kd), permeability (μ), electric conductivity (κ), and magnetic flux density (B). Name Reynolds number Euler number Froude number Grashof number Weber number Mach number Knudsen number Strouhal number Fourier number Péclet number Rayleigh number Nusselt number Stanton number Fourier number for mass transfer Péclet number for mass transfer

Symbol Re Eu Fr Gr We Ma Kn Sr Fo Pe Ra Nu St Fo* Pe*

Grashof number for mass transfer

Gr*

Nusselt number for mass transfer Stanton number for mass transfer Prandtl number Schmidt number Lewis number magnetic Reynolds number Alfvén number Hartmann number Cowling number

Nu* St* Pr Sc Le Rm, Rem Al Ha Co

Definition Re = pvl/η Eu = ∆p/ρv2 Fr = v/(lg)1/2 Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2 We = ρv2l/γ Ma = v/c Kn = λ/l Sr = lf/v Fo = at/l2 Pe = vl/a Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa Nu = hl/k St = h/ρvcp Fo* = Dt/l2 Pe* = vl/D

SI unit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 ∂p   ∆xp  Gr * = l 3 g     ∂x  T , p  η 

1

Nu* = kdl/D St* = kd/v Pr = η/ρa Sc = η/ρD Le = a/D Rm = vµκl Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B Ha = Bl (κ/η)1/2 Co = B2/µρv2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names,” depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems.” For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Nomenclature for Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below. These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area. Two very useful web sites providing links to nomenclature documents are: www.iupac.org/publications/index.html www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/

Inorganic Chemistry

Block, B. P., Powell, W. H., and Fernelius, W. C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Connelly, N.G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M., and Hutton, A. T., The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005.

Organic Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Moss, G. P., Smith, P. A. S., and Tavernier, D., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 67, 1307, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, Moss, G. P., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2193, 1996. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.

Macromolecular Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Metanomski, W. V., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R. F. T., and Suter, U. W., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2287, 1996.

Biochemistry

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, McNaught, A. D., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 1919, 1996.

General

Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide. Principles of Chemical Nomenclature: a Guide to IUPAC Recommendations, Leigh, G. J., Favre, H. A., and Metanomski, W. V., Blackwell Science, 1998.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Panico, R., Powell, W. H., and Richer, J.-C., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.



2-15

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Willem H. Koppenol The entries below were selected from Table IX of Connelly, N. G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M. and Hutton, A. T., Eds., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Two changes were made: in the case of the hypohalides, the oxidohalogenate names are listed, not the new halooxygenate names. Thus, for BrO− the still acceptable name “oxidobromate(1−)” is listed, not the more correct, but less palatable, “bromooxygenate(1−)”. Similarly, and for reasons of consistency, ClO• is not named oxygen (mono)chloride, but chlorine mono(o)oxide. The symbol ' ’ is used for dividing names when this is made necessary by a line break. When the name is reconstructed

from the name given in the table, this symbol should be omitted. Thus, all hyphens in the table are true parts of the names. The symbols ‘>’ and ‘O, oxy, epoxy (in rings) =O, oxo

oxygen (general) O•+, oxygen(•1+)

oxide (general) O•−, oxidanidyl, oxide(•1−) O2−, oxide(2−); oxide −O−, oxido

O2−, oxido

O2

O2, dioxygen O22•, dioxidanediyl, dioxygen(2•) −OO−, dioxidanediyl; peroxy

O2•+, dioxidanyliumyl, dioxygen(•1+) O22+, dioxidanebis(ylium), dioxygen(2+)

O2•−, dioxidanidyl, dioxide(•1−); superoxide (not hyperoxide) O22−, dioxidanediide, dioxide(2−); peroxide

dioxido (general) O2, dioxygen O2•−, dioxido(•1−); superoxido O22−, dioxidanediido, dioxido(2−); peroxido

O3

O3, trioxygen; ozone −OOO−, trioxidanediyl

O3•−, trioxidanidyl, trioxide(•1−); ozonide

O3, trioxygen; ozone O3•−, trioxido(•1−); ozonido

HO

HO•, oxidanyl, hydridooxygen(•); hydroxyl −OH, oxidanyl; hydroxy

HO+, oxidanylium, hydridooxygen(1+); hydroxylium

HO−, oxidanide, hydroxide

HO−, oxidanido; hydroxido

HO2

HO2•, dioxidanyl, hydridodioxygen(•) hydrogen dioxide −OOH, dioxidanyl; hydroperoxy

HO2+, dioxidanylium, hydridodioxygen(1+)

HO2−, dioxidanide, hydrogen(peroxide)(1−)

HO2−, dioxidanido, hydrogen(peroxido)(1−)

S

sulfur (general) S, monosulfur =S, sulfanylidene; thioxo −S−, sulfanediyl

sulfur (general) S+, sulfur(1+)

sulfide (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfide(•1−) S2−, sulfanediide, sulfide(2−); sulfide −S−, sulfido

sulfido (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfido(•1−) S2−, sulfanediido, sulfido(2−)

4/10/06 9:49:49 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-16 S2

S2, disulfur −SS−, disulfanediyl >S=S, sulfanylidene-λ4sulfanediyl; sulfinothioyl

S2•+, disulfur(•1+)

S2•−, disulfanidyl, disulfide(•1−) S22−, disulfide(2−), disulfanediide −SS−, disulfanidyl

S22−, disulfido(2−), disulfanediido

HS

HS•, sulfanyl, hydridosulfur(•) −SH, sulfanyl

HS+, sulfanylium, hydridosulfur(1+)

HS−, sulfanide, hydrogen(sulfide)(1−)

HS−, sulfanido, hydrogen(sulfido)(1−)

SO

SO, sulfur mon(o)oxide [SO], oxidosulfur >SO, oxo-λ4-sulfanediyl; sulfinyl

SO•+, oxidosulfur(•1+) (not sulfinyl or thionyl)

SO•−, oxidosulfate(•1−)

[SO], oxidosulfur

SO2

SO2, sulfur dioxide [SO2], dioxidosulfur >SO2, dioxo-λ6-sulfanediyl; sulfuryl, sulfonyl

SO2•−, dioxidosulfate(•1−) SO22−, dioxidosulfate(2−), sulfanediolate

[SO2], dioxidosulfur SO22−, dioxidosulfato(2−), sulfanediolato

SO3

SO3, sulfur trioxide

SO3•−, trioxidosulfate(•1−) SO32−, trioxidosulfate(2−); sulfite −S(O)2(O−), oxidodioxo-λ6-sulfanyl; sulfonato

SO4

−ΟS(O)2Ο−, sulfonylbis(oxy)

SO4•−, tetraoxidosulfate(•1−) SO42−, tetraoxidosulfate(2−); sulfate

S 2O 3

selenium

SO42−, tetraoxidosulfato(2−); sulfato

S2O3•− = SO3S•−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(•1−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(•1−) S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfate(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−); thiosulfate, sulfurothioate

S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3Odisulfato(S−S)(2−), trioxidosulfidosulfato(2−); thiosulfato, sulfurothioato

selenide (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenide(•1−) Se2−, selanediide, selenide(2−); selenide

selenido (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenido(•1−) Se2−, selanediido, selenido(2−)

Se

Se (general) Se, monoselenium >Se, selanediyl =Se, selanylidene; selenoxo

SeO

SeO, selenium mon(o)oxide [SeO], oxidoselenium >SeO, seleninyl

SeO2

SeO2, selenium dioxide [SeO2], dioxidoselenium >SeO2, selenonyl

SeO22−, dioxidoselenate(2−)

[SeO2], dioxidoselenium SeO22−, dioxidoselenato(2−)

SeO3

SeO3, selenium trioxide

SeO3•−, trioxidoselenate(•1−) SeO32−, trioxidoselenate(2−); selenite

SeO32−, trioxidoselenato(2−); selenito

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenate(2−); selenate

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenato(2−); selenato

telluride (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, telluride(•1−) Te2−, tellanediide, telluride(2−); telluride

tellurido (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, tellurido(•1−) Te2−, tellanediido, tellurido(2−)

[SeO], oxidoselenium

SeO4

487_S02.indb 16

SO32−, trioxidosulfato(2−); sulfito

Te

tellurium >Te, tellanediyl =Te, tellanylidene; telluroxo

CrO2

CrO2, chromium dioxide, chromium(IV) oxide

UO2

UO2, uranium dioxide

tellurium

UO2+, dioxidouranium(1+) [not uranyl(1+)] UO22+, dioxidouranium(2+) [not uranyl(2+)]

4/10/06 9:49:50 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

487_S02.indb 17

2-17

NpO2

NpO2, neptunium dioxide

NpO2+, dioxidoneptunium(1+) [not neptunyl(1+)] NpO22+, dioxidoneptunium(2+) [not neptunyl(2+)]

PuO2

PuO2, plutonium dioxide

PuO2+, dioxidoplutonium(1+) [not plutonyl(1+)] PuO22+, dioxidoplutonium(2+) [not plutonyl (2+)]

N

nitrogen N•, nitrogen(•), mononitrogen −NNH, azanediyl =NH, azanylidene; imino

NH+, azanyliumdiyl, hydridonitrogen(1+) NH2+, azanebis(ylium), hydridonitrogen(2+)

NH−, azanidyl, hydridonitrate(1−) NH2−, azanediide, hydridonitrate(2−); imide −NH−, azanidyl; amidyl

NH2−, azanediido, hydridonitrato(2−); imido

NH2

NH2•, azanyl, dihydridonitrogen(•); aminyl −NH2, azanyl; amino

NH2+, azanylium, dihydridonitrogen(1+)

NH2−, azanide, dihydridonitrate(1−); amide

NH2−, azanido, dihydridonitrato(1−), amido

NH3

NH3, azane (parent hydride name), amine (parent name for certain organic derivatives), trihydridonitrogen; ammonia

NH3•+, azaniumyl, trihydridonitrogen(•1+) −NH3+, azaniumyl; ammonio

NH3•−, azanuidyl, trihydridonitrate(•1−)

NH3, ammine

NH4

NH4•, λ5-azanyl, tetrahydridonitrogen(•)

NH4+, azanium; ammonium

H2NO

H2NO•, aminooxidanyl, dihydridooxidonitrogen(•); aminoxyl HONH•, hydroxyazanyl, hydridohydroxidonitrogen(•) −NH(OH), hydroxyazanyl, hydroxyamino −ONH2, aminooxy −NH2(O), oxo-λ5-azanyl; azinoyl

HONH−, hydroxyazanide, hydridohydroxidonitrate(1−) H2NO−, azanolate, aminooxidanide, dihydridooxidonitrate(1−)

NHOH−, hydroxyazanido, hydridohydroxidonitrato(1−) H2NO−, azanolato, aminooxidanido, dihydridooxidonitrato(1−)

N2H2

HN=NH, diazene − N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ide H2NN2•, diazanylidene, hydrazinylidene =NNH2, diazanylidene; hydrazinylidene • ΗΝNH•, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl −ΗΝNH−, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl

HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diide, hydrazine-1,2-diide H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diide, hydrazine-1,1-diide

HN=NH, diazene − N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ido HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diido, hydrazine-1,2-diido H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diido, hydrazine-1,1-diido

HNNH2+, diazynediium

N3−, nitrido(3−), azanetriido

4/10/06 9:49:51 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-18

487_S02.indb 18

N2H3

H2NNH•, diazanyl, trihydrido dinitrogen(N−N)(•); hydrazinyl −NHNH2, diazanyl; hydrazinyl 2− NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diide

H2N=NH+, diazenium

N2H4

H2NNH2, diazane (parent hydride name), hydrazine (parent name for organic derivatives) − NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ide

H2NNH2•+, diazaniumyl, bis(dihydridonitrogen) (N−N)(•1+); hydraziniumyl H2N=NH22+, diazenediium

NO

NO, nitrogen mon(o)oxide (not nitric oxide) NO•, oxoazanyl, oxidonitrogen(•); nitrosyl −N=O, oxoazanyl; nitroso >N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanyl; azoryl =N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanylidene; azorylidene ≡N(O), oxo-λ5-azanylidyne; azorylidyne −Ο+=Ν−, azanidylideneoxidaniumyl

NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitrosyl) NO•2+, oxidonitrogen(2+)

NO−, oxidonitrate(1−) NO(2•)−, oxidonitrate(2•1−)

NO, oxidonitrogen (general); nitrosyl = oxidonitrogen-κN (general) NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) NO−, oxidonitrato(1−)

NO2

NO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2• = ONO•, nitrosooxidanyl, dioxidonitrogen(•); nitryl −NO2, nitro −ONO, nitrosooxy

NO2+, dioxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitryl)

NO2−, dioxidonitrate(1−); nitrite NO2•2−, dioxidonitrate(•2−)

NO2−, dioxidonitrato(1−); nitrito NO2•2−, dioxidonitrato(•2−)

NO3

NO3, nitrogen trioxide NO3• = O2NO•, nitrooxidanyl, trioxidonitrogen(•) ONOO•, nitrosodioxidanyl, (dioxido)oxidonitrogen(•) −ONO2, nitrooxy

NO3−, trioxidonitrate(1−); nitrate NO3•2−, trioxidonitrate(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, (dioxido)oxidonitrate(1−); peroxynitrite

NO3−, trioxidonitrato(1−); nitrato NO3•2−, trioxidonitrato(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, oxidoperoxidonitrato(1−); peroxynitrito

N2O

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (not nitrous oxide) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) −Ν(Ο)=N−, azoxy

N2O•−, oxidodinitrate(•1−)

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (general) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) N2O•−, oxidodinitrato(•1−)

N2O3

N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide O2NNO, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrogen(N−N) NO+NO2−, oxidonitrogen(1+) dioxidonitrate(1−) ONONO, dinitrosooxidane, µ-oxidobis(oxidonitrogen)

N2O32− = [O2NNO]2−, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrate(N−N)(2−)

N2O4

N2O4, dinitrogen tetraoxide O2NNO2, bis(dioxidonitrogen) (N−N) ONOONO, 1,2-dinitrosodioxidane, 2,5-diazy-1,3,4,6-tetraoxy[6]catena NO+NO3−, oxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

N2O5

N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide O2NONO2, dinitrooxidane, NO2+NO3−, dioxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

NS

NS, nitrogen monosulfide NS•, sulfidonitrogen(•) −N=S, sulfanylideneazanyl; thionitroso

NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) (not thionitrosyl)

H2NNH−, diazanide, hydrazinide

NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diido H2NNH−, diazanido, hydrazinido 2−

H2NNH2, diazane, hydrazine − NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ido

NS−, sulfidonitrate(1−)

NS, sulfidonitrogen, sulfidonitrato, thionitrosyl (general) NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) NS−, sulfidonitrato(1−)

4/10/06 9:49:52 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands P

phosphorus (general) P•, phosphorus(•), monophosphorus >P−, phosphanetriyl

phosphorus (general) P+, phosphorus(1+)

phosphide (general) P−, phosphide(1−) P3−, phosphide(3−), phosphanetriide; phosphide

PO

PO•, oxophosphanyl, oxidophosphorus(•), phosphorus mon(o)oxide; phosphoryl >P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanetriyl; phosphoryl =P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanylidene; phosphorylidene ≡P(O), oxo-λ5-phosphanylidyne; phosphorylidyne

PO+, oxidophosphorus(1+) (not phosphoryl)

PO−, oxidophosphate(1−)

PO2

−P(O)2, dioxo-λ5-phosphanyl

P3−, phosphido, phosphanetriido

PO2−, dioxidophosphate(1−)

PO2−, dioxidophosphato(1−)

PO3

PO3−, trioxidophosphate(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphate(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphate(3−); phosphite (PO3−)n = (P(O)2O) nn−, catena-poly[(dioxidophosphateµ-oxido)(1−)]; metaphosphate −P(O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5phosphanyl; phosphonato

PO3−, trioxidophosphato(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphato(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphato(3−); phosphito

PO4

PO4•2−, tetraoxidophosphate(•2−) PO43−, tetraoxidophosphate(3−); phosphate

PO43−, tetraoxidophosphato(3−); phosphato

AsO3

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenate(3−); arsenite, arsorite −As(=O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5-arsanyl; arsonato

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenato(3−); arsenito, arsorito

AsO4

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenate(3−); arsenate, arsorate

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenato(3−); arsenato, arsorato

CO•−, oxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO, oxidocarbon, oxidocarbonato (general); carbonyl = oxidocarbon-κC (general) CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO•−, oxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO2, dioxidocarbon CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO3•−, trioxidocarbonate(•1−), OCOO•−, (dioxido)oxidocarbonate(•1−), oxidoperoxidocarbonate(•1−) CO32−, trioxidocarbonate(2−); carbonate

CO32−, trioxidocarbonato(2−); carbonato

CS•−, sulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS, sulfidocarbon, sulfidocarbonato, thiocarbonyl (general); CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+) CS•−, sulfidocarbonato(•1−)

CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS2, disulfidocarbon CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonato(•1−)

PS

PS•, sulfidophosphorus(•); −PS, thiophosphoryl

PS+, sulfidophosphorus(1+) (not thiophosphoryl)

VO

VO, vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium mon(o)oxide

VO2+, oxidovanadium(2+) (not vanadyl)

CO

CO, carbon mon(o)oxide >C=O, carbonyl =C=O, carbonylidene

CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO2+, oxidocarbon(2+)

CO2

CO2, carbon dioxide, dioxidocarbon

CO3

487_S02.indb 19

2-19

CS

carbon monosulfide >C=S, carbonothioyl; thiocarbonyl =C=S, carbonothioylidene

CS2

CS2, disulfidocarbon, carbon disulfide

CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+)

4/10/06 9:49:53 AM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-20 CN

CN•, nitridocarbon(•); cyanyl −CN, cyano −NC, isocyano

CNO

CN+, azanylidynemethylium, nitridocarbon(1+)

CN−, nitridocarbonate(1−); cyanide

nitridocarbonato (general) CN−, nitridocarbonato(1−); cyanido = [nitridocarbonato(1−)-κC]

OCN•, nitridooxidocarbon(•) −OCN, cyanato −NCO, isocyanato −ONC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneoxy −CNO, (oxo-λ5azanylidynemethyl

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonate(1−); cyanate ONC−, carbidooxidonitrate(1−); fulminate OCN•2−, nitridooxidocarbonate(•2−)

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonato(1−); cyanato ONC−, carbidooxidonitrato(1−); fulminato

CNS

SCN•, nitridosulfidocarbon(•) −SCN, thiocyanato −NCS, isothiocyanato −SNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylidenesulfanediyl −CNS, (sulfanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonate(1−); thiocyanate SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrate(1−)

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonato(1−); thiocyanato SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrato(1−)

CNSe

SeCN•, nitridoselenidocarbon(•) −SeCN, selenocyanato −NCSe, isoselenocyanato −SeNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneselanediyl −CNSe, (selanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonate(1−); selenocyanate SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrate(1−)

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonato(1−); selenocyanato SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrato(1−)

Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the unmodified element name is listed in the second and third columns. The unmodified name is generally used when the element appears as an electropositive constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic cations consisting of the element are also constructed using the element name, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.2.1 to IR-5.3.2.3). The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. b Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the fourth column gives the element name appropriately modified with the ending ‘ide’ (hydride, nitride, etc.). The ‘ide’ form of the element name is generally used when the element appears as an electronegative constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic anions consisting of the element in question are also constructed using this modified form, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.3.1 to IR-5.3.3.3). Examples are given in the Table of names of some specific anions, e.g. chloride(1−), oxide(2−), dioxide(2−). In certain cases, a particular anion has the 'ide' form itself as an accepted short name, e.g. chloride, oxide. If specific anions are named, the ‘ide’ form of the element name with no further modification is given as the first entry in the fourth column, with the qualifier ‘(general)’. The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. c Ligand names must be placed within enclosing marks whenever necessary to avoid ambiguity, cf. Section IR-9.2.2.3. Some ligand names must always be enclosed. For example, if ‘dioxido’ is cited as is, it must be enclosed so as to distinguish it from two ‘oxido’ ligands; if combined with a multiplicative prefix it must be enclosed because it starts with a multiplicative prefix itself. A ligand name such as ‘nitridocarbonato’ must always be enclosed to avoid interpreting it as two separate ligand names, ‘nitrido’ and ‘carbonato’. In this table, however, these enclosing marks are omitted for the sake of clarity. Note that the ligand names given here with a charge number can generally also be used without if it is not desired to make any implication regarding the charge of the ligand. For example, the ligand name ‘[dioxido(•1−)]' may be used if one wishes explicitly to consider the ligand to be the species dioxide(•1−), whereas the ligand name '(dioxido)' can be used if no such implications are desirable. The section mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. a

487_S02.indb 20

4/10/06 9:49:53 AM

ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed

by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds.”

Substituent Groups acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl)

CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCO-

cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl) cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl

C6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2CO-

2-16

HC&P_S02.indb 16

5/2/05 2:50:38 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl

HC&P_S02.indb 17

HOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCOOCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-

2-17 phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]

-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC´CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-

5/2/05 2:50:39 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-18

Organic Ring Compounds 5 4

1 3 2

Cyclopropane N 1

5 4

1 2

3

1 4

5 4

Cyclobutane

Spiropentane H N

2 3

2 3

1

O

H N

5 4

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

Furan

Thiophene

Pyrrole (Azole)

2 3

Cyclopentane

H N

S

S

S

5 1 2S 4 3

H N

2 3

3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)

Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)

O

O

N

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)

S

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2S 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

N 1

O

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 5 1 2N N N N S 4 3 4 3 2H-Imidazole Isoxazole Thiazole Oxazole N N (1,3-Diazole) 1,2,3-Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole 1,2-Dithiole 1,3-Dithiole 3H-1,2-Oxathiole (1,2-Oxazole) (1,3-Thiazole) (1,3-Oxazole)

S

O

5 1 2N 4 3

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole

Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)

N 1,2,4-Oxadiazole

O

O

5 1 2O 4 3

O

5 1 2O 4 3

N

N5

O

1 2N 4 3

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)

N N 1,3,4-Oxadiazole

O

H

5 1 2N 4 3

O

H

5 1 2 4 3

N5

O

1 2S 3

1 2N 3

N 1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole

1

6 5

5 1 2 4 3

O

4

N N 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole

O

4

N5

4

1

6 5

2 3

2 3

4

N O N O S H 1,2,4-Dioxazole 1,3,2-Dioxazole 1,3,4-Dioxazole 5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole 1,3-Oxathiole Benzene Cyclohexane 3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran

4H-Pyran

6 5

H N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)

N

6 1 2 5 3 N 4 N

2 3

O

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 5

N 1

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2O 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 O

O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)

1,2-Dioxin

1,3-Dioxin

2N 3

6 5

N 1

O

2N 3

6 5

N 1 4

6 5

N 1 4

2N 3

6 5

Pyridazine

Pyridine

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

2 3

4

N 1

6 5

2 3

N

2 3

4

N Pyrazine

Pyrimidine

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

4 4 N N N 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine 1,2,3-Triazine 4H-1,2-Oxazine 2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,2-Oxazine 1,4-Oxazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) (v-Triazine) Piperazine 4

N H

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

O

H

O

6 1 2S N5 4 3

6 1 2 5 3 4

N6 5

O

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

1 2S 3 4

H N

O

6 1 2 N5 4 3N

7 1 2

6 1 2 5 3 4

6

3

5 4 N N N 1,2,5-Oxathiazine 1,2,6-Oxathiazine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine Morpholine Azepine 2H-1,2-Oxazine H 4H-1,4-Oxazine

O

S

7 1 2 6

3 5

7 1 2 6

4

Oxepin

6 5

7 4

3 5

4

1 2S 3

N 1 5

6 5

2N 3 4

6 5

7 4

H N

1 2 3

Indole

6 5

7 4

N

1 2 3

3H-Indole

7

1

4

2 3

6 5

7 4

1

6 5

1 2 3

7 4

6 5

2H-Indene (Isoindene)

Indene

4H-1,2-Diazepine

Thiepin

Benzo[c]thiophene

HC&P_S02.indb 18

7 6

2N 3

1H-Indole

3 2

4 1

7 4

O

1 2 3

Benzofuran

5

6 7

N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine

O6 5

7 4

6 5

7 4

1 2O 3

6 5

Isobenzofuran

N 1

2 3

Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole

6 5

7 4

S

7

1 2 3

4

Benzo[b]thiophene

H N

1 2N 3

Indazole

6 5

7 4

O

1 2N 3

Benzisoxazole (Indoxazene)

5/2/05 2:51:05 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

6 5

O

7

1 2 3

6 5

N

4

N 1

7 4

2O 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

2-19

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

1 4

5

2 3

O

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O

8

O

1 2 3 4

5

Octahydronaphthalene 2H-1-Benzopyran 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-Tetra(Decalin) hydronaphthalene (2H-Chromene) (Coumarin) (Tetralin)

Benzoxazole 2,1-Benzisoxazole Naphthalene

O 7 6

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)

N 7 6

N

8

5

6

1,8-Naphthyridine

7 6

8

1

5

4

4

5

2O 3

1 2 3 4

5

2O 3

7 6

N

1H-2,3-Benzoxazine

8

1

5

4

5

N

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

N

1,7-Naphthyridine

1

7 6

N

7 6

N

4H-3,1-Benzoxazine

O

1 2N 3 4

8 5

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

8

1

5

4

N

8

1 2 3 4

5

H 7 6

7 6

N

4

5

2N 3

5

1 9 8

7

2

7 6

3

6

4 5

8

9

5

1 4

Fluorene

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

9

1

5

10

4

Carbazole

O

Xanthene

2 3

6 7

5 8

N

4

9

1

3 2

Acridine

1 2 3 4 N

5

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

N

2H-1,4-Benzoxazine

8

9

1

5

10

4

4

2 3

Anthracene

10

N

8

Quinazoline

7 6

4H-1,4-Benzoxazine

H N 9

7 6

Cinnoline

1 2 3 4 N

7 6

N H

2H-1,2-Benzoxazine

1

2H-1,3-Benzoxazine

1 2 3 4

5

N

8

7 6

O

8

O

8

2N 3

Isoquinoline

Quinoline

1,6-Naphthyridine

1,5-Naphthyridine

2O 3

N

8

7 6

O 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)

N

8

2O 4 3

8

7 6

1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)

N7

1 2 3 4

1

8

6 7

3 2 1

5 8

9

10

Phenanthrene

2 1 3 4 76 5

Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)

N1

2

6 3

N

H N 5 4

7 8 9

N

7H-Purine

Phenalene

R' R 2 3

1 4

H 11 12 13

10 5

14

R'' 17

16 15

9

8 H 6 7H

H

R = Nearly always methyl R' = Usually methyl R'' = Various groups

Steroid ring system

HC&P_S02.indb 19

5/2/05 2:51:19 PM

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS This table lists some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units (SI)” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Useful references for further information are given below. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k, M, etc.) are included here, but they should never be used alone. Selected combinations of these prefixes with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are also included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. A Å A AH Ar a a

a0 A/D AAA Aad AAO AAS ABA Abe ABL abs Abu Ac ac, AC Aces ACT ACTH Ad Ada Ade ADI Ado ADP ads AE



ampere; alanine; adenine (in genetic code) ångström absorbance; area; Helmholtz energy; mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atto (SI prefix for 10–18) absorption coefficient; acceleration; activity; van der Waals constant Bohr radius analog to digital acetoacetanilide 2-aminoadipic acid acetaldehyde oxime atomic absorption spectroscopy abscisic acid abequose α-acetylbutyrolactone absolute 2-aminobutanoic acid acetyl; acetate alternating current 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adamantyl [(carbamoylmethyl)imino]diacetic acid adenine acceptable daily intake adenosine adenosine diphosphate; ammonium dihydrogen phosphate adsorption appearance energy

References 1. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, IUPAC 2007, RSC Publishing, London, 2007. 2. Kotyk, A., Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, Humana Press, Totawa, NJ, 1999. 3. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. 4. Minkin, V., Glossary of Terms used in Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1919–1981, 1999. 5. Brown, R. D., Ed., Acronyms Used in Theoretical Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 387–456, 1996. 6. Quantities and Units, ISO Standards Handbook, Third Edition, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1993. 7. Cohen, E. R., and Giacomo, P., Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 8. Chemical Acronyms Database, Indiana University, < www.oscar.chem. indiana.edu/cfdocs/ libchem/acronyms/ acronymsearch.html>. 9. Acronyms and Symbols, . 10. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book), . 11. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Pure & Appl. Chem. 56, 595, 1984. ae

eon (109 years)

AEP AES

1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine atomic emission spectroscopy; Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy 2-aminohexanoic acid artificial intelligence

AF AFM Ahx AI AIBN AICA AIM AIP Al Ala alc ALE aliph. alk. All Alt AM Am am AMP AMPD AMTCS AMS amu AN anh, anhyd ANOVA antilog ANTU

2,2′-azobis[isobutyronitrile] 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide atoms in molecules (method) aluminum isopropoxide Alfén number alanine alcohol atomic layer epitaxy aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amplitude modulation amyl amorphous solid adenosine monophosphate 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol amyltrichlorosilane [trichloropentylsilane] accelerator mass spectrometry atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) acetonitrile anhydrous analysis of variance antilogarithm 1-naphthalenylthiourea

2-29

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-30 AO AOM APAD Ape API Api APM Apm APPI APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg ARPES ASC ASCII ASE Asn Asp at ATEE ATLC atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU AUC av avdp B B b b BA BAL BAP, BaP bar bbl BBP BCB bcc BCF BCG BCNU BCP BCPB BCS BDE BDEA BDMA

atomic orbital angular overlap model 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 2-aminopentanoic acid atmospheric pressure ionization apiose atomic probe microanalysis 2-aminopimelic acid atmospheric pressure photoionization appearance potential spectroscopy; adenosine phosphosulfate augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy 4-(acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization model asparagine aspartic acid atomization N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester adsorption thin layer chromatography standard atmosphere adenosine triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit (ua is also used) area under the time-concentration curve average avoirdupois bel; asparagine or aspartic acid (unspecified) magnetic flux density; second virial coefficient; susceptance barn van der Waals constant; molality benzyladenine British anti-Lewisite [2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol] benzo[a]pyrene bar (pressure unit) barrel benzyl butyl phthalate bromocresol blue body centered cubic bioconcentration factor bromocresol green N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea bromocresol purple bromochlorophenol blue Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy butyldiethanolamime benzyldimethylamine

Bé BEBO BEI BEM Bes BET BeV BGE BHA BHC Bhn BHT Bi Bicine BIRD Bistris Bistrispropane BLO BN BNS BO BOD BON BP bp BPB BPG bpy Bq Br BRE BrUrd BS BSE BSSE BTMSA Btu BTX Bu bu Bz Bzl C °C C c c c0 CA ca. CADD cal calc cAMP

Baumé bond energy bond order (method) biological exposure index biological effect monitoring 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (isotherm) billion electronvolt butyl glycidyl ether tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole benzene hexachloride [hexachlorobenzene] Brinell hardness number butylated hydroxytoluene [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol] biot N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine blackbody infrared radiative dissociation 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diol 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane γ-butyrolactone bond number; benzonitrile nuclear backscattering spectroscopy Born–Oppenheimer (approximation); bond order biochemical oxygen demand β-hydroxynaphthoic acid base peak (in mass spectrometry) boiling point; base pair bromophenol blue 2,3-bis(phospho)-d-glycerate

2,2′-bipyridine becquerel butyryl bond resonance energy 5-bromouridine Birge–Sponer extrapolation back scattered electron(s) basis set superposition error 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene British thermal unit benzene, toluene, and xylene butyl bushel benzoyl benzyl coulomb; cysteine; cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance; heat capacity; number concentration centi (SI prefix for 10–2); combustion reaction amount concentration; specific heat; velocity speed of light in vacuum collisional activation approximately computer-assisted drug design calorie calculated adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-(hydrogen phosphate)

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols CAN CARS CAS CASRN CAT CBE CBS CC cc CCD CD cd CDNO CDP CDT CDTA CDW CEM CEP CEPA cf. CFC cfm cgs Chaps Ches CHF Chl Cho CHT Ci CI CID CIDEP CIDNP CIE cir CKFF CL CLT cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const COOP cos cosh

ceric ammonium nitrate coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy complete active space Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number computerized axial tomography; clear air turbulence chemical beam epitaxy complete basis set (of orbitals) coupled cluster; combustion calorimetry cubic centimeter charge-coupled device circular dichroism candela; condensed (phase) complete neglect of differential overlap cytidine 5′-diphosphate 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate charge density waves channel electron multiplier counter electrophoresis coupled electron-pair approximation compare chlorofluorocarbon compound cubic feet per minute centimeter–gram–second system 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1propanesulfonic acid 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid coupled Hartree–Fock (method) chlorophyll choline 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene curie configuration interaction; chemical ionization; color index charge-injection device; collision-induced dissociation chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis circular Cotton–Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence (spectroscopy) central limit theorem centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5′-monophosphate; chemical measurement process coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand; 1,4-cyclooctadiene concentrated; concentration constant crystal orbital overlap population cosine hyperbolic cosine

2-31 COSY COT cot coth CP Cp Cp* cP cp CPA CPC cpd CPL CPR cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRF CRU CSA csc CSR CT ct CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw cwt Cy Cya Cyd cyl Cys Cyt D D d d 2,4-D D/A Da DA da DAA DAB Dab DACH DAP DART

correlation spectroscopy 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene cotangent hyperbolic cotangent chemically pure cyclopentadienyl pentamethylcyclopentadienyl centipoise candle power coherent potential approximation centrifugal partition chromatography contact potential difference circular polarization of luminescence chlorophenol red cycles per second charge conjugation/space inversion/time inversion (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) charge remote fragmentation constitutional repeating unit (in polymer nomenclature) camphorsulfonic acid cosecant charge stripping reaction charge transfer carat conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5′-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cysteic acid cytidine cylinder cysteine cytosine debye unit; aspartic acid diffusion coefficient; dissociation energy; electric displacement day; deuteron; deci (SI prefix for 10–1) distance; density; dextrorotatory 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid digital to analog dalton donor–acceptor (complex) deka (SI prefix for 101) diacetone alcohol 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane diammonium phosphate direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-32 dB DBA DBCP DBMS DBP DBPC dc, DC DCB DCEE DCHA DCM DCPD DE Dec dec DEET deg den DESI det dev DFT dGlc DHH DHU DHR DI diam dil DIM dm DMA DMAC DBMC DBP DMF DMP DMS DMSO DMT DN DNA DNase DNMR DNP Dod DOP DOS doz d.p. dpl Dpm dpm dps dr

decibel dibenz[a,h]anthracene 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane database management system dibutyl phthalate 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol direct current dicyanobenzene dichloroethyl ether dicyclohexylamine dichloromethane dicyclopentadiene delocalization energy; delayed extraction decyl decomposes diethyltoluamide [N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide] degree density desorption electrospray ionization (in mass spectrometry) determinant deviation density functional theory 2-deoxyglucose dehydroheliotridine dihydrouridine dehydroretronecine desorption ionization diameter dilute; dilution diatomics in molecules (method); digital imaging microscopy decimeter N,N-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylacetamide 2,4-di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl phthalate dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl terephthalate; dimethyl tartrate donor number deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonuclease dynamic NMR spectroscopy dinitropyrene dodecyl dioctyl phthalate density of states; digital operating system dozen degree of polymerization displacement 2,6-diaminopimelic acid disintegrations per minute disintegrations per second dram

DRE dRib DRIFT DRP DRS DSC DTA DTBP DVB dyn DZ E E Eh e e EA EAN ECD ECP ECR ED EDAX EDB EDC EDI EDS EDTA EEDQ EEL EELS EES EFF EFFF EG EGA EHMO, EHT EIMS EIS ELISA ELS EM emf EMPA, EMA emu en ENDOR EOS EPDS EPR EPT-76 EPTC EPXMA eq, eqn

Dewar resonance energy 2-deoxyribose diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform dynamic reaction path diffuse reflectance spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry differential thermal analysis di-tert-butyl peroxide divinylbenzene dyne double-zeta (type of basis set) exa (SI prefix for 1018); glutamic acid electric field strength; electromotive force; energy; modulus of elasticity; entgegen (trans configuration) Hartree energy electron; base of natural logarithms elementary charge; linear strain electron affinity effective atomic number electron capture dissociation effective core potential electron cyclotron resonance electron diffraction energy dispersive analysis by x-rays ethylene dibromide [1,2-dibromoethane] ethylene dichloride [1,2-dichloroethane] estimated daily intake energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)-quinolinecarboxylate environmental exposure level electron energy loss spectroscopy excitation emission spectrum empirical force field energy factored force field equilibrium in the gas phase evolved gas analysis extended Hückel molecular orbital (theory) electron impact mass spectrometry electron impact spectroscopy; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay energy loss spectroscopy extended molarity; electron microscopy electromotive force electron probe microanalysis electromagnetic unit system ethylenediamine electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron photodetachment spectroscopy electron paramagnetic resonance provisional low temperature scale of 1976 dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester electron probe x-ray microanalysis equation

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols eqQ erf erg ES ESA ESCA ESD e.s.d. ESI ESR est esu ET Et Etn ETS Eu e.u. eV EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext F °F F f f FAB FAD FAIMS FA-SIFT fcc FD FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FI FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO FT

quadrupole coupling constant error function erg (energy unit) equilibrium in solution electrostatic energy analyzer electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron stimulated desorption estimated standard deviation electrospray ionization electron spin resonance estimated electrostatic unit system ephemeris time; electron transfer ethyl ethanolamine electron tunneling spectroscopy Euler number entropy unit electronvolt extended x-ray absorption fine structure (spectroscopy) extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external farad; phenylalanine degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant; force; angular momentum formation reaction; femto (SI prefix for 10–15) activity coefficient; aperture ratio; focal length; force constant; frequency; fugacity fast atom bombardment flavine adenine dinucleotide high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry flowing afterglow – selected ion-flow tube face centered cubic field desorption free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ionization field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second; foot–pound–second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical Gaussian orbitals Fourier transform

2-33 ft ft-lb FTIR FTMS FTNMR fus FVP FWHM G G g g GABA Gal gal GalN GB GC GC–MS GDMS GDP gem GeV GIAO GIBMS gl Gla GLC Glc GlcA GlcN GlcNAc GLP GlcU Gln Glu Gly Glx GMP GMT GPC gpm gps Gr gr Gra Gri Grn Gro GTO GTP Gua Gul Guo

foot foot pound Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance fusion (melting) flash vacuum pyrolysis full width at half maximum Gauss; guanine (in genetic code); giga (SI prefix for 109); glycine electrical conductance; Gibbs energy; gravitational constant; sheer modulus gram; gas (phase) acceleration due to gravity; degeneracy; Landé g-factor; statistical weight γ-aminobutyric acid gal; galactose gallon galactosamine gas-phase basicity gas chromatography gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy glow discharge mass spectroscopy guanosine 5′-diphosphate geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital guided ion beam mass spectrometry glacial 4-carboxyglutamic acid gas–liquid chromatography glucose gluconic acid glucosamine N-acetylglucosamine good laboratory practice glucuronic acid glutamine glutamic acid glycine glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) guanosine 5′-monophosphate Greenwich mean time gel-permeation chromatography gallons per minute gallon per second Grashof number grain glyceraldehyde glyceric acid glycerone [dihydroxyacetone] glycerol Gaussian-type orbital guanosine 5′-triphosphate guanine gulose guanosine

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-34 GUT GVB GWS Gy H H H0 h h Ha ha HAM hav Hb HCA hcp Hcy HDL HDS HEIS HEP Hepes Hepps HF HFA HFO hfs His HMO HMX HN1 HOAc HOC HOMAS HOMO HOSE Hp hp HPLC HPMS HQ hr HRE HREELS HREM HSAB HSE Hse Hx Hyl Hyp Hz I I i i

grand unified theory generalized valence bond (method) Glashow–Weinberg–Salam (theory) gray; gigayear henry; histidine enthalpy; Hamiltonian function; magnetic field Hubble constant helion; hour; hecto (SI prefix for 102) Planck constant Hartmann number hectare hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin heterocyclic amine hexagonal closed packed homocysteine high-density lipoprotein hydrodesulfurization high-energy ion scattering high energy physics 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid high frequency; Hartree–Fock (method) hexafluoroacetone Hartree–Fock orbital hyperfine structure histidine Hückel molecular orbital cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine acetic acid halogenated organic compound(s) harmonic oscillator model of aromatic stabilization highest occupied molecular orbital harmonic oscillator stabilization energy heptyl horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography high pressure mass spectrometry p-hydroquinone hour Hückel resonance energy high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory) homodesmotic stabilization energy homoserine hexyl 5-hydroxylysine hypoxanthine; 4-hydroxyproline hertz isoleucine; inositol electric current; ionic strength; moment of inertia; nuclear spin angular momentum; radiant intensity square root of minus one electric current

I/O IAT IC ICD ICP ICR ICVTST ID id Ido IdoA IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF IGLO IKES Ile Im IMFP imm IMP IMPATT IMS in. InChI INDO Ino INS Ins int IP IPA IPMA IPN IPR IPTS IQ IR IRAS IRC IRMPD IRMS IRS isc ISE ISS IT ITP ITS IU J J j

input/output international atomic time integrated circuit induced circular dichroism inductive-coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance improved canonical variational transition-state theory inside diameter ideal (solution) iodose iduronic acid inosine 5′-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals ion kinetic energy spectrometry isoleucine imaginary part inelastic mean free path (of electrons) immersion inosine 5′-monophosphate impact ionization avalanche transit time ion mobility spectrometry inch IUPAC International Chemical Identifier immediate neglect of differential overlap inosine inelastic neutron scattering; ion neutralization spectroscopy myo-inositol internal ionization potential isopropyl alcohol ion probe microanalysis interpenetrating polymer network isotope perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f )quinoline infrared infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate infrared multiphoton dissociation isotope ratio mass spectrometry infrared spectroscopy intersystem crossing ion-selective electrode; isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy ion trap; information technology inosine 5′-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit joule; leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) angular momentum; electric current density; flux; Massieu function angular momentum; electric current density

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols JT K K k k kat kb KC-MS kcal KDP KE KERD keV KG kg kgf KIE kJ km Kn kPa KS kt KTP kV kva kW kwh L L l l Lac LAH lat. lb lbf LC LC–MS lc LCAO LD LDA LDL LDV Le LE LEC LED LEED LEIS Leu LFER LFL

Jahn–Teller (effect) kelvin; lysine absorption coefficient; bulk modulus; equilibrium constant; kinetic energy kilo (SI prefix for 103) absorption index; Boltzmann constant; rate constant; thermal conductivity; wave vector katal (unit of catalytic activity) kilobar; kilobases (DNA or RNA) Knudson cell mass spectrometry kilocalorie potassium dihydrogen phosphate kinetic energy kinetic energy release distributions kiloelectronvolt kinetics in the gas phase kilogram kilogram force kinetic isotope effect kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number kilopascal kinetics in solution karat potassium titanium phosphate kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liter; lambert; leucine Avogadro constant; inductance; Lagrange function; angular momentum liter; liquid (phase) angular momentum; length; mean free path; levorotatory lactose lithium aluminum hydride latitude pound pound force liquid chromatography liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry liquid crystal (phase) linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose; laser desorption local density approximation; lithium diisopropylamide low-density lipoprotein laser-Doppler velocimetry Lewis function localization energy liquid exchange chromatography light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low-energy ion scattering leucine linear free energy relationships lower flammable limit

2-35 LI lim LIMS liq LIT LLCT lm LMCT LMMS LMO LMR ln LNDO log LOMO long. LPG LPHP LPU LSFE LSI LST LT LTE LUMO lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx M M Mr m m Ma MA Mal Man MASNMR max Mb MBE MBER MBPT MC MCAA MCD MCP MCPA MCPF MCS

laser ionization limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy; laboratory information management system liquid linear ion trap ligand to ligand charge transfer lumen ligand to metal charge transfer laser microprobe mass spectrometry localized molecular orbital laser magnetic resonance logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) lowest occupied molecular orbital longitude liquid petroleum gas laser-powered homogeneous pyrolysis law of propagation of uncertainty linear field stabilization energy liquid secondary ionization local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lux langley light year lysine lyxose molar (as in 0.1 M solution); mega (SI prefix for 106); methionine magnetization; molar mass; mutual inductance; torque; angular momentum component; median molecular weight (relative molar mass) meter; molal (as in 0.1 m solution); metastable (isotope); milli (SI prefix for 10–3) magnetic dipole moment; mass; molality; angular momentum component; meta (locant on aromatic ring) Mach number maleic anhydride maltose mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum myoglobin molecular beam epitaxy molecular beam electron resonance many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) monochloroacetic acid magnetic circular dichroism microchannel plate (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid modified coupled pair functional Monte Carlo simulation

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-36 MCSCF MD Me MeCCNU MeIQ MeIQx MEK MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met MeV meV MF mg MHD mi MIAK MIKES min MINDO MIPK MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml MM mm MMDR mmf mmHg MNDO MO MODR mol mol.wt. mon Mops MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MPI MPTP MR MRD MRI mRNA MS ms MSA

multiconfigurational self-consistent field (approximation) molecular dynamics (method) methyl 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1nitrosourea 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoxaline methyl ethyl ketone molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine megaelectronvolt millielectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile methyl isoamyl ketone mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry minimum; minute modified INDO (method) methyl isopropyl ketone mid infrared miscible meter–kilogram–second system meter–kilogram–second–ampere system milliliter molecular mechanics millimeter microwave-microwave double resonance magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury modified neglect of diatomic overlap molecular orbital; methyl orange microwave-optical double resonance mole molecular weight monomeric form 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec multiphoton ionization 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine methyl red multireference double substitution (method) magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA mass spectroscopy millisecond methanesulfonic acid

MSDS MS-K MSL MTBE MTD Mur mV MVK MW mW Mx N N NA n n NAA NAAD NAD NADH NADP NANA NAO NBO nbp NEDOR Neu NEXAFS ng NHO NHOMO NICI NICS NIR nm NMN NMR Nn NNDO NO NOE NOEL NOx NP NPA NQR NRA ns NSE NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd Oc OD

Material Safety Data Sheet mass spectroscopy – kinetic method mean sea level methyl tert-butyl ether maximum tolerable dose muramic acid millivolt methyl vinyl ketone megawatt; microwave; molecular weight milliwatt maxwell newton; asparagine angular momentum; neutron number; number density Avogadro constant neutron; nano (SI prefix for 10–9) amount of substance; number density; principal quantum number; refractive index; normal (in chemical formulas) nuclear activation analysis nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD NAD phosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid natural atomic orbital natural bond orbital normal boiling point nuclear electron double resonance neuraminic acid near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram natural hybrid orbital next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital negative ion chemical ionization nuclear independent chemical shift near infrared; ribosylnicotinamide nanometer β-nicotinamide mononucleotide nuclear magnetic resonance nonyl neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect no-observed-effect level nitrogen oxides nitropyrene natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond neutron spin echo normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (locant on aromatic ring) observed octyl optical density; outside diameter

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols ODMR Oe OFGF ORD Oro oz P P p p Pa PA PABA PAC PAH PAM PAN PAR PAS PBA PBB PBD PBMA PBT PC pc PCB PCM PCR PD pdl PDMS Pe Pe pe PEA PEG PEL PES PET peth pf PFOA pg Ph pH Phe PhIP PHPMS pI PIB PIMS PIN Pipes

optically detected magnetic resonance oersted outer valence Green’s function (method) optical rotatory dispersion orotate; orotidine ounce poise; peta (SI prefix for 1015); proline power; pressure; probability; sound energy flux proton; pico (SI prefix for 10–12) dielectric polarization; electric dipole moment; momentum; pressure; bond order; para (as aromatic ring locant) pascal proton affinity; pyrrolizidine alkaloid p-aminobenzoic acid photoacoustic calorimetry polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s) polyacrylamide 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; polyacrylonitrile 4-(2′-pyridylazo)resorcinol photoacoustic spectroscopy poly(butyl acrylate) polybrominated biphenyl poly(1,3-butadiene) poly(butyl methacrylate) poly(butylene terephthalate) paper chromatography; photocalorimetry parsec polychlorinated biphenyl polarizable continuum model polymerase chain reaction potential difference poundal poly(dimethylsiloxane) pentyl Péclet number probable error poly(ethyl acrylate) poly(ethylene glycol) permissible exposure limit photoelectron spectroscopy; potential energy surface positron emission tomography; poly(ethylene terephthalate) petroleum ether power factor perfluorooctanoic acid picogram phenyl negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenylalanine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine pulsed high pressure mass spectrometry isoelectric point polyisobutylene photoionization mass spectrometry p-intrinsic-n (diode) 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid

2-37 PIV PIXE pK PLM PLOT PLS pm PMA PMMA PMO PNDO PNO PNRA POAV pol POx ppb ppm PPO PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro PS ps PSD psi psia psig PT PTFE pt PTMS Pu PVA PVAc PVC PVD PVDF PVME PVT Py PyMS p.z.c. Q q QCD QCI QCT QED Q.E.D. QIT

particle-image velocimetry particle induced x-ray emission negative log of ionization constant principle of least motion porous-layer open-tabular (column) partial least squares picometer poly(methyl acrylate) poly(methyl methacrylate) perturbation MO (theory) partial neglect of differential overlap pair natural orbitals prompt nuclear reaction analysis

π-orbital axis vector polymeric form phosphorus oxides parts per billion parts per million poly(phenylene oxide) Pariser–Parr–Pople (method) parts per thousand; precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline photoelectron spectroscopy picosecond photon stimulated desorption pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage perturbation theory poly(tetrafluoroethylene) pint propyltrimethoxysilane purine poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl chloride) physical vapor deposition poly(vinylidene fluoride) poly(methyl vinyl ether) pressure–volume–temperature pyrimidine pyrolysis mass spectrometry point of zero charge electric charge; heat; partition function; quadrupole moment; radiant energy; vibrational normal coordinate; glutamine electric field gradient; flow rate; heat; wave vector (phonons) quantum chromodynamics quadratic configuration interaction quasi-classical trajectory (method) quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quadrupole ion trap

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-38 QMRE QMS QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. R °R R r r RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS Rbu, Rul RCI RDA RDS Re RE RED REELS REM rem REMPI REPE RF RGA Rha RHEED RHF RI RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase ROHF ROM RPA RPH RPLC rpm rps RRK RRKM rRNA RRS RS RSC Ry

quantum mechanical resonance energy quadrupole mass spectrometry quantitative structure–activity relations quasi-stellar object quart quadrillion BTU (=1.055•1018 joules) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) roentgen; arginine; alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance; gas constant; molar refraction; Rydberg constant; coefficient of multiple correlation reaction (as in ∆rH) position vector; radius right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford back scattering ribulose ring current index rubidium dihydrogen arsenate rate determining step real part resonance energy radial electron distribution reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy reflection electron microscopy roentgen equivalent man resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization resonance energy per electron radiofrequency residual gas analyzer rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree–Fock (theory) resonance ionization radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root–mean–square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease restricted open shell Hartree–Fock read only memory random phase approximation reaction path Hamiltonian reversed-phase liquid chromatography revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel (theory) Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (theory) ribosomal RNA resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy reaction-solution calorimetry rydberg

S S s s SAED SALC SALI SAM SAMS SANS SAR Sar sat, satd SAXS Sc SC SCD SCE SCF SCP SCR SCRF sd SDW SE SEC sec sec SECSY Sed SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAF SFC Sh Shy SI SID SILAR SIM SIMS sin sinh SIPN SLAM SLUMO SMILES SMO SMOW

siemens; serine area; entropy; probability current density; Poynting vector; symmetry coordinate; spin angular momentum second; solid (phase) path length; spin angular momentum; symmetry number; sedimentation coefficient; solubility; symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor) selected area electron diffraction symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy self-assembled monolayers small angle neutron scattering structure–activity relationship sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering Schmidt number spin-coupled (method) state correlation diagram saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field (method); supercritical fluid single cell protein silicon-controlled rectifier self-consistent reaction field (method) standard deviation spin density wave strain energy size exclusion chromatography secant; second secondary (in chemical name) spin-echo correlated spectroscopy sedoheptulose surface extended energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscopy; standard error of the mean separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure supercritical fluid chromatography Sherwood number thiohypoxanthine International System of Units; surface ionization surface-induced dissociation successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction selected ion monitoring secondary-ion spectroscopy sine hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy second lowest unoccupied molecular orbital simplified molecular input line entry system semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water (Vienna)

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols SNMS Sno SNU SOJT sol soln, sln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM SPST sq Sr sr Srd SSMS St St std, stnd STEL STEM STM STO STP sub, subl Suc, Sac Sur Sv SWIFT T T t t TAC TAI Tal tan tanh Taps TBE TBP TC TCA TCE TCG TCNE TCNQ TCP TCSCF TDI tDNA TE TEA TED

sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy thiouridine solar neutrino unit second-order Jahn–Teller (effect) soluble; solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy single-pulse shock tubes square Strouhal number steradian 6-thioinosine source spark mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) short-term exposure limit scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater-type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimes; sublimation sucrose thiouracil sievert stored waveform inverse Fourier transform tesla; tera (SI prefix for 1012); threonine kinetic energy; period; term value; temperature (thermodynamic); torque; transmittance metric tonne; triton Celsius temperature; thickness; time; transport number time-to-amplitude converter International Atomic Time talose tangent hyperbolic tangent 3-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tributyl phosphate titration calorimetry trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene Geocentric Coordinated Time tetracyanoethylene tetracyanoquinodimethane tricresyl phosphate two configuration self-consistent field toluene diisocyanate transfer DNA transverse electric triethanolamine; triethylamine transferred electron device; transmission electron diffraction

2-39 TEELS TEM temp tert Tes TFD TGA Thd THEED theor thf, THF Thr Thy TI TL TLC TLV TM TMAB TMS TOF TOF-MS tol TON TOPO Torr Tre TRE Tricine Tris TRMC tRNA Trp trs TS TSS TST TTF Tyr U U u u ua UBFF UDMH UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym UPS, UPES Ura Urd

transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy transverse electromagnetic; transmission electron microscope temperature tertiary (in chemical name) 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid Thomas–Fermi–Dirac (method) thermogravimetric analysis ribosylthymine transmission high energy electron diffraction theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermal ionization thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography threshold limit value transverse magnetic tetrabutylammonium bromide tetramethylsilane turnover frequency time-of-flight mass spectrometer tolyl turnover number trioctylphosphine oxide torr (pressure unit) trehalose topological resonance energy N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol time-resolved microwave conductivity transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state transition state spectroscopy generalized transition-state theory tetrathiofulvalene tyrosine uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference; internal energy unified atomic mass unit Bloch function; electric mobility; velocity astronomical unit (AU is also used) Urey–Bradley force field 1,1-dimethylhydrazine uridine 5′-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency; unrestricted Hartree–Fock (method) uridine 5′-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy uracil uridine

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-40 USP UT UTC UTP UV V V v v/v Val vap VAT VB VCD VDW VHF vic VIS vit VLPP VOC VOFF VPC VSEPR VSIP VSLI VSMOW VUV W W w w/v

United States Pharmacopeia universal time coordinated universal time uridine 5′-triphosphate ultraviolet volt; valine electric potential; potential energy; volume reaction rate; specific volume; velocity; vibrational quantum number; vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) valine vaporization vibration assisted tunneling valence band; valence bond (theory) vibrational circular dichroism van der Waals interaction very high frequency vicinal (on adjacent carbon atom)

WAXS Wb We WKB WLF WLN wt

visible region of the spectrum vitreous (phase) very low pressure pyrolysis volatile organic compound(s) valence orbital force field vapor phase chromatography valence shell electron-pair repulsion (method) valence state ionization potential very large scale integrated (circuit) Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water vacuum ultraviolet watt; tryptophan radiant energy; statistical weight; work energy density; mass fraction; velocity; work weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, usually expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (approximation) Williams–Landel–Ferry (equation) Wisswesser line notation weight

X X x X, Xaa XAFS Xan XANES Xao Xle Xlu, Xul XPS, XPES XRD XRF XRS

X unit; halogen (in chemical formula) reactance mole fraction unspecified amino acid x-ray absorption fine structure xanthine x-ray absorption near-edge structure xanthosine leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) xylulose x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy

w/w

Xyl Y Y y y y, yr YAG yd YIG Z Z z z ZDO ZINDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β β γ γ Γ δ ∆ ε ζ η κ λ Λ µ µ

µF µg µm µs ν νe ν π Π ρ

xylose yotta (SI prefix for 1024); tyrosine admittance; Planck function; Young’s modulus yocto (SI prefix for 10–24) mole fraction for gas (when x refers to liquid phase) year yttrium aluminum garnet yard yttrium iron garnet zetta (SI prefix for 1021); glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) atomic number; compression factor; collision number; impedance; partition function; zusammen (cisconfiguration) zepto (SI prefix for 10–21) charge number (of an ion); collision frequency factor zero differential overlap Zerner’s INDO method zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient; degree of dissociation; electric polarizability; expansion coefficient; fine structure constant beta particle reciprocal temperature parameter (= 1/kT)

photon; gamma (obsolete mass unit = µg) activity coefficient; conductivity; magnetogyric ratio; mass concentration; ratio of heat capacities; surface tension Grüneisen parameter; level width; surface concentration chemical shift; Dirac delta function; Kronecker delta; loss angle inertial defect; mass excess emittance; Levi–Civita symbol; linear strain; molar absorption coefficient; permittivity Coriolis coupling constant; electrokinetic potential overpotential; viscosity compressibility; conductivity; magnetic susceptibility; molar absorption coefficient absolute activity; radioactive decay constant; thermal conductivity; wavelength angular momentum; ionic conductivity muon; micro (SI prefix for 10–6) chemical potential; electric dipole moment; electric mobility; friction coefficient; Joule–Thompson coefficient; magnetic dipole moment; mobility; permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency; kinematic velocity; stoichiometric number neutrino wavenumber pion osmotic pressure; Peltier coefficient density; reflectance; resistivity

Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols σ τ φ Φ

electrical conductivity; cross section; normal stress; shielding constant (NMR); Stefan–Boltzmann constant; surface tension; standard deviation transmittance; chemical shift; shear stress; relaxation time electrical potential; fugacity coefficient; osmotic coefficient; quantum yield; wavefunction magnetic flux; potential energy; radiant power; work function

2-41 χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω

magnetic susceptibility electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency; angular velocity; harmonic vibration wavenumber; statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum; solid angle

GREEK, RUSSIAN, AND HEBREW ALPHABETS The following table presents the Hebrew, Greek, and Russian alphabets, their letters, the names of the letters, and the English equivalents. Hebrew1,3

1 2 3

4 5 6

Αα

Greek4

alpha

a

Ββ

beta

b

Γγ

gamma g, n

∆δ

delta

Εε

epsilon e

Ζζ

zeta

z

Ηη

eta

ē

Θθ

theta

th

‫א‬

aleph

’2

‫ב‬

beth

b, bh

‫ג‬

gimel

g, gh

‫ד‬

daleth

d, dh

‫ה‬

he

h

‫ו‬

waw

w

‫ז‬

zayin

z

‫ח‬

heth

‫ט‬

teth

‫י‬

h. t.

yodh

y

‫ךכ‬

kaph

k, kh

‫ל‬

lamedh

l

‫םמ‬

mem

m

‫ןנ‬

nun

n

‫ס‬

samekh

s

‫ע‬

ayin

‘

‫ףפ‬

pe

p, ph

‫ץצ‬

sadhe

‫ק‬

qoph

s. q

‫ר‬

resh

r

Φφ

‫שׂ‬

phi

ph

sin

ś

Χχ

‫שׁ‬

chi

ch

shin

sh

Ψψ

‫ת‬

psi

ps

taw

t, th

Ωω

omega

ō

d

Ιι

iota

i

Κκ

kappa

k

Λλ

lambda l

Μµ

mu

m

Νν

nu

n

Ξ ξ

xi

x

Οο

omicron o

Ππ

pi

p

Ρρ

rho

r, rh

Σ σ ς sigma

s

Tτ

tau

t

ϒ υ

upsilon y, u

Russian

Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ее Жж Зз ИиЙй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Рр Cс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъ ъ5 Ыы Ь ь6 Ээ Юю Яя

a b v g d e zh z i, ĭ k l m n o p r s t u f kh ts ch sh shch ” y ’ e yu ya

Where two forms of a letter are given, the second one is the form used at the end of a word. Not represented in transliteration when initial. The Hebrew letters are primarily consonants; a few of them are also used secondarily to represent certain vowels, when provided at all, by means of a system of dots or strokes adjacent to the consonated characters. The letter gamma is transliterated “n”only before velars; the letter upsilon is transliterated “u”only as the final element in diphthongs. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is not palatized even though immediately followed by a palatized vowel. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is palatized even though not immediately followed by a palatized vowel.

2-27

HC&P_S02.indb 27

5/2/05 2:51:25 PM

Definitions of Scientific Terms Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: d d d d

Physical quantities Units of measure Classes of chemical compounds and materials Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.

Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. An asterisk (*) following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term.

Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol–1dm3cm–1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5] Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfvén waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5]

Definitions of Scientific Terms Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n–2, RC≡CR´. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+O–. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α-amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10–10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen-bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The

Definitions of Scientific Terms susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1] Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

2-45 Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N–; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2 ⇌ 3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10–28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH– ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s–1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer-Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy differ-

Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-46 ence between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula

ρ=

8πhc λ 5 (e hc/λkt − 1)

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT-1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes

the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan–1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR´, (R´ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univa-

Definitions of Scientific Terms lent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3]

2-47 Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α:



ε r − 1 ρN A α = εr + 2 3 M ε0

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino

2-48 acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)–1 q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper

Definitions of Scientific Terms Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef )* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s–1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions)

Definitions of Scientific Terms Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the form



ε r − 1 ρN A = εr + 2 3 Mε0

 µ2  α +  3kT 

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T 1 atm) 1.107925

1.467420

20.8

1.03225

vs H2O sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH

Acetylcholine iodide 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 2-Acetylcyclopentanone N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

67 Acetylene

68 N-Acetylethanolamine

cry (w)

109.5

ye grn nd (dil 205.3 al or w) col gas -80.7 (triple point) 63.5

69 Acetyl fluoride

Ethanoyl fluoride

C2H3FO

557-99-3

62.042

vol liq or gas -84

70 N-Acetylglutamic acid 71 N-Acetylglycine

Aceturic acid

C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3

1188-37-0 543-24-8

189.166 117.104

72 trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-Lproline 73 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

Oxaceprol

C7H11NO4

33996-33-7

173.167

pr (w) lo nd (w, MeOH) cry (Ac)

C5H6N2O

2466-76-4

110.114

74 75 76 77 78 79

Ethanoyl iodide

Methionamine Aspidospermine

C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S C7H13NO3S C22H30N2O2

507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5 65-82-7 466-49-9

169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248 191.248 354.485

Dehydroacetic acid

C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4

1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6

115.131 141.211 168.148

Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine N-Acetyl-L-methionine 1-Acetyl-17methoxyaspidospermidine 80 N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran2,4(3H)-dione

199 206 132 104.5 108 132.5

265 dec 114.5 105.5 nd or pr (al) 208 nd (peth) liq -25 liq -13.6 109

2.067320 1.152313

1.549120 1.523118

2202 195; 114.561 239 270

1.066325 0.968425

1.450225 1.473125

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-7

O O P S O

O N

N

N

O

O

Acetonitrile

Acetophenone azine

Acetophenone

Acetoxon

O O S Cl

HO

O

H N

O

O

N-Acetylacetamide

O

HO HO

OH

O

NH

O

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

O

N H

4-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO

OH

H N

O

O

2-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO HO

O

OH

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose

O HN

NH

HO O

O 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

HO

HN

NH

O 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride

O

OH

HO

H N

O

N-Acetyl-L-alanine

O HO

OH

N H

O

O

O O

O

O 4-Acetylanisole

6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid

3-Acetylbenzoic acid

2-Acetylbenzoic acid

O

O O O

O

O

Br

O

4-Acetylbenzoic acid

Cl

Acetyl bromide

Acetyl benzoylperoxide

Br N

O

O

Cl N

O

Acetylcholine bromide

Acetyl chloride

O

O

Acetylcholine chloride

O O O

O I N

O

O

HS

O

OH

O

O

O

Acetylcholine iodide

2-Acetylcyclohexanone

OH

NH O

O

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

2-Acetylcyclopentanone

3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

HO 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

HO O H

N H

H

O

OH

F

N-Acetylethanolamine

Acetylene

O HO

NH

O

Acetyl fluoride

H N

OH O

OH

O

N-Acetylglutamic acid

COOH

N

O O

N-Acetylglycine

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline

O N

O O

O

N 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

N

I

O

NH2

N H

OH

OH HN O

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

Acetyl isothiocyanate

Acetyl iodide

N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

N

O S

C

HO

S

S

O

N

HN O N-Acetyl-L-methionine

OH O

H

OH O

H O

1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine

N O

N O

N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide

O 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine

O

O

3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione

3-8

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H11NO2

1696-20-4

Acetylsalicylic acid

C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4

5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid

Synonym

83 4-Acetylmorpholine 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 85 Acetyl nitrate 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3methoxybenzaldehyde 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

Aceneuramic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

129.157

14.5

15250, 11812

1.114520

1.482720

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2

309.271 105.050 180.158

186 exp 60; 2270

1.2415

C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4

2345-34-8 1503-53-3

180.158 259.054

C10H10O4

881-68-5

194.184

C10H10O3

2243-35-8

178.184

nd (w), mcl tab (w) nd (al)

orth pl

Acetoxyacetone

C5H8O3

592-20-1

116.116

92 93 94 95 96

Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate

C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3

56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8

349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279

C12H15NO3

3618-96-0

221.252

C2H5O5P

590-54-5

140.032

C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2

618-42-8 32161-06-1 86-08-8

127.184 141.168 662.436

C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3

1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4

166.239 289.177 246.261

C11H13NO4

537-55-3

223.226

C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9S3 C14H7ClF3NO5

840-97-1 96-81-1 3244-88-0 50594-66-6

251.279 159.183 585.539 361.658

C25H41NO9

509-20-6

499.596

amor

98 Acetyl phosphate 99 1-Acetylpiperidine 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 102 4-Acetylthioanisole 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide 104 N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

3-Acetyl NAD

105 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine 106 107 108 109

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-valine Acid Fuchsin Acifluorfen

Fuchsin, acid 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid

110 Aconine

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz

188.5 60 78

91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 4-Acetylphenyl acetate N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester 97 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

135

49

270

1.116965

1.503665

171; 6311

1.075720

1.414120

84.7 121.5 s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

173.5 93

cry (EtOH aq) nd (peth) or 91 visc oil (chl) unstab in soln liq -13.4

226.5 218; 1240.2

1.0119 1.14625

1.479025 1.502620

nd (dil MeOH) cry (w); pl (diox)

81.5 205 189.5

s H2O, EtOH, alk

153 80.5 164 sl H2O, EtOH 150 132

Aminacrine

C34H47NO11 C13H10N2

302-27-2 90-45-9

645.737 194.231

orth lf 204 ye nd (ace or 241 al)

113 Acridine

Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine

C13H9N

260-94-6

179.217

1.00520

114 3,6-Acridinediamine

Proflavine

C13H11N3

92-62-6

209.246

C13H9NO

578-95-0

195.216

orth nd or pr 106(form a); 344.86 (al) 110(form b) ye nd (al or 285 w) ye lf (al) >300

0.84020

1.401720

116 Acrolein

2-Propenal

C3H4O

107-02-8

56.063

liq

-87.7

52.6

117 Acrylamide

2-Propenamide

C3H5NO

79-06-1

71.078

lf (bz)

84.5

192.6

118 Acrylic acid

2-Propenoic acid

C3H4O2

79-10-7

72.063

12.5

141

1.051120

1.422420

119 Acrylonitrile

Propenenitrile

C3H3N

107-13-1

53.063

liq

-83.48

77.3

0.800725

1.391120

120 Acyclovir 121 Adenine

1H-Purin-6-amine

C8H11N5O3 C5H5N5

59277-89-3 73-24-5

225.205 135.128

225 360 dec

sub 220

β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 cAMP C10H12N5O6P

58-61-7 60-92-4

267.242 329.206

cry (EtOH) orth nd (+3w) n(w+3/2) cry

3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen C10H15N5O10P2 phosphate)

1053-73-2

427.202

amor pow

122 Adenosine 123 Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

vs H2O, EtOH

solid

111 Aconitine 112 9-Acridinamine

115 9(10H)-Acridinone

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

235.5 219

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-9 O

OH

O

O

NH

N O

HO

O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH

O O

OH

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Br

O 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

Acetyl nitrate

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

4-Acetylmorpholine

O N

HO

O

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O OH

O 4-Acetylphenyl acetate

(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane

O O

O

O

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane

O

O

O

O N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester

O P OH OH

O

HN

HN

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine

O

O

O

HN

O

O

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

Sn O

Sn O

O

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

N

N

1-Acetylpiperidine

1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone

O

Acetyl phosphate

O

NH2 N

N

N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3

O CH2O P O

O HN

S

OH

OH OH

O N

O

O O S

O

OH OH

4-Acetylthioanisole

3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide

H2N

I N

N H

O

OH

O N-Acetyl-L-valine

OH O

O S OH O

O S NaO O

HN

O N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

OH

NH

O S NaO O

O HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

O O

HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

Acetyl thiocholine iodide

O OH

HO O O N O

Cl F F

NH2

O F

Acid Fuchsin

H

N HO

OH H

H OH

HO

O

O H

O

O OH O

O Aconitine

Aconine

Acifluorfen

O O

H

N

OH H

O

O

O

NH2

O N

N

9-Acridinamine

Acridine

H2N

N

N H

NH2

O

9(10H)-Acridinone

3,6-Acridinediamine

Acrolein

NH2

H H 2N

N

N N

NH2

N O

N Acrylonitrile

OH Acyclovir

HO N

N

NH2

O

N

N O

Adenine

N H

N

N O

N

N

HO P O

O

OH

O

O

O P N

Acrylic acid

N

N

N

N

OH

NH2 Acrylamide

NH2 N

N

O

O

OH OH Adenosine

HO

HO P O

O

OH

Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)

OH

OH Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

3-10

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 125 Adenosine 5’methylenediphosphonate 126 127 128 129

Adenosine 3’-phosphate Adenosine 5’-triphosphate S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 5’-Adenylic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl) phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP

C11H17N5O9P2

3768-14-7

425.229

cry (w)

204

C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P

84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8

347.222 507.181 384.411 347.222

col nd

195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec

C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2

334-25-8 50-42-0

145.156 347.879

nd (w) cry

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate

130 Adipamic acid 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl

161.5 113.5 25

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H10O4

124-04-9

146.141

mcl pr (w, ace, lig)

152.5

337.5

1.360

133 Adiponitrile

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

111-69-3

108.141

nd (eth)

1

295

0.967620

C9H11NO3

99-45-6

181.188

nd

235 dec

C14H23NO

25394-57-4

221.339

ye oil

23

C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4

1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6

312.273 314.289 328.273 267.281

cry

268 287.5 245 207 dec

C20H26N2O2

4360-12-7

326.432

sub sub 250

135 Affinin 136 137 138 139

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine

N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide

cry cry (dil al)

140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4(hydroxymethyl)phenyl] hydrazide] Ajmaline

141 Alachlor 142 DL-Alanine

DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid

C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2

15972-60-8 302-72-7

269.768 89.094

143 D-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R)

C3H7NO2

338-69-2

89.094

pl (+3.5w) 206 (aq AcOEt) 40 orth pr or nd 300 dec (w) nd (w, al) 314 dec

144 L-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S)

C3H7NO2

56-41-7

89.094

orth (w)

297 dec

145 β-Alanine

3-Aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2

107-95-9

89.094

200 dec

146 Alantolactone

C15H20O2

546-43-0

232.319

nd, orth pr (al) nd

147 148 149 150

C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6

116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2

190.263 360.444 222.262 364.910

Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin

cry (HOAc) cry

76

1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

72-48-0

240.212

152 Alizarin Red S 153 Alizarin Yellow R

Sodium alizarinesulfonate

C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5

130-22-3 2243-76-7

342.257 287.227

154 Alizurol purple

1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) C21H15NO3 amino]-9,10-anthracenedione C16H16O5 Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino] C4H8N4O4 acetic acid C4H6N4O3

81-48-1

329.349

oran-br nd 253 dec (dil HOAc) flat viol nd

23444-65-7 99-16-1

288.295 176.132

br-red pr (bz) 149 nd 170 dec

97-59-6

158.116

mcl pl or

239

col gas

-136.6

155 Alkannin 156 Allantoic acid 157 Allantoin

C3H4

463-49-0

40.064

159 Allethrin 160 Allicin 161 Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20dione

C19H26O3 C6H10OS2 C21H32O4

584-79-2 539-86-6 566-02-9

302.407 162.272 348.477

5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one C21H34O2 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] C5H4N4O pyrimidin-4-one C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8

516-58-5 315-30-0

318.494 136.112

cry (aq, ac, 190 +w) nd (bz, ac) 185 cry 350

2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4

180.155 160.085 286.156

cry (w) 128 tcl pr (eth) 162 dec orth pr (w+2) 254 dec

164 D-Allose 165 Alloxanic acid 166 Alloxantin

1.438020

1.513425

vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O

vs H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 1000.02 sub 250

1.13325 1.42425

s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.43222 1.43719

275 1.19525

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

oran or red 289.5 tcl nd or pr (al)

158 Allene

162 Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one 163 Allopurinol

1620.5

99 166.5 141 104

151 Alizarin

Solubility s H2O

132 Adipic acid

134 Adrenalone

nD

s H2SO4 sub 140

-34.4

dec

0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220

1.4168

vs EtOH sl H2O, os, dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth

1.56120

vs H2O

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-11

NH2 NH2 N

N

HO

N

N

O O HO P P O OH OH

O

O

O

OH

HO P O

OH

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

O

O

O

HO P

O

NH2 HO

HO

OH

HO

OH

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

H N

O O

HO

N

O Adipamic acid

O

O

O

O

O

Affinin

O

NH2

Aflatoxin B1

H O

O

O

O

N H

O

Agaritine

Aflatoxin G1

Aflatoxin B2

OH

H N

HO

O

H O

O

O

O

H

O

H O

Adrenalone

Adiponitrile

O

H

O

O

OH

Adipic acid

O

H

HO

N

O

Adiphenine hydrochloride

H N

N

OH

OH

5’-Adenylic acid

O

NH2 O

O

OH

OH

Adenosine 3’-phosphate

O

N

N

O

HCl HO

N

N

N

N S

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

N

HO P O P O P O

O

HO

O

O

N

N

N

N

N

N

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

N

HO O N

N H Me

H

O

Cl

N

O

O

O

O

OH OH

Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

Alachlor

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

DL-Alanine

D-Alanine

L-Alanine

H2N

OH β-Alanine

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

OH

Alantolactone

Cl

O

OH

Cl O

O N

S

O

N H

N

S O O

O

Aldicarb

Aldosterone

O

Cl

Cl

Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide

Aldrin

O SO3Na

N

OH

H2N

N H

N H

NH2

N H

N H

O O

H

H

Allethrin

OH H O HN

H

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione

H Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one

O S

H

H

H

O

O

C Allene

H

O

Alkannin

H

O

HO

OH

OH O

N

OH

H

OH O

Alizurol purple

Allantoin

Allantoic acid

O

O

O H2N

OH

O HN

OH

Alizarin Yellow R

COOH O

Alizarin

O

N

Alizarin Red S

O

O

HO

O N O

OH O

Cl

N H

O

OH

Cl

N N

N H

Allopurinol

H H H H

CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH D-Allose

S

Allicin

O OH H N HO O O N H Alloxanic acid

H N

O O OH

H N

N H

HO O O

N H

O

O

Alloxantin

3-12

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

167 Allyl acetate

C5H8O2

591-87-7

100.117

168 Allyl acetoacetate

C7H10O3

1118-84-9

142.152

169 Allyl acrylate

C6H8O2

999-55-3

112.127

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

liq

mp/˚C

-85

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

103.5

0.927520

1.404920

196; 66.514

1.036620

1.439820

121

0.944120

1.432020

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

170 Allyl alcohol

2-Propen-1-ol

C3H6O

107-18-6

58.079

liq

-129

97.4

0.854020

1.413520

171 Allylamine

2-Propen-1-amine

C3H7N

107-11-9

57.095

liq

-88.2

53.3

0.75820

1.420520

172 N-Allylaniline

Allylphenylamine

C9H11N

589-09-3

133.190

219; 10612

0.973625

1.56320

173 Allylbenzene

2-Propenylbenzene

C9H10

300-57-2

118.175

156

0.892020

1.513120

174 α-Allylbenzenemethanol 175 Allyl benzoate

C10H12O C10H10O2

936-58-3 583-04-0

148.201 162.185

228.5

1.00418 1.056915

1.528921 1.517820

176 Allyl butanoate

C7H12O2

2051-78-7

128.169

142; 44.515

0.901720

1.415820

177 178 179 180

Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate

C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2

2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5

101.105 134.680 120.535 188.222

111 0.896420 109.5 1.136 dec 268; 16317 1.04823

1.419520 1.422020 1.53020

181 182 183 184 185 186

1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine

C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si C7H15N C5H11N

1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4

140.222 122.207 110.197 174.314 113.201 85.148

187 Allyl ethyl ether

C5H10O

557-31-3

188 Allyl formate

C4H6O2

Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate

liq

-40

hyg liq

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

190 156 125 155 110 63.5

0.934122

1.475622

0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425

1.441220 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020

s chl

86.132

67.6

0.765120

1.388120

1838-59-1

86.090

83.6

0.946020

4208-49-5 106-92-3 123-68-2 24935-97-5 1476-23-9 57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0

152.148 114.142 156.222 131.130 83.089 99.155 126.153 164.201

207.5 154 186

1.11525 0.969820 0.886920

1.494520 1.433220

Eugenol

C8H8O3 C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3 C4H5NO C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s eth, ace; sl ctc

1.012620 0.933520 1.065220

1.530620 1.436020 1.540520

197 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

1,3,4-Eugenol acetate

C12H14O3

93-28-7

206.237

198 Allyl 3-methylbutanoate 199 Allylmethyldichlorosilane 200 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2

2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5

142.196 155.099 102.132

201 2-Allylphenol 202 4-Allylphenol

Chavicol

C9H10O C9H10O

1745-81-9 501-92-8

134.174 134.174

C9H10O

1746-13-0

C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O

189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate Allyl isocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl methacrylate 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene

N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1amine

Allyl 2-furanoate

203 Allyl phenyl ether 204 205 206 207 208

Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S) Allylthiourea

2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine

209 210 211 212

Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea

Trichloro-2-propenylsilane

Alliin Thiosinamine

liq liq

-110.7

cry (tol)

57

liq

-80

liq

-7.5

88 152 6750, 5530 253.2

pr (al)

30.5

281; 1276

1.080620

1.520520

154 119.5 158.5

1.075820 0.958020

1.441920 1.435820

220 238

1.024615 1.020315

1.518120 1.544118

134.174

191.7

0.981120

1.522320

2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9

114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 116.185

123 111 7913

0.914020

1.410520 1.438720 1.521920

1.21720

1.593678

107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9

175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119

1.201120 0.903020 0.715825

1.446020 1.407220 1.407420

liq

nd (dil ac) mcl or orth pr (w)

-6 15.8

165 78 35

nd (al)

85

117.5 10050, 8228 85

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc

msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz

i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O

O

H N

O O

O Allyl acetate

3-13

NH2

OH

O

Allyl acetoacetate

Allyl alcohol

Allyl acrylate

Allylbenzene

N-Allylaniline

Allylamine

O

OH

O

O

O

H2N

O α-Allylbenzenemethanol

Allyl benzoate

O

Allyl butanoate

O

HO

O Si O

1-Allylcyclohexanol

O

O

O

Allyldiethoxymethylsilane

N

HO O

O

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

Allyl glycidyl ether

O O

N

C

N

C

O O O

O

Allyl isothiocyanate

Allyl isocyanate

O

Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate

O S

H N O

Allyl hexanoate

OH

O

Allyldimethylamine

Allyldiethylamine

O

O

Allyl formate

O

Allyl chloroformate

N

O

O

O Allyl ethyl ether

Allylcyclopentane

1-Allylcyclohexene

Cl

Allylchlorodimethylsilane

Allyl carbamate

O Allyl trans-cinnamate

O

Si Cl

O 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

Allyl methacrylate

Allyl 3-methylbutanoate

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

OH

OH Cl Si

O Cl

Allylmethyldichlorosilane

O

2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

S

S

Allyl propyl disulfide

S S

H2N

4-Allylphenol

2-Allylphenol

O HO

O

OH

O

3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)

N H Allylthiourea

NH2

Allyl phenyl ether

Cl Cl Si Cl Allyltrichlorosilane

O O Si O Allyltriethoxysilane

O

N H

Allyl propanoate

N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine

O Si Allyltrimethylsilane

N H Allylurea

NH2

3-14

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene

C5H8O

3917-15-5

84.117

214 Aloin A

C21H22O9

1415-73-2

418.395

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222

C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6 C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3

15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0 2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7

261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155 246.322 610.928 162.163 204.243

cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)

wh pow 145 liq/wh solid 140 hyg wh solid 119

2007 13510, 940.5

C20H27N

150-59-4

281.435

oil

1660.3

C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N C2H6N2O

23109-05-9 915-67-3 834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3 598-41-4

918.970 604.472 227.330 72.945 285.467 74.081

nd dk red pow

88 73.5 cry 44.5 hyg nd (chl) 67.5

C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2

540-61-4 6011-14-9

56.066 92.527

hyg cry (al)

C8H10ClNO

5468-37-1

171.624

Adamantanamine hydrochloride C10H18ClN

665-66-7

187.710

cry (al-eth)

360 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

C6H11NO4

626-71-1

161.156

pl (w)

207.0

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH

No. Name 213 Allyl vinyl ether

Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide

223 Alverine 224 225 226 227 228 229

2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide

N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl) amine

α-Amanitin Amaranth dye Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 2-Aminoacetamide

230 Aminoacetonitrile 231 Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride 232 α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 233 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride 234 2-Aminoadipic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

66

0.790020

1.406220

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl

149.3

103 189 207 dec 103.5

vs ace, EtOH vs H2O 19720

254 dec s H2O

5815

194 dec

2,3-Diaminopropionic acid 1-Aminoanthraquinone

C3H8N2O2 C14H9NO2

515-94-6 82-45-1

104.108 223.227

hyg rosettes 110 red nd (al) 253.5

237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Aminoanthraquinone

C14H9NO2

117-79-3

223.227

red nd (al, HOAc)

238 4-Aminoazobenzene

C12H11N3

60-09-3

197.235

oran mcl nd 127 (al)

>360

239 2-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO

529-23-7

121.137

silv lf

40.5

802

240 3-Aminobenzaldehyde 241 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO C7H7NO

1709-44-0 556-18-3

121.137 121.137

nd (AcOEt) pl (w)

29 71.5

242 2-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

88-68-6

136.151

243 4-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

2835-68-9

136.151

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

2835-06-5 1197-55-3

151.163 151.163

ye cry (+1/ 4w) pl pl (w)

C8H7NO4

99-31-0

181.147

pr(al), pl(w) 360

C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO

104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1

137.179 122.167 123.152

nd (al)

α-Phenylglycine p-Aminophenylacetic acid

246 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 247 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 248 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 249 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH

165 dec

235 3-Aminoalanine 236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

244 α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) 245 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl

304.5

sub sub

110.5 dec

183 292 dec 200 dec

108 61 83.5

250 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S

63-74-1

172.205

lf (dil al)

165.5

251 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Orthanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

88-21-1

173.190

pr (+ 1/2w)

>320 dec

252 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Metanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-47-1

173.190

nd, pr (w +1) dec

253 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Sulfanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-57-3

173.190

orth pl or mcl (w+2)

254 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

p-Sulfanilyl fluoride

C6H6FNO2S

98-62-4

175.181

288 68.5

sub 255

sub

269 273

1.0825

1.48525

vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH O

3-15

OH

OH O

HO

O

N H

N

O

OH

N

N

HO H H H

H

O OH

O

HO O Allyl vinyl ether

O

N

OH

O Al

OH

O H3C(CH2)16

O

Al

O

Aluminum 2-butoxide

(CH2)16CH3

O

Aluminum distearate

O Al

O

O

O

O O

O

O

Alstonidine

Alphaprodine

Aloin A

H

D-Altrose

Alstonine

O

O Al

CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH

N

O

O

Aluminum ethanolate

Aluminum isopropoxide

Alverine

OH

CONH H

HN H HO

CONH

O

S

CONH

O OH

H

O

OH

S

N NHCO

N H

ONa

S

O

OC

CO

OC H

O

NaO

CH2OH

N

N

NH

HN

NHCO

N

H

O S O ONa

CONH2 α-Amanitin

S

Amaranth dye

N N

N H

B NH3

Ametryn

Amminetrimethylboron

NH2

O NH2

O

H H 2N

H2N 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene

2-Aminoacetamide

O NH2

2-Aminoadipic acid

H2N

NH2 NH2

O

3-Aminoalanine

1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O O

NH2

O NH2 O

NH2 4-Aminobenzamide

2-Aminobenzamide

NH2 O S O NH2 NH2

H2N

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)

OH

OH O S O

2-Aminobenzenemethanol

OH O S O

H2N 4-Aminobenzeneethanol

F O S O

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine

O 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH O S O

OH

OH

H2N

O

4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

3-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

OH

OH

NH2 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

NH2 2-Aminobenzaldehyde

4-Aminoazobenzene

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

O NH2

N N

O

NH2

1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride

O

NH2

O

OH

α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

O

OH

O

HCl

HCl

Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride

NH2

HCl

N

H2N

Aminoacetonitrile

O OH

N

H2N

NH2

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

3-16

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

255 2-Aminobenzenethiol 256 4-Aminobenzenethiol 257 2-Aminobenzonitrile

C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2

137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6

125.192 125.192 118.136

258 3-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

2237-30-1

118.136

259 4-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

873-74-5

260 4-Aminobenzophenone

C13H11NO

261 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)- L-glutamic acid 262 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 263 2-Aminobiphenyl

No. Name

Synonym

p-Aminohippuric acid

264 3-Aminobiphenyl 265 4-Aminobiphenyl

p-Biphenylamine

Physical Form

ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

26 46 51

234 14317 263

289

118.136

nd (dil al or 54.3 CCl4) pr or pl (w) 87.0

1137-41-3

197.232

lf (dil al)

124

24613

C12H14N2O5

4271-30-1

266.249

cry (w)

173

C9H10N2O3 C12H11N

61-78-9 90-41-5

194.186 169.222

pr or nd (w) 198.5 lf (dil al) 51

C12H11N

2243-47-2

169.222

nd

31.5

C12H11N

92-67-1

169.222

lf (dil al)

53.5

266 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 267 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro- 1-Amino-49,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic bromoanthraquinone-2acid sulfonic acid 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S

5794-88-7 116-81-4

216.033 382.187

nd red nd (w)

219.5

C4H9NO2

2835-81-6

103.120

lf (w)

304 dec

269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

1492-24-6

103.120

270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

2835-82-7

103.120

lf (dil al), cry 292 dec (al) nd (al) 194.3

C4H9NO2

56-12-2

103.120

272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

C4H11NO

13054-87-0

89.136

273 4-Amino-1-butanol

C4H11NO

13325-10-5

89.136

C11H17N3O3S

339-43-5

271.336

C11H16N2O2 C3H6N2O2

2032-59-9 591-07-1

208.257 102.092

cry

271 4-Aminobutanoic acid

γ-Aminobutyric acid

pr or nd (al) 203 dec lf (MeOHeth) liq -1.0

Carbutamide

277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino] phenyl]arsonic acid

Carbarsone

C7H9AsN2O4

121-59-5

260.079

nd (w)

174

278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2ethylbutanamide 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3methylbutanamide 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

Carbromal

C7H13BrN2O2

77-65-6

237.094

orth (dil al)

118

Bromisovalum

C6H11BrN2O2

496-67-3

223.067

nd or lf (to)

154

Salicylamide O-acetic acid

C9H9NO4

25395-22-6

195.172

957-68-6 117-11-3

272.277 257.673

288 2-Amino-4-chloro-5methylbenzenesulfonic acid 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 291 7Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic C7H8ClNO3S acid 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO Cycloleucine C6H11NO2

Chloraminophenamide

C6H8ClN3O4S2

121-30-2

285.729

6-Chlorometanilic acid

C6H6ClNO3S

88-43-7

207.635

2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO

635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5

Glucamine D-Glucosamine

nD

Solubility

1.460620

s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO

299

302

sub

1.230020

178

0.916220

1.448925

205; 12534

0.96712

1.462520

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth

144.5

274 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 275 Aminocarb 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

C10H12N2O5S 1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone C14H8ClNO2

den/ g cm-3

94 218

sub 180

1.54425 sub

1.5615

221

sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s alk

cry 212 254.5 nd (w)

280 dec

171.582 171.582 231.677

ye nd

211 188 100.5

88-51-7

221.662

short nd (w)

95-85-2 52-52-8

143.571 129.157

cry (al-w)

C8H10N2O3S

22252-43-3

214.241

C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5

488-43-7 3416-24-8

181.187 179.171

140 330 dec

1.51915

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl

sl DMSO

241 dec

cry (MeOH)

127

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-17 N

SH

N

N

O

SH NH2

NH2 NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenethiol

4-Aminobenzenethiol

O

O

O

NH2

NH2

O

O

NH2

NH2

3-Aminobiphenyl

2-Aminobiphenyl

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

HO

NH2

H2N

OH

H2N

4-Aminobenzophenone

O

OH

N H

NH2

4-Aminobenzonitrile

OH

H N

O

NH2

3-Aminobenzonitrile

2-Aminobenzonitrile

O S OH O

4-Aminobiphenyl

O

O OH

O

Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid

NH2

NH2

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

Br

1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

NH2 O

OH

O H N

OH DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

H N

O S

O

H2N

N

O

OH

OH

4-Aminobutanoic acid

OH

H2N

NH2

O

4-Amino-1-butanol

2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

N H

NH2

O

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Aminocarb

OH O As OH

O H2N

Br

O

HN

N H

O O

H

H2N OH

HO

HO

Cl

O

S

O

OH HO H2N

O

Cl

H

Cl

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

H HO H H

S

N O HO

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

OH O S O

NH2

NH2

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid

O

Cl 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol

4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

Cl

H2N NH2

1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

H2N

Cl

NH2

O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid

O

NH2 O

Cl

HO

O

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 O S O

NH2

O

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid

H2N

S

O

O

O

OH O S O

O

NH2

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

O

N

NH2

H N

NH2 O

O

O [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

Br

H N

NH2

O

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH

1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

H HO H H

CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH

2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

3-18

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chloramben 296 2-Amino-2’,5dichlorobenzophenone 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

C14H7Br2NO2

81-49-2

381.020

red nd (xyl)

226

C7H5Cl2NO2 C13H9Cl2NO

133-90-4 2958-36-3

206.027 266.122

C6H5Cl2NO

527-62-8

178.016

298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

C6H5Cl2NO

5930-28-9

178.016

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O

578-76-7

165.153

Luminol

C8H7N3O2

521-31-3

177.161

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S

154-42-7

167.193

>360

Isoguanine

C5H5N5O

3373-53-3

151.127

>360

Me-IQ

C12H12N4

77094-11-2

212.250

cry

Picramic acid

C6H5N3O5

96-91-3

199.121

Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine

C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O

107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2

125.147 61.083 105.136 102.134

dk red nd (al) 169 pr (chl) mcl pr (w) 328 orth (eth-al) 97 -12.5 51

C9H13N3O2

642-44-4

195.218

cry (+1w, w) 143

C5H14N2O

123-84-2

118.177

C8H12ClNO2

62-31-7

189.640

nd (w)

241 dec

vs H2O, MeOH

C9H13NO

492-39-7

151.205

pl(MeOH)

77.5

C9H14ClNO

53631-70-2

187.666

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O

C4H12N2O

111-41-1

104.150

No. Name

299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl6H-purin-6-one 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione 301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6 H-purine6-thione 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2 H-purin-2one 303 2-Amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol 305 306 307 308

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

Synonym

Aminometradine 309 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) 310 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2ethylenediamine propanol 311 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2Dopamine hydrochloride benzenediol, hydrochloride 312 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, [ S-(R*,R*)]313 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, hydrochloride 314 N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

bp/˚C

long nd (CS2) nd or lf (w, bz)

95.5

sub 70

168

sub

ye nd (al)

330.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc

i H2O

297 vs bz, EtOH

dec 110 221

943

239; 10510

N-(3-Aminopropyl) ethylenediamine

C5H15N3

13531-52-7

117.193

C5H13NO2 C6H11NO4

115-70-8 542-32-5

119.163 161.156

37.5 cry (EtOH, w) 205 dec

15210

2-Aminoadipic acid

319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid

5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid

C6H12N2 C6H13NO2

2432-74-8 60-32-2

112.172 131.173

liq lf (eth)

11816

C6H15NO C14H9NO3

4048-33-3 116-85-8

117.189 239.226

C6H7NO4S

98-37-3

189.190

orth (w+1)

>300

6946-29-8

167.165

nd (al)

195

C7H7NO3

548-93-6

153.136

lf (w)

253.5

C7H7NO3

65-49-6

153.136

nd, pl (aleth)

150 dec

89-57-6 589-44-6

153.136 119.119

C4H9NO3

924-49-2

119.119

C8H11NO3

138-65-8

169.178

C15H11NO4

2379-90-0

269.253

C5H7N3O2

1123-95-1

141.129

329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2benzenediol, (±) 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy9,10-anthracenedione 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)5-Hydroxymethylcytosine 2(1H)-pyrimidinone

0.983725

1.473820

pl or nd (bz, 164.5 w), cry (al)

1.028620

873

205 57 216.5

pr pr (w), cry (dil al)

283 216 218

1.486320

20625

316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

Mesalamine C7H7NO3 γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3

1.057220

198.5

137.179

327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

vs H2O s H2O; sl eth s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth

51-67-2

p-Aminosalicylic acid

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc

370

C8H11NO

326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Solubility

sl DMSO

Tyramine

p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide C7H9N3O2

nD

200 ≈80

315 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

321 6-Amino-1-hexanol 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 323 3-Amino-4hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 324 4-Amino-2hydroxybenzohydrazide 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

den/ g cm-3

msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol

1.480525 1.09920

1.49020

msc H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH

13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O

189 dec sl chl >300 dec

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

NH2

O

Br

3-19 Cl

OH

O

NH2

OH

OH Cl

Cl

NH2

Cl

Cl O

NH2

Cl

Br

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

NH2

Cl 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

NH2 O O H H2N

N N

N

N

N

N

NH2 H H

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one

H2N

5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione

NH2 O

N

O N

N

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

NH2

O

N

O S OH O

O

NH2 H2N

OH

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid

2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

NH2 N

O H2N

N H

N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

N

H2N

O

NH2

HCl 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride

NH2 H2N

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride

HO HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

OH

OH

NH2

O

OH

NH2

N

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

O

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

O

NH2

2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

NH2

OH O

NH2

OH

N H

NH2

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-

H2N

O 6-Aminohexanoic acid

6-Aminohexanenitrile

OH O S O

H N

O

NH2 OH

NH2

H2N

OH

HO

3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

OH

HO

O OH

NH2 NH2

OH

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide

O

OH

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

6-Amino-1-hexanol

O

OH OH

OH HCl

N H

HO N H

1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

OH

H2N

OH

O

2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol

1-Aminoethanol

O

H2N

H N N

N H

O

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

H2N

N

N

N

OH

N

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

H N

N

H

O

S

H2N 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

O

OH

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

NH2

HO 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)

OH

3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

O

O

H2N

NH2

NH2

HO

OH O

NH2 O HO

N

HO N H

O

4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

3-20

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H9NO7S2

90-20-0

319.311

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,71-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid disulfonic acid 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-11-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic naphthalenesulfonic acid acid 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 336 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide 337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]- L- Canavanine homoserine 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea

C10H9NO4S

116-63-2

239.248

gray nd

C6H5N5O C4H6N4O

2236-60-4 360-97-4

163.137 126.117

ye cry cry (EtOH)

C5H12N4O3

543-38-4

176.174

cry (al)

C2H6N4O

141-83-3

102.095

pr

339 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

C7H6INO2

5326-47-6

263.033

220 dec

340 4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 341 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, ( R) 342 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 343 α-(Aminomethyl) benzenemethanol 344 β-(Aminomethyl) benzenepropanoic acid 345 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 346 trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 347 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

C8H6N2O2

2518-24-3

162.146

269.5

Cycloserine 1-Amino-2methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine

C3H6N2O2 C15H11NO2

68-41-7 82-28-0

102.092 237.254

155 dec 205.5

C8H11NO

7568-93-6

137.179

56.5

4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid

C10H13NO2

1078-21-3

179.216

252 dec

C7H9NO3S

88-44-8

187.216

Tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2

1197-18-8

157.211

Diacetonamine

C6H13NO

625-04-7

115.173

348 2-Amino-4-methylphenol

C7H9NO

95-84-1

123.152

349 4-Amino-2-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-96-3

123.152

350 4-Amino-3-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-99-6

123.152

351 (Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 352 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3propanediol 353 L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 354 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 355 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1 H)pyrimidinone 356 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 357 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 358 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

CH6NO3P C4H11NO2

1066-51-9 115-69-5

111.038 105.136

pr (dil al) cry 179 (bz) cry 309 110

C4H9NO2

144-90-1

103.120

cry (w)

182

2-Aminoisobutanol 5-Methylcytosine

C4H11NO C5H7N3O

124-68-5 554-01-8

89.136 125.129

25.5 270 dec

165.5

0.93420

1.44920

pr (w+1/2)

1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid

C10H21NO

15647-11-7

171.280

45.5

265

0.96925

1.490420

C11H9NO2

5959-52-4

187.195

C10H7NO2

2348-81-4

173.169

Amido-G-Acid

C10H9NO6S2

86-65-7

303.311

2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

117-62-4

303.311

C10H9NO6S2

85-75-6

303.311

vs H2O

C10H9NO6S2

85-74-5

303.311

vs H2O, EtOH

C10H9NO3S

81-16-3

223.248

sc(hot w)

C10H9NO3S

84-86-6

223.248

1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid

C10H9NO3S

84-89-9

223.248

wh nd (w+1/ dec 2) red-br cry wh cry

C10H9NO3S

81-05-0

223.248

nd(w)

i H2O, EtOH, eth

C10H9NO3S

86-60-2

223.248

vs HOAc

C10H9NO3S

82-75-7

223.248

nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) nd

C10H9NO3S

93-00-5

223.248

lf

i cold H2O; sl hot H2O

359 7-Amino-1,3naphthalenedisulfonic acid 360 2-Amino-1,5naphthalenedisulfonic acid 361 4-Amino-1,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid 362 4-Amino-1,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 363 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 364 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 369 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid Bronner acid

lt ye nd

sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk >360 170 vs H2O 105

dec 160

s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz

s H2O; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH

16017

132 dec

vs H2O

>300

vs H2O 250.14

cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd nd or lf (bz) 176.5

ye lf (dil al)

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO

sub

sub

15110

vs H2O; s EtOH

msc H2O; s ctc s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth

216.5

s EtOH, eth

207

i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH

mcl pr or nd 274 (w+4) >300

s DMSO 1.670325

i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth

vs gl HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

HO

O

O S

3-21 OH O S O

OH

S

OH 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

HO O

NH O

HO NH2

N H

H2N

NH2

H N

N

N H

N H

5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine

O H2N

N H

NH2

O

NH2

I

(Aminoiminomethyl)urea

H2N

NH2

O

NH2

NH O

O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine

O

N

NH2

OH NH2

H2N N

O

O

O

O N

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)

NH2 H2N

OH O S O

O

NH2

N H

O

4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

OH

O

NH2

OH

O α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

OH

OH

OH

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

4-Amino-2-methylphenol

4-Amino-3-methylphenol

NH2 O

trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

2-Amino-4-methylphenol

NH2

H2N

N

O

O OH P OH

H2N HO

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

H2N

OH

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

OH

OH

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

OH O S O

O

OH

OH

O

N H

NH2

NH2

H2N O

O S NH2

NH2

3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

HO

2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

O

OH O S O

S

NH2

4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

O

2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

O O S O OH

HO

O

O

3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

OH O S O

OH O S O NH2

NH2

NH2 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

OH O S O

2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH H2N O S O

O S

H2N NH2 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH O

H2N 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH

7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

H 2N 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

3-22

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

370 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 371 5-Amino-1-naphthol 372 1-Amino-2-naphthol

1,7-Cleve’s acid

C10H9NO3S

119-28-8

223.248

nd or pr (w)

sl EtOH; s eth

1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene C10H9NO C10H9NO

83-55-6 2834-92-6

159.184 159.184

170 silvery lf (bz, 150 dec eth)

373 8-Amino-2-naphthol

8-Amino-β-naphthol

C10H9NO

118-46-7

159.184

nd (w, al)

374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

619-17-0

182.134

375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

616-79-5

182.134

oran pr (dil 269 al) lf (al), ye nd 269 (w, dil al)

376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3

17420-30-3 18264-75-0 99-57-0

163.134 119.084 154.123

203.5 187.8 oran pr (+w) 146

379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3

121-88-0 119-34-6

154.123 154.123

381 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

C8H17NO2

644-90-6

159.227

205.8 dk red pl or 131 nd (w, al) lf (w) 270

sl DMSO sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH

No. Name

mp/˚C

206

382 Aminooxoacetohydrazide

Semioxamazide

C2H5N3O2

515-96-8

103.080

383 cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid 384 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 385 (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 386 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 387 5-Aminopentanoic acid

Maleamic acid

C4H5NO3

557-24-4

115.088

cry (al)

172.5

5-Aminolevulinic acid

C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6

106-60-5 2921-14-4

131.130 218.592

cry (EtOH)

118 152.5

Penicin

C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2

551-16-6 660-88-8

216.257 117.147

cry (w) lf (dil al)

208 157 dec

388 5-Amino-1-pentanol

C5H13NO

2508-29-4

103.163

389 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

95-55-6

109.126

390 3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

591-27-5

391 4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

392 N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

sub

11012 sub

221 dec

dec 17

38.5

221.5

0.9488

174

sub 153

1.32825

109.126

wh orth bipym nd (bz) pr (to)

123

16411

123-30-8

109.126

wh pl (w)

187.5

1100.3

C8H10N2O

102-28-3

150.177

nd or pl (bz) 88

1.4618

17

s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH

393 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

p-Aminoacetanilide

C8H10N2O

122-80-5

150.177

nd (w)

166.5

394 (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

Arsanilic acid

C6H8AsNO3

98-50-0

217.055

mcl nd (w, al)

232

395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine

C12H13N3

537-65-5

199.251

lf (w)

158

dec

Phenacylamine

C8H9NO

613-89-8

135.163

ye cry

20

251

397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

m-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO

99-03-6

135.163

398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

p-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO C11H15NO

99-92-3 38237-74-0

135.163 177.243

pa ye pl (al), 98.5 lf (eth) ye mcl pr (al) 106 cry (bz-peth) 74.5

400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

p-Aminopropiophenone

C9H11NO

70-69-9

149.189

401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl] acetamide

Sulfacetamide

C8H10N2O3S

144-80-9

214.241

pl (al, w), nd 140 (w) 183

402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2thiazolamine 403 4-Aminophthalimide

Thiazolsulfone

C9H9N3O2S2

473-30-3

255.316

nd (al)

3676-85-5

162.146

2240.5

13552-31-3

91.109

dec 265; 1459 1.175220

1.491025

151-18-8 6168-72-5

70.093 75.109

185; 8820 174.5

1.439620 1.450220

404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±) 405 3-Aminopropanenitrile 406 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- C8H6N2O2 dione C3H9NO2 3-Aminopropionitrile

C3H6N2 C3H9NO

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa

267 1.957110

1.616020

289.5 294; 19515 1613

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox

220 dec

0.958420

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-23 O

OH

OH NH2

O

OH

S

NH2

8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

O

5-Amino-1-naphthol

1-Amino-2-naphthol

N

OH

8-Amino-2-naphthol

OH

O

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

H2N

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile

H N

N NH2 O

O O

N

O

2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine

O

NH2 H 2N

OH

O

NH2

O

HO

NH2 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

2-Amino-5-nitrophenol

H2N

HO

OH

NH2

O

O

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

N O

O

O O

N H

O

O

OH O N

NH2

O

N

N

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2 O

OH

OH

O

O

NH2 NH2

NH2

O 0.5 HCl NH2

(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

OH H2N

H

OH

S

NH2

NH2

5-Amino-1-pentanol

5-Aminopentanoic acid

O

OH

H2N

O

COOH

6-Aminopenicillanic acid

O

NH2

OH

H2N

N O

OH

2-Aminophenol

4-Aminophenol

3-Aminophenol

OH O As OH

NH

NH

O NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

H2N

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

NH

NH2 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine

O NH O S O

O O

O

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

H2N

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide

O H2N

O S O

H 2N NH

N S

HO NH2

O

5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine

4-Aminophthalimide

NH2

NH2 OH

3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)

N 3-Aminopropanenitrile

NH2 OH 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

3-24

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 407 3-Amino-1-propanol 408 1-Amino-2-propanol

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Propanolamine Isopropanolamine

C3H9NO C3H9NO

156-87-6 1674-56-2

75.109 75.109

C10H15NO

5897-76-7

165.232

C7H19N3

105-83-9

145.246

C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO

3690-04-8 1518-86-1

302.372 151.205

α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl 409 α-(1-Aminopropyl) benzenemethanol alcohol 410 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3propanediamine 411 Aminopropylon 412 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) Hydroxyamphetamine

Physical Form

pl (bz-eth)

pr (bz) cry (bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

12.4 0.9

187.5 159.4

0.982426 0.961120

1.461720 1.447920

s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

232.5; 1126

0.902320

1.470525

79.5

181 125.5

413 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3propanediamine 414 Aminopterin 415 4-Amino-Npyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C6H17N3

56-18-8

131.219

-14

Sulfapyrazine

C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S

54-62-6 116-44-9

440.413 250.277

ye cry nd (PhNO2)

262 dec 251

416 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4carbonitrile 417 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 418 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole

C4H4N4

16617-46-2

108.102

cry (w)

173

C6H6N2O2

5345-47-1

138.124

6-Aminonicotinic acid

C6H6N2O2

3167-49-5

138.124

419 4-Amino-N-2pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 420 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 421 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 422 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 424 4-Amino-N-2pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide 425 Aminopyrine

Sulfapyridine

C11H11N3O2S

144-83-2

5-Aminouracil

C4H5N3O2

15150

0.93825

1.481020

vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace

296 dec

sl H2O

249.289

cry (dil HOAc, +2w) ye oran (al)

192

932-52-5

127.102

nd (w)

dec

i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH i H2O; s alk, acid

C4H5N3O2

873-83-6

127.102

cry (w)

dec

vs H2O

2-Thiocytosine Uramil

C4H5N3S C4H5N3O3

333-49-3 118-78-5

127.168 143.101

nd or pl (w) >400

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S

68-35-9

250.277

C13H17N3O

58-15-1

231.293

Sulfaquinoxaline 426 4-Amino-N-2quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide

C14H12N4O2S

59-40-5

300.336

C7H7NO4S

138-41-0

201.201

pr or lf (w)

291 dec

Acetylsulfanilamide 428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl] acetamide 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3 H)thione 430 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

C8H10N2O3S

121-61-9

214.241

nd (HOAc)

219.5

C2H3N3S2

2349-67-9

133.195

C3H4N2OS

556-90-1

116.141

pr or nd (w) 256 dec

431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Acetylthiourea

C3H6N2OS

591-08-2

118.157

pr (w), orth (al)

432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4thiazolidinone 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid 436 Amiton 437 Amitraz

3-Aminorhodanine

C3H4N2OS2

1438-16-0

148.206

Chloral ammonia Picloram

C2H4Cl3NO C6H3Cl3N2O2

507-47-1 1918-02-1

164.418 241.459

C11H23NO2 C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3

2432-99-7 78-53-5 33089-61-1

201.307 269.342 293.406

C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2 C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3

50-48-6 14221-47-7 3825-26-1 17496-08-1 57-43-2

277.404 374.017 431.100 91.109 226.272

C20H23NO2

76-65-3

309.403

cry (peth)

444 Amoxicillin 445 Amphecloral 446 Amphotericin B

C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17

26787-78-0 5581-35-1 1397-89-3

365.404 264.579 924.080

cry (w) ye pr (DMF) 170 dec

447 Ampicillin 448 Ampyrone

C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O

69-53-4 83-07-8

349.405 203.240

cry 200 dec pa ye cry (bz) 109

438 439 440 441 442

Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital

443 Amolanone

N-Methylbis(2,4xylyliminomethyl)amine

5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3phenyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone

cry (w), wh pow pr or pl (lig or AcOEt)

312

sl DMSO s H2O, chl; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO vs H2O, bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace

255 dec 134.5 247.5

243.0 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO

165 101.5

nd (al)

73 218.5

dec 100

vs bz, eth, EtOH

189.0 760.01

liq

cry solid hyg cry

1.465527

86

1.12820

196 (HCl) 165 dec

1.7817.5

vs H2O; i EtOH

45 157

43.4

s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl

1932.0

1.561425

96.0.5

1.530

s H2O i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-25 N

H N

OH

O

O OH H2N

OH

NH2

3-Amino-1-propanol

NH2 α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-propanol

O

N

N NH2

N H

H2N

N

O

N NH2

O

N H

O S NH O

H2N

N N H

N

O

N

6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH

N

O N

O

5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

NH2

2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2

NH

O

N H

4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH2

H2N

O S NH O

OH

3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

OH H2N

NH2

HO

4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)

Aminopropylon

OH

Aminopterin

O

N

N

NH2

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine

N

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

H2N

N

OH

N H

NH2 H2N

H2N

N

O

N H

6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

S

4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

NH2

O O H2N

N NH

O

N H

O S NH O

H2N

O

O

N

N N

N

N

O S O

N

NH2 Aminopyrine

4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide

5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

OH

O S HN O

4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide

4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid

O HN

O

H S

NH2

NH2

S

5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione

N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide

H2N

NH2

S

O

S

N

N N

O S O

2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

OH

NH2 N

N H

O

S

S

N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Cl Cl

N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

NH2 Cl

1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

N

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl

H2N

OH

N

N

N

N N

O

O 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid

Amitraz

Amiton

11-Aminoundecanoic acid

HO

O O

O

O

O

O

Fe O

F F F F F F

O

F

O

Ammonium ferric oxalate

NH

O O

NH4

O

F F F F F F F F Ammonium perfluorooctanoate

Ammonium propanoate

OH

HO

O

O

NH4

OH OH

OH

CH3

O O

N

NH2 OH

O

O NH NH2

Amphotericin B

H

H2N

S

O

N O

HO Amphecloral

Amoxicillin

Amolanone

OH O

S

O

O

OH

H

H N

O

H

Amobarbital

OH OH O

Cl

N H

NH2

N

NH

O

Cl Cl

O

O

3NH4

O

O

Amitriptyline

3

O O

O O P S O

OH

O Ampicillin

OH

N

N

Ampyrone

OH

3-26

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

449 Amygdalin

C20H27NO11

29883-15-6

457.428

450 Anacardic acid

C22H32O3

11034-77-8

344.487

cry (ace)

451 Anagyrine

C15H20N2O

486-89-5

244.332

pe ye glass

26512, 2124

452 Androstane

C19H32

24887-75-0

260.457

600.003

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Etiocholanic acid

C20H32O2

438-08-4

304.467

Epiandrostanediol

C19H32O2

1852-53-5

292.456

nd (ace aq)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione

C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2

846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8

288.424 288.424 286.408

458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione

Adrenosterone

C19H24O3

382-45-6

300.392

cry (MeOH) 135 cry (ace-hx) 135 143(form a); 173(form b) nd (al) 222 sub

459 Anemonin

trans-1,7-Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2] dodeca-3,9-diene-2,8-dione

C10H8O4

508-44-1

192.169

460 Anhalamine 461 Anhalonidine

C11H15NO3 C12H17NO3

643-60-7 17627-77-9

209.242 223.268

462 Anhalonine

C12H15NO3

519-04-0

221.252

104-80-3

C9H5Cl3N4

464 Anilazine

2,4-Dichloro-6-(ochloroanilino)-s-triazine

orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz) nd (al) oct cry (bz, eth) rhom nd

sub 160

223

158

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl

187.5 160.5

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

86

1400.02

132.157

300; 17516

1031 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

Di-p-tolyl sulfone

C14H14O2S

599-66-6

246.325

pr(bz), nd(w,al)

159

406

1032 N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea 1033 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl) propane 1034 Bis(methylthio)methane 1035 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

C15H16N2S C15H30N2

137-97-3 64168-11-2

256.366 238.412

nd (al, sub) 13.7

21550

C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2

1618-26-4 1723-94-0

108.226 200.278

75

148 285; 16025

1036 Bismuth acetate 1037 Bismuth subsalicylate

C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4

22306-37-2 14882-18-9

386.111 362.093

1038 Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

C12H8N2O4S2

1155-00-6

308.333

198.5

84

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl sulfide 2-Methoxy-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ethanamine

Physical Form

cry or fl

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

120.5 162.5

sub

153

2204, 2223

wh-ye (eth,lig) col tablets pr

C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4

100-32-3 736-30-1

308.333 272.256

C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2

587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1

302.242 257.149 225.329 687.637

C5H6Cl6N2O3

116-52-9

354.831

196

C8H4Cl6 C3Cl6O3

68-36-0 32315-10-9

312.836 296.748

cry (bz, eth) 109 cry (eth, 79 peth)

C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6 C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S

10595-72-9 328-74-5 402-31-3 433-19-2 372-64-5 14630-40-1 2217-06-3 764-99-8 97-18-7

542.897 229.123 214.108 214.108 202.141 170.400 456.258 158.195 356.052

Dipicryl sulfide Diethylene glycol divinyl ether

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl sl EtOH, chl sl chl

0.925 1.11451

1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

182 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8

bl-viol cry

sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 vs bz, EtOH, chl 0.896225

1.480425

vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc

250

4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl

Ditridecyl thiodipropionate

1.598220 1.437120

245.7 232

1040 Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1041 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Bithionol

1.18325 0.94325

133

308.333

1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057

13518 663

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO

1.171111

537-91-7

Triphosgene

vs ace, MeOH s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc

1.366315

ye nd (al)

C12H8N2O4S2

4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate)

Solubility

s ctc

Nitrophenide

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane 1046 N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1047 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene 1048 Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

nD

73

1039 Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

1042 1043 1044 1045

den/ g cm-3

2550.1

312 dec 167 296.5

1.01815

1.573

nd (bz/EtOH) 222

liq

ye cry

26 230 188

vs ace, EtOH s chl 203 2650.25 8515, 7610 116 115 34.6 134 exp 8110

1.629080 vs EtOH 1.48725 1.379025

1.433520 1.391625

0.77020

1.41320

i H2O vs EtOH, peth

1.7325

vs ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-55

O HO

OH

HO

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane

OH

HO

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

O O

OH

O

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

O O O S

O

HO

HS

OH

O

SH

S

Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

O

O

O O

O

Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate

N N

O

O

N H

O O

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione

O HN

O

S O HN 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene

Hg

N

N

O

O

Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide

O

O

S Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether

Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide

S

O O S

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

H N

H N S

Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury

1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

O

O N

N S

1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane

O O N

N

N

O N O

S S

S

O N O

S

O N O O O N S S

O

O O

Bismuth acetate

O Bi

OH

Bismuth subsalicylate

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

H N

O N O

O N O

O

H N O

N O

N O

Cl Br O

O Co

O

Br

N H

O

Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt

Cl

Cl

Br O

Br

O

Cl Cl

Br

Cl

Br

H N

Cl Cl

F

NH2

F

Cl

OH

N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea

O O

Cl

H N

OH O

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine

O

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea

1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide

Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O

O

1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

Bis(methylthio)methane

O N O

O

O

S

O Bi

N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea

Cl

Cl

1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F

F

F

S Cl Cl

Cl

O O

Cl O

O Cl Cl

F F

O

Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

F

F

F F

3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate

F

F F

F

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O O N OO N F F F

S

S

F F

F

Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

O N O Si

Si

1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene

S N OO N O O Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide

OH HO

O N O

S

Cl O

O

O

Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether

Cl

Cl Cl

Bithionol

3-56

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1058 2,2’-Bithiophene

C8H6S2

492-97-7

166.264

1059 Bixin

C25H30O4

6983-79-5

394.504

viol pr (ace) 198

C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P

846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1

286.408 327.375 282.184

cry (eth) ye oil

1063 Borane carbonyl 1064 Borneol, (±)

CH3BO C10H18O

13205-44-2 6627-72-1

41.845 154.249

col gas lf (lig)

1065 l-Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

5655-61-8

1066 Bornylamine

C10H19N

No. Name

1060 Boldenone 1061 Boldine 1062 Bomyl

Synonym

Dehydrotestosterone

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

33

260

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc

165 163 16017 -137 208

-64 sub

1.01120

196.286

27

223.5

0.98225

1.462620

32511-34-5

153.265

163

464-41-5

172.695

53022-14-3 353-42-4

238.366 113.874

C4H10BF3O

109-63-7

141.927

liq

1071 Brilliant Green

C27H34N2O4S

633-03-4

482.635

1072 Brilliant Yellow

C26H20N4Na2O8S2 3051-11-4

626.569

small gold cry ye cry (w)

1073 Brodifacoum

C31H23BrO3

56073-10-0

523.417

off-wh pow

C9H13BrN2O2

314-40-9

261.115

C30H23BrO4

28772-56-7

527.406

ye-wh pow

C2H3Br3O2 C15H12Br4O2

507-42-6 79-94-7

298.756 543.871

mcl pr (w+1) 53.5 179

1078 N-Bromoacetamide 1079 Bromoacetic acid

C2H4BrNO C2H3BrO2

79-15-2 79-08-3

137.963 138.948

nd (chl-hx) hex or orth cry

1080 Bromoacetone

C3H5BrO

598-31-2

136.975

liq

nd (al) orth 50.5 pr (al) pl(peth) nd (95% al) 127

1067 Bornyl chloride

1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1 R) 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate

1074 Bromacil

C10H17Cl 2-Chloro-1,7,7trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate C15H26O2 C2H6BF3O

5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil

1075 Bromadiolone

1076 Bromal hydrate 1077 Bromdian

Tetrabromobisphenol A

nd

132

207.5

-14

257.5 dec 127

0.95525 1.241020

1.30220

-60.4

125.5

1.12525

1.34820

1.5525

158 205

dec

2.566140

103.5 50

208

1.933550

1.480450

-36.5

138; 31.58

1.63423

1.469715

13518

1.64720

148.5 4.7

2.31222

ω-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO

70-11-1

199.045

1082 4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

2-Bromo-4’phenylacetophenone

C14H11BrO

135-73-9

275.140

Butallylonal

C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3

598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7

201.844 104.933 303.152

Propallylonal

C10H13BrN2O3

545-93-7

289.125

1087 2-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

615-36-1

172.023

32

229

1.57820

1.611320

1088 3-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

591-19-5

172.023

18.5

251

1.579320

1.626020

1089 4-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

106-40-1

172.023

dec

1.4970100

1090 2-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

578-57-4

187.034

orth bipym 66.4 nd (60% al) 1.3

216

1.501820

1091 3-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

2398-37-0

187.034

1092 4-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

104-92-7

187.034

13.5

215

1093 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

6630-33-7

185.018

21.5

230

1.592520

1094 3-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

3132-99-8

185.018

234

1.593520

1095 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

1122-91-4

185.018

1.544920

131.5 cry (dil HOAc, dil al)

181

211; 10516

lf (dil al)

58

dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl

230

col gas

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs eth, EtOH

1081 α-Bromoacetophenone

1083 Bromoacetyl bromide 1084 Bromoacetylene 1085 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 1086 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5isopropylbarbituric acid

Solubility

672

1.572720 1.563520

1.456420

1.564220

vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl

s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-57 HO OH O

H

O S

S

OH

O

O

O

O

OH

Bixin

2,2’-Bithiophene

O

N H

O

Boldenone

Boldine

O P O

O H 3B

O Bomyl

O

OH

Borane carbonyl

Borneol, (±)

Cl

NH2

O

Bornylamine

l-Bornyl acetate

Bornyl chloride

N

O

Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex

Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)

HO

F O B F F

F O B F F

O

N

HSO4

Brilliant Green

Boron trifluoride etherate

N N

O

N N

S O O O O S Na O O Na

OH

OH

Br

O

N H

O

Brilliant Yellow

Bromacil

Brodifacoum

Br O

HO Br

Br

Br

HO

OH

O

Br Br

OH

Bromadiolone

Br

Bromal hydrate

N H

Br Bromdian

Br

N-Bromoacetamide

O Br

O Br

OH

Bromoacetone

Bromoacetic acid

O

O O O

Br α-Bromoacetophenone

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

Br

O Br

Br

Br

Bromoacetylene

Bromoacetyl bromide

NH2

3-Bromoaniline

2-Bromoanisole

N H

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

O

Br Br

Br 4-Bromoaniline

NH O

O

O

O

Br

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid

Br Br

2-Bromoaniline

N H

O O

Br

NH O

Br

NH2 NH2

O

OH

OH

O

N

Br

3-Bromoanisole

Br 4-Bromoanisole

Br 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-58

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1096 Bromobenzene

Phenyl bromide

C6H5Br

108-86-1

157.008

liq

-30.72

156.06

1.495020

1.559720

C8H7BrO2

1878-68-8

215.045

nd (w)

116

sub

C8H6BrN C8H6BrN

16532-79-9 5798-79-8

196.045 196.045

pa ye cry (al) 48.0 ye cry (dil al) 29

1100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

C6H5BrO2

583-69-7

189.007

lf (lig), cry (chl)

1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride p-Brosyl chloride

C6H4BrClO2S

98-58-8

255.517

15315

1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol

C6H5BrS

106-53-6

189.073

tcl or mcl pl 76 (eth) lf (al) 73

230.5

1.526083

1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

88-65-3

201.018

mcl pr (w), nd

sub

1.92925

1104 3-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

585-76-2

201.018

>280

1.84520

1105 4-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

586-76-5

201.018

1106 2-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

2042-37-7

182.018

mcl nd (dil 155 al) nd (eth), lf 254.5 (w), mcl pr nd (w) 55.5

1107 3-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

6952-59-6

182.018

1108 4-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

623-00-7

182.018

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1109 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

C20H11Br

21248-00-0

331.205

1110 2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 1111 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO

7154-66-7 586-75-4

219.463 219.463

1.596320

1112 2-Bromobiphenyl 1113 3-Bromobiphenyl 1114 4-Bromobiphenyl

C12H9Br C12H9Br C12H9Br

2052-07-5 2113-57-7 92-66-0

233.103 233.103 233.103

pl (al)

0.932725

1115 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) benzene 1116 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl) benzene 1117 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl) benzene

C7H6Br2

3433-80-5

249.931

C7H6Br2

823-78-9

sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl

C7H6Br2

42165 101.6

1.39720 1.275820

1.498820 1.440120

91.3

1.258520 2.07325

1.436620

206 1.496720 dec 217; 12725 1.564120 14225, 1257 3611 86.1 1.326515

1.481820

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

1097 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid 1098 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile 1099 α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

α-Bromobenzyl cyanide

p-Bromobenzyl bromide

1118 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1121 1-Bromobutane

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane C6H6Br2N2

1122 2-Bromobutane, (±) 1123 Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)

111.5

150

dec 242; 13312 1.53929

sub

1.89420 252

39.5

225

nd (w, al)

114

236

cry (ace/ MeOH) nd nd (peth)

223 11 42

243 246; 181125

0.8 91.5

297 300; 17117 310

cry (al, lig)

31

12919

249.931

nd or lf

42

12212

589-15-1

249.931

nd (al)

63

35691-65-7

265.933

1.217526

1.624825 1.641120

52

p-Bromophenacyl bromide

C8H6Br2O

99-73-0

277.941

nd (al)

111

Butyl bromide

C4H5Br C4H9Br

1822-86-2 109-65-9

132.987 137.018

liq

-112.6

(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid

C4H9Br C4H5BrO4

5787-31-5 584-98-5

137.018 196.985

liq

-112.65 161

C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br

5332-06-9 2385-70-8 2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2

148.002 167.002 167.002 151.002 135.003

1129 trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

32620-08-9

135.003

liq

-100.3

94.7

1.320915

1.452720

1130 2-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

23074-36-4

135.003

liq

-133.4

88

1.320915

1.452720

1131 4-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

5162-44-7

135.003

98.5

1.323020

1.462220

1132 1-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

4784-77-4

135.003

104.5

1.337125

1.482220

1133 cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-68-3

135.003

93.9

1.341615

1.463119

1124 1125 1126 1127 1128

4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±) 4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

DL-α-Bromobutyric acid

-2.0 33

liq

-111.5

1.453620

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-59 OH

Br

Br

Br

OH N O

Br Bromobenzene

OH

α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

Cl O S O

N

Br

HO

SH HO

HO

O

2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

O N

O

Br

Br Br

Br

4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

4-Bromobenzenethiol

Br

Br

3-Bromobenzoic acid

2-Bromobenzoic acid

4-Bromobenzoic acid

N

Cl

N Cl

2-Bromobenzonitrile

O

O Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

4-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride

4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

2-Bromobiphenyl

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene

4-Bromobiphenyl

3-Bromobiphenyl

O

Br 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene

Br

N

N

Br

Br

2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile

2-Bromobutane, (±)

1-Bromobutane

2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene

2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone

Br

OH O O

Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)

O O

OH Br

Br

Br

Br Br

Br

N

O Br

OH

4-Bromobutanenitrile

2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)

Br

OH

3-Bromo-2-butanone

4-Bromobutanoic acid

Br

Br Br cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br

Br trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

2-Bromo-1-butene

4-Bromo-1-butene

Br 1-Bromo-2-butene

cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

3-60

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1134 trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-71-8

135.003

liq

-114.6

85.6

1.332315

1.460216

1135 (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1136 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

C10H13BrO C10H13Br

1200-03-9 3972-65-4

229.113 213.114

cry (al)

41 19

15418 231.5

1.228620

1.543620

C8H6BrClO C6H4BrCl

41011-01-2 694-80-4

233.490 191.453

nd liq

40 -12.3

397.5 204

1.638725

1.580920

1139 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

108-37-2

191.453

liq

-21.5

196

1.630220

1.577120

1140 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

106-39-8

191.453

nd or pl (al, 68 eth)

196

1.57671

1.553170

1141 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

C4H8BrCl

6940-78-9

171.464

175; 6310

1.48920

1.488520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2

353-59-3 126-06-7

165.365 241.471

C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl

593-96-4 107-04-0

CHBrClF

No. Name

1137 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 1138 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

1142 Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1143 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1144 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1145 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

Synonym

3-Chlorophenacyl bromide

Halon 1211

1146 Bromochlorofluoromethane

col gas

-159.5 162

-3.7

143.410 143.410

liq

-16.7

83 107

1.66710 1.739220

1.466020 1.490820

593-98-6

147.374

liq

-115

36

1.97710

1.414425

-87.9

68.0

1.934420

1.483820

118

1.53120

1.474520

143.3

1.596920

1.486420

1147 Bromochloromethane

Halon 1011

CH2BrCl

74-97-5

129.384

liq

1148 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 1149 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 1150 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

p-Bromobenzyl chloride

C7H6BrCl

589-17-3

205.480

nd (al, peth) 50

p-Chlorophenacyl bromide

C8H6BrClO

536-38-9

233.490

nd

C3H6BrCl

3017-96-7

157.437

1151 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

109-70-6

157.437

1152 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

3017-95-6

157.437

117

1.53720

1.479520

1153 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

2310-98-7

157.437

95

1.49520

1.457520

1154 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 1155 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane 1156 Bromocresol Green

C2HBrClF3

354-06-3

197.381

52.5

1.857425

1.373820

Halothane

C2HBrClF3

151-67-7

197.381

50.2; 20243

1.856325

1.36970

Bromcresol Green

C21H14Br4O5S

76-60-8

698.014

1157 Bromocresol Purple 1158 Bromocycloheptane

Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide

C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br

115-40-2 2404-35-5

540.222 177.082

1159 Bromocyclohexane

Cyclohexyl bromide

C6H11Br

108-85-0

163.055

liq

-56.5

C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br

32388-22-0 822-85-5 1521-51-3

179.054 177.038 161.039

pl (hx)

81.5

C5H9Br C10H21Br

137-43-9 112-29-8

149.029 221.178

liq

1165 2-Bromodecanoic acid 1166 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2

2623-95-2 19752-55-7

251.161 225.898

1167 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

C6H3BrCl2

18282-59-2

CBrCl2F CHBrCl2

1160 trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 1161 2-Bromocyclohexanone 1162 3-Bromocyclohexene 1163 Bromocyclopentane 1164 1-Bromodecane

1168 Bromodichlorofluoromethane 1169 Bromodichloromethane

Cyclopentyl bromide

Halon 1121

1170 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 1171 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 1172 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline 1173 Bromodifluoromethane 1174 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone

α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone

liq

wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)

236

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth

96.5

-58.9

218.5

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz

241.5 10140, 7512

1.308020

1.499620

166.2

1.335920

1.495720

11432, 9014 8140, 5611

1.34025 1.389020

1.508525 1.532020

-29.2

137.5 240.6

1.387320 1.070220

1.488620 1.455720

2.0 83

1402 232

1.191224

1.459524

pr (al)

225.898

pr

25

237

353-58-2 75-27-4

181.819 163.829

liq liq

-57

52.8 90

1.9522 1.98020

1.496420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN

1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4

241.897 197.070 228.129

nd

71.5 1.438720

38

170; 6618 270

1.28320

nd or pr

CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2

1511-62-2 5061-21-2

130.920 164.986

-14.6 13020

1.5516 1.820

s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH

1.505920

-145

i H2O; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-61 Br O

Br

O

Br

Br Cl

Br Cl 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

Br

Br

O

Br

N

Cl Cl 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

F

Cl

Cl 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

Br

O

F

N Cl

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Br

Br

Br

Cl Br

Cl H

H

F

Br

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

1-Bromo-1-chloroethane

O

Cl

Cl

H Br

Bromochlorofluoromethane

Cl

Br Br

2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

Cl

Br

1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

Br

Cl F

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

Br

O

O

S O O

S O O

Bromocresol Green

Bromocresol Purple

F F

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

OH

Br

Br

Br Br F

HO

OH

Br Cl

Br Cl 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

Br

HO

F

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Br

Cl

F

Cl

Bromochloromethane

Bromocycloheptane

OH O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br 2-Bromocyclohexanone

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol

Bromocyclohexane

3-Bromocyclohexene

1-Bromodecane

Bromocyclopentane

Cl Br

O

Cl Cl

Br 2-Bromodecanoic acid

Br

Br OH Cl

Cl

1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

Cl

F

4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

H Cl

Cl

Br

Bromodichloromethane

Bromodichlorofluoromethane

N

OH Cl

F

Cl Br 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol

O

Br

Br

Br O

2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane

H

Br

F

4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

Bromodifluoromethane

O

O

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

3-62

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

5798-94-7

232.032

cry (al)

232 dec

C8H9BrO2 C8H9BrO2 C4H9BrO2 C8H10BrN

25245-34-5 2859-78-1 7252-83-7 586-77-6

217.060 217.060 169.017 200.076

oil

55

262; 13010 254.5 149 264

1.445 1.570020 1.70225 1.574320 1.43020 1.445020 1.3220100

1180 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-70-0

185.061

liq

-17

205

1.341920

1.550120

1181 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1182 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1183 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br

556-96-7 576-22-7 553-94-6

185.061 185.061 185.061

1.36220

lf or pl

9

204 203.5; 10020 199; 8813

1.358218

1.546222 1.555220 1.551418

1184 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-71-1

185.061

liq

-0.2

214.5

1.370820

1.553020

C10H17Br

6138-90-5

217.146

10112, 470.005

1.094022

1.502720

C5H11Br

630-17-1

151.045

106

1.199720

1.437020

1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

C6H4BrN3O4

1817-73-8

262.018

1188 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1189 α-Bromodiphenylmethane

C6H3BrN2O4 C13H11Br

584-48-5 776-74-9

247.003 247.130

C12H25Br

143-15-7

249.231

C12H23BrO2

111-56-8

No. Name

Synonym

1175 5-Bromo-N,2dihydroxybenzamide 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 1178 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 1179 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid C7H6BrNO3

1185 trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadiene 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1190 1-Bromododecane

trans-Geranyl bromide

Lauryl bromide

1191 2-Bromododecanoic acid

Mol. Form.

ye nd (al or HOAc) ye nd (al)

sub

75 45

18420, 1522

liq

-9.5

276

1.039920

1.458320

279.214

pl

32

1582

1.147474

1.458524

liq

-118.6

38.5

1.460420

1.423920

150; 514

1.762920

1.491520

15.8

1.493320

1.438020

1.422320 1.407125

1.551720

Ethyl bromide

C2H5Br

74-96-4

108.965

1193 2-Bromoethanol

Ethylene bromohydrin

C2H5BrO

540-51-2

124.964

1194 Bromoethene

Vinyl bromide

C2H3Br

593-60-2

106.949

1195 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1196 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

C8H9BrO C8H9BrO

583-19-7 588-96-5

201.060 201.060

2.0

223 231

1197 (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

C8H9BrO

589-10-6

201.060

39

dec 240; 12820 1.355520

C4H9BrO

592-55-2

153.017

1199 2-Bromoethyl acetate

C4H7BrO2

927-68-4

167.002

1200 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide 1201 (1-Bromoethyl)benzene 1202 (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

C2H7Br2N

2576-47-8

204.892

C8H9Br C8H9Br

585-71-7 103-63-9

185.061 185.061

2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether

Solubility

153.5

1192 Bromoethane

1198 1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

nD

vol liq or gas -139.54

liq

-13.8

127.5

1.38520

1.444720

162.5

1.51420

1.45723

219; 9211 219; 10518

1.353525 1.364320

1.554325 1.537220

20

20

liq

-55.9

C8H9Br

1973-22-4

185.061

liq

-67.9

199.3

1.3548

1204 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1205 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br

2725-82-8 1585-07-5

185.061 185.061

liq

-43.5

202 204

1.349320 1.342320

1.546520 1.544520

1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF

1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4

191.109 254.081 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998

liq nd (w)

-57 83 64.5

212

1.235720

1.489920

1212 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane 1213 Bromofluoromethane 1214 2-Bromofuran

C2H4BrF CH2BrF C4H3BrO

762-49-2 373-52-4 584-12-3

126.955 112.929 146.970

1215 3-Bromofuran

C4H3BrO

22037-28-1

146.970

1216 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1217 1-Bromoheptadecane 1218 1-Bromoheptane

C5H3BrO2 C17H35Br C7H15Br

1899-24-7 3508-00-7 629-04-9

174.981 319.364 179.098

Heptyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

174.0

1203 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

liq

-17.4

vol liq or gas

cry (50% al) 83.5 29.6 liq -56.1

8916 154 150 151.5

1.5472

i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth; sl chl s chl

1.073821 1.708120 1.59315

1.533720 1.525720 1.531015

71.5 19 103

1.704425

1.423620

1.650020

1.498020

103

1.660620

1.495820

201; 11216 349 178.9

0.991620 1.140020

1.462520 1.450220

s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H N

O

3-63

O

N

O Br

OH OH

O Br

O

Br 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide

Br

O

Br

O

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene

4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

Br Br

Br Br Br

1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene

O Br

NH2

1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

O N

Br Br

O

Br trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene

O N

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

N

O

O

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

N

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

O

Br

O α-Bromodiphenylmethane

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Br

O

O

OH Br

Br

1-Bromododecane

Br

2-Bromododecanoic acid

Br

OH

2-Bromoethanol

Bromoethane

Br 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene

Bromoethene

Br Br O

O

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

Br

Br

HBr H2N

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide

2-Bromoethyl acetate

(1-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br

O

Br

Br

N

Br

Br

Br O 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br

1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane

N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide

Br Br

Br

F

F F 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene

1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene

1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene

F 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

F

H Br

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane

H Br

O

Bromofluoromethane

Br O 3-Bromofuran

Br

O

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

Br

Br

O 1-Bromoheptadecane

1-Bromoheptane

Br

2-Bromofuran

3-64

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1219 2-Bromoheptane

2-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

1974-04-5

179.098

1220 4-Bromoheptane

4-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

998-93-6

179.098

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

47

166

1.127720

1.450320

161; 8472

1.135120

1.449520

336

0.999120

1.461825

i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth

Hexyl bromide

C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br

112-82-3 18263-25-7 111-25-1

305.337 335.320 165.071

155.3

1.174420

1.447820

1224 2-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-86-4

165.071

143; 7890

1.165820

1.483225

1225 3-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-87-5

165.071

142

1.179920

1.447220

1226 1227 1228 1229 1230

C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2

2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1

195.054 195.054 213.499 257.166 201.018

240; 14023 16720 1016 15613

1.281033

1231 4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic p-Bromomandelic acid acid, (±) 1232 5-Bromo-2Bromosaligenin hydroxybenzenemethanol 1233 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H7BrO3

7021-04-7

231.044

C7H7BrO2

2316-64-5

203.034

lf (bz)

C7H5BrO3

89-55-4

217.017

nd (w, dil al) 169.8

1234 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H7BrO3

2973-76-4

231.044

pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)

1235 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

583-55-1

282.904

1236 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

591-18-4

282.904

liq

1237 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

589-87-7

282.904

pr or pl (eth- 92 al)

CH2BrI C7H4BrNO C9H11Br

557-68-6 2493-02-9 586-61-8

220.835 198.017 199.087

nd liq

-22.5

139.5 226 218.7

C9H6BrN CH3Br

1532-97-4 74-83-9

208.055 94.939

cry (peth) col gas

41.5 -93.68

1243 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane 1244 Bromomethoxymethane 1245 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN

6482-24-2 13057-17-5 583-68-6

138.991 124.964 186.050

lf

1246 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

C7H8BrN

583-75-5

186.050

C7H7Br

100-39-0

171.035

C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br

6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5

215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045

1221 1-Bromohexadecane 1222 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1223 1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) 6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

1238 Bromoiodomethane 1239 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1240 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1241 4-Bromoisoquinoline 1242 Bromomethane

1247 (Bromomethyl)benzene

1248 1249 1250 1251

p-Bromophenyl isocyanate

Methyl bromide

Benzyl bromide

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Physical Form

liq

cry (peth)

nd (al), lf (eth)

18 52.8 -83.7

2.0 35

1.230620

1.526220

105.5 119 113 sub 100

167.0

9.5

257; 12015

-9.3

252; 12018

1.661825

2.92617

1.641020

1.314520

1.556920

282.5 3.5

1.675520

1.421820

26

110 87 240

1.462320 1.597620 1.51020

cry (al)

59.5

240

liq

-1.5

201

1.4475320 1.456220 1.599920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 20 1.5752 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

226.3 96.5 114

1304

252

119

1.438025

1.220520

1.445220

20

20

Isopentyl bromide

C5H11Br

107-82-4

151.045

liq

-112

1253 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1254 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1255 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid

C5H11Br C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br

507-36-8 5798-88-9 870-63-3

151.045 181.028 149.029

nd (lig)

74

C7H6BrCl

611-17-6

205.480

10910

C3H8BrClSi

16532-02-8

187.539

131

1.37525

1.463025

C7H13Br

13905-48-1

177.082

181; 6011

1.267615

1.497920

C7H13Br C7H6BrF C8H17Br

2550-36-9 456-41-7 18908-66-2

177.082 189.025 193.125

7626 8820 6710

1.28320

1.490730 1.547420

1259 (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1260 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 1261 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2

2.257025

1252 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

1256 1-(Bromomethyl)-2chlorobenzene 1257 (Bromomethyl) chlorodimethylsilane 1258 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth vs peth

120.4

1.2071

108

1.19718

dec 131; 5040 1.293015

1.4420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl

1.4421 1.493015

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs eth; s bz vs bz, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-65 Br O

Br

Br

Br

OH 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid

1-Bromohexadecane

4-Bromoheptane

2-Bromoheptane

Br O Br

Br

Br 2-Bromohexane

1-Bromohexane

OH

Br

O

O

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O OH

Br

4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

I

Br

O

HO

OH

OH

Br

1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene

OH

OH OH

O 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride

6-Bromohexanoic acid

Br O

Cl

O

OH 2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)

3-Bromohexane

Br

I

OH 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

H

I

H

1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

Bromoiodomethane

I

Br

O

C

N

1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene

NH2 Br

Br

H H N

4-Bromoisoquinoline

1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

Br H

O

Br

O

Bromomethane

Br

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane

2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

N

N

OH

O

Bromomethoxymethane

NH2 Br

Br

Br 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

Br

Br

Br 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid

(Bromomethyl)benzene

4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Br Br

Br

Br

Cl

OH Br

O 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

Br

Br

1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene

Br Br

Br

Si

Cl

(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane

F 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene

3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-66

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1262 1-(Bromomethyl)-2methylbenzene 1263 1-(Bromomethyl)-3methylbenzene 1264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4methylbenzene 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C8H9Br

89-92-9

185.061

pr

21

217; 10816

1.381123

1.573020

C8H9Br

620-13-3

185.061

212.5

1.371123

1.566020

C8H9Br

104-81-4

185.061

nd (al)

220

1.32425

C11H9Br

3163-27-7

221.093

cry (peth, al) 56

18318, 16710

1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Br

939-26-4

221.093

lf (al)

213100, 16714

1267 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1268 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2

3958-57-4 100-11-8

216.033 216.033

nd or pl (al) 59.3 nd (al) 99.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

1269 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol 1270 (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

C7H6BrNO3 C3H5BrO

772-33-8 82584-73-4

232.032 136.975

liq

C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO

25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0

165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034

nd (peth)

C13H11BrO

51632-16-7

263.129

oil

C9H9BrO

619-41-0

213.070

2-(Bromomethyl)-1 H-isoindole- C9H6BrNO2 1,3(2H)-dione Isobutyl bromide C4H9Br

5332-26-3

tert-Butyl bromide α-Bromoisobutyric acid

No. Name

Synonym

35

56

16213

148 -40

137

1.61514

1.484120

1.162420 1.168320

56.5

141 145 142.5; 70100 130; 76100 213.5

1.449520 1.4490 1.44223 1.452520 1.577220

nd or lf (al)

51

15714

240.054

pr (chl, bz)

151.5

78-77-3

137.018

liq

-119

91.1

1.27215

1.434820

C4H9Br C4H7BrO2 C4H6Br2O

507-19-7 2052-01-9 20769-85-1

137.018 167.002 229.898

liq cry (peth)

-16.2 48.5

73.3 199; 11524 163

1.427820 1.496960 1.406714

1.427820

C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO C4H11BrSi C10H7Br

3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9 18243-41-9 90-11-9

135.003 135.003 165.028 167.120 207.067

1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.17025 1.478520

1.485020 1.446020 1.65820

1288 2-Bromonaphthalene

C10H7Br

580-13-2

207.067

1.60525

1.638260

1289 4-Bromo-1,8naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol

C12H5BrO3

81-86-7

277.070

C10H7BrO

573-97-7

223.066

1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

C6H5BrN2O2

875-51-4

217.020

1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

577-19-5

1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1276 1-(Bromomethyl)-3phenoxybenzene 1277 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

1280 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1281 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid 1282 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1283 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1284 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1285 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran 1286 (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1287 1-Bromonaphthalene

2-Methylpentyl bromide

3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide

1-Naphthyl bromide

1-Bromo-β-naphthol

oily liq

6.1

91 95 170; 7022 116.5 281

pl or orth lf (al)

55.9

281.5

202.006

585-79-5

202.006

C6H4BrNO2

586-78-7

202.006

CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4 C9H19Br C18H37Br

563-70-2 52-51-7 693-58-3 112-89-0

139.937 199.989 207.151 333.391

C8H17Br

111-83-1

193.125

1300 2-Bromooctane, (±)

C8H17Br

60251-57-2

193.125

1301 8-Bromooctanoic acid 1302 1-Bromopentadecane

C8H15BrO2 C15H31Br

17696-11-6 629-72-1

223.108 291.311

1295 1296 1297 1298

Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane

1299 1-Bromooctane

p-Nitrobromobenzene

Bronopol

Octyl bromide

vs eth, EtOH s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc vs ace, CS2

s EtOH, eth s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc

222

orth pr (bzlig) nd (HOAc) oran-ye nd (w) pa ye (al)

1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene

1.183520 1.542225

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl

84

130

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH

111.5

sub

43

258

1.624580

orth

56

265

1.703620

orth or mcl pr (al)

127

256

1.94825

149; 7140

1.597920

1.488020

liq cry (al)

131.5 -29.0 28.2

221.4; 884 362; 21010

1.084525 0.984820

1.452225 1.463120

liq

-55.0

200.8

1.107225

1.450325

188.5

1.087825

1.444225

1472 322

1.067520

1.461120

nd (peth)

38.5 19

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace; vs chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-67 Br

Br

Br

Br Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene

Br

Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

OH Br

N O

O O

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

N

O

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

Br

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol

(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

OH

Br

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane

1-Bromo-4-methylpentane

O

O

Br

Br Br Br

Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane

2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

3-Bromo-3-methylpentane

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene

2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone

O Br

Br

N

OH

Br O N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide

Br

Br

Br

O 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

O

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide

Br Br Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene

O

O

2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

3-Bromo-2-methylpropene

O

O

Si

Br

NH2 O N

Br

Br

(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane

O N

Br

O

Br

O N

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

1-Bromo-2-naphthol

Br O

Bromonitromethane

O

Br

Br

HO

2-Bromonaphthalene

Br

Br

OH

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride

1-Bromonaphthalene

NO2 OH

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

N O

O

1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

O

Br

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

N

O

1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene

Br

1-Bromononane

1-Bromooctadecane

OH Br 1-Bromooctane

Br 2-Bromooctane, (±)

Br

O 8-Bromooctanoic acid

Br 1-Bromopentadecane

3-68

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

Pentyl bromide

C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br

344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2

246.960 198.917 151.045

liq col gas liq

-31

1.98125 1.809825 1.218220

1.449020

-88.0

137 -21 129.8

1306 2-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

107-81-3

151.045

liq

-95.5

117.4

1.207520

1.441320

1307 3-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

1809-10-5

151.045

liq

-126.2

118.6

1.21420

1.444120

1308 1309 1310 1311

C5H8BrN C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br

5414-21-1 2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1

162.029 181.028 149.029 257.125

1.398920

1.478020

1.258120 1.409310

1.464020

64.5

11112, 10310 14213 125.5 >360

1312 2-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

95-56-7

173.007

5.6

194.5

1.492420

1.58920

1313 3-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

591-20-8

173.007

33

236.5

1314 4-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

106-41-2

173.007

66.4

238

1.84015

1263.5 12625

1.608820 1.261920 1.71725

No. Name 1303 Bromopentafluorobenzene 1304 Bromopentafluoroethane 1305 1-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile 5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene

9-Phenanthryl bromide

1315 Bromophenol Blue

Bromphenol Blue

C19H10Br4O5S

115-39-9

669.960

1316 1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene 1317 (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane 1318 N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether p-Bromoacetanilide

C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi C8H8BrNO

101-55-3 17878-44-3 103-88-8

249.102 245.188 214.060

1319 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1320 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

p-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO C8H7BrO

2142-63-4 99-90-1

199.045 199.045

1321 (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

C6H7BrN2

589-21-9

187.037

1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1 H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 1323 (4-Bromophenyl) phenylmethanone 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

Bromindione

C15H9BrO2

1146-98-1

C13H9BrO

1325 Bromophos

40.0 pr (al)

hex pr 279 dec (HOAc-ace) 18.72 nd (60% al) 168

lf (al)

7.5 50.5

13319 257; 13011

301.135

nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) cry (lig)

138

90-90-4

261.113

lf (al)

82.5

C9H9BrO

2114-00-3

213.070

C8H8BrCl2PS

2104-96-3

317.999

ye cry

54

1410.01

nD

Solubility

1.444720

s chl

1.64725

1.608420 1.514520

1.575520 1.647

108

350 247.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.429820

1.572020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol

1326 Bromophos-ethyl 1327 1-Bromopropane

Propyl bromide

C10H12BrCl2O3PS 4824-78-6 C3H7Br 106-94-5

394.049 122.992

pale-ye liq liq

-110.3

1220.004 71.1

1.353720

1.434320

1328 2-Bromopropane

Isopropyl bromide

C3H7Br

75-26-3

122.992

liq

-89.0

59.5

1.314020

1.425120

1329 3-Bromopropanenitrile

C3H4BrN

2417-90-5

133.975

9225, 697

1.615220

1.480020

1330 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

C3H5BrO2

10327-08-9

152.975

pr

25.7

203.5

1.700020

1.475320

C3H5BrO2

590-92-1

152.975

pl (CCl4)

62.5

14145

1.4825

1332 3-Bromo-1-propanol

C3H7BrO

627-18-9

138.991

105185, 8022

1.537420

1.483425

1333 1-Bromo-2-propanol

C3H7BrO

19686-73-8

138.991

146.5

1.558530

1.480120

1334 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 1335 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride 1336 cis-1-Bromopropene

C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br

563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6

215.871 171.420 120.976

liq

-113

153 132 57.8

2.061116 1.69711 1.429120

1.478020 1.456020

s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1337 trans-1-Bromopropene 1338 2-Bromopropene

C3H5Br C3H5Br

590-15-8 557-93-7

120.976 120.976

liq

-126

63.2 48.4

1.396516

1.446716

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2 vs EtOH vs eth

1331 3-Bromopropanoic acid

1339 3-Bromopropene

1340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

β-Bromopropionic acid

Allyl bromide

3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide

20

C3H5Br

106-95-6

120.976

liq

-119

70.1

1.398

C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N

4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4

197.071 215.086 218.918

nd (al, eth)

34 10.7 171.5

13010 12718

1.342830 1.36416

1.4697

20

1.61320

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-69

F F

Br

F

F F

F

F

Br

F

F F

Br

Br N

2-Bromopentane

1-Bromopentane

Bromopentafluoroethane

Bromopentafluorobenzene

Br

Br 3-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile

OH Br Br

OH

OH Br

O Br

OH

Br

5-Bromo-1-pentene

5-Bromopentanoic acid

Br

3-Bromophenol

2-Bromophenol

9-Bromophenanthrene

4-Bromophenol

OH Br

Br

O Br O

Si

HN

O

OH O S O O

O

Br

Br

Bromophenol Blue

Br

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene

O

HN

Br

Br N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone

NH2 O

O

O

Br Br

O

Br

1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

Br

Cl

Cl

Br

Br

1-Bromopropane

Bromophos-ethyl

O OH

Br

Br

3-Bromopropanenitrile

Br Br

OH

3-Bromo-1-propanol

OH

Br

Br 2-Bromopropane

OH 1-Bromo-2-propanol

Br trans-1-Bromopropene

O

N

Br Bromophos

3-Bromopropanoic acid

2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

S O P O O Cl

S O P O O Cl

Br

Br

Br (4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

Br

Cl Br

O

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide

Br

2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

O

2-Bromopropanoyl chloride

O

Br H2N

Br 2-Bromopropene

3-Bromopropene

Br cis-1-Bromopropene

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene

(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene

Br

HBr

3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

3-70

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1343 Bromopropylate

4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester

C17H16Br2O3

18181-80-1

428.115

C9H11Br C3H3Br

637-59-2 106-96-7

199.087 118.960

1346 2-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

109-04-6

157.997

liq

1347 3-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

626-55-1

157.997

liq

C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2

1120-87-2 51-20-7

157.997 190.983

C9H6BrN C9H6BrN

5332-24-1 5332-25-2

208.055 208.055

1352 N-Bromosuccinimide

C4H4BrNO2

128-08-5

177.985

1353 1354 1355 1356

C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS C4H3BrS

112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2 1003-09-4

277.284 164.024 205.072 163.036

C4H3BrS

872-31-1

163.036

C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br

76-59-5 95-46-5

624.381 171.035

liq

1360 3-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

591-17-3

171.035

1361 4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

106-38-7

1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368

CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3 C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3

1344 (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 1345 3-Bromo-1-propyne

1348 4-Bromopyridine 1349 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 1350 3-Bromoquinoline 1351 6-Bromoquinoline

Propargyl bromide

5-Bromouracil

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O; vs eth s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ace, bz

1.5920

77 219.5; 11725 89

1.310625 1.57919

1.544025 1.492220

-40.1

193; 7513

1.633720

1.573420

-27.3

173; 6918

1.6450

1.569420

0.5 310

290.4

1.64500

1.569420

ye oil

13.3 24

275 281

cry (bz)

174

1.664120

2.09825

307 171 1034 150

1.017020 1.8225

1.460320 1.592720

1.68420

1.586820

159.5

1.73520

1.591920

201 -27.8

181.7

1.423220

1.556520

liq

-39.8

183.7

1.409920

1.551020

171.035

cry (al)

28.5

184.3

1.395935

1.547720

75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7 598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6

198.274 263.257 195.173 162.936 160.920 148.910 225.006

liq

105 292 163; 6624 26 -2.5 -57.8 167.5

2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120

1.506520 1.457425 1.456120 1.333120

1.580020 1.65225

1.481720

C7H4BrF3

401-78-5

225.006

151.5

1.61325

1.471620

C7H4BrF3

402-43-7

225.006

160

1.60725

1.470525

C9H11Br

576-83-0

199.087

CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2

560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1

229.931 323.226 235.205 265.188

1376 (1-Bromovinyl)benzene 1377 (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene 1378 (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7

183.046 183.046 183.046

1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1381 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

2039-88-5 2039-86-3 2039-82-9

183.046 183.046 183.046

liq

1382 Brompheniramine 1383 Brucine

C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4

86-22-6 357-57-3

319.239 394.463

ye oily liq mcl pr (w +4) 178

C23H27ClN2O4

5786-96-9

430.924

pr

C46H68N4O19S

60583-39-3

1013.113 nd (w)

C14H22N2O3

841-73-6

266.336

1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone 2-Bromothiophene

2-Thienyl bromide

1357 3-Bromothiophene 1358 Bromothymol Blue 1359 2-Bromotoluene

Bromthymol Blue

Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1369 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1370 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1371 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

1372 1373 1374 1375

Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

1384 Brucine hydrochloride 1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

1386 Bucolome

Triphenylmethyl bromide

2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, sulfate, heptahydrate 5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

5.6 nd (al)

94.5

-5.65 6.2 liq -49.3 vol liq or gas -93.9 col gas col gas -172

1

-1

225

1.319110

1.551020

5610 23015 258.8 18818

2.031220 1.550020 1.049425

1.480820

liq nd (liq)

17.5 153 -9.7 57 -44 -7 7

8614, 713 1.402523 552 1.432210 dec 219; 10820 1.426916

1.588120 1.599022 1.609320

-52.8

209.2; 9820 9220 212; 10320

1.592720 1.593320 1.594720

7.7

nd (MeOH)

1500.5

sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl

i H2O; vs chl

liq

1.416020 1.405920 1.398420

s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx vs ace, bz, EtOH

1.455225

i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc vs EtOH, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz

84

1860.8

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-71

O HO

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

Br Bromopropylate

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene

N

Br

N

2-Bromopyridine

3-Bromo-1-propyne

N 4-Bromopyridine

3-Bromopyridine

O Br

H

N

Br

N H

Br O

O

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

3-Bromoquinoline

O

N Br

N

N

Br

HO

OH

Br

Br

Br N S

Br

S

Br

O

Br

S

Br

O S O O

S

2-Bromothiophene

1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone

2-Bromothiazole

1-Bromotetradecane

N-Bromosuccinimide

6-Bromoquinoline

3-Bromothiophene

Bromothymol Blue

Br

2-Bromotoluene

3-Bromotoluene

Br Br Si

Br Cl

Cl Br

Cl 4-Bromotoluene

Br

Bromotrichloromethane

F Bromotriethylsilane

1-Bromotridecane

F F

2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F

F

Br

Bromotrifluoroethene

Br Br F

Br

Br F

F

F F

F

F

Bromotrifluoromethane

1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Br

F F

F

1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

Br Br

Br O 2N

O

NO2 NO2

Br

Bromotrinitromethane

Bromotriphenylmethane

Br

OH 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

1-Bromoundecane

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene

N

Br Br

Br

N

Br Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene

(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene

1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

Brompheniramine

O H

O

N

NH

O H

O

N

H H

Brucine

NH

O

H H

O

HCl

O

O

N O

H O

H H

O

Brucine hydrochloride

N O

N

H2SO4.7H2O O

N

H H

O

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

Bucolome

H O

3-72

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1387 Bufotalin

C26H36O6

471-95-4

444.560

cry (+1 al)

223 dec

1388 Bulbocapnine

C19H19NO4

298-45-3

325.359

pr (al)

199.5

C10H19N5O

26259-45-0

225.291

C9H6N2S3

21564-17-0

238.352

liq

dec

No. Name

1389 sec-Bumeton

1390 BUSAN 72A

Synonym

N-sec-Butyl-N’-ethyl-6methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

87

1391 Butachlor 1392 1,2-Butadiene

Methylallene

C17H26ClNO2 C4H6

23184-66-9 590-19-2

311.847 54.091

1 atm 0.94525 1.469020 0.928620 1.608925 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.73640 1.41895 vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig 0.801620 1.384320 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 0.92320 vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 0.8850120 1.4087130 sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH 0.57325 1.332620 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth, chl atm) 1.06520 1.426218 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 0.87725 1.496920 s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 1.002420 1.437820 s H2O, EtOH, ace 1.005320 1.440120 1.017120 1.446020 msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 1.003320 1.431025 msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 1.047915 1.425115 1.10525 1.125 1.461120

1394 1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate 1395 (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1396 1,3-Butadiyne

Diacetylene

C4H2

460-12-8

50.059

vol liq or gas -36.4

1397 Butalbital

5-Isobutyl-5-allyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyraldehyde

C11H16N2O3

77-26-9

224.256

pr

138.5

C4H8O

123-72-8

72.106

liq

-96.86

74.8

C4H9NO

110-69-0

87.120

liq

-29.5

154

C4H9NO

541-35-5

87.120

lf (bz)

114.8

216

1401 Butane

C4H10

106-97-8

58.122

col gas

-138.3

-0.5

1402 Butanedial

C4H6O2

638-37-9

86.090

C4H12N2 C4H14Cl2N2

110-60-1 333-93-7

88.151 161.073

C4H10O2

26171-83-5

90.121

C4H10O2 C4H10O2

107-88-0 110-63-4

90.121 90.121

1408 2,3-Butanediol

C4H10O2

6982-25-8

90.121

1409 1,4-Butanediol diacetate 1410 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate 1411 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

C8H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H18O4

628-67-1 1070-70-8 2425-79-8

174.195 198.216 202.248

C12H18O4

1189-08-8

226.269

1398 Butanal

1399 Butanal oxime

1400 Butanamide

Butyramide

1403 1,4-Butanediamine 1404 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride 1405 1,2-Butanediol, (±)

Putrescine

1406 1,3-Butanediol 1407 1,4-Butanediol

1,3-Butylene glycol Tetramethylene glycol

1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) butane

1412 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

dec 170; 589 lf nd or lf (al, w)

21.91 280 dec

158.5 sub 190.5

cry (eth)

1 atm) 0.61625 (p>1 atm) 0.59925 (p>1 atm) 0.9416111

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450

Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N

6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1

88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090

1451 cis-2-Butenoic acid

Isocrotonic acid

C4H6O2

503-64-0

86.090

1452 trans-2-Butenoic acid

Crotonic acid

C4H6O2

107-93-7

86.090

C4H6O2

625-38-7

86.090

C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H8O

623-68-7 4088-60-2 504-61-0

154.163 72.106 72.106

C4H8O

627-27-0

C4H8O C4H6O

1460 2-Butenoyl chloride 1461 (trans-1-Butenyl)benzene 1462 1463 1464 1465

1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazone 1435 2-Butanone oxime 1436 1437 1438 1439

2-Butanone peroxide Butanoyl chloride Butaperazine Butazolamide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride

1440 trans-2-Butenal

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde

1441 1-Butene

1-Butylene

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile

1453 3-Butenoic acid 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol 1456 trans-2-Buten-1-ol

Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol trans-Crotyl alcohol

1457 3-Buten-1-ol

1458 3-Buten-2-ol 1459 3-Buten-2-one

2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne Butethamine hydrochloride

Methyl vinyl ketone

Vinylacetylene 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4aminobenzoate

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth; sl ctc s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os msc eth

s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

1.3931-25 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 1.3848-25 s bz

235 13113 159 107.4 120 119

1.069820 1.070020 1.40820

1.4349111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1.478220 s H2O; vs EtOH 1.475520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.500418

0.823920 0.834120

1.422520 1.406020

169

1.026720

1.445020

184.7

0.960477

1.424977

169

1.009120

1.423920

247; 12919 123 121.2

1.039720 0.866220 0.852120

1.474520 1.434225 1.428820

72.106

113.5

0.842420

1.422420

598-32-3 78-94-4

72.106 70.090

97 81.4

0.86420

1.408120

C4H5ClO C10H12

10487-71-5 1005-64-7

104.535 132.202

liq

-43.1

124.5 198.7

1.090520 0.901920

1.46018 1.542020

C10H12 C10H12 C4H4 C13H21ClN2O2

1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4 553-68-4

132.202 132.202 52.075 272.771

liq col gas cry

-70

176 177 5.1

0.883120 0.883120 0.70940

1.510120 1.505920 1.41611

2.0 25 pa ye lig liq liq liq

-51.5 -87

nd or pr 15 (peth) mcl pr or nd 71.5 (w, lig) liq -35

300 12612

0.918215

1.316620

wh cry

255

C8H10N4O2

58-08-2

194.191

sub 90

1.2319

C29H40O9

20304-47-6

532.623

1694 Calcium ascorbate

C12H14CaO12

5743-27-1

390.310

wh nd (w+1), 238 hex pr (sub) small pr 271 (ace) tricl cry (w)

1695 Calcium citrate

C12H10Ca3O14

7693-13-2

498.433

cry (w)

CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4

156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1

80.102 396.535 430.373 971.023

col hex cry cry cry wh-ye pow

C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4

814-80-2 19372-44-2

218.217 238.294

wh pow (w) col cry (MeOH)

1686 3-Butyn-2-one 1687 3-Butynylbenzene 1688 γ-Butyrolactone

Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one

1689 Cacotheline 1690 γ-Cadinene 1691 Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) 1692 Caffeine

1693 Calactin

1696 1697 1698 1699

Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate

1700 Calcium lactate 1701 Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

19-Oxogomphoside

Calcium carbimide

Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate

≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340

dec

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc s ctc

s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz

1680 2-Butyne-1,4-diol

1683 2-Butyn-1-ol 1684 3-Butyn-1-ol 1685 3-Butyn-2-ol

pl (bz, AcOEt)

169 176 dec

i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.461120

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py

s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sub

2.29

dec H2O vs H2O i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-85

N

Butyl propyl ether

S

C

S

Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

Cl

Cl Cl

Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

O

O

O O S O

O

2-Butylthiophene

Cl O

Butyl stearate

O

S

Butyl thiocyanate

O

O 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

4-tert-Butylpyridine

N

O

OH

N O

O

F F

Butyl trichloroacetate

H N

NH2

H N

NH2 O

O

F Butyl trifluoroacetate

Butyltrichlorosilane

Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

H N

O

O Cl

Butylurea

O

sec-Butylurea

O

NH2

tert-Butylurea

O

O O 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene

HO

H2N

Butyl vinyl ether

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

HO

OH

1-Butyne

O

NH2

N

N

2-Butynediamide

2-Butyne

2-Butynedinitrile

OH

O

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

2-Butynedioic acid

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

O

H

O

2-Butynoic acid

O

O O

3-Butyn-2-one

N

γ-Butyrolactone

3-Butynylbenzene

3-Butyn-2-ol

O

H S O

O O

3-Butyn-1-ol

H

N H H

O

2-Butyn-1-ol

N H

O

OH

O

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate

H

OH

Cacotheline

S

S

N

O

S

N

N Caffeine

Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)

γ-Cadinene

N

N

Cd

N

O O CH2O HO

OH H O

OH O

O

H

Ca2

O OH

O

H

O

O

O

OH

O

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

Calcium ascorbate

H N

2

3Ca

O S

O

O

2

Calactin

H HO H H

O

HO HO H

O

2

2

Ca

Calcium citrate

N

N

2

Ca2

O 2

Calcium cyclamate

Calcium cyanamide

2

Ca

O

O I

O

2 Calcium gluconate

2

Ca 2

Calcium iodobehenate

HO

Ca

O 2 Calcium lactate

2

O

O Ca

O

O

Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

3-86

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C4H6CaO4S2

814-71-1

222.297

pr (w)

220 dec

C29H40O10

20304-49-8

548.622

cry (EtOH)

268

C29H40O9

1986-70-5

532.623

pl (EtOH)

221

C28H48O 2,2-Dimethyl-3C10H16 methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan e, (1R)C10H16 2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan e, (1S)C11H16O3

17021-26-0 5794-03-6

400.680 136.234

cry (ace) nd

157.5 52

161

0.895050

1.457025

vs eth

5794-04-7

136.234

52

158

0.844650

1.456454

vs eth

18530-30-8

196.243

C10H16O

21368-68-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-49-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-48-2

152.233

C10H16O4

5394-83-2

200.232

C10H16O4S

3144-16-9

C20H21NO4 C21H30O2

Synonym

1702 Calcium thioglycollate 1703 Calotoxin

4’β-Hydroxy-19oxogomphoside

1704 Calotropin 1705 Calusterone 1706 Camphene, (+)

1707 Camphene, (-)

1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid 1709 Camphor, (±)

1710 Camphor, (+)

1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (±) 1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1R) 1,7,7Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan2-one, (1S) 1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1RS, 3SR)

pr (eth, 50% 127.5 al) wh rhom cry 178.3 (EtOH) pl

178.8

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

s H2O, EtOH; i eth

vs bz, eth, EtOH sub

207.4

0.99025

0.985318

pr, lf

202

1.186

232.297

pr (HOAc)

195 dec

29074-38-2 13956-29-1

339.386 314.462

mcl nd (al) rods (peth)

134 67

1882

C21H26O2

521-35-7

310.430

pl, lf (peth)

77

1850.05

C22H28O3 C10H12O4

976-71-6 56-25-7

340.455 196.200

cry (AcOEt) orth pl

150 218

sub 84

C6H11NO

105-60-2

113.157

lf (lig)

69.3

270

C18H27NO3

404-86-4

305.412

mcl pl or sc 65 (peth)

C40H56O3

465-42-9

584.871

C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H15NO3S

2425-06-1 133-06-2 62571-86-2

349.061 300.590 217.285

1725 Carbachol

C6H15ClN2O2

51-83-2

182.648

1726 Carbamic chloride Carbamyl chloride 1727 Carbamodithioic acid 1728 Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P

463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6

79.486 93.172 141.021

1729 Carbaryl 1730 Carbazole

C12H11NO2 C12H9N

63-25-2 86-74-8

201.221 167.206

pl or lf

145 246.3

C14H11NO2

524-80-1

225.243

lf (AcOEt)

215

C9H9N3O2

10605-21-7

191.186

300 dec

C20H31NO3 C11H9NO4 C9H8O3

77-23-6 22509-74-6 129-64-6

333.465 219.194 164.158

91 164.5

C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N

22232-54-8 5331-43-1 1563-66-2 2712-98-3

186.231 166.177 221.252 65.023

1712 Camphoric acid, (±)

1713 d-Camphorsulfonic acid 1714 Canadine, (±) 1715 Cannabidiol

DL-Tetrahydroberberine

1716 Cannabinol

6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

1717 Canrenone 1718 Cantharidin

1719 Caprolactam

6-Hexanelactam

1720 Capsaicin

1721 Capsanthin 1722 Captafol 1723 Captan 1724 Captopril

3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’one, (3R,3’S,5’R)

1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1oxypropyl)proline

Dibenzopyrolle

1731 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid 1732 Carbendazim

1733 Carbetapentane 1734 N-Carbethoxyphthalimide 1735 Carbic anhydride 1736 1737 1738 1739

Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride

Carbamic acid, 1Hbenzimidazol-2-yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide

Benzyl carbazate

Solubility s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

178.6

1711 Camphor, (-)

nD

1.04040

1.5462

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH

1.540420

vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl

2150.01

176 cry cry (CCl4) cry (AcOEt)

161 172.5 105

1.7425

210 dec

vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl

dec 62 vs EtOH, eth unstab in soln 1.22825 354.69

vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc

1.45

1650.01 orth cry (peth) cry, pow

gas

123.5 69.5 151 -90

1.41725

1.18 -13 dec

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-87 O

O

O

HO

OH H O

HO

O

HO

H

O HS

Ca

O

O

OH

O

OH H O

H

OH

2

O

H

2

O

Calcium thioglycollate

OH O

H

O

H

Calotoxin

O

H Calotropin

Calusterone

O

COOH O

O

O

Camphor, (+)

Camphor, (±)

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

O O S O OH

OH

HO

O

O Camphene, (-)

Camphene, (+)

Camphor, (-)

Camphoric acid, (±)

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

O O O

N

O

OH

O

OH

O

O HO

O

O

O

Canrenone

N S OH

HO

Captafol

O

O

OH

N

N S H

Cl

O Cl Cl Cl

Capsanthin

Capsaicin

H

O

N H

HO

O

Caprolactam

Cantharidin

O

O O

N H

O

Cannabinol

Cannabidiol

Canadine, (±)

O

Cl

O

Cl O Cl Cl

O

O N

SH

H2N

O Carbachol

Captopril

Captan

O

NH2

O

O

S Cl

H2N

Carbamic chloride

H2N

SH

Carbamodithioic acid

Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

Carbaryl

O

N H

O

Carbazole

N

O

O S

N

O O

Carbimazole

O

O

N H

NH2

Carbobenzoxyhydrazine

O

N

N

O O

O

O

O

N-Carbethoxyphthalimide

Carbetapentane

Carbendazim

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

O O

NH

OH N H

O

N

N

Carbic anhydride

O

H N

O O Carbofuran

N H

O OH P O OH

F F

N

F NH

Carboimidic difluoride

N H γ-Carboline

3-88

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1740 γ-Carboline

5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole

C11H8N2

244-69-9

168.195

nd

225

1741 Carbon dioxide

Carbonic anhydride

CO2

124-38-9

44.010

col gas

-56.56 tp

-78.5 sp

1742 Carbon diselenide 1743 Carbon disulfide

Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide

CSe2 CS2

506-80-9 75-15-0

169.93 76.141

ye liq col liq

-43.7 -112.1

125.5 46

0.72025 (p>1 atm) 2.682320 1.263220

1744 Carbonic acid 1745 Carbonic dihydrazide 1746 Carbon monoxide

Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide

CH2O3 CH6N4O CO

463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0

62.025 90.085 28.010

nd (dil al) col gas

154 -205.02

-191.5

1.61620 0.7909-19

C7H4ClNO4

7693-46-1

201.565

80

16019

C8H6ClNO4

4457-32-3

215.592

32.8

C3H2Cl4O2

17341-93-4

211.859

bp/˚C

Thiophosgene

CCl2S

463-71-8

114.982

red liq

73

1751 Carbonothioic dihydrazide

1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea

CH6N4S

2231-57-4

106.151

1752 Carbon oxyselenide

Carbonyl selenide

COSe

1603-84-5

106.97

-21.5

1753 Carbon oxysulfide

Carbonyl sulfide

COS

463-58-1

60.075

nd, pl (w) nd, 170 dec pl (w) col gas; -122 unstab col gas -138.8

1754 Carbon suboxide 1755 Carbonyl bromide 1756 Carbonyl chloride

1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene

C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O

504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5

68.031 187.818 98.916

col gas

-107

col gas

1757 Carbonyl chloride fluoride 1758 Carbonyl dicyanide

Carbonic chloride fluoride

CClFO C3N2O

353-49-1 1115-12-4

82.461 80.044

C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4

530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0

C9H18N4O4 C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

1765 1766 1767 1768

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl 2hydroxybenzoate 1769 3-Carene, (+) 1770 Carisoprodol 1771 Carminic acid 1772 Carnitine 1773 Carnosine 1774 α-Carotene

Octopine Carbocysteine Salsalate

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine

1775 β-Carotene

nD

1.352

1747 Carbonochloridic acid, 4nitrophenyl ester 1748 Carbonochloridic acid, (4nitrophenyl)methyl ester 1749 Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2trichloroethyl ester 1750 Carbonothioic dichloride

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

den/ g cm-3

sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH sl H2O

1.845420 1.631920

1.50815

1.544220

-127.78

6.8 64.5 8

1.1140 1.45380 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm

col gas liq

-148 -36

-47.2 65.5

1.12420

162.149 66.007 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158

cry (bz) col gas

119 -111.2

-84.5 820.01 126

1.13925 1.27120 1.05620

34522-32-2 53861-57-7 638-23-3 552-94-3

246.264 191.138 179.195 258.226

nd (w) cry nd

C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13

498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9

136.234 260.330 492.386

C7H15NO3

541-15-1

161.199

C9H14N4O3 C40H56

305-84-0 7488-99-5

226.232 536.873

C40H56

7235-40-7

536.873

C40H56

472-93-5

536.873

1777 ψ,ψ-Carotene

trans-Lycopene

C40H56

502-65-8

536.873

1778 β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2

144-68-3

568.872

1779 β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

Xanthophyll

C40H56O2

127-40-2

568.872

1780 β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O

472-70-8

552.872

94 184.5

1.24-87

1.391920

1.410020

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2 s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

281 167 206 147

sl ace 171; 123200

cry 92 red mcl pr 136 dec (aq, MeOH) cry (al-ace), 197 dec hyg 260 red pl or pr 187.5 (peth, bzMeOH) red br hex pr 183 (bz-MeOH)

0.854930

1.0020

1.0020

red pr (bz- 153 MeOH), viol pr (eth) red pr or nd 175 (peth) ye pr 215.5 (MeOH) orth (chleth) ye or viol pr 196 (ethMeOH) garnet red pr 160 (bz-MeOH)

dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec H2O

1.02817

γ-Carotene

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, HOAc

6311

-50

1776 β,ψ-Carotene

Solubility

2270.06

1.4693

vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O vs bz, eth, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-89 Cl O

O

O

Cl O

O

O O C O

Se C Se

S C S

Carbon dioxide

Carbon diselenide

Carbon disulfide

HO

H2N OH

Carbonic acid

N H

N H

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N H

N

Carbonyl dicyanide

N

N

O

O

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

N

N

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole

O C S

O C C C O

Carbon oxyselenide

Carbon oxysulfide

Carbon suboxide

S

Cl

F

F

O

O

O O C Se

S N

N

Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester

NH2

O

N

Carbonyl chloride fluoride

N H

O

O

O F

H2N

Carbonothioic dichloride

Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester

O

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester

S

S

Cl

C O Carbon monoxide

Carbonic dihydrazide

O Cl Cl

NH2

Carbonyl fluoride

Br

O

O H N

S

N

S

Cl

Carbonyl chloride

O N

Carbophenothion

Br

Carbonyl bromide

O

S O P O

Cl

O

Carbosulfan

Carboxin

HO OH O

O OH

OH O

O

N H

HO

NH

OH

O

O H 2N

O

O

OH O

O

S NH2

OH

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine

2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

NH2

H N

O

O

OH

S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine

3-Carene, (+)

2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

HO O OH

OH O

OH H2N

O

H N

O

O

O

O

O

OH HO

O

OH

OH

Carminic acid

NH O

N H

Carnosine

Carnitine

α-Carotene

N

H2N N

O

OH O

Carisoprodol

OH

OH

β-Carotene

β,ψ-Carotene

ψ,ψ-Carotene

OH

OH

H HO

HO β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

HO

β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

HO β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

3-90

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1781 β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Rubixanthin

C40H56O

3763-55-1

552.872

1782 ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O

19891-74-8

552.872

1783 Caroverine 1784 Carpaine

C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4

23465-76-1 3463-92-1

365.468 478.708

1785 Cartap hydrochloride

C7H16ClN3O2S2

22042-59-7

273.804

dk red nd (bz-MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth) red pl (bzMeOH) cry mcl pr (al, ace) cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl

168

i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, CS2 sl i-PrOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH i H2O; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz sl chl

69 121

2020.01

180

1786 Carvenone, (S) 1787 (R)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( R)

C10H16O C10H14O

10395-45-6 6485-40-1

152.233 150.217

25.2

233 231

0.928920 0.959320

1.480520 1.498820

1788 (S)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, ( S)

C10H14O

2244-16-8

150.217

1 atm)

1.338920

C7H8ClNO

93-50-5

157.598

C7H8ClNO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C8H9ClO C4H9ClO C3H5ClO2 C14H12ClNO

95-03-4 3188-13-4 627-42-9 3587-60-8 3587-57-3 625-56-9 1022-13-5

157.598 94.540 94.540 156.609 108.566 108.524 245.704

nd or pr (dil 52 al) nd (dil al) 84

83 92.5 10313 109 116

1.018815 1.034520 1.135020 0.988420 1.19420

1.404020 1.411120 1.519220 1.412520 1.40920

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN

932-96-7 615-65-6 87-63-8 87-60-5

141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599

240 220 215; 9710 245

1.16911 1.15120

1.583520 1.574822

s EtOH, ace, bz sl EtOH, bz

1.588020

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C15H9ClO2

95-74-9 95-69-2 95-79-4 129-35-1

141.599 141.599 141.599 256.684

C7H7Cl

100-44-7

126.584

C8H10ClN

39191-07-6

155.625

884

1.535025

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s EtOH; sl ctc s EtOH; sl ctc vs EtOH i EtOH, eth; sl py i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s chl

C8H9ClO

1674-30-2

156.609

12817, 12111

1.552320

s EtOH; vs eth

C8H9ClO

3391-10-4

156.609

C8H7ClO2

20850-43-5

170.594

C5H11Cl

107-84-6

106.594

2112 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

C5H11Cl

594-36-5

106.594

2113 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2114 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

C5H11Cl C5H9Cl

631-65-2 503-60-6

106.594 104.578

2115 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne 2116 (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane 2117 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4dimethylbenzene 2118 (Chloromethyl) dimethylphenylsilane 2119 Chloromethyldiphenylsilane 2120 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2propanol 2121 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene 2122 (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene 2123 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 2124 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 2125 2-(Chloromethyl)furan 2126 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

C5H7Cl C4H7Cl C9H11Cl

1111-97-3 5911-08-0 824-55-5

102.563 90.552 154.636

C9H13ClSi

1833-51-8

184.738

Isopentyl chloride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye br nd (al) 178.5 30.5

260

sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl lig vs H2O, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

92

7 1

lf (al)

liq

26 30.3 26 170.5

243 244 239; 14038

-45

179

121

1.100420

1.192620

15

1.539120

1.5505

20

20.5

13414

1.31225

1.566020

liq

-104.4

98.9

0.875020

1.408420

liq

-73.5

85.6

0.865320

1.405520

91.5 109

0.87820 0.927320

1.448520

76 88 215.5; 11020

0.906120 0.9825 1.058019

225

1.024025

liq liq

-61 -90.9

20

s ctc

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

1.435020 vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 20

C13H13ClSi C6H13ClO2

144-79-6 4288-84-0

232.781 152.619

295 182; 8720

1.1277 1.091020

1.5742 1.437025

C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C7H6ClF C7H6ClF C5H5ClO C8H17Cl

1467-05-6 934-53-2 345-35-7 352-11-4 617-88-9 123-04-6

154.636 154.636 144.574 144.574 116.546 148.674

9515 981 172; 8640 8226, 7620 4926 172

1.19225 1.21625 1.214320 1.178320 0.876920

1.529025 1.529025 1.515020 1.5130 1.494120 1.431920

s EtOH, eth vs bz, EtOH, chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-105

Cl C

N I I

O

N

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

OH

Cl

N

C

1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene

5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol

1-Chloro-3-iodopropane

Cl

O

C

1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene

1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

S NH2 O

NH2

H H Cl

O Cl Cl

H

1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

Chloromethane

O

O

(Chloromethoxy)ethane

NH O

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

HN

NH2 Cl

O

O

Cl O

[(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene

Cl

O

1-(Chloromethoxy)propane

Cl

Cl 4-Chloro-N-methylaniline

5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone

2-Chloro-4-methylaniline

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

Cl

Chloromethyl acetate

O

Cl

NH2

Cl Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

Cl

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methylaniline

3-Chloro-4-methylaniline

3-Chloro-2-methylaniline

1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

N H

Cl

O

Cl α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol

4-Chloro-α-methylbenzenemethanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-3-methylbutane

O

Cl

Cl 3-Chloro-N-methylbenzenemethanamine

(Chloromethyl)benzene

O

5-Chloro-2-methylaniline

Cl

2-Chloro-3-methylbutane

1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne

(Chloromethyl)cyclopropane

Cl

Cl Si Cl Si

1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene

OH

Cl

O

(Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane

Chloromethyldiphenylsilane

Cl

1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene

Cl Cl

Cl F F

(1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene

O

Cl

2-(Chloromethyl)furan

Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

3-106

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2isopropylphenol

Chlorothymol

C10H13ClO

89-68-9

184.662

C8H9ClO

824-94-2

156.609

C8H9Cl

552-45-4

C8H9Cl C8H9Cl

2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methoxybenzene 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2methylbenzene 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3methylbenzene 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methylbenzene 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

63

258.5

24.5

262.5

140.610

620-19-9 104-82-5

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.26120

1.58020

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk vs ace, bz, eth

198; 9020

1.06325

1.541025

vs eth, EtOH

140.610

195.5

1.06420

1.534520

140.610

201; 9020

1.051220

1.5380

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH

nd

10

1.39720

C2H5ClO

107-30-2

80.513

liq

-103.5

59.5

1.063

2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C4H7ClO C11H9Cl

598-09-4 86-52-2

106.551 176.642

pr

32

122 291.5

1.101120 1.181320

2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Cl

2506-41-4

176.642

lf (al)

48.5

16920

2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

612-23-7

171.582

cry (lig)

50.0

1254

1.555762

2137 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

619-23-8

171.582

pa ye nd (lig) 46

17334

1.557762

C7H6ClNO2

100-14-1

171.582

pl or nd (al) 71

C7H6ClNO2

83-42-1

171.582

nd (dil al)

37.8

238

C7H6ClNO2

13290-74-9

171.582

ye cry

42.5

249

C7H6ClNO2

89-60-1

171.582

7

261; 11811

1.557220

i H2O; s ctc

C7H6ClNO2

121-86-8

171.582

nd (al)

66.5

260

1.547069

C7H6ClNO2

89-59-8

171.582

mcl nd

38

242; 115.511

1.255980

C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO

25346-32-1 4737-41-1 6640-27-3 615-74-7 87-64-9 615-62-3 1570-64-5 59-50-7

120.620 120.620 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583

113 126; 83202 195.5 196 189; 8020 228 223 235

0.861020 0.891420 1.178527 1.21515

C9H9ClO3

94-74-6

200.618

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

C11H13ClO3

94-81-5

228.672

C7H9ClSi CH4ClO3P

1631-82-9 2565-58-4

156.685 130.468

113100

1.04320

1.517120

17564-64-6 917-93-1 513-36-0

195.603 106.551 92.567

liq

-130.3

90 68.5

1.05315 0.877320

1.416016 1.398420

liq

-25.60

50.9

0.842020

1.385720

68 71.5

0.918620 0.916520

1.422120 1.429120

1.12320 1.15325 0.87925

1.490220 1.496320 1.417520

2138 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

2139 1-Chloro-2-methyl-3nitrobenzene 2140 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2141 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2142 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2143 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2144 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane 2145 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane 2146 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2147 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 2148 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 2149 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2150 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 2151 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

4-Nitrobenzyl chloride

4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

2-Chloro-p-cresol 6-Chloro-m-cresol 6-Chloro-o-cresol 3-Chloro-p-cresol 4-Chloro-o-cresol 4-Chloro-m-cresol

2152 (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic MCPA acid 2153 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acid 2154 Chloromethylphenylsilane 2155 (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

pr (peth)

45.5

nd (al) nd (peth) nd (peth)

55.5 51 67

pl (bz, to)

120

nd (bz/ MeNO2)

1.537769

vs eth

1.411320 1.422220 1.520027 1.544920

90

Isobutyl chloride

C9H6ClNO2 C4H7ClO C4H9Cl

2159 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

tert-Butyl chloride

C4H9Cl

507-20-0

92.567

2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

Dimethylvinyl chloride

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl

513-37-1 563-47-3

90.552 90.552

C6H7Cl2N

6959-48-4

164.033

hyg

143.8

993-00-0 98-57-7

80.590 190.648

col gas

-135 98

123-09-1 542-81-4 2373-51-5 2344-80-1

158.649 110.606 96.579 122.669

CH5ClSi 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl, C7H7ClO2S S,S-dioxide C7H7ClS C3H7ClS C2H5ClS C4H11ClSi

1.564762

100

2156 N-Chloromethylphthalimide 2157 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal 2158 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride 2163 Chloromethylsilane 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl) benzene 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene 2166 1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane 2167 Chloro(methylthio)methane 2168 (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

1.431020 1.638020

135.5 vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s chl msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl

7; -4563

10510 140; 6030 105 98.5

s EtOH, eth, ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-107

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene

4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene

Cl

Cl

O Cl

O

Cl

Cl

O O

N

O N

Cl

Cl

N O

O

O N

O

O O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

Cl

Cl

O

1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane

Chloromethyl methyl ether

N

Cl Cl

O

N O

O N

N

O 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

OH OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl O

Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane

4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

OH

OH

2-Chloro-5-methylphenol

2-Chloro-4-methylphenol

3-(Chloromethyl)pentane

OH O

OH

O

Cl Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol

Cl 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol

3-Chloro-4-methylphenol

Cl SiH

O O

Cl 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

O

OH Cl

Cl Chloromethylphenylsilane

4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid

OH

Cl

Cl

O P OH OH

(Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

N

Cl O

O

2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal

N-Chloromethylphthalimide

H Si Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

O S O 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

N

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

HCl

H

3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride

Chloromethylsilane

Cl

S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene

S

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane

Si Cl

S

Chloro(methylthio)methane

Cl (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

3-108

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2169 1-Chloronaphthalene

1-Naphthyl chloride

C10H7Cl

90-13-1

162.616

oily liq

-2.5

259; 106.55

1.188025

1.632620

2170 2-Chloronaphthalene

C10H7Cl

91-58-7

162.616

pl (dil al), lf 58.0

256

1.137771

1.607913

2171 4-Chloro-1-naphthol

C10H7ClO

604-44-4

178.615

nd (chl, aq al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C8H8Cl2O2

2675-77-6

207.055

2173 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

121-87-9

172.569

ye nd (w)

108

2174 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

6283-25-6

172.569

ye nd (lig)

121

2175 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

89-63-4

172.569

dk oran-ye pr (dil al)

116.5

2176 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

635-22-3

172.569

2177 5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

1635-61-6

172.569

2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

C14H6ClNO4

129-40-8

287.656

ye nd or pr 103 (w) nd (peth) ye nd (CS2) 127.8 ye lf (al, bz) 315.3

2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

6361-21-3 16588-34-4 88-73-3

185.565 185.565 157.555

cry (al)

o-Chloronitrobenzene

C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO2

2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

m-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

121-73-3

157.555

2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

p-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

100-00-5

157.555

C6H6ClN3O2

42389-30-0

187.584

167

C6H5ClN2O4S

97-09-6

236.633

ye cry (EtOH) 175

C6H3Cl2NO4S

97-08-5

256.064

60.8

C7H4ClNO4

99-60-5

201.565

2172 Chloroneb

1,4-Dichloro-2,5dimethoxybenzene

2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2benzenediamine 2185 4-Chloro-3nitrobenzenesulfonamide 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

120.5 134

81.3 64.5 32.1

268 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig sub

vs eth, EtOH

245.5

1.368242

pa ye orth pr 44.4 (al)

235.5

1.34350

1.537480

mcl pr

242

1.297990

1.5376100

mcl nd

nd (w)

82

141.8 18

2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

2516-96-3

201.565

nd or pr (w) 166.5

1.608

2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

96-99-1

201.565

nd or pl (w) 182.8

1.64518

2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

C2H4ClNO2

598-92-5

109.512

2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

619-08-9

173.554

2192 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

89-64-5

173.554

2193 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

611-07-4

173.554

2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

600-25-9

123.539

2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

594-71-8

123.539

2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2199 1-Chlorononane 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane 2202 1-Chlorooctane

C5H3ClN2O2 C7H3ClF3NO2

5470-18-8 121-17-5

158.543 225.553

C7H3ClF3NO2

777-37-7

225.553

C9H19Cl C9H19ClO C18H37Cl C8H17Cl

2473-01-0 51308-99-7 3386-33-2 111-85-3

162.700 178.699 288.940 148.674

2203 2-Chlorooctane

C8H17Cl

628-61-5

148.674

2204 8-Chloro-1-octanol 2205 Chloropentafluoroacetone 2206 Chloropentafluorobenzene

C8H17ClO C3ClF5O C6ClF5

23144-52-7 79-53-8 344-07-0

164.673 182.476 202.509

Octyl chloride

124.5

1.283720

1.422420

1.20720

1.425120

wh nd (50% 111 al) ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 ye pr or nd (w)

41

sub 142

nd (w) liq

liq

liq

col gas

-21.5

dec 134; 5750 1.220

1.437819

104.0 -1.3

222; 9510

1.51125

1.489320

22

232

1.52725

1.508326

-39.4 28 28.6 -57.8

205.2 14714 352 183.5

0.867425 0.861620 0.873420

1.434320 1.457520 1.452420 1.430920

172; 7528

0.865817

1.427321

-133

13919 8 117.96

1.456325 1.56825

1.425620

i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS2

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH

i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-109 NH2

O

OH Cl Cl

Cl

2-Chloronaphthalene

1-Chloronaphthalene

O

O

NH2

Cl

N O

NH2 O N

O

N O

O

2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

O N

O

O

1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

Cl

Cl

O Cl

N O

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

NH2 O S O

NH2

O

4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline

O

Cl

O O

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

O

Chloroneb

4-Chloro-1-naphthol

Cl O

Cl

NH2 O N

NH2

Cl

Cl

O N

O

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

Cl O S O

NH2 N O

O O

1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

Cl

N

O

OH

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

Cl

5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

OH

O

OH

OH O N

Cl

N O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

O N

O

O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

O

1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

N

O N

O

O N

O Cl N O

O

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl

N

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

O

Cl

O

4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

Cl OH O N

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

Cl O

O

N O

O

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

OH

O

Cl

O N

O

O F

Cl

F

F

1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine

F F

F Cl

O

N

Cl

O

1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chlorononane

OH 9-Chloro-1-nonanol

1-Chlorooctadecane

Cl

F Cl 1-Chlorooctane

Cl 2-Chlorooctane

Cl

OH 8-Chloro-1-octanol

F

O

F Cl

F

F

F

Chloropentafluoroacetone

F F

F F

Chloropentafluorobenzene

3-110

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2207 Chloropentafluoroethane

Refrigerant 115

C2ClF5

76-15-3

154.466

col gas

-99.4

-39.1

2208 1-Chloropentane

Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

543-59-9

106.594

liq

-99.0

108.4

2209 2-Chloropentane, (+)

sec-Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

29882-57-3

106.594

liq

-137

97.0

2210 3-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

616-20-6

106.594

liq

-105

97.5

2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217

C5H9ClO2 C5H11ClO C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8Cl2O C5H9Cl C6H5ClO

1119-46-6 5259-98-3 5891-21-4 32830-97-0 1575-61-7 1458-99-7 95-57-8

136.577 122.593 120.577 120.577 155.022 104.578 128.556

18

9.4

230 11212 106110, 7634 6820 8312 103; 4725 174.9

2218 3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

108-43-0

128.556

32.6

214

2219 4-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

106-48-9

128.556

42.8

220

2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226

4430-20-0 92-39-7 614-61-9 588-32-9 122-88-3 7005-72-3 104-29-0

423.266 233.717 186.593 186.593 186.593 204.651 202.634

261 198.5 nd (w, al) 148.5 cry (w) 110 pr or nd (w) 156.5

4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Chlorphenesin

C19H12Cl2O5S C12H8ClNS C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C12H9ClO C9H11ClO3

cry

78

284.5 21419

Cloprop

C9H9ClO3

101-10-0

200.618

cry

113

1001.5

C8H8ClNO

587-65-5

169.609

nd (dil HOAc)

2229 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

533-17-5

169.609

2230 N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

588-07-8

169.609

2231 N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

539-03-7

2232 4-Chloro-αphenylbenzenemethanol 2233 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 2234 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone 2235 4-Chlorophenyl 4chlorobenzenesulfonate 2236 (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone 2237 N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea 2238 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 2239 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

C13H11ClO

5-Chloropentanoic acid 5-Chloro-1-pentanol 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 1-Chloro-3-pentanone 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride 4-Chloro-2-pentene 2-Chlorophenol

Chlorophenol Red 2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2propanediol

2227 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 2228 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

2240 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4pyrimidinediamine 2241 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 2242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propylamine 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3oxobutanamide 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl) phenylmethanone 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

grn-br cry

den/ g cm-3

1.202615

1.599 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf

sub

vs bz, eth, EtOH

88.3 nd

333

169.609

179

333

1.38522

119-56-2

218.678

59

80-38-6 939-52-6 80-33-1

268.715 182.646 303.161

col cry

62 19.5 86.5

1314

1.33 1.13725

Ovex

C12H9ClO3S C10H11ClO C12H8Cl2O3S

2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone

C13H8Cl2O

85-29-0

251.108

pr (al)

67

21422

Monuron

C9H11ClN2O

150-68-5

198.648

wh pl (MeOH)

170.5

m-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO

99-02-5 99-91-2

154.594 154.594

20

Pyrimethamine

C12H13ClN4

58-14-0

248.711

233.5

Clorindione

C15H9ClO2

1146-99-2

256.684

dk red nd (al) 145.5

Clortermine

C7H4ClNO C10H14ClN

104-12-1 10389-73-8

153.566 183.678

liq

C10H10ClNO2

93-70-9

211.645

C13H9ClO

134-85-0

216.662

nd (al)

77.5

332

C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO

1643-28-3 21640-48-2 2019-34-3 936-59-4

184.619 184.619 184.619 168.619

nd or lf (w) lf (peth)

102 77 126 49.5

1134

31.3

244; 12930 232

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc sl chl sl H2O 1.545920 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace s EtOH; sl chl

1.39314

1.213040 1.192220

1.549420 1.555020

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH 11645 11716

106.5

lf (eth), cry (al, peth)

Solubility

s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O; sl chl

79

2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone

nD

1.5678-42 1.2678-42 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.882020 1.412620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl 0.869820 1.406920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 0.873120 1.408220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace 1.341625 1.455520 vs eth, EtOH 1.451820 vs eth, EtOH 1.052320 1.437520 s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.436120 vs eth, EtOH 1.21018 1.463920 vs eth 0.898820 1.432220 vs ace, eth, chl 1.263420 1.552420 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.24545 1.556540 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.265140 1.557940 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk sl H2O; s EtOH

s EtOH; i eth, lig s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-111

F F F

O

Cl

Cl Cl

F F

Cl

Cl

1-Chloropentane

Chloropentafluoroethane

2-Chloropentane, (+)

OH

Cl

5-Chloropentanoic acid

3-Chloropentane

OH 5-Chloro-1-pentanol

OH OH

OH Cl

O Cl

O

O

5-Chloro-2-pentanone

HO

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

5-Chloropentanoyl chloride

1-Chloro-3-pentanone

Cl

Cl 4-Chloro-2-pentene

2-Chlorophenol

Cl

3-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenol

Cl OH

O H N

O S O O

Cl

O

S

Chlorophenol Red

O

O

O

OH Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine

O

OH

Cl

3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

OH

(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid

O O

OH O

O

Cl

OH

3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

H N

Cl

Cl O

2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

O

O S O O

Cl

N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

4-Chloro-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

O

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

OH

H N

O N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

H N

H N

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene

OH

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone

O Cl O S O O

Cl

O

H N

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate

(2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone

N Cl

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

N

O

O

C

O

N Cl

NH2

Cl

N H2N

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

Cl

1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamine

4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

O

H N

NH2

Cl

O

5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

O OH

O

O

Cl

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Cl

(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

O O

OH

O OH

Cl 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

Cl

Cl 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

3-112

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

C9H9ClO

6285-05-8

168.619

2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid 2252 Chlorophenylsilane 2253 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl) benzene

C9H5ClO2

7396-28-3

180.588

C6H7ClSi C12H9ClO2S

4206-75-1 80-00-2

142.659 252.716

2254 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole 2255 (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 2256 α-Chlorophyll

C7H5ClN4 C7H7ClN2S C55H72MgN4O5

14210-25-4 5344-82-1 479-61-8

180.595 186.662 893.490

123 nd or pl 146 bl blk hex pl 152.3

2257 β-Chlorophyll

C55H70MgN4O6

519-62-0

907.473

bl-blk or grn 125 pow

C10H13ClN2O3S

94-20-2

276.739

cry (EtOH)

128

No. Name

2258 Chloropropamide

Synonym

Phenylchlorosilane Sulphenone

4-Chloro-N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Physical Form

cry (HOAc, bz-peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

37.3

13531, 1142

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl vs HOAc

144.5 162.5

1.068320

1.534020

94

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz

2259 2-Chloropropanal 2260 1-Chloropropane

Propyl chloride

C3H5ClO C3H7Cl

683-50-1 540-54-5

92.524 78.541

liq

-122.9

86 46.5

1.18215 0.889920

1.43117 1.387920

2261 2-Chloropropane

Isopropyl chloride

C3H7Cl

75-29-6

78.541

liq

-117.18

35.7

0.861720

1.377720

2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2263 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

α-Chlorohydrin Glycerol β-chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2

96-24-2 497-04-1

110.540 110.540

ye liq

dec 213; 11611 1.32518 14618, 12414 1.321920

1.480920 1.483120

C3H5ClN2O6

2612-33-1

200.534

sl ye liq

192.5

1.51129 1.157320 1.258520

1.436020 1.438020

2264 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Clonitrate 2265 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2266 2-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionitrile 2-Chloropropionic acid

C3H4ClN C3H5ClO2

542-76-7 598-78-7

89.524 108.524

liq

-51

175.5 185

2267 3-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionic acid

C3H5ClO2

107-94-8

108.524

lf (w), hyg cry (lig)

41

dec 204

2268 2-Chloro-1-propanol

Propylene chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO

78-89-7

94.540

133.5

1.10320

1.439020

C3H7ClO

627-30-5

94.540

165

1.130920

1.445920

C3H7ClO

127-00-4

94.540

127

1.11320

1.439220

2271 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

C3H4Cl2O

625-36-5

126.969

144

1.330713

1.454920

2272 cis-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-84-8

76.525

liq

-134.8

32.8

0.934720

1.405520

2273 trans-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-85-9

76.525

liq

-99

37.4

0.934920

1.405420

2269 3-Chloro-1-propanol 2270 1-Chloro-2-propanol

sec-Propylene chlorohydrin

2274 2-Chloropropene

Isopropenyl chloride

C3H5Cl

557-98-2

76.525

vol liq or gas -137.4

22.6

0.901720

1.397320

2275 3-Chloropropene

Allyl chloride

C3H5Cl

107-05-1

76.525

liq

-134.5

45.1

0.937620

1.415720

C3H2ClN C3H3ClO2 C9H9Cl

920-37-6 598-79-8 21087-29-6

87.508 106.508 152.620

liq

-65 66 8.5

88.5 sub 10613

1.09625

1.429020

2-Chloroacrylic acid

1.092620

1.585120

C10H12ClNO2 C17H16Cl2O3 C9H11Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClSi C3H3Cl

101-21-3 5836-10-2 104-52-9 628-11-5 2530-87-2 2344-83-4 624-65-7

213.661 339.213 154.636 156.996 198.720 150.722 74.509

41 73

1492

1.1830

1.538820

-78

219.5 177 91 151 58

1.05621 1.292625 1.07725 0.878920 1.03025

1.516025 1.445620 1.418325 1.431920 1.434920

C5H3ClN4 C4H4ClN3 C5H5ClN2

87-42-3 5469-69-2 1072-98-6

154.558 129.548 128.560

nd (w)

176 dec 220 137

12711

2289 2-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN

109-09-1

113.546

oil

2290 3-Chloropyridine 2291 4-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN C5H4ClN

626-60-8 626-61-9

113.546 113.546

liq

2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2278 trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl) benzene 2279 Chloropropham 2280 Chloropropylate 2281 (3-Chloropropyl)benzene 2282 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate 2283 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane 2284 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 2285 3-Chloro-1-propyne

2286 6-Chloro-1H-purine 2287 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine 2288 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

Propargyl chloride

6-Chloropurine

pow

pl

-43.5

Solubility

170

1.20515

148; 86100 147.5

1.200025

1.532020 1.530420

vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs bz, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs ace, EtOH, chl sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s os sl ctc i H2O

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O s H2O; msc EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

3-113

Cl

Cl

Cl

SiH2

O S O

OH O

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

Cl

H N

Cl

NH2 S

5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole

1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene

Chlorophenylsilane

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

N N N N

(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea

O

N

N

N

N

N Mg

Mg N

N

O

N

HN N H O S O O

O

O

O O

O

Cl O

O

O

β-Chlorophyll

α-Chlorophyll

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

HO

OH 2-Chloropropane

1-Chloropropane

O

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

O

NO2

O

O2N

OH

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

2-Chloropropanal

Chloropropamide

N

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

Cl 3-Chloropropanenitrile

Cl O

OH Cl

O 2-Chloropropanoic acid

OH

Cl

OH

OH

2-Chloro-1-propanol

3-Chloropropanoic acid

Cl 1-Chloro-2-propanol

3-Chloro-1-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-1-Chloropropene

2-Chloropropene

H N

Cl

OH

2-Chloropropenoic acid

O

O

Cl

O

Cl Chloropropylate

Chloropropham

trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

Cl

O HO

Cl

N

2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile

3-Chloropropene

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

O

Cl cis-1-Chloropropene

O

OH

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)benzene

Cl O O Si O

O Cl

O

Cl

Si

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

3-Chloropropyl chloroformate

N

HN

Cl

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

N

3-Chloro-1-propyne

Cl NH2 Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine

Cl

Cl N

NH2

5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

N

Cl

2-Chloropyridine

N 3-Chloropyridine

N

6-Chloro-1H-purine

N 4-Chloropyridine

3-114

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

den/ g cm-3

C6H4ClNO2

2942-59-8

157.555

>175 dec

nD

Solubility

C6H4ClNO2

5326-23-8

157.555

198 dec

C5H5Cl2N C18H26ClN3 C9H6ClN

7379-35-3 54-05-7 612-62-4

150.006 319.872 163.604

nd (aq al)

90 38

266; 15322

1.246425

1.634225

34.5

262; 13015

1.25125

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl

2297 4-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-35-8

163.604

cry

2298 6-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

612-57-7

163.604

43.8

263

163.604

pr (eth), nd (al) liq

2299 8-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-33-6

-20

288.5

1.283414

1.640814

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl

130-16-5 2039-87-4

179.603 138.595

cry (al) liq

130 -63.1

188.7

1.100020

1.564920

C8H7Cl

2039-85-2

138.595

636

1.103320

1.562520

2303 4-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

1073-67-2

138.595

192

1.086820

1.566020

2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide

C4H4ClNO2

128-09-6

133.534

2305 1-Chlorotetradecane

C14H29Cl

2425-54-9

232.833

2306 6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2309 Chlorothalonil

C11H20ClN5

580-48-3

257.764

s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig

2302 3-Chlorostyrene

C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C8Cl4N2

354-25-6 2837-89-0 1897-45-6

136.476 136.476 265.911

No. Name

Synonym

2292 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2293 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2294 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride 2295 Chloroquine 2296 2-Chloroquinoline

2300 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2301 2-Chlorostyrene

Cloxyquin

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

sub 210

15.9

pl (CCl4)

1.611056

1.6525

150

4.9

296.8

0.865420

1.447420

oily liq

27

1559

1.095620

1.532020

col gas col gas

-117

-11.7 -12 350

1.725

250

10

148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5

295.831 295.724 118.585

2313 5-Chloro-2thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2314 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2315 2-Chlorotoluene

C5H3ClOS

7283-96-7

146.595

C13H7ClOS C7H7Cl

86-39-5 95-49-8

246.712 126.584

liq

153.5 -35.8

159.0

1.082520

1.526820

2316 3-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

108-41-8

126.584

liq

-47.8

161.8

1.07520

1.521419

2317 4-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

106-43-4

126.584

7.5

162.4

1.069720

1.515020

2318 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 2319 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2320 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2321 Chlorotriethoxysilane 2322 Chlorotriethylplumbane 2323 Chlorotriethylsilane 2324 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2325 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2326 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2327 Chlorotrifluoroethene 2328 Chlorotrifluoromethane 2329 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2330 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2331 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2332 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene

C3H4ClN5

3397-62-4

145.551

>330

C7H4Cl4

2136-89-2

229.919

29.4

264.3

1.518720

1.583620

C7H4Cl4

5216-25-1

229.919

245

1.446320

i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth

C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N

4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5 431-07-2 75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6

198.720 329.8 150.722 118.485 118.485 118.485 116.469 104.459 195.570

156

1.03020

1.399920

vs EtOH s H2O

144.5 12 17.3 6.1 -27.8 -81.4 10325

0.896720

1.431420

1.3890 1.54-60

1.30900 1.380

1.42825

1.497520

C7H5ClF3N

320-51-4

195.570

o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

88-16-4

180.555

m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-15-7

180.555

Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride

Lead triethyl chloride

Chlorotrifluoroethylene Refrigerant 13

liq

350 dec -71.9

128.3

1.1751

i H2O; sl ace, cyhex 25

C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS

2310 Chlorothen 2311 Chlorothiazide 2312 2-Chlorothiophene

155 , 192

5

1.286320

77.55

liq

-51 123 dec

vol liq or gas vol liq or gas col gas -105.5 col gas -158.2 col gas -181.2

1.548720

1.603625

36.5

13227

liq

-6

152.2

1.254030

1.451325

liq

-56

137.5

1.331125

1.443825

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl chl

i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth

s bz, chl i H2O

s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

OH Cl

Cl

HCl Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

HN

Cl

OH

O

N

3-115

N

4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride

N

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

O

8-Chloroquinoline

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

2-Chlorostyrene

N

Cl

F

N

Cl

F

F

F

F

F F

N

1-Chlorotetradecane

N-Chlorosuccinimide

N

N

Cl

4-Chlorostyrene

3-Chlorostyrene

O

N Cl

OH

Cl

6-Chloroquinoline

4-Chloroquinoline

Cl

N

N N

N

Cl

2-Chloroquinoline

Chloroquine

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

N Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

N

S

N

S

S

Chlorothalonil

O O

O O

H2N N

O

Cl

N

Cl

NH S

Cl

Cl

S

S

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Chlorothiophene

Chlorothiazide

Chlorothen

O 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

Cl Cl Cl

NH2

Cl N

N

Cl 2-Chlorotoluene

4-Chlorotoluene

3-Chlorotoluene

O O Si Cl O

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

Cl

NH2 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F Pb Cl

Si Cl

F F F

Chlorotriethylsilane

Chlorotriethylplumbane

Chlorotriethoxysilane

NH2 Cl F F Chlorotrifluoromethane

F F

Cl F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

F

2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

Cl

F

F

Chlorotrifluoroethene

Cl Cl

Cl

F F

2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

NH2 Cl

F

Cl

F

Cl

F

F F

4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F F

1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

3-116

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

2333 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2334 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2335 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane 2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-56-6

180.555

liq

-33

138.5

1.334025

1.443130

460-35-5 6111-88-2 1066-45-1 88-88-0

132.512 148.674 199.266 247.549

liq

-106.5 -26 38.5 83

45.1 1.325320 dec 147; 4416 0.874620 148 1.79720

1.335020 1.430820

Picryl chloride

C3H4ClF3 C8H17Cl C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6

2338 Chlorotrinitromethane

CClN3O6

1943-16-4

185.480

2.3

dec 134; 5640 1.676920

1.450020

2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane

C19H15Cl

76-83-5

278.775

C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl] C15H15ClN2O2 -N,N-dimethylurea C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4

76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4

294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745

54749-90-5 886-74-8

313.692 245.660

cry cry (bz)

C16H19ClN2 Chloroprophenpyridamine C20H23ClN2O4 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2C10H14ClN propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10HC17H19ClN2S phenothiazine-10-propanamine

132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9

274.788 390.861 183.678

oily liq

50-53-3

318.864

2340 2341 2342 2343 2344

Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron

2345 Chlorozotocin 2346 Chlorphenesin carbamate 2347 Chlorpheniramine 2348 Chlorpheniramine maleate 2349 Chlorphentermine 2350 Chlorpromazine

Triphenyltin chloride

2351 Chlorprothixene

C18H18ClNS

113-59-7

315.861

2352 2353 2354 2355

C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8

2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5

350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879

2356 Chlorthalidone

C14H11ClN2O4S

77-36-1

338.765

2357 Chlorthion

C8H9ClNO5PS

500-28-7

C11H15Cl2O3PS2 C10H13ClN2O

21923-23-9 15545-48-9

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline

2358 Chlorthiophos 2359 Chlortoluron 2360 Cholane 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid

N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)N,N-dimethylurea Cholanic acid

2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene

2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

7-Dehydrocholesterol

2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

wh nd or pl (chl, al-lig)

nd or pr (bz- 113.5 peth)

231; 1012

liq

2020.8

pale ye cry

97

gold-ye

42 43 176 168.5

147

368.638

C27H44O

434-16-2

384.637

C27H44O

128-33-6

384.637

2365 Cholestane, (5α)

28,29,30-Trinorlanostane

C27H48

481-21-0

372.670

2366 Cholestane, (5β)

Coprostane

C27H48

481-20-9

372.670

2367 Cholestanol 2368 Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) 2369 Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol

C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O

80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2

388.669 388.669 386.653

2370 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

Epicholesterol

C27H46O

474-77-1

386.653

2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

C29H48O2

604-35-3

428.690

2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

C34H50O2

604-32-0

490.760

2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9octadecenoate

C43H76O2

601-34-3

625.062

C45H78O2

303-43-5

651.100

s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421

cry

747-90-0

s chl 1.4910228 s ctc, os 1.414120

132.5

361.245 212.675

C27H44

1.267828 0.874420

147 dec 90

21

330.590 360.574

12313 83.5

151

297.653

548-98-1 25312-65-6

i H2O vs EtOH s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace

24135 103.5 -23.5

wh pow or cry ye cry

C24H42 C24H40O2

310

Solubility

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

225 dec 1250.1

1.43720

1.566120

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH

1500.001

pr (al) nd (al), cry (HOAc) wh nd (al)

pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) pl (MeOH) ,nd sc or pl (ethal, ace) orth nd (al, ace) sc (al,+1w) nd (al) nd (ethMeOH) cry (al, chlMeOH) wh nd (ace, al) wh nd wh nd (eth al)

sl H2O; s os 0.001

90 163.5

190

80

26013

s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace

0.925100

150.5

110

1600.001

80

2501

72

0.909088

1.488788

0.911987

1.488488

141.5 185.5 132

s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl

141.5

vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH

115.5

vs bz, eth, chl

151.3

0.9413200

79.3

i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl

46.3

s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-117

Cl

O O N

Cl Cl

F F

F

F

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

F F

O N O

Sn Cl

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Chlorotriphenylmethane

Chlorotrinitromethane

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Chlorotrimethylstannane

NO2 NO2 NO2

Cl

N O O

HO O Cl Sn

Cl Si

Sn Cl

Chlorotriphenylstannane

Chlorotripropylstannane

OH O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O P O S

N

OH O O

Chlorphentermine

Cl

N

O O O S N N H H

OH H

H

S Chlorpromazine

Cl

N

HO

OH

Cl

S NH

NH2 HO OH O HO O

Chlorsulfuron

NH2

O O

O

O

Chlortetracycline

Chlorthalidone

N H

O S

Cl

Chlorthiophos

Chlortoluron

HO

HO

N

NH2

Cl

OH

H N

Cl

Chlorthion

Cl

O Cl

Cl

S O P O O

N

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Chlorpyrifos

O O P S O

O N O

HO

Chlorpheniramine maleate

Cl

S O P O O

N

Cl

Chlorozotocin

N

N

Chlorpheniramine

Chlorprothixene

O

ON

Chloroxuron

O

S

O

O

O N

N

N

Cl

HN

N

Chlorphenesin carbamate

Cl

N

NH2 O

Cl

Cl

Chlorovinyldimethylsilane

N O

OH

H N

Cl Si

Chlorotriphenylsilane

OH

OH

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Cholane

Cholesta-3,5-diene

Cholan-24-oic acid

H

H

H Cholestane, (5α)

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

Cholestane, (5β)

H HO

HO

H

HO

H

HO

Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)

Cholestanol

Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

H H

H H O

O

O O

O O

O

O Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate

3-118

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one 2376 Cholesterol

2377 Cholic acid

2378 Choline chloride 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate 2380 Chorismic acid 2381 Chromium carbonyl

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C27H44O C27H46O

601-57-0 57-88-5

384.637 386.653

nd or pl (al) 81.5 orth or tcl lf 148.5 (al) nd (eth)

81-25-4

408.572

C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P

67-48-1 107-73-3

139.624 219.605

hyg cry visc liq

305 dec

C10H10O6 C6CrO6

617-12-9 13007-92-6

226.182 220.056

cry col orth cry

148 dec 130

C2CrO4

814-90-4

140.015

ye-grn pow (hyd) red mcl cry red-br pow ye pl or lf

208 300 exp

3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic C24H40O5 acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)

Phosphorylcholine

2382 Chromium(II) oxalate

mp/˚C

349.320 513.366 420.202

C18H13N C18H12

2642-98-0 218-01-9

243.303 228.288

2388 Ciafos

C9H10NO3PS

2636-26-2

243.219

2389 Cicutoxin

8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6diyne-1,14-diol 2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Direct Blue 6

C17H22O2

505-75-9

258.356

pr (eth/peth) 54

C32H20N6Na4O14S4 2602-46-2

932.752

2391 Cimetidine 2392 Cinchonamine

C10H16N6S C19H24N2O

51481-61-9 482-28-0

252.339 296.406

2393 Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O

485-71-2

294.390

dk bronze pow cry orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) or pl or pr (al)

2394 Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

118-10-5

294.390

2395 Cinchotoxine

C19H22N2O

69-24-9

294.390

pr nd (al, 265 eth) nd or pr (eth) 59

C9H8O

14371-10-9

132.159

ye liq

2386 6-Chrysenamine 2387 Chrysene

Chromium acetylacetonate 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7tetranitro-9,10anthracenedione 6-Aminochrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene

lf (al) 210.5 red bl fl or 255.5 orth pl (bz, HOAc) ye to red-ye 15 liq

210.5

-7.5

3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)-

2397 Cinnamedrine

90-86-8

281.392

2398 cis-Cinnamic acid

α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) C19H23NO amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) C9H8O2

102-94-3

148.159

mcl pr (w)

42

2399 trans-Cinnamic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E) C9H8O2

140-10-3

148.159

mcl pr (dil al)

133

C16H15NO2 C18H16O2

87-29-6 122-69-0

253.296 264.319

cry nd (al)

64 44

C10H10O2

104-65-4

162.185

C8H6N2

253-66-7

130.147

2402 Cinnamyl formate 2403 Cinnoline 2404 Cinoxate

2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411

Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 Cisapride Citral

3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

2412 β-Citraurin

2413 Citrazinic acid

1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo4-pyridinecarboxylic acid

2450.03 dec 360; 2330.5

1.06720

sub

1.77

345

1.34

nD

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH

s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec

1.27420

448

1200.09 dec

1.540432

142 186

2396 trans-Cinnamaldehyde

2400 trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate 2401 Cinnamyl cinnamate

den/ g cm-3

198

21679-31-2 C15H21CrO6 C16H9N3Na2O10S2 548-80-1 517-92-0 C14H4N4O12

2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2384 Chromotrope 2B 2385 Chrysamminic acid

bp/˚C

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth

1.049720

246

1.619520

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

75

1.15654

38

1140.3

-25

red-viol cry

390

104-28-9

250.291

C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4 C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O

1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6 81098-60-4 5392-40-5

312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492 465.945 152.233

C30H40O2

650-69-1

432.638

pl (bz-peth), 147 cry (al)

C6H5NO4

99-11-6

155.109

ye pow

185

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

1.08625

252

C14H18O4

red solid ye cry ye cry cry (hp)

1.24754

300

0 pa ye cry (lig) col liq

vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

2

vs eth, EtOH 1.102

25

1.567

20

i H2O; msc EtOH

i H2O, os 1350.03

1.1925

228.3

0.888820

256 317 132

>300 dec

1.489820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O, alk; sl HCl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-119 O HO

HO

HO

O Cholest-4-en-3-one

O

H

H

H

OH

OH

H

N

HO

Cholic acid

Cholesterol

O

O

CO

OC

OH

Cr

OC

CO

O

OH

CO

O

O

O

OH OH

O Cr

CO

O

2

N

O

O

P

O

NH2

O O S O

H2N

N

N O N

S

O

N O

S

O

O

O

N

O

O

O

N

O

Chrysamminic acid

O OH

O S O O

HO

OH O N

OH

Ciafos

Chrysene

4 Na

OH

OH O

N

S

N

6-Chrysenamine

O

O N

Chromotrope 2B

Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

NH2

O

SO3 Na

Na O3S

Chromium(II) oxalate

Chromium carbonyl

Chorismic acid

O

O N

O Cr

Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate

Choline chloride

O

OH

Cl

Cl

N

O O P OH OH

Cicutoxin

N

H N

S

N

C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt

HO

OH

N

N H

O

H N

Cimetidine

N

H

N

N H H

N Cinchonidine

Cinchonamine

NH HO H

O

N

O

OH N

O N

OH O

N

Cinchonine

O

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

Cinchotoxine

NH2

O

O

N

O

N OH H N

O P O O O

O

N H

O

Cinquasia Red

Cinoxate

NH2

O

N

O

O

Cinnoline

Cinnamyl formate

Cinnamyl cinnamate

N

O

H N O

O N

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate

trans-Cinnamic acid

O

O

O

cis-Cinnamic acid

Cinnamedrine

O

O

OH

O

N

O

O N H O N

N O

N H NH O N

Cl

Cl

O

O N N

O

N N

HN

NH O

O

O

Ciodrin

C.I. Pigment Red 170

C.I. Pigment Yellow 1

C.I. Pigment Yellow 12

O Cl HN

O

N

H2N O

O

O

O

F

O

HO Cisapride

Citral

OH

HO β-Citraurin

N

OH

Citrazinic acid

O

3-120

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2414 Citric acid

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid

C6H8O7

77-92-9

192.124

orth (w+1)

153

dec

1.66520

2415 Citric acid monohydrate

C6H10O8

5949-29-1

210.138

cry (w)

135

2416 Citrinin

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin

C13H14O5

518-75-2

250.247

178 dec

2417 Citrulline

N5-(Aminocarbonyl)- L-ornithine C6H13N3O3

372-75-8

175.185

6358-53-8 130-20-1

308.331 511.312

ye nd (MeOH) pr (aq MeOH) cry viol-bl pow

128-66-5 C24H12O2 C28H19N5Na2O6S4 1829-00-1

332.351 695.721

ye cry ye-br pow

C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S

14976-57-9 18323-44-9

459.963 424.983

C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4

77175-51-0 74115-24-5

310.777 303.147

C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2 C12H14ClNO2

637-07-0 14261-75-7 81777-89-1

242.698 255.741 239.698

2429 Clomiphene 2430 Clonazepam

C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3

911-45-5 1622-61-3

405.959 315.711

2431 Clonidine 2432 Clopidol 2433 Clopyralid

C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO C6H3Cl2NO2

4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6

230.093 192.043 192.000

C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2

120-32-1 23593-75-1

218.678 344.836

cry

48.5 148

183.5 51 dec

2418 Citrus Red 2 2419 C.I. Vat Blue 6 2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 2421 Clayton Yellow

7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G

2422 Clemastine fumarate 2423 Clindamycin 2424 Cloconazole 2425 Clofentezine 2426 Clofibrate 2427 Cloforex 2428 Clomazone

3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine

2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one

3,6-Dichloro-2pyridinecarboxylic acid

2434 Clorophene 2435 Clotrimazole

C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181

ye amorp solid 73 182

cry

52.8

s EtOAc

14920 890.005 1.19220

wh cry cry pow

117 237.5

i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl

137 >320 151

C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8

5786-21-0 10210-68-1

326.824 341.947

ye cry oran cry

2438 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl 2439 Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2440 Cocaine

Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate

C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4

16842-03-8 21679-46-9 50-36-2

171.982 356.257 303.354

ye liq or gas ≈-30 240 mcl pr (al) 98

2441 Coclaurine 2442 Codamine

C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4

486-39-5 21040-59-5

285.338 343.418

pl (al) pr (bz, eth)

220.5 127

2443 Codeine

C18H21NO3

76-57-3

299.365

orth cry (w, dil al, eth)

157.5

2444 Codeine phosphate

C18H24NO7P

52-28-8

397.361

2445 Coenzyme A

C21H36N7O16P3S

85-61-0

767.535

C21H27N7O14P2

53-84-9

663.425

lf or pr (dil 227 dec al) pow; unstab in air hyg pow

C21H28N7O17P3

53-59-8

743.405

gray-wh pow

2448 Colchiceine

C21H23NO6

477-27-0

385.411

2449 Colchicine

C22H25NO6

64-86-8

399.437

2450 Colistin A

C53H100N16O13

7722-44-3

1169.47

pa ye nd 178.5 (diox) ye pl (w + 1/ 156 2) ye cry (bz) amorp pow

2451 Collinomycin

C27H20O12

27267-69-2

536.441

2452 Columbin

C20H22O6

546-97-4

358.385

oran pr (chl- 281 MeOH) nd (MeOH) 195.5

2453 Conessine

C24H40N2

546-06-5

356.588

lf or pl (ace) 125.5

2447 Coenzyme II

1.542

156

Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth

222

2436 Clozapine 2437 Cobalt carbonyl

2446 Coenzyme I

nD

i H2O

1613.5

1.18558

s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF

1.78

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 s os

10 1870.1

25022, 1401.5

1.502298

1.3225

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2 vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O s H2O s H2O

1.2425

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl

1660.1

i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-121 O

O Cl

O O COOH HOOC

OH HOOC

COOH

COOH COOH

OH Citric acid

O

HO

H 2O

O O

O

NH2

O HN NH O

OH

NH2

Cl O

Citrulline

Citrinin

Citric acid monohydrate

N H

HO

OH

N

N

C.I. Vat Blue 6

Citrus Red 2

Cl NH

O

N

N N N HN

S

N HO

O

N

S

SO3 Na

SO3 Na

O Clayton Yellow

C.I. Vat Yellow 4

OH S OH

O O

Cl

O

HO

O

OH

Clindamycin

Clemastine fumarate

Cl Cl

N N

Cl

O

N

N

N

O

N

O

Cl

Clofibrate

O N

Cl

Cloforex

Clomazone

OH

N

Clomiphene

N

O

H N

Cl

N

N O

O

OH Cl

N Cl H Clonidine

Clonazepam

Cl

N H

CO CO CO

OC Co

Co

CO

Cobalt carbonyl

Clorophene

Clozapine

Clotrimazole

O

O

O

O O N

N H H

HO

O

O

O

O

N H

HO

O

O

H

CO

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl

N H

Cl

Clopyralid

O

O

CO

OH

N

Clopidol

Co

H

Cl

O

O O O C C

N Cl

Cl

N

O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

OC Co OC CO

O

N

N

H N O

O O

Cl

Cl

Clofentezine

Cloconazole

O

H N

O

OH Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Coclaurine

Cocaine

Codamine

Codeine

NH2

NH2 N

N O

NH2 N

N

O O H2PO4

O

HS

O

N H

N

N H

H

O O O O O P P OH OH

HO

NH2

N

N

Codeine phosphate

N

N

O

HO

O

O

N

N

O O O O P P OH O

O

O HO

HO

OH

NH2

O O P OH OH

O N

HO

OH

OH Coenzyme II

Coenzyme I

Coenzyme A

N

N

O N

OH

HO

O O O O P P O OH O

N

HO

O

O O O

O NH

O NH

O

O

O

H

O O

O O

O O OH

Colchiceine

O Colchicine

O

O HO

O HO

O

HO Collinomycin

O

H

N

O

H O

O

H

O

H OH

N

O Columbin

Conessine

H

3-122

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2454 Congo Red

C32H22N6Na2O6S2 573-58-0

696.663

pow

>360

2455 Conhydrine

C8H17NO

3238-62-8

143.227

nd (peth)

121

226

C8H17NO

495-20-5

143.227

lf (eth)

121

226

2457 Coniferin

C16H22O8

531-29-3

342.341

nd (w+2)

186

2458 Conquinamine

C19H24N2O2

464-86-8

312.406

ye tetr

123

2459 Convallatoxin

C29H42O10

508-75-8

550.637

pr (eth/ MeOH)

238

2460 Copaene

C15H24

3856-25-5

204.352

2456 Conhydrine, (+)

2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine

248.5

2461 Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper

C12H18CuO6

14284-06-1

321.813

2462 Copper(II) gluconate 2463 Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate 2464 Copper phthalocyanine

Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15

C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8

527-09-3 13395-16-9 147-14-8

453.841 261.762 576.069

grn cry (EtOH) bl-grn cry bl pow bl-purp cry

2465 Coronene

C24H12

191-07-1

300.352

2466 Corticosterone

C21H30O4

50-22-6

346.461

2467 Corybulbine

C21H25NO4

518-77-4

2468 Corycavamine 2469 Corydaline

C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4

2470 Corydine 2471 Corynantheine 2472 Cotarnine

den/ g cm-3

0.899620

sub

ye nd (bz)

437.4

525

181

355.429

nd (al, pl) (ace) nd (al)

237.5

521-85-7 518-69-4

367.396 369.454

pr (eth, al) pr (al)

149 136

C20H23NO4

476-69-7

341.402

tetr pr (eth)

149

C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4

18904-54-6 82-54-2

366.452 237.252

C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5

56-72-4 479-13-0

362.766 268.222

93 385 dec

1.474

cry rods

2475 Creatine

C4H9N3O2

57-00-1

131.133

mcl pr (w+1) 303 dec

1.3325

2476 Creatinine

C4H7N3O

60-27-5

113.118

orth pr (w+2) 300 dec lf (w) 31.03

2473 Coumaphos 2474 Coumestrol

3,9-Dihydroxy-6Hbenzofuro[3,2-c][1] benzopyran-6-one

202.27

1.033920

1.540120

pr

34.77

201.98

1.018540

1.531220

346.376 636.602

cry (al) ye cry pow

223 186

1733-12-6

382.430

>300

C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P C21H23NO5

78-31-9 535-89-7 16110-51-3 299-86-5 482-74-6

340.309 171.627 468.366 291.711 369.412

red-br cry pow col liq br wax col cry

C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6

548-62-9 18423-69-3

407.979 356.369

C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O

6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4

558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421

108.138

2478 m-Cresol

3-Methylphenol

C7H8O

108-39-4

108.138

2479 p-Cresol

4-Methylphenol

C7H8O

106-44-5

108.138

2480 o-Cresolphthalein 2481 o-Cresolphthalein complexone

Metalphthalein

C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12

596-27-0 2411-89-4

2482 Cresol Red

o-Cresolsulfonphthalein

C21H18O5S

Cromoglicic acid

2488 Crystal Violet 2489 Cubebin 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494

Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Gentian violet

Geissoschizoline

-40 87 241 dec 60 pr or pl (bz) 223 nd (chlMeOH) grn pow 215 dec nd (al, bz) 131.5 cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)

pr (eth) pa ye amor pow

181 207.5 163.5 202 135 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

12.24

95-48-7

Cryptocavine

165.5 132 dec

1.538635

C7H8O

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate Cryptopine

1.37125

1.032735

2-Methylphenol

Solubility

sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH

191.04

2477 o-Cresol

2483 2484 2485 2486 2487

1.489420

192 156 284 dec

nd (bz), cry (eth)

nD

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH

1.20825

i H2O; s os vs EtOH

1.31520

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

1434 1180.01

sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-123 OH

OH

NH2

NH2 N

N

N

HO

N H

O

N

O O

O H N

H

SO3Na

N H

SO3Na

N H

OH

Conhydrine

Congo Red

HO HO

OH

Conhydrine, (+)

OH Conquinamine

Coniferin

O O

O

H OH

O O HO HO

H

O

OH

O Cu

O

O

H

O

OH Convallatoxin

HO

O

N

O

O

N N

Cu N

O

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate

N

O

O

Copper phthalocyanine

O N H

O O Corycavamine

O

HO O

O

O

Corydaline

N H

Corydine

OH

N O

O

N

O

O

2

O

Corybulbine

Corticosterone

H

O

N Cu

N

O

O

H

O Coronene

N H H

2

Cu

O

OH

HO

N

Copper(II) gluconate

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Copaene

N

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

O

O

S O P O O

N

O O

O

O

O HN O

HO

N

H N

N

OH

NH2

N

O

O

Coumestrol

Coumaphos

O

O

NH2

O

OH

Cotarnine

Corynantheine

Cl

Creatine

NH

N Creatinine

OH O HO

HO OH

HO

N

O

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

O

O

O

O o-Cresol

m-Cresol

OH

O O P O O

O

o-Cresolphthalein

p-Cresol

N O

N

O

OH

N

S O O

OH

N

Cresol Red

o-Cresolphthalein complexone

Crimidine

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

N

N O O

O

O

O

HO HO

O O

O

HO

HO

O H

O

H

O

O

HO Cucurbitacin B

Cl

O

Crystal Violet

OH

Cubebin

O O N

O

H

O H

OH

N

O Cryptopine

HO

O

O

O

Crufomate

Cromolyn

O

O

O

O O P O NH

OH

O

O

N

O

Cl

OH

N N

H

HO O

OH Cucurbitacin C

HO

O NH4

N Cupferron

Cupreine

N N H H

H OH

Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Cl

3-124

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2495 Curcumin

Turmeric

C21H20O6

458-37-7

368.380

2496 Curine

C36H38N2O6

436-05-5

594.696

2497 Cuscohygrine

C13H24N2O

454-14-8

224.342

oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH) pr, nd (chlMeOH) oil

C19H17NO3

529-92-0

307.343

2498 Cusparine

2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

221

vs ace, bz, py 16923, 1222

(α) wh or ye 92(α form); nd (peth); 111(β form) (β) amber pr ye pow 92 2120.25 nd 45.56 14019

C19H21N3S CH2N2

3546-03-0 420-04-2

323.455 42.040

2501 Cyanazine 2502 Cyanic acid

Hydrogen cyanate

C9H13ClN6 CHNO

21725-46-2 420-05-3

240.692 43.025

C3H4N2O C3H3NO2

107-91-5 372-09-8

84.076 85.062

C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2

140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1

99.091 51.047 147.132

2508 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

C8H5NO2

619-65-8

147.132

2509 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

C5H7NO2

39201-33-7

113.116

2510 2511 2512 2513 2514

Ethane dinitrile Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide

C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN

106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4

125.126 303.317 52.034 105.922 61.471

2515 Cyanogen fluoride 2516 Cyanogen iodide 2517 Cyanoguanidine

Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide

CFN CIN C2H4N4

1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5

45.016 152.922 84.080

83 col gas -27.83 nd 52 col vol liq or -6.5 gas col gas -82 nd (al, eth) 146.7 211

2518 Cyanomethylmercury

Methylmercurynitrile

C2H3HgN

2597-97-9

241.64

cry (chl)

92

subl

2519 2520 2521 2522

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid

C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- C3H3N3O3 trione

1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5

177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074

cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry

178 199.5 58 >330

sub

2523 2524 2525 2526

Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine

2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine

675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8

135.047 252.222 276.371 266.381

nd (ace aq)

154 dec 52 106

19314

1134-23-2

215.356

11.5

14510

52-31-3

236.266

lf (w)

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride

Cyacetacide

C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2

168 unstab liq or -86 gas pl (w) 121.5 66

pr (al) nd (w)

114.5 5 219

23

0.973320

1.483220

1.28220

1.441848

1.14020

dec 160; 10815

42.5 sub

0.816717

10812

1.06220

-21.1 61.5 13

0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620

1.386825

219

hyg cry

45

1.583925

-46 sub

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl

72.8

cry (peth)

i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630

Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene

C4H9N C4H8

2516-34-9 287-23-0

71.121 56.107

vol liq or gas -90.7

82 12.6

0.832820 0.70380

1.436319 1.37520

2531 Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 2532 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

Cyanocyclobutane

C5H7N C5H8O2

4426-11-3 3721-95-7

81.117 100.117

liq

-1.0

149.6 190; 742

1.059920

1.440020

C6H8O4

5445-51-2

144.126

pr (w, eth)

158.0

C4H8O C4H6O

2919-23-5 1191-95-3

72.106 70.090

liq

-50.9

124 99

0.921815 0.95470

1.437120 1.421520

Hydroxycyclobutane

vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.7525

2529 Cyclobutanamine 2530 Cyclobutane

2534 Cyclobutanol 2535 Cyclobutanone

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth

2528 Cyclobarbital

2533 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

2.8418 1.40414

C11H21NOS Carbamothioic acid, cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester C12H16N2O3

2527 Cycloate

Solubility vs EtOH, HOAc

Cyanogenamide

2505 Cyanoacetohydrazide 2506 Cyanoacetylene 2507 3-Cyanobenzoic acid

nD

183

2499 Cyamemazine 2500 Cyanamide

2503 2-Cyanoacetamide 2504 Cyanoacetic acid

den/ g cm-3

173

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-125 O

O O

O

O

N H

O

OH

H N

O

O

O

HO

Curine

N

N

N H2N

S

N

N H

N

NH2 N H

N

Cyanamide

Cyamemazine

O

N

N

N

Cyanic acid

2-Cyanoacetamide

OH

N

N

Cyanoacetylene

3-Cyanobenzoic acid

N

N

OH 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

4-Cyanobenzoic acid

O 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate

H 2N N N

N

N

Cyanofenphos

Br

Cyanogen

N

Cl

Cyanogen bromide

N

F

Cyanogen chloride

I

N

N O

N

N

N

O

4-Cyanothiazole

F

H N

O

N H

S

2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid

H

N

H N

OH

N

N N

Cyanoguanidine

O

N Hg

N

H 2N

N Cyanogen iodide

Cyanogen fluoride

O O

F

N N

F

Cyanuric fluoride

Cyanuric acid

O N

O

OH

O O

O

N

N

O S

N

H

OH O

HO

O

OH Cycasin

O N

S P O

Cyanomethylmercury

O

Cyanoacetic acid

O

O

HO

OH N

O

OH

NH2

Cyanoacetohydrazide

O

HO

Cyanazine

O

N

O Cusparine

Cuscohygrine

Cl

N

H N

N

N

OH

OH Curcumin

O

N

O

Cyclizine

Cyclandelate

N

Cycloate

HO

O

O

N H

O

Cyclobarbital

OH

OH

NH2 Cyclobutanamine

O

OH O Cyclobutanecarbonitrile

Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

Cyclobutanol

Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutane

3-126

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2536 Cyclobutene

C4H6

822-35-5

54.091

col gas

2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542

Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin

C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30

12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3

572.439 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 972.843

nd (MeOH)

2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane

C42H70O35 C48H80O40 C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14

7585-39-9 17465-86-0 294-62-2 1724-39-6 830-13-7 4904-61-4 1129-89-1 1486-75-5 542-46-1 4054-38-0 5452-35-7 291-64-5

1134.984 1297.125 168.319 184.318 182.302 162.271 166.303 166.303 250.419 94.154 113.201 98.186

mcl cry (w) 260 dec sq pl or rods nd (al) 60.4

C7H10O2 C7H14O

3008-39-7 502-41-0

126.153 114.185

No. Name

Synonym

Sebacil

Cyclomaltohexaose Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose

CDT

Civetone

2555 1,2-Cycloheptanedione 2556 Cycloheptanol

amor pow hx pl or nd

mp/˚C

255 dec 10 40.5 40.5 28

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2

0.7330

202 10410 12512 10613

0.853825

1.471620

0.960620 0.965420

1.492620 1.480620

liq

32.5 -110.4

liq

-8.46

247 286 12712 240 13335, 712 11317 343; 1592 120.5 5411 118.4

-40 7.2

liq

59 -17

nD

vs ace; s bz, peth

0.905966 0.84100

1.457160 1.484020 1.485020

0.86825 0.809820

1.497820 1.472420 1.443620

10817 185

1.058322 0.955420

1.468922 1.4070520

178.5

0.950820

1.460820

-79.5

117; 60.5122

0.887519

1.534320

Suberone

C7H12O

502-42-1

112.169

2558 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

Tropilidene

C7H8

544-25-2

92.139

2559 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 2560 Cycloheptene

C7H6O C7H12

539-80-0 628-92-2

106.122 96.170

liq

-7 -56

11315, 846 115

1.09522 0.822820

1.617222 1.455220

2561 1,3-Cyclohexadiene

C6H8

592-57-4

80.128

liq

-89

80.5

0.840520

1.475520

C6H8

628-41-1

80.128

liq

-49.2

85.5

0.847120

1.472520

2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

C6H4O2

583-63-1

108.095

red pl or pr

≈65 dec

2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime 2565 Cyclohexane

C6H6N2O2

105-11-3

138.124

pa ye nd (w) 240 dec

C6H12

110-82-7

84.159

80.73

0.773925

1.423525

C8H14O2

5292-21-7

142.196

nd (HCO2H) 33

245

1.042318

1.477520

C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2

766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5

109.169 146.614 112.169 128.169

liq

11

mcl pr

31.5

184; 7616 180 159.3 232.5

0.919 1.096215 0.903520 1.033422

1.450520 1.471129 1.449620 1.453020

C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C8H12O4

1436-59-5 1121-22-8 619-82-9

114.188 114.188 172.179

402 8015, 412 sub 300

0.95220 0.95120

1.495120

14.8 312.5

2574 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine

C8H18N2

2579-20-6

142.242

350

160.125

cry (EtOH aq) pr (AcOEt)

168

83-44-3

392.573

cry (al)

177

C9H14N3O7P

1032-65-1

307.197

pow

183 dec

50-91-9 154-17-6 902-04-5

246.191 164.156 347.222

cry

150 146.5

2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid

C9H11FN2O5 C6H12O5 C10H14N5O7P

D-Quercitol N-Methylglucamine

C6H12O5 C7H17NO5

488-73-3 6284-40-8

164.156 195.214

pr (w, dil al) 236 cry (MeOH) 128.5

Digitalose

C7H14O5 C5H10O4 C32H38N2O8

4481-08-7 533-67-5 131-01-1

178.183 134.131 578.652

nd (AcOEt)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth

sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH

1.2020

sub 160

1.506320

vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O

vs H2O, ace, EtOH

s H2O

nd or pr

119 90 230.5

1.584513

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-137 O

O

Cl

O 3-Decanone

4-Decanone

O

Decanoyl chloride

trans-2-Decenal

1-Decene

O OH

OH trans-2-Decene

cis-2-Decene

trans-5-Decene

cis-5-Decene

OH H

Cl

H

N OH NH2

O

OH O HO

3-Decen-2-one

9-Decen-1-ol

9-Decenoic acid

O OH

O

O NH2

O Decyl acetate

Declomycin

Decylamine

O O

O Decylcyclohexane

Decylbenzene

Decylcyclopentane

O

Decyl formate

Decyl decanoate

O O 11-Decylheneicosane

Decyl vinyl ether

Decyloxirane

1-Decylnaphthalene

OH OH

O

HO

O

O H

OH

O

OH

O

Br

O

Deltamethrin

Delphinine

NH2

NH2 O

N

O

Br

N

Br

HO

S O

O

N

N O P O O

N

S

O O P S O

OH O

O

P

O O

OH

O

P

O

N

P

OH

O

N

H

O

CH2OH OH O

OH

O

S OH

HO

OH

6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

2’-Deoxyadenosine

Demeton-S-methyl

Demeton

Demecarium bromide

N

N

N

N

N

O

O Br

Delphinidin

Dehydroabietic acid

N

O

N

OH

OH 5-Decyne

O H

O

O

O

H

OH

1-Decyne

O NH2

O HO

N OH

OH O

P

O O

F

HN N

HO

O

O O

H2N OH

N

O

HO

OH

HO

OH

OH

Deoxycholic acid

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

H HO H H

2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine

2-Deoxy-D-glucose

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol

OH 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose

OH OH HO HO

2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

HO

O

O

O O

OH D-2-Deoxyribose

O

O O

Deserpidine

OH

2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol

N H H

O OH

O OH

O

OH

O

O

N

OH

N H HO

O

HO

H CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH

P

N

OH

O OH

H

N

HN

O

3-138

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2810 Desethyl atrazine

6-Chloro-N-isopropyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine Deferoxamine

C6H10ClN5

6190-65-4

187.630

cry

136

C25H48N6O8

70-51-9

560.684

cry (EtOH aq)

139

C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S

50-47-5 13684-56-5 1014-69-3 533-48-2 50-02-2 140-56-7

266.381 300.309 213.304 214.261 392.460 251.238

cry lo nd (H2O)

2818 Dexpanthenol

C9H19NO4

81-13-0

205.252

hyg oil

2819 Dextroamphetamine sulfate 2820 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO

51-63-8 125-69-9

368.491 352.309

wh cry pow

>300 123

C6H12O2

123-42-2

116.158

liq

-44

167.9

0.938720

1.421320

2822 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

C7H10O4

869-29-4

158.152

liq

-37.6

180

1.076020

1.419320

2823 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

C10H10O2

6781-42-6

162.185

32

15215

C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2

1009-61-6 613-35-4

162.185 268.310

113.0 328.3

1283

C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4PS2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2

561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9 2303-16-4 538-08-9

369.412 118.089 393.846 270.219 122.167

orth nd (eth) lf

173 30 68

27312 6321

col liq

2811 Desferrioxamine 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817

Desipramine Desmedipham Desmetryne Desthiobiotin Dexamethasone Dexon

2821 Diacetone alcohol

2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’diaminobiphenyl 2826 Diacetylmorphine 2827 Diacetylperoxide 2828 Dialifor 2829 Diallate 2830 Diallylcyanamide

Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosul fonate

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2pentanone

4-Acetylacetophenone

Acetyl peroxide

ye-br pow

nd (HOAc)

sl H2O; s DMF

dec

1.2020

1.49720

1.1525

1.5625

1509 14290, 959

s EtOH; sl eth, ctc i H2O; s os 1.442020

-6

196.200

1403

1.076820

1.467025

1087-21-4

246.259

1765

C10H12O4 C8H10O4

999-21-3 615-99-6

196.200 170.163

12910, 1093 217

1.07520 1.158220

1.469920 1.448120

155.5

0.80920

1.450220

138.6 11716

0.887727 1.084515

1.487025

1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4

140.299 146.273 98.142

2835 Diallyl fumarate

C10H12O4

2807-54-7

C14H14O4

liq

2839 N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

Triallylamine

C9H15N

102-70-5

137.222

94

2840 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 2841 Diallyl sulfide 2842 Diallyl trisulfide 2843 Diamantane 2844 1,2-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

Allobarbital

C10H12N2O3

52-43-7

208.213

lf

172

C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2

592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5

114.208 178.338 188.309 238.241

liq

-85

cry viol nd

236 303.5

2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

128-95-0

238.241

dk viol nd (py)

268

2846 1,5-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-44-2

238.241

dk red nd (al, 319 HOAc)

2847 1,8-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-42-0

238.241

red nd (al, HOAc)

265

2848 2,6-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

131-14-6

238.241

red-br pr (aq-py)

320 dec

2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

C12H12N4

538-41-0

212.250

250.5

2850 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

C7H8N2O2

535-87-5

152.151

ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al) nd (+1w)

228

sub

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl

vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

0.767920 1.023715 0.826020

C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O

Congressane

s H2O

137; 6850 10048, 7916 94

274.267

Solubility

1730.02 120 85 157 262

1.1420

142-22-3

2837 Diallyl maleate 2838 Diallyl oxalate

nD

1612

C12H18O7

Di-2-propenyl 1,3benzenedicarboxylate

den/ g cm-3

-4

2831 Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) 2832 Diallyldimethylsilane 2833 Diallyl disulfide 2834 Diallyl ether Allyl ether

2836 Diallyl isophthalate

bp/˚C

1.416320

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-139 O

NH2 N Cl

O O

N N

H2N

N H

OH N

H N

N OH

O

O

O N H

O

N H

OH

S

N N H

N

O

Desthiobiotin

Desmetryne

O N N S O Na O

N

F

O

N H

Desmedipham

OH

H

NH O

O

O

HO

N

N H

Desipramine

HN HO

O

N OH

Desferrioxamine

Desethyl atrazine

N H

N

Dexamethasone

Dexon

O HBr OH

O

H N

HO

OH NH2

O Dexpanthenol

0.5 H2SO4

H

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

O

OH O

N

O

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

Diacetone alcohol

O

O O 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

O O

O

O O

O O

O HN

O

NH

H

N

O

O

O

O Cl

S

N

Cl Diallate

Dialifor

Diacetylperoxide

Diacetylmorphine

Cl S S P O O

N

O

O

N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

1,4-Diacetylbenzene

O

N O N

O

Diallylcyanamide

O O

O

O

S

Si

O

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate

Diallyldimethylsilane

O

S

Diallyl disulfide

Diallyl ether

O O O O

O O

O

O

O

O

O

Diallyl isophthalate

Diallyl fumarate

O

O

O O

N

O

Diallyl maleate

Diallyl oxalate

O

O

N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

NH2

O

NH2

O

NH2

NH2 NH

O

N H

O

O

NH2

S

S

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

Diallyl sulfide

NH2 O

S

S

O

Diallyl trisulfide

NH2

Diamantane

1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

NH2 H2N

H2N NH2 O 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

N N 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

NH2

H2N

OH

NH2

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

3-140

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2851 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10N2O2

305-62-4

118.134

hyg cry

2852 cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 2853 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline

C4H4N4 C14H10N2O4

1187-42-4 128-94-9

108.102 270.240

bl nd (xyl)

C12H12N2O C13H14N2

101-80-4 101-77-9

200.235 198.263

2856 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

4,4’-Thiodianiline

C12H12N2S

139-65-1

216.301

189 dec pl or nd (w) 92.5 pl (bz) nd (w) 108.5

2857 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 2858 meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 2859 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2861 2,4-Diaminophenol

3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid

C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4

599-61-1 922-54-3

248.300 190.197

nd (w)

C15H12N2O3

2872-48-2

268.267

235

C14H9N3O4

82-33-7

283.239

278

C6H8N2O

95-86-3

124.140

lf

79 dec

C6H10Cl2N2O

137-09-7

197.061

nd

235 dec

Thionine

C12H10ClN3S

581-64-6

263.745

Prontosil

C12H14ClN5O2S

103-12-8

327.790

Amsonic acid

C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2

616-29-5 81-11-8

90.123 370.400

cry ye nd

42.8 300

C3H5N5O

645-92-1

127.105

nd (aq Na2CO3)

dec

2868 8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid Crocetin

C20H24O4

27876-94-4

328.403

brick red orth

286

2869 Diatrizoic acid

C11H9I3N2O4

117-96-4

613.913

cry (EtOH aq)

300

C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N C22H14

123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3 53-70-3

116.079 304.345 42.040 279.335 279.335 279.335 278.346

C22H14

224-41-9

278.346

oran lf or nd 197.5 (bz) 190.2

No. Name

2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo] benzenesulfonamide 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)one

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876

Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Synonym

N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

2877 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

mp/˚C

nD

Solubility

1.4120

178.5

i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH >300 398; 25718

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

168.5 314 dec

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats i eth, bz sl H2O

249.5

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH

212 dec ye gas ye cry

-145 228 216 ye cry (EtOH) 189 pl (dil ace) 269.5

Carbamazepine

C15H12N2O

298-46-4

236.268

Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide

C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O

4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9

295.379 267.324 267.324 328.405 184.191 168.191

nd (MeOH) lf or nd (al)

2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene

C24H14

192-65-4

302.368

pa ye nd(xyl) 233.5

2886 Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene 2887 Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene 2888 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

C24H14 C24H14 C24H14

189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0

302.368 302.368 302.368

oran pl

2889 Dibenzothiophene

C12H8S

132-65-0

184.257

2890 Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

C14H8O3

6050-13-1

224.212

C14H10O2S2

644-32-6

274.358

Benzoyl disulfide

den/ g cm-3

s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH

2878 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide 2879 Dibenzepin 2880 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2881 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin 2884 Dibenzofuran

2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide

bp/˚C

cry (EtOH)

ye pl (bz/ EtOH) nd (dil al, lig)

117 158 221.3 400 120.5 86.5

870.05 -23

1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth

1850.01 i H2O

287

315 281.5 164.5

2750.05

98.2

332.5

nd (HOAc or 217 bz) pr(al), 134.5 sc(chlpeth)

1.108820

sub dec

1.088699

1.607999

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf

i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-141 NH2 O

N

N

O

NH2 O

H2N

OH NH2

H2N

NH2

OH O

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

H2N

OH

NH2

H2N

NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O O

S

H2N

O

O S

NH2

HO

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

O

NH2

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

O OH

NH2

NH2

H2N

O

NH2

meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

NH2

NH2

N 2 HCl O

O

O

NH2

1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

H2N

NH2

H2N

2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride

2,4-Diaminophenol

OH O S O

NH2

H2N

NH2

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

O O

O

N N H

O

HO NH2

OH O

4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

OH

I

I

N H

4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide

NH2

O S O OH

H2N

O S NH2 O

N N

NH2 Cl

S

3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride

N OH

NH2

1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH NH2

N

NH2

O

I

O

O

N H

Diatrizoic acid

H2N

N

N

N

S O P O O

NH2

O Diazenedicarboxamide

H

N

C N

N

N

N

H Diazomethane

Diazinon

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

N O N N

N O Dibenz[c,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

N

NH2

N H

Dibenzepin

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

O N H 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene

O

O

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

Dibenzofuran

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

O

O

O

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

O S

O

S Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzothiophene

S

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

Dibenzoyl disulfide

3-142

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

den/ g cm-3

2892 Dibenzylamine

N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine

C14H15N

103-49-1

197.276

nD

Solubility

dec 300; 270250

1.025622

1.578120

26 1.8

1954 298

1.02420 1.042820

1.563520 1.516820

274.356

117.5

19020

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc

C14H14S2

150-60-7

246.391

lf (al)

71.5

C16H20N2 C14H14O

140-28-3 103-50-4

240.343 198.260

oily lig

2896 2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

C20H18O

897-78-9

2897 Dibenzyl malonate 2898 Dibenzyl phosphite 2899 Dibenzyl sulfide

C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S

15014-25-2 17176-77-1 538-74-9

284.307 262.241 214.326

1.544720 1.552118

C14H14O2S

620-32-6

246.325

pl (eth or chl) nd (al-bz)

1872 1620.1 dec

1.13725

-2.5 49.5

2900 Dibenzyl sulfone

152

dec 290

2901 Dibenzyl sulfoxide

C14H14OS

621-08-9

230.325

lf (al, w)

134

dec 210

2902 1,3-Dibenzylurea 2903 Dibromoacetic acid

C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2

1466-67-7 631-64-1

240.300 217.844

nd (al) hyg cry

169.5 49

195250, 13016

2904 Dibromoacetonitrile 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline

C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N

3252-43-5 615-57-6

198.844 250.919

2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene

C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2

626-40-4 523-27-3

250.919 336.022

2893 Dibenzyl disulfide 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine 2895 Dibenzyl ether

Benzathine Benzyl ether

Benzyl sulfide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-26

2908 o-Dibromobenzene

1,2-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

583-53-9

235.904

orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) nd (dil al) 57 ye nd (to or 226 xyl) 7.1

2909 m-Dibromobenzene

1,3-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

108-36-1

235.904

liq

2910 p-Dibromobenzene

1,4-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

106-37-6

235.904

pl

2911 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 2912 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone

C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2

3988-03-2 92-86-4

340.010 312.000

2913 1,3-Dibromo-2,2Pentaerythritol tetrabromide bis(bromomethyl)propane 2914 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)- Tribromsalan 2-hydroxybenzamide 2915 1,1-Dibromobutane 2916 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide 2917 1,3-Dibromobutane

C5H8Br4

3229-00-3

387.734

C13H8Br3NO2

87-10-5

449.921

pl (al) 177 mcl pr 164 (MeOH) cry (ace), nd 163 (lig) 227

C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2

62168-25-6 533-98-2 107-80-2

215.915 215.915 215.915

liq

2918 1,4-Dibromobutane

C4H8Br2

110-52-1

215.915

2919 2,3-Dibromobutane 2920 trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2

5408-86-6 821-06-7

215.915 213.899

2921 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne 2922 α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

C4H4Br2 C10H14Br2O

2219-66-1 514-12-5

211.883 310.025

2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide 2927 trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) 2928 1,10-Dibromodecane

CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3

353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8

226.270 236.333 276.277

C3H2Br2N2O C6H10Br2

10222-01-2 5183-77-7

241.868 241.951

cry (bz)

C10H20Br2

4101-68-2

300.074

2929 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

75-81-0

2930 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

2931 Dibromodichloromethane 2932 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

Decamethylene dibromide

Genetron 132b-B2

169; 6824 15674

1.058350

2.36920 2.26020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.539320 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

sub 225

1.984320

1.615520

-7

218

1.952320

1.608317

87.43

218.5

2.26117

1.5742

395 357.5 305.5

2.59615

-65.4

158; 91101 166.3 174

1.78425 1.791520 1.80020

1.498825 1.402520 1.50720

liq

-16.5

197

1.819925

1.516725

liq pl (peth)

-24 53.4

161 203; 7414

1.789322

1.513322

9215

2.01418 1.85421

1.58818

2.317322 2.09314

1.457020 1.55314

50

80.3 196 93

126 -2.0

145100, 10520

1.775920

1.544519

pl (al)

28

1619, 1284

1.33530

1.492725

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

683-68-1

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

CBr2Cl2

594-18-3

242.725

38

150.2

2.4225

C2H2Br2F2

75-82-1

223.842

-61.3

92.5

2.223820

61

liq

1.445620

vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl

i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace s eth, ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt i H2O

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

N H

S

Dibenzylamine

3-143

S

H N

N H

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

Dibenzyl disulfide

O O

O O

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

O

O

O P

Dibenzyl ether

O

S

O Dibenzyl phosphite

Dibenzyl malonate

Dibenzyl sulfide

NH2 Br

O N H

S O

S O

O

Dibenzyl sulfone

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

N H

Br

OH

Br

Br

O

Br

N

1,3-Dibenzylurea

Dibromoacetic acid

Br

Br

Dibromoacetonitrile

2,4-Dibromoaniline

Br

NH2

Br

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

3,5-Dibromoaniline

Br

9,10-Dibromoanthracene

o-Dibromobenzene

p-Dibromobenzene

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Br 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone

Br

OH O Br

Br

Br

m-Dibromobenzene

N H

Br

Br Br 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane

Br Br

Br 1,1-Dibromobutane

1,2-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

1,4-Dibromobutane

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

F F Br

Cl Br

Dibromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl

Br

N

Br NH2 Br Br

2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Br

Br

Br 1,10-Dibromodecane

Br Cl Cl

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

Br

O

Br

Cl F

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

Br O

Br

Br

trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

2,3-Dibromobutane

Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)

Br Br

Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

Cl

Cl Br

Dibromodichloromethane

Br

Br F

F

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

3-144

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2933 Dibromodifluoromethane

CBr2F2

75-61-6

209.816

vol liq or gas -110.1

2934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4Dibromantine imidazolidinedione 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane

C5H6Br2N2O2

77-48-5

285.922

C5H10Br2 C12H24Br2

5434-27-5 3344-70-5

229.941 328.127

184; 8026 21515

1.677520

nd (al,HOAc) 41

2937 1,1-Dibromoethane

Ethylidene dibromide

C2H4Br2

557-91-5

187.861

liq

-63

108.0

2.055520

1.512820

2938 1,2-Dibromoethane

Ethylene dibromide

C2H4Br2

106-93-4

187.861

9.84

131.6

2.168325

1.535625

2939 cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-11-4

185.845

liq

-53

112.5

2.246420

1.542820

2940 trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-12-5

185.845

liq

-6.5

108

2.230820

1.550518

2941 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 2942 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate 2943 (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2

2983-26-8 24442-57-7 93-52-7

231.914 245.898 263.958

1.732020 1.9120

75

8020 89.516 13319

1.504420

liq

2944 Dibromofluoromethane

CHBr2F

1868-53-7

191.825

liq

-78

64.9

2.42120

1.468520

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2

42474-21-5 4549-31-9

257.994 257.994

41.7

228 263

1.508620 1.530620

1.498620 1.503420

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6

21266-88-6 21266-90-0 661-95-0

257.994 257.994 309.830

10117 10724 72.8

1.513920 1.518220 2.163020

1.499220 1.501020

C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2

624-20-4 629-03-8

243.967 243.967

liq

-1.2

10336 245.5

1.577420 1.602525

1.502420 1.505425

C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2

89583-12-0 90-59-5

243.967 279.914

1.504320

pa ye pr

86

8013 sub

1.602720

3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid

C7H4Br2O3

3147-55-5

295.913

nd

228

Bromoxynil

C7H3Br2NO

1689-84-5

276.913

Methylene bromide

CH2Br2

74-95-3

173.835

2,5-Dibromotoluene

C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2

615-59-8 31543-75-6 618-31-5

249.931 249.931 249.931

C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2

594-51-4 609-22-3 594-34-3 83-53-4

229.941 265.930 215.915 285.963

2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

C6H4Br2N2O2

827-94-1

295.916

2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

C6H3Br2NO3

99-28-5

296.901

2966 1,9-Dibromononane 2967 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 2968 1,8-Dibromooctane

C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2

4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0

286.047 359.838 272.021

2969 1,2-Dibromopentane 2970 1,4-Dibromopentane 2971 1,5-Dibromopentane

C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2

3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0

229.941 229.941 229.941

2972 2,4-Dibromopentane 2973 2,4-Dibromophenol

C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O

19398-53-9 615-58-7

2974 2,6-Dibromophenol

C6H4Br2O

608-33-3

No. Name

2945 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2946 1,7-Dibromoheptane

Synonym

Heptamethylene dibromide

2947 2,3-Dibromoheptane 2948 3,4-Dibromoheptane 2949 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 2950 1,2-Dibromohexane 2951 1,6-Dibromohexane 2952 3,4-Dibromohexane 2953 3,5-Dibromo-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 2954 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2955 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2956 Dibromomethane

2957 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2958 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene 2959 (Dibromomethyl)benzene 2960 2961 2962 2963

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

Octamethylene dibromide

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

22.76

Solubility s H2O, eth, ace, bz

198 dec 1.5090 i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl

i H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, chl s ace

190 liq

nd (peth)

-52.5

97

2.496920

1.542020

5.6 -9.7 1.0

236 10311 15623

1.812717 1.817625 1.836528

1.598218 1.596425 1.614720

7 58 10.5 83

6217 1.671720 dec 265; 1054 150 1.782720 310

1.572925 1.511920

ye nd (al, 207 HOAc) pa ye pr or lf 145 dec (al) 1.422920

15.5

1.459425

1.497125

liq

-34.4 -39.5

184 146150, 9914 222.3

1.66818 1.622220 1.692825

1.508620 1.510225

229.941 251.903

nd (peth)

38

7521, 6012 238.5

1.665920 2.070020

251.903

nd (w)

56.5

255; 16221

-22.5

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc

285; 15410 97 271

liq

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O

i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl

i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc

1.498720 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-145

Br N

Br

O

Br

N Br

Dibromodifluoromethane

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

F

F

Br

Br

Br Br

Br

1,2-Dibromoethane

1,1-Dibromoethane

Br

Br

Br

H

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

H

H

H

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

1,12-Dibromododecane

O

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

H (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate

Br

F

Br

Br

O

O

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

Br

Dibromofluoromethane

Br

Br

1,7-Dibromoheptane

1,2-Dibromoheptane

Br 3,4-Dibromoheptane

2,3-Dibromoheptane

O Br

F Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

F F F F 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

Br

Br 1,6-Dibromohexane

1,2-Dibromohexane

OH Br

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

3,4-Dibromohexane

N HO

Br

O

Br OH

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

OH

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

Br

Br

H

OH Br

Br

2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene

Dibromomethane

NH2

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane

(Dibromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br

2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

Br

1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane

O

1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

N

O

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

OH Br

Br F F F F Br O

N

Br

O

Br

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

Br F F F F

1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane

1,9-Dibromononane

Br

Br

Br

Br 1,8-Dibromooctane

1,2-Dibromopentane

OH Br Br

Br Br 1,4-Dibromopentane

Br

Br

Br 1,5-Dibromopentane

OH Br

Br

Br 2,4-Dibromopentane

2,4-Dibromophenol

2,6-Dibromophenol

3-146

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2975 1,2-Dibromopropane

Propylene dibromide

C3H6Br2

78-75-1

201.888

liq

-55.49

141.9

1.932420

1.520120

2976 1,3-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

109-64-8

201.888

liq

-34.5

167.3

1.970125

1.520425

2977 2,2-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

594-16-1

201.888

113

1.88020

2978 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2979 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 2980 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O

600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9

231.871 217.887 217.887

s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

C9H15Br6O4P

126-72-7

697.610

C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2

816-39-7 13195-80-7

215.871 199.872

2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2

26391-16-2 513-31-5

199.872 199.872

2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine

C5H3Br2N

625-92-3

236.893

nd (al)

112

222 sub

2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,3-Dibromoacetone

66.5 ye liq

nd

26

2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

Broxyquinoline

C9H5Br2NO

521-74-4

302.950

nd (al)

196

2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4chlorimide 2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane

2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide

C6H2Br2ClNO

537-45-1

299.347

83

C14H28Br2

37688-96-3

356.180

ye pr (al or HOAc) lf (al-eth) cry (al) liq liq liq

2990 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 2991 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2992 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Refrigerant 114B2

C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S

124-73-2 3140-93-0 3141-27-3

259.823 241.932 241.932

2993 3,4-Dibromothiophene 2994 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2302 2995 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5Dibromogallic acid trihydroxybenzoic acid 2996 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3 C7H4Br2O5

3141-26-2 354-04-1 602-92-6

241.932 241.832 327.912

C9H9Br2NO3

300-38-9

338.980

2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002

C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4

85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7

343.463 379.924 222.324 174.281 160.254 258.354

hyg cry

liq

Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate

Cinchocaine

Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal

nd, pr or lf (w+1) nd or pl

liq liq

50.4

16020, 13812 219 2.12020 dec 219; 10516 2.136420

1.549525

9722 125

2.167018 1.976720

1.526020

131.5 141; 37.711

2.007620 2.034525

1.541625

1908 2.149

25

25

-110.32 -17.5 -6

47.35 218.5; 8913 210.3

2.14223

1.361 1.630422 1.628820

4.5

221.5 76

2.27427

1.419124

150 245 64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -58.1 -32.4

15815 203.3 179.2 16510

0.831925 0.833920 0.961320

1.411225 1.407217 1.436920

-62

159.6

0.767020

1.417720

0.753420

1.416220

0.903720

1.518620

C8H19N

111-92-2

129.244

3004 Di-sec-butylamine 3005 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 3006 N,N-Dibutylaniline

N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine

C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N

626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6

129.244 173.296 205.340

liq

-32.2

134 11418 274.8

3007 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22

1012-72-2

190.325

nd (MeOH)

79.5

238; 10915

0.985020

3008 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

C14H22O2

88-58-4

222.324

213.5

C32H68S2Sn C9H18O3

1185-81-5 542-52-9

635.722 174.237

cry (aq HOAc) col liq

1220.3 207

1.0520 0.925120

1.411720

3011 Di-tert-butyl carbonate 3012 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C9H18O3 C14H20O2

34619-03-9 2460-77-7

174.237 220.308

3013 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 3014 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin4,7-dione 3016 Dibutyl disulfide

C14H20O2

719-22-2

220.308

C17H29NO

88-27-7

263.418

C12H20O4Sn

78-04-6

C8H18S2

226; 11720

0.93820

1.492320

C8H18S2 C10H20

8821 144

0.922620 0.74420

1.489920 1.427020

3017 Di-tert-butyl disulfide 3018 cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3hexene

cry (al) ye cry (al)

40 152.5

158

69

600.01

pl (EtOH)

94

17940

346.995

ye solid

110

629-45-8

178.359

oil

110-06-5 692-47-7

178.359 140.266

liq

-2.5

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

s chl s ctc

N-Butylbutanamine

Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)

vs eth, CS2 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid

3003 Dibutylamine

3009 Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane 3010 Dibutyl carbonate

vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s tol, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-147 O

Br

Br

Br Br Br

Br

1,2-Dibromopropane

OH

1,3-Dibromopropane

2,2-Dibromopropane

Br

Br

OH

Br OH

Br

Br

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

Br Br Br

Br

O

O P O O Br

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

N 3,5-Dibromopyridine

2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

1,2-Dibromo-1-propene

Br

N

N

OH 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

F F

Br

Cl

Br Br

Br

S

H N

F

S 3,4-Dibromothiophene

O

N

Br

Br

HO

OH

Br

O

OH

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

N

OH

2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

Br

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

HCl

O

O

Dibucaine hydrochloride

Dibucaine

OH

HO

Br F

Br

S

2,3-Dibromothiophene

O

H N

O

N

Br F

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Br

Br

Br F

1,14-Dibromotetradecane

F 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Br

Br

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide

O

N

Br

Br

O

Br

O

Br

Br

Br 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Br

O

O

O

1,2-Dibutoxyethane

1,4-Dibutoxybenzene

O

Dibutoxymethane

N

O H N

N

Di-sec-butylamine

2-Dibutylaminoethanol

O

O

N H

O

OH

Dibutylamine

Dibutyl adipate

N,N-Dibutylaniline

OH

OH 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

O

Sn S S

O

O

Dibutyl carbonate

Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane

OH O

O O O

N

O

Di-tert-butyl carbonate

O

O

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol

O O Sn O O 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione

S

S

Dibutyl disulfide

S

S

Di-tert-butyl disulfide

cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

3-148

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

3019 Dibutyl ether

Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2hydroxybenzoic acid 3028 Di-tert-butyl ketone 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H18O

142-96-1

130.228

liq

-95.2

140.28

0.768420

1.399220

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6 4130-42-1 761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4 19715-19-6

130.228 130.228 172.311 234.376 157.253 228.285 228.417 250.334

liq liq cry

0.75625 0.765820 0.69

1.394920

53.3 44

121.1 107.23 189 272 285; 1504 1383.5

0.977520

1.446920 1.447025

18

20

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc s ace, chl

C8H18O C8H18O N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine C10H24N2 C16H26O C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2 C15H22O3

liq

-13.5 163.3

s chl

C9H18O

815-24-7

142.238

liq

-25.2

152

0.8240

3029 Dibutyl maleate 3030 Dibutyl malonate

C12H20O4 C11H20O4

105-76-0 1190-39-2

228.285 216.275

liq

1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020

1.454820

4342-61-4

187.215

C4H12Cl2OSi2

2401-73-2

203.214

liq

-37.5

138

1.03820

C4H2Cl2S

3172-52-9

153.030

liq

-40.5

162

1.442220

1.562620

3299 3300 3301 3302 3303

C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2

32768-54-0 95-73-8 19398-61-9 118-69-4 95-75-0

161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029 161.029

liq

6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2

207.5 201 200 198 208.9

1.245820 1.247620 1.253520 1.268620 1.256420

1.551120 1.551120 1.544920 1.550720 1.547120

C3HCl2N3O3

2782-57-2

197.964

cry

226.6

C7H3Cl5

13014-24-9

264.364

25.8

283.1

1.591320

1.588620

354-23-4 306-83-2 812-04-4 320-60-5

152.930 152.930 152.930 215.000

vol liq or gas -78 vol liq or gas -107

29.5 27.82 30.2

1.5025 1.463825

Refrigerant 123b 2,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C2HCl2F3 C7H3Cl2F3

Chloroflurazole

C8H3Cl2F3N2

3615-21-2

255.024

124-70-9 62-73-7

141.072 220.976

Dichlorocyanuric acid

Refrigerant 123a

C3H6Cl2Si Phosphoric acid, 2,2C4H7Cl2O4P dichloroethenyl dimethyl ester

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, ctc, MeOH i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, bz, chl s chl

sl chl

C4H12Cl2Si2

3304 1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 3305 1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 3306 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 3307 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 3308 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 3309 2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 3310 4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)1H-benzimidazole 3311 Dichlorovinylmethylsilane 3312 Dichlorvos

vs H2O, alk, EtOH; s eth, ctc sl H2O, lig; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs H2O, EtOH; msc eth; s ace, chl

s DMSO 198; 10123 14810

3296 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetramethyldisilane 3297 1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3tetramethyldisiloxane 3298 2,5-Dichlorothiophene

2,3-Dichlorotoluene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,5-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene

Solubility

liq

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz i H2O; s ctc i H2O; s bz i H2O; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

sl H2O 1.480220

213.5 92.5 14020, 841

1.086820 1.41525

1.427020

dec H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-161 Cl

Cl O O P O O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

OH

O

Cl

2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

Cl

Cl

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,1-Dichloropropene

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

Cl

N

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

N

NH2

N

Cl

N

Cl F

F F

F

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

N

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

Cl

F

OH

Cl

Cl

N

5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

Cl F

N

Cl

2,4-Dichloropyrimidine

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichloropropene

N

4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine

2,6-Dichloropyridine

Cl

Cl N

N

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

3,6-Dichloropyridazine

2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

O

Cl

F

Cl

F 1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene

2,5-Dichlorostyrene

Cl F

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

F

F

Cl

F Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Si

Si

Si Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane

O

Cl Si Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

S

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorothiophene

2,3-Dichlorotoluene

O Cl

H Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichlorotoluene

O

Cl

2,5-Dichlorotoluene

N

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

N Cl

O

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

Cl Cl F F Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F Cl

Cl

F

F F

F

Cl

Cl

F

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl Cl Cl F

F

F

2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

N

F

Cl F

N H

F

4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

Si

Cl Cl

Dichlorovinylmethylsilane

O O P O O Dichlorvos

Cl

3-162

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3313 Diclofop-methyl

Methyl 2-[4-(2,4dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate

C16H14Cl2O4

51338-27-3

341.186

141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6

237.191 336.294 67.049 128.131

400; 1300.1

1.21615

nd 290 aq soln only nd (w, lig) 141

15010

1.125025

0.99240

3314 3315 3316 3317

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

40

1760.1

den/ g cm-3

nD

Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene

Cyanocyanamide o-Phthalodinitrile

C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 C2HN3 C8H4N2

3318 m-Dicyanobenzene

m-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

626-17-5

128.131

nd(al)

162

sub

3319 p-Dicyanobenzene

p-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

623-26-7

128.131

nd (w, MeOH)

224

sub

3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate 3321 Dicyclohexylamine

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine

C18H30O4 C12H23N

849-99-0 101-83-7

310.429 181.318

35 -0.1

dec 256; 1149 0.912320

1.484220

C12H24N2O2

3129-91-7

228.331

1236, 990.5 19520 242.5 15920 281; 1298 2254

0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320

1.474120 1.486020 1.516320 1.43120

0.930235

1.505035

0.97725

1.467020

3322 Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite

cry

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate

C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4

538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7

206.327 230.433 182.302 194.313 198.285 330.418

3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene Dicyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’oic acid

Torularhodin

C13H24N2S C13H24N2O C19H36ClNO2 C10H12 C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2

1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7 10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1

240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202 154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840

3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

Didanosine

C10H12N4O3

69655-05-6

236.227

3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribohexose 3341 Didodecanoyl peroxide 3342 Didodecylamine

Cymarose

C7H14O4

579-04-4

162.184

Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine

C24H46O4 C24H51N

105-74-8 3007-31-6

398.620 353.669

C24H51O4P C32H54O4

7057-92-3 2432-90-8

434.633 502.769

3345 Dieldrin

C12H8Cl6O

60-57-1

380.909

3346 Dienestrol

C18H18O2

84-17-3

266.335

C10H16O2 C4H11NO2

96-08-2 111-42-2

168.233 105.136

3349 Diethatyl, ethyl ester 3350 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2

38727-55-8 588-52-3

311.804 270.326

cry ye lf (al)

3351 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 3352 1,2-Diethoxybenzene

C11H14O3 C10H14O2

2029-94-9 2050-46-6

194.227 166.217

3353 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

C10H14O2

122-95-2

166.217

22 pr (peth, dil 44 al) pl (dil al) 72

3354 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 3355 1,1-Diethoxy-N,Ndimethylmethanamine 3356 Diethoxydimethylsilane 3357 Diethoxydiphenylsilane 3358 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2

6346-09-4 1188-33-6

161.243 147.216

C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2

78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3

148.276 272.415 133.189

3343 Didodecyl phosphate 3344 Didodecyl phthalate

3347 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane 3348 Diethanolamine

Dicycloverine hydrochloride Cyclopentyl ether N-Decyl-1-decanamine

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester

Limonene diepoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

Dimethyldiethoxysilane

34.5 -36 57

pr (al)

66

cry (MeOH)

180 233.8 165 32

cry liq

16 2.5 211

purp nd (MeOHeth) wh cry (EtOH 162 aq) pr (eth-peth) 101 nd (ace) wh pl 49 53.7 cry (MeOH)

59 22.0

dec 170; 6514 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403

2561

242 28

268.8

49.5 162

dec

liq

-78

vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 0.938920 1.7525

sub 130

-87

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

0.818720 0.963920

26327

227.5

liq

s eth, ace, ctc

vs py, chl, CS2

175.5 cry (dil al)

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

182 dec

3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328

liq liq

Solubility

279; 20050 219

1.096620

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.477620

1.010022 1.007520

1.508325

196 129

0.93325 0.85925

1.427520 1.400720

114 302; 16715 163

0.86525 1.032920 0.915925

1.381120 1.526920 1.412325

246

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-163 N

Cl

O O P O O

O O

O

Cl

OH

N

OH N

N

N O

O Diclofop-methyl

O

OO

Dicrotophos

N H

O

Dicumarol

Dicyanamide

N

N

o-Dicyanobenzene

m-Dicyanobenzene

N

O O

H N

O

N

H N HNO2

O

N

Dicyclohexylamine

Dicyclohexyl adipate

p-Dicyanobenzene

C N Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

O O

O O

H P

O S S Dicyclohexyl ether

Dicyclohexylmethanone

O

O

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea

N

O

O

H

Dicyclomine hydrochloride

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

H

HCl H N

Dicyclohexylphosphine

H N S

O

Dicyclohexyl disulfide

H N

H N

Dicyclopropyl ketone

Dicyclopentyl ether

Dicyclopentadiene

HN

O

Didecylamine

O O O O

OH

O

O Didecyl phthalate

Didecyl ether

3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid

OH N HO

O N

O

N

O

N

HO

O O

OH

HN

O

O

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

Didodecanoyl peroxide

Didodecylamine

O O

O O

O O P HO O

O

H

Didodecyl phosphate

Didodecyl phthalate

OH

Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl

Cl

HO Dienestrol

Dieldrin

O

O Cl

O O

N

O

O HO

O 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

O

H N

OH

4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

Diethatyl, ethyl ester

Diethanolamine

N N

O O O O 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

NH2

O

4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine

1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

O

O 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Diethoxybenzene

O Si O

N

O

O

O

O

Si O O Diethoxydimethylsilane

NH2 O

Diethoxydiphenylsilane

2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

3-164

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3359 1,1-Diethoxyethane

Acetal

C6H14O2

105-57-7

118.174

liq

-100

102.25

0.825420

1.383420

3360 1,2-Diethoxyethane

Ethylene glycol diethyl ether

C6H14O2

629-14-1

118.174

liq

-74.0

121.2

0.835125

1.389825

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3361 1,1-Diethoxyethene 3362 Diethoxymethane

C6H12O2 C5H12O2

2678-54-8 462-95-3

116.158 104.148

liq

-66.5

68100 88

0.793220 0.831920

1.364321 1.374818

3363 3364 3365 3366 3367

C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2

13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5

170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201

191.5 218 98 5912 123

0.997620 0.962720 0.82925 0.82922 0.82520

1.445120 1.469020

C7H16O2

126-84-1

132.201

114

0.820021

1.389120

C7H14O2

3054-95-3

130.185

123.5

0.854315

1.400020

3370 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

C7H12O2

10160-87-9

128.169

139

0.894222

1.414020

3371 N,N-Diethylacetamide

C6H13NO

685-91-6

115.173

185.5

0.913017

1.437417

3372 Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

C9H15NO5

1068-90-2

217.219

3373 N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide 3374 Diethyl acetylphosphonate 3375 Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5

2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6

157.211 180.138 216.231

7613 11420 255; 13317

1.100520 1.08120

1.420026 1.434620

3376 Diethyl adipate

C10H18O4

141-28-6

202.248

245

1.007620

1.427220

3377 Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

C10H16O4

2049-80-1

200.232

222.5; 936

1.009820

1.430520

55.5

0.705620

1.386420

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane

3368 2,2-Diethoxypropane 3369 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

Acrolein, diethyl acetal

cry (al,bzpeth) liq

liq

96.3

-19.8

18520

3378 Diethylamine

N-Ethylethanamine

C4H11N

109-89-7

73.137

liq

-49.8

3379 Diethylamine hydrochloride

N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride

C4H12ClN

660-68-4

109.598

lf (al-eth)

228.5

C6H12N2 C11H15NO

3010-02-4 120-21-8

112.172 177.243

ye nd (w)

41

170 17210

C14H22N2O

137-58-6

234.337

nd (bz, al)

68.5

1814

C14H23ClN2O

73-78-9

270.798

C6H15NO

100-37-8

117.189

C8H19NO2 C9H17NO2 C13H20N2O2

140-82-9 2426-54-2 59-46-1

161.243 171.237 236.310

C10H19NO2

105-16-8

185.264

8010

C16H25NO2

14007-64-8

263.376

16811

C11H15NO2

17754-90-4

193.243

C7H13NO4

6829-40-9

175.183

C14H17NO2

91-44-1

231.291

C10H15NO

91-68-9

165.232

C13H19NO

90-84-6

205.296

C7H17NO

622-93-5

131.216

C7H13N C10H15N

4079-68-9 579-66-8

111.185 149.233

3380 (Diethylamino)acetonitrile 3381 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 3382 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 3383 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol

Lidocaine

3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4Procaine aminobenzoate 3388 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2Butethamate phenylbutanoate 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate

3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol 3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol

Diethylpropion

3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine

1.402922 1.392419

1.047722

nd (w+2) pl (lig or eth)

200; 150 162

3443 Diethylene glycol dinitrate 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate 3444 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

C4H8N2O7 C8H18O3

693-21-0 112-34-5

196.116 162.227

liq

-68

3445 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate C10H20O4 acetate 3446 Diethylene glycol 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl C16H32O4 monododecanoate laurate 3447 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol C6H14O3

124-17-4

204.264

liq

141-20-8

288.423

lt ye

111-90-0

134.173

hyg liq

Carbitol acetate

C8H16O4

112-15-2

176.211

liq

2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

C10H22O3 C5H12O3

112-59-4 111-77-3

190.280 120.147

col liq

C7H16O3

6881-94-3

148.200

liq

C6H16N2

100-36-7

116.204

C6H16N2

111-74-0

116.204

3441 Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate 3442 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

3448 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 3449 Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether 3450 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3451 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether 3452 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N,N-Diethylethylenediamine

3453 N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth

1.0821 0.943420

1.4571 1.409720

440.01 231

0.955320

1.430620

-32

245

0.98520

1.426220

17.5

>270

0.9625

196

0.988520

1.430020

-25

218.5

1.009620

1.421320

-28

258; 192100 193

1.03520

1.426420

msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth

144

0.828020

1.434020

146

0.828020

1.434020

34.5

0.713820

1.352620

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, chl vs eth

-53.3

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

213; 1244

Ethyl ether

C4H10O

60-29-7

74.121

3455 Diethyl (ethoxymethylene) malonate 3456 Diethyl ethylidenemalonate 3457 Diethyl ethylmalonate

2-Ethoxy-1,1bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene

C10H16O5

87-13-8

216.231

dec 280; 16519

C9H14O4 C9H16O4

1462-12-0 133-13-1

186.205 188.221

11617, 863 208; 9812

1.040420 1.00620

1.430817 1.416620

3458 Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

C15H20O4

76-67-5

264.318

17019

1.07120

1.489625

3459 Diethyl ethylphosphonate

C6H15O3P

78-38-6

166.155

198; 9016

1.025920

1.416320

3460 N,N-Diethylformamide

C5H11NO

617-84-5

101.147

177.5

0.908019

1.432125

3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466

C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4 C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4

623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5 1615-80-1 4114-28-7

172.179 188.221 142.282 340.498 88.151 176.170

214 236.5 163.9 1567 85.5 dec 250

1.045220 1.022020 0.747225 0.9420 0.79726 1.3248

1.441220 1.424120 1.419020 1.420420

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec 203; 870.0001

1.180020

1.417020

vs eth

3467 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

Diethyl phosphate

C4H11O4P

598-02-7

154.101

3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide 3469 Diethyl iminodiacetate 3470 Diethyl isobutylmalonate

Ethamivan

C12H17NO3

304-84-7

223.268

C8H15NO4 C11H20O4

6290-05-7 10203-58-4

189.210 216.275

636-53-3 6802-75-1 759-36-4

222.237 200.232 202.248

syr liq

nd (chl), pr (w) syr

-116.2

msc H2O, EtOH, eth

3454 Diethyl ether

Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl bicarbamate

liq

8

Solubility

0.8 -24.1

135

1.460020

95 orth cry

s chl

247 dec 1.423620

302 176.5; 11614 215

1.123917 1.028218 0.996120

1.50818 1.448617 1.418821

3471 Diethyl isophthalate 3472 Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate 3473 Diethyl isopropylmalonate

Ethyl isopropylmalonate

C12H14O4 C10H16O4 C10H18O4

3474 Diethyl ketomalonate

Ethyl mesoxalate

C7H10O5

609-09-6

174.151

pa ye grn oil -30

210; 10519

1.141916

1.431022

3475 Diethyl malate 3476 Diethyl maleate

Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate

C8H14O5 C8H12O4

7554-12-3 141-05-9

190.194 172.179

liq

253; 12413 223

1.129020 1.066220

1.441620

20

20

3477 Diethyl malonate

3478 Diethyl mercury 3479 Diethylmethylamine

N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

11.5

0.980420

-8.8

C7H12O4

105-53-3

160.168

liq

-50

200

1.0551

C4H10Hg C5H13N

627-44-1 616-39-7

258.71 87.164

liq

-196

159; 5716 66

2.4320 0.70325

1.4139

1.387925

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s eth; sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-169 O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O N

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O N

O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

O

O

O O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dinitrate

O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

O

O O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monododecanoate

O

O

OH

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

O O

N

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

N,N-Diethylformamide

O

Diethyl ethylmalonate

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O Diethyl glutarate

O O

N H

H N

O

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

3,4-Diethylhexane

O

O

Diethyl fumarate

O

O

N H

O O P O OH

H N

O O

Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate

N O O

O O

OH

Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

O

O

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate

O Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

NH2

N

OH

O

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

O P O O

O

O

O

Diethyl ether

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

H N

N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

OH

O N H

OH

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide

H N

O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl iminodiacetate

Diethyl isobutylmalonate

O O O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

OH O

O O

O

O Diethyl isophthalate

O

O

Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate

O

Diethyl isopropylmalonate

O

O

O

O Diethyl maleate

O

Diethyl ketomalonate

Diethyl malate

O O

Diethyl malonate

Hg Diethyl mercury

N Diethylmethylamine

3-170

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3480 N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

C11H17N

606-46-2

163.260

liq

-60

209

0.928620

1.515320

3481 N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

C11H17N

613-48-9

163.260

229

0.924216

C12H17NO

134-62-3

191.269

16019, 1111

0.99620

1.521220

C11H16

2050-24-0

148.245

liq

-74.1

205

0.874820

1.502720

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2methylbenzene, hydrochloride

C11H19ClN2

2051-79-8

214.735

cry

250 dec

Isovaleryl diethylamide

C9H19NO C9H14O4

533-32-4 2409-52-1

157.253 186.205

211 228

0.876420 1.046720

1.442220 1.437720

3487 Diethyl methylmalonate

C8H14O4

609-08-5

174.195

201

1.022520

1.412620

3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate

C5H13O3P

683-08-9

152.129

194

1.040630

1.410130

C10H21N3O

90-89-1

199.293

48

C10H17NO2

125-64-4

183.248

75.5

C14H17N

84-95-7

199.292

3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

C10H14N2O2

2216-15-1

194.230

3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

C10H14N2O

120-22-9

178.230

C13H24O4

624-17-9

C6H10O4

No. Name

3482 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

Synonym

DEET

3483 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

3484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate

3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

3494 Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethylcarbamazine

Diethyl azelate

3495 Diethyl oxalate

58.5

1103

285

1.01320

1.596120

1.22525

244.328

ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) grn mcl pr 87.5 (eth) grn lf (ace) liq -18.5

291.5

0.972920

1.435120

95-92-1

146.141

liq

185.7

1.078520

1.410120

1.456117

-40.6

1.2415

Diethyl oxalacetate

C8H12O5

108-56-5

188.178

13124

1.13120

3497 Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate C9H14O5

105-50-0

202.204

250

1.11320

3498 3499 3500 3501 3502

Tetraethylmethane Novoldiamine Novonal Diethyl glutaconate

C9H20 C9H22N2 C9H17NO C9H14O4 C4H10O2

1067-20-5 140-80-7 512-48-1 2049-67-4 628-37-5

128.255 158.284 155.237 186.205 90.121

liq

-33.1

146.3 201

0.753620 0.81420

1.420620 1.442920

wh pow

75.5 237 65

1.049620 0.824019

1.441120 1.371517

Diethazine

C18H22N2S

60-91-3

298.446

oil

1.497720

liq

-70

1670.5

3503 N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine10-ethanamine 3504 N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate 3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite 3507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3508 Diethylphosphine 3509 Diethyl phosphonate 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate 3511 Diethyl phthalate

N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine

C17H21N

519-72-2

239.356

58.5

17017

83-13-6 1638-86-4 357-67-5

236.264 198.199 260.288

16.5

dec 205; 16812 1.095020 235; 621 1.03216

Phenetharbital

C13H16O4 C10H15O2P C14H16N2O3

C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2 C12H14O4

627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6 84-66-2

90.104 138.102 186.233 222.237

liq

-40.5

3512 3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

Piperidione

C9H15NO2

77-03-2

169.221

nd (w)

104

Diethylmalonic acid

C7H15NO C7H18N2 C7H12O4

1114-51-8 104-78-9 510-20-3

129.200 130.231 160.168

3513 N,N-Diethylpropanamide 3514 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine 3515 Diethylpropanedioic acid 3516 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

C7H16O2

115-76-4

132.201

3517 Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

C10H18O4

2163-48-6

202.248

C10H14N2O

59-26-7

178.230

3518 N,N-Diethyl-3pyridinecarboxamide

Nikethamide

178

pr (w,bz)

ye solid or visc liq

25

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl

vs ace, EtOH vs EtOH

85 546

0.78620

295

1.23214

1.500021

191 168.5

0.897220 0.82220

1.442520 1.44320

127 dec 61.5

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

3496 Diethyl oxobutanedioate

3,3-Diethylpentane N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethylperoxide

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

20

240.5

1.050

221; 11422

0.98920

dec 280; 17525 1.06025

1.4574

25

1.419720 1.52520

s ctc s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-171 N

O

N

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

N

1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

HCl NH2 O

O N

O

O

O

N

O

O

N

O

Diethyl methylmalonate

Diethyl methylenesuccinate

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride

O

O

O

N O O P O

N N H

N

Diethyl methylphosphonate

N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide

N

O N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione

N O O

N

O

N

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

O

O

O

O

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

O

Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethyl oxalate

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

NH2

NH2 N

O

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

O

N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine

3,3-Diethylpentane

2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide

N

O O

N

N

O O

O

Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

O

S N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

Diethylperoxide

N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine

O O O

O

N O

O P

Diethyl phenylmalonate

O

O

O

Diethyl phenylphosphonite

5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O S O P SH O

N H

O

HO

Diethyl phthalate

O

Diethylpropanedioic acid

Diethylphosphine

Diethyl phosphonate

N

N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine

N,N-Diethylpropanamide

O

O O

OH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

H2N

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

O OH

O O P O H

N

O

O O

P H

O O O

O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate

N

H

N N

Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

3-172

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3519 N,N-Diethyl-4pyridinecarboxamide 3520 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyridinedione 3521 Diethyl sebacate

Isonicotinic acid diethylamide

C10H14N2O

530-40-5

178.230

Pyrithyldione

C9H13NO2

77-04-3

167.205

90.7

C14H26O4

110-40-7

258.354

2.5

305; 18819

C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2

627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1

137.08 88.224 268.351

pa ye liq pl (bz)

55 -134.3 170.5

108 57

Clinestrol

C24H28O4

130-80-3

380.477

pr (MeOH)

104

Mestilbol

C19H22O2

18839-90-2

282.377

nd (bz-peth) 117.5

1900.3

Ethyl succinate

C8H14O4

123-25-1

174.195

liq

-21

217.7

1.040220

1.420120

3528 Diethyl sulfate

C4H10O4S

64-67-5

154.185

oil

-24

208

1.17225

1.398920

3529 Diethyl sulfide

C4H10S

352-93-2

90.187

liq

-103.91

92.1

0.836220

1.443020

C4H10O3S C4H10O2S

623-81-4 597-35-3

138.185 122.186

73.5

158; 5113 248

1.120 1.35720

1.431020

orth pl

3532 Diethyl sulfoxide

C4H10OS

70-29-1

106.186

syr

14

10425, 9015

1.009222

3533 Diethyl DL-tartrate

C8H14O6

57968-71-5

206.193

18.7

281; 15814

1.204620

1.443820

3534 Diethyl telluride 3535 Diethyl terephthalate

C4H10Te C12H14O4

627-54-3 636-09-9

185.72 222.237

137.5 302

1.59915 1.098945

1.518215

44

3536 Diethyl thiodipropionate 3537 N,N’-Diethylthiourea

C10H18O4S C5H12N2S

673-79-0 105-55-5

234.313 132.227

17415, 1212 dec

1.103420

1.465520

78

C7H19NSi

996-50-9

145.319

126.3

0.762720

1.411220

C4H10S3 C5H12N2O

3600-24-6 634-95-7

154.317 116.161

8526 950.02

1.108220

1.568913

C5H12N2O

623-76-7

116.161

263

1.041525

1.461640

C6H13O3P C4H10Zn

682-30-4 557-20-0

164.139 123.531

1102 118; 80200

1.06825 1.206520

1.429020 1.493620

C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S

119446-68-3 406.262 43222-48-6 360.428

76 157

C14H9ClF2N2O2

35367-38-5

310.683

239

381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3

96.033 129.108 114.093

liq liq liq

-1 -7.5 -47.1

133 170 94

1.52625 1.26825 1.159918

1.347020 1.506320 1.445118

-69.12 -23.55

82.6 89

1.157220 1.170120

1.437420 1.442220

1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)

1.522125 1.3011-72

3522 Diethyl selenide 3523 Diethylsilane 3524 trans-Diethylstilbestrol 3525 trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate 3526 trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether 3527 Diethyl succinate

3530 Diethyl sulfite 3531 Diethyl sulfone

3538 N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1trimethylsilanamine 3539 Diethyltrisulfide 3540 N,N-Diethylurea

Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone

(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane

3541 N,N’-Diethylurea 3542 Diethyl vinylphosphonate 3543 Diethyl zinc 3544 Difenoconazole 3545 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate 3546 Diflubenzuron

Zinc diethyl

1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl3,5-diphenyl-, methyl sulfate N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

red-ye mcl pr (al, peth)

pl, nd (eth)

-72.6 75

tab (lig), hyg 112.5 nd (al) col liq

-28

1,2-Difluorobenzene

3550 m-Difluorobenzene 3551 p-Difluorobenzene

1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

372-18-9 540-36-3

114.093 114.093

liq liq

3552 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl

C12H8F2

398-23-2

190.189

mcl pr (al) lf 94.5 (w)

254.5

371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4 312-40-3 75-37-6

120.140 76.045 96.152 204.088 220.290 66.050

liq liq col gas

99.5 34 2.5 1322 246; 15750 -24.05

624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5

66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024

vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas

Ethylidene difluoride

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4 C12H10F2Si C2H4F2

3559 3560 3561 3562 3563

1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane

Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride

C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2

Solubility

1.52520

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

0.964620

1.430620

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz

1.230020 0.684320

1.476820 1.392120

col gas

-87.5 75.5 -118.6

-144

-136.8 tp

i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

2200.03

C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane

nD

1191

3547 Difluoroacetic acid 3548 2,4-Difluoroaniline 3549 o-Difluorobenzene

3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558

den/ g cm-3

26 -85.7 -26 -53.1 -51.6

i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace

sl EtOH

vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.2139-52

i H2O; s EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

3-173

O

N

O N H

N N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide

O

O

O

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyridinedione

OH

O

OH O

O Si H2

Se Diethyl selenide

Diethyl sebacate

HO

O

Diethylsilane

trans-Diethylstilbestrol

O

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate

trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether

O O

O

O O S O O

S

Diethyl sulfate

Diethyl sulfide

O Diethyl succinate

O

O

O

O S

S O O

S O

Diethyl sulfone

Diethyl sulfoxide

O

Diethyl sulfite

O

OH O

O

O OH O

O

Te Diethyl telluride

Diethyl DL-tartrate

O

O

S

S

N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine

S

Diethyl terephthalate

H N

NH2

N H

N,N’-Diethylthiourea

H N

O

O

N,N-Diethylurea

N,N’-Diethylurea

S

Diethyltrisulfide

N H

O

Diethyl thiodipropionate

N

Si N

S

O

O O P O Diethyl vinylphosphonate

N N

N F

O Cl O

SO4 2

O Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

F

F F

F

F F

OH

F

O

Diflubenzuron

NH2 F

H N O

Cl

Difenoconazole

Diethyl zinc

N

N

Cl

Zn

H N

O

F

F

Difluoroacetic acid

2,4-Difluoroaniline

F

F

O N

F F F F F

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane

F Si F

3,3-Difluorocyclopropene

F 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

p-Difluorobenzene

m-Difluorobenzene

o-Difluorobenzene

O

F F Si

F O

Difluorodimethylsilane

N

O

1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Difluorodiphenylsilane

F

F

F F 1,1-Difluoroethane

F

F

1,2-Difluoroethane

F 1,1-Difluoroethene

F

F

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

F

trans-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

H H

Difluoromethane

3-174

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3564 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane 3565 Difluoromethylborane 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane

Difluoromethyl 2,2,2trifluoroethyl ether

C3H3F5O

1885-48-9

150.047

col liq

CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2

373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1

63.843 159.091 80.077

gas

C3H6F2O C10H6O4

453-13-4 492-94-4

96.076 190.153

C10H8N2O4

522-27-0

220.182

167

3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3one 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide Furfuryl disulfide 3573 Difurfuryl ether Furfuryl ether 3574 Digitonin 3575 Digitoxigenin

C13H10O3

886-77-1

214.216

C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4

4437-20-1 4437-22-3 11024-24-1 143-62-4

226.315 178.184 1229.312 374.514

hyg pr (peth) 60.5 ye pr (lig) 10

3576 Digitoxin

C41H64O13

71-63-6

764.939

pr (dil al)

3577 Digitoxose

C6H12O4

527-52-6

148.157

cry 112 (MeOH+eth)

C6H10O3 C4H6O5

2238-07-5 110-99-6

130.141 134.088

3580 Digoxigenin

C23H34O5

1672-46-4

390.513

3581 Digoxin

C41H64O14

20830-75-5

780.939

3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

3578 Diglycidyl ether 3579 Diglycolic acid

α-Furildioxime

Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid

3582 Diheptylamine

N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine

C14H31N

2470-68-0

213.403

3583 3584 3585 3586 3587

Diheptyl ether Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine Dihexyl ether

Heptyl ether

C14H30O C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N C12H26O

629-64-1 3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8 112-58-3

214.387 362.503 230.453 185.349 186.333

3588 3589 3590 3591 3592

Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene

C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12

110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0

Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine Hexyl ether

Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2

col gas

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

9.8 -104.8

-78.5287 207 -0.4

1.457114 1.514914 0.920520 1.290420 (p>1 atm) 1.2425 1.372520

166.3

1814 16713, 1120.5 1012

1.140520

1.508820

237.5 253

mcl pr (w + 1) pr (AcOEt)

Solubility

29

127; 5534 ye nd (al), cry (bz)

den/ g cm-3

260 dec

1.119520

271; 1359

0.795621

258.5 360 298 236; 751 226

0.800820

1.427520

0.841620 0.788920 0.793620

1.460620 1.433920 1.420420

348; 182.54 2105 230; 13620

0.94120

305

1.21520

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH

222

trc pl (dil al, 249 dec py) nd 31.5

liq

70 -13.1

314.461 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245

liq

-9

tab or pr

239.3 111 485 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt

255.5

148

reac H2O sl chl

0.841120

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth; sl ctc

1.458620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol

3593 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone

Indanthrene

C28H14N2O4

81-77-6

442.422

bl nd

3594 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

Cholanthrene

C20H14

479-23-2

254.325

pa ye lf (bz- 170.4 al)

C20H14

477-75-8

254.325

cry (cyhex)

256

C7H6N2S

583-39-1

150.201

298

vs EtOH

C7H6N2O

615-16-7

134.135

pl (dil al or NH3) lf (w or al)

318 dec

sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH

C8H8O2 C8H8O

493-09-4 496-16-2

136.149 120.149

liq

-21.5

212; 1036 188.5

1.18020 1.05825

1.548520 1.549720

Isochroman 3600 3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran 3601 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3602 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3603 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4- 4-Chromanone one

C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2

493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6

134.174 134.174 148.159

lf

4 4.8 25

11025, 9012 215; 9818 272

1.06725 1.07220 1.16918

1.544420 1.544420 1.556320

C9H8O2

491-37-2

148.159

36.5

16050, 12713

1.1291100 1.5750

3604 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen4(5H)-one 3605 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1benzothiopyran-4-one 3606 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1Himidazole 3607 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

C8H8OS

13414-95-4

152.214

C9H8OS

3528-17-4

164.224

29

15412

1.248714

C10H12N2

59-98-3

160.215

cry (peth)

C9H13N5O3

6779-87-9

239.231

hyg nd (w)

3595 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 3596 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2- 2-Benzimidazolethiol thione 3597 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2one 3598 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 3599 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4benzothiophenone

Tolazoline

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O; msc os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl

1.639520

67 s H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-175

O F F

O

O

N

F F F F

F 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F F

B

F

2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene

2,2-Difluoropropane

O

O O

OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol

OH O

O

F

F

Difluoromethylborane

N

O

HO

Di-2-furanylethanedione

N

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

O O HO

O

O

O O

O

O

O

OH

1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

S S

HO

O

O O

O OH

O

OH

OH

HO

O

HO

OH

O

O

OH

O

HO

Difurfuryl disulfide

H

O

OH HO

O

OH

O O OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

H Digitoxigenin

Digitonin

Difurfuryl ether

O

O

O

O HO

O HO OH O O O

O

OH OH

OH Digitoxose

H

O O

O

O

O

HO

O O

O

OH

O

H

OH

Diglycidyl ether O O OH

O

O

HO

O

HO

OH

Digitoxin

OH

HO

HO

H

OH

O

S O O

Diheptylamine

O

Diheptyl sulfide

N H

O

Dihexylamine

Dihexyl ether

O

Diheptyl ether

Digoxin

Digoxigenin

Diglycolic acid

H N

O O OH

OH

Diheptyl phthalate

O

O

O

O

H

O O

O

O

O

O

O Dihexyl hexanedioate

O

O

H O

S

O

15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1

Dihexyl sulfide

Dihexyl phthalate

9,10-Dihydroanthracene

O

O HN

H N

NH O

H N S

O N H

N H

O 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone

9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione

O O O

O 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

O

S

S 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one

O N

N

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole

OH

N H

NH N

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

NH2

3-176

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3608 Dihydrocodeine

C18H23NO3

125-28-0

301.381

3609 16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a] 1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene phenanthrene 3610 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f] azepine 3611 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5-one 3612 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3613 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H) Corydaldine -isoquinolinone 3614 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2Antipyrine phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 3615 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3616 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 3617 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid

C17H14

482-66-6

218.293

cry (aq, 112.5 MeOH) nd (al, petr) 135.5

C14H13N

494-19-9

195.260

C15H12O

1210-35-1

208.255

C6H10O3 C11H13NO3

332-77-4 493-49-2

130.141 207.226

C11H12N2O

60-80-0

188.225

C4H6O2 C15H8O4

543-75-9 117-78-2

86.090 252.223

C14H8O8S2

117-14-6

368.339

3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid 3619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid

C14H8O8S2

84-50-4

368.339

C14H8O5S

82-49-5

288.276

3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1Sodium anthraquinone-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium sulfonate salt 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl- Adrenochrome 1H-indole-5,6-dione 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

C14H8O5S

84-48-0

288.276

lf (HOAc) ye 216.0 lf (conc HCl, +3w) ye lf (+3w)

C14H7NaO5S

128-56-3

310.258

ye lf (w)

C14H7NaO5S

131-08-8

310.258

C19H21N7O6 C4H6O C4H6O C9H9NO3

4033-27-6 1191-99-7 1708-29-8 54-06-8

443.413 70.090 70.090 179.172

ye cry

C9H11N

24425-40-9

133.190

nd (peth)

37.5

248; 13115

3628 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

C9H10O C9H10O

6351-10-6 1470-94-6

134.174 134.174

pl (peth)

54.8 58

220; 12812 253

3630 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

C9H8O

83-33-0

132.159

ta, nd (w + 3) 42

243; 12912

1.094340

1.56125

C9H8O

615-13-4

132.159

nd (al, eth)

59

dec 218

1.071269

1.53867

C9H8O

768-22-9

132.159

24.5

11320, 986

1.125524

C8H9N

496-15-1

119.164

229

1.06920

1.592320

No. Name

3631 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

Synonym

2-Indanone

3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b] oxirene 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

3636 Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)naphthalenone 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 3639 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5furandione 3642 Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)furanone 3643 3644 3645 3646

lf or sc (eth, 114 bz) ye nd 291 (HOAc) ye nd (HCl 310 dec +4w) pl (dil HOAc)

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl 2037

1.163520

1.632420

161

1.07325

1.433920 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

319 1.083620

94.1 sub

1.437220

s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O

0.92725

54.5

1.423920 1.431120

125 dec

nd (w) nd (w)

6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone

C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2

462-20-4 1078-19-9

208.342 176.212

3-Methylcholanthrene

C6H10O2 C21H16

4454-05-1 56-49-5

114.142 268.352

ye liq cry (MeOH, lig) liq ye nd (bz)

C9H10O C5H4O3

1746-11-8 2170-03-8

134.174 112.084

C5H6O2

547-65-9

98.101

C5H6O3 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

4100-80-5 1679-47-6 1679-49-8 57129-69-8

114.100 100.117 100.117 100.117

liq liq liq

C4H8N2

534-26-9

84.120

hyg

Lysidine

nD

24815

sl DMSO

133.148 133.148

α-Methylene butyrolactone

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

mcl pr (w, al) 175

59-48-3 480-91-1

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)(±)-γ-Valerolactone furanone, (±)

3647 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1Himidazole

30

C8H7NO C8H7NO

3634 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

mp/˚C

23

17

128 151

227 , 195 338; 10318

78

1450.2 17111 128 28080

1.006 1.2820

1.442020

180

197.5 13930, 11418

1.06125

1.5308

8510

1.120620

1.465020

-31

239 200; 7910 7611 206

1.2225 1.057020 1.05820 1.055120

1.432520 1.433920 1.432820

107

196.5

orth bipym 69 pr (eth, chl)

34

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O

sl eth; vs chl s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-177

O

O H

N N H

O

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one

HO 16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

Dihydrocodeine

O

O

O

O

N O

NH

O O

N

O

O

2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin

1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone

OH OO S O O

O

O

O S

OH

O

O O S OO OH

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid

OH OO S O

O

S

HO

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid

O

O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid

SO3 Na

O

OH

S

OH

O O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

HO HO

O SO3 Na

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O

N H

O

O N

N H

N H

O

NH NH2

N

7,8-Dihydrofolic acid

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O

O

2,3-Dihydrofuran

2,5-Dihydrofuran

OH O

O

OH N

O

H2N

HO

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione

O N H

N H 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene

O

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

O

O HS

NH

O

O 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol

OH SH

O 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran

O

O 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone

Dihydro-α-lipoic acid

O

O

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone

O

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione

N O

O

Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, (±)

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

3-178

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

3648 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2 Himidazole-2-thione

Methimazole

C4H6N2S

60-56-0

114.169

lf (al)

146

dec 280

C10H12 C11H12O

767-58-8 1590-08-5

132.202 160.212

15

190.6 13616

0.93825 1.05725

1.526620 1.553520

C10H10N2O4S

89-36-1

254.262

C10H10N2O

19735-89-8

174.198

287105, 19117

1.260020

1.637

3649 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1 H-indene 3650 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2 H)naphthalenone 3651 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid 3652 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl- 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1phenylpyrazole 3H-pyrazol-3-one 3653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl3H-pyrazol-3-one 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2 H-pyran 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene Δ 2-Dialin 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5nitroacenaphthylene 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2oxazolamine 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5 Htetrazole-5-thione 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3 H)-furanone 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

nd (w+1)

128

89-25-8

174.198

C6H10O C4H7NS C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C12H9NO2

16302-35-5 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8 602-87-9

98.142 101.171 130.186 130.186 146.185 199.205

C6H5NO3

5006-66-6

139.109

nd(w)

310 dec

104-61-0 776-35-2 487-26-3

156.222 180.245 224.255

oil nd (MeOH) nd (lig)

34.5 76

C10H13ClN2

59-97-2

196.676

Aminorex

C9H10N2O

2207-50-3

162.187

1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1 Htetrazole γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone Propylthiouracil

C7H6N4S

86-93-1

178.215

C7H12O2 C7H10N2OS

105-21-5 51-52-5

128.169 170.231

6-Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S

50-44-2

152.178

C5H8O

110-87-2

84.117

3670 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

mcl pr (w)

127

liq liq pl

-101 -8 25 18 103

cry (bz)

vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig i H2O

105

287 , 191 117.5 145 206.5 211.5 237

17

1.637 0.91225 1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527

1.449520 1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820

1.075740

1.641520

sub

13412 16815

s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth

i H2O; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc

137 145 845

w pow (w)

1.438525

219

sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz i H2O; s alk

ye pr (w, + l 313 dec w) 86

84.117 114.100 70.093

liq

2-Pyrazoline

3174-74-1 108-55-4 109-98-8

Maleic hydrazide 5,6-Dihydrouracil

C4H4N2O2 C4H6N2O2

123-33-1 504-07-4

112.087 114.103

cry (w) nd (w)

3-Pyrroline

C4H7N

109-96-6

69.106

3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione 2,3-Quinoxalinediol

C9H9NO C8H6N2O2

553-03-7 15804-19-0

147.173 162.146

pr (al, eth) nd (w)

163.5 410

3679 Dihydrotachysterol 3680 Dihydrothebaine

C28H46O C19H23NO3

67-96-9 561-25-1

398.664 313.391

cry (MeOH)

131 162.5

3681 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

C3H6N2S

1779-81-3

102.158

nd or lf (bz) 85.3

3682 3683 3684 3685 3686

2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide 3-Sulfolene Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)2-Thiobarbituric acid pyrimidinedione 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)2-Thiouracil pyrimidinone

C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S

1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2 1003-10-7 504-17-6

86.156 86.156 118.155 102.155 144.152

pl (w)

235 dec

C4H4N2OS

141-90-2

128.152

pr (w, al)

>340 dec

3688 1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3thione 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2Hindol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

C2H3N3S

3179-31-5

101.130

C13H15NO

84-83-3

201.264

3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

Solubility

174

C5H8O C5H6O3 C3H6N2

3671 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3672 Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

nD

≈300 dec

C10H10N2O

4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone C9H16O2 C14H12 C15H12O2

den/ g cm-3

56.3

0.92119

1.440219

s H2O, EtOH; sl chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl

19

95 15815 144

0.94 1.411020 1.020017

1.479617

90.5

0.909720

1.466420

1.1825

1.523020

307 275.5

20145

dec 112.1 122.4

64.5

s chl 11152, 391

222.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF s DMSO s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-179 H N

O

NH

O S OH O

N S

N

O

1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione

2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene

3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O N H

O

N

4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid

N

N

N S

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran

4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole

O OH

O O 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone

N

O

O

N H

1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene

O N O O

HCl

O

Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene

O

O NH

NH2 O

4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine

S

4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride

2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

HN N N S N

N

N H

O

O

N

N

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran

O

O

N H

O

Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione

O NH O

N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone

1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione

H N

HN

N H

N H

Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

O

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone

2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

N

O

4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

H N

O

N H

O

N H

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione

HO Dihydrotachysterol

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

O

O H

N

N S

O Dihydrothebaine

NH2

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

O

N H

S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene

O

S

O

2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide

S

O

Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone

O NH

O

S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene

S

Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

S HN N

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

N

O

(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

3-180

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C18H20

3910-35-8

236.352

tcl pr (al)

52.5

308.5

1.000920

1.568120

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH

C12H15N

147-47-7

173.254

26.5

260; 13213

Quinizarin

C14H8O4

81-64-1

240.212

ye red lf (eth) 200 dk red nd

3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Anthrarufin

C14H8O4

117-12-4

240.212

pa ye pl (gl HOAc)

280

sub

3694 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Danthron

C14H8O4

117-10-2

240.212

red or red-ye 193 nd or lf (al)

sub

3695 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

84-60-6

240.212

ye nd (al)

3696 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

572-93-0

240.212

sub

3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

C12H10N2O2

2050-14-8

214.219

ye nd (+1w, 353.8 dil al) nd (sub) gold-ye lf 173 (bz), nd (al)

3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

24677-78-9

138.121

ye nd

108

235; 12016

C7H6O3

95-01-2

138.121

nd (eth-lig)

135

22622

C7H6O3

1194-98-5

138.121

ye nd (bz)

100.0

No. Name 3690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3phenyl-1H-indene 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

3699 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Synonym

β-Resorcylaldehyde

3700 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

360 dec

3701 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Protocatechualdehyde

C7H6O3

139-85-5

138.121

lf (w, to)

153 dec

3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Salicylhydroxamic acid

C7H7NO3

89-73-6

153.136

nd (HOAc)

168

3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Homogentisic acid

C8H8O4

451-13-8

168.148

153

C7H6O4

303-38-8

154.121

3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

β-Resorcylic acid

C7H6O4

89-86-1

154.121

pr (w+1), lf (al-chl) pr or nd (w+1) cry (+w)

3706 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Gentisic acid

C7H6O4

490-79-9

154.121

nd or pr (w) 199.5

C7H6O4

303-07-1

154.121

nd (+w)

C7H6O4

99-50-3

154.121

mcl nd (w+1) 201 dec

C7H6O4

99-10-5

154.121

pr or nd

3704 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3707 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3708 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Protocatechuic acid

3709 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

1400.001

sub

1.54220

205.5 226 dec

167 dec 1.5244

239

3710 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

835-11-0

214.216

59.5

3711 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

611-99-4

214.216

nd (lig), cry 210 (w)

3712 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Esculetin 2-one

C9H6O4

305-01-1

178.142

sub

3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Daphnetin 2-one

C9H6O4

486-35-1

178.142

nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) 262

3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Hyodeoxycholic acid (3α,5β,6α)

C4H8O4 C24H40O4

1518-62-3 83-49-8

120.105 392.573

liq cry (AcOEt)

963 198.5

3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Ursodiol (3α,5β,7β) 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Chenodiol (3α,5β,7α)

C24H40O4

128-13-2

392.573

pl (al)

203

C24H40O4

474-25-9

392.573

119

C27H44O3

32222-06-3

416.636

nd (EtOAc+he p) wh cry pow

C6H4O4

615-94-1

140.094

dk ye nd

211

3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol 3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Calcitriol

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

115

333 1.133131

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH; sl eth i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-181

N H 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene

OH O

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O

OH O 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O HO

OH

OH

OH

HO N N

HO O

O

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

O

O

O

OH OH

O OH

N H OH

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

HO O HO OH

O

OH

OH O

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

OH 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

O

OH O

O

OH

HO

OH HO

OH 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

HO 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

HO

OH

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

O OH

OH

O HO

O

HO

O

OH

HO

OH

OH

H

HO

OH

3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

H

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)

OH

O OH H

O OH

HO

H

OH

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

HO HO

OH 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

O 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3-182

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1one

Reductic acid

C5H6O3

80-72-8

114.100

3721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4heptanone 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol 4,4’-Thiobisphenol

C9H18O3

3682-91-5

174.237

C13H12O2 C12H10O2S

2467-02-9 2664-63-3

200.233 218.271

C15H10O5

481-72-1

270.237

C4H4O6

526-84-1

Vanilmandelic acid

C9H10O5

Fraxetin

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

212

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz

pale ye cry 118.3 151

363

223.5

sub

1.28025

148.071

mcl pr or lf (al) oran ye nd (to, al) pl (w+2)

155 dec

55-10-7

198.172

sc (bz-eth)

132 dec

sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth

C10H8O5

574-84-5

208.168

pl (dil al)

231

vs EtOH

C16H12O5

491-80-5

284.263

214.8

Cotoin

C14H12O4

479-21-0

244.243

Gentisin

C14H10O5

437-50-3

258.226

ye pr (chl) lf 130.5 or nd (w) ye orth 266.5

Chrysophanic acid

C15H10O4

481-74-3

254.238

o-Orsellinic acid

C8H8O4

480-64-8

168.148

3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one

C10H8O4

2107-76-8

192.169

3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4naphthalenedione

C10H8O4

529-84-0

192.169

ye nd (dil al) 275

C10H6O4

475-38-7

190.153

Chromotropic acid

C10H8O8S2

148-25-4

320.296

Alizarin Blue

C17H9NO4

568-02-5

291.258

Alizarin Orange

C14H7NO6

568-93-4

285.209

dk red mcl pr 232 (bz) red-br nd (al) nd or lf (w+2) br-viol nd 269 (bz) oran nd or pl 244 dec (HOAc)

3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±) 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

Phloionic acid

C18H34O6

23843-52-9

346.459

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid

C18H36O4

120-87-6

316.477

3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4 H-1benzopyran-4-one

Chrysin

C15H10O4

480-40-0

254.238

lt ye pr (MeOH)

285.5

3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Resacetophenone

C8H8O3

89-84-9

152.148

nd or lf

146

3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

Benzoresorcinol

C13H10O3

131-56-6

214.216

nd (w)

144

3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,11,20-trione 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,20-dione 3748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4

331-39-5

180.158

ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec

Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone

C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5

535-46-6 53-03-2

248.878 358.428

nd (HOAc)

11-Deoxy-17hydrocorticosterone Cortisone

C21H30O4

152-58-9

346.461

215

C21H28O5

53-06-5

360.444

222

3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

C3H6O3

56-82-6

90.078

3750 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, ( R) Glyceric acid 3751 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone Dihydroxyacetone

C3H6O4 C3H6O3

6000-40-4 96-26-4

106.078 90.078

3752 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

C13H26O4

2277-23-8

246.343

pr (peth)

53

C11H22O4

26402-26-6

218.291

cry (peth)

40

3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)- Aloe-emodol 9,10-anthracenedione 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxymaleic acid 3726 α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1benzopyran-2-one 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9 Hxanthen-9-one 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f] quinoline-7,12-dione 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

3753 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

Decanoic acid glycerol monoester Octanoic acid glycerol monoester

ye hex or mcl 196 nd (sub) nd (dil 176 dec HOAc, +1w) nd (al), lf 283 (HOAc)

cry (al)

sub

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

0.9225

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc

sub

s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc

126 90

nd or pr (40% MeOH) thick gum

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py vs bz, HOAc

1.18141

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH

139 234 dec

145

1450.8

1.45318

vs ace, EtOH, chl sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig

dec 90

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-183

O OH

OH OH

HO

2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

HO

O

OH

S

O HO

OH 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

OH

OH HO OH

HO O

HO

O

O

O

O

O

OH

α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

OH O

O

O

HO

OH

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH O

OH

HO HO

O

O

OH O

HO

OH

O

OH

(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O

1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one

O OH

OH HO

OH

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

HO

OH O

O

HO

O

S

S

O

O

HO

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

O

OH

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

N

OH

O OH HO

OH O

O

OH

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

OH

N O

O

O

1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione

OH O O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO OH

OH

HO

O

OH

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)

O

O OH

O

OH

O HO Sb OH

OH HO

OH 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O O

OH

OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

OH OH

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O

OH OH

O

Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide

OH OH

OH O

O 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

HO

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)

HO

O OH

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

O

O

O

O

HO

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

3-184

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3754 4,8-Dihydroxy-2quinolinecarboxylic acid

Xanthurenic acid

C10H7NO4

59-00-7

205.168

ye micry cry 289 (w)

Digallic acid

C4H6O8 C14H10O9

76-30-2 536-08-3

182.086 322.224

Fluorescin

C20H14O5

518-44-5

334.322

3758 Diiodoacetylene

C2I2

624-74-8

277.830

3759 2,4-Diiodoaniline

C6H5I2N

533-70-0

344.920

3755 Dihydroxytartaric acid 3756 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid 3757 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9 H-xanthen-9yl)benzoic acid

nf (dil al + 1w)

mp/˚C

exp 2.74825

95.5

131.5

285

309.916

5.8

624-73-7

281.862

C6H4I2 C6H4I2

615-42-9 626-00-6

329.905 329.905

3762 p-Diiodobenzene

1,4-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

624-38-4

329.905

3763 1,4-Diiodobutane

C4H8I2

628-21-7

3764 1,2-Diiodoethane

C2H4I2

2.5420 2.4725

1.717920

12515 dec

2.349425

1.618425

200

3.32520

1.87120

72.516

3.062520

16317, 14110

2.034225

1.583725

182

3.321120

1.741120

9

14920, 1013

1.598725

-20

dec 227; 11019

2.169225 2.49018 2.561225

0.954319 0.905

1.430120 1.450620

3765 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 3766 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene

C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5

590-26-1 38577-97-8

279.846 584.099

3767 1,6-Diiodohexane

Hexamethylene diiodide

C6H12I2

629-09-4

337.968

ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) -14 oran-red pow nd 9.5

3768 Diiodomethane

Methylene iodide

CH2I2

75-11-6

267.836

ye nd or lf

6.1

3769 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Disophenol

C6H3I2NO3

305-85-1

390.902

lt ye cry (gl HOAc)

157

3770 1,5-Diiodopentane 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane

Pentamethylene diiodide Trimethylene diiodide

C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2

628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6

323.942 295.889 295.889

3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Iodoquinol

C9H5I2NO

83-73-8

396.951

ye nd (HOAc, 210 xyl)

3774 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

300-39-0

432.981

ye nd (w, 70% al)

213

3775 Diisobutyl adipate 3776 Diisobutylaluminum chloride 3777 Diisobutylaluminum hydride

C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al

141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7

258.354 176.664 142.219

hyg col liq liq

-40

293; 18715 15210 1404, 850.5

2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-1- C8H19N propanamine

110-96-3

129.244

liq

-73.5

139.6

C9H18O3

539-92-4

174.237

190

0.913820

1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]

C8H18O

628-55-7

130.228

122.6

0.76115

84-69-5 592-65-4 123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0

278.344 146.294 160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609

-105.5 51 95 -50

296.5; 1594 171 1038 11714 2534

1.049015 0.836310

Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate

C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4 C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N

1330-86-5 27554-26-3 544-00-3

370.566 390.557 157.297

-44

2104 370 188

0.767221

1.423520

C10H22O

544-01-4

158.281

172.5

0.777720

1.408520

C18H26O4 C10H22S

605-50-5 544-02-5

306.397 174.347

liq

-74.6

dec 334 211

1.020916 0.832320

1.487120 1.452020

C6H15NO2

110-97-4

133.189

cry

44.5

250; 15123

0.98920

C12H22O4

6938-94-9

230.301

-0.6

1206.5

0.956920

3778 Diisobutylamine

3779 Diisobutyl carbonate 3780 Diisobutyl ether 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786

Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate

3787 Diisooctyl adipate 3788 Diisooctyl phthalate 3789 Diisopentylamine 3790 Diisopentyl ether

3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1butanamine Diisoamyl ether

3791 Diisopentyl phthalate 3792 Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisoamyl phthalate

3793 Diisopropanolamine

1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol

3794 Diisopropyl adipate

liq cry cry liq col liq

liq

Solubility

vs ace, EtOH

287; 1003 285

1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz

27 40.4

3760 o-Diiodobenzene 3761 m-Diiodobenzene

den/ g cm-3

114.5 269 dec

col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) orth nd (lig) 81.5 br nd or orth cry (al) pl or pr (lig) orth pl or pr (eth-al) orth lf (al)

bp/˚C

1.639125

1.409020

1.407220

0.96620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl ctc; s os sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth

1.424720

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-185 O

OH HO

O

OH HO

HO OH O HO

OH

N OH

OH

OH

O

O

OH

HO

O HO OH

O

4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

OH

O

OH

OH

2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid

3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid

Dihydroxytartaric acid

NH2

I I

I

I I

I

I

I

Diiodoacetylene

o-Diiodobenzene

I

I

I

2,4-Diiodoaniline

m-Diiodobenzene

I

I 1,4-Diiodobutane

p-Diiodobenzene

I

1,2-Diiodoethane

O OH O

I

I

I HO I

OH

O I

I

I

4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

H

I

H I

I 1,6-Diiodohexane

O

Diiodomethane

I

I

I

OH

I

1,3-Diiodopropane

OH

I 1,5-Diiodopentane

O

NH2

HO

N

I

1,2-Diiodopropane

I

O

O I

I

N

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

O

O O

I

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Diisobutyl adipate

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

O O O

O Cl Al

H Al

H N

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutylamine

N

C

O N

C

O

O

Diisobutyl carbonate

O

O

Diisobutyl ether

Diisobutyl phthalate

O O

N C O

S

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

Diisobutyl sulfide

O

C

O O O

N

O O

O

1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene

O Diisononyl phthalate

Diisodecyl phthalate

O O O

O O

O O

O Diisooctyl adipate

Diisooctyl phthalate

N H

O

Diisopentylamine

Diisopentyl ether

O O

O O O Diisopentyl phthalate

OH

OH

S

H N

Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisopropanolamine

O

O O Diisopropyl adipate

3-186

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3795 Diisopropylamine

N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine

C6H15N

108-18-9

101.190

liq

-61

83.9

0.715320

1.392420

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3796 2,6-Diisopropylaniline 3797 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H19N C12H18

24544-04-5 577-55-9

177.286 162.271

liq liq

-45 -57

257 204

0.9425 0.870120

1.533220 1.496020

3798 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

99-62-7

162.271

liq

-63.1

203.2

0.855920

1.488320

3799 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

100-18-5

162.271

liq

-17

210.3

0.856820

1.489820

3800 p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 3801 N,N-Diisopropyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide 3802 N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide 3803 Diisopropyl disulfide 3804 N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

C12H18O2

98-49-7

194.270

waxy cry

30.1

1231

0.993220

C13H18N2S2

95-29-4

266.425

C7H14N2 C6H14S2 C8H19NO

693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0

126.199 150.305 145.243

liq

-69

147 177 190

0.80625 0.943520 0.82625

1.432020 1.491620 1.441720

C6H14O

108-20-3

102.174

liq

-85.4

68.4

0.719225

1.365825

C7H17O3P C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2

1445-75-6 24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2

180.182 212.330 174.195 166.155 214.286

cry (MeOH)

70

C14H18O4

605-45-8

250.291

3812 Diisopropyl sulfide

C6H14S

625-80-9

118.240

3813 Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

C10H18O6

58167-01-4

234.246

3814 Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate Diisopropyl dixanthogen 3815 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Bitoscanate

C8H14O2S4 C8H4N2S2

105-65-7 4044-65-9

270.456 192.261

3816 3817 3818 3819

C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 C4H12FN2OP

674-82-8 19201-34-4 1165-48-6 115-26-4

84.074 162.140 323.386 154.122

liq

C18H25N

36309-01-0

255.399

ye oil

92

C4H6O4S2

2418-14-6

182.219

wh cry (MeOH)

193

C4H10O2S2 C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2

7634-42-6 2150-02-9 59-52-9

154.251 138.251 124.225

3805 Diisopropyl ether

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate 3811 Diisopropyl phthalate

N,N-Diisopropyl-2aminoethanol Isopropyl ether

3806 3807 3808 3809 3810

Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox

3820 Dimemorfan

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester

2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 α,13 α,14 α)-

3821 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid 3822 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 3823 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 3824 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol

®

59.0

663

liq

nd (ace, HOAc) liq orth

liq

122-15-6

211.258

C6H10O4S2

55290-64-7

210.271

C11H19N3O

5221-53-4

209.288

86-80-6

272.385

828-00-2

174.195

liq

1201-38-3 93-15-2

180.200 178.228

cry liq

C12H14O4

523-80-8

222.237

C8H11NO2

2735-04-8

153.179

3834 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

102-56-7

153.179

3835 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

6315-89-5

153.179

3826 Dimethipin 3827 Dimethirimol

3828 Dimethisoquin 3829 Dimethoxane 3830 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone 3831 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 3832 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 3833 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one

2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy] C17H24N2O -N,N-dimethylethanamine 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol C8H14O4 acetate C10H12O3 C11H14O2 Apiole

1.00220 0.997018 1.0920

1.410020

13012

1.061515

1.490020

-78.1

120.0

0.814220

1.443820

34

275; 15412

1.116620

126.1

1.087720

cry

8615

42.5 -80

46

1.115120

vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl

52 132 -6.5 112.5 109.5

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

1.412016

190 9740, 7610 713

liq

C11H17NO3

3825 Dimetan

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

1.437920

1.426720

vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth

1330.3

s chl 217; 642 830.8 175

1.11420 1.246320

1.574920

11

s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace

165 nd

102

146

1563

1.548620

sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s os

8610

1.065520

1.431020

21 -2.0

15614 254.7

1.139 1.039620

1.544120 1.534020

nd

29.5

294; 17935

1.01520

1.536020

pl (lig)

33.5

262.0

82.5

270

87.5

15914

lf (eth)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-187

NH2 N H Diisopropylamine

2,6-Diisopropylaniline

O

1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

OH N S N S

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

Diisopropyl disulfide

N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

S

S

N C N

O O O P O

OH

N

O Diisopropyl ether

N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

O

O O

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate

2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

Diisopropyl oxalate

O O

O O

O O P O H

S O P O SH

O

S

Diisopropyl phosphonate

O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate

Diisopropyl phthalate

Diisopropyl sulfide

S

S

O

O OH O

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

S O

OH

O

O S C N

S Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate

O

N C S

HO

O

OH

Dilactic acid

Diketene

1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

O O

O

O

O

O N N

P

O N H

F

OH OH

HO SH

Dimemorfan

Dimefox

Dimefline

N

SH HS

SH OH

O

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid

1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol

O O S

OH N

O HS

O

HS

OH

O

SH

SH

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether

O

S

N

O O

®

2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

N

Dimetan

Dimethipin

N

Dimethirimol

O O O

N O

O N

O

O

O O

Dimethisoquin

O

Dimethoxane

O

2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone

NH2

NH2 O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

NH2 O

O O 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole

O O 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

O 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

3-188

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3836 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

613-45-6

166.173

nd (al or lig) 72

290; 16510

3837 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

93-02-7

166.173

52

270; 14610

C9H10O3

120-14-9

166.173

43

281; 15510

C9H10O3

7311-34-4

166.173

46.3

15116

C8H10O2

91-16-7

138.164

22.5

206

1.081025

1.582721

3841 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

151-10-0

138.164

liq

-52

217.5

1.052125

1.523120

3842 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

150-78-7

138.164

lf (w)

59

212.6

1.037555

3843 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

C10H12O4

93-40-3

196.200

cry (bz-peth) 98 nd (w+1)

3844 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3845 3,4Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3846 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3847 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine

C10H15NO2 C9H13NO2

120-20-7 5763-61-1

181.232 167.205

16414 15612, 1203

1.14325

C9H12O3 C14H16N2O2

93-03-8 119-90-4

168.189 244.289

visc oil lf or nd (w)

298; 17212

1.17817

137

3848 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

C16H12N2O4

91-93-0

296.277

cry

112

C9H10O4

91-52-1

182.173

C9H10O4 C9H10O4

1466-76-8 93-07-2

182.173 182.173

C9H10O4

1132-21-4

182.173

C16H16O4

119-52-8

272.296

186 dec nd (w or 181 HOAc) orth (sub) nd (w), pr 185.5 (al) pr (dil al) 114.0

3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Limettin 2-one

C11H10O4

487-06-9

206.195

pr or nd (al) 149

dec 200

3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C14H14O2

2132-80-1

214.260

lf (bz)

sub

3856 Dimethoxyborane 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C2H7BO2 C6H12O3 C8H8O4

4542-61-4 5436-21-5 530-55-2

73.887 132.157 168.148

vol liq or gas -130.6

Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2 C4H10O2

1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6 110-71-4

120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136 90.121

3864 (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 3865 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline

Fagarine

C10H14O2 C13H11NO3

101-48-4 524-15-2

166.217 229.231

3866 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal C18H38O2

2791-29-9

286.494

3867 2,4-Dimethoxy-6hydroxyacetophenone 3868 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 3869 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3 H)isobenzofuranone

Xanthoxylin

C10H12O4

90-24-4

196.200

Meconin

C11H12O3 C10H10O4

2107-69-9 569-31-3

Methylal

C3H8O2

3871 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 3872 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 3873 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene 3874 N-(Dimethoxymethyl) dimethylamine

No. Name

3838 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

Synonym

Veratraldehyde

3839 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3840 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

Veratrole

Veratric acid

3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

3859 3860 3861 3862 3863

Dimethoxydimethylsilane Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

3870 Dimethoxymethane

p-Anisoin

2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone

Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal

nd (eth, lig, to)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.546420

1.55517

108.5

175

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s ctc s chl s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

sub

vs eth, EtOH

256

25.9 505 sub

liq

-78 -69.20

82 286; 16115 1335 13795 84.50

pr (al)

142

ye mcl pr (HOAc)

Solubility

0.864620 1.077120 0.96625 0.863725

1.370820 1.544720 1.431025 1.417020 1.377025

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

193.5

10

1442

0.854220

1.438225

cry (al)

82

18520

192.211 194.184

wh nd (w)

119.5 102.5

109-87-5

76.095

liq

-105.1

42

0.859320

1.351320

C9H12O2

494-99-5

152.190

pr (eth)

24

220

1.050925

1.525725

C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C5H13NO2

4179-19-5 24599-58-4 4637-24-5

152.190 152.190 119.163

244 214.0 104

1.047815

1.523420

21

0.89725

1.397220

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-189 O

O O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O NH2

OH

O O

O O

O

O

O

O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

NH2 O

O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine

OH

O

O

OH

O

O

O

H2N

O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol

NH2

N C O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH O

O

OH

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O O

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate

OH

O

O

O C N

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

O O

O

O

O

3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

O H O

O

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

Dimethoxyborane

4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

B

4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone

O O

O

O

O Si O

O Si O

2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Dimethoxydimethylsilane

Dimethoxydiphenylsilane

O O 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane

O O O

O O

NH2

O

O

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

O

N

O

O

O (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene

4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

O O

HO

O

O

O

O O O 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone

O

O 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone

6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone

O

O

Dimethoxymethane

O

O O

O N O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene

1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene

O 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

O

O

N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine

3-190

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3875 2,2-Dimethoxy-Nmethylethanamine 3876 Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 3877 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C5H13NO2

122-07-6

119.163

C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4

3027-21-2 709-09-1

182.292 183.162

3878 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO4

89-39-4

183.162

3879 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3880 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 3881 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone

C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3

91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0

154.163 154.163 180.200

3882 3883 3884 3885

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2

4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 93-16-3

104.148 104.148 102.132 178.228

C12H14O4

484-31-1

222.237

C10H12O2 C4H10O2

6380-23-0 534-15-6

C4H9NO

3890 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, Acridine Yellow monohydrochloride 3891 Dimethyl adipate 3892 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye nd (al-w) 98 gold-ye nd (dil al) mcl pr (w)

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

140

0.92825

1.411520

12979 23015

1.1888133

pr (dil al)

56.5 37 51

liq

-47

1.479520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf vs eth, EtOH s eth, bz; sl lig vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl

1.1666132

72.5

Solubility

261 19935, 17010 287

18

86 83 88 270.5

0.864820 0.84725 0.86225 1.052120

1.378020 1.395420 1.561620

oil

29.5

285

1.159815

1.530517

164.201 90.121

liq

-113.2

64.5

0.850120

1.571120 1.366820

127-19-5

87.120

liq

-18.59

165

0.937225

1.434125

C15H16ClN3

135-49-9

273.761

red cry pow

C8H14O4

627-93-0

174.195

cry

10.3

11513

1.060020

1.428320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc

C5H12O7P2

358-72-5

246.092

cry (MeOH)

C2H7N

124-40-3

45.084

col gas

-92.18

6.88

0.68040

1.35017

C2H8ClN

506-59-2

81.545

orth nd (al)

171

C4H8N2 C10H13NO

926-64-7 2124-31-4

84.120 163.216

137.5

0.864920

1.409520

4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

nd (w, peth) 105.5

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl

Ahistan

C16H16N2OS

518-61-6

284.375

cry

144.5

C14H15N3

60-11-7

225.289

ye lf (al)

117

dec

3899 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 3900 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Ehrlich’s reagent

C14H15N3 C9H11NO

97-56-3 100-10-7

225.289 149.189

ye lf (al) lf (w)

102 74.5

17617

3901 p-(Dimethylamino) benzalrhodanine

C12H12N2OS2

536-17-4

264.365

dp red nd (xyl)

270 dec

3902 2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

610-16-2

165.189

pr, nd (eth)

72

3903 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

99-64-9

165.189

nd (w)

152.5

C9H11NO2 C17H21N3

619-84-1 492-80-8

165.189 267.369

nd (al) ye or col pl (al)

242.5 136

C4H12BN C21H27NO

1113-30-0 76-99-3

84.956 309.445

liq

-92 99.5

Normethadone

C20H25NO

467-85-6

295.419

oily liq

Bufotenine

C7H13NO2 C12H16N2O

2439-35-2 487-93-4

143.184 204.267

pr (EtOAc)

1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene 3886 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)1,3-benzodioxole 3887 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene 3888 Dimethylacetal

3889 N,N-Dimethylacetamide

3893 Dimethylamine 3894 Dimethylamine hydrochloride 3895 (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 3896 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 3897 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10Hphenothiazine 3898 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

3904 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3905 4,4’Dimethylaminobenzophenonimid e 3906 (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 3907 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-heptanone 3908 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-hexanone 3909 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3910 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1Hindol-5-ol 3911 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3912 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol 3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

Apiole (Dill)

N,N-Dimethylethanamide

3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate N-Methylmethanamine N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride

Brilliant Oil Yellow

Hordenine

Dansyl chloride

C8H15NO2

2867-47-2

157.211

C10H15NO

539-15-1

165.232

C9H23N3

3030-47-5

173.299

C12H12ClNO2S

605-65-2

269.747

i H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth

1.0254100

sub

65

vs eth, ace vs EtOH

1653 70%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

Oil, safflower, salad or cooking, oleic >70%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

Oil, sesame, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

Oil, soybean lecithin

763

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

Oil, soybean, salad or cooking

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.02

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

Oil, sunflower, linoleic, approx. 65%

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0

0.0

22

4.6

1.9

0.2

0

6

135

77

36

0.28

0.085

0.43

32

0.4

Okra, boiled, w/o salt

0.000

0.000

0.000 0.000

0.294

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-26

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Olives, pickled, canned or bottled, green

145

3.8

1.0

15.3

0

1556

42

52

11

0.49

0.120

0.04

4

0.9

Olives, ripe, canned (small-extra large)

115

6.3

0.8

10.7

0

872

8

88

4

3.30

0.251

0.22

0.020

3

0.9

Onions, boiled, w/o salt

44

10.2

1.4

0.2

0

3

166

22

11

0.24

0.067

0.21

0.153

35

0.6

Onions, raw

42

10.1

0.9

0.1

0

3

144

22

10

0.19

0.038

0.16

0.132

27

0.5

Orange juice, includes from concentrate

44

10.1

0.8

0.3

0

1

190

10

11

0.17

0.040

0.04

0.023

11

0.1

Oranges, raw, all commercial varieties

47

11.8

0.9

0.1

0

0

181

40

10

0.10

0.045

0.07

0.025

14

0.5

Oranges, raw, California, Valencias

49

11.9

1.0

0.3

0

0

179

40

10

0.09

0.037

0.06

0.023

17

Oranges, raw, Florida

46

11.5

0.7

0.2

0

0

169

43

10

0.09

0.039

0.08

0.024

12

Oranges, raw, navels

49

12.5

0.9

0.2

0

1

166

43

11

0.13

0.039

0.08

0.029

23

0.0

Ostrich, ground, cooked, pan-broiled

175

0.0

26.2

7.1

83

80

323

8

23

3.43

0.136

4.33

0.017

224

33.5

Ostrich, inside leg, cooked

141

0.0

29.0

1.9

73

83

352

6

25

3.12

0.148

4.71

0.018

244

36.5

Ostrich, top loin, cooked

155

0.0

28.1

3.9

93

77

353

6

25

3.31

0.148

4.72

0.018

245

36.6

Oyster, eastern, breaded & fried

197

11.6

8.8

12.6

81

417

244

62

58

6.95

4.294

87.13

0.490

159

66.5

Oyster, eastern, farmed, raw

59

5.5

5.2

1.6

25

178

124

44

33

5.78

0.738

37.92

0.394

93

63.7

Oyster, eastern, wild, raw

68

3.9

7.1

2.5

53

211

156

45

47

6.66

4.452

90.81

0.367

135

63.7

163

9.9

18.9

4.6

100

212

302

16

44

9.20

2.679

33.24

1.222

243

154.0

0.643

162

77.0

140

0.7 0.6

Oyster, Pacific, cooked, moist heat Oyster, Pacific, raw

0.5

81

5.0

9.5

2.3

50

106

168

8

22

5.11

1.576

16.62

115

25.6

2.7

0.2

0

14

1806

18

10

1.69

0.644

3.73

Papayas, raw

39

9.8

0.6

0.1

0

3

257

24

10

0.10

0.016

0.07

0.011

5

Parsley, raw

36

6.3

3.0

0.8

0

56

554

138

50

6.20

0.149

1.07

0.160

58

0.1

Pastrami beef 98% fat-free

95

1.5

19.6

1.2

47

1010

228

9

18

2.78

0.079

4.26

0.013

150

10.4

Pate de foie gras, canned, smoked

462

4.7

11.4

43.8

150

697

138

70

13

5.50

0.400

0.92

0.120

200

44.0

Pate, liver, not specified, canned

319

1.5

14.2

28.0

255

697

138

70

13

5.50

0.400

2.85

0.120

200

41.6

39

9.5

0.9

0.3

0

0

190

6

9

0.25

0.068

0.17

0.061

20

0.1

Peanut butter, chunk style, w/o salt

589

21.6

24.1

49.9

0

17

745

45

160

1.90

0.578

2.79

1.800

319

8.2

Peanut butter, smooth style, w/o salt

588

19.6

25.1

50.4

0

17

649

43

154

1.87

0.473

2.91

1.466

358

5.6

Peanuts, all types, dry-roasted, w. salt

585

21.5

23.7

49.7

0

813

658

54

176

2.26

0.671

3.31

2.083

358

7.5

Peanuts, all types, oil-roasted, w. salt

599

15.3

28.0

52.5

0

320

726

61

176

1.52

0.533

3.28

1.845

397

3.3

Pears, raw

58

15.5

0.4

0.1

0

1

119

9

7

0.17

0.082

0.10

0.049

11

0.1

Peas, edible-podded, boiled, w. salt

42

7.1

3.3

0.2

0

240

240

42

26

1.97

0.077

0.37

0.168

55

0.7

Peas, edible-podded, raw

42

7.6

2.8

0.2

0

4

200

43

24

2.08

0.079

0.27

0.244

53

0.7

Peas, green, boiled, w/o salt

84

15.6

5.4

0.2

0

3

271

27

39

1.54

0.173

1.19

0.525

117

1.9

Pecans, dry roasted, w. salt

710

13.6

9.5

74.3

0

383

424

72

132

2.80

1.167

5.07

3.933

293

4.0

Pecans, oil roasted, w. salt

715

13.0

9.2

75.2

0

393

392

67

121

2.47

1.200

4.47

3.700

263

6.0

Peppers, hot chili, green, raw

40

9.5

2.0

0.2

0

7

340

18

25

1.20

0.174

0.30

0.237

46

0.5

Peppers, hot chili, red, raw

40

8.8

1.9

0.4

0

9

322

14

23

1.03

0.129

0.26

0.187

43

0.5

Peppers, jalapeno, raw

30

5.9

1.4

0.6

0

1

215

10

19

0.70

0.133

0.23

0.250

31

0.3

Peppers, sweet, green, boiled, w/o salt

28

6.7

0.9

0.2

0

2

166

9

10

0.46

0.065

0.12

0.115

18

0.3

Peppers, sweet, green, raw

20

4.6

0.9

0.2

0

3

175

10

10

0.34

0.066

0.13

0.122

20

0.0

Peppers, sweet, red, boiled, w/o salt

28

6.7

0.9

0.2

0

2

166

9

10

0.46

0.065

0.12

0.115

18

0.3

Peppers, sweet, red, raw

26

6.0

1.0

0.3

0

2

211

7

12

0.43

0.017

0.25

0.112

26

0.1

Peppers, sweet, yellow, raw

27

6.3

1.0

0.2

0

2

212

11

12

0.46

0.107

0.17

0.117

24

0.3

Persimmons, native, raw

127

33.5

0.8

0.4

0

1

310

27

Pheasant, cooked, total edible

Palm hearts, raw

Peaches, raw

2.50

26

247

0.0

32.4

12.1

89

43

271

16

22

1.43

0.084

1.37

242

20.7

Pickle, cucumber, sour

11

2.3

0.3

0.2

0

1208

23

0

4

0.40

0.085

0.02

0.011

14

0.0

Pickle, cucumber, sweet

117

31.8

0.4

0.3

0

939

32

4

4

0.59

0.105

0.08

0.015

12

0.0

Pickles, cucumber, dill

18

4.1

0.6

0.2

0

1282

116

9

11

0.53

0.079

0.14

0.015

21

0.0

Pie, apple, commercially prepared, enriched flour

237

34.0

1.9

11.0

0

266

65

11

7

0.45

0.046

0.16

0.182

24

1.0

Pie, blueberry, commercially prepared

232

34.9

1.8

10.0

0

325

50

8

5

0.30

0.046

0.16

0.176

23

1.4

Pie, cherry, commercially prepared

260

39.8

2.0

11.0

0

246

81

12

8

0.48

0.040

0.18

0.140

29

1.2

Pie, chocolate creme, commercially prepared

304

33.6

2.6

19.4

5

136

127

36

21

1.07

0.050

0.23

0.200

68

7.5

Pie, coconut creme, commercially prepared

298

37.2

2.1

16.6

0

255

65

29

20

0.80

0.068

0.47

0.438

85

5.3

Pie, egg custard, commercially prepared

210

20.8

5.5

11.6

33

240

106

80

11

0.58

0.024

0.52

0.060

112

7.1

Pie, lemon meringue, commercially prepared

268

47.2

1.5

8.7

45

146

89

56

15

0.61

0.001

0.49

0.060

105

3.0

Nutrient Values of Foods

Food description

7-27 Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Pie, mince, prepared from recipe

289

48.0

2.6

10.8

0

254

203

22

14

1.49

0.113

0.22

0.263

42

6.6

Pie, peach

223

32.9

1.9

10.0

0

270

125

8

6

0.50

0.053

0.09

0.152

22

1.3

Pie, pecan, commercially prepared

400

57.2

4.0

18.5

32

424

74

17

18

1.04

0.195

0.57

0.789

77

5.0

Pie, pumpkin, commercially prepared

210

27.3

3.9

9.5

20

282

154

60

15

0.79

0.048

0.45

0.240

71

2.6

Pike, northern, cooked, dry heat

113

0.0

24.7

0.9

50

49

331

73

40

0.71

0.065

0.86

0.310

282

16.2

Pike, walleye, raw

93

0.0

19.1

1.2

86

51

389

110

30

1.30

0.178

0.62

0.800

210

12.6

Pimento, canned

23

5.1

1.1

0.3

0

14

158

6

6

1.68

0.049

0.19

0.092

17

0.2

629

19.3

11.6

61.0

0

72

628

8

234

3.06

1.035

4.28

4.333

35

Pineapple juice, canned, unsweetened, w/o vitamin C Pineapple, raw, all variety

53

12.9

0.4

0.1

0

2

130

13

12

0.31

0.069

0.11

0.504

8

0.1

48

12.6

0.5

0.1

0

1

115

13

12

0.28

0.099

0.10

1.177

8

0.1

Pineapple, raw, traditional variety

45

11.8

0.6

0.1

1

125

13

12

0.25

0.081

0.08

1.593

9

0.0

Pistachio nuts, dry roasted, w/o salt

571

27.7

21.4

46.0

0

10

1042

110

120

4.20

1.325

2.30

1.275

485

9.3

Plantains, cooked

116

31.2

0.8

0.2

0

5

465

2

32

0.58

0.066

0.13

28

1.4

Plums, dried (prunes), uncooked

240

63.9

2.2

0.4

0

2

732

43

41

0.93

0.281

0.44

0.299

69

0.3

46

11.4

0.7

0.3

0

0

157

6

7

0.17

0.057

0.10

0.052

16

0.0

Pollock, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

118

0.0

24.9

1.3

91

110

456

77

86

0.59

0.064

0.60

0.019

283

46.8

Pollock, walleye, cooked, dry heat

113

0.0

23.5

1.1

96

116

387

6

73

0.28

0.055

0.60

0.020

482

43.4

68

17.2

1.0

0.3

0

3

259

3

3

0.30

0.070

0.12

Pompano, Florida, cooked, dry heat

211

0.0

23.7

12.1

64

76

636

43

31

0.67

0.078

0.69

Popcorn, air-popped

387

77.8

12.9

4.5

0

8

329

7

144

3.19

0.262

Pork sausage, fresh, cooked

339

0.0

19.4

28.4

84

749

294

13

17

1.36

0.086

Pork, cured, bacon, broiled, pan-fried or roasted

541

1.4

37.0

41.8

110

2310

565

11

33

1.44

Pork, cured, breakfast strips, cooked

459

1.1

29.0

36.7

105

2099

466

14

26

Pork, cured, Canadian-style bacon, grilled

185

1.4

24.2

8.4

58

1546

390

10

21

Pork, cured, ham, boneless, extra lean (approx 5% fat), roasted Pork, cured, ham, boneless, regular (approx 11% fat), roasted Pork, cured, ham, whole, lean & fat, roasted

145

1.5

20.9

5.5

53

1203

287

8

178

0.0

22.6

9.0

59

1500

409

243

0.0

21.6

16.8

62

1187

Pork, cured, salt pork, raw

748

0.0

5.1

80.5

86

1424

Pork, fresh, composite of retail cuts (leg, loin, & shoulder), lean, cooked Pork, fresh, leg (ham), rump half, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, leg (ham), shank half, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, loin, blade (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center loin (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (chops), bone-in, lean, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (chops), boneless, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, center rib (roasts), boneless, lean & fat, roasted Pork, fresh, loin, country-style ribs, lean & fat, braised Pork, fresh, loin, sirloin (chops), bone-in, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, sirloin (chops), boneless, lean & fat, broiled Pork, fresh, loin, tenderloin, lean & fat, broiled

212

0.0

29.3

9.7

86

252

0.0

28.9

14.3

289

0.0

25.3

320

0.0

240

Pork, fresh, spareribs, lean & fat, braised Potato chips, plain, salted

Pine nuts, pinyon, dried

Plums, raw

Pomegranates, raw

8

0.6

0.025

341

46.8

3.08

1.113

358

0.0

2.08

0.005

163

0.0

0.164

3.50

0.022

533

62.0

1.97

0.153

3.68

0.044

265

24.7

0.82

0.054

1.70

0.027

296

24.7

14

1.48

0.079

2.88

0.054

196

19.5

8

22

1.34

0.145

2.47

0.041

281

19.8

286

7

19

0.87

0.083

2.32

0.014

214

22.7

66

6

7

0.44

0.050

0.90

0.005

52

5.8

59

375

21

26

1.10

0.061

2.97

0.018

237

45.0

96

62

374

12

27

1.05

0.103

2.82

0.023

272

46.8

20.1

92

59

338

15

22

0.98

0.098

3.06

0.028

257

43.3

22.5

24.9

86

70

344

29

22

0.93

0.083

3.37

0.008

212

37.1

0.0

28.7

13.1

82

58

358

33

25

0.80

0.046

2.26

0.003

232

44.3

219

0.0

30.8

9.7

81

65

420

31

28

0.82

0.070

2.38

0.020

245

47.3

260

0.0

27.6

15.8

82

62

401

28

26

0.77

0.068

2.26

0.018

237

44.0

252

0.0

27.0

15.2

81

48

346

6

22

0.93

0.016

2.64

0.010

214

40.3

296

0.0

23.9

21.5

87

59

328

29

17

1.22

0.093

3.56

0.012

167

39.7

259

0.0

26.7

16.1

86

68

383

17

29

0.99

0.058

2.57

0.010

246

47.7

208

0.0

30.5

8.6

91

56

372

18

27

1.21

0.053

2.62

0.003

243

50.5

201

0.0

29.9

8.1

94

64

444

5

35

1.39

0.067

2.89

0.012

290

47.7

397

0.0

29.1

30.3

121

93

320

47

24

1.85

0.142

4.60

0.014

261

37.4

547

49.7

6.6

37.5

0

525

1642

24

70

1.61

0.398

2.39

0.664

155

8.1

Potatoes, baked, flesh & skin, w. salt

93

21.2

2.5

0.1

0

244

535

15

28

1.08

0.118

0.36

0.219

70

0.4

Potatoes, boiled in skin, flesh, w. salt

87

20.1

1.9

0.1

0

240

379

5

22

0.31

0.188

0.30

0.138

44

0.3

Potatoes, boiled w/o skin, flesh, w. salt

86

20.0

1.7

0.1

0

241

328

8

20

0.31

0.167

0.27

0.140

40

0.3

Potatoes, French fried, all types, frozen, oven-heated

172

28.7

2.7

5.2

0

32

451

12

26

0.74

0.135

0.38

0.210

97

0.2

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-28

Food description

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Potatoes, hashed brown, home-prepared

265

35.1

3.0

12.5

0

342

576

14

35

0.55

0.293

0.47

0.247

70

0.5

Potatoes, mashed, home-prepared, whole milk & margarine added Potatoes, red, flesh & skin, baked

113

16.9

2.0

4.2

1

333

328

22

19

0.26

0.153

0.30

0.112

49

0.8

89

19.6

2.3

0.2

0

8

545

9

28

0.70

0.174

0.40

0.173

72

0.5

94

21.1

2.1

0.2

0

7

544

10

27

0.64

0.127

0.35

0.189

75

0.5

Pretzels, hard, plain, salted

380

79.8

10.3

2.6

0

1357

146

18

29

5.20

0.264

1.43

1.789

113

6.0

Prunes, dehydrated (low-moisture), stewed

113

29.7

1.2

0.2

0

2

353

24

21

1.17

0.204

0.25

0.104

37

Pumpkin, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.9

0.7

0.1

0

1

230

15

9

0.57

0.091

0.23

0.089

30

Pumpkin, raw

26

6.5

1.0

0.1

0

1

340

21

12

0.80

0.127

0.32

0.125

44

0.3

234

0.0

25.1

14.1

86

52

216

15

22

4.43

0.592

3.10

279

21.8

Quinces, raw

57

15.3

0.4

0.1

0

4

197

11

8

0.70

0.130

0.04

17

0.6

Radicchio, raw

23

4.5

1.4

0.3

0

22

302

19

13

0.57

0.341

0.62

0.138

40

0.9

Radishes, raw

16

3.4

0.7

0.1

0

39

233

25

10

0.34

0.050

0.28

0.069

20

0.6

Raisins, golden seedless

302

79.5

3.4

0.5

0

12

746

53

35

1.79

0.363

0.32

0.308

115

0.7

Raisins, seeded

296

78.5

2.5

0.5

0

28

825

28

30

2.59

0.302

0.18

0.267

75

0.6

Raisins, seedless

299

79.2

3.1

0.5

0

11

749

50

32

1.88

0.318

0.22

0.299

101

0.6

Raspberries, raw

52

11.9

1.2

0.7

0

1

151

25

22

0.69

0.090

0.42

0.670

29

0.2

116

31.2

0.4

0.1

0

1

96

145

12

0.21

0.027

0.08

0.073

8

0.9

21

4.5

0.9

0.2

0

4

288

86

12

0.22

0.021

0.10

0.196

14

1.1

Rice, brown, long-grain, cooked

111

23.0

2.6

0.9

0

5

43

10

43

0.42

0.100

0.63

0.905

83

9.8

Rice, brown, medium-grain, cooked

112

23.5

2.3

0.8

0

1

79

10

44

0.53

0.081

0.62

1.097

77

Potatoes, white, flesh & skin, baked

Quail, cooked, total edible

Rhubarb, frozen, cooked, w/sugar Rhubarb, raw

Rice, white, glutinous, cooked

0.2

97

21.1

2.0

0.2

0

5

10

2

5

0.14

0.049

0.41

0.262

8

5.6

Rice, white, long-grain, regular, cooked

130

28.2

2.7

0.3

0

1

35

10

12

1.20

0.069

0.49

0.472

43

7.5

Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked

130

28.6

2.4

0.2

0

0

29

3

13

1.49

0.038

0.42

0.377

37

7.5

Rice, white, short-grain, cooked

130

28.7

2.4

0.2

0

0

26

1

8

1.46

0.072

0.40

0.357

33

7.5

Rockfish, Pacific, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

121

0.0

24.0

2.0

44

77

520

12

34

0.53

0.037

0.53

0.020

228

46.8

Rolls, hamburger or hotdog, plain

19.5

279

49.5

9.5

4.3

0

479

94

138

21

3.32

0.220

0.66

0.272

62

Rutabagas, boiled, w/o salt

39

8.7

1.3

0.2

0

20

326

48

23

0.53

0.041

0.35

0.174

56

0.7

Sablefish, cooked, dry heat

250

0.0

17.2

19.6

63

72

459

45

71

1.64

0.028

0.41

0.019

215

46.8

Sablefish, smoked

257

0.0

17.7

20.1

64

737

471

50

74

1.69

0.036

0.43

0.020

222

50.2

Salami, cooked, turkey

152

0.4

15.3

9.4

76

1004

216

40

22

1.25

0.190

2.32

0.020

266

26.4

Salami, dry or hard, pork

407

1.6

22.6

33.7

79

2260

378

13

22

1.30

0.160

4.20

0.070

229

25.4

Salami, dry or hard, pork, beef

385

3.8

23.2

30.1

100

2010

378

8

17

1.51

0.080

3.23

142

26.1

Salami, Italian, pork

425

1.2

21.7

37.0

80

1890

340

10

22

1.52

0.160

4.20

0.070

229

25.4

Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, cooked, dry heat

206

0.0

22.1

12.4

63

61

384

15

30

0.34

0.049

0.43

0.016

252

41.4

Salmon, Atlantic, farmed, raw

183

0.0

19.9

10.9

59

59

362

12

28

0.36

0.049

0.40

0.015

233

36.5

Salmon, Atlantic, wild, cooked, dry heat

182

0.0

25.4

8.1

71

56

628

15

37

1.03

0.321

0.82

0.021

256

46.8

Salmon, Atlantic, wild, raw

142

0.0

19.8

6.3

55

44

490

12

29

0.80

0.250

0.64

0.016

200

36.5

Salmon, Chinook, cooked, dry heat

231

0.0

25.7

13.4

85

60

505

28

122

0.91

0.053

0.56

0.019

371

46.8

Salmon, Chinook, raw

179

0.0

19.9

10.4

50

47

394

26

95

0.25

0.041

0.44

0.015

289

36.5

Salmon, Chinook, smoked

117

0.0

18.3

4.3

23

784

175

11

18

0.85

0.230

0.31

0.017

164

32.4

Salmon, Chinook, smoked (lox)

117

0.0

18.3

4.3

23

2000

175

11

18

0.85

0.230

0.31

0.017

164

38.1

Salmon, chum, cooked, dry heat

154

0.0

25.8

4.8

95

64

550

14

28

0.71

0.071

0.60

0.019

363

46.8

Salmon, coho, farmed, cooked, dry heat

178

0.0

24.3

8.2

63

52

460

12

34

0.39

0.089

0.47

0.021

332

14.1

Salmon, coho, farmed, raw

160

0.0

21.3

7.7

51

47

450

12

31

0.34

0.048

0.43

0.012

292

12.6

Salmon, coho, wild, cooked, dry heat

139

0.0

23.5

4.3

55

58

434

45

33

0.61

0.071

0.56

0.019

322

38.0

Salmon, coho, wild, raw

146

0.0

21.6

5.9

45

46

423

36

31

0.56

0.051

0.41

0.014

262

36.5

Salmon, pink, cooked, dry heat

149

0.0

25.6

4.4

67

86

414

17

33

0.99

0.099

0.71

0.019

295

57.2

Salmon, pink, raw

116

0.0

19.9

3.5

52

67

323

13

26

0.77

0.077

0.55

0.015

230

44.6

Salmon, sockeye, cooked, dry heat

216

0.0

27.3

11.0

87

66

375

7

31

0.55

0.067

0.51

0.020

276

37.8

Salmon, sockeye, raw

168

0.0

21.3

8.6

62

47

391

6

24

0.47

0.052

0.54

0.014

215

33.7

Sausage, chicken, beef, pork, skinless, smoked

216

8.1

13.6

14.3

120

1034

246

100

14

4.80

0.063

2.68

0.015

132

20.2

Sausage, Italian, pork, cooked

344

4.3

19.1

27.3

57

1207

304

21

18

1.43

0.080

2.39

170

22.0

Sausage, Italian, sweet, links

149

2.1

16.1

8.4

30

570

194

25

12

1.19

0.040

1.52

103

10.8

0.007

Nutrient Values of Foods

Food description

7-29 Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

Sausage, Polish, beef w. chicken, hot

259

3.6

17.6

19.4

66

1540

237

12

14

0.88

0.090

1.93

0.049

136

Sausage, smoked link sausage, pork & beef

320

2.4

12.0

28.7

58

911

179

12

13

0.75

0.077

1.26

0.048

121

0.0

Sausage, turkey, breakfast links, mild

235

1.6

15.4

18.1

60

585

197

32

25

1.07

0.111

2.13

0.066

185

22.2

Scallops, (bay & sea), steamed

112

0.0

23.2

1.4

53

265

476

115

55

3.00

0.300

3.00

338

27.9

Scrapple, pork

213

14.1

8.1

13.9

49

659

158

7

13

1.89

0.212

1.06

76

17.4

Sea bass, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

124

0.0

23.6

2.6

53

87

328

13

53

0.37

0.024

0.52

0.020

248

46.8

Shad, American, cooked, dry heat

252

0.0

21.7

17.7

96

65

492

60

38

1.24

0.082

0.47

0.054

349

46.8

Shark, mixed species, batter-dipped & fried

228

6.4

18.6

13.8

59

122

155

50

43

1.11

0.042

0.48

0.050

194

34.0

Shortening, frying (heavy duty), beef tallow & cottonseed Shortening, household, soybean (hydrogenated) & palm Shrimp, mixed species, cooked, moist heat

900

0.0

0.0

100.0

100

0

0

0

0

0.00

0

0.0

884

0.0

0.0

100.0

0

0

0

0

0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.0

99

0.0

20.9

1.1

195

224

182

39

34

3.09

0.193

1.56

0.034

137

39.6

Shrimp, mixed species, imitation, made from surimi Shrimp, mixed species, raw

101

9.1

12.4

1.5

36

705

89

19

43

0.60

0.032

0.33

0.011

282

22.9

106

0.9

20.3

1.7

152

148

185

52

37

2.41

0.264

1.11

0.050

205

38.0

Smelt, rainbow, cooked, dry heat

124

0.0

22.6

3.1

90

77

372

77

38

1.15

0.178

2.12

0.900

295

46.8

90

2.0

16.1

1.4

50

70

382

10

250

3.50

0.400

1.00

272

27.4

Snapper, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

128

0.0

26.3

1.7

47

57

522

40

37

0.24

0.046

0.44

201

49.0

Sour cream, light

136

7.1

3.5

10.6

35

71

212

141

10

0.07

0.016

0.50

71

3.1

Sour cream, reduced fat

181

7.0

7.0

14.1

35

70

211

141

11

0.06

0.010

0.27

85

4.1

Soybeans, green, boiled, w/o salt

141

11.1

12.4

6.4

0

14

539

145

60

2.50

0.117

0.91

0.502

158

1.4

Soybeans, green, raw

147

11.1

13.0

6.8

0

15

620

197

65

3.55

0.128

0.99

0.547

194

1.5

Soybeans, mature cooked, boiled, w/o salt

173

9.9

16.6

9.0

0

1

515

102

86

5.14

0.407

1.15

0.824

245

7.3

Spaghetti, cooked, enriched, w. salt

157

30.6

5.8

0.9

0

128

45

7

18

1.33

0.103

0.50

0.317

58

26.4

Spaghetti, whole-wheat, cooked

Snails, raw

0.00

0.017

17.7

124

26.5

5.3

0.5

0

3

44

15

30

1.06

0.167

0.81

1.379

89

25.9

Spinach, boiled, w/o salt

23

3.8

3.0

0.3

0

70

466

136

87

3.57

0.174

0.76

0.935

56

1.5

Spinach, raw

23

3.6

2.9

0.4

0

79

558

99

79

2.71

0.130

0.53

0.897

49

1.0

Squash, summer, all varieties, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.3

0.9

0.3

0

1

192

27

24

0.36

0.103

0.39

0.213

39

0.2

Squash, summer, all varieties, raw

16

3.4

1.2

0.2

0

2

262

15

17

0.35

0.051

0.29

0.175

38

0.2

Squash, summer, zucchini, includes skin, boiled, w/o salt Squash, summer, zucchini, includes skin, raw

16

3.9

0.6

0.1

0

3

253

13

22

0.35

0.086

0.18

0.178

40

0.2

16

3.4

1.2

0.2

0

10

262

15

17

0.35

0.051

0.29

0.175

38

0.2

Squash, winter, acorn, baked, w/o salt

56

14.6

1.1

0.1

0

4

437

44

43

0.93

0.086

0.17

0.242

45

0.7

Squash, winter, butternut, baked, w/o salt

40

10.5

0.9

0.1

0

4

284

41

29

0.60

0.065

0.13

0.172

27

0.5

Squash, winter, Hubbard, baked, w/o salt

50

10.8

2.5

0.6

0

8

358

17

22

0.47

0.045

0.15

0.170

23

0.6

Squash, zucchini, baby, raw

21

3.1

2.7

0.4

0

3

459

21

33

0.79

0.097

0.83

0.196

93

0.3

Strawberries, raw

32

7.7

0.7

0.3

0

1

153

16

13

0.42

0.048

0.14

0.386

24

0.4

Sturgeon, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

135

0.0

20.7

5.2

77

69

364

17

45

0.90

0.053

0.54

0.030

271

16.2

Sturgeon, mixed species, raw

105

0.0

16.1

4.0

60

54

284

13

35

0.70

0.041

0.42

0.025

211

12.6

Sturgeon, mixed species, smoked

173

0.0

31.2

4.4

80

739

379

17

47

0.93

0.050

0.56

0.030

281

20.1

Sugars, brown

377

97.3

0.0

0.0

0

39

346

85

29

1.91

0.298

0.18

0.320

22

1.2

Sugars, granulated

387

100.0

0.0

0.0

0

0

2

1

0

0.01

0.000

0.00

0.000

0

0.6

Sugars, maple

354

90.9

0.1

0.2

0

11

274

90

19

1.61

0.099

6.06

4.422

3

0.8

Sweet potato, baked in skin, w/o salt

90

20.7

2.0

0.2

0

36

475

38

27

0.69

0.161

0.32

0.497

54

0.2

Sweet potato, boiled, w/o skin

76

17.7

1.4

0.1

0

27

230

27

18

0.72

0.094

0.20

0.266

32

0.2

Swordfish, cooked, dry heat

155

0.0

25.4

5.1

50

115

369

6

34

1.04

0.162

1.47

0.020

337

61.7

Swordfish, raw

121

0.0

19.8

4.0

39

90

288

4

27

0.81

0.126

1.15

0.019

263

48.1

Syrups, corn, dark

286

77.6

0.0

0.0

0

155

44

18

8

0.37

0.053

0.04

0.100

11

2.9

Syrups, corn, high-fructose

281

76.0

0.0

0.0

0

2

0

0

0

0.03

0.029

0.02

0.094

0

0.7

Syrups, maple

261

67.1

0.0

0.2

0

9

204

67

14

1.20

0.074

4.16

3.298

2

0.6

Syrups, table blends, cane & 15% maple

278

69.5

0.0

0.0

0

104

53

12

2

0.19

0.017

0.63

0.495

0

0.5

53

13.3

0.8

0.3

0

2

166

37

12

0.15

0.042

0.07

0.039

20

0.1

Tempeh, cooked

196

9.4

18.2

11.4

14

401

96

77

2.13

0.540

1.57

1.285

253

0.0

Tilefish, cooked, dry heat

147

0.0

24.5

4.7

64

59

512

26

33

0.31

0.052

0.53

0.015

236

51.5

96

0.0

17.5

2.3

50

53

433

26

28

0.25

0.041

0.37

0.010

187

36.5

Tangerines, (mandarin oranges), raw

Tilefish, raw

Nutrient Values of Foods

7-30

Food description Tofu, fried

Energy kcal/ 100 g

Carb. Protein g/ g/ 100 g 100 g

Fat g/ 100 g

Chol. Na K Ca Mg Fe Cu Zn Mn P Se mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ μg/ 100 g 100 g 100 g 100g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g

271

10.5

17.2

20.2

0

16

146

372

60

4.87

0.398

1.99

1.495

287

28.5

Tomato juice, canned, w. salt

17

4.2

0.8

0.1

0

269

229

10

11

0.43

0.061

0.15

0.070

18

0.3

Tomatoes, green, raw

23

5.1

1.2

0.2

0

13

204

13

10

0.51

0.090

0.07

0.100

28

0.4

Tomatoes, orange, raw

16

3.2

1.2

0.2

0

42

212

5

8

0.47

0.062

0.14

0.088

29

0.4

Tomatoes, red, ripe, cooked

18

4.0

1.0

0.1

0

11

218

11

9

0.68

0.075

0.14

0.105

28

0.5

Tomatoes, red, ripe, raw, year-round average

18

3.9

0.9

0.2

0

5

237

10

11

0.27

0.059

0.17

0.114

24

0.0

Tomatoes, sun-dried

258

55.8

14.1

3.0

0

2095

3427

110

194

9.09

1.423

1.99

1.846

356

5.5

Tomatoes, yellow, raw

15

3.0

1.0

0.3

0

23

258

11

12

0.49

0.101

0.28

0.120

36

0.4

Trout, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

190

0.0

26.6

8.5

74

67

463

55

28

1.92

0.241

0.85

1.091

314

16.2

Trout, rainbow, farmed, cooked, dry heat

169

0.0

24.3

7.2

68

42

441

86

32

0.33

0.061

0.49

0.020

266

15.0

Trout, rainbow, wild, cooked, dry heat

150

0.0

22.9

5.8

69

56

448

86

31

0.38

0.058

0.51

0.021

269

13.2

Tuna, fresh, bluefin, cooked, dry heat

184

0.0

29.9

6.3

49

50

323

10

64

1.31

0.110

0.77

0.020

326

46.8

Tuna, fresh, bluefin, raw

144

0.0

23.3

4.9

38

39

252

8

50

1.02

0.086

0.60

0.015

254

36.5

Tuna, fresh, skipjack, raw

103

0.0

22.0

1.0

47

37

407

29

34

1.25

0.086

0.82

0.015

222

36.5

Tuna, fresh, yellowfin, raw

108

0.0

23.4

1.0

45

37

444

16

50

0.73

0.064

0.52

0.015

191

36.5

Tuna, skipjack, fresh, cooked, dry heat

132

0.0

28.2

1.3

60

47

522

37

44

1.60

0.110

1.05

0.019

285

46.8

Tuna, white, canned in oil

186

0.0

26.5

8.1

31

396

333

4

34

0.65

0.130

0.47

0.016

267

60.1

Tuna, white, canned in water

128

0.0

23.6

3.0

42

377

237

14

33

0.97

0.039

0.48

0.019

217

65.7

Tuna, yellowfin, fresh, cooked, dry heat

139

0.0

30.0

1.2

58

47

569

21

64

0.94

0.082

0.67

0.019

245

46.8

Turbot, European, cooked, dry heat

122

0.0

20.6

3.8

62

192

305

23

65

0.46

0.047

0.28

0.022

165

46.8

Turkey breast meat

104

4.2

17.1

1.7

43

1015

302

8

21

1.44

0.057

1.33

0.018

162

22.8

Turkey, all classes, breast, meat & skin, roasted

189

0.0

28.7

7.4

74

63

288

21

27

1.40

0.047

2.03

0.020

210

29.1

Turkey, all classes, dark meat, meat & skin, raw

160

0.0

18.9

8.8

72

71

261

17

20

1.69

0.137

2.95

0.021

170

26.4

Turkey, all classes, leg, meat & skin, roasted

208

0.0

27.9

9.8

85

77

280

32

23

2.30

0.154

4.27

0.023

199

37.8

Turkey, all classes, meat only, roasted

170

0.0

29.3

5.0

76

70

298

25

26

1.78

0.094

3.10

0.021

213

36.8

Turkey, all classes, wing, meat & skin, roasted

229

0.0

27.4

12.4

81

61

266

24

25

1.46

0.056

2.10

0.020

197

29.9

Turnip greens, boiled, w/o salt

20

4.4

1.1

0.2

0

29

203

137

22

0.80

0.253

0.14

0.337

29

0.9

Turnips, boiled, w/o salt

22

5.1

0.7

0.1

0

16

177

33

9

0.18

0.002

0.12

0.071

26

0.2

Turnips, raw

28

6.4

0.9

0.1

0

67

191

30

11

0.30

0.085

0.27

0.134

27

0.7

Veal, composite of retail cuts, fat, cooked

642

0.0

9.4

66.7

73

57

173

4

10

1.00

0.044

0.87

0.012

116

5.5

Veal, composite of retail cuts, lean & fat, cooked

231

0.0

30.1

11.4

114

87

325

22

26

1.15

0.114

4.76

0.036

239

12.3

Veal, composite of retail cuts, lean, cooked

196

0.0

31.9

6.6

118

89

338

24

28

1.16

0.120

5.10

0.038

250

13.0

Veal, ground, broiled

172

0.0

24.4

7.6

103

83

337

17

24

0.99

0.103

3.87

0.035

217

13.7

Veal, leg (top round), lean & fat, roasted

160

0.0

27.7

4.7

103

68

389

6

28

0.91

0.129

3.04

0.030

234

11.2

Veal, loin, lean & fat, roasted

217

0.0

24.8

12.3

103

93

325

19

25

0.87

0.110

3.03

0.029

212

11.0

Veal, rib, lean & fat, roasted

228

0.0

24.0

14.0

110

92

295

11

22

0.97

0.099

4.09

0.030

197

10.5

Veal, shoulder, arm, lean & fat, roasted

183

0.0

25.5

8.3

108

90

348

26

26

1.15

0.141

4.18

0.030

221

11.1

Veal, sirloin, lean & fat, roasted

202

0.0

25.1

10.5

102

83

351

13

26

0.92

0.129

3.35

0.029

223

11.1

Veal, sirloin, lean, roasted

168

0.0

26.3

6.2

104

85

365

14

27

0.91

0.136

3.54

0.030

231

11.5

Vinegar, distilled

18

0.0

0.0

0.0

0

2

2

6

1

0.03

0.006

0.01

0.055

4

0.5

Watercress, raw

11

1.3

2.3

0.1

0

41

330

120

21

0.20

0.077

0.11

0.244

60

0.9

Watermelon, raw

30

7.6

0.6

0.2

0

1

112

7

10

0.24

0.042

0.10

0.038

11

0.4

Wheat flour, whole-grain

339

72.6

13.7

1.9

0

5

405

34

138

3.88

0.382

2.93

3.799

346

70.7

Wheat flours, bread, unenriched

361

72.5

12.0

1.7

0

2

100

15

25

0.90

0.182

0.85

0.792

97

39.7

Wolffish, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat

123

0.0

22.4

3.1

59

109

385

8

38

0.12

0.037

1.00

0.019

256

46.8

96

0.0

17.5

2.4

46

85

300

6

30

0.09

0.029

0.78

0.015

200

36.5

Yam, boiled, or baked, w/o salt

116

27.6

1.5

0.1

0

8

670

14

18

0.52

0.152

0.20

0.371

49

0.7

Yellowtail, mixed species, cooked, dry heat

187

0.0

29.7

6.7

71

50

538

29

38

0.63

0.058

0.67

0.019

201

46.8

Yogurt, fruit varieties, non-fat

94

19.0

4.4

0.2

2

58

194

152

15

0.07

0.011

0.74

0.035

119

6.0

Yogurt, plain, low fat, 12 grams protein per 8 oz

63

7.0

5.3

1.6

6

70

234

183

17

0.08

0.013

0.89

0.004

144

3.3

Yogurt, plain, skim milk, 13 grams protein per 8 oz

56

7.7

5.7

0.2

2

77

255

199

19

0.09

0.015

0.97

0.005

157

3.6

Yogurt, plain, whole milk, 8 grams protein per 8 oz

61

4.7

3.5

3.3

13

46

155

121

12

0.05

0.009

0.59

0.004

95

2.2

Wolffish, Atlantic, raw

Composition and Properties of Common Oils And Fats This table lists some of the most common naturally occurring oils and fats. The list is separated into those of plant origin, fish and other marine life origin, and land animal origin. The oils and fats consist mainly of esters of glycerol (i.e., triglycerides) with fatty acids of 10 to 22 carbon atoms. The four fatty acids with the highest concentration are given for each oil; concentrations are given in weight percent. Because there is often a wide variation in composition depending on the source of the oil sample, a range (or sometimes an average) is generally given. More complete data on composition, including minor fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols, can be found in the references. The acids are labeled by the codes described in the previous table, “Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters,” which gives the systematic and common names of the acids. Thus 18:2 9c,12c indicates a C18 acid with two double bonds in the 9 and 12 positions, both with a cis configuration (cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, or linoleic acid). The density and refractive index of the oils are typical values; superscripts indicate the temperature in °C. Notes: • The composition figure given for oleic acid (18:1 9c) often includes low levels of other 18:1 isomers.

Type of oil

• • •

In some oils where a concentration is given for 18:2 9c,12c (linoleic acid), other isomers of 18:2 may be included. Likewise, where a concentration is given for 18:3 9c,12c,15c (α-linolenic acid), other isomers of 18:3 may be included. The acid 20:5 6c,9c,12c,15c,17c, which is prevalent in many fish oils, is often abbreviated as 20:5 ω-3 or 20:5 n-3.

The assistance of Frank D. Gunstone in preparing this table is gratefully acknowledged.

References 1. Firestone, D., Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Oils, Fats, and Waxes, 2nd Edition, AOCS Press, Urbana, IL, 2006. 2. Gunstone, F. D., Harwood, J. L., and Dijkstra, A. J., eds., The Lipid Handbook, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. 3. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 4. Altman, P. L., and Dittmer, D. S., eds., Biology Data Book, Second Edition, Vol. 1, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, MD, 1972.

Principal fatty acid components in weight %

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

Plants Almond kernel oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Apricot kernel oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Argan seed oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Avocado pulp oil

18:1 9c 16:0

Babassu palm oil Blackcurrant oil Borage (star-flower) oil Borneo tallow Cameline oil Canola (rapeseed) oil (low linolenic) Canola (rapeseed) oil (low erucic) Caraway seed oil Cashew nut oil



6679X_S07.indb 9

43–70%

18:2 9c,12c

24–30%

4–13%

18:0

1–10%

58–66%

18:2 9c,12c

29–33%

4.6–6%

18:0

1%

42–55%

18:2 9c,12c

30–34%

12–16%

18:0

2–7%

56–74%

18:2 9c,12c

10–17%

9–18%

16:1 9c

3–9%

12:0

40–55%

14:0

11–27%

18:1 9c

9–20%

16:0

5.2–11%

18:2 9c,12c

45–50%

18:3 6c,9c,12c

14–20%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

12–15%

18:1 9c

9–13%

18:2 9c,12c

36–40%

18:3 6c,9c,12c

17–25%

18:1 9c

14–21%

16:0

9.4–12%

18:0

39–43%

18:1 9c

34–37%

16:0

18–21%

20:0

1.0%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

33–38%

18:2 9c,12c

15–16%

20:1 total

14–16%

18:1 9c

12–24%

18:1 9c

59–66%

18:2 9c,12c

24–29%

16:0

4–5%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

2–3%

18:1 9c

52–67%

18:2 9c,12c

16–25%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

6–14%

16:0

3.3–6.0%

18:1 9c

40%

18:2 9c,12c

30%

18:1 6c

26%

16:0

3%

18:1 9c

57–80%

18:2 9c,12c

16–22%

16:0

4–17%

18:0

2–12%

24

38

0.91025

1.46726

  89–101

188–200

0.91025

1.46925

  97–110

185–199

0.91220

1.46720

  92–102

189–195

0.91225

1.46625

85–90

177–198

0.91425

1.45040

10–18

245–256

0.92320

1.48020

173–182

185–195

141–160

189–192

0.855100

1.45640

29–38

189–200

0.92415

1.47720

127–155

180–190

–10 –10

91 0.91520

0.91415

1.46640

110–126

182–193

1.47135

128

178

1.46340

79–89

180–196

7-9

3/24/08 3:33:57 PM

Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats

7-10 Type of oil Castor oil

Principal fatty acid components in weight % 18:1 12-OH,9c

88%

18:2 9c,12c

3–5%

18:1 9c

2.9–6%

22:0

2.1%

18:2 9c,12c

42–45%

18:1 9c

35–49%

16:0

4–9%

18:3 9c,11t,13t

3–10%

16:0

58–72%

18:1 9c

20–35%

18:0

1–8%

14:0

0.5–3.7%

18:0

31–37%

18:1 9c

31–35%

16:0

25–27%

18:2 9c,12c

2.8–4.0%

12:0

45–51%

14:0

17–21%

16:0

7.7–10.2% 18:1 9c

5.4–9.9%

12:0

44–48%

14:0

16–17%

18:1 9c

8–10%

16:0

7–10%

Coriander seed oil

18:1 6c

53%

18:1 9c

32%

18:2 9c,12c

7–14%

16:0

3–8%

Corn oil

18:2 9c,12c

40–66%

18:1 9c

20–42%

16:0

9–16%

18:0

0–3%

Cottonseed oil

18:2 9c,12c

47–58%

16:0

18–26%

18:1 9c

14–22%

18:0

2.1–3.3%

Crambe oil

22:1 13c

55–60%

18:1 9c

12–15%

18:2 9c,12c

8–10%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

6–7%

Cherry kernel oil Chinese vegetable tallow Cocoa butter Coconut oil Cohune nut oil

Cuphea seed oil

8:0

65–78%

10:0

19–24%

18:2 9c,12c

1–4%

16:0

0.6–3%

18:1 12,13-ep,9c

64%

18:1 other

19%

18:2 9c,12c

9%

16:0

4%

18:2 9c,12c

65–80%

18:3 6c,9c,12c

8–14%

16:0

6–10%

18:1 9c

5–12%

18:2 9c,12c

58–78%

18:1 9c

12–28%

16:0

5.5–11%

18:0

3–6%

18:1 9c

39%

16:1 11c

22.7%

20:1 total

9.7%

22:1 total

9.5%

Hazelnut oil (Filbert)

18:1 9c

72–84%

18:2 9c,12c

5.7–22%

16:0

4.1–7.2%

18:0

1.5–2.4%

Hempseed oil

18:2 9c,12c

45–60%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

15–30%

18:1 9c

11–16%

16:0

6–12%

Illipe (mowrah) butter

18:1 9c

34%

16:0

23%

18:0

23%

18:2 9c,12c

14%

Jojoba oila

20:1 total

66–74%

22:1 undefined

9–19%

18:1 9c

5–12%

24:1 15c

1–5%

18:1 9c

45–65%

16:0

10–28%

18:2 9c,12c

7–35%

18:0

2–9%

18:0

49–56%

18:1 9c

39–49%

16:0

2–5%

18:2 9c,12c

1–2%

18:1 9c

57–62%

20:0

20–25%

16:0

5–8%

18:0

2–6%

18:2 9c,12c

72%

18:1 9c

16%

16:0

5.6%

18:0

4.0%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

52–58%

18:1 9c

18–20%

18:2 9c,12c

17%

18:2 9c,12c

16%

18:1 9c

56–59%

16:1 9c

21–22%

16:0

8–9%

18:0

2–4%

(caprylic acid rich) Euphorbia lagascae seed oil Evening primrose oil Grape seed oil Hazelnut oil (Chilean)

Kapok seed oilb Kokum butter Kusum oil Linola oil Linseed oil Macadamia nut oil

6679X_S07.indb 10

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

0.95225

1.47525

81–91

176–187

0.91825

1.46840

110–118

190–198

44

0.88725

1.45640

16–29

200–218

34

0.97425

1.45740

32–40

192–200

25

0.91340

1.44940

  5–13

248–265

0.91425

1.45040

  9–14

251–260

0.90825

1.46425

  86–100

182–191

–20

0.91920

1.47225

107–135

187–195

–1

0.92020

1.46240

  96–115

189–198

0.90625

1.47025

  87–113

0.95225

1.47325

102

1.47920

147–155

193–198

0.92320

1.47540

130–138

188–194

0.90925

1.47325

83–90

188–197

0.92125

1.47240

145–166

190–195

27

0.862100

1.46040

53–70

188–207

30

0.92615

1.46925

  86–110

189–197

1.45640

33–37

192

1.46140

48–58

220–230

–18

41

142 –24

0.92425

1.48025

170–203

188–196

3/24/08 3:33:58 PM

Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats Type of oil Mango seed oil Meadowfoam seed oil

7-11

Principal fatty acid components in weight % 18:1 9c

38–50%

18:0

31–49%

18:2 9c,12c

3–6%

20:0

2–6%

20:1 5c

58–77%

22:1 total

8–24%

22:2 5c,13c

7–15%

18:1 9c

1–3%

18:2 9c,12c

67% (av.)

18:1 9c

12% (av.)

16:0

11% (av.)

18:0

9% (av.)

18:1 9c

70%

16:0

9%

18:0

3.8%

22:0

2.4%

22:1 13c

43%

22:1 13c

22–50%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

12%

18:2 9c,12c

10–24%

18:1 9c

49–62%

18:0

14–24%

16:0

13–18%

18:2 9c,12c

7–15%

18:2 9c,12c

52–78%

16:0

5–12%

18:1 9c

4–10%

18:0

2–12%

14:0

76–83%

18:1 9c

5–11%

16:0

4–10%

12:0

3–6%

Oat oil

18:2 9c,12c

24–48%

18:1 9c

18–53%

16:0

13–39%

18:0

0.5–4%

Oiticica oil

18:3 9c,11t,13t, 4-oxo

70–80%

16:0

7%

18:0

5%

18:1 9c

4–7%

18:1 9c

55–83%

18:2 9c,12c

9%

16:0

7.5–20%

18:2 9c,12c

3.5–21%

12:0

40–55%

14:0

14–18%

18:1 9c

12–21%

16:0

6.5–10%

16:0

40–48%

18:1 9c

36–44%

18:2 9c,12c

6.5–12%

18:0

3.5–6.5%

18:1 9c

40–44%

16:0

38–43%

18:2 9c,12c

10–13%

18:0

3.7–4.8%

Palm stearin

16:0

48–74%

18:1 9c

16–36%

18:0

3.9–5.6%

18:2 9c,12c

3.2–9.8%

Parsley seed oil

18:1 6c

69–76%

18:1 9c

12–15%

18:2 9c,12c

6–14%

16:0

2%

18:1 9c

36–67%

18:2 9c,12c

14–43%

16:0

8.3–14%

22:0

2.1–4.4%

18:3 9c,12c,15c

59%

18:2 9c,12c

14–18%

18:1 9c

11–13%

16:0

6–9%

16:0

57–61%

18:1 9c

30–36%

18:2 9c,12c

3–4%

18:0

3–4%

18:2 9c,12c

47–51%

18:1 9c

36–39%

16:0

6–8%

18:0

2–3%

18:2 9c,12c

62–73%

18:1 9c

16–30%

16:0

7–11%

18:0

1–4%

Rice bran oil

18:1 9c

38–48%

18:2 9c,12c

16–36%

16:0

16–28%

18:0

2–4%

Safflower seed oil

18:2 9c,12c

68–83%

18:1 9c

8.4–30%

16:0

5.3–8.0%

18:0

1.9–2.9%

18:1 9c

74–80%

18:2 9c,12c

13–18%

Melon oil Moringa peregrina seed oil Mustard seed oil Neem oil Niger seed oil Nutmeg butter

Olive oil Palm kernel oil Palm oil Palm olein

Peanut oil Perilla oil Phulwara butter Pine nut oil Poppy seed oil

Safflower seed oil (high oleic) Sal fat

6679X_S07.indb 11

16:0

5–6%

18:0

1.5–2.0%

18:0

33–57%

18:1 9c

31–52%

16:0

6–23%

20:0

1–8%

mp/ Density/ Refractive °C g cm–3 index

Iodine value

Saponification value

1.46125

39–48

188–195

1.46440

86–91

168

0.90324

1.46040

70

185

0.91320

1.46540

  92–125

170–184

0.91230

1.46240

68–71

195–205

0.92415

1.46840

126–135

188–193

1.46840

48–85

170–190

0.91725

1.46740

105–116

190–199

0.97220

1.51425

140–150

188–193

–6

0.91120

1.46920

75–94

184–196

24

0.92215

1.45040

14–21

230–250

35

0.91415

1.45540

49–55

190–209

0.9140

1.45940

>56

194–202

0.88460

1.44940

700

40 >5 140 40 30% 115 >1

7.59

>300

6,2 1 6 6,2 4,5 4,5 1 6,4 6,2,3 1 1 1 1 6 1 6,2 6,2,3 1,2,6 6 1 4 1 1,3,6

7-45

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood

7-46

Component

Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Oxygen (arterial) Oxygen (venous) Phosphorus (inorganic) Potassium

S,P S S S S,P S WB WB S S

Rubidium Selenium Silver Sodium

S,P S,P S,P S

Strontium Sulfur (total) Tellurium Titanium Tin Vanadium Zinc Zirconium

S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P

Unit μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L % saturation % saturation mg/L mmol/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mmol/L g/L μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/L

Normal Range Low High 8 18 30 0.3 1.0 0.5 3 0.3 1.3 0.1 1.3 96% 100% 60% 85% 30 45 3.5 5.0 137 196 100 300 40 160 1 135 145 3.11 3.34 57 780 30 33 1 0.02 1.0 0.5 1.2 400

Critical Values

15

4,5 4 4,5 4,5 4,5 6 6,2,4 4,5

Organic Acetoacetate ion Acetone Alanine Arginine Asparagine Cholesterol, total HDL Cholesterol LDL Cholesterol Citrulline Creatine Creatinine Fructose Glucosamine Glucose (fasting) Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Homocysteine Isoleucine Lactate (venous) Leucine Lysine Methionine Ornithine Phenylalanine Proline Serine

P S,P S,P S,P S,P P P P S,P S,P S WB S,P S S,P S,P S,P S,P P S,P P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

3 30 12 5.4 1000 400 0 2.1 2.8 5 5 760 600 4.3 61 13.4 7.9 0.54 6.9 50 14 25 3.3 6.2 5.8 20 10.1

2400 >1900

>50

1300

1 1 4 4 4 1,4 1 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 4

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood Component

Taurine Threonine Triglyceride Tyrosine Urea Urea nitrogen (BUN) Uric acid (males) Uric acid (females) Valine

7-47

S,P S,P S S,P S S S S S,P

Unit mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mmol/L mg/L (of N) mg/L mg/L mg/L

Normal Range Low High 4.1 8.2 12 17 250 1750 8.1 14.5 3.5 7.0 100 200 25 80 13 60 24 37

Critical Values

28 800

Ref. 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 4

* Measured as the percent of hemoglobin bound to CO. Typical value for heavy smokers is 5%–10%. Major symptoms begin around 30%, and respiratory failure sets in at >60%. ** This is the desirable upper limit. Values between 2000 and 2400 mg/L are considered borderline high.

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Robert N. Goldberg This table contains values of apparent equilibrium constants K′ for selected enzyme-catalyzed reactions at specified temperatures T and pHs. In those cases where the ionic strength I and/or the pMg (pMg = –log10[Mg2+]) have been reported, the values of these quantities are given. The Enzyme Commission numbers [Webb (1992)] of the enzymes that were used to catalyze the reactions are also given. There are two fundamentally different types of equilibrium constants. This is illustrated by the following example for the hydrolysis of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate:

ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate

(1)

The apparent equilibrium constant for the overall biochemical reaction (1) is

K′ = [ADP][phosphate]/([ATP]co)

(2)

The biochemical reactants ATP, ADP, and phosphate each exist in several different ionized and metal bound forms. For example, ATP is an equilibrium mixture of the species ATP4–, HATP3–, H2ATP2–, MgATP2–, MgHATP–, Mg2ATP0. Additional species would also have to be considered if Ca2+ were present. Thus, ATP has often been denoted in the literature as ΣATP or as (ATP)tot. When it is clear that one is dealing with total amounts of substances, it is not necessary to use either the Σ or “tot.” Thus, these designations are not used in this table. In the above equation, co = 1 mol dm–3; it is included to make K′ dimensionless. The standard transformed Gibbs energy of reaction ∆rG′o at specified conditions of temperature T, pressure P, ionic strength I, pH, and pMg can be calculated from K′: ∆rG′o = –RT ln K′



(3)

The molar gas constant, R, is equal to 8.314 472 J K–1 mol–1. ∆rG′o and the apparent equilibrium constant, K′, can be used to calculate the position of equilibrium of overall biochemical reactions. It is also possible to choose a chemical reference reaction that involves selected solute species:

ATP + H2O = ADP + HPO4 + H 4–

3–

2–

+

(4)

The equilibrium constant for this reference reaction is

K = [ADP3–][HPO42–][H+]/{[ATP4–](co)2}

(5)

Equations and algorithms that relate these two different types of equilibrium constants have been published [Alberty (1969), Akers and Goldberg (2001), Alberty (2003)]. To calculate the equilibrium constant K for the reference reaction from the apparent equilibrium constant K′, or vice versa, one needs the equilibrium constants for the binding of H+ and for the relevant metal ions to ATP4–, ADP3–, and HPO42–. To avoid confusion between the two different types of equilibrium constants (K′ and K) and to avoid ambiguity about whether specific species or sums of species are intended, the word “ammonia,” for example, rather than NH3 or NH4+, is used for total ammonia, and chemical formulas are used for specific chemical species. Other substances such as carbon dioxide (CO2, HCO3–, and CO32–), and phosphate (H2PO4–, HPO42–, and PO43–) are treated in

the same manner. Exceptions are made for water, which is always written as H2O, and for gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, which are written as H2(g) and O2(g), respectively. For symmetrical reactions, there is no concern about the units used to calculate the value of an equilibrium constant. However, care must be exercised for reactions that are not symmetrical. In such cases, the units “mol dm–3” have been used for all concentrations. As stated above, a c° (1 mol dm–3) is then used to make all equilibrium constants dimensionless. All substances are assumed to be in aqueous solutions unless specified otherwise. Values of ∆rG′o and K′ can also be calculated for many biochemical reactions by using the table “Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants” in Section 7 of this Handbook.

Abbreviations ADP AMP ATP CoA GDP GMP GTP IDP IMP ITP NADox NADred NADPox

adenosine 5′-diphosphate adenosine 5′-monophosphate adenosine 5′-triphosphate coenzyme A guanosine 5′-diphosphate guanosine 5′-monophosphate guanosine 5′-triphosphate inosine 5′-diphosphate inosine 5′-monophosphate inosine 5′-triphosphate β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, reduced form β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized form NADPred β-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form UDP uridine 5′-diphosphate UTP uridine 5′-triphosphate

References Akers, D.L., and Goldberg, R.N., Mathematica J., 8, 86–113 (2001). Alberty, R.A., J. Biol. Chem., 243, 1337–1343, 1969. Alberty, R.A., Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions, WileyInterscience, Hoboken, NJ, 2003. Goldberg, R.N., Tewari, Y.B., Bell, D., Fazio, K., and Anderson, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 515‑582 1993. Goldberg, R.N., and Tewari, Y.B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 547‑617, 1994. Goldberg, R.N., and Tewari, Y.B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 1035‑1103, 1994. Goldberg, R.N., and Tewari, Y.B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, 1669‑1698, 1995. Goldberg, R.N., and Tewari, Y.B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 24, 1765‑1801, 1995. Goldberg, R.N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 931–965, 1999. Goldberg, R.N., Tewari, Y.B., and Bhat, T.N., Bioinformatics, 20, 2874– 2877, 2004; . Goldberg, R.N., Tewari, Y.B., and Bhat, T.N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 36, 1347–1397, 2007. Webb, E.C., Enzyme Nomenclature 1992, Academic Press, New York, 1992. See also .

7-19

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

7-20

Reaction

Enzyme Commission Number

K′

T

I

K

pH

1.1.1.1

298.15

7.5

1.8∙10–3

1.1.1.1

298.15

8.3

0.090

1.1.1.1

298.15

7.2

benzyl alcohol + NADox = benzaldehyde + NADred

–4

9.8∙10

1-butanol + NADox = butanal + NADred cyclohexanol + NADox = cyclohexanone + NADHred 1-hexanol + NADox = hexanal + NADred

2.87∙10

1.1.1.1

298.15

8.3

1-octanol + NADox = octanal + NADred

1.1∙10–3

1.1.1.1

298.15

8.3

L-homoserine + NADPox = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NADPred

6.3∙10–4

1.1.1.3

298.15

7.9

xylitol + NADox = L-xylulose + NADred

2.97∙10–4

1.1.1.10

298.15

7.00

D-sorbitol + NADox = D-fructose + NADred

0.032

1.1.1.14

298.15

7.0

quinate + NADox = 5-dehydroquinate + NADred

4.61∙10–3

1.1.1.24

305.15

7.2

shikimate + NADPox = 5-dehydroshikimate + NADPred

0.036

1.1.1.25

303.15

7.0

2-hydroxybutanoate + NADox = 2-oxobutanoate + NADred

3.0∙10–3

1.1.1.27

298.65

8.0

(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate + NADox = 3-oxobutanoate + NADred

1.9∙10–3

1.1.1.30

298.15

7.0

D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPox = D‑glucono‑1,5‑lactone 6‑phosphate + NADPred

1.50

1.1.1.49

301.15

6.40

5α-androstane-3α-ol-17-one + NADox = 5α-androstane-3,17-dione + NADred

0.058

1.1.1.50

298.15

7.0

5α-pregnane-3α,17α,21-triol-20-one + NADox = 5α‑pregnane‑17α,21‑diol-3,20dione + NADred

0.0113

1.1.1.50

298.15

7.0

5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol + NADox = 5α-androstane-17α-ol-3-one + NADred

0.0211

1.1.1.51

298.15

7.0

4-androstene-17β-ol-3-one + NADox = 4-androstene-3,17-dione + NADred

0.378

1.1.1.51

298.15

7.0

1,2-propanediol + NADPox = L-lactaldehyde + NADPred

–5

6.0∙10

1.1.1.55

298.15

8.4

ribitol + NADox = D-ribulose + NADred

3.1∙10–3

1.1.1.56

310.15

7.4

3-hydroxypropanoate + NADox = 3-oxopropanoate + NADred

9.0∙10–3

1.1.1.59

298.15

9.0

estradiol-17β + NADox = estrone + NADred

0.18

1.1.1.62

298.15

7.00

benzyl alcohol + NADox = benzaldehyde + NADred

0.097

1.1.1.90

300.15

9.5

–3

mol·dm–3

pMg

L-carnitine + NADox = 3-dehydrocarnitine + NADred

1.3∙10

1.1.1.108

303.15

7.0

L-threonate + NADox = 3-oxo- L-threonate + NADred

3.42∙10–4

1.1.1.129

298.15

7.0

prostaglandin E1 + NADox = 15-oxo-prostaglandin E1 + NADred

0.65

1.1.1.141

298.15

7.0

7,8-dihydrobiopterin + NADPox = sepiapterin + NADPred

0.045

1.1.1.153

298.15

8.0

glycine + acetaldehyde = L-threonine

56

2.1.2.1

310.15

7.6

sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = D‑ribose 5-phosphate + D-xylulose 5-phosphate

0.48

2.2.1.1

311.15

7.0

0.25

acetyl-CoA + choline = CoA + O-acetylcholine

1.60

2.3.1.7

298.15

7.0

0.25

acetyl-CoA + acyl-carrier protein = CoA + acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein]

2.09

2.3.1.38

311.15

6.5

UDPglucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose

6.7

2.4.1.13

298.15

7.5

cellobiose + orthophosphate = D-glucose + α‑D-glucose 1‑phosphate

0.23

2.4.1.20

310.15

7.0

laminaritriose + orthophosphate = laminaribiose + α‑D‑glucose 1‑phosphate

0.26

2.4.1.31

310.15

6.5

α,α-trehalose + orthophosphate = D-glucose + β‑D-glucose 1-phosphate

0.24

2.4.1.64

310.15

7.0

UDPglucose + sinapate = UDP + 1-sinapoyl-D-glucose

0.21

2.4.1.120

303.15

6.0

inosine + orthophosphate = hypoxanthine + α‑D-ribose 1‑phosphate

0.0164

2.4.2.1

311.15

7.0

0.25

3.0

xanthosine + orthophosphate = xanthine + α‑D-ribose 1‑phosphate

0.0156

2.4.2.1

311.15

7.0

0.25

3.0

uridine + orthophosphate = uracil + α‑D-ribose 1‑phosphate

0.44

2.4.2.2

310.15

7.0

adenine + 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = AMP + pyrophosphate

2∙103

2.4.2.7

311.15

7.4

0.25

3.0

GMP + hypoxanthine = IMP + guanine

0.38

2.4.2.8

310.15

7.4

guanine + 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = GMP + pyrophosphate

1∙105

2.4.2.8

311.15

7.4

0.25

3.0

hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = IMP + pyrophosphate

1∙105

2.4.2.8

311.15

7.4

0.25

3.0

ATP + ammonium carbamate = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate

0.042

2.7.2.2

283.15

9.4

ATP + creatine = ADP + phosphocreatine

5.78∙10–3

2.7.3.2

310.15

7.11

0.25

2.47

ATP + L-arginine = ADP + N -phospho-L-arginine

0.10

2.7.3.3

285.15

7.25

ATP + sulfate = adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate + pyrophosphate

4∙10–8

2.7.7.4

303.15

7.5

UTP + α-D-glucose 1-phosphate = pyrophosphate + UDPglucose

0.48

2.7.7.9

310.15

8.0

succinyl-CoA + acetoacetate = succinate + acetoacetyl-CoA

2.8∙10

2.8.3.5

303.15

7.0

ω

–4

–3

3.0

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

Reaction acetylcholine + H2O = acetate + choline

7-21 Enzyme Commission Number

K′

T

I

K

pH

3.1.1.7

296.15

5.1

1.58∙102

3.1.3.1

298.15

8.55

49.9

3.1.3.1

311.15

6.90

2

5.38∙10

IMP + H2O = inosine + orthophosphate phosphorylcholine + H2O = choline + orthophosphate L-O-phosphoserine + H2O = L-serine + orthophosphate

56

3.1.3.1

308.15

7.0

cytidine 2′:3′-(cyclic)phosphate + H2O = cytidine 3′-monophosphate

1.06∙103

3.1.27.5

298.15

6.0

isomaltose + H2O = 2 D-glucose

17.2

3.2.1.3

298.15

5.65

β-gentiobiose + H2O = 2 D-glucose

17.7

3.2.1.21

298.15

5.65

3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-arabinose + H2O = D-galactose + D‑arabinose

2

1.04∙10

3.2.1.23

298.15

5.65

lactulose + H2O = D-galactose + D-fructose

1.28∙102

3.2.1.23

298.15

5.65

4′,5′-anhydroadenosine + H2O = adenosine

0.48

3.3.1.1

310.15

7.0

pteroylglutamate + H2O = pteroate + L-glutamate

15.6

3.4.19.9

310.15

7.3

N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester + H2O = N‑acetyl‑L‑phenylalanine + methanol

5.88∙102

3.4.21.1

293.15

5.5

hippurylanilide + H2O = hippuric acid + aniline

11

3.4.22.2

312.15

5.0

ammonium carbamate + H2O = 2 ammonia + carbon dioxide

1.92∙103

3.5.1.5

293.15

6.5

ampicillin + H2O = 6-aminopenicillanic acid + D(–)‑α‑aminophenylacetic acid

0.013

3.5.1.11

298.15

5.0

cephalexin + H2O = 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D(–)‑α‑aminophenylacetic acid

0.044

3.5.1.11

298.15

5.8

cephaloridine + H2O = 2-thienylacetic acid + 7‑amino‑3‑(1‑pyridyl‑methyl)-3cephem-4-carboxylic acid

0.015

3.5.1.11

298.15

5.0

penicillin G + H2O = 6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid

0.445

3.5.1.11

298.15

6.71

N-acetyl-L-alanine + H2O = acetate + L-alanine

7

3.5.1.14

298.15

6.0

ampicillin + H2O = ampicillinoic acid

95

3.5.2.6

282.35

5.55

penicillin G + H2O = penicillinoic acid

2.9

3.5.2.6

298.15

6.01

cytidine + H2O = uridine + ammonia

1.03∙104

3.5.4.5

298.15

7.00

N4-methylcytidine + H2O = uridine + methylamine

4.88∙102

3.5.4.5

298.15

7.50

5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = 10‑formyltetrahydrofolate

50

3.5.4.9

298.15

7.0

ITP + oxaloacetate + H2O = IDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + carbon dioxide

12

4.1.1.32

303.15

7.6

2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + acetaldehyde

2.5∙10–4

4.1.2.4

295.15

7.5

6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate = pyruvate + D‑glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

1.2∙10–3

4.1.2.14

298.15

8.0

L-fuculose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)‑lactaldehyde

4.6∙10‑4

4.1.2.17

310.15

7.2

L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)‑lactaldehyde

0.083

4.1.2.19

310.15

7.5

isocitrate = succinate + glyoxylate

2.3∙10–3

4.1.3.1

303.15

7.7

(S)-2-methylmalate = acetate + pyruvate

0.151

4.1.3.22

298.15

7.4

isocitrate = citrate

14.7

4.2.1.3

298.15

7.4

mol·dm–3 1.53

pMg 4.44

0.37

0.845

3-dehydroquinate = 3-dehydroshikimate + H2O

15

4.2.1.10

302.15

7.4

(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = cis-but-2-enoyl-CoA + H2O

0.18

4.2.1.17

298.15

7.5

indole + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = 1‑(indol‑3‑yl)glycerol 3‑phosphate

1.2∙104

4.2.1.20

298.15

7.54

(R)-malate = maleate + H2O

4.88∙10–4

4.2.1.31

298.15

7.00

0.10

(R)-2-methylmalate = 2-methylmaleate + H2O

0.0962

4.2.1.35

298.15

7.0

0.10

D-glutamate = 5-oxo-D-proline + H2O

24.3

4.2.1.48

293.4

7.9

L-threo-3-methylaspartate = 2-methylfumarate + ammonia

0.238

4.3.1.2

298.15

7.9

L-histidine = urocanate + ammonia

3.01

4.3.1.3

298.25

8.41

L-phenylalanine = trans-cinnamate + ammonia

2.47

4.3.1.5

298.05

7.69

ATP = adenosine 3′:5′-(cyclic)phosphate + diphosphate

0.065

4.6.1.1

298.15

7.0

L,L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate = meso-diaminoheptanedioate

1.9

5.1.1.7

310.15

7.0

D-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate

1.82

5.1.3.1

311.15

7.0

UDPglucose = UDPgalactose

0.33

5.1.3.2

298.15

8.7

GDPmannose = GDP-L-galactose

0.52

5.1.3.18

310.15

8.0

all-trans-retinal = 11-cis-retinal

0.05

5.2.1.3

309.15

7.0

0.167

0.25

3.0

Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

7-22

Reaction

Enzyme Commission Number

K′

T

I

K

pH

9-cis,12-cis-octadecadienoate = 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate

61

5.2.1.5

308.15

7.0

D-erythrose = D-erythrulose

2.3

5.3.1.2

308.15

5.8

D-arabinose = D-ribulose

0.146

5.3.1.3

320.25

7.4

L-fucose = L-fuculose

0.12

5.3.1.3

310.15

8.0

L-arabinose = L-ribulose

0.11

5.3.1.4

298.15

7.0

D-psicose = β-D-allose

2.15

5.3.1.4

317.25

7.4

D-ribose 5-phosphate = D-ribulose 5-phosphate

0.83

5.3.1.6

311.15

7.0

D-rhamnose = D-rhamnulose

0.58

5.3.1.7

303.15

7.4

D-mannose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate

0.99

5.3.1.8

298.15

8.50

6-amino-D-glucose 6-phosphate = 6-amino-D-fructose 6‑phosphate

0.202

5.3.1.9

278.85

8.7

D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + ammonia

0.15

5.3.1.10

310.15

8.4

D-lyxose = D-xylulose

0.23

5.3.1.15

298.15

7.0

D-ribose = D-ribulose

0.391

5.3.1.20

313.15

7.4

keto-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

0.1

5.3.2.1

298.15

7.8

L-lysine = (3S)-3,6-diaminohexanoate

5.3

5.4.3.2

303.15

7.7

(R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA

23.1

5.4.99.2

298.15

7.4

(–)-4-carboxymethyl-Δ -but-2-en-4-olide = cis,trans-hexadienedioate

4.0

5.5.1.1

303.15

8.0

ATP + heptanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + n‑heptanoyl-CoA

1.11

6.2.1.2

311.15

8.0

GTP + succinate + CoA = GDP + phosphate + succinyl-CoA

1.68

6.2.1.4

298.15

7.15

GTP + IMP + L-aspartate = GDP + phosphate + adenylosuccinate

2.9

6.3.4.4

310.15

8.0

ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate + L‑arginosuccinate

2.14

6.3.4.5

311.15

6.91

ATP + propanoyl-CoA + carbon dioxide = ADP + phosphate + (S)‑methylmalonyl-CoA

8.1∙10

6.4.1.3

310.15

8.15

α

–3

mol·dm–3

pMg

0.25

3.0

0.25

2.91

PREPARATION OF SPECIAL ANALYTICAL REAGENTS Aluminon (qualitative test for aluminum). Aluminon is a trade name for the ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid. Dissolve 1 g of the salt in 1 L of distilled water. Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. Bang’s reagent (for glucose estimation). Dissolve 100 g of K2CO3, 66 g of KCl and 160 g of KHCO3 in the order given in about 700 mL of water at 30°C. Add 4.4 g of CuSO4 and dilute to 1 L after the CO2 is evolved. This solution should be shaken only in such a manner as not to allow entry of air. After 24 hours 300 mL are diluted to 1 L with saturated KCl solution, shaken gently and used after 24 hours; 50 mL is equivalent to 10 mg glucose. Barfoed’s reagent (test for glucose). See Cupric acetate. Baudisch’s reagent. See Cupferron. Benedict’s solution (qualitative reagent for glucose). With the aid of heat, dissolve 173 g of sodium citrate and 100 g of Na2CO3 in 800 mL of water. Filter, if necessary, and dilute to 850 mL. Dissolve 17.3 g of CuSO4·5H2O in 100 mL of water. Pour the latter solution, with constant stirring, into the carbonate-citrate solution, and dilute to 1 L. Benzidine hydrochloride solution (for sulfite determination). Make a paste of 8 g of benzidine hydrochloride (C12H8(NH3)2·2HCl) and 20 mL of water, add 20 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.12) and dilute to 1 L with water. Each mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357 g of H2SO4. Bertrand’s reagent (glucose estimation). Consists of the following solutions: 1. Dissolve 200 g of Rochelle salt and 150 g of NaOH in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 2. Dissolve 40 g of CuSO4 in enough water to make 1 L of solution. 3. Dissolve 50 g of Fe2(SO4)3 and 200 g of H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84) in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. 4. Dissolve 5 g of KMnO4 in sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Bial’s reagent (for pentose). Dissolve 1 g of orcinol (5-methyl1,3-benzenediol) in 500 mL of 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl3 has been added. Boutron — Boudet soap solution: 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure castile soap in about 2.5 L of 56% ethanol. 2. Dissolve 0.59 g of Ba(NO3)2 in 1 L of water. Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4 mL of it will give a permanent lather with 40 mL of solution (b). When adjusted, 2.4 mL of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness (as CaCO3) for a 40 mL sample. See also Soap solution. Brucke’s reagent (protein precipitation). See Potassium iodidemercuric iodide. Clarke’s soap solution (estimation of hardness in water). 1. Dissolve 100 g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 L of 80% ethanol and allow to stand over night. 2. Prepare a solution of CaCl2 by dissolving 0.5 g of CaCO3 in HCl (sp. gr. 1.19), neutralize with NH4OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus, and dilute to 500 mL. One mL is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3.

Titrate (1) against (2) and dilute (1) with 80% ethanol until 1 mL of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1 mL of (2) after making allowance for the lather factor (the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50 mL of distilled water). One mL of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1 mg of CaCO3. See also Soap solution. Cobalticyanide paper (Rinnmann’s test for Zn). Dissolve 4 g of K3Co(CN)6 and 1 g of KClO3 in 100 mL of water. Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100°C. Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish. A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. Cochineal. Extract 1 g of cochineal for 4 days with 20 mL of alcohol and 60 mL of distilled water. Filter. Congo red. Dissolve 0.5 g of congo red in 90 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of alcohol. Cupferron (Baudisch’s reagent for iron analysis). Dissolve 6 g of the ammonium salt of N-hydroxy-N-nitrosoaniline (cupferron) in 100 mL of H2O. Reagent good for 1 week only and must be kept in the dark. Cupric acetate (Barfoed’s reagent for reducing monosaccharides). Dissolve 66 g of cupric acetate and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Cupric oxide, ammoniacal; Schweitzer’s reagent (dissolves cotton, linen, and silk, but not wool). 1. Dissolve 5 g of cupric sulfate in 100 mL of boiling water, and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete. Wash the precipitate well, and dissolve it in a minimum quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2. Bubble a slow stream of air through 300 mL of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50 g of fine copper turnings. Continue for 1 hour. Cupric sulfate in glycerin-potassium hydroxide (reagent for silk). Dissolve 10 g of cupric sulfate, CuSO4·5H2O, in 100 mL of water and add 5 g of glycerol. Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. Cupron (precipitates copper). Dissolve 5 g of benzoinoxime in 100 mL of 95% ethanol. Cuprous chloride, acidic (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. Cover the bottom of a 2-L flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 0.5 inch deep, suspend a coil of copper wire so as to reach from the bottom to the top of the solution, and fill the flask with hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.10). Shake occasionally. When the solution becomes nearly colorless, transfer to reagent bottles, which should also contain copper wire. The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute hydrochloric acid until either the cupric oxide or the copper wire is used up. Copper sulfate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2. Dissolve 340 g of CuCl2·2H2O in 600 mL of conc. HCl and reduce the cupric chloride by adding 190 mL of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless. The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300 g of metallic tin in a 500 mL flask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3. (Winkler method). Add a mixture of 86 g of CuO and 17 g of finely divided metallic Cu, made by the reduction of CuO with hydrogen, to a solution of HCl, made by dilut8-1

Section 8.indb 1

4/30/05 8:46:04 AM

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents

8-2 ing 650 mL of conc. HCl with 325 mL of water. After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring, a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom. Shake occasionally, and when the solution becomes colorless, it is ready for use. Cuprous chloride, ammoniacal (reagent for CO in gas analysis). 1. The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persists. An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution. 2. Pour 800 mL of acidic cuprous chloride, prepared by the Winkler method, into about 4 L of water. Transfer the precipitate to a 250 mL graduate. After several hours, siphon off the liquid above the 50 mL mark and refill with 7.5% NH4OH solution which may be prepared by diluting 50 mL of conc. NH4OH with 150 mL of water. The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours. It should have a faint odor of ammonia. Dichlorofluorescein indicator. Dissolve 1 g in 1 L of 70% alcohol or 1 g of the sodium salt in 1 L of water. Dimethyglyoxime, 0.01 N. Dissolve 0.6 g of dimethylglyoxime (2,3-butanedione oxime) in 500 mL of 95% ethanol. This is an especially sensitive test for nickel, a very definite crimson color being produced. Diphenylamine (reagent for rayon). Dissolve 0.2 g in 100 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid. Diphenylamine sulfonate (for titration of iron with K2Cr2O7). Dissolve 0.32 g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulfonic acid in 100 mL of water, add 0.5 g of sodium sulfate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO4. Diphenylcarbazide. Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100 mL with 95% ethanol. Esbach’s reagent (estimation of protein). To a water solution of 10 g of picric acid and 20 g of citric acid, add sufficient water to make 1 L of solution. Eschka’s compound. Two parts of calcined (“light”) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Fehling’s solution (reagent for reducing sugars.) 1. Copper sulfate solution. Dissolve 34.66 g of CuSO4·5H2O in water and dilute to 500 mL. 2. Alkaline tartrate solution. Dissolve 173 g of potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt, KNaC4H4O6·4H2O) and 50 g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500 mL. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions at the time of using. Ferric-alum indicator. Dissolve 140 g of ferric ammonium sulfate crystals in 400 mL of hot water. When cool, filter, and make up to a volume of 500 mL with dilute nitric acid. Folin’s mixture (for uric acid). To 650 mL of water add 500 g of (NH4)2SO4, 5 g of uranium acetate, and 6 g of glacial acetic acid. Dilute to 1 L. Formaldehyde — sulfuric acid (Marquis’ reagent for alkaloids). Add 10 mL of formaldehyde solution to 50 mL of sulfuric acid. Froehde’s reagent. See Sulfomolybdic acid. Fuchsin (reagent for linen). Dissolve 1 g of fuchsin in 100 mL of alcohol.

Section 8.indb 2

Fuchsin — sulfurous acid (Schiff’s reagent for aldehydes). Dissolve 0.5 g of fuchsin and 9 g of sodium bisulfite in 500 mL of water, and add 10 mL of HCl. Keep in well-stoppered bottles and protect from light. Gunzberg’s reagent (detection of HCl in gastric juice). Prepare as needed a solution containing 4 g of phloroglucinol (1,3,5benzenetriol) and 2 g of vanillin in 100 mL of absolute ethanol. Hager’s reagent. See Picric acid. Hanus solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13.2 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content, determined by titration (3 mL is about the proper amount). The iodine may be dissolved by the aid of heat, but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. Iodine, tincture of. To 50 mL of water add 70 g of I2 and 50 g of KI. Dilute to 1 L with alcohol. Iodo-potassium iodide (Wagner’s reagent for alkaloids). Dissolve 2 g of iodine and 6 g of KI in 100 mL of water. Litmus (indicator). Extract litmus powder three times with boiling alcohol, each treatment consuming an hour. Reject the alcoholic extract. Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter; then exhaust with five times its weight of boiling water, cool and filter. Combine the aqueous extracts. Magnesia mixture (reagent for phosphates and arsenates). Dissolve 55 g of magnesium chloride and 105 g of ammonium chloride in water, barely acidify with hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1 L. The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use. The reagent, if completely mixed and stored for any period of time, becomes turbid. Magnesium uranyl acetate. Dissolve 100 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 500 mL. Dissolve 330 g of Mg(C2H3O2)2·4H2O in 60 mL of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200 mL. Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear, pour the magnesium solution into the uranyl solution, cool and dilute to 1 L. Let stand over night and filter if necessary. Marme’s reagent. See Potassium-cadmium iodide. Marquis’ reagent. See Formaldehyde-sulfuric acid. Mayer’s reagent (white precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions). Dissolve 1.358 g of HgCl2 in 60 mL of water and pour into a solution of 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H2O. Add sufficient water to make 100 mL. Methyl orange indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl orange in 1 L of water. Filter, if necessary. Methyl orange, modified. Dissolve 2 g of methyl orange and 2.8 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 50% alcohol. Methyl red indicator. Dissolve 1 g of methyl red in 600 mL of alcohol and dilute with 400 mL of water. Methyl red, modified. Dissolve 0.50 g of methyl red and 1.25 g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Or, dissolve 1.25 g of methyl red and 0.825 g of methylene blue in 1 L of 90% alcohol. Millon’s reagent (for albumins and phenols). Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid. Dilute with twice the volume of water and decant the clear solution after several hours. Molisch’s reagent. See 1-Naphthol. 1-Naphthol (Molisch’s reagent for wool). Dissolve 15 g of 1naphthol in 100 mL of alcohol or chloroform.

4/30/05 8:46:05 AM

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Nessler’s reagent (for ammonia). Dissolve 50 g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water (50 mL). Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride (about 22 g in 350 mL of water will be needed) until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate. Then add 200 mL of 5 N NaOH and dilute to 1 L. Let settle, and draw off the clear liquid. Nickel oxide, ammoniacal (reagent for silk). Dissolve 5 g of nickel sulfate in 100 mL of water, and add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel hydroxide is completely precipitated. Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide and 25 mL of water. Nitron (detection of nitrate radical). Dissolve 10 g of nitron (1,4diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide) in 5 mL of glacial acetic acid and 95 mL of water. The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alumdum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol. Make a saturated solution in 50% acetic acid (1 part of glacial acetic acid with 1 part of water). Does not keep well. Nylander’s solution (carbohydrates). Dissolve 20 g of bismuth subnitrate and 40 g of Rochelle salt in 1 L of 8% NaOH solution. Cool and filter. Obermayer’s reagent (for indoxyl in urine). Dissolve 4 g of FeCl3 in 1 L of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19). Oxine. Dissolve 14 g of 8-hydroxyquinoline in 30 mL of glacial acetic acid. Warm slightly, if necessary. Dilute to 1 L. Oxygen absorbent. Dissolve 300 g of ammonium chloride in 1 L of water and add 1 L of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent, a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly full with the NH4Cl-NH4OH solution and the gas passed through. Pasteur’s salt solution. To 1 L of distilled water add 2.5 g of potassium phosphate, 0.25 g of calcium phosphate, 0.25 g of magnesium sulfate, and 12.00 g of ammonium tartrate. Pavy’s solution (glucose reagent). To 120 mL of Fehling’s solution, add 300 mL of NH4OH (sp. gr. 0.88) and dilute to 1 L with water. Phenanthroline ferrous ion indicator. Dissolve 1.485 g of 1,10phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL of 0.025 M ferrous sulfate solution. Phenolphthalein. Dissolve 1 g of phenolphthalein in 50 mL of alcohol and add 50 mL of water. Phenolsulfonic acid (determination of nitrogen as nitrate). Dissolve 25 g of phenol in 150 mL of conc. H2SO4, add 75 mL of fuming H2SO4 (15% SO3), stir well and heat for 2 hours at 100°C. Phloroglucinol solution (pentosans). Make a 3% phloroglucinol (1,3,5-benzenetriol) solution in alcohol. Keep in a dark bottle. Phosphomolybdic acid (Sonnenschein’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Prepare ammonium phosphomolybdate and after washing with water, boil with nitric acid and expel NH3; evaporate to dryness and dissolve in 2 M nitric acid. 2. Dissolve ammonium molybdate in HNO3 and treat with phosphoric acid. Filter, wash the precipitate, and boil with aqua regia until the ammonium salt is decomposed. Evaporate to dryness. The residue dissolved in 10% HNO3 constitutes Sonnenschein’s reagent.

Section 8.indb 3

8-3 Phosphoric acid — sulfuric acid mixture. Dilute 150 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 100 mL of conc. H3PO4 (85%) with water to a volume of 1 L. Phosphotungstic acid (Schcibicr’s reagent for alkaloids). 1. Dissolve 20 g of sodium tungstate and 15 g of sodium phosphate in 100 mL of water containing a little nitric acid. 2. The reagent is a 10% solution of phosphotungstic acid in water. Thc.phosphotungstic acid is prepared by evaporating a mixture of 10 g of sodium tungstate dissolved in 5 g of phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1.13) and enough boiling water to effect solution. Crystals of phosphotungstic acid separate. Picric acid (Hager’s reagent for alkaloids, wool and silk). Dissolve 1 g of picric acid in 100 mL of water. Potassium antimonate (reagent for sodium). Boil 22 g of potassium antimonate with 1 L of water until nearly all of the salt has dissolved, cool quickly, and add 35 mL of 10% potassium hydroxide. Filter after standing overnight. Potassium-cadmium iodide (Marme’s reagent for alkaloids). Add 2 g of CdI2 to a boiling solution of 4 g of KI in 12 mL of water, and then mix with 12 mL of saturated KI solution. Potassium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 360 g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 L. Potassium iodide — mercuric iodide (Brucke’s reagent for proteins). Dissolve 50 g of KI in 500 mL of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120 g). Dilute to 1 L. Potassium pyrogallate (for oxygen absorption). For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen, add 100 mL of KOH solution (50 g of KOH to 100 mL of water) to 5 g of pyrogallol. For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen the KOH solution should contain 120 g of KOH to 100 mL of water. Pyrogallol, alkaline. 1. Dissolve 75 g of pyrogallic acid in 75 mL of water. 2. Dissolve 500 g of KOH in 250 mL of water. When cool, adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55. For use, add 270 mL of solution (2) to 30 mL of solution (1). Rosolic acid (indicator). Dissolve 1 g of rosolic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and add 100 mL of water. Scheibler’s reagent. See Phosphotungstic acid. Schiff’s reagent. See Fuchsin-sulfurous acid. Schweitzer’s reagent. See Cupric oxide, ammoniacal. Soap solution (reagent for hardness in water). Dissolve 100 g of dry castile soap in 1 L of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water). Allow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4 mL produces a permanent lather with 20 mL of standard calcium solution. The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2 g of CaCO3 in a small amount of dilute HCl, evaporating to dryness and making up to 1 L. Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese). Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass onto an iron plate to cool. When cold, break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption). Dissolve 330 g of NaOH in water and dilute to 1 L.

4/30/05 8:46:05 AM

8-4 Sodium nitroprusside (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool). Use a freshly prepared solution of 1 g of sodium nitroferricyanide in 10 mL of water. Sodium oxalate (primary standard). Dissolve 30 g of the commercial salt in 1 L of water, make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and let stand until perfectly clear. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100 mL. Cool and filter. Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water. The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphthalein. Sodium plumbite (reagent for wool). Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water. Add 5 g of litharge (PbO) and boil until dissolved. Sodium polysulfide. Dissolve 480 g of Na2S·9H2O in 500 mL of water, add 40 g of NaOH and 18 g of sulfur. Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 L with water. Sonnenschein’s reagent. See Phosphomolybdic acid. Starch solution. 1. Make a paste with 2 g of soluble starch and 0.01 g of HgI2 with a small amount of water. Add the mixture slowly to 1 L of boiling water and boil for a few minutes. Keep in a glass stoppered bottle. If other than soluble starch is used, the solution will not clear on boiling; it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows: Mix 500 mL of saturated NaCl solution (filtered), 80 mL of glacial acetic acid, 20 mL of water and 3 g of starch. Bring slowly to a boil and boil for 2 minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1 g of soluble starch and 5 mg of HgI2, using as little cold water as possible. Then pour about 200 mL of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately. This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually boiling. Cool and add 4 g of KI. Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action, but this solution will keep well if stored under a layer of toluene. Stoke’s reagent. Dissolve 30 g of FeSO4 and 20 g of tartaric acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Just before using, add concentrated NH4OH until the precipitate first formed is redissolved. Sulfanilic acid (reagent for nitrites). Dissolve 0.5 g of sulfanilic acid in a mixture of 15 mL of glacial acetic acid and 135 mL of recently boiled water. Sulfomolybdic acid (Froehde’s reagent for alkaloids and glucosides). Dissolve 10 g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100 mL of conc. H2SO4. Tannic acid (reagent for albumin, alkaloids, and gelatin). Dissolve 10 g of tannic acid in 10 mL of alcohol and dilute with water to 100 mL.

Section 8.indb 4

Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents Titration mixture (residual chlorine in water analyasis). Prepare 1 L of dilute HCl (100 mL of HCl (sp. gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 L). Dissolve 1 g of o-tolidine in 100 mL of the dilute HCl and dilute to 1 L with dilute HCl solution. Trinitrophenol solution. See Picric acid. Turmeric tincture (reagent for borates). Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded. Dry the residue and digest it several days with six times its weight of alcohol. Filter. Uffelmann’s reagent (turns yellow in presence of lactic acid). To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water, add a water solution of FeCl3 until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. Wagner’s reagent. See Iodo-potassium iodide. Wagner’s solution (used in phosphate rock analysis to prevent precipitation of iron and aluminum). Dissolve 25 g of citric acid and 1 g of salicylic acid in water and dilute to 1 L. Use 50 mL of the reagent. Wij’s iodine monochloride solution (for iodine number). Dissolve 13 g of resublimed iodine in 1 L of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter. Set aside 25 mL of this solution. Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas (dried and washed by passing through H2SO4 (sp. gr. 1.84)) until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged. Now add the iodine solution which was reserved, until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided. Preserve in well stoppered, amber colored bottles. Avoid use of solutions which have been prepared for more than 30 days. Wij’s special solution (for iodine number). To 200 mL of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter, add 12 g of dichloramine T (N,N-dichloro-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide), and 16.6 g of dry KI (in small quantities with continual shaking until all the KI has dissolved). Make up to 1 L with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in a dark colored bottle. Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent (determination of iron). Dissolve 70 g of MnSO4·4H2O in 500 mL of water, add 125 mL of conc. H2SO4 and 125 mL of 85% H3P04, and dilute to 1 L. Zinc chloride solution, basic (reagent for silk). Dissolve 1000 g of zinc chloride in 850 mL of water, and add 40 g of zinc oxide. Heat until solution is complete. Zinc uranyl acetate (reagent for sodium). Dissolve 10 g of UO2(C2H3O2)2·2H2O in 6 g of 30% acetic acid with heat, if necessary, and dilute to 50 mL. Dissolve 30 g of Zn(C2H3O2)2·H2O in 3 g of 30% acetic acid and dilute to 50 mL. Mix the two solutions, add 50 mg of NaCl, allow to stand overnight and filter.

4/30/05 8:46:06 AM

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS For each compound listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in 1 liter of a solution whose amount-of-substance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. In the older literature such a solution is often referred to as a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N).

Name Acetic acid Ammonia Ammonium ion Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiocyanate Barium Barium carbonate Barium chloride hydrate Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Bromine Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium chloride Calcium chloride hydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide Chlorine Citric acid Cobalt Copper Copper oxide (cupric) Copper sulfate hydrate Hydrochloric acid Hydrocyanic acid Iodine Lactic acid Malic acid Magnesium Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium chloride hydrate Magnesium oxide Manganese Manganese sulfate Mercuric chloride Nickel Nitric acid Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxalic acid anhydride Phosphoric acid Potassium Potassium bicarbonate Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium hydroxide

Formula HC2H3O2 NH3 NH4+ NH4Cl (NH4)2SO4 NH4CNS Ba BaCO3 BaCl2 · 2H2O Ba(OH)2 BaO Br Ca CaCO3 CaCl2 CaCl2 · 6H2O Ca(OH)2 CaO Cl C6H8O7 · H2O Co Cu CuO CuSO4 · 5H2O HCl HCN I C3H6O3 C4H6O5 Mg MgCO3 MgCl2 MgCl2 · 6H2O MgO Mn MnSO4 HgCl2 Ni HNO3 H2C2O4 H2C2O4 · 2H2O C2O3 H3PO4 K KHCO3 K2CO3 KCl KCN KOH

Reference Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Atomic or molecular weight 60.0530 17.0306 18.0386 53.4916 132.1388 76.1204 137.34 197.3494 244.2767 171.3547 153.3394 79.909 40.08 100.0894 110.9860 219.0150 74.0947 56.0794 35.453 210.1418 58.9332 63.54 79.5394 249.6783 36.4610 27.0258 126.9044 90.0795 134.0894 24.312 84.3214 95.2180 203.2370 40.3114 54.938 150.9996 271.4960 58.71 63.0129 90.0358 126.0665 72.0205 97.9953 39.102 100.1193 138.2134 74.5550 65.1199 56.1094

Equivalence factor 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/3 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1 1 1/2 1 1 1

Mass in grams 6.0053 1.7031 1.8039 5.3492 6.6069 7.6120 6.867 9.8675 12.2138 8.5677 7.6670 7.9909 2.004 5.0045 5.5493 10.9508 3.7047 2.8040 3.5453 7.0047 2.9466 3.177 3.9770 12.4839 3.6461 2.7026 12.6904 9.0080 6.7045 1.2156 4.2161 4.7609 10.1623 2.0156 2.7469 7.5500 13.5748 2.9356 6.3013 4.5018 6.3033 3.6010 3.2665 3.9102 10.0119 6.9106 7.4555 6.5120 5.6109

8-5

Section 8.indb 5

4/30/05 8:46:07 AM

Standard Solutions of Acids, Bases, and Salts

8-6

Name Potassium oxide Potassium tartrate Silver Silver nitrate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium oxide Sodium sulfide Succinic acid Sulfuric acid Tartaric acid Zinc Zinc sulfate hydrate

Section 8.indb 6

Formula K2O K2H4C4O6 Ag AgNO3 Na NaHCO3 Na2CO3 NaCl NaOH Na2O Na2S H2C4H4O4 H2SO4 C4H6O6 Zn ZnSO4 · 7H2O

Atomic or molecular weight 94.2034 226.2769 107.87 169.8749 22.9898 84.0071 105.9890 58.4428 39.9972 61.9790 78.0436 118.0900 98.0775 150.0888 65.37 287.5390

Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1 1/2 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Mass in grams 4.7102 11.3139 10.787 16.9875 2.2990 8.4007 5.2995 5.8443 3.9997 3.0990 3.9022 5.9045 4.9039 7.5044 3.269 14.3769

4/30/05 8:46:07 AM

STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REAGENTS For each reagent listed, the last column of this table gives the mass in grams which is contained in a solution whose amount-ofsubstance concentration divided by the equivalence factor of the compound equals 0.1 mol/L. The equivalence factor given refers to the most common reactions of the reagent. In the older literature such a solution is often called a “decinormal solution” (0.1 N).

Name Antimony Arsenic Arsenic trisulfide Arsenous oxide Barium peroxide Barium peroxide hydrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium oxide Chlorine Chromium trioxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate Hydroferrocyanic acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Iron Iron oxide (ferrous) Iron oxide (ferric) Lead peroxide Manganese dioxide Nitric acid Nitrogen trioxide Nitrogen pentoxide Oxalic acid Oxalic acid hydrate Oxygen Potassium dichromate Potassium chlorate Potassium chromate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium ferrocyanide hydrate Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Sodium chlorate Sodium nitrate Sodium thiosulfate hydrate Stannous chloride Stannous oxide Sulfur dioxide Tin

Formula Sb As As2S3 As2O3 BaO2 BaO2 · 8H2O Ca CaCO3 Ca(OCl)2 CaO Cl CrO3 FeSO4(NH4)SO4 · 6H2O H4Fe(CN)6 H2O2 H2S I Fe FeO Fe2O3 PbO2 MnO2 HNO3 N2O3 N2O5 C2H2O4 C2H2O4 · 2H2O O K2Cr2O7 KClO3 K2CrO4 K4Fe(CN)6 K4Fe(CN)6 · 3H2O KI KNO3 KClO4 KMnO4 NaClO3 NaNO3 Na2S2O3 · 5H2O SnCl2 SnO SO2 Sn

Reference Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature (IUPAC), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978.

Atomic or molecular weight 121.75 74.9216 246.0352 197.8414 169.3388 313.4615 40.08 100.0894 142.9848 56.0794 35.453 99.9942 392.0764 215.9860 34.0147 34.0799 126.9044 55.847 71.8464 159.6922 239.1888 86.9368 63.0129 76.0116 108.0104 90.0358 126.0665 15.9994 294.1918 122.5532 194.1076 368.3621 422.4081 166.0064 101.1069 138.5526 158.0376 106.4410 84.9947 248.1825 189.5960 134.6894 64.0628 118.69

Equivalence factor 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/4 1/2 1 1/3 1 1 1/2 1/2 1 1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/6 1/6 1/3 1 1 1 1/3 1/8 1/5 1/6 1/3 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Mass in grams 6.0875 3.7461 6.1509 4.9460 8.4669 15.6730 2.004 5.0045 3.5746 2.8040 3.5453 3.3331 39.2076 21.5986 1.7007 1.7040 12.6904 5.5847 7.1846 7.9846 11.9594 4.3468 2.1004 1.9002 1.8001 4.5018 6.3033 0.8000 4.9032 2.0425 6.4733 36.8362 42.2408 16.6006 3.3702 1.7319 3.1608 1.7740 2.8332 24.8183 9.4798 6.7345 3.2031 5.935

8-7

Section 8.indb 7

4/30/05 8:46:08 AM

ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES G. Ackermann, L. Sommer, and D. Thorburn Burns Determination Aluminium

Alizarin Red S Aluminon

Reagents

Aluminon + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Chromazol KS + Cetylpyridinium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 8-Hydroxyquinoline Ammonia Antimony

Phenol + Sodium hypochlorite Brilliant Green Bromopyrogallol Red Rhodamine B

Arsenic

Silver diethyldithiocarbamate Silver diethyldithiocarbamate

Barium

Sulfonazo III

Beryllium

Beryllon II Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Eriochrome Cyanine R Eriochrome Cyanine R + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone Pyrocatechol Violet Pyrocatechol Violet + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Thiourea Xylenol Orange

Bismuth

Boron

Azomethine H Carminic acid Curcumin Methylene Blue

Bromide Cadmium

Calcium

Cerium

Fluorescein Phenol Red 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Cadion Dithizone 4–(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Chlorophosphonazo III Glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil) Murexide Phthalein Purple N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine

Ref. Onishi, Part II a, p 28. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 587. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 16. (2), Onishi, IIa, p 21. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 590. (7) Huaxue Shiji, 8, 85, (1986) Onishi, Part IIa, p 26. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 605. (7) Marczenko, p 133. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 606. (7) Analyst, 107, 428, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 19. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 25. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 611. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 613. (7), Analyst, 107, 1431, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 22. (2), Marczenko, p 131. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 31. (5), Snell, Metals I , p 622. (7) Boltz, p 210 (1), Marczenko, p 413. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 604. (9) Onishi, Part IIa, p 102. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 384. (7) Talanta, 13, 507, (1966). Fries/Getrost, p 32. (2), Marczenko, p 141. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 93. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 404. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 36. (2) Fries/Getrost, p 41. (2), Marczenko, p 153. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 153. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 370. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 46. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1782. (8), Onishi, Part IIa, p 202. (5) Snell, Metals I, p 667. (7) Marczenko, p 163. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 672. (7) Marczenko, p 164. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 673. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 675. (7), Talanta, 31, 249, (1984). Zh. Anal. Khim., 33, 1298, (1978). Onishi, Part IIa, p 262. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 303. (7) Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 186, 418, (1962). Zh. Anal. Khim., 38, 216, (1983). Onishi, Part IIa, p 260. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 317. (7) Friez/Getrost, p 57. (2), Marczenko, p 172. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 320. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 165. (9) Boltz, p 14. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 65. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 170. (9), Williams, p 35. (11) Boltz, p 8. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 68. (2), Marczenko, p 180. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 180. (9), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 323, 266, (1986). Boltz, p 21. (1), Marczenko, p 183. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 205. (9), Talanta, 31, 547, (1984). Boltz, p 48. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 276., Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 28 (1980). Boltz, p 44. (1), Marczenko, p 190. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 28. (9) Marczenko, p 197. (3) Onishi, Part IIa, p 323. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 78. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 315. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 279. (7), West, p 25. (10). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 310, 51, (1982). Marczenko, p 207. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1744. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 86. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 352. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 1762. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 357. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1769. (8) Anal. Chim. Acta, 34, 71 (1966). Anal. Chim. Acta, 48, 155, (1969).

8-8

Section 8.indb 8

4/30/05 8:46:09 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Determination

8-Hydroxyquinoline

Reagents

Chlorine

N,N-Diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Chromium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide

Cobalt

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Hydrogen peroxide Nitroso-R salt 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol

Copper

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol + Diphenylguanidine Bathocuproine Bathocuproine disulfonic acid Dithizone Neocuproine Cuprizone

Cyanide Fluoride Gallium

Germanium Gold

4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol + Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride Barbituric Acid + Pyridine Barbituric Acid + Pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Alizarin Fluorine blue + Lanthanum(III) ion Eriochrome Cyanine R + Zirconium(IV) ion Pyrocatechol violet + Diphenylguanidine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + 8-Hydroxyquinoline Brilliant Green + Molybdate Phenylfluorone 5-(4-Diethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine Rhodamine B

Hafnium Indium

Iodide Iodine Iridium Iron

Arsenazo III Bromopyrogallol Red Chrome Azurol S Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Dithizone 8-Hydroxyquinoline 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Neocuproine + Copper(II) Starch Rhodamine 6G + Tin(II) N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline Bathophenanthroline Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid

Section 8.indb 9

8-9

Ref. Fries/Getrost, p 93. (2), Marczenko, p 220. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 383. (7) Boltz, p 92. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 101. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 225. (9), Analyst, 90, 187, (1965). Fries/Getrost, p 105. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 412. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 714. (7), West, p 12. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 736. (7), West, p 17. (10) West, p 17. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 297, (1973). Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 304, 382, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 118. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 454. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 953. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 111. (2), Marczenko, p 246. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 947. (5) Fries/Getrost, p 113. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 459. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 949. (7), West, p 45. (10) Snell, Metals I, p 969. (7), West, p 44. (10) Zh. Anal. Khim., 35, 1306, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 135. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 148. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 137. (2), West, p 52. (10) Marczenko, p 258. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 529. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 199. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 217. (5), West, p 51. (10) Onishi, Part IIa, p 534. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 157. (7), West, p 53. (10) Anal. Chim. Acta, 138, 321, (1982). Fries/Getrost, p 153. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 653. (9) Anal. Chim. Acta, 99, 197, (1978). Boltz, p 129. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 158. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 333. (9), Williams, p 354. (11) Boltz, p 119. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 359. (2), Williams, p 357. (11) Snell, Metals I, p 500. (7) Onishi Pt IIa, p 582. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 505. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 512. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 513. (7) Marczenko, p 284. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 578. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 515. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 166. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 523. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 26, 75, (1971). Snell, Metals I, p 562. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 168. (2), Marczenko, p 292. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 607. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 570. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 173. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 631. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1516. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 175. (2), Marczenko, p 301. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 637. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 513. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1184. (8), Talanta, 19, 807, (1972). Snell, Metals I, p 469. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 67, 107, (1973). Fries/Getrost, p 179. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 672. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 474. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 670. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 475. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Marczenko, p 309. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 480. (7) Anal. Chim. Acta, 69, 321, (1974). Boltz, p 162. (1), Marczenko, p 316. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 307. (9) Marczenko, p 323. (3) Anal. Chem., 27, 1776, (1955). Fries/Getrost, p 189. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 729. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 763. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 191. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 772. (7)

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances

8-10 Determination

Reagents 2,2´-Bipyridyl Chrome Azurol S + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide 1,10-Phenanthroline

Lanthanum Lead

1,10-Phenanthroline + Bromothymol Blue Ferrozine Arsenazo III Dithizone Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Lithium

Thoron

Magnesium

Eriochrome Black T 8-Hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline + Butylamine Titan Yellow Xylidyl Blue

Manganese

Formaldoxime

Mercury

Dithizone

Molybdenum

Michler’s thioketone Xylenol Orange Bromopyrogallol Red + Cetylpyridium chloride Phenylfluorone Toluene-3,4-dithiol

Nickel

2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol Dimethylglyoxime Dimethylglyoxime + Oxidant 2,2´-Furildioxime 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol

Niobium

Nitrate

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine Pyrocatechol + EDTA or 2,2´Bipyridyl or 1-(2-thenoyl)3,3,3,-trifluoroacetone Bromopyrogallol red Bromopyrogallol red + Cetylpyridinium chloride 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Sulfochlorophenol S Xylenol Orange Brucine Chromotropic acid

Nitrite

Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Sulfanilamide + N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochlorine Sulfanilic acid + 1-Naphthylamine

Osmium Palladium

1,5-Diphenylcarbazide 2-(5 Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol

Section 8.indb 10

Ref. Snell, Metals I, p 750. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 757. (7), Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm., 45, 2656, (1980). Fries/Getrost, p 199. (2), Marczenko, p 331. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 725. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 795. (7) Zh. Anal. Khim., 25, 1348, (1970). Onishi, Part IIa, p 730. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 783. (7) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1910. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 207. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 824. (5), Snell, Metals I, p 2. (7), West, p 34. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 214. (2), Snell, Metals I, p 27. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 220. (2), Marczenko, p 347. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 34. (7) Onishi, Part IIa, p 863. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1726. (8), Talanta, 30, 587, (1983). Fries/Getrost, p 226. (2), Marczenko, p 355. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 13. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1932. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 11. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 228. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1938. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 234. (2), Marczenko, p 352. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1945. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 231. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 14. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1950. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 236. (2), Marczenko, p 364. (3), Onishi Part IIb, p 38. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1010. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 243. (2), Marczenko, p 373. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 66. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 107. (7), West, p 29. (10) Marczenko, p 375. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 126. (7) Talanta, 16, 1023, (1969) West, p 58. (10) Snell, Metals II, p 1311. (8), Microchem. J., 31, 56, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 251. (2), Marczenko, p 384. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 96. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1301. (8) Marczenko, p 397. (3), Talanta 28, 189, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Marczenko, p 393. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 263. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 125. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 887. (7) Marczenko, p 396. (3), Snell, Metals I, p 904. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 910. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 911. (7), West, p 39. (10), Anal. Chim. Acta, 82, 431, (1976). Snell, Metals II, p 1425. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1427. (8) Marczenko, p 407. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1426. (8) Talanta, 32, 189, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 274. (2), Marczenko, p 406. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 160. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1447. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 161. (7), Snell, Metals II, p 1430. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 164. (7) Boltz, p 227. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 280. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 546. (9) Boltz, p 229. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 281. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 548. (9), Williams, p 132. (11), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 320, 490, (1985). Fries/Getrost, p 279. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 559. (9) Boltz, p 241. (1), Snell, Nonmetals, p 585. (8), Analyst, 109, 1281, (1984). Boltz, p 237. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 285. (2), Marczenko, p 419. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 586. (9) Marczenko, p 428. (3) Talanta, 33, 939, (1986).

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances Determination

Dithizone

Reagents

2-Nitroso-1-naphthol Phosphate Platinum

Rare Earths

4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Rhodamine B + Molybdate Malachite Green + Molybdate Sulfochlorophenolazorhodamine Dithizone 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Arsenazo I Arsenazo III

Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium

Scandium

Xylenol Orange 2,2´-Furildioxime 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol 1,10-Phenanthroline Thiourea 1,4-Diphenylthiosemicarbazide Alizarin red S Arsenazo III Chrome Azurol S Xylenol Orange

Selenium

3,3´-Diaminobenzidine

Silver

2,3-Diaminonaphthaline Dithizone

Sulfate Sulfide

Eosin + 1,10-Phenanthroline Methylthymol blue + Barium (II) N,N,-Dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

Sulfite

Pararosaniline + Formaldehyde

Tantalum

Tellurium

Methyl Violet 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol Phenylfluorone Diethyldithiocarbamate

Thallium

Bismuthiol II Brilliant green Dithizone Rhodamine B

Thorium

Arsenazo III Thoron

Tin

Section 8.indb 11

Xylenol Orange Xylenol Orange + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide Pyrocatechol violet (and + Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) Gallein Phenylfluorone

8-11

Ref. Marczenko, p 440. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 227. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1577. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 294. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 226. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1581. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1583. (8) Analyst, 107, 708, (1982). Snell, Nonmetals, p 103. (9) Snell, Nonmetals, p 12. (9), Analyst, 108, 361, (1983). Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Talanta, 34, 87, (1987). Fries/Getrost, p 300. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 253. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1534. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 302. (2), Zh. Anal. Khim., 24, 1172, (1969). Marczenko, p 470. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 785. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1857. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 309. (2), Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1862. (8) Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1874. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 310. (2), Marczenko, p 481. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 288. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1659. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 311. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1553. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 331. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1623. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 318. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, 329. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1626. (8) Marczenko, p 493. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 330. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 319. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 360. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 536. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 359. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 539. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 551. (7), Anal. Chim. Acta, 159, 309, (1984). Marczenko, p 501. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 357. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 547. (7) Boltz, p 391. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 323. (2), Marczenko, p 508. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 490. (9), West, p 4. (10). Snell, Nonmetals, p 501. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 328. (2), Marczenko, p 524. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 379. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 82. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 93. (7) Snell, Nonmetals, p 457. (9) Boltz, p 483. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 344. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 400. (9), Williams, p 578. (11) Boltz, p 478. (1), Marczenko, p 540. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 430. (9), Williams, p 591. (11) Marczenko, p 551. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1485. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1488. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 166. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1486. (8) Boltz, p 402. (1), Fries/Getrost, p 348. (2), Snell, Nonmetals, p 533. (9), Williams, p 220. (10) Boltz, p 401. (1), Marczenko, p 557. (3), Snell, Nonmetals, p 524. (9) Fries/Getrost, p 352. (2), Marczenko, p 567. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 45. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 355. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 426. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 54. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 354. (2), Marczenko, p 566. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 424. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 63. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 360. (2), Marczenko, p 575. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 460. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1820. (8) Marczenko, p 574. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 463. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 1835. (7) Snell, Metals I, p 1852. (7) Talanta, 26, 499, (1979). Marczenko, p 585. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 501. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 422. (7) Onishi, Part IIb, p 507, 510. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 432. (7) Fries/Getrost, p 368. (2), Marczenko, p 582. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 497. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 444. (7)

4/30/05 8:46:10 AM

Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Substances

8-12 Determination

Reagents Toluene-3,4-dithiol + Dispersant

Titanium

Chromotropic acid Diantipyrinylmethane Tiron

Tungsten

Pyrocatechol Violet Tetraphenylarsonium chloride + Thiocyanate Toluene-3,5-dithiol

Uranium

Arsenazo III 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)diethylaminophenol Chlorophosphonazo III 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Vanadium

N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine 8-Hydroxyquinoline 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol

Yttrium

Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Xylenol Orange

Zinc

Dithizone 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol Xylenol Orange Zircon

Zirconium

Alizarin Red S Arsenazo III Pyrocatechol Violet Morin Xylenol Orange

Reviews Sommer, L, Ackermann, G., Thorburn Burns, D., and Savvin, S. B., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2147, 1990. Sommer, L., Ackermann, G., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 62, 2323, 1990) Sommer, L., Komarek, J., and Thorburn Burns, D., Pure and Applied Chem., 64, 213, 1992. Savvin, S. B., Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 55, 1979.

Monographs 1. Boltz, D. F., and Howell, J. A., Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals, 2nd ed, Wiley, New York, 1978. 2. Fries, J. and Getrost, H., Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis, E Merck, Darmstadt, 1977. 3. Marczenko, Z., Separation and Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986.

Section 8.indb 12

Ref. Fries/Getrost, p 366. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 502. (6), Snell, Metals I, p 427. (7) Marczenko, p 593. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 551. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1080. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 545. (6), Snell, Metals II, 1085. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 376. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 549. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1114. (8) Snell, Metals II, p 1265. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 596. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1278. (8) Marczenko, p 605. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 590. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1267. (8) Marczenko, p 611. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 627. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1356. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 388. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6) Snell, Metals II, p 1367. (8), Fres. Z. Anal. Chem., 306, 110, (1981). Fries/Getrost, p 386. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1387. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 395. (2), Marczenko, p 625. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1196. (8) Marczenko, p 623. (3), Snell, Metals II, p 1209. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 404. (2), Marczenko, p 628. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 625. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1226. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 784. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1919. (8) Marczenko, p 468. (3), Onishi, Part IIa, p 786. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1921. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 406. (2), Onishi, Part IIa, p 787. (5), Snell, Metals II, p 1923. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 408. (2), Marczenko, p 637. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 708. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1042. (8) Marczenko, p 639. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1056. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 417. (2), Snell, Metals II, p 1062. (8), Talanta, 26, 693, (1979). Fries/Getrost, p 412. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 719. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1063. (8), West, p 23. (10) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Marczenko, p 647. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 763. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1136. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 421. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 770. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1143. (8) Onishi, Part IIb, p 771. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1149. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 424. (2), Onishi, Part IIb, p 765. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1158. (8) Fries/Getrost, p 419. (2), Marczenko, p 648. (3), Onishi, Part IIb, p 767. (6), Snell, Metals II, p 1167. (8) 4. Sandell, E. B. and Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. General Aspects, Part I, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 5. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIa: Individual Metals, Aluminium to Lithium, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1986. 6. Onishi, H., Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Part IIb: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zinc, 4th ed, J. Wiley, New York, 1989. 7. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 1, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 8. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Metals Part 2, J. Wiley, New York, 1978. 9. Snell, F. D., Photometric and Fluorimetric Methods of Analysis, Nonmetals, J. Wiley, New York, 1981. 10. West, T. S. and Nürnberg, H. W., Eds., The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 11. Williams, W. J., Handbook of Anion Determination, Butterworth, London, 1979. 12. Townshend, A., Burns, D. T., Guilbault, G. G., Lobinski, R., Marczenko, Z., Newman, E., and Onishi, H., Dictionary of Analytical Reagents, Chapman & Hall, London, 1993.

4/30/05 8:46:11 AM

ACID-BASE INDICATORS A. K. Covington The first part of this table lists some common acid-base indicators in alphabetical order along with the approximate pH range(s) at which a color change occurs. Following this is a table of the same indicators ordered by pH range, which includes the nature of the color change, instructions on preparation of the indicator solution, and the acid dissociation constant pK, when available.

The color code is: C = colorless Pk = pink R = red O = orange

A = amber Y = yellow B = blue

B/G = blue-green V = violet P = purple

Reference Bishop, E., Ed., Indicators, Pergamon, Oxford, 1972. Indicator Alizarin Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R Benzopurpurine 4B 4,4’-Bis(2-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4’-Bis(4-amino-1naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Brilliant Yellow Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple Bromophenol Blue Bromothymol Blue Chlorophenol Red Clayton Yellow Congo Red o-Cresolphthalein Cresol Red Crystal Violet Curcumin (Turmaric) p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid 2-(p-Dimethylamino-phenylazo)pyridine N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2-(2,4 Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol-3,6disulfonic acid, disodium salt 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Erythrosin, disodium salt 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylene-diamine monohydrochloride

pH Range 5.6-7.2; 11.0-12.4 4.6-6.0 10.1-12.0 2.2-4.2 3.0-4.0 8.0-9.0 6.6-7.8 3.8-5.4 5.2-6.8 3.0-4.6 6.0-7.6 5.2-6.8 12.2-13.2 3.0-5.0 8.2-9.8 0.0-1.0; 7.0-8.8 0.0-1.8 7.4-8.6 11.4-12.6 2.8-4.4 3.5-4.8 0.2-1.8; 4.4-5.6 2.6-4.8 2.0-4.7 6.0-7.0 6.4-8.0 2.2-3.6

Indicator Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Ethyl Orange Ethyl Red Ethyl Violet 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt Malachite Green Metacresol Purple Metanil Yellow Methyl Green Methyl Orange Methyl Red Methyl Violet p-Naphtholbenzein Neutral Red p-Nitrophenol m-Nitrophenol Orange IV Paramethyl Red Phenolphthalein Phenol Red 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Propyl Red Quinaldine Red Resazurin Resorcin Blue Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Thymol Blue Thymolphthalein 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Turmaric

pH Range 8.4-9.6 3.4-4.8 4.0-5.8 0.0-2.4 11.4-13.0 0.2-1.8 1.2-2.8; 7.4-9.0 1.2-2.4 0.2-1.8 3.2-4.4 4.8-6.0 0.0-1.6 8.2-10.0 6.8-8.0 5.4-6.6 6.8-8.6 1.4-2.8 1.0-3.0 8.2-10.0 6.6-8.0 1.2-2.6 4.0-5.6 4.8-6.6 1.4-3.2 3.8-6.4 4.4-6.2 3.0-4.2 1.2-2.8; 8.0-9.6 9.4-10.6 1.4-2.8 12.0-14.0 11.5-13.0 7.4-8.6

4.4-5.8

8-15

Section 8.indb 15

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

Acid-Base Indicators

8-16

Section 8.indb 16

pH range 0.0-1.0 0.0-1.6 0.0-1.8 0.0-2.4 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 0.2-1.8 1.0-3.0 1.2-2.4 1.2-2.6 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-2.8 1.4-3.2 2.0-4.7 2.2-3.6 2.2-4.2 2.6-4.8 2.8-4.4 3.0-4.0

Color change R-Y Y-B Y-B Y-B Y-B/G Y-B Y-R R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y R-Y O-Y C-R C-Y O-R V-R R-Y R-Y P-R

3.0-4.2

Y-B

3.0-4.6 3.0-5.0 3.2-4.4 3.4-4.8 3.5-4.8

Y-B B-R R-Y R-Y V-Y

3.8-5.4 3.8-6.4 4.0-5.6 4.0-5.8 4.4-5.6 4.4-5.8

Y-B O-V R-Y C-R R-Y O-Y

4.4-6.2 4.6-6.0 4.8-6.0 4.8-6.6 5.2-6.8 5.2-6.8 5.4-6.6 5.6-7.2 6.0-7.0

R-B Y-R R-Y R-Y Y-P Y-R C-Y Y-R Y-B

6.0-7.6 6.4-8.0 6.6-7.8 6.6-8.0 6.8-8.0 6.8-8.6 7.0-8.8 7.4-8.6 7.4-9.0 8.0-9.0

Y-B C-Y Y-R Y-R R-A C-Y Y-R Y-R Y-P B-R

8.0-9.6 8.2-10.0

Y-B O-B

Indicator Cresol Red Methyl Violet Crystal Violet Ethyl Violet Malachite Green Methyl Green 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine Paramethyl Red Metanil Yellow 4-Phenylazodiphenylamine Thymol Blue Metacresol Purple Orange IV 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine Quinaldine Red 2,4-Dinitrophenol Erythrosin, disodium salt Benzopurpurine 4B N,N-Dimethyl-p-(m-tolylazo)aniline p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene 4,4’-Bis(2-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, potassium salt Bromophenol Blue Congo Red Methyl Orange Ethyl Orange 4-(4-Dimethylamino-1-naphylazo)-3methoxybenzenesulfonic acid Bromocresol Green Resazurin 4-Phenylazo-1-naphthylamine Ethyl Red 2-(p-Dimethylaminophenylazo)pyridine 4-(p-Ethoxyphenylazo)-m-phenylenediamine monohydrochloride Resorcin Blue Alizarin Red S Methyl Red Propyl Red Bromocresol Purple Chlorophenol Red p-Nitrophenol Alizarin 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol-3,6disulfonic acid, disodium salt Bromothymol Blue 6,8-Dinitro-2,4-(1H)quinazolinedione Brilliant Yellow Phenol Red Neutral Red m-Nitrophenol Cresol Red Turmaric (Curcumin) Metacresol Purple 4,4’-Bis(4-amino-1-naphthylazo)-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid Thymol Blue p-Naphtholbenzein

pK

1.3

1.65 1.51

2.63 3.96

Preparation 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01-0.05% in water 0.02% in water 0.1 g in 50 mL 50% v/v methanol-water water 0.1% in water 0.1% in ethanol ethanol 0.01% in water 0.01 g in 1 mL 1 M HCl + 50 mL ethanol + 49 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.01% in water water 1% in ethanol sat. solution in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 100 mL 90% v/v ethanol-water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1% in ethanol

4.10 3.46 4.34 4.90

5.42

5.00 5.48 6.40 6.25 7.15

7.30

8.00 8.28 8.46 8.3 9.20

0.1 g in 14.9 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.1 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in water 0.05-0.2% in water or aqueous ethanol 0.1% in 60% ethanol-water 0.1 g in 14.3 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 235.7 mL water water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1 g in 100 mL 50% v/v methanol-water 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in ethanol 0.1% in water 0.2% in ethanol water 0.02 g in 100 mL 60% v/v ethanol-water ethanol 0.1 g in 18.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 231.5 mL water 0.1 g in 23.6 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 226.4 mL water 0.1% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water 0.1 g in 16 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 234 mL water 25 g in 115 mL 1 M NaOH + 50 mL water at 100°C 1% in water 0.1 g in 28.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 221.8 mL water 0.01 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.3% in water 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water ethanol 0.1 g in 26.2 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 223.8 mL water 0.1 g in 5.9 mL 0.05 M NaOH + 94.1 mL water 0.1 g in 21.5 mL 0.01 M NaOH + 228.5 mL water 1% in dil. alkali

4/30/05 8:46:13 AM

Acid-Base Indicators

Section 8.indb 17

pH range 8.2-10.0 8.2-9.8 8.4-9.6 9.4-10.6 10.1-12.0 11.0-12.4 11.4-12.6

Color change C-Pk C-R C-B C-B Y-R R-P Y-O

11.4-13.0 11.5-13.0 12.0-14.0 12.2-13.2

B-Y C-O C-O Y-A

8-17 Indicator Phenolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein Ethyl bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)ethanoate Thymolphthalein Alizarin Yellow R Alizarin p-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenylazo) benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 5,5’-Indigodisulfonic acid, disodium salt 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene Clayton Yellow

pK 9.5

Preparation 0.5 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.04% in ethanol sat. solution in 50% acetone-ethanol 0.04 g in 100 mL 50% v/v ethanol-water 0.01% in water 0.1% in methanol 0.1% in water water 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1-0.5% in ethanol 0.1% in water

4/30/05 8:46:13 AM

Fluorescent Indicators Jack DeMent Fluorescent indicators are substances that show definite changes in fluorescence with change in pH. Some fluorescent materials are not suitable for indicators since their change in fluorescence is too gradual. Fluorescent indicators find greatest utility in the titration of opaque, highly turbid or deeply colored solutions. A long wavelength ultraviolet (“black light”) lamp in a dimly lighted room provides the best environment for titrations involving fluorescent indicators, although bright daylight is sometimes sufficient to evoke a response in the bright green, yellow and orange fluores-

cent indicators. Titrations are carried out in non-fluorescent glassware. One should check the glassware prior to use to make certain that it does not fluoresce due to the wavelengths of light involved in the titration. The meniscus of the liquid in the burette can be followed when a few particles of an insoluble fluorescent solid are dropped onto its surface. In this table the indicators are arranged by approximate pH range covered. In the case of some of the dyestuffs the end point may vary slightly with the source or manufacturer.

Indicator Benzoflavine 3,6-Dioxyphthalimide Eosine YS Erythrosine Esculin 4-Ethoxyacridone 3,6-Tetramethyldiaminooxanthone

C.I. — — 768 772 — — —

pH 0 to 2 From pH 0.3, yellow fl. 0, blue fl. 0,yellow colored 0, yellow colored 1.5, colorless 1.2, green fl. 1.2, green fl.

To pH 1.7, green fl. 2.4, green fl. 3.0, yellow fl. 3.6, yellow fl. 2, blue fl. 3.2, blue fl. 3.4, blue fl.

Chromotropic acid Fluorescein Magdala Red α-Naphthylamine β-Naphthylamine Phloxine Salicylic acid

— 766 — — — 774 —

pH 2 to 4 3.5, colorless 4, colorless 3.0, purple colored 3.4, colorless 2.8, colorless 3.4, colorless 2.5, colorless

4.5, blue fl 4.5, green fl. 4.0, fl 4.8, blue fl. 4.4, violet fl. 5.0, bright yellow fl. 3.5, blue fl.

Acridine Dichlorofluorescein 3,6-Dioxyxanthone Erythrosine β-Methylesculetin Neville-Winther acid Resorufin Quininic acid Quinine [first end point]

788 — — 772 — — — — —

pH 4 to 6 4.9, green fl. 4.0, colorless 5.4, colorless 4.0, colorless 4.0, colorless 6.0, colorless 4.4, yellow fl 4.4, yellow colored 5.0, blue fl.

5.1, violet colored 5.0, green fl. 7.6, blue-violet fl. 4.5, yellow-green fl. 6.2, blue fl 6.5, blue fl. 6.4, weak orange fl. 5.0, blue fl. 6.1, violet fl.

Acid R Phosphine Brilliant Diazol Yellow Cleves acid Coumaric acid 3,6-Dioxyphthalic dinitrile Magnesium 8-hydrozyquinolinate β-Methylumbelliferone 1-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid Orcinaurine Patent Phosphine Thioflavine Umbelliferone

— — — — — — — — — 789 816 —

Acridine Orange Ethoxyphenylnaphthostilbazonium chloride

788

8-18

—

pH 6 to 8

(claimed for range pH 6.0–7.0) 6.5, colorless 7.5, violet, fl. 6.5, colorless 7.5, green fl. 7.2, colorless 9.0, green fl. 5.8, blue fl. 8.2, green fl. 6.5, colorless 7.5, golden fl. 7.0, colorless 7.5, blue fl. 6.0, colorless 6.5, blue fl. 6.5, colorless 8.0, green fl. (for the range pH 6.0–7.0, green-yellow fl.) (for the region pH 6.5–7.0, yellow fl.) 6.5, colorless 7.6, blue fl.

pH 8 to 10 8.4, orange colored 9, green fl.

10.4, green fl. 11, non-fl.

Fluorescent Indicators

8-19

G Salt Naphthazol derivatives α-Naphthionic acid 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid β-Naphthol α-Naphtholsulfonic acid 1,4-Naphtholsulfonic acid Orcinsulfonphthalein Quinine [second end point] R-Salt Sodium 1-naphthol-2-sulfonate

— — — — — — — — — — —

Courmarin Eosine BN Papaverine (permanganate oxidized) Schaffers Salt SS-Acid (sodium salt)

— 771

Cotarnine α-Naphthionic acid β-Naphthionic acid

— — —

— — —

9.0, dull blue fl. 8.2, colorless 9, blue fl. 9.5, dark blue fl 8.6, colorless 8.0, dark blue fl. 8.2, dark blue fl. 8.6, yellow colored 9.5, violet fl. 9.0, dull blue fl. 9.0, dark blue fl. pH 10 to 12 9.8, deep green fl. 10.5, colorless

9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, yellow or green fl. 11, green fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH Blue fl. at higher pH 9.0, bright violet fl. Light blue fl. at higher pH 10.0 fl. 10.0, colorless 9.5, bright blue fl. 10.0, bright violet fl.

9.5, yellow fl. 5.0, violet fl. 10.0, violet fl. pH 12 to 14 12.0, yellow fl. 12, blue fl. 12, blue fl.

11.0, blue fl. 11.0, green-blue fl. 12.0, yellow-colored

12, light green fl. 14.0, yellow fl.

13.0, white fl. 13, green fl. 13, violet fl.

Conversion Formulas For Concentration of Solutions A = Weight percent of solute B = Molecular weight of solvent E = Molecular weight of solute F = Grams of solute per liter of solution Concentration of solute—SOUGHT

G = Molality M = Molarity N = Mole fraction R = Density of solution in grams per milliliter Concentration of solute—GIVEN

A

G

M

F

100G × E 1000 + G × E

M×E 10 R

F 10 R

—

B×G B × G + 1000

B× M M( B − E ) + 1000 R

B×F F ( B − E ) + 1000 R × E

1000 A E (100 − A)

1000N B−N ×B

—

1000 M 1000 R − ( M × E )

1000 F E (1000 R − F )

M

10R × A E

1000 R × N N × E + (1 − N )B

—

F E

F

10AR

1000 R × N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

M×E

—

A

—

N

A E A 100 − A + E B

G

N 100 N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

1000 R × G 1000 + E × G 1000 R × G × E 1000 + G × E

CONVERSION FORMULAS FOR CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS A = Weight percent of solute B = Molecular weight of solvent E = Molecular weight of solute F = Grams of solute per liter of solution Concentration of solute—SOUGHT

Section 8.indb 19

G = Molality M = Molarity N = Mole fraction R = Density of solution in grams per milliliter Concentration of solute—GIVEN

A

G

M

F

100G × E 1000 + G × E

M×E 10 R

F 10 R

—

B×G B × G + 1000

B× M M( B − E ) + 1000 R

B×F F ( B − E ) + 1000 R × E

1000 A E (100 − A)

1000N B−N ×B

—

1000 M 1000 R − ( M × E )

1000 F E (1000 R − F )

M

10R × A E

1000 R × N N × E + (1 − N )B

—

F E

F

10AR

1000 R × N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

M×E

—

A

—

N

A E A 100 − A + E B

G

N 100 N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

1000 R × G 1000 + E × G 1000 R × G × E 1000 + G × E

4/30/05 8:46:25 AM

Electrochemical Series Petr Vanýsek There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E° values, at 298.15 K (25 °C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precede those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions that have E° values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction potentials which have E° negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential and range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures have lower

reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional revisions. Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2´-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.

References 1. Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978. 2. Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985. 3. Bratsch, S. G. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1–21, 1989.

TABLE 1. Alphabetical Listing Reaction Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag Ag2+ + e ⇌ Ag+ Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac)– AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br– AgBrO3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO3– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C2O42– AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl– AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN– Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO32– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO42– AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F– Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– AgIO3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO3– Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO42– AgNO2 + e ⇌ Ag + 2 NO2– Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH– Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH– Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag+ Ag3+ + e ⇌ Ag2+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H2O 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ag2O + 2 OH– AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN– Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H2S AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO42– Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO42– Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– Al(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– AlF63– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– Am4+ + e ⇌ Am3+ Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am Am3+ + e ⇌ Am2+

8-20

E°/V –2.20 0.7996 1.980 0.643 0.07133 0.546 0.4647 0.22233 –0.017 0.47 0.4470 0.779 0.1478 –0.15224 0.354 0.4573 0.564 0.342 0.739 1.9 1.8 1.802 0.607 0.41 –0.691 –0.0366 0.08951 0.3629 0.654 0.4660 –1.662 –2.31 –2.328 –2.33 –2.069 2.60 –1.9 –2.048 –2.3

Reaction As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H2O HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H2O AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e– ⇌ HAsO2 + 2 H2O AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ AsO2– + 4 OH– At2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 At– Au+ + e ⇌ Au Au3+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ Au3+ + 3 e ⇌ Au Au2+ + e – ⇌ Au+ AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ + H2O AuBr2– + e ⇌ Au + 2 Br– AuBr4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Br– AuCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Cl– Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Au + 3 H2O H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 8 OH– H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H2O B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 3 H2O Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH– p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ hydroquinone Bi+ + e ⇌ Bi Bi3+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi Bi3+ + 2 e ⇌ Bi+ Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ BiH3 BiCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Bi + 4 Cl– Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH– Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + H2O BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + Cl– + H2O Bk4+ + e ⇌ Bk3+ Bk2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk Bk3+ + e ⇌ Bk2+

E°/V –0.608 0.234 0.248 –0.68 0.560 –0.71 0.3 1.692 1.401 1.498 1.8 1.32 0.959 0.854 1.002 1.45 –1.24 –1.79 –0.8698 –0.481 –2.912 –1.570 –2.99 –1.847 –2.63 0.6992 0.5 0.308 0.2 –0.8 0.16 –0.46 1.593 0.320 0.1583 1.67 –1.6 –2.8

Electrochemical Series Reaction Br2(aq) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Br– Br2(l) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Br– HBrO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Br– + H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O BrO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Br– + 2 OH– BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 3 H2O BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 6 OH– (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HCN 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ (CN)2 + 2 H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 CNS – CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HCOOH Ca+ + e ⇌ Ca Ca2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ca Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ca + 2 OH– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE) Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– CdSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Cd + SO42– Cd(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 4 OH– CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 2 OH– Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce(Hg) Ce4+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ CeOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ + H2O Cf4+ + e ⇌ Cf3+ Cf3+ + e ⇌ Cf2+ Cf3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cf Cf2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cf Cl2(g) + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cl– HClO + H + + e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 OH– ClO2 + H+ + e ⇌ HClO2 HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 H2O ClO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO– + 2 OH– ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 OH– ClO2(aq) + e ⇌ ClO2– ClO3– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO2 + H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 3 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO2– + 2 OH– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 6 OH– ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– + 2 OH– Cm4+ + e ⇌ Cm3+ Cm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cm Co2+ + 2 e ⇌ Co Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+

8-21 E°/V 1.0873 1.066 1.331 1.574 1.596 0.761 1.482 1.423 0.61 0.373 0.330 0.77 –0.199 –3.80 –2.868 –3.02 0.2800 0.2801 0.3337 0.2412 0.2360 –0.4030 –0.3521 –0.809 –0.246 –0.658 –0.783 –2.336 –1.4373 1.72 1.715 3.3 –1.6 –1.94 –2.12 1.35827 1.611 1.482 0.81 1.277 1.645 1.628 1.570 0.66 0.76 0.954 1.152 1.214 1.47 1.451 0.33 0.62 1.189 1.39 1.389 0.36 3.0 –2.04 –0.28 1.92

Reaction [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Co(NH3)6]2+ Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Co + 2 OH– Co(OH)3 + e ⇌ Co(OH)2 + OH– Cr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cr Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+ Cr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O CrO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 4 OH– HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr3+ + 4 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ Cr3+ + 2H2O Cr(V) + e ⇌ Cr(IV) CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Cr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 3 OH– Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu Cu2+ + e ⇌ Cu+ Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu(Hg) Cu3+ + e ⇌ Cu2+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e ⇌ 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e ⇌ [Cu(CN)2]– CuI2– + e ⇌ Cu + 2 I– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu + 2 OH– Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu + 2 OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O 2 D+ + 2 e ⇌ D2 Dy2+ + 2 e ⇌ Dy Dy3+ + 3 e ⇌ Dy Dy3+ + e ⇌ Dy2+ Er2+ + 2 e ⇌ Er Er3+ + 3 e ⇌ Er Er3+ + e ⇌ Er2+ Es3+ + e ⇌ Es2+ Es3+ + 3 e ⇌ Es Es2+ + 2 e ⇌ Es Eu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Eu Eu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Eu Eu3+ + e ⇌ Eu2+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HF F2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 F– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2O + 2 F– Fe2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fe Fe3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Fe2O3 + 5 H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ FeOOH + 2 H2O HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 FeOH+ + H2O [Fe(CN)6]3– + e ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e Fe3+ + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ Fe(bipy)2]2+ [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ Fe(bipy)3]2+ Fe(OH)3 + e ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH– [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) [Ferricinium]+ + e ⇌ ferrocene Fm3++ e ⇌ Fm2+ Fm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fm Fm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fm

E°/V 0.108 –0.73 0.17 –0.913 –0.407 –0.744 1.36 –1.2 1.350 1.48 1.34 –0.13 –1.48 –3.026 0.521 0.153 0.3419 0.345 2.4 2.0 1.103 0.00 –0.360 –0.222 –0.080 –0.013 –2.2 –2.295 –2.6 –2.0 –2.331 –3.0 –1.3 –1.91 –2.23 –2.812 –1.991 –0.36 3.053 2.866 2.153 –0.447 –0.037 0.771 2.09 2.08 2.07 0.16 0.358 2.20 0.78 1.03 –0.56 1.147 1.06 0.400 –1.1 –1.89 –2.30

Electrochemical Series

8-22 Reaction Fr+ + e ⇌ Fr Ga3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga Ga+ + e ⇌ Ga GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga + H2O H2GaO–3 + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Ga + 4 OH– Gd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Gd Ge2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge Ge4+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge Ge4+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge2+ GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ GeO + H2O H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge + 3 H2O 2 H+ + 2 e v H2 H2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 H– HO2 + H+ + e ⇌ H2O2 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2 + 2 OH– H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + H2O HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 2 H2O HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 4 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg22+ Hg22+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Br– Hg2Cl2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + HPO42– Hg2I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 I– Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 OH– HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 OH– Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + SO42– Ho2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ho Ho3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ho Ho3+ + e ⇌ Ho2+ I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 I– I3– + 2 e ⇌ 3 I– H3IO62– + 2 e ⇌ IO–3 + 3 OH– H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ I2 + 2 H2O HIO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ I– + H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ I– + 2 OH– 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e ⇌ I2 + 6 H2O IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ I– + 3 H2O IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ IO– + 4 OH– IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ IO– + 6 OH– In+ + e ⇌ In In2+ + e ⇌ In+ In3+ + e ⇌ In2+ In3+ + 2 e ⇌ In+ In3+ + 3 e ⇌ In In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ In + 3 OH– In(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 In + 6 OH– Ir3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ir [IrCl6]2– + e ⇌ [IrCl6]3– [IrCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Ir + 6 Cl– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Ir + 6 OH– K+ + e ⇌ K La3+ + 3 e ⇌ La

E°/V –2.9 –0.549 –0.2 –0.498 –1.219 –2.279 0.24 0.124 0.00 –0.118 –0.182 0.00000 –2.23 1.495 –0.8277 1.776 –1.55 –1.724 –1.505 –2.50 0.851 0.920 0.7973 0.51163 0.13923 0.26808 0.6359 –0.0405 0.123 0.0977 1.034 0.6125 –2.1 –2.33 –2.8 0.5355 0.536 0.7 1.601 1.439 0.987 0.485 1.195 1.085 0.15 0.26 –0.14 –0.40 –0.49 –0.443 –0.3382 –0.99 –1.007 –1.034 1.156 0.8665 0.77 0.098 –2.931 –2.379

Reaction La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ La + 3 OH– Li+ + e ⇌ Li Lr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lr Lu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lu Md3+ + e ⇌ Md2+ Md3+ + 3 e ⇌ Md Md2+ + 2 e ⇌ Md Mg+ + e ⇌ Mg Mg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mg Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mg + 2 OH– Mn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn Mn3+ + e ⇌ Mn2+ MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + e ⇌ MnO42– MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 2 H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mn + 2 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + OH– Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O Mo3+ + 3 e ⇌ Mo MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Mo + 4 H2O H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇌ 7 Mo + 24 H2O MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Mo + 3 H2O N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 NH4OH 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HN3 N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NH4+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + H2O H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + 2 H2O N2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 NO2– N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NHO2 N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 NO + 2 H2O 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2H5+ + 2 H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O + H2O 2 NO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O + 2 OH– HNO2 + H+ + e ⇌ NO + H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2N2O2 + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 3 H2O NO2– + H2O + e ⇌ NO + 2 OH– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O22– + 4 OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 6 OH– NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HNO2 + H2O NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ NO + 2 H2O 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 2 H2O NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ NO2– + 2 OH– 2 NO3– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 4 OH– Na+ + e ⇌ Na Nb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nb NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ NbO + H2O NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Nb + 2 H2O NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Nb + H2O Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Nb + 5 H2O Nd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nd Nd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Nd Nd3+ + e ⇌ Nd2+ Ni2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ni + 2 OH– NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH–

E°/V –2.90 –3.0401 –1.96 –2.28 –0.1 –1.65 –2.40 –2.70 –2.372 –2.690 –1.185 1.5415 1.224 0.558 1.679 1.507 0.595 0.60 –1.56 0.15 1.485 –0.200 –0.152 0.082 0.075 0.092 –3.09 1.275 1.766 2.65 0.867 1.065 1.035 1.42 1.591 0.76 0.983 0.86 1.297 –0.46 –0.18 0.15 0.934 0.957 0.803 0.01 –0.85 –2.71 –1.099 –0.646 –0.690 –0.733 –0.644 –2.323 –2.1 –2.7 –0.257 –0.72 1.678 –0.490

Electrochemical Series Reaction No3+ + e ⇌ No2+ No3+ + 3 e ⇌ No No2+ + 2 e ⇌ No Np3+ + 3 e ⇌ Np Np4+ + e ⇌ Np3+ NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇌ Np(OH)3 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 H2O O2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HO2– + OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 + 2 OH– O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 4 OH– O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ O2 + H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ O2 + 2 OH– O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O OH + e ⇌ OH– HO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 3 OH– OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Os + 4 H2O OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ OsO2 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)2]2+ [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)3]2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) + 3 OH– H2P2– + e ⇌ P + 2 OH– H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇌ P + 2 H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ P + 3 H2O HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2PO2– + 3 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ P + 5 OH– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ HPO32– + 3 OH– Pa3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pa Pa4+ + 4 e ⇌ Pa Pa4+ + e ⇌ Pa3+ Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) PbBr2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Br– PbCl2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Cl– PbF2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 F– PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + HPO42– PbI2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 I– PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 OH– PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 3 OH– PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ PbO + 2 OH– PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PbSO4 + 2 H2O PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + SO42– PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO42– Pd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pd [PdCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 4 Cl– [PdCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 2 OH– Pm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pm Pm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pm Pm3+ + e ⇌ Pm2+ Po4+ + 2 e ⇌ Po2+ Po4+ + 4 e ⇌ Po Pr4+ + e ⇌ Pr3+ Pr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pr Pr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pr

8-23 E°/V 1.4 –1.20 –2.50 –1.856 0.147 –0.962 0.695 1.229 –0.076 –0.146 0.401 2.076 1.24 2.421 2.02 0.878 0.838 1.02 0.81 0.80 –0.111 –0.063 –0.87 –1.82 –0.508 –0.499 –0.454 –1.65 –1.71 –0.276 –1.05 –1.34 –1.49 –1.9 –0.1262 –0.1205 –0.284 –0.2675 –0.3444 –0.465 –0.365 –0.580 1.455 –0.537 0.247 1.6913 –0.3588 –0.3505 0.951 0.591 1.288 0.07 –2.2 –2.30 –2.6 0.9 0.76 3.2 –2.0 –2.353

Reaction Pr3+ + e ⇌ Pr2+ Pt2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt [PtCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 4 Cl– [PtCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 2 OH– PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO2 + H2O PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt(OH)22+ + H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt + H2O PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Pt + 2 H2O Pu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pu Pu4+ + e ⇌ Pu3+ Pu5+ + e ⇌ Pu4+ PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pu(OH)4 PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e ⇌ PuO2OH + H2O Ra2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ra Rb+ + e ⇌ Rb Re3+ + 3 e ⇌ Re ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ ReO2 + 2 H2O ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Re + 2 H2O ReO4– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ReO3 + H2O ReO4– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇌ Re + 8 OH– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇀ Re + 4 H2O Rh+ + e ⇌ Rh Rh3+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh [RhCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Rh + 6 Cl– RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh + H2O Ru2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru Ru3+ + e ⇌ Ru2+ RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru2+ + 2 H2O RuO4– + e ⇌ RuO42– RuO4 + e ⇌ RuO4– RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Ru + 4 H2O [Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(bipy)3]2+ [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e– ⇌ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e – ⇌ [Ru(en)3]2+ [Ru(CN)6]3– + e– ⇌ [Ru(CN)6]4– S + 2 e ⇌ S2– S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2S(aq) S + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SH– + OH– 2 S + 2 e ⇌ S22– S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2SO3 S2O82– + 2 e ⇌ 2 SO42– S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HSO4– S4O62– + 2 e ⇌ 2 S2O32– 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ HS2O4– + 2 H2O H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ S + 3 H2O 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ S2O42– + 4 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ S2O32– + 6 OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SO3 + H2O 2 SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ S2O62– + H2O SO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SO32– + 2 OH– Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ SbH3 Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Sb + 3 H2O Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O

E°/V –3.1 1.18 0.755 0.68 0.14 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.01 1.00 –2.031 1.006 1.099 1.325 1.062 –2.8 –2.98 0.300 0.510 0.2513 0.768 –0.584 0.368 0.600 0.758 0.431 0.83 0.455 0.2487 1.120 0.59 1.00 1.40 1.038 1.24 0.23 0.10 0.210 0.86 –0.47627 0.142 –0.478 –0.42836 0.564 2.010 2.123 0.08 –0.056 0.449 –1.12 –0.571 0.172 –0.22 –0.93 –0.510 0.152 0.671 0.649

Electrochemical Series

8-24 Reaction Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 2 H2O SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 4 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SbO2– + 2 OH– Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SeO32– + 2 OH– SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Si + 2 H2O SiO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm Sn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn Sn4+ + 2 e ⇀ Sn2+ Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e– ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 4 OH– HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Sn + 3 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇌ HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta Tc2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tc TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ TcO2 + 2 H2O Tc3+ + e ⇌ Tc2+ TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Tc + 4 H2O Tb4+ + e ⇌ Tb3+ Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te Te4+ + 4 e ⇌ Te TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Te + 2 H2O TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Te + 4 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ti3+ + H2O

E°/V 0.581 0.212 –0.66 –0.59 –2.077 –0.924 –0.399 0.74 –0.082 –0.366 1.151 0.05 –1.24 –0.8 0.857 –1.697 –1.55 –2.304 –2.68 –0.1375 0.151 0.142 –0.094 –0.117 –0.194 –0.945 –0.909 –0.93 –4.10 –2.899 –1.793 –2.88 –0.750 –0.6 0.400 0.782 0.3 0.472 3.1 –2.28 –1.143 –0.793 0.568 0.593 –0.57 0.472 1.02 –1.899 –1.789 –2.48 –1.630 –0.9 –0.502 –1.37 –0.055

Reaction Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) Tl3+ + 2 e ⇌ Tl+ Tl3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tl TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇌ TlOH + 2 OH– Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO42– Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ UO2+ + 4 H+ + e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + e ⇌ UO+2 UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V V3+ + e ⇌ V2+ VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ V3+ + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + 3 H2O V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O [V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [V(phen)3]2+ W3+ + 3 e ⇌ W W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 WO2 + H2O WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ WO2 + H2O 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ W2O5 + H2O H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ XeO3 + 3 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Xe + 3 H2O XeF + e ⇌ Xe + F– Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) ZnO22– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– ZnSO4 · 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn + H2O Zn(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 2 H2O ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 4 OH– Zr4+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr

E°/V –0.336 –0.3338 1.252 0.741 –0.658 –0.5568 –0.752 0.02 –0.34 –0.05 –0.4360 –2.2 –2.319 –2.4 –1.798 –0.607 0.612 0.062 0.327 –1.444 –1.175 –0.255 0.337 0.991 0.957 –0.242 1.00 –0.254 0.14 0.1 –0.031 –0.119 –0.090 0.036 –0.029 2.42 2.10 3.4 –2.372 –1.05 –2.19 –2.76 –0.7618 –0.7628 –1.215 –0.7993 –0.497 –1.199 –1.249 –1.260 –1.553 –2.36 –1.45

Electrochemical Series

8-25

TABLE 2. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Positive than That of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2 CuI2– + e ⇌ Cu + 2 I– Ge4+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge2+ NO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ NO2– + 2 OH– Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Tl+ + 6 OH– SeO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SeO32– + 2 OH– WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ WO2 + H2O UO22+ + e = UO2+ Pd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 2 OH– AgBr + e ⇌ Ag + Br– MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Mo + 3 H2O S4O62– + 2 e ⇌ 2 S2O32– H3Mo7O243– + 45 H+ + 42 e ⇌ 7 Mo + 24 H2O AgSCN + e ⇌ Ag + SCN– N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 NH4OH HgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 OH– Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Ir + 6 OH– 2 NO + 2 e ⇌ N2O22– [Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(NH3)6]2+ W3+ + 3 e ⇌ W [Co(NH3)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Co(NH3)6]2+ Hg2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 OH– Ge4+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge Hg2Br2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Br– Pt(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 2 OH– [V(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [V(phen)3]2+ S + 2H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2S(aq) Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 3 H2O Np4+ + e ⇌ Np3+ Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e ⇌ 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4– IO3– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ IO– + 4 OH– Mn(OH)3 + e ⇌ Mn(OH)2 + OH– 2 NO2– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 6 OH– Sn4+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Sb + 3 H2O Cu2+ + e ⇌ Cu+ BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + Cl– + H2O BiCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Bi + 4 Cl– Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 FeOH+ + H2O Co(OH)3 + e ⇌ Co(OH)2 + OH– SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SO3 + H2O Bi3+ + 2 e ⇌ Bi+ [Ru(en)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(en)3]2+ SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 2 H2O AgCl + e ⇌ Ag + Cl– [Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(H2O)6]2+ As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 As + 3 H2O Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE) Ge2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ge Ru3+ + e ⇌ Ru2+ Calomel electrode, saturated KCl PbO2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ PbO + 2 OH– HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ As + 2 H2O Ru3+ + e ⇀ Ru2+ ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Re + 2 H2O IO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ I– + OH–

E°/V 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.036 0.062 0.07 0.07133 0.075 0.08 0.082 0.8951 0.092 0.0977 0.098 0.10 0.10 0.1 0.108 0.123 0.124 0.13923 0.14 0.14 0.142 0.142 0.147 0.1478 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.151 0.152 0.153 0.1583 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.172 0.2 0.210 0.212 0.22233 0.23 0.234 0.2360 0.24 0.24 0.2412 0.247 0.248 0.2487 0.2513 0.26

Reaction Hg2Cl2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 Cl– Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE) At2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 At– Re3+ + 3 e ⇌ Re Tc3+ + e ⇌ Tc2+ Bi3+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Bi + H2O

UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO2– + 2 OH– 2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ (CN)2 + 2 H2O Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ V3+ + H2O Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu Ag2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 OH– Cu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cu(Hg) AgIO3 + e ⇌ Ag + IO3– [Fe(CN)6]3– + e ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– ClO4– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO–3 + 2 OH– Ag2SeO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SeO32– ReO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Re + 4 H2O (CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HCN [Ferricinium]+ + e ⇌ ferrocene Tc2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tc O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 4 OH– AgOCN + e ⇌ Ag + OCN– [RhCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Rh + 6 Cl– Ag2CrO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CrO42– H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ S + 3 H2O Ru2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru Ag2MoO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + MoO42– Ag2C2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + C2O42– Ag2WO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + WO42– Ag2CO3 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + CO32– TcO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Tc + 4 H2O TeO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ Te + 4 H2O IO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ I– + 2 OH– NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH– Bi+ + e ⇌ Bi ReO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ ReO2 + 2 H2O Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2(ac)– Cu+ + e ⇌ Cu I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 I– I3– + 2 e ⇌ 3 I– AgBrO3 + e ⇌ Ag + BrO3– MnO4– + e ⇌ MnO4– H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HAsO2 + 2 H2O S2O62– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2SO3 AgNO2 + e ⇌ Ag + NO2– Te4+ + 4 e ⇌ Te Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O RuO4– + e ⇌ RuO42– [PdCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pd + 4 Cl– TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Te + 2 H2O MnO4– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– Rh2+ + 2 e ⇌ Rh

E°/V 0.26808 0.2800 0.2801 0.3 0.300 0.3 0.308 0.320 0.327 0.33 0.330 0.3337 0.337 0.3419 0.342 0.345 0.354 0.358 0.36 0.3629 0.368 0.373 0.400 0.400 0.401 0.41 0.431 0.4470 0.449 0.455 0.4573 0.4647 0.4660 0.47 0.472 0.472 0.485 0.490 0.5 0.510 0.51163 0.521 0.5355 0.536 0.546 0.558 0.560 0.564 0.564 0.568 0.581 0.59 0.591 0.593 0.595 0.600

Electrochemical Series

8-26 Reaction Rh+ + e ⇌ Rh MnO42– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ MnO2 + 4 OH– 2 AgO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Ag2O + 2 OH– BrO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 6 OH– UO2+ + 4 H+ + e ⇌ U4+ + 2 H2O Hg2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + SO42– ClO3– + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 6 OH– Hg2HPO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + HPO42– Ag(ac) + e ⇌ Ag + (ac)– Sb2O5(valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O3 + 2 H2O Ag2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + SO42– ClO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ ClO– + 2 OH– Sb2O5(senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sb2O5 + 2 H2O [PtCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PtCl4]2– + 2 Cl– O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 p–benzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌⇌ hydroquinone H3IO62– + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 OH– Ag2O3+ H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 AgO + 2 OH– Tl3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tl [PtCl4]2– + 2 e ⇌ Pt + 4 Cl– Rh3+ + 3 e ⇌ Rh ClO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 OH– 2 NO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O + 2 OH– Po4+ + 4 e ⇌ Po BrO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Br– + 2 OH– ReO4– + 2 H+ +e ⇌ ReO3 + H2O (CNS)2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 CNS – [IrCl6]3– + 3 e ⇌ Ir + 6 Cl– Fe3+ + e ⇌ Fe2+ AgF + e ⇌ Ag + F– [Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(bipy)2]2+ TcO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ TcO2 + 2 H2O Hg22+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag [Os(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)3]2+ 2 NO3– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 2 H2O [Os(bipy)2]3+ + e ⇌ [Os(bipy)2]2+ RhOH2+ + H + 3 e ⇌ Rh + H2O OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Os + 4 H2O ClO– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 OH– Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg AuBr4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Br– SiO2(quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Si + 2 H2O 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2N2O2 + H2O [Ru(CN)6]3– + e– ⇌ [Ru(CN)6]4– [IrCl6]2– + e ⇌ [IrCl6]3– N2O4 + 2 e ⇌ 2 NO2– HO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 3 OH– Po4+ + 2 e ⇌ Po2+ 2 Hg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg22+ NO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HNO2 + H2O Pd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pd ClO2(aq) + e ⇌ ClO2– NO3– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ NO + 2 H2O V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O AuBr2– + e ⇌ Au + 2 Br– HNO2 + H+ + e ⇌ NO + H2O

E°/V 0.600 0.60 0.607 0.61 0.612 0.6125 0.62 0.6359 0.643 0.649 0.654 0.66 0.671 0.68 0.695 0.6992 0.7 0.739 0.741 0.755 0.758 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.761 0.768 0.77 0.77 0.771 0.779 0.78 0.782 0.7973 0.7996 0.80 0.803 0.81 0.83 0.838 0.841 0.851 0.854 0.857 0.86 0.86 0.8665 0.867 0.878 0.9 0.920 0.934 0.951 0.954 0.957 0.957 0.959 0.983

Reaction HIO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ I– + H2O VO2+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + H2O PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Pt + 2 H2O RuO4 + e ⇌ RuO4– V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e ⇌ VO2+ + 3 H2O AuCl4– + 3 e ⇌ Au + 4 Cl– Pu4+ + e ⇌ Pu3+ PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO + H2O OsO4 + 4 H + 4 e ⇌ OsO2 + 2 H2O H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ TeO2 + 4 H2O [Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(bipy)3]2+ Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Hg + 2 H2O N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 NO + 2 H2O RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Ru + 4H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4) PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e ⇌ PuO2OH + H2O N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HNO2 Br2(l) + 2 e ⇌ 2Br– IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ I– + 3 H2O Br2(aq) + 2 e ⇌ 2Br– Pu5+ + e ⇌ Pu4+ Cu2+ + 2 CN– + e ⇌ [Cu(CN)2]–

RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ru2+ + 2 H2O [Fe(phen)3]3+ + e ⇌⇀ [Fe(phen)3]2+ SeO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2SeO3 + H2O ClO3– + 2 H+ + e ⇌ ClO2 + H2O Ir3+ + 3 e ⇀ Ir Pt2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt ClO4– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ ClO3– + H2O 2 IO3– + 12 H+ + 10 e ⇌ I2 + 6 H2O PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt + H2O ClO3– + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO2 + H2O MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ 2 H2O O3 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ O2 + 2 OH– [Ru(bipy)3]3+ + e ⇌ [Ru(bipy)3]2+ Tl3+ + 2 e ⇌ Tl+ N2H5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 NH4+ ClO2 + H+ + e ⇌ HClO2 [PdCl6]2– + 2 e ⇌ [PdCl4]2– + 2 Cl– 2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ N2O + 3 H2O AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ + H2O PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H– + 2 e ⇌ Pu(OH)4 HBrO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Br– + H2O Cr(V) + e ⇌ Cr(IV) HCrO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr3+ + 4 H2O Cl2(g) + 2 e ⇌ 2Cl– Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 8 e ⇌ Cl– + 4 H2O ClO4– + 8 H+ + 7 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O No3+ + e ⇌ No2+ RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O Au3+ + 2 e ⇌ Au+ 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2H5+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Br– + 3 H2O 2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ I2 + 2 H2O Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Au– + 3 H2O

E°/V 0.987 0.991 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.002 1.006 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.034 1.035 1.038 1.06 1.062 1.065 1.066 1.085 1.0873 1.099 1.103 1.120 1.147 1.151 1.152 1.156 1.18 1.189 1.195 1.2 1.214 1.224 1.229 1.24 1.24 1.252 1.275 1.277 1.288 1.297 1.32 1.325 1.331 1.34 1.350 1.35827 1.36 1.389 1.39 1.4 1.40 1.401 1.42 1.423 1.439 1.45

Electrochemical Series Reaction 3IO3– + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Cl– + 3 H2O PbO2 +4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O ClO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O CrO2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ Cr3+ + 2 H2O BrO3– + 6 H+ + 5 e ⇌ 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Cl– + H2O Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O HO2 + H+ + e ⇌ H2O2 Au3+ + 3 e ⇌ Au PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Pt(OH)22+ + H2O MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O Mn3+ + e ⇌ Mn2– HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Cl– + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O 2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2O + H2O Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O HBrO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ IO3– + 3 H2O HClO + H+ + e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + H2O HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HClO + H2O Bk4+ + e ⇌ Bk3+ NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni2+ + 2 H2O MnO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇀ MnO2 + 2 H2O PbO2 + SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PbSO4 + 2 H2O Au+ + e ⇌ Au PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ PtO2 + H2O CeOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ + H2O Ce4+ + e ⇌ Ce3+ N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e⇌ N2 + H2O H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 H2O

8-27 E°/V 1.451 1.455 1.47 1.48 1.482 1.482 1.485 1.495 1.498 1.5 1.507 1.5415 1.570 1.574 1.591 1.593 1.596 1.601 1.611 1.628 1.645 1.67 1.678 1.679 1.6913 1.692 1.7 1.715 1.72 1.766 1.776

Reaction Ag3+ + e ⇌ Ag2+ Au2+ + e– ⇌ Au+ Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e ⇌ 2 Ag + 2 H2O Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2–(2 molar H2SO4) Ag3+ + 2 e ⇌ Ag+ Co3+ + e ⇌ Co2+ Ag2+ + e ⇌ Ag+ Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu2+ + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 e ⇌ 2 SO42– OH + e ⇌ OH– HFeO4– + 7 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ O2 + H2O HFeO4– + 4 H+ + 3 e ⇌ FeOOH + 2 H2O 2 HFeO4– + 8 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Fe2O3 + 5 H2O XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ Xe + 3 H2O S2O82– + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HSO4– F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ H2O + 2 F– FeO42– + 8 H+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe3+ + 4 H2O Cu3+ + e ⇌ Cu2+ H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ XeO3 + 3 H2O O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2O Am4+ + e ⇌ Am3+ H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ N2 + 2 H2O F2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 F– Cm4+ + e ⇌ Cm3+ F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HF Tb4+ + e ⇌ Tb3+ Pr4+ + e ⇌ Pr3+ Cf4+ + e ⇌ Cf3+ XeF + e ⇌ Xe + F–

E°/V 1.8 1.8 1.802 1.83 1.9 1.92 1.980 2.0 2.010 2.02 2.07 2.076 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.123 2.153 2.20 2.4 2.42 2.421 2.60 2.65 2.866 3.0 3.053 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

TABLE 3. Reduction Reactions Having E° Values More Negative than That of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Reaction 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2 2 D+ + 2 e ⇌ D2 AgCN + e ⇌ Ag + CN– 2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ W2O5 + H2O W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 WO2 + H2O Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + H2S Fe3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fe Hg2I2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 Hg + 2 I– Tl(OH)3 + 2 e ⇌ TlOH + 2 OH– TiOH3+ + H+ + e ⇌ Ti3+ + H2O 2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e ⇌ HS2O4– + 2 H2O P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) O2 + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HO2– + OH– 2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu2O + 2 OH– + H2O Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e ⇌ W + 3 H2O SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Sn2+ + 2 H2O Md3+ + e ⇌ Md2+ P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 2 H2O GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ GeO + H2O

E°/V 0.00000 –0.013 –0.017 –0.029 –0.031 –0.0366 –0.037 –0.0405 –0.05 –0.055 –0.056 –0.063 –0.076 –0.080 –0.082 –0.090 –0.094 –0.1 –0.111 –0.117 –0.118

Reaction WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ W + 2 H2O Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) Pb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pb CrO42– + 4 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH– Sn2– + 2 e ⇌ Sn In+ + e ⇌ In O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2O2 + 2 OH– MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Mo + 4 H2O AgI + e ⇌ Ag + I– 2 NO2– + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ N2O22– + 4 OH– H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Ge + 3 H2O SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e ⇌ SnOH+ + H2O CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ HCOOH Mo3+ + 3 e ⇌ Mo Ga+ + e ⇌ Ga 2 SO22– + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ S2O62– + H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cu + 2 OH– V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 V + 5 H2O CdSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Cd + SO42– V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e ⇌ V + 4 H2O V3+ + e ⇌ V2+

E°/V –0.119 –0.1205 –0.1262 –0.13 –0.1375 –0.14 –0.146 –0.152 –0.15224 –0.18 –0.182 –0.194 –0.199 –0.200 –0.2 –0.22 –0.222 –0.242 –0.246 –0.254 –0.255

Electrochemical Series

8-28 Reaction Ni2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ni PbCl2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Cl– H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO3 + H2O Co2+ + 2 e ⇌ Co PbBr2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 Br– Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl(Hg) Tl+ + e ⇌ Tl In3+ + 3 e ⇌ In TlOH + e ⇌ Tl + OH– PbF2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 F– PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb(Hg) + SO42– Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) PbSO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + SO42– Cu2O + H2O + 2 e ⇌ 2 Cu + 2 OH– Eu3+ + e ⇌ Eu2+ PbI2 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 I– SeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Se + 6 OH– Se + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Se(aq) In2+ + e ⇌ In+ Cd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cd Cr3+ + e ⇌ Cr2+ 2 S + 2 e ⇌ S22– Tl2SO4 + 2 e ⇌ Tl + SO42– In3+ + 2 e ⇌ In+ Fe2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fe H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ P + 3 H2O Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 Bi + 6 OH– NO2– + H2O + e ⇌ NO + 2 OH PbHPO4 + 2 e ⇌ Pb + HPO42– S + 2 e ⇌ S2– S + H2O + 2 e ⇌ HS – + OH– B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 3 H2O In3+ + e ⇌ In2+ ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn + H2O GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga + H2O H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H3PO2 + H2O TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti2+ + 2 H2O H3PO2 + H+ + e ⇌ P + 2 H2O Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ SbH3 HPbO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 3 OH– Ga3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ga TlCl + e ⇌ Tl + Cl– Fe(OH)3 + e ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH– TeO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Te + 6 OH– 2 SO32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ S2O32– + 6 OH– PbO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Pb + 2 OH– ReO2– + 4 H2O + 7 e ⇌ Re + 8 OH– SbO3– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SbO2– + 2 OH– Ta3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ta U4+ + e ⇌ U3+ As + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ AsH3 Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Nb + 5 H2O NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ NbO + H2O Cd(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 4 OH– TlBr + e ⇌ Tl + Br– SbO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Sb + 4 OH– AsO2– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ As + 4 OH–

E°/V –0.257 –0.2675 –0.276 –0.28 –0.284 –0.3338 –0.336 –0.3382 –0.34 –0.3444 –0.3505 –0.3521 –0.3588 –0.360 –0.36 –0.365 –0.366 –0.399 –0.40 –0.4030 –0.407 –0.42836 –0.4360 –0.443 –0.447 –0.454 –0.46 –0.46 –0.465 –0.47627 –0.478 –0.481 –0.49 –0.497 –0.498 –0.499 –0.502 –0.508 –0.510 –0.537 –0.549 –0.5568 –0.56 –0.57 –0.571 –0.580 –0.584 –0.59 –0.6 –0.607 –0.608 –0.644 –0.646 –0.658 –0.658 –0.66 –0.68

Reaction NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Nb + 2 H2O Ag2S + 2 e ⇌ 2 Ag + S2– AsO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ AsO2– + 4 OH– Ni(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ni + 2 OH– Co(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Co + 2 OH– NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Nb + H2O H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Se + 3 H2O Cr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cr Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e ⇌ 2 Ta + 5 H2O TlI + e ⇌ Tl + I– Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn Zn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) CdO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Cd + 2 OH– Te + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ H2Te ZnSO4.7H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn(Hg) + SO42– + 7 H2O (Saturated ZnSO4) Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ BiH3 SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ Si + H2O Cd(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Cd(Hg) + 2 OH– 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2 + 2 OH– 2 NO–3 + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ N2O4 + 4 OH– H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e ⇌ B + 3 H2O P + 3 H2O + 3 e ⇌ PH3(g) + 3 OH– Ti3+ + e ⇌ Ti2+ HSnO2– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Sn + 3 OH– Cr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cr Se + 2 e ⇌ Se2– SO42– + H2O + 2 e ⇌ SO32– + 2 OH– Sn(OH)62– + 2 e ⇌ HSnO2– + 3 OH– + H2O SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e ⇌ Sn + 4 OH– In(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ In + 3 OH– NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e ⇌ Np(OH)3 In(OH)4– + 3 e ⇌ In + 4 OH– In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e ⇌ 2 In + 6 OH– PO43– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ HPO32– + 3 OH– Yb3+ + e ⇌ Yb2+ Nb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nb Fm3+ + e ⇌ Fm2+ 2 SO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ S2O42– + 4 OH– Te + 2 e ⇌ Te2– V2+ + 2 e ⇌ V Mn2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mn Zn(OH)42– + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 4 OH– No3+ + 3 e ⇌ No ZnO2– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 4 OH– H2GaO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Ga + 4 OH– H2BO3– + 5 H2O + 8 e ⇌ BH4– + 8 OH– SiF62– + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 F– Zn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– ZnO + H2O + 2 e ⇌ Zn + 2 OH– Es3+ + e ⇌ Es2+ Pa3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pa Ti3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ti Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce(Hg) UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e ⇌ U + 2 H2O Zr4+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr

E°/V –0.690 –0.691 –0.71 –0.72 –0.73 –0.733 –0.74 –0.744 –0.750 –0.752 –0.7618 –0.7628 –0.783 –0.793 –0.7993 –0.8 –0.8 –0.809 –0.8277 –0.85 –0.8698 –0.87 –0.9 –0.909 –0.913 –0.924 –0.93 –0.93 –0.945 –0.99 –0.962 –1.007 –1.034 –1.05 –1.05 –1.099 –1.1 –1.12 –1.143 –1.175 –1.185 –1.199 –1.2 –1.20 –1.215 –1.219 –1.24 –1.24 –1.249 –1.260 –1.3 –1.34 –1.37 –1.4373 –1.444 –1.45

Electrochemical Series Reaction Cr(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Cr + 3 OH– Pa4+ + 4 e ⇌ Pa HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 2 H2O Hf4+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf Sm3+ + e ⇌ Sm2+ ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 2 H2O Mn(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mn + 2 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba(Hg) Bk2+ + 2 e ⇌ Bk Cf3+ + e ⇌ Cf2+ Ti2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ti Md3+ + 3 e ⇌ Md HPO32– + 2 H2O + 2 e ⇌ H2PO2– + 3 OH– Al3+ + 3 e ⇌ Al SiO32– + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Si + 6 OH– HPO32– + 2 H2O + 3 e ⇌ P + 5 OH– HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Hf + H2O ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e ⇌ Th + 2 H2O H2BO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ B + 4 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr(Hg) U3+ + 3 e ⇌ U H2PO–2 + e ⇌ P + 2 OH– Be2+ + 2 e ⇌ Be Np3+ + 3 e ⇌ Np Fm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Fm Th4+ + 4 e ⇌ Th Am2+ + 2 e ⇌ Am Pa4+ + e ⇌ Pa3+ Es3+ + 3 e ⇌ Es Cf3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cf Lr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lr Eu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Eu Er2+ + 2 e ⇌ Er Pr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pr Pu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pu Cm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Cm Am3+ + 3 e ⇌ Am AlF63– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 6 F– Sc3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sc Ho2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ho Nd2+ + 2 e ⇌ Nd Cf2+ + 2 e ⇌ Cf Yb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Yb Ac3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ac Dy2+ + 2 e ⇌ Dy Tm3+ + e ⇌ Tm2+ Pm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Pm Es2+ + 2 e ⇌ Es H2 + 2 e ⇌ 2 H– Gd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Gd Tb3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tb Lu3+ + 3 e ⇌ Lu Dy3+ + 3 e ⇌ Dy

8-29 E°/V –1.48 –1.49 –1.505 –1.55 –1.55 –1.553 –1.56 –1.570 –1.6 –1.6 –1.630 –1.65 –1.65 –1.662 –1.697 –1.71 –1.724 –1.789 –1.79 –1.793 –1.798 –1.82 –1.847 –1.856 –1.89 –1.899 –1.9 –1.9 –1.91 –1.94 –1.96 –1.991 –2.0 –2.0 –2.031 –2.04 –2.048 –2.069 –2.077 –2.1 –2.1 –2.12 –2.19 –2.20 –2.2 –2.2 –2.2 –2.23 –2.23 –2.279 –2.28 –2.28 –2.295

Reaction Am3+ + e ⇌ Am2+ Fm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Fm Pm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pm Sm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Sm Al(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ Al + 3 OH– Tm3+ + 3 e ⇌ Tm Nd3+ + 3 e ⇌ Nd Al(OH)– + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– H2AlO3– + H2O + 3 e ⇌ Al + 4 OH– Ho3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ho Er3+ + 3 e ⇌ Er Ce3+ + 3 e ⇌ Ce Pr3+ + 3 e ⇌ Pr ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Zr + 4 OH– Mg2+ + 2 e ⇌ Mg Y3+ + 3 e ⇌ Y La3+ + 3 e ⇌ La Tm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Tm Md2+ + 2 e ⇌ Md Th(OH)4 + 4 e ⇌ Th + 4 OH– HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e ⇌ Hf + 4 OH– No2+ + 2 e ⇌ No Dy3+ + e ⇌ Dy2+ Pm3+ + e ⇌ Pm2+ Be2O32– + 3 H2O + 4 e ⇌ 2 Be + 6 OH– Sm2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sm Mg(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Mg + 2 OH– Nd3+ + e ⇌ Nd2+ Mg+ + e ⇌ Mg Na+ + e ⇌ Na Yb2+ + 2 e ⇌ Yb Bk3+ + e ⇌ Bk2+ Ho3+ + e ⇌ Ho2+ Ra2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ra Eu2+ + 2 e ⇌ Eu Ca2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ca Sr(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Sr + 2 OH– Sr2+ + 2 e ⇌ Sr Fr+ + e ⇌ Fr La(OH)3 + 3 e ⇌ La + 3 OH– Ba2+ + 2 e ⇌ Ba K+ + e ⇌ K Rb+ + e ⇌ Rb Ba(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ba + 2 OH– Er3+ + e ⇌ Er2+ Ca(OH)2 + 2 e ⇌ Ca + 2 OH– Cs+ + e ⇌ Cs Li+ + e ⇌ Li 3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e ⇌ 2 HN3 Pr3+ + e ⇌ Pr2+ Ca+ + e ⇌ Ca Sr+ + e ⇌ Sr

E°/V –2.3 –2.30 –2.30 –2.304 –2.31 –2.319 –2.323 –2.328 –2.33 –2.33 –2.331 –2.336 –2.353 –2.36 –2.372 –2.372 –2.379 –2.4 –2.40 –2.48 –2.50 –2.50 –2.6 –2.6 –2.63 –2.68 –2.690 –2.7 –2.70 –2.71 –2.76 –2.8 –2.8 –2.8 –2.812 –2.868 –2.88 –2.899 –2.9 –2.90 –2.912 –2.931 –2.98 –2.99 –3.0 –3.02 –3.026 –3.0401 –3.09 –3.1 –3.80 –4.10

REDUCTION AND OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR CERTAIN ION RADICALS Petr Vanýsek

There are two tables for ion radicals. The first table lists reduction potentials for organic compounds which produce anion radicals during reduction, a process described as A + e–  A–.. The second table lists oxidation potentials for organic compounds which produce cation radicals during oxidation, a process described as A  A+. + e–. To obtain reduction potential for a reverse reaction, the sign for the potential is changed. Unlike the table of the Electrochemical Series, which lists standard potentials, values for radicals are experimental values with experimental conditions given in the second column. Since the measurements leading to potentials for ion radicals are very dependent on conditions, an attempt to report standard potentials for radicals would serve no useful purpose. For the same reason, the potentials are also reported as experimental values, usually a half-wave potential (E1/2 in polarography) or a peak potential (Ep in cyclic voltammetry). Unless otherwise stated, the values are reported vs. SCE (saturated calomel electrode). To obtain a value vs.

normal hydrogen electrode, 0.241 V has to be added to the SCE values. All the ion radicals chosen for inclusion in the tables result from electrochemically reversible reactions. More detailed data on ion radicals can be found in the Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of Elements, (A. J. Bard, Ed.), Vol. XI and XII in particular, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978. Abbreviations are: CV — cyclic voltammetry; DMF — N,NDimethylformamide; E swp — potential sweep; E° — standard potential; Ep — peak potential; Ep/2 — half-peak potential; E1/2 — half wave potential; M — mol/L; MeCN — acetonitrile; pol — polarography; rot Pt dsk — rotated Pt disk; SCE — saturated calomel electrode; TBABF4 — tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate; TBAI — tetrabutylammonium iodide; TBAP — tetrabutylammonium perchlorate; TEABr — tetraethylammonium bromide; TEAP — tetraethylammonium perchlorate; THF — tetrahydrofuran; TPACF3SO3 — tetrapropylammonium trifluoromethanesulfite; TPAP — tetrapropylammonium perchlorate; and wr — wire.

Reduction Potentials (Products are Anion Radicals) Substance Acetone 1-Naphthyphenylacetylene 1-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Naphthalenecarboxyaldehyde 2-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 3-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 9-Phenanthrenecarboxaldehyde 1-Anthracenecarboxaldehyde 1-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyrenecarboxaldehyde Anthracene

9,10-Dimethylanthracene 1-Phenylanthracene 2-Phenylanthracene 8-Phenylanthracene 9-Phenylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 1,9-Diphenylanthracene 1,10-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene 1,8,9-Triphenylanthracene 1,8,10-Triphenylanthracene 9,10-Dibiphenylanthracene Benz(a)anthracene Azulene Annulene Benzaldehyde Benzil Benzophenone Chrysene Fluoranthrene Cyclohexanone

Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol DMF, 0.03 M TBAI/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF2/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP 0°C/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMSO, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol -/Hg/pol DMF/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol

Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –2.84 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –0.91 E1/2 = –0.96 E1/2 = –1.00 E1/2 = –0.94 E1/2 = –0.83 E1/2 = –0.75 E1/2 = –0.76 E1/2 = –1.00 Ep = –2.00 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –2.07 E1/2 = –1.92 Ep = –2.08 Ep = –2.10 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.878 E1/2 = –1.875 E1/2 = –1.91 E1/2 = –1.93 E1/2 = –1.863 E1/2 = –1.88 E1/2 = –1.846 E1/2 = –1.786 E1/2 = –1.90 E1/2 = –1.83 E1/2 = –1.835 E1/2 = –1.85 E1/2 = –1.81 E1/2 = –1.94 E1/2 = –2.11 E1/2 = –2.40a E1/2 = –1.10c E1/2 = –1.23 E1/2 = –1.67 E1/2 = –1.04 E1/2 = –1.80 E° = –1.72 E1/2 = –2.73a Ep = –1.76 E1/2 = –2.79

8-30

Section 8.indb 30

4/30/05 8:46:39 AM

Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals Substance 5,5-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 1,2,3-Indanetrione hydrate (ninhydrin) Naphthacene Naphthalene

1-Phenylnaphthalene 1,2-Diphenylnaphthalene Cyclopentanone Phenanthrene Pentacene Perylene 1,3-Diphenyl-1,3-propanedione 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-1,3 propanedione Pyrene Diphenylsulfone Triphenylene 9,10-Anthraquinone 1,4-Benzoquinone 1,4-Naphthohydroquinone, dipotassium salt Rubrene Benzocyclooctatetraene sym-Dibenzocyclooctatetraene Ubiquinone-6 (9-Phenyl-fluorenyl)+ (Triphenylcyclopropenyl)+ (Triphenylmethyl)+ (Tribiphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-t-butyl-5-phenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-isopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-methylphenylmethyl)+ (Tri-4-cyclopropylphenylmethyl)+ (Tropylium)+

Anthracene 9,10-Dimethylanthracene 9,10-Dipropylanthracene 1,8-Diphenylanthracene 8,9-Diphenylanthracene 9,10-Diphenylanthracene Perylene Pyrene Rubrene Tetracene 1,4-Dithiabenzene 1,4-Dithianaphthalene Thianthrene a b c d e

Section 8.indb 31

Conditions/electrode/technique DMF, 0.5 M/Hg/pol DMF, 0.2 M NaNO3/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBABF4/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TEABr/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/rot Pt dsk/E swp MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV DMSO, 0.2 M TBAP/Hg/CV DMSO, TBAP/Hg/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, TEABr MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.5 M TBAP, 20°/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAI/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol THF, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV 10.2 M H2SO4/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol H2SO4, 10.2 M/Hg/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol DMF, 0.15 M TBAI/Hg/pol

Oxidation Potentials (Products are Cation Radicals)

CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt dsk/CV MeCN, 0.1 M LiClO4/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TPrACF3SO3/rot Pt wr/E swp MeCN/Pt/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV DMF, 0.1 M TBAP/Pt dsk/CV CH2Cl2, 0.2 M TBABF4, –70°C/Pt wr/CV MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot MeCN, 0.1 M TEAP/Pt dsk/rot 0.1 M TPAP/Pt/CV

8-31 Potential V (vs. SCE) E1/2 = –1.71 E1/2 = –0.039 E1/2 = –1.53 Ep = –2.55 E1/2 = –2.56 E1/2 = –2.63 E1/2 = –2.50 E1/2 = –2.36 E1/2 = –2.25 E1/2 = –2.82 E1/2 = –2.47 E1/2 = –2.88a E1/2 = –1.40 E1/2 = –1.73 E1/2 = –1.42 E1/2 = –1.80 Ep = –2.14 E1/2 = –2.49a E1/2 = –2.16 E1/2 = –2.87a E1/2 = –1.01 Ep = –0.54 E1/2 = –1.55 Ep = –1.48 E1/2 = –1.410 E1/2 = –2.13 E1/2 = –2.29 Ep = –1.05e Ep = –0.01b Ep = –1.87 E1/2 = 0.27 Ep = –0.58b E1/2 = 0.19 E1/2 = 0.13 E1/2 = 0.07 E1/2 = 0.05 E1/2 = 0.01 E1/2 = –0.17 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.55 E1/2 = –1.57 E1/2 = –1.60 E1/2 = –1.87 E1/2 = –1.96 E1/2 = –2.05 Ep = +0.73d Ep = +1.0 Ep = +1.08 E1/2 = +1.34 E1/2 = +1.30 Ep = +1.22 Ep = +1.34 Ep = +1.25 Ep = +1.10 Ep = +0.35d E1/2 = +0.69 E1/2 = +0.80 E1/2 = +1.28

vs 0.01 M Ag/AgClO4 vs. Hg/Hg2SO4, 17 M H2SO4 vs Hg pool vs Ag/saturated AgNO3 vs Ag/0.01 M Ag+

4/30/05 8:46:39 AM

pH SCALE FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS A.K. Covington A Working Party of IUPAC, after extensive considerations over five years, has recently produced a report (1) which sets pH firmly within the International System of Units (SI). A summary of these important developments is given below. The concept of pH is unique amongst the commonly encountered physicochemical quantities in that, in terms of its definition, pH = − lg aH

(1)

1

/2 H2 + AgCl → Ag(s) + H+ + Cl-

yields the potential difference EI of the cell (corrected to 1 atm (101.325 kPa), the partial pressure of hydrogen gas used in electrochemistry in preference to 100 kPa) as EI= Eo – (RT /F)ln 10 lg [(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)]

(3)

which can be rearranged, since aH = mHγH/mo, to give the acidity function

it involves a single ion quantity, the activity of the hydrogen ion, which is immeasurable by any thermodynamically valid method and requires a convention for its evaluation. pH was originally defined by Sørensen (2) in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ions (in modern nomenclature) as pH = − lg (cH/co) where cH is the hydrogen ion concentration in mol dm-3, and co = 1 mol dm-3 is the standard amount concentration. Subsequently (3), it was accepted as more satisfactory to define pH in terms of the relative activity of hydrogen ions in solution

where Eo is the standard potential difference of the cell, and hence of the silver-silver chloride electrode, and γCl is the activity coefficient of the chloride ion. The standard potential difference of the silver/silver chloride electrode, Eo, is determined from a Harned cell in which only HCl is present at a fixed molality (e.g. m = 0.01 mol kg-1)

pH = − lg aH = − lg (mHγH /mo)

Pt | H2 | HCl (m)| AgCl | Ag

(2)

where aH is the relative (molality basis) activity and γH is the molal activity coefficient of the hydrogen ion H+ at the molality mH , and mo the standard molality. The quantity pH is intended to be a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution. However, since it is defined in terms of a quantity that cannot be measured by a thermodynamically valid method, eqn.(2) can only be considered a notional definition of pH. pH being a single ion quantity, it is not determinable in terms of a fundamental (or base) unit of any measurement system, and there is difficulty providing a proper basis for the traceability of pH measurements. A satisfactory approach is now available in that pH determinations can be incorporated into the International System (SI) if they can be traced to measurements made using a method that fulfils the definition of a ‘primary method of measurement’ (4). The essential feature of a primary method is that it must operate according to a well-defined measurement equation in which all of the variables can be determined experimentally in terms of SI units. Any limitation in the determination of the experimental variables, or in the theory, must be included within the estimated uncertainty of the method if traceability to the SI is to be established. If a convention were used without an estimate of its uncertainty, true traceability to SI would not be established. The electrochemical cell without liquid junction, known as the Harned cell (5), fulfils the definition of a primary method for the measurement of the acidity function, p(aHγCl), and subsequently of the pH of buffer solutions. The Harned cell is written as Pt | H2 | buffer S, Cl- | AgCl | Ag

Cell I

and contains a standard buffer, S, with chloride ions, as potassium or sodium chloride, added in order to use the silver-silver chloride electrode as reference electrode. The application of the Nernst equation to the spontaneous cell reaction of Cell I:

8-32

p(aH γCl) = − lg(aHγCl) = (EI – Eo)/[(RT/F)ln10] + lg(mCl/mo) (4)

Cell Ia

The application of the Nernst equation to the HCl cell (Ia) gives EIa = Eo – (2RT /F)ln 10 lg[(mHCl/mo)(γ±HCl)]

(5)

where EIa has been corrected to 1 atmosphere partial pressure of hydrogen gas (101.325 kPa) and γ±HCl is the mean ionic activity coefficient of HCl. Values of the activity coefficient (γ±HCl) at molality 0.01 mol kg-1 and various temperatures were given by Bates and Robinson (6). The standard potential difference depends on the method of preparation of the electrodes, but individual determinations of the activity coefficient of HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 are more uniform than values of Eo. Hence the practical determination of the potential difference of the cell with HCl at 0.01 mol kg-1 is recommended at 298.15 K at which the mean ionic activity coefficient is 0.904. (It is unnecessary to repeat the measurement of Eo at other temperatures but simply to correct published smoothed values by the observed difference in E0 at 298.15 K) In national metrology institutes (NMIs), measurements of Cells I and Ia are often done simultaneously in a thermostat bath. Subtracting eqn.(5) from (3) gives ∆E = EI - EIa = − (RT /F)ln 10{lg[(mHγH/mo)(mClγCl/mo)] − lg[(mHCl/mo) 2γ2±HCl]}

(6)

which is independent of the standard potential difference. Therefore, the subsequently calculated pH does not depend on the standard potential difference and hence does not depend on the assumption that the standard potential of the hydrogen electrode is zero at all temperatures. Therefore, the Harned cell gives an exact comparison between hydrogen ion activities at different temperatures. The quantity p(aHγCl) = − lg (aHγCl), on the left hand side of (4), is called the acidity function (5). To obtain the quantity pH according to eqn. (2) from the acidity function, it is necessary to evaluate lg γCl independently. This is done in two steps: (i) the

8-33

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

value of lg (aHgCl) at zero chloride molality, lg (aHgCl)o, is evaluated and (ii) a value for the activity of the chloride ion goCl , at zero chloride molality (sometimes referred to as the limiting or ‘trace’ activity coefficient) is calculated using the Bates-Guggenheim convention (7). The value of lg (aHgCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1). The value of lg (aHgCl)o corresponding to zero chloride molality is determined by linear extrapolation of measurements using Harned cells with at least three added molalities of sodium or potassium chloride (I < 0.1 mol kg-1) in accord with eqn. (7): - lg (aHgCl) = - lg (aHgCl)o + SmCl

(7)

where S is an empirical, temperature dependent, constant. The Bates-Guggenheim convention (7) assumes that the trace activity coefficient of the chloride ion goCl is given by lg goCl = - A I 1/2 / ( 1 + Ba I 1/2)

(8)

where A is the Debye-Hückel temperature dependent constant (limiting slope), a is the mean distance of closest approach of the ions (ion size parameter), Ba is set equal to 1.5 (mol kg-1)-1/2 at all temperatures in the range 5-50 o C, and I is the ionic strength of the buffer (which for its evaluation requires knowledge of appropriate acid dissociation constants). The various stages in the assignment of primary standard pH values are combined in eqn. (9), which is derived from eqns. (4), (5) and (8) pH(PS) = lim mCl Æ 0 {(EI – Eo)/[(RT /F)ln 10] + lg (mCl/mo)} - AI1/2/[1 + 1.5 (I/mo)1/2] (9) In order for a particular buffer solution to be considered a primary buffer solution, it must be of the “highest metrological” quality (4) in accordance with the definition of a primary standard. It is recommended that it have the following attributes (9): 1. High buffer value in the range 0.016-0.07 (mol OH–)/ pH. 2. Small dilution value at half concentration (change in pH with change in buffer concentration) in the range 0.01-0.20. 3. Small dependence of pH on temperature less than ± 0.01 K-1. 4. Low residual liquid junction potential < 0.01 in pH. 5. Ionic strength ≤0.1 mol kg-1 to permit applicability of Bates-Guggenheim convention. 6. NMI certificate for specific batch. 7. Reproducible purity of preparation (lot to lot differences of |DpH(PS)| < 0.003). 8. Long term stability of stored solid material. Values for the above and other important parameters for the primary and secondary buffer materials are given in Table 1.

Primary Standard Buffers As there can be significant variations in the purity of samples of a buffer of the same nominal chemical composition, it is essential that the primary buffer material used has been certified with values that have been measured with Cell I. The Harned cell is used

by many national metrological institutes for accurate measurements of pH of buffer solutions. Typical values of the pH(PS) of the seven solutions from the six accepted primary standard reference buffers, which meet the conditions stated above, are listed in Table 2. Batch-to-batch variations in purity can result in changes in the pH value of samples of at most 0.003. The typical values in Table 2 should not be used in place of the certified value (from a Harned cell measurement) for a specific batch of buffer material. The required attributes listed above effectively limit the range of primary buffers available to between pH 3 and 10 (at 25 oC). Calcium hydroxide and potassium tetraoxalate are excluded because the contribution of hydroxide or hydrogen ions to the ionic strength is significant. Also excluded are the nitrogen bases of the type BH+ (such as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and piperazine phosphate) and the zwitterionic buffers (e.g. HEPES and MOPS (10)). These do not comply because either the Bates-Guggenheim convention is not applicable, or the liquid junction potentials are high. This means the choice of primary standards is restricted to buffers derived from oxy-carbon, -phosphorus, -boron and mono, di- and tri-protic carboxylic acids. The uncertainties (11) associated with Harned cell measurements are calculated (1) to be 0.004 in pH at NMIs, with typical variation between batches of primary standard buffers of 0.003.

Secondary Standards Substances that do not fulfil all the criteria for primary standards, but to which pH values can be assigned using Cell I are considered to be secondary standards (Table 3). Reasons for their exclusion as primary standards include difficulties in achieving consistent and suitable chemical quality (e.g. acetic acid is a liquid), suspected high liquid junction potential, or inappropriateness of the Bates-Guggenheim convention (e.g. other charge-type buffers). The uncertainty is higher (e.g. 0.01) for biological buffers. Certain other substances, which cannot be used in cells containing hydrogen gas electrodes, are also classed as secondary standards. Calibration Procedures (a) One-point calibration A single point calibration is insufficient to determine both slope and one-point parameters. The theoretical value for the slope can be assumed but the practical slope may be up to 5% lower. Alternatively, a value for the practical slope can be assumed from the manufacturer’s prior calibration. The one-point calibration therefore yields only an estimate of pH(X). Since both parameters may change with age of the electrodes, this is not a reliable procedure. (b) Two-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.02-0.03 at 25 oC] In the majority of practical applications, glass electrodes cells are calibrated by a two-point calibration, or bracketing, procedure using two standard buffer solutions, with pH values, pH(S1) and pH(S2), bracketing the unknown pH(X). Bracketing is often taken to mean that the pH(S1) and pH(S2) buffers selected from Table 2 should be those that are immediately above and below pH(X). This may not be appropriate in all situations and choice of a wider range may be better.

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

8-34

(c) Multi-point calibration [target uncertainty: 0.01-0.03 at 25 oC]. Multi-point calibration is carried out using up to five standard buffers . The use of more than five points yields no significant improvement in the statistical information obtainable. Details of uncertainty computations (11) have been given (1).

Measurement of pH and choice of pH Standard Solutions 1a) If pH is not required to better than ±0.05 any pH standard solution may be selected. 1b) If pH is required to ±0.002 and interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration or activity is desired, choose a standard solution, pH(PS), to match X as closely as possible in terms of pH, composition and ionic strength. 2) Alternatively, a bracketing procedure may be adopted whereby two standard solutions are chosen whose pH values, pH(S1), pH(S2) are on either side of pH(X). Then if the corresponding potential difference measurements are E(S1), E(S2), E(X), then pH(X) is obtained from pH(X) = pH(S1) + [E(X) - E(S1)]/ %k where %k = 100[E(S2) - E(S1)]/[pH(S2) - pH(S1)] is the apparent percentage slope. This procedure is very easily done on some pH meters simply by adjusting downwards the slope factor control with the electrodes in S2. The purpose of the bracketing procedure is to compensate for deficiencies in the electrodes and measuring system.

Information to be given about the measurement of pH(X) The standard solutions selected for calibration of the pH meter system should be reported with the measurement as follows: System calibrated with pH(S) = .... at ...K. System calibrated with two primary standards, pH(PS1) =.... and pH(PS2) =....at ....K. System calibrated with n standards, pH(S1) =.... , pH(S2) =.... etc. at....K.

Interpretation of pH(X) in terms of hydrogen ion concentration The defined pH has no simple interpretation in terms of hydrogen ion concentration but the mean ionic activity coefficient of a typical 1:1 electrolyte can be used to obtain hydrogen ion concentration subject to an uncertainty of 3.9% in concentration, corresponding to 0.02 in pH.

References 1. Buck, R.P., Rondinini, S., Covington, A.K., Baucke, F.G.K., Brett, C.M.A., Camoes, M.F.C., Milton, M.J.T., Mussini, T., Naumann, R., Pratt, K.W., Spitzer, P., and Wilson, G.S. Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 2105, 2002. 2. Sørensen, S.P.L. Comp. Rend.Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 8, 1, 1909. 3. Sørensen, S.P.L., and Linderstrøm-Lang, K.L., Comp. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 15, 1924. 4. BIPM, Com. Cons. Quantité de Matière 4, 1998. See also M.J.T. Milton and T.J. Quinn, Metrologia 38, 289, 2001. 5. Harned H.S., and Owen, B.B., The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions, Ch 14, Reinhold, New York, 1958. 6. Bates R.G., and Robinson, R.A., J. Soln. Chem. 9, 455, 1980. 7. Bates R.G., and Guggenheim, E.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 1, 163, 1960. 8. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), Beuth, Berlin, 2nd. Edn. 1994. 9. Bates, R.G. Determination of pH, Wiley, New York, 1973. 10. Good, N.E. et al., Biochem. J. 5, 467, 1966. 11. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty (GUM), BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, 1993.

TABLE 1. Summary of Useful Properties of Some Primary and Secondary Standard Buffer Substances and Solutions

Salt or solid substance

Formula

Molality/ mol kg-1

Molar mass/ g mol–1

Density/ g/mL

Amount Buffer pH b)/ Temperature conc. at Mass/g Dilution value (b 20oC/ to make value mol OH– coefficient/ DpH1/2 mol dm–3 1 dm3 dm-3 K–1

Potassium tetroxalate dihydrate

KH3C4O8◊2H2O

0.1

254.191

1.0091

0.09875

25.101

Potassium tetraoxalate dihydrate

KH3C4O8◊2H2O

0.05

254.191

1.0032

0.04965

12.620

0.186

0.070

0.001

Potassium hydrogen tartrate (sat at 25°C)

KHC4H4O6

0.0341

188.18

1.0036

0.034

6.4

0.049

0.027

- 0.0014

Potassium dihydrogen citrate

KH2C6H5O7

0.05

230.22

1.0029

0.04958

11.41

0.024

0.034

- 0.022

Potassium hydrogen phthalate

KHC8H4O4

0.05

204.44

1.0017

0.04958

10.12

0.052

0.016

0.00012

Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +

Na2HPO4

0.025

141.958

1.0038

0.02492

3.5379

0.080

0.029

- 0.0028

8-35

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

Salt or solid substance

Formula

Molality/ mol kg-1

Molar mass/ g mol–1

potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate

KH2PO4

0.025

136.085

Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate +

Na2HPO4

0.03043

141.959

potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate

KH2PO4

0.00869

136.085

Disodium tetraborate decahydrate

Na2B4O7◊10H2O

0.05

381.367

Disodium tetraborate decahydrate

Na2B4O7◊10H2O

0.01

Sodium hydrogen carbonate +

NaHCO3

sodium carbonate Calcium hydroxide (sat. at 25°C)

Density/ g/mL

Amount Buffer pH b)/ Temperature conc. at Mass/g Dilution value (b 20oC/ to make value mol OH– coefficient/ DpH1/2 mol dm–3 1 dm3 dm-3 K–1 3.3912

1.0020

0.08665

4.302

0.07

0.016

- 0.0028

0.03032

1.179

1.0075

0.04985

19.012

381.367

1.0001

0.00998

3.806

0.01

0.020

- 0.0082

0.025

84.01

1.0013

0.02492

2.092

0.079

0.029

-0.0096

Na2CO3

0.025

105.99

Ca(OH)2

0.0203

74.09

0.9991

0.02025

1.5

-0.28

0.09

-0.033

2.640

TABLE 2. Typical Values of pH(PS) for Primary Standards at 0–50°C Temperature in °C Primary standards (PS)

0

5

10

15

20

Sat. potassium hydrogen tartrate (at 25°C)

25

30

35

37

40

50

3.557

3.552

3.549

3.548

3.547

3.549

0.05 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen citrate

3.863

3.840

3.820

3.802

3.788

3.776

3.766

3.759

3.756

3.754

3.749

0.05 mol kg-1 potassium hydrogen phthalate

4.000

3.998

3.997

3.998

4.000

4.005

4.011

4.018

4.022

4.027

4.050

0.025 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.025 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate

6.984

6.951

6.923

6.900

6.881

6.865

6.853

6.844

6.841

6.838

6.833

0.03043 mol kg-1 disodium hydrogen phosphate + 0.008695 mol kg-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate

7.534

7.500

7.472

7.448

7.429

7.413

7.400

7.389

7.386

7.380

7.367

0.01 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate

9.464

9.395

9.332

9.276

9.225

9.180

9.139

9.102

9.088

9.068

9.011

10.317

10.245

10.179

10.118

10.062

10.012

9.966

9.926

9.910

9.889

9.828

-1

0.025 mol kg sodium hydrogen carbonate + 0.025 mol kg-1 sodium carbonate

pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions

8-36

TABLE 3. Values of pH(SS) of Some Secondary Standards from Harned Cell I Measurements Temperature in °C Secondary standards 0.05 mol kg-1 potassium tetroxalatea 0.05 mol kg-1 sodium hydrogen diglycolateb 0.1 mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate mol dm-3 acetic acid + 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium acetate 0.02 mol kg-1 piperazine phosphate c 0.05 mol kg-1 tris hydrochloride + 0.01667 mol kg-1 tris c 0.05 mol kg-1 disodium tetraborate Saturated (at 25 oC) calcium hydroxide a b c

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

37

40

50

1.67 4.68

1.67 3.47 4.67

1.67 3.47 4.67

1.67 3.48 4.66

1.68 3.48 4.66

1.68 3.49 4.65

1.68 3.50 4.65

1.69 3.52 4.66

1.69 3.53 4.66

1.71 3.56 4.68

4.74

4.73

4.73

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.72

4.73

4.73

4.75

6.58 8.47

6.51 8.30

6.45 8.14

6.39 7.99

6.34 7.84

6.29 7.70

6.24 7.56

6.16 7.38

6.14 7.31

6.06 7.07

9.51 13.42

9.43 13.21

9.36 13.00

9.30 12.81

9.25 12.63

9.19 12.45

9.15 12.29

9.09 12.07

9.07 11.98

9.01 11.71

Potassium trihydrogen dioxalate (KH3C4O8) Sodium hydrogen 2,2’-oxydiacetate 2-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3 propanediol or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

PRACTICAL pH MEASUREMENTS ON NATURAL WATERS A. K. Covington and W. Davison (1) Dilute solutions and freshwater including ‘acid-rain’ samples (I < 0.02 mol kg-1) Major problems could be encountered due to errors associated with the liquid junction. It is recommended that either a free diffusion junction is used or it is verified that the junction is working correctly using dilute solutions as follows. For commercial electrodes calibrated with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards, the pH(X) of dilute solutions should be within ±0.02 of those given in Table 1. The difference in determined pH(X) between a stirred and unstirred dilute solution should be < 0.02. The characteristics of glass electrodes are such that below pH 5 the readings should be stable within 2 min, but for pH 5 to 8.8 or so minutes may be necessary to attain stability. Interpretation of pH(X) measured in this way in terms of activity of hydrogen ion, aH+ is subject1 to an uncertainty of ±0.02 in pH. (2) Seawater Measurements made by calibration of electrodes with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards to obtain pH(X) are perfectly valid. However, the interpretation of pH(X) in terms of the activity of hydrogen ion is complicated by the non zero residual liquid junction potential as well as by systematic differences between electrode pairs, principally attributable to the reference electrode. For 35‰ salinity seawater (S = 0.035) aH+ calculated from pH(X) is typically 12% too low. Special seawater pH scales have been devised to overcome this problem: (i) The total hydrogen ion scale, pHT, is defined in terms of the sum of free and complexed (total) hydrogen ion concentrations, where T

CH = [H+] + [HSO4-] + [HF]. So, pHT = - log TCH

Calibration of the electrodes with a buffer having a composition similar to that of seawater, to which pHT has been assigned, results in values of pHT(X) (Tables 2, 3) which are accurately interpretable in terms of TCH. (ii) The free hydrogen ion scale, pHF, is defined, and fully interpretable, in terms of the concentration of free hydrogen ions. pHF = - log [H+]

Values of pHF as a function of temperature have been assigned to the same set of pHT seawater buffers,and so alternatively can be used for calibration (Tables 2, 3) 2,3 (3) Estuarine water Prescriptions for seawater scale buffers are available for a range of salinities. Reliable estuarine pH measurements can be made by calibrating with a buffer of the same salinity as the sample. However, these buffers are difficult to prepare and their use presumes prior knowledge of salinity of the sample. Interpretable measurements of estuarine pH can be made by calibration with IUPAC aqueous RVS or PS standards if the electrode pair is additionally calibrated using a 20‰ salinity seawater buffer.4 The difference between the assigned pHSWS of the seawater buffer and its measured pH(X) value using RVS or PS standards is ∆pH = pHSWS - pH(X) Values of ∆pH should be in the range of 0.08 to 0.18. It empirically corrects for differences between the two pH scales and for measurement errors associated with the electrode pair. The pH(X) of samples measured using IUPAC aqueous buffers, can be converted to pHT or pHF using the appropriate measured ∆pH: pHT = pH(X) - ∆pH or pHF = pH(X) - ∆pH This simple procedure is appropriate to pH measurement at salinities from 2‰ to 35‰. For salinities lower than 2‰ the procedures for freshwaters should be adopted.

References 1. Davison, W. and Harbinson, T. R., Analyst, 113, 709, 1988. 2. Culberson, C. H., in Marine Electrochemistry, Whitfield, M. and Jagner, D., Eds., Wiley, 1981. 3. Millero, F. J., Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 839, 1986. 4. Covington, A. K., Whalley, P. D., Davison, W., and Whitfield, M., in The Determination of Trace Metals in Natural Waters, West, T. S. and Nurnberg, H. W., Eds., Blackwell, Oxford, 1988. 5. Koch, W. F., Marinenko, G., and Paule, R. C., J. Res. NBS, 91, 33, 1986.

8-37

Section 8.indb 37

4/30/05 8:46:41 AM

Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters

8-38

TABLE 1. pH of Dilute Solutions at 25°C, Degassed and Equilibrated with Air, Suitable as Quality Control Standards Potassium hydrogen phthalate xKH2PO4 + xNa2HPO4 xKH2PO4 + 3.5xNa2HPO4 Na2B4O7 ⋅ 10H2O HCl SRM2694-Ia SRM2694-IIa

Ionic strength mmol kg–1 10.7 1.1 9.9 10 10 0.1 — —

Concentration(x) mmol kg–1 10 1 2.5 0.87 5 0.1 — —

pH pCO2 = 0

4.12 4.33 7.07 7.61 9.20 4.03 4.30 3.59

pH pCO2 = air 4.12 4.33 7.05 7.58 — 4.03 — —

Note: The pH of solutions near to pH 4 is virtually independent of temperature over the range of 5 to 30°C. a Simulated rainwater samples are available (Reference 5) from NIST containing sulfate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Solute NaCl Na2SO4 KCl CaCl2 MgCl2 Tris Tris ⋅ HCl

TABLE 2. Composition of Seawater Buffer of Salinity S = 35‰ at 25°C (Reference 3) mol dm–3 0.3666 0.02926 0.01058 0.01077 0.05518 0.06 0.06

mol kg–1 0.3493 0.02788 0.01008 0.01026 0.05258 0.05717 0.05717

g kg–1 20.416 3.96 0.752 1.139 5.006 6.926 9.010

g dm–3 20.946 4.063 0.772 1.169 5.139 7.106 9.244

Tris = tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (HOCH2)3CNH2. A 20‰ buffer is made by diluting the 35‰ in the ratio 20:35.

TABLE 3. Assigned Values of 20‰ and 35‰ Buffers on Free and Total Hydrogen Ion Scales. Calculated from Equations Provided by Millero (Reference 3) Temp (°C) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Section 8.indb 38

pHT S = 20‰ 8.683 8.513 8.351 8.195 8.045 7.901 7.762

pHT S = 35‰ 8.718 8.542 8.374 8.212 8.057 7.908 7.764

pHF S = 20‰ 8.759 8.597 8.442 8.292 8.149 8.011 7.879

pHF S = 35‰ 8.81 8.647 8.491 8.341 8.197 8.059 7.926

4/30/05 8:46:41 AM

Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C pH 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20

pH 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00 9.10

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J.

F

A

x 67.0 52.8 42.5 33.6 26.6 20.7 16.2 13.0 10.2 8.1 6.5 5.10 3.9

x 20.5 19.7 18.8 17.7 16.6 15.2 13.5 11.6 9.6 7.1 4.6 2.0

pH 9.20 9.30 9.40 9.50 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80

pH 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00

G

B

x 0.9 3.6 6.2 8.8 11.1 13.1 15.0 16.7 18.3 19.5 20.5 21.3 22.1 22.7 23.3 23.8 24.25

x 49.5 45.8 42.2 38.8 35.4 32.1 28.9 25.7 22.3 18.8 15.7 12.9 10.4 8.2 6.3 4.5 2.9 1.4 0.1

pH 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.20 5.30 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90

pH 9.60 9.70 9.80 9.90 10.00 10.10 10.20 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 10.80 10.90 11.00

H

C

x 1.3 3.0 4.7 6.6 8.7 11.1 13.6 16.5 19.4 22.6 25.5 28.8 31.6 34.1 36.6 38.8 40.6 42.3 43.7

x 5.0 6.2 7.6 9.1 10.7 12.2 13.8 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.2 22.0 22.7

pH 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00

pH 10.90 11.00 11.10 11.20 11.30 11.40 11.50 11.60 11.70 11.80 11.90 12.00

D

I

x 3.6 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.1 9.7 11.6 13.9 16.4 19.3 22.4 25.9 29.1 32.1 34.7 37.0 39.1 40.9 42.4 43.5 44.5 45.3 46.1

x 3.3 4.1 5.1 6.3 7.6 9.1 11.1 13.5 16.2 19.4 23.0 26.9

pH 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 7.80 7.90 8.00 8.10 8.20 8.30 8.40 8.50 8.60 8.70 8.80 8.90 9.00

pH 12.00 12.10 12.20 12.30 12.40 12.50 12.60 12.70 12.80 12.90 13.00

E

x 46.6 45.7 44.7 43.4 42.0 40.3 38.5 36.6 34.5 32.0 29.2 26.2 22.9 19.9 17.2 14.7 12.2 10.3 8.5 7.0 5.7

J

x 6.0 8.0 10.2 12.8 16.2 20.4 25.6 32.2 41.2 53.0 66.0

25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium hydrogen phthalate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar potassium dihydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.1 molar tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane + x ml of 0.1 M HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar HCl. 50 ml of 0.025 molar borax + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar sodium bicarbonate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 50 ml of 0.05 molar disodium hydrogen phosphate + x ml of 0.1 molar NaOH. 25 ml of 0.2 molar KCl + x ml of 0.2 molar NaOH.

Final volume of mixtures = 100 ml.

References 1. Bower, V. E., and Bates, R. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 197, 1955 (A–D). 2. Bates, R. G., and Bower, V. E., Anal. Chem., 28, 1322, 1956 (E–J).



8-39

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES The data in this table are presented as values of pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction

can be calculated from the equation OH−   NH 4 +    K b = K water /K a =  [ NH 3 ]

BH  B– + H+ Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from H+  B−  Ka =     [ BH ] In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system

where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that pKa + pKb = pKwater. All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabetically by compound name.

Reference 1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982.

NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH– Name Aluminum(III) ion Ammonia Arsenic acid

Formula Al+3 NH3 H3AsO4

Arsenious acid Barium(II) ion Boric acid

H2AsO3 Ba+2 H3BO3

Calcium(II) ion Carbonic acid

Ca+2 H2CO3

Chlorous acid Chromic acid

HClO2 H2CrO4

Cyanic acid Germanic acid

HCNO H2GeO3

Hydrazine Hydrazoic acid Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenide

N2H4 HN3 HCN HF H2O2 H2Se

Hydrogen sulfide

H2S

Hydrogen telluride

H2Te

Hydroxylamine Hypobromous acid Hypochlorous acid Hypoiodous acid Iodic acid Lithium ion Magnesium(II) ion Nitrous acid Perchloric acid Periodic acid Phosphoric acid

NH2OH HBrO HClO HIO HIO3 Li+ Mg+2 HNO2 HClO4 HIO4 H3PO4

Step

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25

pKa 5.0 9.25 2.26 6.76 11.29 9.29 13.4 9.27 >14 12.6 6.35 10.33 1.94 0.74 6.49 3.46 9.01 12.3 8.1 4.6 9.21 3.20 11.62 3.89 11.0 7.05 19 2.6 11 5.94 8.55 7.40 10.5 0.78 13.8 11.4 3.25 -1.6 1.64 2.16

8-40

Section 8.indb 40

4/30/05 8:46:44 AM

Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Name

Section 8.indb 41

Formula

Phosphorous acid

H3PO3

Pyrophosphoric acid

H4P2O7

Selenic acid Selenious acid

H2SeO4 H2SeO3

Silicic acid

H4SiO4

Sodium ion Strontium(II) ion Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid

Na+ Sr+2 NH2SO3H H2SO4 H2SO3

Telluric acid

H2TeO4

Tellurous acid

H2TeO3

Tetrafluoroboric acid Thiocyanic acid Water

HBF4 HSCN H2O

8-41 Step 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 7.21 12.32 1.3 6.70 0.91 2.10 6.70 9.32 1.7 2.62 8.32 9.9 11.8 12 12 14.8 13.2 1.05 1.99 1.85 7.2 7.68 11.0 6.27 8.43 0.5 –1.8 13.995

4/30/05 8:46:45 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction

⇌ BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25 °C)



Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.

References

HA ⇌ H+ + A-

i.e.,

Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] – log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+ ⇌ H+ + B



In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O Mol. form. CHNO CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH3NS2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O3 C2H2O4

Name Cyanic acid Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Carbamodithioic acid Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid

C2H3BrO2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3IO2 C2H3NO4 C2H3N3 C2H3N3 C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2S C2H4O3 C2H5N

Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoacetic acid Nitroacetic acid 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid Ethyleneimine

8-42

Step

1 2

t/°C 25 29 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 3.7 1.1 13.27 3.75 10.21 2.95 0.10 -1 15.5 10.33 10.66 12.5 13.6 10.04 0.66 0.52 1.35 3.18 1.25 3.81 2.90 2.87 12.24 2.59 12.37 3.18 1.48 1.17 2.27 5.34 13.57 3.33 4.756 3.68 3.83 8.04

1. Perrin, D. D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E. P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A. R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D. D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E. P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. O’Neil, M.J., Ed., The Merck Index, 14th Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 2006. Mol. form. C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2

Name Acetamide Acetohydroxamic acid Nitroethane Glycine

C2H6N2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H7AsO2

Ethanimidamide Ethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol Ethyleneglycol Dimethylarsinic acid

C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7NO3S

Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine

C2H7NS

2-Aminoethanesulfonic   acid Cysteamine

C2H7N5

Biguanide

C2H8N2

1,2-Ethanediamine

C2H8O7P2

1-Hydroxy-1,1  diphosphonoethane

C3H2O2 C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3

2-Propynoic acid Oxazole Isoxazole Cyanoacetic acid Thiazole Cyanuric acid

C3H4N2 C3H4N2

1H-Pyrazole Imidazole

Step

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 33 25 25 25

25 25

pKa 15.1 8.70 8.46 2.35 9.78 12.1 15.5 9.72 15.1 1.57 6.27 10.65 10.73 9.50 1.5 9.06 8.27 10.53 11.52 2.93 9.92 6.86 1.35 2.87 7.03 11.3 1.84 0.8 -2.0 2.47 2.52 6.88 11.40 13.5 2.49 6.99

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C3H4N2S C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H4O4

Name 2-Thiazolamine Propargyl alcohol Acrylic acid Pyruvic acid Malonic acid

C3H4O5

Hydroxypropanedioic   acid 3-Bromopropanoic acid 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Aminopropanenitrile

C3H5BrO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H6N2 C3H6N6 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O4 C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6  triamine Allyl alcohol Propanoic acid (Methylthio)acetic acid Lactic acid 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine Azetidine 2-Propanone oxime L-Alanine

C3H7NO2

β-Alanine

C3H7NO2

Sarcosine

C3H7NO2S

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO3

L-Serine

C3H7NO5S

DL-Cysteic acid

C3H7N3O2 C3H8O2

Glycocyamine

C3H8O3 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H10N2

Ethylene glycol   monomethyl ether Glycerol Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

C3H10N2

1,3-Propanediamine

C3H10N2O

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

C3H11N3

1,2,3-Triaminopropane

C4H4FN3O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5

Flucytosine Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Alloxanic acid

Step

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25 20 25

pKa 5.36 13.6 4.25 2.39 2.85 5.70 2.42 4.54 4.00 2.83 3.98 7.80 5.00

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

15.5 4.87 3.66 3.86 4.51 3.52 9.49 11.29 12.42 2.34 9.87 3.55 10.24 2.21 10.1 1.5 8.7 10.2 2.19 9.21 1.3 1.9 8.70 2.82 14.8

25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

14.15 10.54 10.63 9.80 9.40 4.65 9.82 6.61 10.55 8.88 9.69 7.93 9.59 7.95 3.26 0.65 1.23 2.24 9.45 4.01 6.64

20 20 20 25 25 25

8-43 Mol. form. C4H4N4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4

Name 5-Nitropyrimidinamine 2-Butynoic acid Maleic acid

C4H4O4

Fumaric acid

C4H4O5

Oxaloacetic acid

C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H5N3O

Pyrrole Succinimide 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Cytosine

C4H5N3O2 C4H6N2 C4H6N4O3 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4

6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine  3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1-Methylimidazol Allantoin Acetazolamide trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-Oxobutanoic acid Acetoacetic acid Succinic acid

C4H6O4

Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O5

Malic acid

C4H6O6

DL-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

meso-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

L-Tartaric acid

C4H6O8 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4

Dihydroxytartaric acid 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Cyanobutanoic acid N-Acetylglycine Iminodiacetic acid

C4H7NO4

L-Aspartic acid

C4H7N3O

Creatinine

C4H7N5 C4H8N2O3

2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

N-Glycylglycine

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9N

Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethoxyacetic acid Pyrrolidine

Step

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20

pKa 0.35 2.62 1.92 6.23 3.02 4.38 2.55 4.37 13.03 -3.8 9.62 3.45 5.71 4.60 12.16 7.6

25 25

6.95 8.96 7.2 4.69 4.34 4.83 2.50 3.6 4.21 5.64 3.07 5.76 3.40 5.11 3.03 4.37 3.17 4.91 2.98 4.34 1.92 2.86 4.05 4.52 2.42 3.67 2.98 9.89 1.99 3.90 9.90 4.8 9.2 6.84 2.1 8.80 3.14 8.17 4.83 4.84 4.70 4.72 3.65 11.31

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-44 Mol. form. C4H9NO C4H9NO2

Name Morpholine 2-Methylalanine

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

N,N-Dimethylglycine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

4-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2S

DL-Homocysteine

C4H9NO3

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3

L-Homoserine

C4H9N3O2

Creatine

C4H10N2

Piperazine

C4H10N2O2

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10O4 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO3

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine

C4H12N2

Tris(hydroxymethyl)   methylamine 1,4-Butanediamine

C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N4

3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1H-Purine

C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S

Hypoxanthine Allopurinol Uric acid

C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N C5H5NO

1,7-Dihydro-6H  purine-6-thione 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid Pyridine 2-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

3-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

4-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

2(1H)-Pyridinone

C5H5NO C5H5NO2

Pyridine-1-oxide 1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic   acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 12

25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20

pKa 8.50 2.36 10.21 9.89 2.29 9.83 4.031 10.556 2.22 8.87 10.86 2.09 9.10 2.71 9.62 2.63 14.3 9.73 5.33 1.85 8.24 10.44 13.9 10.60 10.56 10.68 10.84 8.3 10.80 9.63 2.84 0.49 2.81 3.83 -0.44 1.61 2.30 8.96 8.7 10.2 3.89 7.77 11.17 3.49 4.1 3.16 3.9 5.23 0.75 11.65 4.79 8.75 3.20 11.12 0.75 11.65 0.79 4.45

Mol. form. C5H5NO2 C5H5N3O C5H5N5

Name

1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic   acid Pyrazinecarboxamide Adenine

C5H5N5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4

Guanine 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine 2-Methylpyrazine Thymine

C5H6O4

trans-1-Propene-1,2  dicarboxylic acid

C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7NO3

1,1-Cyclopropanedi  carboxylic acid

1-Propene-2,3  dicarboxylic acid 2-Oxoglutaric acid

C5H7NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3O4 C5H8N2 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H8O4

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4  oxazolidinedione L-Pyroglutamic acid 2,5-Pyridinediamine Methylaminopyrazine Azaserine 2,4-Dimethylimidazole Methazolamide trans-3-Pentenoic acid Dimethylmalonic acid Glutaric acid

C5H8O4

Methylsuccinic acid

C5H9NO2

L-Proline

C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic   acid trans-4-Hydroxyproline

C5H9NO4

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9N3

Histamine

C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2O3

Glycylalanine L-Glutamine

C5H10N2O4

Glycylserine

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2

Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid D-2-Deoxyribose L-Ribose D-Xylose Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine L-Valine

Step

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20

pKa 5.00

40 20 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 37

0.5 4.3 9.83 9.92 6.82 6.04 9.11 1.45 9.94 1.82 7.43 3.09 4.75 3.85 5.45 2.47 4.68 6.13

25 20 25 25

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25

3.32 6.48 3.39 8.55 8.36 7.30 4.51 3.15 4.32 5.42 4.13 5.64 1.95 10.64 4.05 8.90 1.82 9.66 2.13 4.31 9.67 6.04 9.75 3.15 2.17 9.13 2.98 8.38 4.83 4.80 4.77 5.03 12.61 12.22 12.14 11.123 10.46 7.38 2.29 9.74

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C5H11NO2

Name DL-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

L-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

N-Propylglycine

C5H11NO2

5-Aminopentanoic acid

C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S

Betaine L-Methionine

C5H12N2O C5H12N2O2

Tetramethylurea L-Ornithine

C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H14NO C5H14N2

Pentylamine 3-Pentanamine 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Diethylmethylamine Choline 1,5-Pentanediamine

C6H3Cl3N2O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4Cl2O C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5Br2N C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2

4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro  2-pyridinecarboxlic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,5-Dinitrophenol Pteridine 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichloroaniline 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N5O

2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole

C6H5N5O2

2-Amino-4  hydroxypteridine Xanthopterin

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 2

t/°C

25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 19 25 25 25 25 25

24 25 25 15 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 0 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

pKa 2.36 9.72 2.32 9.81 2.35 10.19 4.27 10.77 1.83 2.13 9.27 2 1.71 8.69 10.76 10.63 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.15 10.35 13.9 10.05 10.93 3.6 0.42 7.44 4.07 5.15 4.05 8.45 9.03 9.37 2.34 8.56 9.12 9.41 2.05 8.73 9.29 9.89 8.51 9.03 9.33 12.68 12.05 3.98 0.99 5.39 2.00 4.82 1.77 4.84 7.23 8.36 7.15 1.6 2.27 7.96 6.59

8-45 Mol. form. C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O

Name 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 3-Pyridinecarboxamide

C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2

2-Pyridinecarbox  aldehyde oxime 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone

C6H6O2

Pyrocatechol

C6H6O2

Resorcinol

C6H6O2S C6H6O3S C6H6O4

Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfonic acid

C6H6O4S C6H6O4S C6H6O6 C6H6O6

1 2 1 2 1 2

3-Hydroxybenzene  sulfonic acid 4-Hydroxybenzene  sulfonic acid cis-1-Propene-1,2,3  tricarboxylic acid

C6H6S C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO

3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO3S

2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine

C6H7NO3S

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic   acid

C6H8N2 C6H8N2

1 2

5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxy  methyl)-4H-pyran-4-one

trans-1-Propene-1,2,3  tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Benzeneboronic acid Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO3S

Step 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic   acid

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic   acid N-Methylpyridinamine o-Phenylenediamine

1

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25

pKa 9.31 2.53 3.53 3.89 2.66 3.52 3.98 3.20 3.59 4.65 2.54 3.58 3.81 3.3 3.59 10.18 -0.25 2.46 1.02 9.99 9.85 11.4 9.34 12.6 9.32 11.1 1.3 0.70 7.9

25

9.07

25

9.11

25

1.95

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25

2.80 4.46 6.62 8.83 4.87 6.00 5.70 5.99 4.78 9.97 4.37 9.82 5.48 10.30 3.28 4.78 6.58 2.46

25

3.74

25

3.23

20 20

9.65 4.57

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-46 Mol. form.

Name

C6H8N2

m-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

p-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4

Phenylhydrazine 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedione

C6H8O6

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3  dioxane-4,6-dione L-Ascorbic acid

C6H8O7

Citric acid

C6H8O7

Isocitric acid

C6H9NO6

Nitrilotriacetic acid

C6H9NO6

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

C6H9N3

4,6-Dimethylpyrimi  dinamine L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11NO2

Cyclopentanecarboxylic   acid Ethyl acetoacetate 3-Methylglutaric acid Adipic acid

C6H11NO3 C6H11NO4

2-Piperidinecarboxylic   acid Adipamic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid

C6H11N3O4

N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine

C6H11N3O4

Glycylasparagine

C6H12N2

Triethylenediamine

C6H12N2O4S2

L-Cystine

C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO

Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid β-D-Fructose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine N-Ethylmorpholine

Step 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 20 20 20 20 15 25 25

pKa 0.80 5.11 2.50 6.31 2.97 8.79 4.76 5.26 5.1

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20

4.04 11.7 3.13 4.76 6.40 3.29 4.71 6.40 3.03 3.07 10.70 1.7 3.2 4.75 9.9 4.82

1 2 3

25 25 25 25

1.80 6.04 9.33 4.99

25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18

10.68 4.24 4.41 5.41 2.28 10.72 4.63 2.14 4.21 9.77 3.225 8.09 2.942 8.44 3.0 8.7 1 2.1 8.02 8.71 4.85 4.84 12.27 12.46 12.08 10.64 10.38 10.20 7.67

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

25 18 25 25 25 25 25 26 25

Mol. form. C6H13NO2

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2

L-Norleucine

C6H13NO2

6-Aminohexanoic acid

C6H13NO4

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxy  ethyl)glycine Citrulline

C6H13N3O3 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2

Name

cis-1,2-Cyclohexane  diamine trans-1,2-Cyclohexane  diamine

C6H14N2O2

cis-2,5-Dimethyl  piperazine L-Lysine

C6H14N4O2

L-Arginine

C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H16N2

D-Mannitol Hexylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine

C6H16N2

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl  1,2-ethanediamine Hexamethyldisilazane Pentafluorobenzoic acid

C6H19NSi2 C7HF5O2 C7H3Br2NO C7H3N3O8 C7H4Cl3NO3 C7H4N2O6 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5F3O C7H5F3O C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO3S C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

3,5-Dibromo-4  hydroxybenzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Triclopyr 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile Saccharin 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

pKa 2.33 9.74 2.32 9.76 2.34 9.83 4.37 10.80 8.35

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 0 0 25 25

2.43 9.69 9.93 6.13 9.94 6.47 9.66 5.20 2.16 9.06 10.54 1.82 8.99 12.5 13.5 10.56 11.05 10.75 7.76 11.86 10.76 10.40 8.26 7.55 1.75 4.06

1 2 1 2

25

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25

0.65 2.68 1.43 2.85 3.81 3.96 2.90 3.84 4.00 3.27 3.86 4.15 8.95 8.68 2.86 3.87 4.00 6.86 8.61 7.97 11.68 2.17 3.46 3.43

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

Name

2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic   acid 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic   acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic   acid 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic   acid Chlorothiazide

C7H6ClN3O4S2 C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3

3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O4

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O5

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O5 C7H7NO C7H7NO2

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic   acid Benzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO3 C7H8ClN3O4S2

4-Amino-2-hydroxy  benzoic acid Hydrochlorothiazide

C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8OS C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8S C7H9N

Theobromine Theophylline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 4-(Methylthio)phenol 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Benzenemethanethiol Benzylamine

Step 1 2 1

t/°C 25 25 25

pKa 2.43 4.78 2.15

1 2 1

25 25 25

2.16 4.76 2.80

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

6.85 9.45 3.49 2.45 5.53 0.77 2.75 1.74 14.90 4.204 8.37 8.98 7.61 2.98 13.6 4.08 9.92 4.57 9.46 3.11 8.55 14.0 2.97 4.48 8.83 12.6 4.04 1.68

25

4.41

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

˜13 2.17 4.85 3.07 4.79 2.50 4.87 3.25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic   acid

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1

18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

7.9 9.2 7.89 8.77 10.29 10.09 10.26 9.53 9.98 9.65 10.21 9.43 9.34

8-47 Mol. form. C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NS C7H9NS C7H9N5

Name 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 2-Methoxyaniline 3-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline 2-Dimethylaminopurine

C7H11N3O2

L-1-Methylhistidine

C7H11N3O2

L-3-Methylhistidine

C7H12O2 C7H12O4

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid

C7H12O4 C7H13NO4

Butylpropanedioic acid α-Ethylglutamic acid

C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15N C7H15N C7H15NO3 C7H17N C7H17N C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N4O5 C8H6O3 C8H6O3 C8H6O4

Heptanoic acid α-Methylglucoside 1-Ethylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,(±) Carnitine Heptylamine 2-Heptanamine 3-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobenzoic acid Cinnoline Quinazoline Quinoxaline Phthalazine Nitrofurantoin 3-Formylbenzoic acid 4-Formylbenzoic acid Phthalic acid

C8H6O4

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4

Terephthalic acid

C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H8F3N3O4S2

2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid Hydroflumethiazide

Step

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 19 25 25 20 29 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 4.45 4.71 5.08 4.85 5.89 6.57 6.99 6.40 6.65 6.46 6.15 4.53 4.20 5.36 3.45 4.35 4.00 10.24 1.69 6.48 8.85 1.92 6.56 8.73 4.91 4.71 5.58 2.96 3.846 7.838 4.89 13.71 10.45 10.22 3.80 10.67 10.7 3.60 3.55 2.37 3.43 0.56 3.47 7.2 3.84 3.77 2.943 5.432 3.70 4.60 3.54 4.34 4.07 4.14 4.19 3.05 3.10 4.00 3.97 3.85 8.9

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-48 Mol. form. C8H8N2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O4 C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10BrN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10N2O2

Name 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 2-Methoxybenzoic acid 3-Methoxybenzoic acid 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Phenoxyacetic acid Mandelic acid

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 9.7 6.19 3.91 4.25 4.37 4.31 10.06 9.19 8.05 4.08 4.10 4.50 3.17 3.37 4.40

25 25

0.5 5.34

C9H6BrN C9H7ClO2

3-Bromoquinoline

25

5.10

C9H7ClO2

25

5.04

C9H7ClO2

trans-m-Chlorocinnamic   acid

25 25

1.83 4.39 4.23

C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO

trans-p-Chlorocinnamic   acid Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol

20

3.83

C9H7NO

3-Quinolinol

20

4.39

C9H7NO

4-Quinolinol

25

2.62

C9H7NO

6-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

7-Isoquinolinol

1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25

C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7N7O2S C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2

2-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 3-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 4-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid Azathioprine 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid

25 25

5.12 5.07 3.89 9.83 7.43 4.43 4.18 5.20 9.74 10.52 5.5 8.9 10.6 8.64 9.70 6.70 10.76 2.13 7.43 5.15

C9H7NO

1 2

25 25 25 25 25 28 25 28 25 25

25 15 15 25 25

6.84 5.4 4.52 3.80 3.80 3.18 3.25

2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid Acetanilide 2-(Methylamino)benzoic   acid 3-(Methylamino)benzoic   acid 4-(Methylamino)benzoic   acid N-Phenylglycine 4-Bromo-N,N  dimethylaniline

1 2

3-Chloro-N,N  dimethylaniline 4-Chloro-N,N  dimethylaniline

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO

N,N-Dimethyl-3  nitroaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Ethoxyaniline 3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

C8H11NO C8H11NO2

2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Dopamine

C8H11NO3

Norepinephrine

C8H11N3O6 C8H11N5

6-Azauridine Phenylbiguanide

C8H12N2O3 C8H12O2

Barbital

C8H13NO2 C8H14O2S2 C8H14O4 C8H15NO C8H15NO C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3

Step 2 1

5,5-Dimethyl-1,3  cyclohexanedione Arecoline Thioctic acid Octanedioic acid Tropine Pseudotropine N-Glycylleucine N-Leucylglycine

1 2

1

1

t/°C

Mol. form.

Name

C8H16N2O4S2

Homocystine

C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO

Octanoic acid 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylpiperidine,(S) 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine

C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2

C9H8O4 C9H9Br2NO3 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9I2NO3

trans-6-Propyl-3  piperidinol,(3S) Octylamine N-Methyl-2-heptanamine Dibutylamine 1,8-Octanediamine

Step 2 1 2 3 4

30

1 2

trans-o-Chlorocinnamic   acid

α-Methylenebenezene  acetic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)  propanoic acid

1

pKa 8.2 1.59 2.54 8.52 9.44 4.89 4.6 10.9 11.04 10.3

25 17 21 20 20 25 25

10.65 10.99 11.25 11.00 10.1 2.69 4.23

25

4.29

25

4.41

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25

4.90 5.40 -0.31 11.76 4.28 8.08 2.23 11.28 5.15 8.90 4.91 9.81 5.68 8.90 2.98 3.03 2.93 8.2 7.34 4.91 9.17 7.62 5.05 3.88 4.44 4.35

20 20 20 20 20 25 25

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)  propanoic acid

3-(4-Chlorophenyl)  propanoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

25

3.48 2.17 6.45 7.60 4.58

25

4.59

25

4.61

25

2.12

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4

N-Benzoylglycine

C9H9NO4

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)  propanoic acid Carbendazim Sulfathiazole L-3-Iodotyrosine

C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2S2 C9H10INO3 C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)  propanoic acid

2-Ethylbenzimidazole 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Hydroxy-α-methyl  benezeneacetic acid Methylclothiazide N-Allylaniline 1-Indanamine

C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C9H11N C9H11N C9H11NO2 4-(Dimethylamino)  benzoic acid Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate C9H11NO2 L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO4

Levodopa

C9H12N2O2 C9H13N C9H13NO3

Tyrosineamide N-Isopropylaniline Epinephrine

C9H13N2O9P

5’-Uridylic acid

C9H13N3O5

Cytidine

C9H14ClNO C9H14N2O3 C9H14N3O8P

Phenylpropanolamine   hydrochloride Metharbital 3’-Cytidylic acid

C9H14N4O3

Carnosine

C9H15NO3S

Captopril

C9H15N5O C9H16O4

Minoxidil Nonanedioic acid

C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N

Nonanoic acid N-Butylpiperidine

C9H21N C10H7NO2

Step 2 3

2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl  piperidine Nonylamine 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25

pKa 5.32 9.48 3.62 4.50

25

4.47

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

4.48 7.2 2.2 8.7 9.1 6.18 4.32 4.66 4.64 3.47

25 22

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

9.4 4.17 9.21 6.03 11.49 2.5 2.20 9.31 2.20 9.11 10.1 2.32 8.72 9.96 11.79 7.33 5.77 8.66 9.95 6.4 9.5 4.22 12.5 9.44

25 25 25 23 25

8.45 0.8 4.28 6.0 2.73 6.87 9.73 3.7 9.8 4.61 4.53 5.33 4.96 10.47 11.07

25 25

10.64 1.82

20 20 20

8-49 Mol. form. C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O

Name 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 5-Methylquinoline 5-Amino-1-naphthol 6-Methoxyquinoline 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid o-Methylcinnamic acid m-Methylcinnamic acid p-Methylcinnamic acid Tryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine

C10H12N2O5 C10H12N4O3 C10H12O

Dinoseb Dideoxyinosine

C10H12O2 C10H12O5 C10H13N5O4 C10H14N2

L-Nicotine

C10H14N5O7P

5’-Adenylic acid

C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H17N3O6S

2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-tert-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline d-Ephedrine l-Ephedrine l-Glutathione

C10H18N4O5

L-Argininosuccinic acid

C10H18O4

Sebacic acid

C10H19N C10H19N C10H21N C10H21N

Bornylamine Neobornylamine Butylcyclohexylamine

C11H8O2 C11H11N C11H12I3NO2 C11H12N2O2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethyl  piperidine Decylamine 1H-Perimidine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic   acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic   acid Methyl-1-naphthylamine Iopanoic acid L-Tryptophan

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2  naphthalenol Benzenebutanoic acid Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxy  benzoate Adenosine

C10H23N C11H8N2 C11H8O2

Step

1 2

pKa 9.39 9.63 3.92 4.16 5.83 5.67 5.20 3.97 5.03 4.75 4.50 4.44 4.56 10.2 9.8 11.1 4.62 9.12 10.48

25

4.76 8.11

25 25

25 25 25 30

3.6 12.4 8.02 3.12 3.8 6.2 10.62 10.12 10.23 7.00 6.57 10.139 9.958 2.12 3.59 8.75 9.65 1.62 2.70 4.26 9.58 4.59 5.59 10.17 10.01 11.23 11.25

25 20 25

10.64 6.35 3.69

25

4.16

27

3.67 4.8 2.46 9.41

25 25 25 25 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-50 Mol. form. C11H12N4O3S C11H13F3N2O3S C11H13NO3 C11H13N3O3S C11H14N2O

Name Sulfamethoxypyridazine Mefluidide Hydrastinine Sulfisoxazole Cytisine

C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16N2O2

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Pilocarpine

C11H16N4O4 C11H17N

Pentostatin

C11H17NO3 C11H17N3O8 C11H18ClNO3 C11H18N2O3 C11H25N C11H26NO2PS C12H6Cl4O2S C12H8N2 C12H8N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N3 C12H12N2

1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Aminoazobenzene p-Benzidine

C12H12N2O3

Phenobarbital

C12H13N

1 2

1 2

Iocetamic acid

C12H14N4O2S C12H14N4O3S C12H17N3O4

Sulfacytine Agaritine

C12H20N2O2 C12H21N5O2S2

Aspergillic acid Nizatidine

C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H23N C12H27N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10N2

Sucrose α-Maltose Dicyclohexylamine Dodecylamine Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Acridinamine 2-Phenylbenzimidazole

25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2

25 20 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 20 20

25

N,N-Dimethyl-1  naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2  naphthylamine Sulfamethazine

t/°C

25

N,N-Diethyl-2-methyl  aniline Isoproterenol Tetrodotoxin Methoxamine hydrochloride Amobarbital Undecylamine Methylphosphonothioic acid   S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]  ethyl], O-ethylester Bithionol

C12H13I3N2O3 C12H13N

Step

25 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 21 25 20 20 20 25 25

pKa 6.7 4.6 11.38 5 6.11 13.08 3.54 4.20 4.38 1.6 6.9 5.2 7.24 8.64 8.76 9.2 8.0 10.63 7.9

4.82 10.50 4.84 1.20 10.01 9.64 9.55 0.79 3.83 4.25 4.35 5.13 2.82 4.65 3.43 7.3 11.8 4 4.83 4.566 7.4 2.65 6.9 3.4 8.86 5.5 2.1 6.8 12.7 12.05 10.4 10.63 5.58 5.58 9.99 5.23 11.91

Mol. form. C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H11N3 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O3S C13H13N C13H14N2O13 C13H15N3O3 C13H16ClNO C13H19NO4S C13H21N C13H29N C14H12F3NO4S2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3

Name 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3,6-Acridinediamine Ethacrynic acid Harmine Sulfabenzamide 4-Benzylaniline Harmaline Imazapyr Ketamine

Step

25 25 1 2

4-[(Dipropylamino)  sulfonyl]benzoic acid 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine (Tridecyl)amine Perfluidone α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid

C14H18N4O3 C14H19NO2 C14H21N3O3S C14H22N2O3 C14H31N C15H10ClN3O3

α-Hydroxy-α-phenyl  benezeneacetic acid Trimethoprim Methylphenidate Tolazamide Atenolol Tetradecylamine Clonazepam

C15H11I4NO4

L-Thyroxine

C15H14O3 C15H15NO2 C15H15N3O2

Fenoprofen Mefenamic acid Methyl Red

C15H17ClN4 C15H19NO2 C15H19N3O3

NeutralRed Tropacocaine Imazethapyr

C15H21N3O2

Physostigmine

C15H26N2

Sparteine

C15H33N C16H13ClN2O C16H14ClN3O C16H16N2O2

Pentadecylamine Valium Chlorodiazepoxide Lysergic acid

C16H17N3O4S

Cephalexin

C16H19N3O4S

Cephradine

C16H22N2

Lycodine

C16H35N C17H17NO2

Hexadecylamine Apomorphine

C17H19NO3 C17H19NO3

Piperine Morphine

C17H20N4O6

Riboflavin

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20

25 25 25

25

1 2 1 2 3

25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

15

20 20 25

25

18 25 20

pKa 3.46 3.53 3.95 4.57 9.65 3.50 7.70 4.57 2.17 4.2 1.9 3.6 7.5 5.8 3.58 10.63 2.5 3.94 3.04 6.6 8.9 3.6 9.6 10.62 1.5 10.5 2.2 6.45 10.1 4.5 4.2 2.5 9.5 6.7 4.32 2.1 3.9 6.12 12.24 2.24 9.46 10.61 3.4 4.8 3.44 7.68 5.2 7.3 2.63 7.27 3.97 8.08 10.61 7.0 8.92 12.22 8.21 9.85 1.7

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C17H20O6 C17H23NO3 C17H27NO4 C18H19ClN4

Mycophenolic acid Hyoscyamine Nadolol Clozapine

C18H21NO3 C18H21N3O C18H32O2 C18H33ClN2O5S C18H39N C19H10Br4O5S C19H14O5S C19H16ClNO4 C19H17N3O4S2 C19H20N2O2 C19H21N C19H21NO3 C19H22N2O

Codeine Dibenzepin Linoleic acid Clindamycin Octadecylamine Bromophenol Blue Phenol Red Indomethacin Cephaloridine Phenylbutazone Protriptyline Thebaine Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O2 C19H22O6 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H23N7O7

Cupreine Gibberellic acid Ergometrinine Ergonovine Phenolphthalein Papaverine Amitriptyline Folinic acid

C20H24N2O2

Quinine

C20H24N2O2

Quinidine

C20H26N2O2 C21H14Br4O5S C21H16Br2O5S C21H18O5S C21H21NO6 C21H22N2O2

Hydroquinine Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple CresolRed Hydrastine Strychnine

Step 2

t/°C 25 21

1 2

25 25

1 2 1 2

15

25

1 2 3 1 2 1 2

25 25 20 20

25

pKa 9.69 4.5 9.7 9.67 3.70 7.60 8.21 8.25 4.77 7.6 10.60 4.0 7.9 4.5 3.2 4.5 8.2 6.05 5.85 9.92 5.80 10.03 6.57 4.0 7.3 6.8 9.7 6.4 9.4 3.1 4.8 10.4 8.52 4.13 5.4 10.0 5.33 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.8 8.26

8-51 Mol. form. C21H23ClFNO2 C21H31NO4 C21H35N3O7

Name Haloperidol Furethidine Lisinopril

C22H18O4 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H25N3O

o-Cresolphthalein Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Benzpiperylon

C22H33NO2 C23H26N2O4

Atisine Brucine

C24H40O4 C24H40O5 C25H29I2NO3 C25H41NO9 C26H43NO6 C26H45NO7S C27H28Br2O5S C27H38N2O4 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4

Deoxycholic acid Cholic acid Amiodarone Aconine Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Bromothymol Blue Verapamil Etoposide Emetine

C30H23BrO4 C30H48O3 C31H36N2O11

Bromadiolone Oleanolic acid Novobiocin

C32H32O13S C33H40N2O9 C34H47NO11 C36H51NO11 C37H67NO13 C43H58N4O12

Teniposide Reserpine Aconitine Veratridine Erythromycin Rifampin

C45H73NO15 C46H56N4O10 C46H58N4O9

Solanine Vincristine Vinblastine

Step

t/°C

1 2 3 4

1 2 1 2

1 2

20

20 20 25

21

1 2

1 2

1 2

15

pKa 8.3 7.48 2.5 4.0 6.7 10.1 9.4 7.64 7.8 12.36 6.73 9.13 12.2 6.04 11.07 5.15 4.98 6.56 9.52 4.4 1.4 7.0 8.6 9.8 5.77 6.64 4.04 2.52 4.3 9.1 10.13 6.6 5.88 9.54 8.8 1.7 7.9 6.66 5.4 5.4 7.4

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20°C. The properties are: Mass %: Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent. m Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). c Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). ρ Density of solution in g/cm3.

Acetic acid Acetone Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper sulfate Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formic acid D-Fructose D-Glucose Glycerol Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Lactose

n

Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20°C is 1.3330. ∆ Freezing point depression in °C relative to pure water. η Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20°C is 1.002 mPa s. Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order:

Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maltose Manganese(II) sulfate D-Mannitol Methanol Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium sulfate 1-Propanol

2-Propanol Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sucrose Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Urea Zinc sulfate

References 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966. 2. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Acetic acid CH3COOH

Mass % 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.271 2.711 3.172 3.655 4.163 4.697 5.259

c/mol L–1 0.083 0.166 0.333 0.501 0.669 0.837 1.006 1.175 1.345 1.515 1.685 2.028 2.372 2.718 3.065 3.414 3.764 4.116

ρ/g cm–3 0.9989 0.9996 1.0011 1.0025 1.0038 1.0052 1.0066 1.0080 1.0093 1.0107 1.0121 1.0147 1.0174 1.0200 1.0225 1.0250 1.0275 1.0299

n 1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402 1.3416 1.3430 1.3444 1.3458 1.3472 1.3485 1.3498

∆/°C 0.16 0.32 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.58 1.90 2.23 2.56 2.89 3.23 3.91 4.61 5.33 6.06 6.81 7.57 8.36

η/mPa s 1.012 1.022 1.042 1.063 1.084 1.105 1.125 1.143 1.162 1.186 1.210 1.253 1.298 1.341 1.380 1.431 1.478 1.525

8-52

S08_15.indd 52

5/2/05 10:23:02 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 5.851 6.476 7.137 7.837 8.579 9.367 10.207 11.102 16.653 24.979 38.857 66.611 149.875 191.507 260.894 399.667 815.987

c/mol L–1 4.470 4.824 5.180 5.537 5.896 6.255 6.615 6.977 8.794 10.620 12.441 14.228 15.953 16.284 16.602 16.911 17.198 17.447

ρ/g cm–3 1.0323 1.0346 1.0369 1.0391 1.0413 1.0434 1.0454 1.0474 1.0562 1.0629 1.0673 1.0680 1.0644 1.0629 1.0606 1.0578 1.0538 1.0477

n 1.3512 1.3525 1.3537 1.3550 1.3562 1.3574 1.3586 1.3598 1.3653 1.3700 1.3738 1.3767 1.3771 1.3766 1.3759 1.3748 1.3734 1.3716

∆/°C 9.17 10.00 10.84 11.70 12.55 13.38

8-53

η/mPa s 1.572 1.613 1.669 1.715 1.762 1.812 1.852 1.912 2.158 2.409 2.629 2.720 2.386 2.240 2.036 1.813 1.535 1.223

Acetone (CH3)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.087 0.174 0.351 0.533 0.717 0.906 1.099 1.296 1.497 1.703 1.913

0.086 0.172 0.343 0.513 0.684 0.853 1.023 1.191 1.360 1.528 1.696

0.9975 0.9968 0.9954 0.9940 0.9926 0.9912 0.9899 0.9886 0.9874 0.9861 0.9849

1.3334 1.3337 1.3344 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402

0.16 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.63 1.96 2.29 2.62 2.95 3.29

1.013 1.024 1.047 1.072 1.099 1.125 1.150 1.174 1.198 1.221 1.244

Ammonia NH3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.295 0.593 1.198 1.816 2.447 3.090 3.748 4.420 5.106 5.807 6.524 8.007 9.558 11.184 12.889 14.679 16.561 18.542 20.630 22.834 25.164

0.292 0.584 1.162 1.736 2.304 2.868 3.428 3.983 4.533 5.080 5.622 6.695 7.753 8.794 9.823 10.837 11.838 12.826 13.801 14.764 15.713

0.9960 0.9938 0.9895 0.9853 0.9811 0.9770 0.9730 0.9690 0.9651 0.9613 0.9575 0.9502 0.9431 0.9361 0.9294 0.9228 0.9164 0.9102 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920

1.3332 1.3335 1.3339 1.3344 1.3349 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3393 1.3404 1.3416 1.3428 1.3440 1.3453 1.3465 1.3477 1.3490 1.3502

0.55 1.14 2.32 3.53 4.78 6.08 7.43 8.95 10.34 11.90 13.55 17.13 21.13 25.63 30.70 36.42 43.36 51.38 60.77 71.66 84.06

1.009 1.015 1.029 1.043 1.057 1.071 1.085 1.099 1.113 1.127 1.141 1.169 1.195 1.218 1.237 1.254 1.268 1.280 1.288

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.094 0.189 0.382 0.578 0.779 0.984 1.193 1.407

0.093 0.187 0.376 0.565 0.756 0.948 1.141 1.335

0.9998 1.0014 1.0045 1.0076 1.0107 1.0138 1.0168 1.0198

1.3340 1.3349 1.3369 1.3388 1.3407 1.3426 1.3445 1.3464

0.32 0.64 1.27 1.91 2.57 3.25 3.94 4.66

0.999 0.996 0.992 0.988 0.985 0.982 0.979 0.976

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

Section 8.indb 53

4/30/05 8:47:03 AM

8-54 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 1.626 1.849 2.077 2.549 3.043 3.561 4.104 4.674 5.273 5.903

c/mol L–1 1.529 1.726 1.923 2.320 2.722 3.128 3.537 3.951 4.368 4.789

ρ/g cm–3 1.0227 1.0257 1.0286 1.0344 1.0401 1.0457 1.0512 1.0567 1.0621 1.0674

n 1.3483 1.3502 1.3521 1.3559 1.3596 1.3634 1.3671 1.3708 1.3745 1.3782

∆/°C 5.40 6.16 6.95 8.60

η/mPa s 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.969 0.969 0.971 0.973 0.978 0.986 0.996

Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.038 0.076 0.154 0.234 0.315 0.398 0.483 0.570 0.658 0.748 0.841 1.032 1.232 1.441 1.661 1.892 2.134 2.390 2.659 2.943 3.243 3.561 3.898 4.257 4.638 5.045

0.038 0.076 0.153 0.231 0.309 0.389 0.469 0.551 0.633 0.716 0.800 0.971 1.145 1.323 1.504 1.688 1.876 2.067 2.262 2.460 2.661 2.866 3.073 3.284 3.499 3.716

1.0012 1.0042 1.0101 1.0160 1.0220 1.0279 1.0338 1.0397 1.0456 1.0515 1.0574 1.0691 1.0808 1.0924 1.1039 1.1154 1.1269 1.1383 1.1496 1.1609 1.1721 1.1833 1.1945 1.2056 1.2166 1.2277

1.3338 1.3346 1.3363 1.3379 1.3395 1.3411 1.3428 1.3444 1.3460 1.3476 1.3492 1.3523 1.3555 1.3586 1.3616 1.3647 1.3677 1.3707 1.3737 1.3766 1.3795 1.3824 1.3853 1.3881 1.3909 1.3938

0.17 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.21 1.49 1.77 2.05 2.33 2.61 2.89 3.47 4.07 4.69

1.008 1.014 1.027 1.041 1.057 1.073 1.090 1.108 1.127 1.147 1.168 1.210 1.256 1.305 1.359 1.421 1.490 1.566 1.650 1.743 1.847 1.961 2.086 2.222 2.371 2.530

Barium chloride BaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.024 0.049 0.098 0.149 0.200 0.253 0.307 0.361 0.418 0.475 0.534 0.655 0.782 0.915 1.054 1.201 1.355 1.517 1.687

0.024 0.048 0.098 0.148 0.199 0.251 0.303 0.357 0.412 0.468 0.524 0.641 0.763 0.889 1.019 1.156 1.297 1.444 1.597

1.0026 1.0070 1.0159 1.0249 1.0341 1.0434 1.0528 1.0624 1.0721 1.0820 1.0921 1.1128 1.1342 1.1564 1.1793 1.2031 1.2277 1.2531 1.2793

1.3337 1.3345 1.3360 1.3375 1.3391 1.3406 1.3422 1.3438 1.3454 1.3470 1.3487 1.3520 1.3555 1.3591 1.3627 1.3664 1.3703 1.3741 1.3781

0.12 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.18 1.44 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.58 3.22 3.92 4.69

1.009 1.016 1.026 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075 1.087 1.101 1.114 1.129 1.161 1.195 1.234 1.277 1.325 1.378 1.437 1.503

Calcium chloride CaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.045 0.091 0.184

0.045 0.091 0.183

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148

1.3342 1.3354 1.3378

0.22 0.44 0.88

1.015 1.028 1.050

Section 8.indb 54

4/30/05 8:47:04 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Cesium chloride CsCl

Citric acid (HO)C(COOH)3

Section 8.indb 55

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.279 0.375 0.474 0.575 0.678 0.784 0.891 1.001 1.229 1.467 1.716 1.978 2.253 2.541 2.845 3.166 3.504 3.862 4.240 4.642 5.068 5.522 6.007

c/mol L–1 0.277 0.372 0.469 0.567 0.667 0.768 0.872 0.976 1.191 1.413 1.641 1.878 2.122 2.374 2.634 2.902 3.179 3.464 3.759 4.062 4.375 4.698 5.030

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 64.0

0.030 0.060 0.121 0.184 0.247 0.313 0.379 0.447 0.516 0.587 0.660 0.810 0.967 1.131 1.304 1.485 1.675 1.876 2.087 2.310 2.546 2.795 3.060 3.341 3.640 3.960 4.301 4.667 5.060 5.483 5.940 8.910 10.560

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.026 0.053 0.106

8-55

ρ/g cm–3 1.0232 1.0316 1.0401 1.0486 1.0572 1.0659 1.0747 1.0835 1.1014 1.1198 1.1386 1.1579 1.1775 1.1976 1.2180 1.2388 1.2600 1.2816 1.3036 1.3260 1.3488 1.3720 1.3957

n 1.3402 1.3426 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3549 1.3575 1.3625 1.3677 1.3730 1.3784 1.3839 1.3895 1.3951 1.4008 1.4066 1.4124 1.4183 1.4242 1.4301 1.4361 1.4420

∆/°C 1.33 1.82 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.28 5.04 5.86 7.70 9.83 12.28 15.11 18.30 21.70 25.30 29.70 34.70 41.00 49.70

η/mPa s 1.078 1.110 1.143 1.175 1.208 1.242 1.279 1.319 1.408 1.508 1.625 1.764 1.930 2.127 2.356 2.645 3.000 3.467 4.035 4.820 5.807 7.321 8.997

0.030 0.060 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.308 0.373 0.438 0.505 0.573 0.641 0.782 0.928 1.079 1.235 1.397 1.564 1.737 1.917 2.103 2.296 2.497 2.705 2.921 3.146 3.380 3.624 3.877 4.142 4.418 4.706 6.368 7.163

1.0020 1.0058 1.0135 1.0214 1.0293 1.0374 1.0456 1.0540 1.0625 1.0711 1.0798 1.0978 1.1163 1.1355 1.1552 1.1756 1.1967 1.2185 1.2411 1.2644 1.2885 1.3135 1.3393 1.3661 1.3938 1.4226 1.4525 1.4835 1.5158 1.5495 1.5846 1.7868 1.8842

1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3369 1.3377 1.3386 1.3394 1.3403 1.3412 1.3430 1.3448 1.3468 1.3487 1.3507 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3594 1.3617 1.3641 1.3666 1.3691 1.3717 1.3744 1.3771 1.3800 1.3829 1.3860 1.3892 1.4076 1.4167

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.61 0.81 1.02 1.22 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.06 2.51 2.97 3.46 3.96 4.49

1.000 0.997 0.992 0.988 0.984 0.980 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.961 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.939 0.934 0.930 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.922 0.924 0.926 0.930 0.934 0.940 0.947 0.956 0.967 0.981 1.120 1.238

0.026 0.052 0.105

1.0002 1.0022 1.0063

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356

0.05 0.11 0.21

1.013 1.024 1.048

4/30/05 8:47:05 AM

8-56

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Copper sulfate CuSO4

Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Na2C10H14N2O8

Ethanol CH3CH2OH

Section 8.indb 56

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.161 0.217 0.274 0.332 0.392 0.453 0.515 0.578 0.710 0.847 0.991 1.143 1.301 1.468 1.644 1.829 2.024 2.231

c/mol L–1 0.158 0.211 0.265 0.320 0.374 0.430 0.485 0.541 0.655 0.771 0.889 1.008 1.130 1.254 1.380 1.508 1.639 1.772

ρ/g cm–3 1.0105 1.0147 1.0189 1.0232 1.0274 1.0316 1.0359 1.0402 1.0490 1.0580 1.0672 1.0764 1.0858 1.0953 1.1049 1.1147 1.1246 1.1346

n 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3420 1.3433 1.3446 1.3459 1.3486 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3598 1.3626 1.3655 1.3684 1.3714 1.3744

∆/°C 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.38 1.66 1.95 2.26 2.57 2.88 3.21 3.55 3.89 4.25

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.330 0.400 0.472 0.545 0.620 0.696 0.854 1.020 1.193 1.375

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

η/mPa s 1.073 1.098 1.125 1.153 1.183 1.214 1.247 1.283 1.357 1.436 1.525 1.625 1.740 1.872 2.017 2.178 2.356 2.549

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.471 0.543 0.618 0.694 0.850 1.013 1.182 1.360

1.0033 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0955 1.1070 1.1304 1.1545 1.1796 1.2059

1.3339 1.3348 1.3367 1.3386 1.3405 1.3424 1.3443 1.3462 1.3481 1.3501 1.3520 1.3560 1.3601 1.3644 1.3689

0.08 0.14 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.45 1.75

1.017 1.036 1.084 1.129 1.173 1.221 1.276 1.336 1.400 1.469 1.543 1.701 1.889 2.136 2.449

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.061 0.076 0.092 0.108 0.124 0.140 0.157 0.173 0.190

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.106 0.121 0.137 0.152 0.168 0.184

1.0009 1.0036 1.0062 1.0089 1.0115 1.0142 1.0169 1.0196 1.0223 1.0250 1.0277 1.0305

1.3339 1.3348 1.3356 1.3365 1.3374 1.3383 1.3392 1.3400 1.3409 1.3418 1.3427 1.3436

0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.65 0.71 0.77

1.017 1.032 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.125 1.142 1.160 1.178 1.197

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.671 0.904 1.142 1.385 1.634 1.887 2.147 2.412 2.960 3.534

0.108 0.216 0.432 0.646 0.860 1.074 1.286 1.498 1.710 1.921 2.131 2.551 2.967

0.9973 0.9963 0.9945 0.9927 0.9910 0.9893 0.9878 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833 0.9819 0.9792 0.9765

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3360 1.3367 1.3374 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3410 1.3425

0.20 0.40 0.81 1.23 1.65 2.09 2.54 2.99 3.47 3.96 4.47 5.56 6.73

1.023 1.046 1.095 1.140 1.183 1.228 1.279 1.331 1.385 1.442 1.501 1.627 1.761

4/30/05 8:47:06 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2

Ferric chloride FeCl3

Section 8.indb 57

Mass % 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 4.134 4.765 5.427 6.122 6.855 7.626 8.441 9.303 10.215 11.182 12.210 13.304 14.471 15.718 17.055 18.490 20.036 21.706 32.559 50.648 86.824 195.355 249.620 340.062 520.946

c/mol L–1 3.382 3.795 4.205 4.613 5.018 5.419 5.817 6.212 6.601 6.987 7.370 7.747 8.120 8.488 8.853 9.213 9.568 9.919 11.605 13.183 14.649 15.980 16.225 16.466 16.697 16.920 17.133

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0

0.081 0.163 0.329 0.498 0.671 0.848 1.028 1.213 1.401 1.593 1.790 2.197 2.623 3.069 3.537 4.028 5.088 6.265 7.582 9.062 10.741 12.659 14.872 17.453 20.505 24.166

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.257 0.324

8-57

ρ/g cm–3 0.9739 0.9713 0.9687 0.9660 0.9632 0.9602 0.9571 0.9539 0.9504 0.9468 0.9431 0.9392 0.9352 0.9311 0.9269 0.9227 0.9183 0.9139 0.8911 0.8676 0.8436 0.8180 0.8125 0.8070 0.8013 0.7954 0.7893

n 1.3440 1.3455 1.3469 1.3484 1.3498 1.3511 1.3524 1.3535 1.3546 1.3557 1.3566 1.3575 1.3583 1.3590 1.3598 1.3604 1.3610 1.3616 1.3638 1.3652 1.3658 1.3650 1.3646 1.3642 1.3636 1.3630 1.3614

∆/°C 8.01 9.40 10.92 12.60 14.47 16.41 18.43 20.47 22.44 24.27 25.98 27.62 29.26 30.98 32.68 34.36 36.04 37.67 44.93

η/mPa s 1.890 2.019 2.142 2.259 2.370 2.476 2.581 2.667 2.726 2.768 2.803 2.829 2.846 2.852 2.850 2.843 2.832 2.813 2.547 2.214 1.881 1.542 1.475 1.407 1.342 1.273 1.203

0.080 0.161 0.322 0.484 0.646 0.809 0.972 1.136 1.299 1.464 1.628 1.959 2.292 2.626 2.962 3.300 3.981 4.669 5.364 6.067 6.776 7.491 8.212 8.939 9.671 10.406

0.9988 0.9995 1.0007 1.0019 1.0032 1.0044 1.0057 1.0070 1.0082 1.0095 1.0108 1.0134 1.0161 1.0188 1.0214 1.0241 1.0296 1.0350 1.0405 1.0460 1.0514 1.0567 1.0619 1.0670 1.0719 1.0765

1.3335 1.3339 1.3348 1.3358 1.3367 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3464 1.3484 1.3503 1.3523 1.3564 1.3605 1.3646 1.3687 1.3728 1.3769 1.3811 1.3851 1.3892 1.3931

0.15 0.30 0.61 0.92 1.24 1.58 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.99 3.37 4.16 5.01 5.91 6.89 7.93 10.28 13.03 16.23 19.82 23.84 28.32 33.30 38.81 44.83 51.23

1.010 1.020 1.048 1.074 1.099 1.125 1.153 1.182 1.212 1.243 1.277 1.348 1.424 1.500 1.578 1.661 1.843 2.047 2.280 2.537 2.832 3.166 3.544 3.981 4.475 5.026

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.321

1.0025 1.0068 1.0153 1.0238 1.0323 1.0408

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3413 1.3441 1.3468

0.21 0.39 0.75 1.15 1.56 2.00

1.024 1.047 1.093 1.139 1.187 1.238

4/30/05 8:47:07 AM

8-58 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.394 0.464 0.536 0.610 0.685 0.841 1.004 1.174 1.353 1.541 1.947 2.398 2.901 3.468 4.110

c/mol L–1 0.388 0.457 0.526 0.597 0.669 0.817 0.969 1.126 1.289 1.457 1.810 2.189 2.595 3.030 3.496

ρ/g cm–3 1.0493 1.0580 1.0668 1.0760 1.0853 1.1040 1.1228 1.1420 1.1615 1.1816 1.2234 1.2679 1.3153 1.3654 1.4176

n 1.3496 1.3524 1.3552 1.3581 1.3611 1.3670 1.3730

∆/°C 2.48 2.99 3.57 4.19 4.85 6.38 8.22 10.45 13.08 16.14 23.79 33.61 49.16

η/mPa s 1.292 1.350 1.412 1.480 1.553 1.707 1.879 2.080 2.311 2.570 3.178 4.038 5.274 7.130 9.674

Formic acid HCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 36.0 44.0 52.0 60.0 68.0

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.672 0.905 1.143 1.387 1.635 1.889 2.149 2.414 2.962 3.537 4.138 4.769 5.431 8.449 12.220 17.070 23.535 32.587 46.166

0.109 0.217 0.436 0.655 0.876 1.097 1.320 1.544 1.768 1.994 2.221 2.678 3.139 3.605 4.074 4.548 6.481 8.477 10.529 12.633 14.813 17.054

0.9994 1.0006 1.0029 1.0053 1.0077 1.0102 1.0126 1.0150 1.0175 1.0199 1.0224 1.0273 1.0322 1.0371 1.0419 1.0467 1.0654 1.0839 1.1015 1.1183 1.1364 1.1544

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3371 1.3376 1.3382 1.3387 1.3397 1.3408 1.3418 1.3428 1.3437 1.3475 1.3511 1.3547 1.3581 1.3612 1.3641

0.21 0.42 0.82 1.24 1.67 2.10 2.53 2.97 3.40 3.84 4.27 5.19 6.11 7.06 8.08 9.11 13.10 17.65 22.93 29.69 38.26

1.006 1.011 1.017 1.195 1.032 1.039 1.046 1.052 1.058 1.064 1.070 1.082 1.094 1.106 1.119 1.132 1.179 1.227 1.281 1.340 1.410 1.490

D-Fructose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.283 0.340 0.399 0.458 0.517 0.576 0.697 0.820 0.945 1.072 1.201 1.332 1.465 1.600 1.738 1.878 2.020

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0101 1.0140 1.0181 1.0221 1.0262 1.0303 1.0344 1.0385 1.0469 1.0554 1.0640 1.0728 1.0816 1.0906 1.0996 1.1089 1.1182 1.1276 1.1372

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3507 1.3538 1.3569 1.3601 1.3634 1.3667 1.3700 1.3734 1.3768 1.3803 1.3839

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.43 1.71 2.01 2.32 2.64 3.05 3.43 3.82 4.20

1.015 1.028 1.054 1.080 1.106 1.134 1.165 1.198 1.232 1.270 1.309 1.391 1.483 1.587 1.703 1.837 1.986 2.154 2.348 2.562 2.817 3.112

Section 8.indb 58

4/30/05 8:47:08 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124

c/mol L–1 2.164 2.312 2.461 2.613 2.767 2.925 3.084 3.247

ρ/g cm–3 1.1469 1.1568 1.1668 1.1769 1.1871 1.1975 1.2080 1.2187

n 1.3874 1.3911 1.3948 1.3985 1.4023 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141

∆/°C

8-59

η/mPa s 3.462 3.899 4.418 5.046 5.773 6.644 7.753 9.060

D-Glucose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124 5.551 6.013 6.516 7.064 7.665 8.326

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.282 0.340 0.398 0.457 0.516 0.576 0.697 0.819 0.944 1.070 1.199 1.329 1.462 1.597 1.734 1.873 2.014 2.158 2.304 2.452 2.603 2.756 2.912 3.071 3.232 3.396 3.562 3.732 3.905 4.081 4.261

1.0001 1.0020 1.0058 1.0097 1.0136 1.0175 1.0214 1.0254 1.0294 1.0334 1.0375 1.0457 1.0540 1.0624 1.0710 1.0797 1.0884 1.0973 1.1063 1.1154 1.1246 1.1340 1.1434 1.1529 1.1626 1.1724 1.1823 1.1924 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 1.2342 1.2451 1.2562 1.2676 1.2793

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3432 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3508 1.3539 1.3571 1.3603 1.3635 1.3668 1.3702 1.3736 1.3770 1.3805 1.3840 1.3876 1.3912 1.3949 1.3986 1.4024 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141 1.4181 1.4222 1.4263 1.4306 1.4349 1.4394

0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.79 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.44 1.73 2.03 2.35 2.70 3.07 3.48 3.90 4.34 4.79

1.010 1.021 1.052 1.083 1.113 1.145 1.179 1.214 1.250 1.289 1.330 1.416 1.512 1.625 1.757 1.904 2.063 2.242 2.458 2.707 2.998 3.324 3.704 4.193 4.786 5.493 6.288 7.235 8.454 9.883 11.884 14.489 17.916 22.886 29.389 37.445

Glycerol CH2OHCHOHCH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.055 0.110 0.222 0.336 0.452 0.572 0.693 0.817 0.944 1.074 1.207 1.481 1.768 2.068 2.384

0.054 0.109 0.218 0.327 0.438 0.548 0.659 0.771 0.883 0.996 1.109 1.337 1.568 1.800 2.035

0.9994 1.0005 1.0028 1.0051 1.0074 1.0097 1.0120 1.0144 1.0167 1.0191 1.0215 1.0262 1.0311 1.0360 1.0409

1.3336 1.3342 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3388 1.3400 1.3412 1.3424 1.3436 1.3448 1.3472 1.3496 1.3521 1.3547

0.07 0.18 0.41 0.63 0.85 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.81 2.06 2.32 2.88 3.47 4.09 4.76

1.011 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.157 1.188 1.220 1.256 1.291 1.365 1.445 1.533 1.630

Section 8.indb 59

4/30/05 8:47:09 AM

8-60

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0 96.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 2.715 3.429 4.223 5.110 6.108 7.239 8.532 10.024 11.764 13.820 16.288 19.305 23.075 27.923 34.387 43.436 57.009 79.632 124.878 260.615

c/mol L–1 2.271 2.752 3.242 3.742 4.252 4.771 5.300 5.838 6.385 6.944 7.512 8.092 8.680 9.277 9.884 10.498 11.121 11.753 12.392 13.039 13.694

ρ/g cm–3 1.0459 1.0561 1.0664 1.0770 1.0876 1.0984 1.1092 1.1200 1.1308 1.1419 1.1530 1.1643 1.1755 1.1866 1.1976 1.2085 1.2192 1.2299 1.2404 1.2508 1.2611

n 1.3572 1.3624 1.3676 1.3730 1.3785 1.3841 1.3897 1.3954 1.4011 1.4069 1.4129 1.4189 1.4249 1.4310 1.4370 1.4431 1.4492 1.4553 1.4613 1.4674 1.4735

∆/°C 5.46 7.01 8.77 10.74 12.96 15.50

η/mPa s 1.737 1.988 2.279 2.637 3.088 3.653 4.443 5.413 6.666 8.349 10.681 13.657 18.457 27.625 40.571 59.900 84.338 147.494 384.467 780.458

Hydrochloric acid HCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.138 0.277 0.560 0.848 1.143 1.444 1.751 2.064 2.385 2.713 3.047 3.740 4.465 5.224 6.020 6.857 7.736 8.661 9.636 10.666 11.754 12.907 14.129 15.427 16.810 18.284

0.137 0.275 0.553 0.833 1.117 1.403 1.691 1.983 2.277 2.574 2.873 3.481 4.099 4.729 5.370 6.023 6.687 7.362 8.049 8.748 9.456 10.175 10.904 11.642 12.388 13.140

1.0007 1.0031 1.0081 1.0130 1.0179 1.0228 1.0278 1.0327 1.0377 1.0426 1.0476 1.0576 1.0676 1.0777 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1185 1.1288 1.1391 1.1492 1.1594 1.1693 1.1791 1.1886 1.1977

1.3341 1.3353 1.3376 1.3399 1.3422 1.3445 1.3468 1.3491 1.3515 1.3538 1.3561 1.3607 1.3653 1.3700 1.3746 1.3792 1.3838 1.3884 1.3930 1.3976 1.4020 1.4066 1.4112 1.4158 1.4204 1.4250

0.49 0.99 2.08 3.28 4.58 5.98 7.52 9.22 11.10 13.15 15.40 20.51

1.008 1.015 1.029 1.044 1.059 1.075 1.091 1.108 1.125 1.143 1.161 1.199 1.239 1.282 1.326 1.374 1.426 1.483 1.547 1.620 1.705 1.799 1.900 2.002 2.105

Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.056 0.112 0.227 0.343 0.463 0.584 0.709 0.836 0.965 1.098 1.233 1.514

0.055 0.111 0.223 0.334 0.447 0.560 0.673 0.787 0.902 1.017 1.132 1.365

0.9992 1.0002 1.0023 1.0043 1.0065 1.0086 1.0108 1.0131 1.0153 1.0176 1.0199 1.0246

1.3335 1.3340 1.3350 1.3360 1.3370 1.3380 1.3390 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3430 1.3450

0.10 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.16 1.36 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.49

1.014 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.110 1.138 1.167 1.198 1.229 1.262 1.296 1.366

Section 8.indb 60

4/30/05 8:47:10 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 1.807 2.115 2.437 2.775 3.506 4.317 5.224 6.244 7.401 8.722 10.247 12.026 14.129 16.652 19.736 23.590 28.546 35.154 44.405

c/mol L–1 1.600 1.837 2.076 2.318 2.807 3.305 3.811 4.325 4.847 5.377 5.917 6.466 7.023 7.588 8.161 8.741 9.328 9.922 10.522

ρ/g cm–3 1.0294 1.0342 1.0390 1.0439 1.0536 1.0632 1.0728 1.0822 1.0915 1.1008 1.1105 1.1201 1.1297 1.1392 1.1486 1.1579 1.1670 1.1760 1.1848

n 1.3470 1.3491 1.3511 1.3532 1.3573 1.3615 1.3657 1.3700 1.3743 1.3786 1.3828 1.3871 1.3914 1.3958 1.4001 1.4045 1.4088 1.4131 1.4173

∆/°C 2.99 3.48 3.96 4.44

8-61

η/mPa s 1.441 1.522 1.607 1.699 1.902 2.136 2.414 2.730 3.114 3.566 4.106 4.789 5.579 6.679 8.024 9.863 12.866 16.974 22.164

Lactose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.304 0.367 0.432 0.498 0.565

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0102 1.0143 1.0184 1.0225 1.0267 1.0308 1.0349 1.0390 1.0473 1.0558 1.0648 1.0746

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3375 1.3390 1.3406 1.3421 1.3437 1.3453 1.3468 1.3484 1.3515 1.3548 1.3582 1.3619

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.089 1.120 1.154 1.191 1.232 1.276 1.321 1.370 1.476 1.593 1.724 1.869

Lithium chloride LiCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.119 0.238 0.481 0.730 0.983 1.241 1.506 1.775 2.051 2.333 2.621 3.217 3.840 4.493 5.178 5.897 6.653 7.449 8.288 9.173 10.109

0.118 0.237 0.476 0.719 0.964 1.211 1.462 1.715 1.971 2.230 2.491 3.022 3.564 4.118 4.683 5.260 5.851 6.453 7.069 7.700 8.344

1.0012 1.0041 1.0099 1.0157 1.0215 1.0272 1.0330 1.0387 1.0444 1.0502 1.0560 1.0675 1.0792 1.0910 1.1029 1.1150 1.1274 1.1399 1.1527 1.1658 1.1791

1.3341 1.3351 1.3373 1.3394 1.3415 1.3436 1.3457 1.3478 1.3499 1.3520 1.3541 1.3583 1.3625 1.3668 1.3711 1.3755 1.3799 1.3844 1.3890 1.3936 1.3983

0.42 0.84 1.72 2.68 3.73 4.86 6.14 7.56 9.11 10.79 12.61 16.59 21.04

1.019 1.037 1.072 1.108 1.146 1.185 1.226 1.269 1.313 1.360 1.411 1.522 1.647 1.787 1.942 2.128 2.341 2.600 2.925 3.318 3.785

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.053 0.106 0.214

0.053 0.106 0.213

1.0022 1.0062 1.0144

1.3343 1.3356 1.3381

0.26 0.52 1.06

1.024 1.046 1.091

Magnesium chloride MgCl2

Section 8.indb 61

4/30/05 8:47:11 AM

8-62 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.325 0.438 0.553 0.670 0.791 0.913 1.039 1.167 1.432 1.710 2.001 2.306 2.626 2.962 3.317 3.690 4.085 4.501

c/mol L–1 0.322 0.433 0.546 0.660 0.777 0.895 1.015 1.137 1.387 1.645 1.911 2.184 2.467 2.758 3.060 3.371 3.692 4.022

ρ/g cm–3 1.0226 1.0309 1.0394 1.0479 1.0564 1.0651 1.0738 1.0826 1.1005 1.1189 1.1372 1.1553 1.1742 1.1938 1.2140 1.2346 1.2555 1.2763

n 1.3406 1.3432 1.3457 1.3483 1.3508 1.3534 1.3560 1.3587 1.3641 1.3695 1.3749 1.3804 1.3859 1.3915 1.3972 1.4030 1.4089 1.4148

∆/°C 1.65 2.30 3.01

η/mPa s 1.139 1.188 1.241 1.298 1.358 1.423 1.493 1.570 1.745 1.956 2.207 2.507 2.867 3.323 3.917 4.694 5.709 7.017

Magnesium sulfate MgSO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.346 0.437 0.530 0.625 0.722 0.822 0.923 1.133 1.352 1.582 1.824 2.077 2.343 2.624 2.919

0.042 0.084 0.169 0.256 0.345 0.436 0.528 0.623 0.719 0.817 0.917 1.122 1.336 1.557 1.788 2.027 2.275 2.532 2.800

1.0033 1.0084 1.0186 1.0289 1.0392 1.0497 1.0602 1.0708 1.0816 1.0924 1.1034 1.1257 1.1484 1.1717 1.1955 1.2198 1.2447 1.2701 1.2961

1.3340 1.3350 1.3371 1.3391 1.3411 1.3431 1.3451 1.3471 1.3492 1.3512 1.3532 1.3572 1.3613 1.3654 1.3694 1.3735 1.3776 1.3817 1.3858

0.10 0.19 0.36 0.52 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.31 2.86 3.67

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.177 1.249 1.328 1.411 1.498 1.593 1.702 1.829 2.104 2.412 2.809 3.360 4.147 5.199 6.498 8.066

Maltose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.948

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.631 0.700 0.770 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.375

1.0003 1.0023 1.0063 1.0104 1.0144 1.0184 1.0224 1.0265 1.0305 1.0345 1.0385 1.0465 1.0545 1.0629 1.0716 1.0801 1.0894 1.0984 1.1080 1.1171 1.1269 1.1769

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3404 1.3420 1.3435 1.3450 1.3466 1.3482 1.3513 1.3546 1.3578 1.3612 1.3644 1.3678 1.3714 1.3749 1.3785 1.3821 1.4013

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.34 2.62 4.41

1.016 1.030 1.060 1.092 1.126 1.162 1.200 1.239 1.281 1.325 1.372 1.474 1.588 1.715 1.859 2.021 2.216 2.463 2.753 3.066 3.427 6.926

Section 8.indb 62

4/30/05 8:47:12 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

m/mol kg–1 2.921 3.165 3.429 3.718 4.034 4.382

c/mol L–1 1.797 1.886 1.976 2.068 2.159 2.253

ρ/g cm–3 1.2304 1.2416 1.2528 1.2638 1.2740 1.2855

n 1.4217 1.4260 1.4308 1.4350 1.4394 1.4440

∆/°C

8-63

η/mPa s 17.786 22.034 28.757 38.226 49.298

Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

0.067 0.135 0.205 0.276 0.349 0.423 0.498 0.576 0.655 0.736 0.903 1.078 1.261 1.454 1.656

0.067 0.135 0.204 0.275 0.347 0.421 0.495 0.572 0.650 0.729 0.893 1.063 1.240 1.424 1.616

1.0080 1.0178 1.0277 1.0378 1.0480 1.0583 1.0688 1.0794 1.0902 1.1012 1.1236 1.1467 1.1705 1.1950 1.2203

1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3420 1.3438 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3589 1.3629 1.3668 1.3708

0.16 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.80 2.21 2.67 3.19 3.80

1.046 1.090 1.137 1.187 1.242 1.301 1.363 1.431 1.505 1.587 1.779 2.005 2.272 2.580 2.938

D-Mannitol CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

0.028 0.055 0.112 0.170 0.229 0.289 0.350 0.413 0.477 0.543 0.610 0.678 0.749 0.820 0.894 0.969

0.027 0.055 0.110 0.166 0.222 0.279 0.336 0.393 0.451 0.509 0.567 0.626 0.686 0.746 0.806 0.867

1.0000 1.0017 1.0053 1.0088 1.0124 1.0159 1.0195 1.0230 1.0266 1.0302 1.0338 1.0375 1.0412 1.0450 1.0489 1.0529

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3491 1.3506 1.3521 1.3536 1.3552

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.77 0.90 1.02 1.15 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.84

1.019 1.032 1.057 1.081 1.107 1.135 1.166 1.200 1.236 1.275 1.314 1.355 1.398 1.443 1.489 1.537

Methanol CH3OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.157 0.315 0.637 0.965 1.300 1.643 1.992 2.349 2.714 3.087 3.468 4.256 5.081 5.945 6.851 7.803 8.803 9.856 10.966 12.138 13.376

0.156 0.311 0.621 0.930 1.238 1.544 1.850 2.155 2.459 2.762 3.064 3.665 4.262 4.856 5.447 6.034 6.616 7.196 7.771 8.341 8.908

0.9973 0.9964 0.9947 0.9930 0.9913 0.9896 0.9880 0.9864 0.9848 0.9832 0.9816 0.9785 0.9755 0.9725 0.9695 0.9666 0.9636 0.9606 0.9576 0.9545 0.9514

1.3331 1.3332 1.3334 1.3336 1.3339 1.3341 1.3343 1.3346 1.3348 1.3351 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3387 1.3392 1.3397 1.3402 1.3407

0.28 0.56 1.14 1.75 2.37 3.02 3.71 4.41 5.13 5.85 6.60 8.14 9.72 11.36 13.13 15.02 16.98 19.04 21.23 23.59 25.91

1.022 1.040 1.070 1.100 1.131 1.163 1.196 1.229 1.264 1.297 1.329 1.389 1.446 1.501 1.554 1.604 1.652 1.697 1.735 1.769 1.795

Section 8.indb 63

4/30/05 8:47:13 AM

8-64 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 14.688 16.078 17.556 19.129 20.807 31.211 46.816 72.826 124.844 280.899

c/mol L–1 9.470 10.028 10.580 11.127 11.669 14.288 16.749 19.040 21.144 23.045 24.710

ρ/g cm–3 0.9482 0.9450 0.9416 0.9382 0.9347 0.9156 0.8944 0.8715 0.8468 0.8204 0.7917

n 1.3411 1.3415 1.3419 1.3422 1.3425 1.3431 1.3426 1.3411 1.3385 1.3348 1.3290

∆/°C 28.15 30.48 32.97 35.60 38.60 54.50 74.50

η/mPa s 1.814 1.827 1.835 1.839 1.837 1.761 1.600 1.368 1.128 0.861 0.586

Nitric acid HNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.080 0.160 0.324 0.491 0.661 0.835 1.013 1.194 1.380 1.570 1.763 2.164 2.583 3.023 3.484 3.967 4.476 5.011 5.576 6.172 6.801 7.468 8.175 8.927 9.727 10.580

0.079 0.159 0.320 0.483 0.648 0.814 0.982 1.152 1.324 1.498 1.673 2.030 2.395 2.768 3.149 3.539 3.937 4.344 4.760 5.185 5.618 6.060 6.512 6.971 7.439 7.913

1.0009 1.0037 1.0091 1.0146 1.0202 1.0257 1.0314 1.0370 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0660 1.0780 1.0901 1.1025 1.1150 1.1277 1.1406 1.1536 1.1668 1.1801 1.1934 1.2068 1.2202 1.2335 1.2466

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3487 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3596 1.3624 1.3652 1.3680 1.3708 1.3736 1.3763 1.3790 1.3817 1.3842 1.3867

0.28 0.56 1.12 1.70 2.32 2.96 3.63 4.33 5.05 5.81 6.60 8.27 10.08 12.04 14.16

1.004 1.005 1.007 1.010 1.014 1.018 1.022 1.027 1.032 1.038 1.044 1.058 1.075 1.094 1.116 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.233 1.271 1.311 1.354 1.400 1.450 1.504 1.561

Oxalic acid (COOH)2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.056 0.112 0.169 0.227 0.285 0.343 0.403 0.463 0.523 0.585 0.709 0.836 0.966

0.056 0.111 0.167 0.224 0.281 0.337 0.395 0.452 0.510 0.568 0.684 0.802 0.920

1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0079 1.0103 1.0126 1.0150 1.0174 1.0197 1.0220 1.0265 1.0310 1.0355

1.3336 1.3342 1.3347 1.3353 1.3359 1.3364 1.3370 1.3375 1.3381 1.3386 1.3397 1.3407 1.3418

0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.09

1.013 1.023 1.033 1.044 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.086 1.097 1.108 1.129 1.150 1.172

Phosphoric acid H3PO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.316 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.768

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740

1.0010 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0254 1.0309 1.0363

1.3335 1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3367 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394

0.12 0.24 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.16 1.38 1.62

1.010 1.020 1.050 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.200

Section 8.indb 64

4/30/05 8:47:14 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.887 1.009 1.134 1.392 1.661 1.944 2.240 2.551 2.878 3.223 3.585 3.968 4.373 4.802 5.257 5.740 6.254 6.803

c/mol L–1 0.850 0.962 1.075 1.304 1.538 1.777 2.022 2.273 2.529 2.791 3.059 3.333 3.614 3.901 4.194 4.495 4.803 5.117

ρ/g cm–3 1.0418 1.0474 1.0531 1.0647 1.0765 1.0885 1.1009 1.1135 1.1263 1.1395 1.1528 1.1665 1.1804 1.1945 1.2089 1.2236 1.2385 1.2536

n 1.3403 1.3413 1.3422 1.3441 1.3460 1.3480 1.3500 1.3520 1.3540 1.3561 1.3582 1.3604 1.3625 1.3647 1.3669 1.3691 1.3713 1.3735

∆/°C 1.88 2.16 2.45 3.01 3.76 4.45 5.25 6.23 7.38 8.69 10.12 11.64 13.23 14.94 16.81 18.85 21.09 23.58

8-65

η/mPa s 1.232 1.267 1.303 1.382 1.469 1.565 1.671 1.788 1.914 2.049 2.198 2.365 2.553 2.766 3.001 3.260 3.544 3.856

Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.101 0.204 0.309 0.416 0.526 0.638 0.752 0.869 0.988 1.110 1.362 1.626 1.903 2.193 2.497 2.817 3.154

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.305 0.409 0.515 0.622 0.730 0.840 0.951 1.064 1.293 1.528 1.770 2.017 2.272 2.533 2.801

1.0014 1.0046 1.0114 1.0181 1.0247 1.0310 1.0379 1.0446 1.0514 1.0581 1.0650 1.0788 1.0929 1.1073 1.1221 1.1372 1.1527 1.1685

1.3335 1.3341 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3386 1.3397 1.3409 1.3419 1.3430 1.3441 1.3462 1.3484 1.3506 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3595

0.18 0.34 0.67 0.98 1.29 1.60 1.91 2.22 2.53 2.84 3.16 3.79 4.41

1.009 1.015 1.027 1.040 1.053 1.067 1.081 1.096 1.112 1.128 1.145 1.183 1.224 1.270 1.319 1.373 1.432 1.497

Potassium bromide KBr

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0

0.042 0.085 0.171 0.260 0.350 0.442 0.536 0.633 0.731 0.831 0.934 1.146 1.368 1.601 1.845 2.101 2.370 2.654 2.952 3.268 3.601 3.954 4.329

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.345 0.435 0.526 0.618 0.711 0.806 0.903 1.099 1.302 1.512 1.727 1.950 2.179 2.416 2.661 2.914 3.175 3.445 3.724

1.0018 1.0054 1.0127 1.0200 1.0275 1.0350 1.0426 1.0503 1.0581 1.0660 1.0740 1.0903 1.1070 1.1242 1.1419 1.1601 1.1788 1.1980 1.2179 1.2383 1.2593 1.2810 1.3033

1.3336 1.3342 1.3354 1.3366 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3416 1.3429 1.3441 1.3454 1.3481 1.3507 1.3535 1.3562 1.3591 1.3620 1.3650 1.3680 1.3711 1.3743 1.3776 1.3809

0.15 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.74 3.07 3.76 4.49 5.25 6.04 6.88 7.76 8.70 9.68 10.72 11.82 12.98

1.000 0.998 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.977 0.974 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.958 0.953 0.949 0.946 0.944 0.943 0.943 0.944 0.947 0.952 0.959 0.968

Section 8.indb 65

4/30/05 8:47:15 AM

8-66 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 4.727 5.150 5.602

c/mol L–1 4.012 4.311 4.620

ρ/g cm–3 1.3263 1.3501 1.3746

n 1.3843 1.3878 1.3914

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.979 0.993 1.010

Potassium carbonate K2CO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 50.0

0.036 0.073 0.148 0.224 0.301 0.381 0.462 0.545 0.629 0.716 0.804 0.987 1.178 1.378 1.588 1.809 2.285 2.814 3.405 4.070 4.824 7.236

0.036 0.073 0.147 0.223 0.299 0.378 0.457 0.538 0.620 0.704 0.789 0.963 1.144 1.330 1.523 1.722 2.139 2.584 3.057 3.559 4.093 5.573

1.0027 1.0072 1.0163 1.0254 1.0345 1.0437 1.0529 1.0622 1.0715 1.0809 1.0904 1.1095 1.1291 1.1490 1.1692 1.1898 1.2320 1.2755 1.3204 1.3665 1.4142 1.5404

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3382 1.3399 1.3416 1.3433 1.3450 1.3467 1.3484 1.3501 1.3535 1.3569 1.3603 1.3637 1.3671 1.3739 1.3807 1.3874 1.3940 1.4006 1.4168

0.18 0.34 0.66 0.99 1.32 1.67 2.03 2.40 2.77 3.17 3.57 4.45 5.39 6.42 7.55 8.82 11.96 16.01 21.46 28.58 37.55

1.013 1.025 1.048 1.071 1.094 1.119 1.146 1.174 1.204 1.235 1.269 1.339 1.414 1.497 1.594 1.707 1.978 2.331 2.834 3.503 4.360 9.369

Potassium chloride KCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.067 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.559 0.706 0.856 1.010 1.166 1.327 1.490 1.829 2.184 2.555 2.944 3.353 3.783 4.236

0.067 0.135 0.271 0.409 0.549 0.691 0.835 0.980 1.127 1.276 1.426 1.733 2.048 2.370 2.701 3.039 3.386 3.742

1.0014 1.0046 1.0110 1.0174 1.0239 1.0304 1.0369 1.0434 1.0500 1.0566 1.0633 1.0768 1.0905 1.1043 1.1185 1.1328 1.1474 1.1623

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3371 1.3384 1.3398 1.3411 1.3425 1.3438 1.3452 1.3466 1.3493 1.3521 1.3549 1.3577 1.3606 1.3635 1.3665

0.23 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.85 2.32 2.80 3.29 3.80 4.30 4.81 5.88

1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.990 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.012 1.024 1.040

Potassium hydroxide KOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.090 0.180 0.364 0.551 0.743 0.938 1.138 1.342 1.550 1.763 1.980 2.431 2.902 3.395 3.913

0.089 0.179 0.362 0.548 0.736 0.929 1.124 1.322 1.524 1.729 1.938 2.365 2.806 3.261 3.730

1.0025 1.0068 1.0155 1.0242 1.0330 1.0419 1.0509 1.0599 1.0690 1.0781 1.0873 1.1059 1.1246 1.1435 1.1626

1.3340 1.3350 1.3369 1.3388 1.3408 1.3427 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3520 1.3558 1.3595 1.3632 1.3670

0.30 0.61 1.24 1.89 2.57 3.36 4.14 4.92

1.010 1.019 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.102 1.126 1.151 1.177 1.205 1.233 1.294 1.361 1.436 1.521

Section 8.indb 66

4/30/05 8:47:16 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

m/mol kg–1 4.456 5.027 5.629 6.262 6.931 7.639 11.882 17.824

c/mol L–1 4.213 4.711 5.223 5.750 6.293 6.851 9.896 13.389

8-67

ρ/g cm–3 1.1818 1.2014 1.2210 1.2408 1.2609 1.2813 1.3881 1.5024

n 1.3707 1.3744 1.3781 1.3818 1.3854 1.3889 1.4068 1.4247

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.619 1.732 1.861 2.006 2.170 2.357 3.879 7.892

Potassium iodide KI

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.030 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.251 0.317 0.385 0.453 0.524 0.596 0.669 0.821 0.981 1.147 1.322 1.506 1.699 1.902 2.117 2.343 2.582 2.835 3.103 3.388 3.692 4.016

0.030 0.061 0.122 0.184 0.248 0.312 0.377 0.443 0.511 0.579 0.648 0.790 0.937 1.088 1.244 1.405 1.571 1.744 1.922 2.106 2.297 2.495 2.700 2.913 3.134 3.364

1.0019 1.0056 1.0131 1.0206 1.0282 1.0360 1.0438 1.0517 1.0598 1.0679 1.0762 1.0931 1.1105 1.1284 1.1469 1.1659 1.1856 1.2060 1.2270 1.2487 1.2712 1.2944 1.3185 1.3434 1.3692 1.3959

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3370 1.3384 1.3397 1.3411 1.3425 1.3440 1.3454 1.3469 1.3498 1.3529 1.3560 1.3593 1.3626 1.3661 1.3696 1.3733 1.3771 1.3810 1.3851 1.3893 1.3936 1.3981 1.4027

0.11 0.22 0.43 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.77 2.01 2.26 2.77 3.30 3.87 4.46 5.09 5.76 6.46 7.21 8.01 8.86 9.76 10.72 11.73 12.81 13.97

0.999 0.997 0.991 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.969 0.963 0.957 0.951 0.946 0.937 0.929 0.921 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.901 0.898 0.895 0.892 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.893 0.897

Potassium nitrate KNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.306 0.412 0.521 0.631 0.744 0.860 0.978 1.099 1.349 1.610 1.884 2.171 2.473 2.790 3.123

0.050 0.099 0.200 0.302 0.405 0.509 0.615 0.722 0.830 0.940 1.051 1.277 1.509 1.747 1.991 2.240 2.497 2.759

1.0014 1.0045 1.0108 1.0171 1.0234 1.0298 1.0363 1.0428 1.0494 1.0560 1.0627 1.0762 1.0899 1.1039 1.1181 1.1326 1.1473 1.1623

1.3335 1.3339 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3463 1.3482 1.3502 1.3521 1.3541 1.3561

0.17 0.33 0.64 0.94 1.22 1.50 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 2.75

0.999 0.996 0.990 0.986 0.983 0.980 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.976 0.982 0.990 0.999 1.010

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.129 0.196 0.264

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.128 0.193 0.260

1.0017 1.0051 1.0085 1.0118 1.0186 1.0254

0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43

1.001 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995 0.992

Potassium permanganate KMnO4

Section 8.indb 67

4/30/05 8:47:17 AM

8-68

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 5.0 6.0

m/mol kg–1 0.333 0.404

c/mol L–1 0.327 0.394

ρ/g cm–3 1.0322 1.0390

n

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.989 0.985

Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.147 0.178 0.208 0.239 0.271 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.146 0.176 0.207 0.237 0.268 0.299 0.362 0.426 0.491

1.0025 1.0068 1.0110 1.0153 1.0195 1.0238 1.0281 1.0324 1.0368 1.0412 1.0500 1.0590 1.0680

1.3338 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3368 1.3376 1.3384 1.3392 1.3399 1.3407 1.3422 1.3438 1.3453

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.97 1.10 1.22 1.46 1.70 1.95

1.013 1.023 1.034 1.046 1.057 1.069 1.081 1.094 1.107 1.120 1.147 1.177 1.209

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.037 0.074 0.112 0.150 0.227 0.306 0.387 0.469 0.553 0.639 0.727 0.816

0.037 0.074 0.111 0.149 0.225 0.302 0.380 0.459 0.539 0.621 0.703 0.786

1.0018 1.0053 1.0089 1.0125 1.0197 1.0269 1.0342 1.0414 1.0486 1.0558 1.0630 1.0703

1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3365 1.3377 1.3388 1.3400 1.3411 1.3422 1.3434 1.3445

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.23

1.010 1.019 1.028 1.038 1.060 1.083 1.108 1.133 1.160 1.187 1.215 1.245

Potassium sulfate K2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.029 0.058 0.117 0.177 0.239 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499 0.568 0.638

0.029 0.058 0.116 0.176 0.237 0.298 0.360 0.424 0.488 0.554 0.620

1.0022 1.0062 1.0143 1.0224 1.0306 1.0388 1.0470 1.0553 1.0637 1.0721 1.0806

1.3336 1.3343 1.3355 1.3368 1.3380 1.3393 1.3405 1.3417 1.3428 1.3440 1.3452

0.14 0.26 0.50 0.73 0.95 1.17

1.006 1.011 1.021 1.033 1.045 1.058 1.072 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.132

1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 5.254 6.471 7.830 9.359

0.166 0.331 0.496 0.660 0.823 0.987 1.149 1.312 1.474 1.635 1.958 2.278 2.595 2.911 3.223 3.838 4.441 5.033 5.613

0.9963 0.9946 0.9928 0.9911 0.9896 0.9882 0.9868 0.9855 0.9842 0.9829 0.9804 0.9779 0.9749 0.9719 0.9686 0.9612 0.9533 0.9452 0.9370

1.3339 1.3348 1.3357 1.3366 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3404 1.3414 1.3423 1.3442 1.3460 1.3477 1.3494 1.3510 1.3539 1.3566 1.3592 1.3614

0.31 0.61 0.93 1.24 1.57 1.91 2.26 2.61 2.99 3.36 4.09 4.91 5.78 6.67 7.76 9.12 10.17 10.66

1.051 1.100 1.152 1.208 1.267 1.325 1.387 1.449 1.514 1.577 1.710 1.849 1.986 2.106 2.218 2.432 2.612 2.765 2.900

Section 8.indb 68

4/30/05 8:47:19 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

2-Propanol CH3CHOHCH3

Silver nitrate AgNO3

Sodium acetate CH3COONa

Section 8.indb 69

Mass % 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 11.093 24.958 66.556

c/mol L–1 6.182 8.860 11.275 13.368

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 11.093 24.958 66.556

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

∆/°C

8-69

ρ/g cm–3 0.9288 0.8875 0.8470 0.8034

n 1.3635 1.3734 1.3812 1.3852

η/mPa s 3.010 3.186 2.822 2.227

0.166 0.331 0.495 0.659 0.822 0.985 1.148 1.310 1.472 1.633 1.955 2.276 2.596 2.913 3.227 6.191 8.809 11.103 13.058

0.9960 0.9939 0.9920 0.9902 0.9884 0.9871 0.9855 0.9843 0.9831 0.9816 0.9793 0.9772 0.9751 0.9725 0.9696 0.9302 0.8824 0.8341 0.7848

1.3338 1.3346 1.3355 1.3364 1.3373 1.3382 1.3392 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3439 1.3459 1.3478 1.3496 1.3514 1.3642 1.3717 1.3742 1.3776

0.30 0.60 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.96 2.32 2.68 3.06 3.48 4.43 5.29 6.36 7.40 8.52

1.056 1.112 1.166 1.225 1.287 1.352 1.417 1.485 1.553 1.629 1.794 1.970 2.160 2.352 2.550

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.310 0.376 0.443 0.512 0.582 0.654 0.803 0.958 1.121 1.292 1.472 1.660 1.859 2.068 2.289 2.523 2.770 3.033 3.311 3.608 3.925

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.307 0.371 0.437 0.503 0.571 0.641 0.783 0.930 1.083 1.241 1.406 1.577 1.755 1.940 2.132 2.332 2.541 2.758 2.985 3.223 3.472

1.0027 1.0070 1.0154 1.0239 1.0327 1.0417 1.0506 1.0597 1.0690 1.0785 1.0882 1.1079 1.1284 1.1496 1.1715 1.1942 1.2177 1.2420 1.2672 1.2933 1.3204 1.3487 1.3780 1.4087 1.4407 1.4743

1.3336 1.3342 1.3352 1.3363 1.3374 1.3385 1.3396 1.3407 1.3419 1.3431 1.3443 1.3467 1.3493 1.3519 1.3546 1.3574 1.3602 1.3632 1.3662 1.3694 1.3726 1.3760 1.3795 1.3832 1.3871 1.3911

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.96 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.21 2.55 2.86

1.003 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.016 1.020 1.024 1.027 1.031 1.035 1.039 1.049 1.060 1.072 1.086 1.101 1.117 1.135 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.227 1.257 1.290 1.326 1.366

0.061 0.123 0.249 0.377 0.508 0.642 0.778 0.918 1.060

0.061 0.122 0.246 0.371 0.497 0.624 0.752 0.882 1.013

1.0008 1.0034 1.0085 1.0135 1.0184 1.0234 1.0283 1.0334 1.0386

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3400 1.3414 1.3428 1.3442

0.22 0.43 0.88 1.34 1.82 2.32 2.85 3.40 3.98

1.021 1.040 1.080 1.124 1.171 1.222 1.278 1.337 1.401

4/30/05 8:47:20 AM

8-70 Solute

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Sodium bromide NaBr

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3

Section 8.indb 70

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 1.206 1.354 1.662 1.984 2.322 2.676 3.047 3.438 3.849 4.283 4.741 5.224

c/mol L–1 1.145 1.279 1.552 1.829 2.112 2.400 2.694 2.993 3.297 3.606 3.921 4.243

ρ/g cm–3 1.0440 1.0495 1.0607 1.0718 1.0830 1.0940 1.1050 1.1159 1.1268 1.1377 1.1488 1.1602

n 1.3456 1.3470 1.3498 1.3526 1.3554 1.3583 1.3611 1.3639 1.3666 1.3693 1.3720 1.3748

∆/°C 4.57

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

0.060 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.305 0.368 0.432 0.496 0.561 0.627 0.693 0.760

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

η/mPa s 1.468 1.539 1.688 1.855 2.054 2.284 2.567 2.948 3.400 3.877 4.388 4.940

0.060 0.120 0.180 0.241 0.302 0.364 0.426 0.489 0.552 0.615 0.679 0.743

1.0018 1.0054 1.0089 1.0125 1.0160 1.0196 1.0231 1.0266 1.0301 1.0337 1.0372 1.0408

1.3337 1.3344 1.3351 1.3357 1.3364 1.3370 1.3377 1.3383 1.3390 1.3396 1.3403 1.3409

0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.98 1.16 1.35 1.54 1.72 1.90 2.08 2.26

1.015 1.028 1.042 1.057 1.071 1.086 1.102 1.118 1.134 1.151 1.168 1.185

0.049 0.098 0.198 0.301 0.405 0.512 0.620 0.732 0.845 0.961 1.080 1.325 1.582 1.851 2.133 2.430 2.741 3.069 3.415 3.780 4.165 4.574 5.007 5.467 5.957 6.479

0.049 0.098 0.197 0.298 0.400 0.504 0.610 0.717 0.826 0.937 1.050 1.281 1.519 1.765 2.020 2.283 2.555 2.837 3.129 3.431 3.744 4.069 4.406 4.755 5.119 5.496

1.0021 1.0060 1.0139 1.0218 1.0298 1.0380 1.0462 1.0546 1.0630 1.0716 1.0803 1.0981 1.1164 1.1352 1.1546 1.1745 1.1951 1.2163 1.2382 1.2608 1.2842 1.3083 1.3333 1.3592 1.3860 1.4138

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3401 1.3415 1.3430 1.3445 1.3460 1.3475 1.3506 1.3538 1.3570 1.3604 1.3638 1.3673 1.3708 1.3745 1.3783 1.3822 1.3862 1.3903 1.3946 1.3990 1.4035

0.17 0.34 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.76 2.14 2.53 2.93 3.34 3.77 4.67 5.65 6.74

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.017 1.022 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046 1.053 1.060 1.077 1.096 1.119 1.144 1.174 1.207 1.244 1.287 1.336 1.395 1.465 1.546 1.639 1.745 1.866

0.047 0.095 0.193 0.292 0.393 0.497 0.602 0.710

0.047 0.095 0.192 0.291 0.392 0.495 0.600 0.707

1.0034 1.0086 1.0190 1.0294 1.0398 1.0502 1.0606 1.0711

1.3341 1.3352 1.3375 1.3397 1.3419 1.3440 1.3462 1.3483

0.22 0.43 0.75 1.08 1.42 1.77 2.13

1.025 1.049 1.102 1.159 1.222 1.292 1.367 1.448

4/30/05 8:47:21 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

m/mol kg–1 0.820 0.933 1.048 1.166 1.287 1.410 1.536 1.665

c/mol L–1 0.816 0.927 1.041 1.156 1.273 1.392 1.514 1.638

8-71

ρ/g cm–3 1.0816 1.0922 1.1029 1.1136 1.1244 1.1353 1.1463 1.1574

n 1.3504 1.3525 1.3547 1.3568 1.3589 1.3610 1.3631 1.3652

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.538 1.638 1.754 1.884 2.028 2.186 2.361 2.551

Sodium chloride NaCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.086 0.173 0.349 0.529 0.713 0.901 1.092 1.288 1.488 1.692 1.901 2.333 2.785 3.259 3.756 4.278 4.826 5.403 6.012

0.086 0.172 0.346 0.523 0.703 0.885 1.069 1.256 1.445 1.637 1.832 2.229 2.637 3.056 3.486 3.928 4.382 4.847 5.326

1.0018 1.0053 1.0125 1.0196 1.0268 1.0340 1.0413 1.0486 1.0559 1.0633 1.0707 1.0857 1.1008 1.1162 1.1319 1.1478 1.1640 1.1804 1.1972

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3383 1.3400 1.3418 1.3435 1.3453 1.3470 1.3488 1.3505 1.3541 1.3576 1.3612 1.3648 1.3684 1.3721 1.3757 1.3795

0.30 0.59 1.19 1.79 2.41 3.05 3.70 4.38 5.08 5.81 6.56 8.18 9.94 11.89 14.04 16.46 19.18

1.011 1.020 1.036 1.052 1.068 1.085 1.104 1.124 1.145 1.168 1.193 1.250 1.317 1.388 1.463 1.557 1.676 1.821 1.990

Sodium citrate (HO)C(COONa)3

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.039 0.079 0.120 0.161 0.204 0.247 0.292 0.337 0.383 0.431 0.528 0.631 0.738 0.851 0.969 1.224 1.507 1.823 2.180

0.039 0.078 0.118 0.159 0.200 0.242 0.284 0.327 0.371 0.415 0.505 0.598 0.693 0.790 0.891 1.099 1.318 1.548 1.792

1.0049 1.0120 1.0186 1.0260 1.0331 1.0405 1.0482 1.0557 1.0632 1.0708 1.0861 1.1019 1.1173 1.1327 1.1492 1.1813 1.2151 1.2487 1.2843

1.3348 1.3366 1.3383 1.3401 1.3419 1.3437 1.3455 1.3473 1.3491 1.3509 1.3546 1.3583 1.3618 1.3656 1.3693 1.3767 1.3845 1.3923 1.4001

0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.27 3.82 4.39

1.043 1.081 1.122 1.166 1.210 1.263 1.314 1.371 1.427 1.499 1.649 1.832 2.045 2.290 2.596 3.409 4.586 6.541 9.788

Sodium hydroxide NaOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.126 0.253 0.510 0.773 1.042 1.316 1.596 1.882 2.174 2.473 2.778 3.409

0.125 0.252 0.510 0.774 1.043 1.317 1.597 1.883 2.174 2.470 2.772 3.393

1.0039 1.0095 1.0207 1.0318 1.0428 1.0538 1.0648 1.0758 1.0869 1.0979 1.1089 1.1309

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3414 1.3441 1.3467 1.3494 1.3520 1.3546 1.3572 1.3597 1.3648

0.43 0.86 1.74 2.64 3.59 4.57 5.60 6.69 7.87 9.12 10.47 13.42

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.176 1.248 1.329 1.416 1.510 1.616 1.737 1.882 2.201

Section 8.indb 71

4/30/05 8:47:22 AM

8-72

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

m/mol kg–1 4.070 4.412 4.762 5.488 6.250 7.052 7.895 8.784 9.723 10.715 11.766 12.880 14.064 15.324 16.668

c/mol L–1 4.036 4.365 4.701 5.387 6.096 6.827 7.579 8.352 9.145 9.958 10.791 11.643 12.512 13.398 14.300

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.059 0.119 0.240 0.364 0.490 0.619 0.751 0.886 1.023 1.164 1.307 1.604 1.915 2.583 2.941 5.042 7.844

Sodium phosphate Na3PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Sodium nitrate NaNO3

Section 8.indb 72

Mass % 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

ρ/g cm–3 1.1530 1.1640 1.1751 1.1971 1.2192 1.2412 1.2631 1.2848 1.3064 1.3277 1.3488 1.3697 1.3901 1.4102 1.4299

n 1.3697 1.3722 1.3746 1.3793 1.3840 1.3885 1.3929 1.3971 1.4012 1.4051 1.4088 1.4123 1.4156 1.4186 1.4215

∆/°C 16.76

η/mPa s 2.568 2.789 3.043 3.698 4.619 5.765 7.100 8.744 10.832 13.517 16.844 20.751 25.290 30.461 36.312

0.059 0.118 0.238 0.359 0.483 0.607 0.734 0.862 0.991 1.123 1.256 1.527 1.806 2.387 2.689 4.326 6.200

1.0016 1.0050 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0322 1.0392 1.0462 1.0532 1.0603 1.0674 1.0819 1.0967 1.1272 1.1429 1.2256 1.3175

1.3336 1.3341 1.3353 1.3364 1.3375 1.3387 1.3398 1.3409 1.3421 1.3432 1.3443 1.3466 1.3489 1.3536 1.3559 1.3678 1.3802

0.20 0.40 0.79 1.18 1.56 1.94 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.46 3.84 4.60 5.37 6.98 7.81

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.018 1.025 1.032 1.040 1.049 1.059 1.069 1.081 1.107 1.138 1.215 1.263 1.609 2.226

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.124 0.156 0.189 0.221 0.254 0.287 0.321 0.355 0.389 0.424 0.459 0.495 0.530

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.125 0.157 0.189 0.222 0.255 0.289 0.323 0.357 0.392 0.427 0.462 0.498 0.535

1.0042 1.0100 1.0158 1.0216 1.0275 1.0335 1.0395 1.0456 1.0517 1.0579 1.0642 1.0705 1.0768 1.0832 1.0896 1.0961

1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3419 1.3432 1.3444 1.3457 1.3470 1.3482 1.3495 1.3507 1.3519 1.3532

0.19 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.79

1.033 1.064 1.094 1.126 1.161 1.198 1.238 1.281 1.327 1.375 1.426 1.480 1.538 1.598 1.662 1.729

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.144 0.181 0.218 0.255 0.293 0.332 0.371

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.180 0.217 0.255 0.292 0.331 0.369

1.0032 1.0082 1.0131 1.0180 1.0229 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0478

1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3414 1.3424

0.17 0.32 0.46

1.021 1.042 1.064 1.088 1.113 1.138 1.165 1.193 1.223 1.254

4/30/05 8:47:23 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 5.5

m/mol kg–1 0.410

c/mol L–1 0.408

ρ/g cm–3 1.0528

n 1.3433

∆/°C

8-73

η/mPa s 1.286

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.042 0.084 0.127 0.170 0.214 0.258 0.302 0.347 0.393 0.439 0.532 0.627 0.725 0.824 0.926 1.137 1.357 1.588 1.830 2.084 2.351 2.632 2.929 3.242 3.572 3.923 4.294 4.689 5.109 5.557

0.042 0.084 0.126 0.169 0.212 0.255 0.299 0.343 0.387 0.432 0.522 0.613 0.706 0.800 0.896 1.091 1.292 1.499 1.711 1.930 2.155 2.387 2.625 2.870 3.123 3.383 3.650 3.925 4.208 4.499

1.0019 1.0056 1.0094 1.0131 1.0168 1.0206 1.0244 1.0281 1.0319 1.0358 1.0434 1.0511 1.0589 1.0668 1.0747 1.0907 1.1070 1.1236 1.1404 1.1576 1.1752 1.1931 1.2113 1.2299 1.2488 1.2682 1.2879 1.3080 1.3285 1.3493

1.3336 1.3343 1.3349 1.3356 1.3362 1.3369 1.3375 1.3382 1.3388 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3486 1.3512 1.3538 1.3565 1.3592 1.3618 1.3646 1.3673 1.3700 1.3728 1.3756 1.3784 1.3812 1.3840 1.3869

0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.65 1.89 2.12 2.35 2.58 3.06 3.53 4.03 4.55 5.10

1.018 1.035 1.051 1.068 1.085 1.103 1.121 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.223 1.270 1.319 1.371 1.428 1.552 1.694 1.861 2.050 2.283 2.550 2.850 3.214 3.682 4.300 5.079 6.008 7.098 8.363 9.814

Sodium sulfate Na2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0

0.035 0.071 0.144 0.218 0.293 0.371 0.449 0.530 0.612 0.696 0.782 0.960 1.146 1.341 1.545 1.760 1.986

0.035 0.071 0.143 0.217 0.291 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.603 0.685 0.768 0.938 1.114 1.296 1.483 1.677 1.875

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0343 1.0436 1.0526 1.0619 1.0713 1.0808 1.0905 1.1101 1.1301 1.1503 1.1705 1.1907 1.2106

1.3338 1.3345 1.3360 1.3376 1.3391 1.3406 1.3420 1.3435 1.3449 1.3464 1.3479 1.3509 1.3539 1.3567 1.3595 1.3620 1.3643

0.17 0.32 0.61 0.87 1.13 1.36 1.56

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.091 1.126 1.163 1.202 1.244 1.289 1.337 1.390 1.508 1.646 1.812 2.005 2.227 2.481

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.196 0.264 0.333 0.404 0.476 0.550 0.626

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.398 0.468 0.539 0.611

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0231 1.0315 1.0399 1.0483 1.0568 1.0654 1.0740

1.3340 1.3351 1.3371 1.3392 1.3413 1.3434 1.3454 1.3475 1.3496 1.3517

0.14 0.28 0.57 0.84 1.09 1.34 1.59 1.83 2.06 2.30

1.012 1.023 1.044 1.066 1.090 1.115 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.231

Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3

Section 8.indb 73

4/30/05 8:47:24 AM

8-74 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.703 0.862 1.030 1.205 1.388 1.581 2.711 4.216

c/mol L–1 0.685 0.835 0.990 1.150 1.315 1.485 2.417 3.498

ρ/g cm–3 1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551 1.1740 1.2739 1.3827

n 1.3538 1.3581 1.3624 1.3667 1.3711 1.3756 1.3987 1.4229

∆/°C 2.55 3.06 3.60 4.17 4.76 5.37

η/mPa s 1.267 1.345 1.435 1.537 1.657 1.798 2.903 5.758

Strontium chloride SrCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.195 0.263 0.332 0.403 0.475 0.549 0.624 0.701 0.860 1.027 1.202 1.385 1.577 1.779 1.992 2.216 2.453 2.703 2.968 3.250 3.548

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.469 0.541 0.615 0.689 0.843 1.002 1.167 1.338 1.515 1.699 1.890 2.087 2.293 2.507 2.730 2.962 3.205

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0344 1.0437 1.0532 1.0628 1.0726 1.0825 1.0925 1.1131 1.1342 1.1558 1.1780 1.2008 1.2241 1.2481 1.2728 1.2983 1.3248 1.3523 1.3811 1.4114

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3421 1.3440 1.3459 1.3478 1.3498 1.3518 1.3558 1.3599 1.3641 1.3684 1.3728 1.3772 1.3817 1.3864 1.3911 1.3961 1.4013 1.4067 1.4124

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.98 2.38 2.80 3.25 3.74 4.81 6.03 7.41 8.98 10.74 12.74 14.99

1.012 1.021 1.039 1.057 1.076 1.096 1.116 1.136 1.157 1.180 1.204 1.258 1.317 1.383 1.460 1.549 1.650 1.765 1.897 2.056 2.245 2.527 2.846 3.206

Sucrose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.375 1.505 1.643 1.791 1.948 2.116

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.118 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.632 0.700 0.771 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.063 1.139 1.216 1.295 1.375 1.456

1.0002 1.0021 1.0060 1.0099 1.0139 1.0178 1.0218 1.0259 1.0299 1.0340 1.0381 1.0465 1.0549 1.0635 1.0722 1.0810 1.0899 1.0990 1.1082 1.1175 1.1270 1.1366 1.1464 1.1562 1.1663 1.1765 1.1868

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3373 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3509 1.3541 1.3573 1.3606 1.3639 1.3672 1.3706 1.3741 1.3776 1.3812 1.3848 1.3885 1.3922 1.3960 1.3999 1.4038

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.63 0.77 0.93 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.12 2.37 2.64 2.94 3.27 3.63 4.02 4.45 4.93

1.015 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.114 1.146 1.179 1.215 1.254 1.294 1.336 1.429 1.534 1.653 1.790 1.945 2.124 2.331 2.573 2.855 3.187 3.762 4.052 4.621 5.315 6.162 7.234

Section 8.indb 74

4/30/05 8:47:25 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH

Section 8.indb 75

Mass % 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 2.295 2.489 2.697 2.921 4.382 6.817 11.686

c/mol L–1 1.539 1.623 1.709 1.796 2.255 2.755 3.299

8-75

ρ/g cm–3 1.1972 1.2079 1.2186 1.2295 1.2864 1.3472 1.4117

n 1.4078 1.4118 1.4159 1.4201 1.4419 1.4654 1.4906

∆/°C

η/mPa s 8.596 10.301 12.515 15.431 58.487 481.561

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.315 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.767 0.887 1.008 1.133 1.390 1.660 1.942 2.238 2.549 2.876 3.220 3.582 3.965 4.370 4.798 5.252 5.735 6.249 6.797 7.383 8.011 8.685 9.411 10.196 11.045 11.969 12.976 14.080 15.294 23.790 40.783 91.762 117.251 159.734 244.698 499.592

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.418 0.526 0.635 0.746 0.858 0.972 1.087 1.322 1.563 1.810 2.064 2.324 2.592 2.866 3.147 3.435 3.729 4.030 4.339 4.656 4.981 5.313 5.655 6.005 6.364 6.734 7.113 7.502 7.901 8.312 8.734 9.168 11.494 14.088 16.649 17.109 17.550 17.966 18.346 18.663

1.0016 1.0049 1.0116 1.0183 1.0250 1.0318 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1245 1.1398 1.1554 1.1714 1.1872 1.2031 1.2191 1.2353 1.2518 1.2685 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3386 1.3570 1.3759 1.3952 1.4149 1.4351 1.4558 1.4770 1.4987 1.6105 1.7272 1.8144 1.8240 1.8312 1.8355 1.8361 1.8305

1.3336 1.3342 1.3355 1.3367 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3415 1.3427 1.3439 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3551 1.3576 1.3602 1.3628 1.3653 1.3677 1.3701 1.3725 1.3749 1.3773 1.3797 1.3821 1.3846 1.3870 1.3895 1.3920 1.3945 1.3971 1.3997 1.4024 1.4050 1.4077

0.21 0.42 0.80 1.17 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95 3.49 4.08 4.64 5.93 7.49 9.26 11.29 13.64 16.48 19.85 24.29 29.65 36.21 44.76 55.28

1.010 1.019 1.036 1.059 1.085 1.112 1.136 1.159 1.182 1.206 1.230 1.282 1.337 1.399 1.470 1.546 1.624 1.706 1.797 1.894 2.001 2.122 2.255 2.392 2.533 2.690 2.872 3.073 3.299 3.546 3.826 4.142 4.499 4.906 5.354 5.917

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.322 0.391 0.461

0.031 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.249 0.313 0.377 0.442

1.0008 1.0034 1.0083 1.0133 1.0182 1.0230 1.0279 1.0328

1.3337 1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3418

0.11 0.21 0.42 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53

1.011 1.021 1.044 1.069 1.096 1.123 1.150 1.177

4/30/05 8:47:26 AM

8-76

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 0.532 0.605 0.680 0.835 0.996 1.166 1.343 1.530 1.933 2.380 2.880 3.443 4.080 4.809 5.650

c/mol L–1 0.508 0.574 0.641 0.777 0.916 1.058 1.203 1.351 1.654 1.968 2.294 2.632 2.984 3.349 3.726

ρ/g cm–3 1.0378 1.0428 1.0479 1.0583 1.0692 1.0806 1.0921 1.1035 1.1260 1.1485 1.1713 1.1947 1.2188 1.2435 1.2682

n 1.3431 1.3444 1.3456 1.3483 1.3510 1.3539 1.3568 1.3597 1.3652 1.3705 1.3759 1.3813 1.3868 1.3923 1.3977

∆/°C 1.76 1.99 2.23 2.73 3.26 3.82

η/mPa s 1.204 1.233 1.263 1.326 1.393 1.462 1.533 1.608 1.768 1.935 2.118 2.320 1.543 2.797 3.076

Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine H2NC(CH2OH)3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.041 0.083 0.168 0.255 0.344 0.434 0.527 0.621 0.718 0.816 0.917 1.126 1.344 1.572 1.812 2.064 3.538 5.503

0.041 0.083 0.166 0.249 0.333 0.417 0.502 0.587 0.672 0.758 0.844 1.019 1.194 1.372 1.552 1.733 2.670 3.657

0.9994 1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0078 1.0103 1.0128 1.0153 1.0179 1.0204 1.0230 1.0282 1.0335 1.0389 1.0443 1.0498 1.0781 1.1076

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3374 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3508 1.3539 1.3570 1.3601 1.3633 1.3797 1.3970

0.08 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.64 0.80 0.97 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.70 2.08 2.47 2.90 3.36 3.85

1.014 1.027 1.054 1.083 1.115 1.148 1.182 1.218 1.256 1.295 1.337 1.427 1.527 1.642 1.772 1.920 2.998 5.208

Urea (NH2)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.270 2.710 3.171 3.655 4.163 4.696 5.258 5.850 6.475 7.136 7.835 8.577 9.366 10.205 11.100

0.083 0.167 0.334 0.502 0.672 0.842 1.013 1.185 1.358 1.531 1.706 2.059 2.415 2.775 3.139 3.506 3.878 4.253 4.632 5.014 5.401 5.791 6.185 6.584 6.988 7.397

0.9995 1.0007 1.0033 1.0058 1.0085 1.0111 1.0138 1.0165 1.0192 1.0220 1.0248 1.0304 1.0360 1.0417 1.0473 1.0530 1.0586 1.0643 1.0699 1.0756 1.0812 1.0869 1.0926 1.0984 1.1044 1.1106

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3387 1.3401 1.3416 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3506 1.3537 1.3568 1.3599 1.3629 1.3661 1.3692 1.3723 1.3754 1.3785 1.3817 1.3848 1.3881 1.3913 1.3947

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.88 2.22 2.56 2.91 3.26 3.95 4.66 5.40 6.19 7.00 7.81 8.64 9.52 10.45 11.40 12.34 13.27 14.20 15.11 15.99

1.007 1.010 1.012 1.017 1.025 1.033 1.041 1.049 1.057 1.065 1.074 1.091 1.109 1.130 1.153 1.178 1.205 1.235 1.266 1.298 1.332 1.371 1.413 1.459 1.509 1.565

Section 8.indb 76

4/30/05 8:47:27 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Zinc sulfate ZnSO4

Section 8.indb 77

Mass % 42.0 44.0 46.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

m/mol kg–1 12.057 13.082 14.183

c/mol L–1 7.812 8.234 8.665

0.031 0.063 0.126 0.192 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.466 0.539 0.613 0.688 0.845 1.008 1.180

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.465 0.537 0.611 0.686 0.840 1.002 1.170

ρ/g cm–3 1.1171 1.1239 1.1313

n 1.3982 1.4018 1.4056

∆/°C 16.83 17.62

1.0034 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0956 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3403 1.3421 1.3439 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3590 1.3630

0.08 0.15 0.28 0.41 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.55 1.89 2.31

8-77

η/mPa s 1.629 1.700 1.780 1.021 1.040 1.081 1.126 1.175 1.227 1.283 1.341 1.403 1.470 1.545 1.716 1.918 2.152

4/30/05 8:47:28 AM

ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

0 14.938 14.83 14.72 14.62 14.53 14.34 14.21 14.08 13.97 13.87 13.77 13.60 13.44 13.31 13.18 13.04 12.91

25 13.995 13.90 13.82 13.73 13.66 13.53 13.40 13.28 13.18 13.09 13.00 12.83 12.68 12.55 12.43 12.31 12.21

50 13.275 13.19 13.11 13.04 12.96 12.85 12.73 12.62 12.53 12.44 12.35 12.19 12.05 11.93 11.82 11.71 11.62

Temperature (°C) 75 100 12.712 12.265 12.63 12.18 12.55 12.10 12.48 12.03 12.41 11.96 12.29 11.84 12.18 11.72 12.07 11.61 11.98 11.53 11.90 11.44 11.82 11.37 11.66 11.22 11.53 11.09 11.41 10.97 11.30 10.86 11.20 10.77 11.11 10.68

150 11.638 11.54 11.45 11.36 11.29 11.16 11.04 10.92 10.83 10.74 10.66 10.52 10.39 10.27 10.17 10.07 9.98

200 11.289 11.16 11.05 10.95 10.86 10.71 10.57 10.45 10.34 10.24 10.16 10.00 9.87 9.75 9.64 9.54 9.45

250 11.191 11.01 10.85 10.72 10.60 10.43 10.27 10.12 9.99 9.88 9.79 9.62 9.48 9.35 9.24 9.13 9.04

300 11.406 11.14 10.86 10.66 10.50 10.26 10.08 9.91 9.76 9.63 9.52 9.34 9.18 9.04 8.93 8.82 8.71

Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

350 12.30 11.77 11.14 10.79 10.54 10.22 9.98 9.79 9.61 9.47 9.34 9.13 8.96 8.81 8.68 8.57 8.46

400 — 19.43 11.88 11.17 10.77 10.29 9.98 9.74 9.54 9.37 9.22 8.99 8.80 8.64 8.50 8.37 8.25

450 — 21.59 13.74 11.89 11.19 10.48 10.07 9.77 9.53 9.33 9.16 8.90 8.69 8.51 8.36 8.22 8.09

500 — 22.40 16.13 13.01 11.81 10.77 10.23 9.86 9.57 9.34 9.15 8.85 8.62 8.42 8.25 8.10 7.96

Temperature (°C) 600 — 23.27 18.30 15.25 13.40 11.59 10.73 10.18 9.78 9.48 9.23 8.85 8.57 8.34 8.13 7.95 7.78

700 — 23.81 19.29 16.55 14.70 12.50 11.36 10.63 10.11 9.71 9.41 8.95 8.61 8.34 8.10 7.89 7.70

800 — 24.23 19.92 17.35 15.58 13.30 11.98 11.11 10.49 10.02 9.65 9.11 8.72 8.40 8.13 7.89 7.68

900 — 24.59 20.39 17.93 16.22 13.97 12.54 11.59 10.89 10.35 9.93 9.30 8.86 8.51 8.21 7.95 7.70

1000 — 24.93 20.80 18.39 16.72 14.50 12.97 12.02 11.24 10.62 10.13 9.42 8.97 8.64 8.38 8.12 7.85

Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 B = –3245.2 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3

E = +13.957 F = 1262.3 K G = +8.5641 × 105 K2

Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981.

8-78

Section 8.indb 78

4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m–

References 1. Marshall W. L., and Franck, E. U., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981. 2. Mesmer R. E., and Herting, D. L., J. Solution Chem., 7, 901, 1978.

and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

H2O 14.938 14.727 14.528 14.340 14.163 13.995 13.836 13.685 13.542 13.405 13.275 13.152 13.034 12.921 12.814 12.712 12.613 12.520 12.428 12.345 12.265

–log KW

D2O 15.972 15.743 15.527 15.324 15.132 14.951 14.779 14.616 14.462 14.316 14.176 14.044 13.918 13.798 13.683 13.574 13.470 13.371 13.276 13.186 13.099

8-79

Section 8.indb 79

4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Data Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere).

The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included.

Gas Hydrogen (H2) Mr = 2.01588

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 1.510 × 10–5 1.455 × 10–5 1.411 × 10–5 1.377 × 10–5 1.350 × 10–5

Equation constants A = –48.1611 B = 55.2845 C = 16.8893 Std. dev. = ± 0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

Ref. 1

Deuterium (D2) Mr = 4.0282

283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15

1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37%

Averaged experimental values

Helium (He) Ar = 4.0026

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

7.123 × 10–6 7.044 × 10–6 6.997 × 10–6 6.978 × 10–6 6.987 × 10–6

A = –41.4611 B = 42.5962 C = 14.0094 Std. dev. = ±0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

2

Neon (Ne) Ar = 20.1797

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.702 × 10–6 8.395 × 10–6 8.152 × 10–6 7.966 × 10–6 7.829 × 10–6

A = –52.8573 B = 61.0494 C = 18.9157 Std. dev. = ±0.47% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

2

Argon (Ar) Ar = 39.948

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.025 × 10–5 2.748 × 10–5 2.519 × 10–5 2.328 × 10–5 2.169 × 10–5

A = –57.6661 B = 74.7627 C = 20.1398 Std. dev. = ±0.26% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

3

Krypton (Kr) Ar = 83.80

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.696 × 10–5 5.041 × 10–5 4.512 × 10–5 4.079 × 10–5 3.725 × 10–5

A = –66.9928 B = 91.0166 C = 24.2207 Std. dev. = ±0.32% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

4

Xenon (Xe) Ar = 131.29

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

10.519 × 10–5 9.051 × 10–5 7.890 × 10–5 6.961 × 10–5 6.212 × 10–5

A = –74.7398 B = 105.210 C = 27.4664 Std. dev. = ±0.35% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

4

1

Temp. range = 278.15—303.15

8-80

S08_18.indd 80

5/4/05 10:14:55 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

S08_18.indd 81

8-81

Gas Radon-222(222Rn) Ar = 222

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.299 × 10–4 1.945 × 10–4 1.671 × 10–4 1.457 × 10–4 1.288 × 10–4

Equation constants A = –90.5481 B = 130.026 C = 35.0047 Std. dev. = ±1.02% Temp. range = 273.15—373.15

Ref.

Oxygen (O2) Mr = 31.9988

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.756 × 10–5 2.501 × 10–5 2.293 × 10–5 2.122 × 10–5 1.982 × 10–5

A = –66.7354 B = 87.4755 C = 24.4526 Std. dev. = ±0.36% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

5

Ozone (O3) Mr = 47.9982

293.15

1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% pH = 7.0

Experimental value derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation

5

Nitrogen (N2) Mr = 28.0134

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

1.386 × 10–5 1.274 × 10–5 1.183 × 10–5 1.108 × 10–5 1.047 × 10–5

A = –67.3877 B = 86.3213 C = 24.7981 Std. dev. = ±0.72% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

6

Nitrous oxide (N2O) Mr = 44.0129

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.948 × 10–4 5.068 × 10–4 4.367 × 10–4 3.805 × 10–4 3.348 × 10–4

A = –60.7467 B = 88.8280 C = 21.2531 Std. dev. = ±1.2% Temp. range = 273.15—313.15

7

Nitric oxide (NO) Mr = 30.0061

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.163 × 10–5 3.786 × 10–5 3.477 × 10–5 3.222 × 10–5 3.012 × 10–5

A = –62.8086 B = 82.3420 C = 22.8155 Std. dev. = ±0.76% Temp. range = 273.15—358.15

7

Carbon monoxide (CO) Mr = 28.0104

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.095 × 10–5 1.918 × 10–5 1.774 × 10–5 1.657 × 10–5 1.562 × 10–5

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±0.043% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

8

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mr = 44.0098

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.21 × 10–4 7.07 × 10–4 6.15 × 10–4 5.41 × 10–4 4.80 × 10–4

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±1.1% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

9

Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) Mr = 80.976

288.15 298.15 308.15

1.80 × 10–3 1.49 × 10–3 1.24 × 10–3

A = 9.15 B = 974 C = –3.542 D = 0.0042 Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15

10

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Mr = 34.082

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.335 × 10–3 2.075 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–3 1.66 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–3

A = –24.912 B = 3477 C = 0.3993 D = 0.0157 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15

10

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Mr = 64.0648

288.15 293.15

3.45 × 10–2 2.90 × 10–2

A = –25.2629 B = 45.7552

11

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

8-82 Gas

T/K 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.46 × 10–2 2.10 × 10–2 1.80 × 10–2

Equation constants C = 5.6855 Std. dev. = ±1.8% Temp. range = 278.15—328.15

Chlorine (Cl2) Mr = 70.9054

283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15

2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2%

Experimental data Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Mr = 86.9048

273.15 276.61 283.15 293.15

5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1%

Experimental data Temp. range = 273.15—293.15

11

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Mr = 67.4515

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.67 × 10–2 2.20 × 10–2 1.823 × 10–2 1.513 × 10–2 1.259 × 10–2

A = 7.9163 B = 0.4791 C = 11.0593 Std. dev. = ±4.6% Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Methane (CH4) Mr = 16.0428

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.122 × 10–5 2.806 × 10–5 2.552 × 10–5 2.346 × 10–5 2.180 × 10–5

A = –115.6477 B = 155.5756 C = 65.2553 D = –6.1698 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

12

Ethane (C2H6) Mr = 30.0696

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.556 × 10–5 3.907 × 10–5 3.401 × 10–5 3.002 × 10–5 2.686 × 10–5

A = –90.8225 B = 126.9559 C = 34.7413 Std. dev. = ±0.13% Temp. range = 273.15—323.15

13

Propane (C3H8) Mr = 44.097

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.813 × 10–5 3.200 × 10–5 2.732 × 10–5 2.370 × 10–5 2.088 × 10–5

A = –102.044 B = 144.345 C = 39.4740 Std. dev. = ±0.012% Temp. range = 273.15—347.15

14

Butane (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.274 × 10–5 2.687 × 10–5 2.244 × 10–5 1.906 × 10–5 1.645 × 10–5

A = –102.029 B = 146.040 C = 38.7599 Std. dev. = ±0.026% Temp. range = 273.15—349.15

14

2-Methyl propane (Isobutane) (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.333 × 10–5 1.947 × 10–5 1.659 × 10–5 1.443 × 10–5 1.278 × 10–5

A = –129.714 B = 183.044 C = 53.4651 Std. dev. = ±0.034% Temp. range = 278.15—318.15

14

References 1. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 2. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. 3. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. 4. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979.

S08_18.indd 82

Ref.

5. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 6. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 7. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 8. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. 9. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991.

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water 10. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. 11. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. 12. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987.

S08_18.indd 83

8-83 13. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 14. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986.

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100 °C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated uncertainty is about 2%.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

8-84

5 0.067 0.056 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010

10 0.135 0.113 0.096 0.082 0.071 0.062 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020

References 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575,1991.

1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase Partial pressure of CO2 in kPa 20 30 40 0.269 0.404 0.538 0.226 0.338 0.451 0.191 0.287 0.382 0.164 0.245 0.327 0.141 0.212 0.283 0.123 0.185 0.247 0.109 0.163 0.218 0.097 0.145 0.193 0.087 0.130 0.173 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.071 0.107 0.142 0.065 0.098 0.131 0.060 0.090 0.121 0.056 0.084 0.112 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.049 0.074 0.099 0.047 0.070 0.093 0.044 0.067 0.089 0.042 0.064 0.085 0.041 0.061 0.082 0.039 0.059 0.079

50 0.671 0.564 0.477 0.409 0.353 0.308 0.271 0.242 0.216 0.196 0.178 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.131 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.106 0.102 0.098

100 1.337 1.123 0.950 0.814 0.704 0.614 0.541 0.481 0.431 0.389 0.354 0.325 0.300 0.279 0.261 0.245 0.232 0.221 0.211 0.203 0.196

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds The solubility in water of about 1300 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. When data are available, values are given at several temperatures between 0 °C and 100 °C. Solids, liquids, and gases are included; additional data on gases can be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water” in Section 8. Solubility of solids is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the specified compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere) the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with an asterisk. The solubility values in this table are expressed as mass percent of solute, s = 100w2, where the mass fraction w2 is defined as w2 = m2/(m1 +m2)



where m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. For convenience, the solubility expressed in grams of solute that will dissolve in 1 kilogram of water is tabulated in the adjacent column to mass percent. For compounds with low solubility (e.g., s < 1%), that column is, to a high approximation, numerically identical to the solubility expressed in grams of solute per liter of solution. The mass fraction w2 is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molality: Molarity: Mole fraction: Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: Mass of solute per liter of solution:

m2 = 1000 w2/M2(1 – w2) c2 = 1000ρw2/M2 x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1 – w2)/M1} 100w2/(1 – w2) 1000ρw2

Here, M2 is the molar mass of the solute, M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water, and ρ is the density of the solution in g/mL. Data have been selected from evaluated sources wherever possible, in particular the IUPAC Solubility Data Series. Many values come from experimental measurements reported in the Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, as well as critical review papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. The primary source for each value is listed in the column following the solubility values; additional references of interest are sometimes given. Many of the references contain solubility data at other temperatures and pH values and in the presence of other compounds. The user is cautioned that wide variations of data are found in the literature for the lower solubility compounds. The references should be consulted for more information on these compounds. The table also contains values of the Henry’s Law constant kH, which provides a measure of the partition of a substance between the atmosphere and the aqueous phase. Here, kH is defined as the limit of p2/c2 as the concentration approaches zero, where p2 is the

partial pressure of the solute above the solution and c2 is the concentration in the solution at equilibrium (other formulations of Henry’s Law are often used; see Reference 5). The values of kH listed here are based on direct experimental measurement whenever available, but many of them are simply calculated as the ratio of the pure compound vapor pressure to the solubility. This approximation is reliable only for compounds of very low solubility. In fact, values of kH found in the literature frequently differ by a factor of two or three, and variations over an order of magnitude are not unusual (Reference 5). Therefore, the data given here should be taken only as a rough indication of the true Henry’s Law constant, which is difficult to measure precisely. All values of kH refer to 25 °C. If the vapor pressure of the compound at 25 °C is greater than one atmosphere, it can be assumed that the kH value has been calculated as 101.325/c2. The source of the Henry’s Law data is given in the last column. The air-water partition coefficient (i.e., ratio of air concentration to water concentration when both are expressed in the same units) is equal to kH/RT or kH/2.48 in the units used here. Compounds are listed by systematic name. To locate a compound by molecular formula or CAS Registry Number, use the indexes to the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds” in Section 3, which point to the entry in that table from which the name can be determined.

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 15, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 2. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1985. 3. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 37, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 4. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 5. Mackay, D., and Shiu, W. Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 1175, 1981. 6. Pearlman, R. S., and Yalkowsky, S. H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 975, 1984. 7. Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 15, 911, 1986. 8. Varhanickova, D., Lee, S. C., Shiu, W. Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 40, 620, 1995. 9. Miller, M. M., Ghodbane, S., Wasik, S. P., Tewari, Y. B., and Martire, D. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 184, 1984. 10. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 11. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 12. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. 13. Mackay, D., Shiu, W. Y., and Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of PhysicalChemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Vol. III, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 14. Horvath, A. L., Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982. 15. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. I, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

* Indicates a value of s for a gas at a partial pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm) in equilibrium with the solution.



8-85

8-86

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

16. Howard, P. H., Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals, Vol. II, Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990. 17. Banergee, S., Yalkowsky, S. H., and Valvani, S. C., Environ. Sci. Technol., 14, 1227, 1980. 18. Gevantman, L. H., in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition, p. 8–80, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009. 19. Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J., Chem. Rev. 77, 219, 1977. 20. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, 80, 1992. 21. Stephenson, R. M., Stuart, J., and Tabak, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 29, 287, 1984. 22. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29, 41, 2000. 23. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 951 (1997). 24. Huang, G.-L., Xiao, H., Chi, J., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 411, 2000. 25. Horvath, A. L., Getzen, F. W., and Maczynska, Z., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 395, 2000 [IUPAC No. 67]. 26. Dawson, R. M. C., Elliott, D. C., Elliott, W. H., and Jones, K. M., Data for Biochemical Research, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986. 27. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, MacMillan, New York, 1963. 28. Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 27, 1997. 29. Hinz, H.-J., ed., Thermodynamic Data for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. 30. Budavari, S., ed., The Merck Index, Twelfth Edition, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ, 1996. 31. Bamford, H. A., Poster, D. L., and Baker, J. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 1069, 2000. 32. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 33. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 21, 1005, 1989. 34. Apelblat, A., and Manzurola, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 22, 289, 1990. 35. Horvath, A. L., and Getzen, F. W., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 649, 1999 [IUPAC No. 68]. 36. Sazonov, V. P., Marsh, K. N., and Hefter, G. T., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1165, 2000 [IUPAC No. 71]. 37. Verbruggen, E. M. J., Hermens, J. L. M., and Tolls, J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 1435, 2000. 38. Sazonov, V. P., Shaw, D. G., and Marsh, K. N., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 1, 2002 [IUPAC No. 77]. 39. Sazonov, V. P., and Shaw, D. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 989, 2002 [IUPAC No. 78]. 40. Yalkowsky, S. H., and He, Y., Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003. 41. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 387, 2000. 42. Shaw, D. G., and Maczynski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 687, 2006 [IUPAC No. 81, Part 11]. 43. Nordstrom, F. L., and Rasmuson, A. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1668, 2006. 44. Nordstrom, F. L., and Rasmuson, A. C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1775, 2006. 45. Sapoundjiev, D., Lorenz, H,. and Seidel-Morgenstern, A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1562, 2006. 46. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 967, 2003. 47. Lu, J., Wang, X., Yang, X., and Ching, C., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 1593, 2006. 48. Achard, C., Jaoui, M., Schwing, M., and Rogalski, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 504, 1996. 49. Shareef, A., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 879, 2006. 50. Clever, H. L., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 34, 201, 2005 [IUPAC No. 80]. 51. Jaoui, M., Achard, C., and Rogalski, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 297, 2002.

52. Fichan, I., Larroche, C., and Gros, J. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 44, 56, 1999. 53. Freire, M. G., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 237, 2005. 54. Domanska, U., and Kozlowska, M. K., J. Chem. Eng. Data 47, 456, 2002. 55. Phelan, J. M., and Barnett, J. L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 375, 2001. 56. Long, B-W., Wang, L-S., and Wu, J-S., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 136, 2005. 57. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 937, 2004. 58. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 570, 2004. 59. Lynch, J. C., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1549, 2001. 60. Xiao, H., Li, N., and Wania, F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 173, 2004. 61. Ma, J. H. Y., Hung, H., Shiu, W-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 619, 2001. 62. Carta, R., and Tola, G., J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 414, 1996; 44, 563, 1999. 63. Kao, H. D., et al., Pharm. Res. 17, 978, 2000. 64. Heric, E. L., and Langford, R. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 17, 471, 1972. 65. Marche, C., Delépine, H., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 398, 2003. 66. Wang, L-C, and Wang, F-A, J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 155, 2004. 67. Shen, L, and Wania, F., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 742, 2005. 68. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data 52, 1824, 2007. 69. Zhao, H-K., Li, R-R, Ji, H-Z, Zhang, D-S., Tang, C., and Yang, L-Q., J. Chem. Eng. Data 52, 2072, 2007. 70. Yang, X., Wang, X., and Ching, C. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 53, 1133, 2008. 71. Liu, L., and Chen, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 53, 1649, 2008. 72. Szterner, P., J. Chem. Eng. Data 53, 1738, 2008. 73. Kong, M-Z., Shi, X-H, Cao, Y-C., and Zhou, C-R., J. Chem. Eng. Data 53, 615, 2008. 74. Daneshfar, A., Ghaziaskar, H. S., and Homayoun, N., J. Chem. Eng. Data 53, 776, 2008. 75. Manzurola, E., and Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 34, 1127, 2002. 76. Apelblat, A., Manzurola, E., and Balal, N. A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 38, 565, 2006. 77. Apelblat, A., and Mishelevich, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics 40, 897, 2008. 78. Góral, M., Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., and Mączyński, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 1391, 2006. 79. Mączyński, A., Shaw, D. G., Góral, M., and Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1119, 2008. 80. Mączyński, A., Shaw, D. G., Góral, M., and Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1147, 2008. 81. Mączyński, A., Shaw, D. G., Góral, M., and Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1169, 2008. 82. Mączyński, A., Shaw, D. G., Góral, M., and Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1517, 2008. 83. Mączyński, A., Shaw, D. G., Góral, M., and Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1575, 2008. 84. Mączyński, A., Shaw, D. G., Góral, M., and Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1611, 2008. 85. Luning Prak, D. J., and O’Sullivam, D. W., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 448, 2006. 86. Shiu, W.-Y., Wania, F., Hung, H., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 293, 1997. 87. Mączyński, A., and Shaw, D. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 59, 2007. 88. Mączyński, A., and Shaw, D. G., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 133, 2007. 89. Góral, M., Wiśniewska-Goclowska, B., and Mączyński, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33, 1159, 2004. 90. Heric, E. L., and Langford, R. E., J. Chem. Eng. Data 17, 209, 1972.

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name Acenaphthene

Mol. Form. C12H10

Mol. Wt. 154.207

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-87 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

0

0.00015

0.0015

4

25

0.000380

0.00380

22 4

50

0.00092

0.0092

Acenaphthylene

C12H8

152.192

20

0.0016

0.016

28

Acephate

C4H10NO3PS

183.166

20

≈28

≈390

40

Acetamide

C2H5NO

59.067

20

40.8

689

10

Acetanilide

C8H9NO

135.163

20

0.52

5.2

27

70

2.7

28

27

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.01217

22

0.012

28

Acetazolamide

C4H6N4O3S2

222.246

30

0.10

1.0

40

Acetohexamide

C15H20N2O4S

324.396

37

0.0013

0.013

40

Acetonitrile

C2H3N

41.052

–3

40.5

681

39

–10

31.7

464

39

Acetophenone

C8H8O

120.149

20

0.67

6.7

84

0.00108

28

50

0.81

8.2

84

0.00108

28

80

1.16

11.7

84

0.00108

28

25

Acetylene

C2H2

26.037

0.108*

1.08*

19

2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

C9H8O4

180.158

0.25

2.5

27

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

C9H7BrO4

259.054

0.07

0.7

30

Acridine

C13H9N

179.217

25

0.00466

0.0466

6

Acrolein

C3H4O

56.063

20

20.8

263

10

Acrylamide

C3H5NO

71.078

20

≈27

≈370

40

Acrylonitrile

C3H3N

53.063

20

7.35

79.3

10

Adenine

C5H5N5

135.128

25

0.104

1.04

29

Adenosine

C10H13N5O4

267.242

25

0.51

5.1

29

Alachlor

C14H20ClNO2

269.768

23

0.024

0.24

40

L-Alanine

C3H7NO2

89.094

25

14.30

167

26

C3H7NO2

89.094

25

47.1

890

26

Aldicarb

C7H14N2O2S

190.263

20

0.60

6.0

40

Aldrin

C12H8Cl6

364.910

25

0.00002

0.0002

67

Allopurinol

C5H4N4O

136.112

25

0.057

0.57

40

Ametryn

C9H17N5S

227.330

20

0.0190

0.190

40

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H9NO2

223.227

25

0.000016

0.00016

40

4-Aminoazobenzene

C12H11N3

197.235

25

0.0030

0.030

40

97

0.068

0.68

40

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

C6H8N2O2S

172.205

20

0.71

7.2

40

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

C6H7NO3S

173.190

7

0.59

5.9

27

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

103.120

25

17.4

211

26

DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

103.120

25

55.6

1250

26

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide

C11H17N3O3S

271.336

37

0.053

0.53

40

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

C7H5Cl2NO2

206.027

25

0.070

0.70

40

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

C5H5N5O

151.127

25

0.006

0.06

26

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

C8H11NO

137.179

15

1.03

10.4

40

6-Aminohexanoic acid

C6H13NO2

131.173

25

46

852

29

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H7NO3

153.136

20

0.20

2.0

40

2-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

C4H9NO2

103.120

25

12.1

138

26

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

C5H7N3O

125.129

25

0.45

4.5

26

2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

109.126

20

1.92

19.6

40

3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

109.126

20

2.56

26.3

40

β-Alanine

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-88

Name 4-Aminophenol

Mol. Form. C6H7NO

Mol. Wt. 109.126

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

70

≈24

≈320

40

20

1.55

15.7

40

Aminopyrine

C13H17N3O

231.293

25

4.8

50

40

Amitriptyline

C20H23N

277.404

24

0.00097

0.0097

40

Amobarbital

C11H18N2O3

226.272

25

0.06

0.6

40

Anilazine

C9H5Cl3N4

275.522

20

0.001

0.01

40

Aniline

C6H7N

93.127

25

3.38

35.0

10

Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

137.137

20

0.349

3.49

40

Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

137.137

25

0.54

5.4

40

Aniline hydrochloride

C6H8ClN

129.588

15

15.1

178

27

Anisole

C7H8O

108.138

20

0.203

2.03

40

0.184

81

0.294

0

Anthracene

C14H10

178.229

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

14

15

20

0.025

13

1.84

20

0.025

13

2.95

20

0.025

13

0.0000022

0.000022

42,4

25

0.0000044

0.000044

42,22

0.00396

22

0.00058

22

50

0.000029

0.00029

42

9,10-Anthracenedione

C14H8O2

208.213

25

0.00014

0.0014

40

Apomorphine

C17H17NO2

267.323

25

2.0

20

40

L-Arginine

C6H14N4O2

174.201

25

15.44

183

26

L-Ascorbic acid

C6H8O6

176.124

25

25.2

337

33

50

41.0

695

33

L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

132.118

25

2.45

25.1

26

L-Aspartic acid

C4H7NO4

133.104

10

0.29

2.9

77

25

0.49

4.9

77

50

1.31

13.3

77

Atrazine

C8H14ClN5

215.684

25

0.007

0.07

26

Atropine

C17H23NO3

289.370

20

0.3

3

40

Azinphos-methyl

C10H12N3O3PS2

317.324

20

0.00209

0.0209

40

trans-Azobenzene

C12H10N2

182.220

20

0.03

0.3

27

Bayleton

C14H16ClN3O2

293.749

20

0.026

0.26

40

Bendiocarb

C11H13NO4

223.226

25

0.004

0.04

40

Bentazon

C10H12N2O3S

240.278

20

0.050

0.50

40

Benzaldehyde

C7H6O

106.122

20

0.3

3

10

Benzamide

C7H7NO

121.137

12

0.577

5.77

27

Benz[a]anthracene

C18H12

228.288

10

0.00000038

0.0000038

42

25

0.00000093

0.0000093

42,22

Benzene

C6H6

78.112

10

0.174

1.74

22

20

0.177

1.77

22

30

0.183

1.83

22

40

0.192

1.92

22

50

0.206

2.06

22

70

0.249

2.50

65

101

0.398

4.00

65

Benzeneacetic acid

C8H8O2

136.149

25

1.71

17.4

27

1,2-Benzenediamine

C6H8N2

108.141

20

3.02

31.1

40

1,3-Benzenediamine

C6H8N2

108.141

20

3.48

36.1

40

1,4-Benzenediamine

C6H8N2

108.141

24

3.45

35.7

40

1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide

C8H8N2O2

164.162

30

0.59

5.9

40

Benzeneethanol

C8H10O

122.164

25

1.72

17.5

40

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-89 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

Benzenehexacarboxylic acid

C12H6O12

342.169

25

49.3

972

76

Benzenepentacarboxylic acid

C11H6O10

298.160

10

11.9

135

76

1,2,3,4-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid

1,2,3,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid

1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic acid

1,2,3-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

1,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid

C10H6O8

C10H6O8

C10H6O8

C9H6O6

C9H6O6

C9H6O6

254.150

254.150

254.150

210.140

210.140

210.140

25

21.1

267

76

50

36.2

567

76

10

11.0

124

76

25

20.9

264

76

50

39.5

653

76

10

7.50

81.1

76

25

10.1

112

76

50

15.8

188

76

10

0.51

5.1

76

25

1.06

10.7

76

50

3.82

39.7

76

10

2.39

24.5

76

25

4.78

50.2

76

50

17.4

211

76

10

1.02

10.3

76

25

1.92

19.6

76

50

5.45

57.6

76

10

0.110

1.10

76

25

0.207

2.07

76

50

0.598

6.02

76

1,2,3-Benzenetriol

C6H6O3

126.110

25

38.5

626

27

1,3,5-Benzenetriol

C6H6O3

126.110

20

1.12

11.3

27

p-Benzidine

C12H12N2

184.236

24

0.0360

0.360

40

1H-Benzimidazole

C7H6N2

118.136

15

0.33

3.3

54

20

0.201

2.01

6

1,3-Benzodioxole-5-carboxaldehyde

C8H6O3

150.132

20

0.35

3.5

40

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

C20H12

252.309

20

0.0000002

0.000002

40

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

C20H12

252.309

0.00000008

0.0000008

40

11H-Benzo[a]fluorene

C17H12

216.277

25

0.0000045

0.000045

42,4

11H-Benzo[b]fluorene

C17H12

216.277

25

0.0000002

0.000002

42,4

Benzoic acid

C7H6O2

122.122

10

0.209

2.09

76

25

0.343

3.44

76

50

0.842

8.49

76 40

Benzoin

C14H12O2

212.244

25

0.03

0.3

Benzonitrile

C7H5N

103.122

25

0.2

2

10

Benzo[ghi]perylene

C22H12

276.330

25

0.000000026

0.00000026

42,4

Benzophenone

C13H10O

182.217

20

0.0075

0.075

40

2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one

C9H6O2

146.143

20

0.190

1.90

40

60

0.69

6.9

40

25

0.00000043

0.0000043

42,22

Benzo[a]pyrene

C20H12

252.309

Benzo[e]pyrene

C20H12

252.309

8

0.00000032

0.0000032

42

17

0.00000044

0.0000044

42,22

25

0.00000048

0.0000048

42

Benzo[f ]quinoline

C13H9N

179.217

25

0.0079

0.079

6

p-Benzoquinone

C6H4O2

108.095

25

1.36

13.8

27

Benzo[b]thiophene

C8H6S

134.199

20

0.0130

0.130

6

Benzo[b]triphenylene

C22H14

278.346

25

0.0000027

0.000027

4

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.000075

12

0.0000465

22

0.0000467

22

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-90

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

Benzoxazole

C7H5NO

119.121

20

0.834

8.34

6

N-Benzoylglycine

C9H9NO3

179.172

25

0.37

3.7

29

Benzoyl peroxide

C14H10O4

242.227

20

0.000016

0.00016

40

N-Benzoyl-L-phenylalanine

C16H15NO3

269.295

25

0.085

0.85

29

Benzyl acetate

C9H10O2

150.174

25

0.150

1.50

40

Benzyl alcohol

C7H8O

108.138

20

0.08

0.8

10

Benzyl formate

C8H8O2

136.149

20

1.07

10.8

20

80

1.43

14.5

20

Bifenthrin

C23H22ClF3O2

422.868

25

0.00001

0.0001

32

Biotin

C10H16N2O3S

244.310

25

0.035

0.35

40

Biphenyl

C12H10

154.207

0

0.000272

0.00272

4

25

0.00054

0.0054

58,22

50

0.0022

0.022

4

2,2’-Bipyridine

C10H8N2

156.184

25

0.61

6.1

40

2,2’-Biquinoline

C18H12N2

256.301

24

0.000102

0.00102

6

Bis(4-aminophenyl) sulfone

C12H12N2O2S

248.300

25

0.016

0.16

40

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

C4H8Cl2O

143.012

20

1.04

10.5

20

81

1.26

12.8

20

1,1-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

C14H9Cl5O

370.485

25

0.00013

0.0013

40

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

C24H38O4

390.557

25

0.000027

0.00027

40

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

C15H16O2

228.287

25

0.0300

0.30

49

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

C8H4F6

214.108

25

0.0041

0.041

2

Borneol

C10H18O

154.249

25

0.046

0.46

52

Bromacil

C9H13BrN2O2

261.115

25

0.082

0.82

40

Bromobenzene

C6H5Br

157.008

10

0.0387

0.387

2

25

0.0445

0.445

2

40

0.0516

0.516

2

2-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

201.018

25

0.185

1.85

27

3-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

201.018

25

0.040

0.40

27

4-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

201.018

25

0.0056

0.056

27

1-Bromobutane

C4H9Br

137.018

25

0.087

0.87

35

4-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

135.003

25

0.076

0.76

35

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

191.453

25

0.0124

0.124

2

1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

191.453

25

0.0118

0.118

2

1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

191.453

25

0.00442

0.0442

2

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

C2H4BrCl

143.410

30

0.683

6.83

25

Bromochloromethane

CH2BrCl

129.384

25

1.7

17

10

1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

157.437

25

0.223

2.23

35

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

C2HBrClF3

197.381

Bromodichloromethane

CHBrCl2

163.829

Bromoethane

C2H5Br

108.965

10

0.52

5.2

25

25

0.41

4.1

25

40

0.40

4.0

25

30

0.300

3.00

40

0

1.05

10.6

25

25

0.90

9.0

25

1-Bromoheptane

C7H15Br

179.098

25

0.00067

0.0067

35

1-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

165.071

25

0.00258

0.0258

35

1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

282.904

25

0.000794

0.00794

2

Bromomethane

CH3Br

94.939

20

1.80*

18.3*

5

1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

C5H11Br

151.045

16

0.020

0.20

35

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.0280

22

0.003

13

0.250

28

1.2

13

0.18

13

1.23

13

0.63

13

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-91 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

C4H9Br

137.018

18

0.051

0.51

35

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

1-Bromooctane

C8H17Br

193.125

25

0.000167

0.00167

35

1-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

151.045

25

0.0127

0.127

35

4-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

173.007

25

1.86

19.0

2

1-Bromopropane

C3H7Br

122.992

0

0.298

2.98

35

25

0.234

2.34

35

3.8

13

1.27

13

20.7

13

95.9

5

25.6

13

2-Bromopropane

C3H7Br

122.992

20

0.32

3.2

35

3-Bromopropene

C3H5Br

120.976

25

0.38

3.8

35

4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

171.035

25

0.011

0.11

2

Bromotrifluoromethane

CBrF3

148.910

25

0.032*

0.32*

14

5-Bromouracil

C4H3BrN2O2

190.983

25

0.288

2.89

72

Brucine

C23H26N2O4

394.463

20

0.012

0.12

27

1,3-Butadiene

C4H6

54.091

25

0.0735*

0.735*

5

Butanal

C4H8O

72.106

25

7.1

76

10

Butanamide

C4H9NO

87.120

25

≈19

≈230

40

Butane

C4H10

58.122

25

0.00724*

0.0724*

18

2,3-Butanedione

C4H6O2

86.090

20

31.7

464

20

80

21.8

279

20

Butanenitrile

C4H7N

69.106

20

3.3

34

10

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol

C4H10O4

122.120

20

38.0

613

27

1-Butanethiol

C4H10S

90.187

20

0.0597

0.597

10

1-Butanol

C4H10O

74.121

0

10.5

117

78,1

25

7.3

79

78,1

50

6.4

68

78,1

100

8.8

96

78

10

23.9

314

1,87

25

18.1

221

1,87

50

14.0

163

1,87

0

35.9

560

82

2-Butanol

2-Butanone

C4H10O

C4H8O

74.121

72.106

25

25.6

344

82

40

21.5

274

82

70

18.1

221

20

100

19.3

239

82

trans-2-Butenal

C4H6O

70.090

20

15.6

185

10

1-Butene

C4H8

56.107

25

0.0222*

0.222*

5

trans-2-Butenoic acid

C4H6O2

86.090

20

7.1

76

26

cis-2-Buten-1-ol

C4H8O

72.106

20

16.6

199

10

3-Buten-2-one

C4H6O

70.090

28

54.3

1190

82

50

35.6

553

82

80

37.6

603

82

Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

116.158

20

0.68

6.8

10

sec-Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

116.158

20

0.62

6.2

10

Butyl 4-aminobenzoate

C11H15NO2

193.243

25

0.018

0.18

40

Butylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.00138

0.0138

22,89

1.33

22

sec-Butylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.0014

0.014

4,89

1.89

11

tert-Butylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.0032

0.032

4

1.28

11

Butyl ethyl ether

C6H14O

102.174

20

0.65

6.5

20

70

0.39

3.9

20

Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

C11H14O3

194.227

25

0.020

0.20

40

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-92

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

Butyl methyl ether

C5H12O

88.148

4-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O

150.217

Butyl propanoate

C7H14O2

Butyl stearate Butyl vinyl ether

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

0

2.51

25.7

79

25

0.89

9.0

79

25

0.058

0.58

40

130.185

22

0.572

5.72

27

C22H44O2

340.583

25

0.2

2

10

C6H12O

100.158

20

0.3

3

10

1-Butyne

C4H6

54.091

25

0.287*

2.87*

5

Caffeine

C8H10N4O2

194.191

25

2.12

21.7

29

Camphor, (+)

C10H16O

152.233

20

0.01

0.1

10

trans-Camphoric acid

C10H16O4

200.232

25

0.8

8

27

Cantharidin

C10H12O4

196.200

20

0.003

0.03

40

Caprolactam

C6H11NO

113.157

25

84.0

5250

10

Captafol

C10H9Cl4NO2S

349.061

20

0.000142

0.00142

40

Captan

C9H8Cl3NO2S

300.590

20

0.00005

0.0005

40

Carbaryl

C12H11NO2

201.221

20

0.0102

0.102

40

Carbazole

C12H9N

167.206

22

0.000120

0.00120

6

Carbofuran

C12H15NO3

221.252

20

0.032

0.32

40

Carbon dioxide

CO2

44.010

25

0.150*

1.50*

18

Carbon disulfide

CS2

76.141

20

0.210

2.10

10

Carbon monoxide

CO

28.010

25

0.00276*

0.0276*

18

Carboxin

C12H13NO2S

235.302

25

0.017

0.17

40

Carminic acid

C22H20O13

492.386

20

0.13

1.3

40

Carnosine

C9H14N4O3

226.232

25

24.4

323

26

Carvenol

C10H16O

152.233

25

0.29

2.9

52

Carvenone, (S)-

C10H16O

152.233

15

0.22

2.2

27

Carvone

C10H14O

150.217

15

0.13

1.3

27

(S)-Carvone

C10H14O

150.217

25

0.13

1.3

52

Cephalexin

C16H17N3O4S

347.389

25

1.2

12

40

Chloramphenicol

C11H12Cl2N2O5

323.129

25

0.38

3.8

40

Chlordane

C10H6Cl8

409.779

25

0.00006

0.0006

67

2-Chloroaniline

C6H6ClN

127.572

25

0.876

8.76

10

3-Chloroaniline

C6H6ClN

127.572

20

0.54

5.4

40

4-Chloroaniline

C6H6ClN

127.572

20

0.275

2.75

40

Chlorobenzene

C6H5Cl

112.557

5

0.050

0.50

61

25

0.050

0.50

61

45

0.055

0.55

61,2

Chlorobenzilate

C16H14Cl2O3

325.186

20

0.001

0.01

32

2-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H5ClO2

156.567

25

0.209

2.09

27

3-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H5ClO2

156.567

25

0.040

0.40

27

4-Chlorobenzoic acid

C7H5ClO2

156.567

25

0.072

0.72

27

2-Chlorobiphenyl

C12H9Cl

188.652

25

0.00055

0.0055

7

1-Chlorobutane

C4H9Cl

92.567

1

0.062

0.62

35

25

0.087

0.87

35

2-Chlorobutane

C4H9Cl

92.567

0

0.107

1.07

35

25

0.092

0.92

35

3-Chloro-2-butanone

C4H7ClO

106.551

19

2.80

28.8

20

92

3.38

35.0

20

Chlorodiazepoxide

C16H14ClN3O

299.754

20

0.2

2

40

Chlorodibromomethane

CHBr2Cl

208.280

30

0.251

2.51

40

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

1.91

5

0.0701

7

1.54

13

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-93 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

Chlorodifluoromethane

CHClF2

86.469

25

0.30*

3.0*

10

4-Chloro-2,5-dimethylphenol

C8H9ClO

156.609

25

0.89

8.9

2

4-Chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol

C8H9ClO

156.609

25

0.52

5.2

2

4-Chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

C8H9ClO

156.609

25

0.34

3.4

2

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

C6H3ClN2O4

202.552

25

0.00092

0.0092

40

Chloroethane

C2H5Cl

64.514

0

0.45

4.5

25

25

0.67*

6.7*

Chloroethene

C2H3Cl

62.498

25

0.27*

2.7*

1-Chloro-2-fluorobenzene

C6H4ClF

130.547

25

0.0502

0.502

40

Chlorofluoromethane

CH2ClF

68.478

25

1.05*

10.6*

14

1-Chloroheptane

C7H15Cl

134.647

25

0.00136

0.0136

35

1-Chlorohexane

C6H13Cl

120.620

5

0.0047

0.047

35

25

0.0064

0.064

35

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

3.0

13

25

1.02

13

5

2.68

13

0.98

13

2-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H7ClO3

186.593

25

0.013

0.13

8

3-Chloro-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H7ClO3

186.593

25

0.093

0.93

8

1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene

C6H4ClI

238.453

25

0.00689

0.0689

2

1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene

C6H4ClI

238.453

25

0.00674

0.0674

2

1-Chloro-4-iodobenzene

C6H4ClI

238.453

25

0.00311

0.0311

2

Chloromethane

CH3Cl

50.488

25

0.535*

5.35*

5

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

C3H7ClO

94.540

20

7.79

84.5

20

70

6.31

67.3

20

(Chloromethyl)benzene

C7H7Cl

126.584

20

0.0493

0.493

10

3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

C8H17Cl

148.674

20

0.01

0.1

10

2-Chloro-6-methylphenol

C7H7ClO

142.583

25

0.36

3.6

2

4-Chloro-2-methylphenol

C7H7ClO

142.583

25

0.68

6.8

2

4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

C7H7ClO

142.583

25

0.40

4.0

2

(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

C9H9ClO3

200.618

25

0.117

1.17

40

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

C4H9Cl

92.567

25

0.92

9.2

35

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

C4H9Cl

92.567

15

0.29

2.9

35

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

C4H7Cl

90.552

25

0.916

9.16

5

0.12

5

1-Chloronaphthalene

C10H7Cl

162.616

25

0.00224

0.0224

5

0.0363

28

2-Chloronaphthalene

C10H7Cl

162.616

25

0.00117

0.0117

5

0.0335

28

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

157.555

20

0.0441

0.441

40

1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

157.555

20

0.0273

0.273

40

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

157.555

20

0.0453

0.453

40

3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

201.565

25

0.047

0.47

27

5-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

201.565

25

0.96

9.6

27

1-Chlorooctane

C8H17Cl

148.674

25

0.0345

0.345

35 260

13

2.37

13

1.41

13

Chloropentafluoroethane

C2ClF5

154.466

25

0.006*

0.06*

10

1-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

106.594

5

0.020

0.20

35

25

0.0201

0.201

35

3-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

106.594

25

0.025

0.25

35

5-Chloro-2-pentanone

C5H9ClO

120.577

22

4.7

49

20

71

13.5

156

20

2-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

128.556

25

2.27

23.2

48,51,2

3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

128.556

25

2.2

22

2

4-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

128.556

25

2.55

26.2

48,51,2

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

C9H11ClN2O

198.648

25

0.023

0.23

26

1-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

78.541

25

0.250

2.50

35

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-94

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

2-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

78.541

3-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

76.525

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

0

0.44

4.4

35

20

0.30

3.0

35

25

0.40

4.0

35

50

0.13

1.3

35

Chloropropham

C10H12ClNO2

213.661

25

0.0080

0.080

40

1-Chlorotetradecane

C14H29Cl

232.833

25

0.0232

0.232

35

Chlorothalonil

C8Cl4N2

265.911

25

0.00006

0.0006

40

Chlorothiazide

C7H6ClN3O4S2

295.724

25

0.0283

0.283

40

2-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

126.584

25

0.0117

0.117

61

3-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

126.584

25

0.0117

0.117

61

4-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

126.584

25

0.0123

0.123

61

Chlorotrifluoromethane

CClF3

104.459

25

0.009*

0.09*

10

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

C3H4ClF3

132.512

20

0.133

1.33

35

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

C6H2ClN3O6

247.549

15

0.018

0.18

40

5-Chlorouracil

C4H3ClN2O2

146.532

25

0.250

2.51

72

Chlorpyrifos

C9H11Cl3NO3PS

350.586

20

0.000073

0.00073

40

Chlorsulfuron

C12H12ClN5O4S

357.773

25

2.71

27.9

32

Cholic acid

C24H40O5

408.572

20

0.028

0.28

26

Chrysene

C18H12

228.288

7

0.00000007

0.0000007

42

25

0.00000019

0.0000019

42,22

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

C9H8O

132.159

25

0.135

1.35

40

trans-Cinnamic acid

C9H8O2

148.159 192.124

20

0.1

1

26

98

0.59

5.9

26

20

59

1440

26

Citric acid

C6H8O7

Clopyralid

C6H3Cl2NO2

192.000

20

0.1

1

40

Clorophene

C13H11ClO

218.678

20

0.42

4.2

40

Cocaine

C17H21NO4

303.354

25

0.17

1.7

27

Codeine

C18H21NO3

299.365

25

0.79

7.9

27

Colchicine

C22H25NO6

399.437

20

4

42

26

Coronene

C24H12

300.352

25

0.000000014

0.00000014

42,4

Creatine

C4H9N3O2

131.133

25

1.6

16

26

o-Cresol

C7H8O

108.138

40

3.08

31.8

10

m-Cresol

C7H8O

108.138

40

2.51

25.7

10 10

p-Cresol

C7H8O

108.138

40

2.26

23.1

Crufomate

C12H19ClNO3P

291.711

20

0.50

5.0

40

Cyanazine

C9H13ClN6

240.692

25

0.0171

0.171

40

2-Cyanoacetamide

C3H4N2O

84.076

20

11.5

130

40

Cyanogen

C2N2

52.034

25

0.8*

8*

30

Cyanogen chloride

CClN

61.471

0

5.7

60

40

Cyanoguanidine

C2H4N4

84.080

25

3.8

40

40

Cyanuric acid

C3H3N3O3

129.074

25

0.259

2.59

40

Cycloheptane

C7H14

98.186

25

0.0030

0.030

3

Cycloheptanone

C7H12O

112.169

20

3.61

37.5

20

92

2.82

29.0

20

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

1.10

5

6.9

13

0.000065

22

9.59

13

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

C7H8

92.139

25

0.064

0.64

3

0.47

13

Cycloheptene

C7H12

96.170

25

0.0066

0.066

3

4.9

13

1,4-Cyclohexadiene

C6H8

80.128

25

0.08

0.8

3

1.03

13

Cyclohexane

C6H12

84.159

25

0.0058

0.058

3

19.4

13

70

0.0092

0.092

65

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-95 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

100

0.0163

0.163

65 27

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

C7H12O2

128.169

15

0.201

2.01

Cyclohexanol

C6H12O

100.158

10

4.62

48.4

1

25

3.8

40

1

40

3.30

34.1

1

10

12.2

139

83

Cyclohexanone

Cyclohexanone oxime

C6H10O

98.142

25

9.5

105

83

50

7.6

82

83

80

6.8

73

20

C6H11NO

113.157

25

1.57

16.0

40

Cyclohexene

C6H10

82.143

25

0.016

0.16

3

Cyclohexyl butanoate

C10H18O2

170.249

20

0.11

1.1

20

90

0.09

0.90

20

Cyclooctane

C8H16

112.213

25

0.00079

0.0079

4

1,3-Cyclopentadiene

C5H6

66.102

25

0.068

0.68

3

Cyclopentane

C5H10

70.133

25

0.0157

0.157

3

Cyclopentanol

C5H10O

86.132

19

10.6

119

88

Cyclopentanone

C5H8O

84.117

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

50

8.3

91

88

90

9.2

101

88

0

37.7

605

20

20

31.0

449

20

80

24.8

330

20

Cyclopentene

C5H8

68.118

25

0.054

0.54

3

Cyclopropane

C3H6

42.080

25

0.0484*

0.484*

19

Cyfluthrin

C22H18Cl2FNO3

434.287

20

0.0000002

0.000002

32

Cygon

C5H12NO3PS2

229.258

20

2.6

27

40

Cyhalothrin

C23H19ClF3NO3

449.850

20

0.0000005

0.000005

32

Cypermethrin

C22H19Cl2NO3

416.297

20

0.000001

0.00001

32

L-Cystine

C6H12N2O4S2

240.300

25

0.0166

0.166

62

Cytisine

C11H14N2O

190.241

16

≈30

≈430

40

Cytosine

C4H5N3O

111.102

25

0.73

7.3

29

Daminozide

C6H12N2O3

160.170

25

9.1

100

40

Dazomet

C5H10N2S2

162.276

25

0.12

1.2

40

Ref.

4.57

13

10.7

13

19.1

13

6.56

13

0.0208

7

Decabromobiphenyl ether

C12Br10O

959.167

25

0.0000025

0.000025

40

Decachlorobiphenyl

C12Cl10

498.658

25

0.00000000012

0.0000000012

7

cis-Decahydronaphthalene

C10H18

138.250

25

0.000089

0.00089

37

trans-Decahydronaphthalene

C10H18

138.250

25

0.000089

0.00089

4

3

13

Decane

C10H22

142.282

0

0.0000015

0.000015

4

479

13

Decanedioic acid

C10H18O4

202.248

20

0.10

1.0

40

Decanoic acid

C10H20O2

172.265

20

0.015

0.15

26

1-Decanol

C10H22O

158.281

25

0.0037

0.037

1

2-Decanone

C10H20O

156.265

25

0.0079

0.079

84

4-Decanone

C10H20O

156.265

20

0.0238

0.238

20

80

0.0064

0.064

20

1-Decene

C10H20

140.266

25

0.00057

0.0057

4

2’-Deoxyadenosine

C10H13N5O3

251.242

25

0.67

6.7

29

Dexamethasone

C22H29FO5

392.460

25

0.009

0.09

40

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

C21H13N

279.335

25

0.000016

0.00016

6

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

C22H14

278.346

25

0.00000005

0.0000005

42,4

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-96

Name Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

C22H14

278.346

27

0.0000012

0.000012

42,4

13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

C20H13N

267.324

24

0.00000104

0.0000104

6

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

C12H8O2

184.191

25

0.000126

0.00126

68

Dibenzofuran

C12H8O

168.191

25

0.000475

0.00475

41

Dibenzothiophene

C12H8S

184.257

25

0.000103

0.00103

6

Dibenzyl ether

C14H14O

198.260

35

0.0040

0.040

10

o-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

235.904

25

0.00748

0.0748

2

m-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

235.904

25

0.0064

0.064

2

p-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

235.904

25

0.0020

0.020

2

1,4-Dibromobutane

C4H8Br2

215.915

25

0.035

0.35

35

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloroethane

C2H3Br2Cl

222.306

20

0.060

0.60

25

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

C3H5Br2Cl

236.333

20

0.123

1.23

35

1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

256.751

20

0.070

0.70

25

1,2-Dibromoethane

C2H4Br2

187.861

20

0.412

4.14

20

50

0.493

4.95

20

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.011

12

0.066

13

0.086

13

80

0.572

5.75

20

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

C3Br2F6

309.830

21

0.0068

0.068

35

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

C7H3Br2NO

276.913

25

0.013

0.13

40

Dibromomethane

CH2Br2

173.835

20

1.28

13.0

20

90

1.51

15.3

20

2,4-Dibromophenol

C6H4Br2O

251.903

25

0.2

2

2

1,2-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

201.888

25

0.143

1.43

10

1,3-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

201.888

25

0.169

1.69

35

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

C2Br2F4

259.823

25

0.00030

0.0030

25

Dibutylamine

C8H19N

129.244

20

0.47

4.7

10

Dibutyl ether

C8H18O

130.228

0

0.040

0.40

20

0.48

13

20

0.023

0.23

20

0.48

13

90

0.010

0.10

20

0.376

11

0.244

28

0.0201

7

Dibutyl phthalate

C16H22O4

278.344

25

0.00112

0.0112

15

Dibutyl sebacate

C18H34O4

314.461

20

0.004

0.04

10

o-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

147.002

5

0.012

0.12

61,58,2

25

0.015

0.15

61,58,2

45

0.020

0.20

61,58,2

m-Dichlorobenzene

p-Dichlorobenzene

C6H4Cl2

C6H4Cl2

147.002

147.002

10

0.0103

0.103

41,2

25

0.0120

0.120

41,2

45

0.0141

0.141

61,2

10

0.00512

0.0512

2

25

0.0080

0.080

41

50

0.0167

0.167

2

3,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

C6H4Cl2O2

179.001

25

0.78

7.8

8

4,5-Dichloro-1,2-benzenediol

C6H4Cl2O2

179.001

25

1.19

12.0

8

3,3’-Dichloro-p-benzidine

C12H10Cl2N2

253.126

25

0.00031

0.0031

40

2,5-Dichlorobiphenyl

C12H8Cl2

223.098

25

0.0002

0.002

7

2,6-Dichlorobiphenyl

C12H8Cl2

223.098

25

0.00014

0.0014

7

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane

C14H10Cl4

320.041

25

0.000009

0.00009

40

45

0.000024

0.00024

40

1,1-Dichlorobutane

C4H8Cl2

127.013

25

0.050

0.50

35

1,4-Dichlorobutane

C4H8Cl2

127.013

25

0.16

1.6

35

2,3-Dichlorobutane

C4H8Cl2

127.013

20

0.056

0.56

35

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

t/°C

100 w2 (mass%)

8-97 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

2,7-Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

C12H6Cl2O2

253.081

25

0.00000041

0.0000041

68

1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane

C2H2Cl2F2

134.940

24

0.49

4.9

25

Dichlorodifluoromethane

CCl2F2

120.914

20

0.028*

0.28*

5

1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin

C5H6Cl2N2O2

197.019

20

0.050

0.50

40

1,1-Dichloroethane

C2H4Cl2

98.959

1,2-Dichloroethane

1,1-Dichloroethene

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

C2H4Cl2

C2H2Cl2

C2H2Cl2

C2H2Cl2

98.959

96.943

96.943

96.943

0

0.62

6.2

25

25

0.50

5.0

25

50

0.50

5.0

25

0

0.92

9.2

25

25

0.86

8.6

25

50

1.05

10.6

25

100

2.17

22.2

25

5

0.310

3.10

25

25

0.242

2.42

25

50

0.225

2.25

25

90

0.355

3.55

25

10

0.76

7.6

25

25

0.64

6.4

25

40

0.66

6.6

25

10

0.53

5.3

25

25

0.45

4.5

25

40

0.41

4.1

25

1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane

C2H3Cl2F

116.949

25

0.042

0.42

25

Dichlorofluoromethane

CHCl2F

102.923

25

0.95*

9.5*

10

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

C3Cl2F6

220.928

21

0.0096

0.096

35

1,4-Dichloro-5-isopropyl-2-methylbenzene

C10H12Cl2

203.108

25

0.00049

0.0049

23

Dichloromethane

CH2Cl2

84.933

25

1.73

17.6

20

3,6-Dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid

C8H6Cl2O3

221.038

25

0.45

4.5

40

(Dichloromethyl)benzene

C7H6Cl2

161.029

30

0.025

0.25

10

2,3-Dichloro-2-methylbutane

C5H10Cl2

141.038

25

0.029

0.29

35

2,4-Dichloro-6-methylphenol

C7H6Cl2O

177.028

25

0.0283

0.283

2

2,6-Dichloro-4-methylphenol

C7H6Cl2O

177.028

25

0.0673

0.673

2

2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthalenedione

C10H4Cl2O2

227.044

25

0.00001

0.0001

40

1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene

C6H3Cl2NO2

192.000

20

0.0121

0.121

40

1,2-Dichloropentane

C5H10Cl2

141.038

25

0.029

0.29

35

1,5-Dichloropentane

C5H10Cl2

141.038

19

0.02

0.2

35

2,3-Dichloropentane

C5H10Cl2

141.038

25

0.029

0.29

35

Dichlorophene

C13H10Cl2O2

269.123

25

0.003

0.03

40

2,3-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

163.001

25

0.82

8.3

40

2,4-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

163.001

25

0.55

5.5

48,51,24

2,6-Dichlorophenol

C6H4Cl2O

163.001

25

0.262

2.62

40

(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid

C8H6Cl2O3

221.038

25

0.07

0.7

40

4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butanoic acid

C10H10Cl2O3

249.090

25

0.0046

0.046

40

2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

C9H8Cl2O3

235.064

25

0.083

0.83

40

1,2-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

112.986

5

0.270

2.70

35

25

0.274

2.74

35

40

0.297

2.97

35

5

0.218

2.18

35

25

0.280

2.80

35

20

0.27

2.7

5

1,3-Dichloropropane

C3H6Cl2

112.986

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

C3H4Cl2

110.970

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

41

13

0.63

13

0.14

13

2.62

13

0.46

13

0.96

13

0.30

13

0.29

13

0.24

5

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-98

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

C3H4Cl2

110.970

20

0.28

2.8

5

0.18

5

2,3-Dichloropropene

C3H4Cl2

110.970

25

0.215

2.15

5

0.36

5

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

C2Cl2F4

170.921

25

0.013*

0.13*

10

127

13

2,4-Dichlorotoluene

C7H6Cl2

161.029

25

0.00260

0.0260

61

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

C7H6Cl2

161.029

25

0.00233

0.0233

61

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

C2HCl2F3

152.930

25

0.46

4.6

25

Diclofop-methyl

C16H14Cl2O4

341.186

20

0.0003

0.003

32

Dieldrin

C12H8Cl6O

380.909

25

0.000020

0.00020

67

Diethanolamine

C4H11NO2

105.136

20

95.4

20700

10

1,1-Diethoxyethane

C6H14O2

118.174

25

5

53

10

1,2-Diethoxyethane

C6H14O2

118.174

20

21.0

266

10

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) acetamide

C14H22N2O

234.337

25

0.38

3.8

40

o-Diethylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

20

0.0071

0.071

40

p-Diethylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

20

0.0025

0.025

40

Diethyl carbonate

C5H10O3

118.131

20

1.8

18

40

Diethyl ether

C4H10O

74.121

0

12.5

143

79

0.088

13

25

5.9

63

79

0.088

13

38

4.6

48

79

0.088

13

0.088

13

Diethyl glutarate

C9H16O4

188.221

Diethyl maleate

C8H12O4

172.179

Diethyl malonate

C7H12O4

160.168

82

3.1

32

79

30

1.20

12.1

20

91

0.91

9.2

20

20

1.56

15.8

20

91

1.75

17.8

20

20

2.26

23.1

20

91

2.47

25.3

20

Diethyl phthalate

C12H14O4

222.237

25

0.12

1.2

40

trans-Diethylstilbestrol

C18H20O2

268.351

20

0.01

0.1

40

Diethyl succinate

C8H14O4

174.195

20

0.19

1.9

40

Diethyl sulfide

C4H10S

90.187

25

0.307

3.07

40

Diflubenzuron

C14H9ClF2N2O2

310.683

20

0.00002

0.0002

40

o-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2

114.093

25

0.114

1.14

2

m-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2

114.093

25

0.114

1.14

2

p-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2

114.093

25

0.122

1.22

2

1,1-Difluoroethane

C2H4F2

66.050

20

0.29*

2.9*

50

Digitoxin

C41H64O13

764.939

25

0.0004

0.004

40

Diglycolic acid

C4H6O5

134.088

24

40.0

667

34

50

59.9

1490

34

Digoxin

C41H64O14

780.939

25

0.0059

0.059

40

Dihexyl ether

C12H26O

186.333

20

0.019

0.19

20

90

0.019

0.19

20 42,6

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

C20H14

254.325

27

0.00000035

0.0000035

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

C7H6N2O

134.135

24

0.37

3.7

54

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

C21H16

268.352

25

0.00000022

0.0000022

42,6

27

0.00000028

0.0000028

42

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)pyrimidinone

C7H10N2OS

170.231

25

0.120

1.20

40

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

C5H4N4S

152.178

25

0.0124

0.124

40

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

C5H8O

84.117

20

1.04

10.5

20

82

2.26

23.1

20

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H8O4

240.212

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4

154.121

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C 25

0.0000096

8-99 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O 0.000096

Ref.

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

40

14

1.8

18

26

80

21.3

271

26

3,12-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,12α)

C24H40O4

392.573

20

0.001

0.01

40

17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

C21H26O5

358.428

25

0.012

0.12

40

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

C21H28O5

360.444

25

0.028

0.28

30

o-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

329.905

25

0.00192

0.0192

2

m-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

329.905

25

0.000185

0.00185

2

p-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

329.905

25

0.000893

0.00893

2

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

C2H2I2

279.846

25

0.046

0.46

25

trans-1,2-Diiodoethene

C2H2I2

279.846

25

0.015

0.15

25

Diiodomethane

CH2I2

267.836

30

0.124

1.24

10

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

432.981

25

0.062

0.62

26

Diisopentyl ether

C10H22O

158.281

20

0.02

0.2

10

Diisopropyl ether

C6H14O

102.174

20

0.79

8.0

20

61

0.22

2.2

20

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

138.164

20

0.716

7.21

20

92

1.073

10.85*

20

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

C14H16N2O2

244.289

25

0.006

0.06

40

Dimethoxymethane

C3H8O2

76.095

16

24.4

323

10

4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

C14H15N3

225.289

20

0.00014

0.0014

40

2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene

C14H15N3

225.289

37

0.0007

0.007

40

2,5-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

121.180

20

0.66

6.6

27

N,N-Dimethylaniline

C8H11N

121.180

25

0.111

1.11

40

0.032

13

0.26

13

9,10-Dimethylanthracene

C16H14

206.282

25

0.0000056

0.000056

42,4

Dimethylarsinic acid

C2H7AsO2

137.998

25

≈41

≈700

40

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

C20H16

256.341

25

0.0000061

0.000061

42

2,2-Dimethylbutane

C6H14

86.175

25

0.0021

0.021

3

199

13

2,3-Dimethylbutane

C6H14

86.175

25

0.0021

0.021

3

144

13

2,2-Dimethyl-1-butanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

0.78

7.9

78,1

2,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

4.2

44

1

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

2.4

25

1

3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone

C6H12O

100.158

0

2.92

30.1

83

19

1.97

20.1

20

25

1.85

18.8

83

50

1.46

14.8

83

90

1.14

11.5

20

2,3-Dimethyl-1-butene

C6H12

84.159

30

0.046

0.46

3

cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

112.213

25

0.00060

0.0060

4

36

5

trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane

C8H16

112.213

30

0.00050

0.0050

57,4

88.2

5

100

0.00293

0.0293

57,4

25

35.3*

546

79

Dimethyl ether

C2H6O

46.068

50

29.2*

412

79

Dimethylglyoxime

C4H8N2O2

116.119

20

0.06

0.6

40

3,5-Dimethyl-4-heptanol

C9H20O

144.254

15

0.072

0.72

1

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone

C9H18O

142.238

21

0.045

0.45

20

91

0.037

0.37

20

1,2-Dimethyl-1H-imidazole

C5H8N2

96.131

19

94.3

16500

54

Dimethyl maleate

C6H8O4

144.126

25

8.0

87

10

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-100

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

Dimethyl malonate

C5H8O4

132.116

1,3-Dimethylnaphthalene

C12H12

156.223

1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene

C12H12

1,5-Dimethylnaphthalene

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

19

14.9

175

20

90

29.8

425

20

25

0.0008

0.008

4

156.223

25

0.00114

0.0114

4

C12H12

156.223

25

0.00031

0.0031

4

2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene

C12H12

156.223

25

0.00025

0.0025

4

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene

C12H12

156.223

25

0.00017

0.0017

4

Dimethyl oxalate

C4H6O4

118.089

20

5.82

61.8

27

2,2-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

100.202

25

0.00044

0.0044

2,3-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

100.202

25

0.00052

0.0052

2,4-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

100.202

25

0.00042

3,3-Dimethylpentane

C7H16

100.202

25

0.00059

2,3-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

C7H16O

116.201

25

2,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol

C7H16O

116.201

2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

116.201

2,3-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

C7H14O

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.036

28

3

318

5

3

175

5

0.0042

3

323

13

0.0059

3

186

5

1.5

15

1

25

1.3

13

1

25

0.82

8.2

1

116.201

25

1.6

16

1

116.201

25

0.70

7.0

1

114.185

20

0.52

5.2

20

90

0.30

3.0

20

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-phenylurea

C9H12N2O

164.203

25

0.32

3.2

40

Dimethyl phthalate

C10H10O4

194.184

25

0.40

4.0

15

2,2-Dimethyl-1-propanol

C5H12O

88.148

12

3.87

40.3

78,1

25

3.26

33.7

78,1

80

2.84

29.2

78,1 40

4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)phenol

C11H16O

164.244

25

0.017

0.17

Dimethyl succinate

C6H10O4

146.141

21

12.4

142

20

92

17.1

206

20

Dimethyl sulfate

C2H6O4S

126.132

18

2.7

28

27

Dimethyl sulfide

C2H6S

62.134

25

2

20

10

Dimethyl sulfoxide

C2H6OS

78.133

25

25.3

339

10

Dimethyl terephthalate

C10H10O4

194.184

25

0.00328

0.0328

40

Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate

C10H6Cl4O4

331.965

25

0.00005

0.0005

40

N,N-Dimethyl-N’-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea

C10H11F3N2O

232.201

20

0.0105

0.105

40

2,4-Dinitroaniline

C6H5N3O4

183.122

25

0.0078

0.078

40

1,2-Dinitrobenzene

C6H4N2O4

168.107

20

0.21

2.1

27

1,3-Dinitrobenzene

C6H4N2O4

168.107

20

2.09

21.3

27

1,4-Dinitrobenzene

C6H4N2O4

168.107

20

1.30

13.2

27

3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid

C7H4N2O6

212.116

25

0.134

1.34

27

2,4-Dinitrophenol

C6H4N2O5

184.106

25

0.069

0.69

48,51

35

0.098

0.98

48,51

Dipentyl ether

C10H22O

158.281

25

0.11

1.1

81

Diphenamid

C16H17NO

239.312

27

0.026

0.26

32

Diphenylamine

C12H11N

169.222

20

0.0055

0.055

40

50

0.0058

0.058

40

1,2-Diphenylethane

C14H14

182.261

25

0.00044

0.0044

6

0.017

12

Diphenyl ether

C12H10O

170.206

25

0.0018

0.0180

6

0.027

13

Diphenylmethane

C13H12

168.234

25

0.00014

0.0014

42,4

0.001

12

Diphenyl phthalate

C20H14O4

318.323

24

0.000008

0.00008

40

1,3-Diphenyl-1-triazene

C12H11N3

197.235

20

0.050

0.50

40

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name N,N’-Diphenylurea

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-101 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

C13H12N2O

212.246

20

0.015

0.15

40

Dipropylamine

C6H15N

101.190

20

2.5

26

10

Dipropyl ether

C6H14O

102.174

0

2.67

27.4

80

0.26

13

25

0.91

9.2

80

0.26

13

750

5

0.003

13

50.6

5

0.843

22

21.7

5

Diuron

C9H10Cl2N2O

233.093

25

0.0042

0.042

40

Docosane

C22H46

310.600

22

0.0000006

0.000006

37

Dodecane

C12H26

170.334

25

0.00000037

0.0000037

4

Dodecanedioic acid

C12H22O4

230.301

20

0.004

0.04

40

Dodecanoic acid

C12H24O2

200.318

20

0.0055

0.055

26

1-Dodecanol

C12H26O

186.333

25

0.0004

0.004

1

Droperidol

C22H22FN3O2

379.427

30

0.00041

0.0041

40

Eicosane

C20H42

282.547

25

0.00000019

0.0000019

42,4

Emetine

C29H40N2O4

480.639

15

0.096

0.96

40

Endrin

C12H8Cl6O

380.909

25

0.000025

0.00025

67

l-Ephedrine

C10H15NO

165.232

25

0.57

5.7

40

Epichlorohydrin

C3H5ClO

92.524

20

6.58

70.4

10

65

7.2

78

40

Epinephrine

C9H13NO3

183.204

20

0.018

0.18

40

1,2-Epoxy-4-(epoxyethyl)cyclohexane

C8H12O2

140.180

20

13.4

155

40

2,3-Epoxy-α-pinane

C10H16O

152.233

25

0.039

0.39

52

Erythromycin

C37H67NO13

733.927

30

0.12

1.2

40

80

0.04

0.4

40

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β)

C18H24O2

272.383

25

0.000151

0.00151

49

Estrone

C18H22O2

270.367

25

0.000130

0.00130

49

Ethane

C2H6

30.069

25

0.00568*

0.0568*

18

1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate

C6H10O4

146.141

25

13.3

153

40

Ethinylestradiol

C20H24O2

296.404

25

0.000921

0.00921

49

Ethoxybenzene

C8H10O

122.164

25

0.12

1.2

10

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate

C6H12O3

132.157

14

163

30

N-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)acetamide

C10H13NO2

179.216

25

0.0502

0.502

40

Ethyl acetate

C4H8O2

88.106

25

8.08

87.9

10

Ethyl acetoacetate

C6H10O3

130.141

25

12

136

10

Ethyl acrylate

C5H8O2

100.117

25

1.50

15.2

10

Ethylbenzene

C8H10

106.165

0

0.020

0.20

4,89

25

0.0161

0.161

22,89

40

0.0200

0.200

4,89

Ethyl benzoate

C9H10O2

150.174

25

0.083

0.83

20

Ethyl butanoate

C6H12O2

116.158

20

0.49

4.9

10

2-Ethyl-1-butanol

C6H14O

102.174

20

0.92

9.3

78

50

0.80

8.1

78

Ethyl carbamate

C3H7NO2

89.094

15

48

920

27

Ethyl cyanoacetate

C5H7NO2

113.116

20

25.9

350

10

Ethylcyclohexane

C8H16

112.213

30

0.00061

0.0061

57,4

100

0.00212

0.0212

57,4

Ethylcyclopentane

C7H14

98.186

20

0.012

0.12

3

Ethyl decanoate

C12H24O2

200.318

20

0.0015

0.015

27

Ethylene

C2H4

28.053

25

0.01336*

0.1336*

19

Ethyleneimine

C2H5N

43.068

20

0.90

9.1

40

Ethyl formate

C3H6O2

74.079

25

11.8

134

10

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-102

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

Ethyl heptanoate

C9H18O2

158.238

20

0.029

0.29

27

Ethyl hexanoate

C8H16O2

144.212

20

0.063

0.63

27

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

C8H18O

130.228

25

0.071

0.71

78

50

0.074

0.74

78

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

2-Ethylhexylamine

C8H19N

129.244

20

0.25

2.5

10

Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

C9H10O3

166.173

25

0.0080

0.080

40

Ethyl isopropyl ether

C5H12O

88.148

25

0.52

5.2

79

Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, (+)

C7H14O2

130.185

19

0.257

2.58

20

91

0.151

1.51

20

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

C7H14O2

130.185

20

0.2

2

10

Ethyl N-methylcarbamate

C4H9NO2

103.120

15

69

2230

27

1-Ethylnaphthalene

C12H12

156.223

25

0.00101

0.0101

4

0.039

12

2-Ethylnaphthalene

C12H12

156.223

25

0.00080

0.0080

4

0.078

12

O-Ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl benzenethiophosphonate

C14H14NO4PS

323.304

22

0.00031

0.0031

40

N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea

C3H7N3O2

117.107

20

1.3

13

40

Ethyl nonanoate

C11H22O2

186.292

20

0.003

0.03

27

Ethyl octanoate

C10H20O2

172.265

20

0.007

0.07

27

Ethyl pentanoate

C7H14O2

130.185

25

0.3

3

27

3-Ethyl-3-pentanol

C7H16O

116.201

25

1.7

17

1

4-Ethylphenol

C8H10O

122.164

20

0.59

5.9

40

Ethyl propanoate

C5H10O2

102.132

20

1.92

19.6

10

Ethyl N-propylcarbamate

C6H13NO2

131.173

15

7.70

83.4

27

Ethyl propyl ether

C5H12O

88.148

25

1.87

19.2

79

2-Ethyltoluene

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0075

0.075

89,5

0.529

13

4-Ethyltoluene

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0094

0.094

5

0.500

13

Ethyl vinyl ether

C4H8O

72.106

20

0.9

9

10

0.00096

22

0.00787

22

Etoposide

C29H32O13

588.556

20

0.02

0.2

40

Eucalyptol

C10H18O

154.249

21

0.379

3.79

40

50

0.170

1.70

40

Fenamiphos

C13H22NO3PS

303.358

20

0.0329

0.329

40

Fenbutatin oxide

C60H78OSn2

1052.68

23

0.0000005

0.000005

32

α-Fenchol, (+)-

C10H18O

154.249

25

0.083

0.83

52

Fenchone

C10H16O

152.233

20

0.2

2

84

Fenoxycarb

C17H19NO4

301.338

20

0.0006

0.006

32

Ferbam

C9H18FeN3S6

416.494

20

0.013

0.13

40

Fluoranthene

C16H10

202.250

20

0.000017

0.00017

42

25

0.000021

0.00021

42,22

0

0.00007

0.0007

42,4

25

0.00019

0.0019

42,22

50

0.00063

0.0063

42,4

9H-Fluorene

C13H10

166.218

Fluorescein

C20H12O5

332.306

20

0.005

0.05

27

Fluorobenzene

C6H5F

96.102

19

0.170

1.70

20

0.70

11

80

0.188

1.88

20

0.70

11

2-Fluorobenzoic acid

C7H5FO2

140.112

25

0.72

7.2

27

3-Fluorobenzoic acid

C7H5FO2

140.112

25

0.15

1.5

27

4-Fluorobenzoic acid

C7H5FO2

140.112

25

0.12

1.2

27

Fluoroethane

C2H5F

48.059

25

0.216*

2.16*

14

Fluoromethane

CH3F

34.033

0

0.420*

4.20*

50

25

0.201*

2.01*

50

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-103 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

80

0.082*

0.82*

50 14

1-Fluoropropane

C3H7F

62.086

14

0.386*

3.86*

2-Fluoropropane

C3H7F

62.086

15

0.366*

3.66*

14

5-Fluorouracil

C4H3FN2O2

130.077

25

1.77

18.0

72

Folic acid

C19H19N7O6

441.397

0

0.001

0.01

26

100

0.05

0.5

26

C9H4Cl3NO2S

296.558

20

0.00010

0.0010

40

C6H12O6

180.155

20

≈31

≈450

40

Furan

C4H4O

68.074

25

1

10

10

2-Furancarboxylic acid

C5H4O3

112.084

25

4.76

50.0

33

50

25.2

337

33

Furfural

C5H4O2

96.085

20

8.2

89

10

Galactaric acid

C6H10O8

210.138

14

0.33

3.3

40

D-Galactose

C6H12O6

180.155

20

40.6

684

27

D-Glucitol

C6H14O6

182.171

20

≈41

≈700

40

C6H12O6

180.155

Folpet β-D-Fructose

α-D-Glucose

DL-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4

147.130

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9NO4

147.130

15

45.0

818

27

30

54.6

1200

27

80

81.5

4400

27

25

2.30

23.5

29

10

0.444

4.46

75

25

0.824

8.31

75

50

2.13

21.8

75

L-Glutamine

C5H10N2O3

146.144

25

4.0

42

26

Glycerol triacetate

C9H14O6

218.203

25

5.8

62

10

Glycine

C2H5NO2

75.067

25

18.5

227

70

36

22.1

284

70

50

26.1

353

70

25

71.2

2470

34

Glycolic acid

C2H4O3

76.051

55

77.9

3520

34

N-Glycylglycine

C4H8N2O3

132.118

25

18.8

232

47,29

Glyphosate

C3H8NO5P

169.074

25

1.2

12

32

Guanidinoacetic acid

C3H7N3O2

117.107

25

0.5

5

26

Guanine

C5H5N5O

151.127

25

0.0068

0.068

29

Guanosine

C10H13N5O5

283.241

25

0.0500

0.500

29

Haloperidol

C21H23ClFNO2

375.865

30

0.0003

0.003

40

Heptachlor

C10H5Cl7

373.318

25

0.000018

0.00018

67

2,2’,3,3’,4,4’,6-Heptachlorobiphenyl

C12H3Cl7

395.323

25

0.0000002

0.000002

7

Heptadecanoic acid

C17H34O2

270.451

20

0.00042

0.0042

26

1,6-Heptadiyne

C7H8

92.139

25

0.125

1.25

3

Heptanal

C7H14O

114.185

11

0.124

1.24

27

Heptane

C7H16

100.202

25

0.000242

0.00242

46

50

0.000341

0.00341

46

Heptanedioic acid

C7H12O4

160.168

Heptanoic acid

C7H14O2

130.185

1-Heptanol

C7H16O

116.201

75

0.000570

0.00570

46

100

0.00108

0.0108

46

25

6.347

67.77

33

50

42.80

748

33

15

0.24

2.4

27

0

0.236

2.37

78

25

0.164

1.64

78,1

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.54

13

0.0054

7

209

13

0.00562

28

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-104

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

t/°C

100 w2 (mass%)

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

50

0.164

1.64

78,1

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

90

0.245

2.46

78

2-Heptanol

C7H16O

116.201

30

0.33

3.3

1

3-Heptanol, (S)-

C7H16O

116.201

25

0.43

4.3

1

4-Heptanol

C7H16O

116.201

25

0.47

4.7

1

2-Heptanone

C7H14O

114.185

25

0.435

4.37

20

0.0171

28

90

0.353

3.53

20

0.0171

28

3-Heptanone

C7H14O

114.185

20

0.479

4.81

20

90

0.309

3.10

20

4-Heptanone

C7H14O

114.185

20

0.457

4.57

20

90

0.316

3.16

20

1-Heptene

C7H14

98.186

25

0.032

0.32

3

40.3

13

trans-2-Heptene

C7H14

98.186

25

0.015

0.15

3

42.2

13

Heptyl butanoate

C11H22O2

186.292

20

0.028

0.28

20

80

0.020

0.20

20 4.47

13

0.131

11

1-Heptyne

C7H12

96.170

25

0.0094

0.094

3

Hesperetin

C16H14O6

302.278

15

0.00004

0.0004

71

Hexachlorobenzene

C6Cl6

284.782

25

0.00014

0.0014

71

35

0.00052

0.0052

71

25

0.00000096

0.0000096

58

35

0.0000018

0.000018

58

55

0.0000038

0.000038

58

2,2’,3,3’,4,4’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

C12H4Cl6

360.878

25

0.00000006

0.0000006

7

0.0354

31

2,2’,4,4’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

C12H4Cl6

360.878

25

0.0000003

0.000003

41

0.818

7

2,2’,3,3’,6,6’-Hexachlorobiphenyl

C12H4Cl6

360.878

25

0.0000004

0.000004

41

Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

C4Cl6

260.761

25

0.41

4.1

35

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)

C6H6Cl6

290.830

25

0.00078

0.0078

60

45

0.0015

0.015

60

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2α,3β,4α,5β,6β)

C6H6Cl6

290.830

25

0.00018

0.0018

60

1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane, (1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)

C6H6Cl6

290.830

25

0.00002

0.0002

60

Hexachloroethane

C2Cl6

236.739

25

0.005

0.05

25

0.85

13

Hexachloropropene

C3Cl6

248.750

20

0.00118

0.0118

35

Hexacosafluorododecane

C12F26

638.086

20

0.00000096

0.0000096

35

Hexacosane

C26H54

366.707

25

0.00000017

0.0000017

42,37

Hexadecane

C16H34

226.441

25

0.0000004

0.000004

42,37

Hexadecanoic acid

C16H32O2

256.424

20

0.00072

0.0072

26

1-Hexadecanol

C16H34O

242.440

25

0.000003

0.00003

1

1,5-Hexadiene

C6H10

82.143

25

0.017

0.17

3

Hexafluorobenzene

C6F6

186.054

8

0.0778

0.778

53

28

0.0616

0.616

53

67

0.0636

0.636

53

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

C3H6N6O6

222.116

3

0.0014

0.014

59

20

0.0037

0.037

59

25

0.0060

0.060

17

34

0.0086

0.086

59

Hexamethylenetetramine

C6H12N4

140.186

12

44.8

812

27

Hexane

C6H14

86.175

25

0.00098

0.0098

46

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-105 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

50

0.00114

0.0114

46

75

0.00167

0.0167

46

100

0.00291

0.0291

46

1,6-Hexanediamine

C6H16N2

116.204

5

≈42

≈720

40

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

108.141

20

0.80

8.0

16

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H10O4

146.141

15

1.48

15.0

26

100

61.5

1600

26

Hexanoic acid

C6H12O2

116.158

25

1.01

10.2

64

35

1.09

11.0

64

60

1.16

11.7

26

1-Hexanol

C6H14O

102.174

0

0.79

7.9

1

10

0.70

7.0

78

25

0.59

5.9

78,1

50

0.55

5.5

78,1

2-Hexanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

1.4

14

1

3-Hexanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

1.6

16

1

2-Hexanone

C6H12O

100.158

10

1.91

19.5

83

25

1.49

15.1

83

50

1.17

11.8

83

3-Hexanone

C6H12O

100.158

25

1.47

14.9

83

Hexatriacontane

C36H74

506.973

25

0.00000017

0.0000017

42,37

Hexazinone

C12H20N4O2

252.313

25

3.2

33

40

1-Hexene

C6H12

84.159

25

0.0053

0.053

3

trans-2-Hexene

C6H12

84.159

25

0.0067

0.067

3

1-Hexen-3-ol

C6H12O

100.158

25

2.52

25.9

1

4-Hexen-2-ol

C6H12O

100.158

25

3.81

39.6

1

Hexyl acetate

C8H16O2

144.212

20

0.02

0.2

10

sec-Hexyl acetate

C8H16O2

144.212

20

0.13

1.3

10

Hexylbenzene

C12H18

162.271

25

0.00021

0.0021

4

4-Hexyl-1,3-benzenediol

C12H18O2

194.270

18

0.05

0.5

40

Hexyl butanoate

C10H20O2

172.265

29

0.021

0.21

20

1-Hexyne

C6H10

82.143

25

0.036

0.36

3

L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2

155.154

25

4.17

43.5

26

Homocystine

C8H16N2O4S2

268.354

25

0.02

0.2

26

L-Homoserine

C4H9NO3

119.119

25

52.4

1100

26

Hydramethylnon

C25H24F6N4

494.476

20

0.0000006

0.000006

32

Hydrochlorothiazide

C7H8ClN3O4S2

297.740

25

0.007

0.07

40

Hydrocortisone

C21H30O5

362.460

25

0.029

0.29

40

Hydroflumethiazide

C8H8F3N3O4S2

331.293

37

0.068

0.68

40

p-Hydroquinone

C6H6O2

110.111

25

7.42

80.1

27

17-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one, (17β)

C19H28O2

288.424

25

0.0024

0.024

40

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O2

122.122

30

1.27

12.9

40

2-Hydroxybenzamide

C7H7NO2

137.137

10

0.122

1.22

44

25

0.241

2.42

44

50

0.737

7.42

44

α-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid

C8H8O3

152.148

25

11.3

127

27

2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

138.121

10

0.119

1.19

43,33

25

0.189

1.89

43,33

50

0.521

5.24

43,33

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

183

13

41.8

5

4.14

13

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-106

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

138.121

2-Hydroxybiphenyl

C12H10O

170.206

4-Hydroxybiphenyl

C12H10O

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

15

0.8

8

26

75

2.5

26

27

25

0.07

0.7

40

170.206

25

0.0056

0.056

40

C8H8O3

152.148

25

0.247

2.47

8

3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

C7H4O7

200.103

25

0.84

8.4

27

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide

C8H9NO2

151.163

25

1.3

13

40

trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline

C5H9NO3

131.130

25

26.5

361

26

Hyoscyamine

C17H23NO3

289.370

20

0.36

3.6

40

Hypoxanthine

C5H4N4O

136.112

25

0.070

0.70

29

Ibuprofen

C13H18O2

206.281

25

0.0011

0.011

40

60

0.0048

0.048

40 32

Imazaquin

C17H17N3O3

311.335

20

0.009

0.09

Imidacloprid

C9H10ClN5O2

255.66

30

0.038

0.38

73

51

0.117

1.17

73

Imidazole

C3H4N2

68.077

19

67.3

2060

54

2,4-Imidazolidinedione

C3H4N2O2

100.076

25

3.93

40.9

29

Imidodicarbonic diamide

C2H5N3O2

103.080

15

1.5

15

40

Iminodiacetic acid

C4H7NO4

133.104

5

2.32

23.8

40

Indan

C9H10

118.175

25

0.010

0.10

4

1H-Indazole

C7H6N2

118.136

20

0.0827

0.827

6

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

C22H12

276.330

20

0.00000002

0.0000002

40

1H-Indole

C8H7N

117.149

20

0.187

1.87

6

Indomethacin

C19H16ClNO4

357.788

25

0.001

0.01

40

Inosine

C10H12N4O5

268.226

20

1.6

16

29

Iodobenzene

C6H5I

204.008

10

0.0193

0.193

2

25

0.0226

0.226

2

45

0.0279

0.279

2

2-Iodobenzoic acid

C7H5IO2

248.018

25

0.095

0.95

27

3-Iodobenzoic acid

C7H5IO2

248.018

25

0.016

0.16

27

4-Iodobenzoic acid

C7H5IO2

248.018

25

0.0027

0.027

27

1-Iodobutane

C4H9I

184.018

17

0.021

0.21

10

Iodoethane

C2H5I

155.965

0

0.44

4.4

25

25

0.40

4.0

25

1-Iodoheptane

C7H15I

226.098

25

0.00035

0.0035

35

Iodomethane

CH3I

141.939

20

1.4

14

10

1-Iodopropane

C3H7I

169.992

0

0.114

1.14

35

20

0.100

1.00

35

2-Iodopropane

C3H7I

169.992

0

0.167

1.67

35

20

0.140

1.40

35

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.078

11

1.87

13

0.52

13

0.54

13

0.93

13

5-Iodouracil

C4H3IN2O2

237.983

25

0.49

4.9

72

trans-β-Ionone

C13H20O

192.297

25

0.017

0.17

52

Iopanoic acid

C11H12I3NO2

570.932

37

0.034

0.34

40

Iprodione

C13H13Cl2N3O3

330.166

20

0.0013

0.013

40

Isobutanal

C4H8O

72.106

20

9.1

100

10

Isobutane

C4H10

58.122

25

0.00535*

0.0535*

18

120

5

Isobutene

C4H8

56.107

25

0.0263*

0.263*

5

21.6

13

Isobutyl acetate

C6H12O2

116.158

20

0.63

6.3

10

Isobutylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.0010

0.010

4

3.32

11

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-107 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

Isobutyl formate

C5H10O2

102.132

22

1.0

10

10

Isobutyl isobutanoate

C8H16O2

144.212

20

0.5

5

10

Isobutyl propanoate

C7H14O2

130.185

19

0.225

2.26

20

91

0.142

1.42

20

1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

C8H5NO2

147.132

25

0.036

0.36

40

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2

131.173

25

3.31

34.2

26

Isoniazid

C6H7N3O

137.139

25

11.0

124

40

Isopentane

C5H12

72.149

25

0.00485

0.0485

3

Isopentyl acetate

C7H14O2

130.185

20

0.2

2

10

Isopentyl formate

C6H12O2

116.158

22

0.3

3

27

Isophorone

C9H14O

138.206

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4

166.132

20

1.57

16.0

20

80

1.27

12.9

20

10

0.0062

0.062

76

25

0.0154

0.154

56

50

0.0395

0.395

56

80

0.123

1.23

56

Isopropenylbenzene

C9H10

118.175

20

0.0116

0.116

40

Isopropyl acetate

C5H10O2

102.132

20

2.9

30

10

Isopropylbenzene

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0050

0.050

22

1-Isopropyl-2-methylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.00482

0.0482

23

1-Isopropyl-3-methylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.00425

0.0425

23

1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.0051

0.051

23

Isopropyl phenylcarbamate

C10H13NO2

179.216

20

0.01

0.1

40

Isoquinoline

C9H7N

129.159

20

0.452

4.52

6

Isosorbide dinitrate

C6H8N2O8

236.136

25

0.055

0.55

40

Kepone

C10Cl10O

490.636

100

0.4

4

40

L-Lanthionine

C6H12N2O4S

208.235

25

0.15

1.5

26

Lasiocarpine

C21H33NO7

411.490

20

0.67

6.7

40

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2

131.173

25

2.32

23.8

62

Levodopa

C9H11NO4

197.188

20

0.165

1.65

63

d-Limonene

C10H16

136.234

0

0.001

0.01

4

25

0.0020

0.020

52

Linalol

C10H18O

154.249

25

0.156

1.56

52

Linuron

C9H10Cl2N2O2

249.093

25

0.0075

0.075

40

L-Lysine

C6H14N2O2

146.187

25

0.58

5.8

26

Maleic acid

C4H4O4

116.073

25

44.1

789

26

Malic acid

C4H6O5

134.088

26

59

1440

26

Malonic acid

C3H4O4

104.062

0

37.9

610

26

20

42.4

736

26

50

48.1

927

26

C3H2N2

66.061

20

10.6

119

40

C12H22O11

342.296

20

51.9

1080

27

D-Mannitol

C6H14O6

182.171

25

17.7

215

27

Mefenamic acid

C15H15NO2

241.286

20

0.0026

0.026

40

Melphalan

C13H18Cl2N2O2

305.200

30

0.44

4.4

40

Mercury(II) phenyl acetate

C8H8HgO2

336.74

20

0.2

2

30

Mesityl oxide

C6H10O

98.142

20

2.8

29

83

Methacrylic acid

C4H6O2

86.090

20

8.9

98

10

Methane

CH4

16.043

25

0.00227*

0.0227*

18

Malononitrile α-Maltose

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

479

13

1.466

22

0.80

5

67.4

5

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-108

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

Methazolamide

C5H8N4O3S2

236.273

15

0.0472

0.472

40

Methazole

C9H6Cl2N2O3

261.061

24

0.00015

0.0015

40

Methidathion

C6H11N2O4PS3

302.330

20

0.0187

0.187

40

L-Methionine

C5H11NO2S

149.212

25

5.3

56

26

Methomyl

C5H10N2O2S

162.210

25

5.5

58

40

Methoxsalen

C12H8O4

216.190

30

0.0048

0.048

40

2-Methoxyaniline

C7H9NO

123.152

25

1.24

12.6

40

4-Methoxyaniline

C7H9NO

123.152

20

1.14

11.5

40

4-Methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H8O2

136.149

25

0.429

4.29

40

4-Methoxybenzoic acid

C8H8O3

152.148

25

0.023

0.23

27

Methoxychlor

C16H15Cl3O2

345.648

25

0.000005

0.00005

40

2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

C6H14O

102.174

20

1.10

11.1

20

79

0.36

3.6

20

4-Methoxyphenol

C7H8O2

124.138

20

2.51

25.7

40

Methyclothiazide

C9H11Cl2N3O4S2

360.237

20

0.005

0.05

40

Methyl acetate

C3H6O2

74.079

20

24.5

325

10

Methyl acrylate

C4H6O2

86.090

25

4.94

52.0

10

2-Methylacrylonitrile

C4H5N

67.090

20

2.57

26.4

10

2-Methylaniline

C7H9N

107.153

20

1.66

16.9

10

4-Methylaniline

C7H9N

107.153

21

7.35

79.3

10

N-Methylaniline

C7H9N

107.153

25

0.56

5.6

40

2-Methylanthracene

C15H12

192.256

6

0.0000007

0.000007

42

25

0.0000021

0.000021

42,22

9-Methylanthracene

C15H12

192.256

25

0.000026

0.00026

42,4

9-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

242.314

27

0.0000066

0.000066

42,4

10-Methylbenz[a]anthracene

C19H14

242.314

25

0.0000055

0.000055

42,4

2-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

C7H9NO2S

171.217

25

0.162

1.62

27

3-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

C7H9NO2S

171.217

25

0.78

7.8

27

4-Methylbenzenesulfonamide

C7H9NO2S

171.217

25

0.316

3.16

27

2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

C8H8N2

132.163

20

0.145

1.45

6

Methyl benzoate

C8H8O2

136.149

20

0.21

2.1

10

2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene

C5H8

68.118

25

0.061

0.61

3

50

0.076*

0.76*

3

Methyl butanoate

C5H10O2

102.132

1.6

16

30

3-Methylbutanoic acid

C5H10O2

102.132

20

4.0

42

26

2-Methyl-1-butanol

C5H12O

88.148

10

3.38

35.0

78

25

2.75

28.3

78

50

2.35

24.1

78

3-Methyl-1-butanol

C5H12O

88.148

10

3.17

32.7

78,1

25

2.59

26.6

78,1

70

2.24

22.9

78,1

25

11.0

124

88,1

2-Methyl-2-butanol

C5H12O

88.148

60

6.6

71

88,1

3-Methyl-2-butanol

C5H12O

88.148

25

5.6

59

1

3-Methyl-2-butanone

C5H10O

86.132

0

9.4

104

82

25

6.1

65

82

40

5.2

55

82

25

0.013*

0.13*

3

3-Methyl-1-butene

C5H10

70.133

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

7.78

5

54.7

5

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

2-Methyl-2-butene

C5H10

70.133

2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol

C5H10O

86.132

Methyl tert-butyl ether

C5H12O

88.148

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C 25

0.041

8-109 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O 0.41

Ref.

18

27.4

377

88

29

18.4

225

88

0

7.72

83.7

79

25

3.25

33.6

79

35

2.56

26.3

79

70

1.64

16.7

79

C2H5NO2

75.067

15

69

2230

27

5-Methylchrysene

C19H14

242.314

27

0.0000062

0.000062

42,4

Methylcyclohexane

C7H14

98.186

26

0.00161

0.0161

3

100

0.00548

0.0548

3

2-Methylcyclohexanone

C7H12O

112.169

0

2.93

30.2

84

20

1.98

20.2

20

C7H12O

112.169

Ref.

3

Methyl carbamate

4-Methylcyclohexanone

kPa m3mol-1

31

1.72

17.5

84

60

1.44

14.6

84

90

1.54

15.6

20

20

2.43

24.9

20

80

1.95

19.9

20

1-Methylcyclohexene

C7H12

96.170

25

0.0052

0.052

3

Methylcyclopentane

C6H12

84.159

25

0.0043

0.043

3

1-Methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene

C7H6N2O4

182.134

12

0.0130

0.130

55

32

0.0270

0.270

85

62

0.098

0.98

85

0.0130

0.130

40

2-Methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

C7H6N2O5

198.133

Methyl formate

C2H4O2

60.052

25

23

300

10

3-Methylheptane

C8H18

114.229

25

0.000079

0.00079

4

2-Methyl-2-heptanol

C8H18O

130.228

30

0.25

2.5

1

5-Methyl-3-heptanone

C8H16O

128.212

20

0.192

1.92

20

90

0.131

1.31

20

43.3

13

36.7

5

376

5

2-Methylhexane

C7H16

100.202

25

0.00025

0.0025

3

346

5

3-Methylhexane

C7H16

100.202

25

0.00026

0.0026

3

249

13

2-Methyl-2-hexanol

C7H16O

116.201

25

1.0

10

1

5-Methyl-2-hexanol

C7H16O

116.201

25

0.49

4.9

1

3-Methyl-3-hexanol

C7H16O

116.201

25

1.2

12

1

5-Methyl-2-hexanone

C7H14O

114.185

19

0.537

5.40

20

90

0.417

4.19

20

0.045

22

5-Methyl-3-hexanone

C7H14O

114.185

20

0.47

4.7

20

81

0.32

3.2

20

Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

C8H8O3

152.148

25

0.24

2.4

40

2-Methyl-1H-imidazole

C4H6N2

82.104

18

23.2

302

54

3-Methyl-1H-indole

C9H9N

131.174

20

0.050

0.50

6

3-Methylisoquinoline

C10H9N

143.185

20

0.092

0.92

6 40

Methyl isothiocyanate

C2H3NS

73.117

20

0.75

7.6

Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O4

118.089

0

30.1

431

26

20

40

670

26

Methyl methacrylate

C5H8O2

100.117

20

1.56

15.8

10

2-Methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)quinazolinone

C16H14N2O

250.294

23

0.03

0.3

40

1-Methylnaphthalene

C11H10

142.197

25

0.00281

0.0281

22

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-110

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

2-Methylnaphthalene

C11H10

142.197

25

0.0025

0.025

4

2-Methyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

C11H8O2

172.181

25

0.016

0.16

40

N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea

C2H5N3O2

103.080

14

2.3

24

40

4-Methyloctane

C9H20

128.255

25

0.0000115

0.000115

Methyloxirane

C3H6O

58.079

20

40.5

681

Methyl parathion

C8H10NO5PS

263.208

10

0.00218

0.0218

40

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.051

12

4

1000

5

10

0.0087

13

20

0.00380

0.0380

40

30

0.0059

0.059

40

2-Methylpentane

C6H14

86.175

25

0.00137

0.0137

3

176

13

3-Methylpentane

C6H14

86.175

25

0.00129

0.0129

3

170

13

2-Methyl-1-pentanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

0.76

7.7

78,1

50

0.70

7.0

78

4-Methyl-1-pentanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

0.76

7.6

1

2-Methyl-2-pentanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

3.2

33

1

3-Methyl-2-pentanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

1.9

19

1

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

C6H14O

102.174

27

1.5

15

1

2-Methyl-3-pentanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

2.0

20

1

3-Methyl-3-pentanol

C6H14O

102.174

25

4.3

45

1

4-Methyl-2-pentanone

C6H12O

100.158

0

2.92

30.1

83

25

1.85

18.8

83

50

1.46

14.8

83

2-Methyl-3-pentanone

C6H12O

100.158

25

1.5

15

83

2-Methyl-1-pentene

C6H12

84.159

25

0.0078

0.078

3

28.1

5

4-Methyl-1-pentene

C6H12

84.159

25

0.0048

0.048

3

63.2

5

1-Methylphenanthrene

C15H12

192.256

0.00273

28

0.67

13

0.000004

12

Methylprednisolone

C22H30O5

374.470

Methyl propanoate

C4H8O2

88.106

2-Methylpropanoic acid

C4H8O2

88.106

2-Methyl-1-propanol

C4H10O

74.121

7

0.0000095

0.000095

42

25

0.0000269

0.000269

42,4

25

0.012

0.12

40

6

60

30

22.8

295

10

20 0

12.2

139

78,1

25

8.1

88

78,1

50

7.0

70

78,1

0

5.4

57

79

Methyl propyl ether

C4H10O

74.121

25

3.0

31

79

2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate

C9H18N2O4

218.250

25

0.33

3.3

40

Methyl salicylate

C8H8O3

152.148

30

0.74

7.4

10

17-Methyltestosterone

C20H30O2

302.451

25

0.0033

0.033

40

2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

C5H10O

86.132

19

14.4

168

20

71

6.0

64

20

N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline

C7H5N5O8

287.144

20

0.0074

0.074

40

Methylthiouracil

C5H6N2OS

142.179

25

0.0533

0.533

40

1-Methyl-2,3,4-trinitrobenzene

C7H5N3O6

227.131

14

0.0091

0.091

85,59

23

0.0116

0.116

85,59

61

0.0643

0.643

85,59

Metronidazole

C6H9N3O3

171.153

20

0.93

9.4

40

Mirex

C10Cl12

545.543

25

0.0000085

0.000085

40

Morphine

C17H19NO3

285.338

20

0.015

0.15

27

C10H16

136.234

25

0.030

0.30

52

C18H12

228.288

25

0.00000007

0.0000007

42,4

β-Myrcene Naphthacene

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name Naphthalene

Mol. Form. C10H8

Mol. Wt. 128.171

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-111 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

10

0.0019

0.019

4

25

0.00316

0.0316

22

50

0.0082

0.082

4

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

C12H10O2

186.206

25

0.0415

0.415

40

1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid

C11H8O2

172.181

25

0.0058

0.058

27

1-Naphthalenylthiourea

C11H10N2S

202.275

20

0.06

0.6

40

1-Naphthol

C10H8O

144.170

20

0.111

1.11

40

2-Naphthol

C10H8O

144.170

20

0.064

0.64

40

80

0.67

6.7

40

20

0.17

1.7

40

1-Naphthylamine

C10H9N

2-Naphthylamine

C10H9N

143.185

20

0.0189

0.189

40

Narceine

C23H27NO8

445.462

13

0.078

0.78

27

Neopentane

C5H12

72.149

25

0.00332*

0.0332*

3

Nitrapyrin

C6H3Cl4N

230.907

20

0.0040

0.040

40

2-Nitroaniline

C6H6N2O2

138.124

30

1.47

14.9

27

3-Nitroaniline

C6H6N2O2

138.124

30

0.121

1.21

27

4-Nitroaniline

C6H6N2O2

138.124

30

0.073

0.73

27

2-Nitroanisole

C7H7NO3

153.136

30

0.169

1.69

10

4-Nitroanisole

C7H7NO3

153.136

30

0.059

0.59

27

3-Nitrobenzaldehyde

C7H5NO3

151.120

25

0.16

1.6

27

4-Nitrobenzaldehyde

C7H5NO3

151.120

25

0.23

2.3

27

Nitrobenzene

C6H5NO2

123.110

25

0.21

2.1

17

3-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

C8H5NO6

211.129

25

1.63

16.6

69

40

2.97

30.6

69

4-Nitro-1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid

C8H5NO6

143.185

211.129

25

60.9

1560

69

40

68.0

2125

69 40

2-Nitrobenzoic acid

C7H5NO4

167.120

25

0.55

5.5

3-Nitrobenzoic acid

C7H5NO4

167.120

10

0.197

1.97

75

25

0.313

3.14

75

50

0.90

9.1

75

4-Nitrobenzoic acid

C7H5NO4

167.120

25

0.0422

0.422

40

Nitroethane

C2H5NO2

75.067

25

4.4

46

38

50

5.3

56

38

Nitrofen

C12H7Cl2NO3

284.095

22

0.00095

0.0095

40

Nitrofurantoin

C8H6N4O5

238.158

30

0.011

0.11

40

Nitrofurazone

C6H6N4O4

198.137

20

0.0238

0.238

40

Nitroguanidine

CH4N4O2

104.069

25

1.2

12

40

Nitromethane

CH3NO2

61.041

0

9.2

101

36

25

11.0

124

36

50

14.8

174

36

1-Nitronaphthalene

C10H7NO2

173.169

18

0.005

0.05

40

2-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

139.109

25

0.170

1.70

48,51

3-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

139.109

20

2.14

21.9

27

4-Nitrophenol

C6H5NO3

139.109

20

1.56

15.8

48,51

1-Nitropropane

C3H7NO2

89.094

25

1.54

15.6

38

90

2.29

23.4

20

25

1.75

17.8

38

90

2.36

24.2

20

24

9.6

106

40

2-Nitropropane

C3H7NO2

89.094

N-Nitrosodiethylamine

C4H10N2O

102.134

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.043

22

220

13

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-112

Name N-Nitrosodiphenylamine

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

C12H10N2O

198.219

25

0.0035

0.035

17

2-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

137.137

30

0.065

0.65

27

3-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

137.137

30

0.050

0.50

27

4-Nitrotoluene

C7H7NO2

137.137

30

0.044

0.44

27

2,2’,3,3’,4,5,5’,6,6’-Nonachlorobiphenyl

C12HCl9

464.213

25

0.0000000018

0.000000018

7

1,8-Nonadiyne

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0125

0.125

4

Nonane

C9H20

128.255

25

0.000017

0.00017

4

50

0.000022

0.00022

4

Nonanedioic acid

C9H16O4

188.221

25

0.1780

1.780

34

65

1.322

13.40

34 26

Nonanoic acid

C9H18O2

158.238

20

0.0284

0.284

1-Nonanol

C9H20O

144.254

25

0.0129

0.129

78,1

90

0.0291

0.291

78

2-Nonanol

C9H20O

144.254

15

0.026

0.26

1

3-Nonanol

C9H20O

144.254

15

0.032

0.32

1

4-Nonanol

C9H20O

144.254

15

0.0026

0.026

1

5-Nonanol

C9H20O

144.254

15

0.0032

0.032

1

2-Nonanone

C9H18O

142.238

20

0.038

0.38

20

70

0.034

0.34

20

3-Nonanone 5-Nonanone

C9H18O C9H18O

142.238 142.238

1-Nonene

C9H18

126.239

Nonyl formate

C10H20O2

172.265

30

0.056

0.56

20

80

0.046

0.46

20

20

0.054

0.54

20

80

0.029

0.29

20

25

0.000112

0.00112

40

10

0.012

0.12

20

90

0.039

0.39

20

4-Nonylphenol

C15H24O

220.351

25

0.000636

0.00636

40

1-Nonyne

C9H16

124.223

25

0.00072

0.0072

4

Norethisterone

C20H26O2

298.419

25

0.00063

0.0063

40

Norflurazon

C12H9ClF3N3O

303.666

25

0.0028

0.028

40

L-Norleucine

C6H13NO2

131.173

25

1.5

15

26

L-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

117.147

25

9.7

107

26

Noscapine

C22H23NO7

413.421

25

0.03

0.3

40

2,2’,3,3’,5,5’,6,6’-Octachlorobiphenyl

C12H2Cl8

429.768

25

0.00000015

0.0000015

41

Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

C12Cl8O2

459.751

25

2.3•10-11

2.3•10-10

68

Octachloro-1,3-pentadiene

C5Cl8

343.678

20

0.000020

0.00020

35

Octacosane

C28H58

394.761

22

0.0000006

0.000006

37

Octadecane

C18H38

254.495

25

0.00000021

0.0000021

42,37

1-Octadecanol

C18H38O

270.494

34

0.000011

0.00011

1

Octane

C8H18

114.229

25

0.000073

0.00073

46

50

0.000102

0.00102

47

75

0.000179

0.00179

46

100

0.000377

0.00377

46

25

0.242

2.43

34

50

0.557

5.570

34

Octanedioic acid

C8H14O4

174.195

Octanoic acid

C8H16O2

144.212

25

0.080

0.80

26

1-Octanol

C8H18O

130.228

25

0.0460

0.460

78

60

0.0536

0.536

78

2-Octanol

C8H18O

130.228

25

0.4

4

1

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

333

13

0.0381

7

311

13

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name 2-Octanone

3-Octanone

Mol. Form. C8H16O

C8H16O

Mol. Wt. 128.212

128.212

1-Octene

C8H16

112.213

Octyl acetate

C10H20O2

172.265

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C 20

0.134

8-113 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O 1.34

Ref.

50

0.098

0.98

84

80

0.091

0.91

84

20

0.137

1.37

20

91

0.106

1.06

20

25

0.00027

0.0027

4

19

0.020

0.20

20

92

0.012

0.12

20

C8H14

110.197

25

0.0024

0.024

4

Orotic acid

C5H4N2O4

156.097

18

0.18

1.8

26

Oryzalin

C12H18N4O6S

346.359

25

0.00024

0.0024

40

Ouabain

C29H44O12

584.652

25

1.3

13

40

Oxalic acid

C2H2O4

90.035

20

8.69

95.2

27

80

45.8

845

27

25

≈21

≈270

40

C7H13N3O3S

219.261

4-Oxopentanoic acid

C5H8O3

116.116

Ref.

84

1-Octyne

Oxamyl

kPa m3mol-1

10

63.6

1750

34

25

84.0

5250

34

96.3

13

7.87

13

0.085

11

4-Oxo-4H-pyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

C7H4O6

184.103

25

1.45

14.7

27

Papaverine

C20H21NO4

339.386

37

0.0037

0.037

40

Paraldehyde

C6H12O3

132.157

25

11

124

30

Parathion

C10H14NO5PS

291.261

20

0.00129

0.0129

40

Pendimethalin

C13H19N3O4

281.308

20

0.00003

0.0003

40

Pentachlorobenzene

C6HCl5

250.337

25

0.000050

0.00050

41

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorobiphenyl

C12H5Cl5

326.433

25

0.0000008

0.000008

7

2,2’,4,5,5’-Pentachlorobiphenyl

C12H5Cl5

326.433

25

0.000001

0.00001

7

0.0421

31

Pentachloroethane

C2HCl5

202.294

25

0.049

0.49

25

0.25

13

Pentachloronitrobenzene

C6Cl5NO2

295.335

20

0.000044

0.00044

40

Pentachlorophenol

C6HCl5O

266.336

25

0.0021

0.021

48,51,24

2,3,4,5,6-Pentachlorotoluene

C7H3Cl5

264.364

25

0.0000028

0.000028

61

Pentadecanoic acid

C15H30O2

242.398

20

0.0012

0.012

26

1-Pentadecanol

C15H32O

228.414

25

0.000010

0.00010

1

1,4-Pentadiene

C5H8

68.118

25

0.056

0.56

3

12

5

Pentaerythritol

C5H12O4

136.147

15

5.3

56

30

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

C5H8N4O12

316.138

20

0.0002

0.002

40

Pentanal

C5H10O

86.132

25

1.2

12

40

Pentane

C5H12

72.149

25

0.0041

0.041

3

128

13

Pentanedioic acid

C5H8O4

132.116

25

58.3

1400

33

50

78.1

3570

33

2,4-Pentanedione Pentanoic acid

1-Pentanol

C5H8O2 C5H10O2

C5H12O

100.117 102.132

88.148

20

16.1

192

20

80

32.2

475

20

16

3.6

37

26

25

4.32

45.2

90

35

5.26

55.5

90

0

3.23

33.4

78,1

25

2.14

21.9

78,1

50

1.83

18.6

78,1

90

2.12

21.7

78

2-Pentanol

C5H12O

88.148

25

4.3

45

21

3-Pentanol

C5H12O

88.148

25

5.6

59

21

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-114

Name 2-Pentanone

3-Pentanone

Mol. Form. C5H10O

C5H10O

Mol. Wt. 86.132

86.132

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0

8.7

95

20

0.00847

28

25

5.5

58

20

0.00847

28

80

3.8

40

20

0.00847

28

0

7.6

82

82

25

4.9

52

82

80

3.6

37

82

1-Pentene

C5H10

70.133

25

0.0148

0.148

3

40.3

5

cis-2-Pentene

C5H10

70.133

25

0.0203

0.203

3

22.8

5

Pentyl acetate

C7H14O2

130.185

20

0.17

1.7

10

sec-Pentyl acetate (S)-

C7H14O2

130.185

25

0.2

2

27

Pentylbenzene

C11H16

148.245

25

0.00043

0.0043

89,5

1.69

11

Pentylcyclopentane

C10H20

140.266

25

0.0000115

0.000115

4

185

5

Pentyl propanoate

C8H16O2

144.212

20

0.1

1

27

1-Pentyne

C5H8

68.118

25

0.157

1.57

3

2.5

5

Perfluorocyclobutane

C4F8

200.030

5

0.00638*

0.0638*

50

0.000003

12

0.00324

22

25

0.00247*

0.0247*

50

45

0.00158*

0.0158*

50

Perfluorodecane

C10F22

538.072

20

0.000031

0.00031

35

Perfluoroheptane

C7F16

388.049

25

0.0000013

0.000013

35

Perfluorohexane

C6F14

338.042

25

0.0000098

0.000098

35

Perfluoro-2-methylpentane

C6F14

338.042

25

0.000017

0.00017

35

Perfluorooctane

C8F18

438.057

25

0.00000017

0.0000017

35

Perfluoropentane

C5F12

288.035

25

0.00012

0.0012

35

Perfluoropropane

C3F8

188.019

15

0.0015*

0.015*

14

Perfluoropropene

C3F6

150.022

25

0.0194*

0.194*

14

Permethrin

C21H20Cl2O3

391.288

20

0.00002

0.0002

32

Perylene

C20H12

252.309

25

0.00000004

0.0000004

42,4

Phenanthrene

C14H10

178.229

0

0.000039

0.00039

42

10

0.000047

0.00047

42,4

25

0.00012

0.0012

42,22

50

0.00042

0.0042

42,4

Phenmedipham

C16H16N2O4

300.309

25

0.00047

0.0047

32

Phenobarbital

C12H12N2O3

232.234

25

0.12

1.2

40

45

0.26

2.6

40

Phenol

C6H6O

94.111

15

7.60

82.3

48,51

25

8.40

91.7

48,51

35

9.31

102.7

48,51

20

0.018

0.18

27

Phenolphthalein

C20H14O4

318.323

10H-Phenothiazine

C12H9NS

199.271

25

0.00016

0.0016

40

2-Phenoxyethanol

C8H10O2

138.164

20

2.53

26.0

40

Phenyl acetate

C8H8O2

136.149

20

0.59

5.9

20

91

0.91

9.2

20

DL-Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2

165.189

25

1.40

14.2

29

L-Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2

165.189

25

2.71

27.9

26

Phenylbutazone

C19H20N2O2

308.374

25

0.0034

0.034

40

1-Phenyl-1-propanone

C9H10O

134.174

19

0.32

3.2

20

80

0.24

2.4

20

Phenylthiourea

C7H8N2S

152.217

25

2.55

26.2

27

Phenytoin

C15H12N2O2

252.268

37

0.0038

0.038

40

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

100 w2 (mass%)

8-115 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

Phosalone

C12H15ClNO4PS2

367.808

20

0.00026

0.0026

40

Phosmet

C11H12NO4PS2

317.321

25

0.0025

0.025

40

Phthalic acid

C8H6O4

166.132

10

0.464

4.66

76

25

0.719

7.24

76

Name

t/°C

g per kg H2O

Ref.

50

1.76

17.9

76

65

3.57

37.0

33

Phthalic anhydride

C8H4O3

148.116

27

0.62

6.20

40

Picene

C22H14

278.346

27

0.00000025

0.0000025

42,4

C10H16

136.234

25

0.00050

0.0050

52

C10H16

136.234

25

0.00110

0.0110

52

2,5-Piperazinedione

C4H6N2O2

114.103

25

1.64

16.7

29

2-Pivaloyl-1,3-indandione

C14H14O3

230.259

25

0.0018

0.018

40

Prednisolone

C21H28O5

360.444

25

0.03

0.3

40

Progesterone

C21H30O2

314.462

25

0.00088

0.0088

40

41

0.00206

0.0206

40

α-Pinene, (-) β-Pinene, (1S)-

L-Proline

C5H9NO2

115.131

25

61.9

1625

26

Prometone

C10H19N5O

225.291

20

0.075

0.75

40

Prometryn

C10H19N5S

241.357

20

0.0048

0.048

32

Propachlor

C11H14ClNO

211.688

20

0.07

0.7

40

Propanal

C3H6O

58.079

25

30.6

441

10

Propane

C3H8

44.096

25

0.00669*

0.0669*

18

Propanenitrile

C3H5N

55.079

25

10.3

115

10

Propanil

C9H9Cl2NO

218.079

20

0.013

0.13

40

Propazine

C9H16ClN5

229.710

20

0.00086

0.0086

40

Propene

C3H6

42.080

25

0.0200*

0.200*

5

1-Propene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid

C5H6O4

130.100

20

7.7

83

26

trans-1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

C6H6O6

174.108

25

20.9

264

26

90

52.5

1105

26

Propoxur

C11H15NO3

209.242

20

0.193

1.93

40

Propyl acetate

C5H10O2

102.132

20

2.3

24

10

Propylbenzene

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0052

0.052

22

Propyl butanoate

C7H14O2

130.185

17

0.162

1.62

27

Propylcyclopentane

C8H16

112.213

25

0.00020

0.0020

4

Propyl formate

C4H8O2

88.106

22

2.05

20.9

10

Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

C10H12O3

180.200

25

0.04

0.4

40

Propyl propanoate

C6H12O2

116.158

25

0.6

6

27

Propyne

C3H4

40.064

25

0.364*

3.64*

5

Propyzamide

C12H11Cl2NO

256.127

25

0.0015

0.015

32

Pyrene

C16H10

202.250

0

0.0000049

0.000049

42

15

0.0000069

0.000069

42

25

0.0000139

0.000139

42,22

50

0.000053

0.00053

42,4 42

75

0.000231

0.00231

3-Pyridinecarboxamide

C6H6N2O

122.124

20

≈33

≈490

40

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

123.110

24

1.63

16.6

66

52

3.40

35.2

66

72

5.20

54.9

66

Pyrocatechol

C6H6O2

110.111

20

31.1

451

27

Pyrrole

C4H5N

67.090

25

4.5

47

10

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

71.6

5

21.3

5

1.041

22

90.2

5

1.11

5

0.00092

22

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-116

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

Quinic acid

C7H12O6

192.166

9

29

410

26

Quinidine

C20H24N2O2

324.417

20

0.020

0.20

27

Quinine

C20H24N2O2

324.417

25

0.057

0.57

27

Quinoline

C9H7N

129.159

20

0.633

6.33

6

8-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

145.158

25

0.065

0.65

40

Quinoxaline

C8H6N2

130.147

50

54

1170

6

Raffinose

C18H32O16

504.437

20

12.5

143

27

Reserpine

C33H40N2O9

608.679

30

0.0073

0.073

40

Resorcinol

C6H6O2

110.111

20

63.7

1750

27

Riboflavin

C17H20N4O6

376.364

25

0.0075

0.075

40

Ronnel

C8H8Cl3O3PS

321.546

20

0.00011

0.0011

40

Rotenone

C23H22O6

394.417

25

0.000017

0.00017

40

Saccharin

C7H5NO3S

183.185

25

0.40

4.0

27

100

4.0

42

27

Salicylaldehyde

C7H6O2

122.122

86

1.68

17.1

10

Sarcosine

C3H7NO2

89.094

25

30.0

429

26

L-Serine

C3H7NO3

105.093

25

20

250

26

Shikimic acid

C7H10O5

174.151

15

176

26

Silvex

C9H7Cl3O3

269.509

25

0.014

0.14

40

Solanine

C45H73NO15

868.060

15

0.0026

0.026

40

L-Sorbose

C6H12O6

180.155

17

≈26

≈350

40

Stearic acid

C18H36O2

284.478

20

0.00029

0.0029

26

trans-Stilbene

C14H12

180.245

25

0.000029

0.00029

42,4

Streptozotocin

C8H15N3O7

265.221

25

0.50

5.0

40

Strychnine

C21H22N2O2

334.412

20

0.013

0.13

27

Styrene

C8H8

104.150

25

0.032

0.32

50

0.046

0.46

12

22

0.286

22

4,89

0.30

13

C4H8N2O2

116.119

50

18.4

225

27

Succinic acid

C4H6O4

118.089

25

7.71

83.5

27

100

55

1220

27

Succinonitrile

C4H4N2

80.088

25

11.5

130

10

Sucrose

C12H22O11

342.296

20

67.1

2040

27

50

72.3

2610

27

100

83.0

4880

27

Sulfamethazine

C12H14N4O2S

278.330

20

0.053

0.53

40

Sulfamethoxazole

C10H11N3O3S

253.277

25

0.0281

0.281

40

Sulfathiazole

C9H9N3O2S2

255.316

20

0.048

0.48

40

Sulfisoxazole

C11H13N3O3S

267.304

37

0.03

0.3

40

DL-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

150.087

0

8.95

98.3

26

20

17.1

206

26

100

65

1860

26

20

58

1380

26

L-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

150.087

100

77

3350

26

Tebuthiuron

C9H16N4OS

228.314

20

0.23

2.3

40

Terbacil

C9H13ClN2O2

216.664

25

0.071

0.71

40

Terephthalic acid

C8H6O4

166.132

10

0.0082

0.082

76

25

0.0065

0.065

76

50

0.0074

0.074

76

25

0.000124

0.00124

42,40

C18H14

230.304

Ref.

0.040

Succinamide

o-Terphenyl

kPa m3mol-1

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-117 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

m-Terphenyl

C18H14

p-Terphenyl

C18H14

230.304

25

0.00000180

0.000018

42,40

C10H18O

154.249

25

0.189

1.89

52

1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene

C6H2Br4

393.696

25

0.00000434

0.0000434

2

1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane

C2H2Br4

345.653

0

0.052

0.52

25

25

0.068

0.68

25

α-Terpineol

230.304

25

0.000152

0.00152

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

42,40

50

0.106

1.06

25

100

0.307

3.07

25

Tetrabromomethane

CBr4

331.627

30

0.024

0.24

14

1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene

C6H2Cl4

215.892

25

0.0007

0.007

41

0.144

11

1,2,3,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

C6H2Cl4

215.892

25

0.00035

0.0035

41

0.59

11

1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene

C6H2Cl4

215.892

25

0.000060

0.00060

41

0.122

11

3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,2-benzenediol

C6H2Cl4O2

247.891

25

0.071

0.71

8

2,2’,4’,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

C12H6Cl4

291.988

25

0.0000016

0.000016

9

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorobiphenyl

C12H6Cl4

291.988

25

0.000002

0.00002

7

2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C6Cl4O2

245.875

20

0.025

0.25

40

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

C12H4Cl4O2

321.971

22

0.0000000019

0.000000019

40

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

C2Cl4F2

203.830

27

0.016

0.16

25

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

C2H2Cl4

167.849

0

0.120

1.20

25

25

0.107

1.07

25

0.24

13

50

0.123

1.23

25 0.026

13

1.73

13

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

Tetrachloroethene

C2H2Cl4

C2Cl4

167.849

165.833

5

0.302

3.02

25

25

0.283

2.83

25

50

0.318

3.18

25

0

0.0273

0.273

20

20

0.0286

0.286

20

80

0.0380

0.380

20

25

0.065

0.65

20

2.99

13

2.99

13

2.55

11

Tetrachloromethane

CCl4

153.823

75

0.115

1.15

20

2,3,4,6-Tetrachloro-5-methylphenol

C7H4Cl4O

245.918

25

0.00061

0.0061

2

2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol

C6H2Cl4O

231.891

25

0.017

0.17

24

1,1,1,3-Tetrachloro-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropane

C3Cl4F4

253.838

21

0.0052

0.052

35

Tetracosane

C24H50

338.654

22

0.0000004

0.000004

37

Tetradecane

C14H30

198.388

25

0.00000023

0.0000023

42,5

Tetradecanoic acid

C14H28O2

228.371

20

0.0020

0.020

26

1-Tetradecanol

C14H30O

214.387

25

0.000031

0.00031

1

Tetraethylsilane

C8H20Si

144.331

25

0.0000325

0.000325

10

Tetrafluoroethene

C2F4

100.015

25

0.0158*

0.158*

19,50

Tetrafluoromethane

CF4

88.005

Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

C6H12O3

132.157

70

0.0090*

0.090*

50

0

0.00390*

0.0390*

50

25

0.00185*

0.0185*

50,19

50

0.00134*

0.0134*

50

21

32

470

20

90

19

235

20 40

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

C10H12

132.202

20

0.0045

0.045

Tetrahydropyran

C5H10O

86.132

20

8.57

93.7

20

81

4.29

44.8

20

1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene

C10H14

134.218

25

0.000348

0.00348

4

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl-4,4’-diaminobenzophenone

C17H20N2O

268.353

20

0.04

0.4

40

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-118

Name Tetramethylsilane

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

C4H12Si

88.224

25

0.00196

0.0196

10 29

Theophylline

C7H8N4O2

180.165

20

0.52

5.2

Thioacetamide

C2H5NS

75.133

25

12.3

140

40

Thiourea

CH4N2S

76.121

20

10.6

119

40

80

≈37

≈590

40

2-Thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

C3H3NOS2

133.192

25

0.225

2.25

40

Thiram

C6H12N2S4

240.432

20

0.003

0.03

40

DL-Threonine

C4H9NO3

119.119

10

14.34

167

45

20

15.69

186

45

40

19.84

248

45

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3

119.119

10

7.34

79.2

45

20

8.31

90.6

45

40

10.78

121

45

Thymidine

C10H14N2O5

242.228

25

5.1

54

29

Thymine

C5H6N2O2

126.114

25

0.35

3.5

29

Thymol

C10H14O

150.217

0.1

1

30

Tolazamide

C14H21N3O3S

311.400

30

0.0065

0.065

40

Tolbutamide

C12H18N2O3S

270.347

25

0.011

0.11

40

o-Tolidine

C14H16N2

212.290

25

0.13

1.3

40

Toluene

C7H8

92.139

p-Toluenesulfonic acid

5

0.054

0.54

61

25

0.0519

0.519

61,22

45

0.063

0.63

61

90

0.12

1.2

22

C7H8O3S

172.202

40

≈33

≈490

40

o-Toluic acid

C8H8O2

136.149

25

0.118

1.18

27

m-Toluic acid

C8H8O2

136.149

25

0.098

0.98

27

p-Toluic acid

C8H8O2

136.149

10

0.030

0.30

75

25

0.036

0.36

75

50

0.089

0.89

75

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine

C3H6N6

126.120

20

0.323

3.23

40

95

4.2

44

40

1H-1,2,4-Triazol-3-amine

C2H4N4

84.080

23

22

280

26

1,2,4-Tribromobenzene

C6H3Br3

314.800

25

0.0010

0.010

2

1,3,5-Tribromobenzene

C6H3Br3

314.800

25

0.0000789

0.000789

2

1,1,2-Tribromoethane

C2H3Br3

266.757

20

0.050

0.50

25

Tribromofluoromethane

CBr3F

270.721

25

0.040

0.40

14

Tribromomethane

CHBr3

252.731

25

0.30

3.0

5

2,4,6-Tribromophenol

C6H3Br3O

330.799

15

0.0007

0.007

2 40

Tributylamine

C12H27N

185.349

25

0.0142

0.142

Tributyl phosphate

C12H27O4P

266.313

25

0.039

0.39

10

Tributyrin

C15H26O6

302.363

20

0.010

0.10

40

Trichloroacetaldehyde

C2HCl3O

147.387

25

≈39

≈640

40

Trichloroacetic acid

C2HCl3O2

163.387

25

92.3

11990

27

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene

C6H3Cl3

181.447

25

0.0021

0.021

41

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

C6H3Cl3

181.447

15

0.0029

0.029

61

25

0.0037

0.037

61,41

45

0.0047

0.047

61

1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene

C6H3Cl3

181.447

25

0.0008

0.008

41

3,4,5-Trichloro-1,2-benzenediol

C6H3Cl3O2

213.446

25

0.051

0.51

8

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

0.660

22

0.047

13

0.242

11

0.277

11

1.1

11

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

8-119 Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

2,4,5-Trichlorobiphenyl

C12H7Cl3

257.543

25

0.000014

0.00014

7

0.0379

31

2,4,6-Trichlorobiphenyl

C12H7Cl3

257.543

25

0.00002

0.0002

7

0.0495

7

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

C14H9Cl5

354.486

25

0.0000004

0.000004

67

2,4,6-Trichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol

C8H7Cl3O

225.500

25

0.00050

0.0050

2

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

C2H3Cl3

133.404

0

0.134

1.34

25

25

0.129

1.29

25

1.76

13

50

0.138

1.38

25

0

0.425

4.25

25

25

0.459

4.59

25

0.092

13

50

0.536

5.36

25 1.03

13

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Trichloroethene

C2H3Cl3

C2HCl3

133.404

131.388

0

0.145

1.45

25

25

0.128

1.28

25

60

0.133

1.33

25

Trichlorofluoromethane

CCl3F

137.368

20

0.11

1.1

5

10.2

13

Trichloromethane

CHCl3

119.378

25

0.80

8.0

20

0.43

13

59

0.79

7.9

20

0.43

13

1,2,4-Trichloro-5-methylbenzene

C7H5Cl3

195.474

25

0.00023

0.0023

61

(Trichloromethyl)benzene

C7H5Cl3

195.474

5

0.0053

0.053

10

2,4,6-Trichloro-3-methylphenol

C7H5Cl3O

211.473

25

0.0112

0.112

2

Trichloronitromethane

CCl3NO2

164.376

0

0.227

2.27

40

25

0.162

1.62

40

1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane

C3Cl3F5

237.383

21

0.0058

0.058

35

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

C6H3Cl3O

197.446

25

0.1

1

2

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

C6H3Cl3O

197.446

25

0.069

0.69

48,51,24

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid

C8H5Cl3O3

255.483

25

0.028

0.28

40

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

C3H5Cl3

147.431

10

0.14

1.4

35

25

0.20

2.0

35

0.038

13

32

13

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

C2Cl3F3

187.375

25

0.017

0.17

25

Tri-p-cresyl phosphate

C21H21O4P

368.363

25

0.00004

0.0004

40

Tridecane

C13H28

184.361

25

0.000000033

0.00000033

37

Tridecanoic acid

C13H26O2

214.344

20

0.0033

0.033

26

Triethylamine

C6H15N

101.190

20

5.5

58

10

Triethylamine hydrochloride

C6H16ClN

137.651

25

57.8

1370

27

Trifluoromethane

CHF3

70.014

25

0.15*

1.5*

50,14

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O5

170.120

25

1.52

15.4

74

50

3.82

39.7

74

100

25.0

333

27

Triiodomethane

CHI3

393.732

25

0.012

0.12

14

Trimethoprim

C14H18N4O3

290.318

25

0.04

0.4

40

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0070

0.070

22

0.343

22

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0057

0.057

22

0.569

22

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

C9H12

120.191

25

0.0050

0.050

22

0.781

22

2,3,3-Trimethyl-2-butanol

C7H16O

116.201

40

2.2

22

1

1,1,3-Trimethylcyclohexane

C9H18

126.239

25

0.000177

0.00177

4

105

13

1,1,3-Trimethylcyclopentane

C8H16

112.213

25

0.00037

0.0037

4

159

5

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

C9H20

128.255

25

0.00008

0.0008

4

246

13

1,4,5-Trimethylnaphthalene

C13H14

170.250

25

0.00021

0.0021

42,4

2,6,8-Trimethyl-4-nonanone

C12H24O

184.318

10

0.012

0.12

20

80

0.014

0.14

20

Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds

8-120

Name

Mol. Form.

Mol. Wt.

100 w2 (mass%)

t/°C

Henry Const., kH

Solubility, s g per kg H2O

Ref.

kPa m3mol-1

Ref.

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

C8H18

114.229

25

0.00022

0.0022

4

307

13

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

C8H18

114.229

25

0.00018

0.0018

4

206

13

Trimethyl phosphate

C3H9O4P

140.074

25

≈33

≈490

40

0.00001

12

0.551

22

0.730

22

0.690

22

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

C6H3N3O6

213.104

15

0.028

0.28

40

2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid

C7H3N3O8

257.114

23

1.97

20.1

40

Trinitroglycerol

C3H5N3O9

227.087

25

0.13

1.3

40

80

0.34

3.4

40

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

C6H3N3O7

229.104

25

1.25

12.7

40

90

4.9

52

40

20

0.012

0.12

40

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

C7H5N3O6

227.131

100

0.15

1.5

40

2,4,6-Trinitro-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)aniline

C12H5N7O12

439.208

17

0.0060

0.060

40

1,3,5-Trioxane

C3H6O3

90.078

25

17.4

211

30

Triphenylene

C18H12

228.288

25

0.0000043

0.000043

42,4

Triphenyl phosphate

C18H15O4P

326.283

24

0.000073

0.00073

40

Triphenyltin hydroxide

C18H16OSn

367.029

20

0.0001

0.001

32

Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine

C4H11NO3

121.135

25

≈41

≈700

40

L-Tryptophan

C11H12N2O2

204.225

25

1.30

13.2

26

DL-Tyrosine

C9H11NO3

181.188

25

0.35

3.5

30

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO3

181.188

25

0.0507

0.507

62

Undecane

C11H24

156.309

25

0.0000004

0.000004

37

Uracil

C4H4N2O2

112.087

25

0.460

4.62

72

Urea

CH4N2O

60.055

5

44

790

26

25

54.4

1200

26

Uric acid

C5H4N4O3

168.111

20

0.002

0.02

26

L-Valine

C5H11NO2

117.147

25

8.13

88.5

26

Valium

C16H13ClN2O

284.739

25

0.005

0.05

40

Vidarabine

C10H15N5O5

285.257

20

0.051

0.51

40

Vinclozolin

C12H9Cl2NO3

286.110

20

0.1

1

32

Vinyl acetate

C4H6O2

86.090

20

2.0

20

10

4-Vinylcyclohexene

C8H12

108.181

25

0.005

0.05

4

Warfarin

C19H16O4

308.328

20

0.004

0.04

40

Xanthine

C5H4N4O2

152.112

20

0.05

0.5

26

o-Xylene

C8H10

106.165

25

0.0171

0.171

22

45

0.021

0.21

4

m-Xylene

p-Xylene

C8H10

C8H10

106.165

106.165

0

0.0203

0.203

4

25

0.0161

0.161

22

40

0.022

0.22

4

0

0.0160

0.160

4

25

0.0181

0.181

22

40

0.022

0.22

4

2,3-Xylenol

C8H10O

122.164

25

0.457

4.57

40

2,4-Xylenol

C8H10O

122.164

25

0.787

7.87

10

2,5-Xylenol

C8H10O

122.164

25

0.354

3.54

40

2,6-Xylenol

C8H10O

122.164

25

0.60

6.0

40

3,4-Xylenol

C8H10O

122.164

25

0.477

4.77

40

3,5-Xylenol

C8H10O

122.164

29

0.62

6.2

10

D-Xylose

C5H10O5

150.130

25

≈30

≈430

40

Ziram

C6H12N2S4Zn

305.841

20

0.0065

0.065

40

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES The solubility of over 300 common inorganic compounds in water is tabulated here as a function of temperature. Solubility is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with a solid phase at the specified temperature. In this table the solid phase is generally the most stable crystalline phase at the temperature in question. An asterisk * on solubility values in adjacent columns indicates that the solid phase changes between those two temperatures (usually from one hydrated phase to another or from a hydrate to the anhydrous solid). In such cases the slope of the solubility vs. temperature curve may show a discontinuity. All solubility values are expressed as mass percent of solute, 100⋅w2, where w2 = m2/(m1 + m2) and m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. This quantity is related to other common measures of solubility as follows: Molarity: c2 = 1000 ρw2/M2 Molality: m2 = 1000w2/M2(1-w2) Mole fraction: x2 = (w2/M2)/{(w2/M2) + (1-w2)/M1} Mass of solute per 100 g of H2O: r2 = 100w2/(1-w2) Here M2 is the molar mass of the solute and M1 = 18.015 g/mol is the molar mass of water. ρ is the density of the solution in g cm-3. The data in the table have been derived from the references indicated; in many cases the data have been refitted or interpolated in order to present solubility at rounded values of temperature. Where available, values were taken from the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1) or the related papers in the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (References 2 to 5), which present carefully evaluated data.

Compound AgBrO3 AgClO2 AgClO3 AgClO4 AgNO2 AgNO3 Ag2SO4 AlCl3 Al(ClO4)3 AlF3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 As2O3 BaBr2 Ba(BrO3)2 Ba(C2H3O2)2 BaCl2 Ba(ClO2)2 Ba(ClO3)2 Ba(ClO4)2 BaF2 BaI2

0°C

10°C

20°C

0.17

0.31

0.47

81.6 0.155 55.9 0.56 30.84 54.9 0.25 37.0 27.5 1.19 47.6 0.285 37.0 23.30 30.5 16.90 67.30

83.0

84.2

62.3 0.67 30.91

67.8 0.78 31.03

0.34 38.2

0.44 39.9

1.48 48.5 0.442

1.80 49.5 0.656

24.88

26.33

21.23 70.96 0.158 64.7

23.66 74.30

62.5

67.3

25°C 0.193 0.55 15 84.8 0.413 70.1 0.83 31.10 0.50 40.8 27.8 2.01 50.0 0.788 44.2 27.03 31.3 27.50 75.75 0.161 68.8

30°C

40°C

The solubility of sparingly soluble compounds that do not appear in this table may be calculated from the data in the table “Solubility Product Constants”. Solubility of inorganic gases may be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water”. Compounds are listed alphabetically by chemical formula in the most commonly used form (e.g., NaCl, NH4NO3, etc.).

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Volumes 1 to 53 were published by Pergamon Press, Oxford, from 1979 to 1994; subsequent volumes were published by Oxford University Press, Oxford. The number following the colon is the volume number in the series. 2. Clever, H. L., and Johnston, F. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 3. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 4. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 5. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 6. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. 7. Krumgalz, B.S., Mineral Solubility in Water at Various Temperatures, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Ltd., Haifa, 1994. 8. Potter, R. W., and Clynne, M. A., J. Research U.S. Geological Survey, 6, 701, 1978; Clynne, M. A., and Potter, R. W., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 24, 338, 1979. 9. Marshal, W. L., and Slusher, R., J. Phys. Chem., 70, 4015, 1966; Knacke, O., and Gans, W., Zeit. Phys. Chem., NF, 104, 41, 1977. 10. Stephen, H., and Stephen, T., Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Vol. 1, Macmillan, New York, 1963.

50°C

60°C

70°C

80°C

0.64

0.82

1.02

1.22

1.44

1.66

90°C 1.32 1.88

100°C

85.3

86.3

86.9

87.5

87.9

88.3

88.6

88.8

72.3 0.88 31.18

76.1 0.97 31.37

79.2 1.05 31.60

81.7 1.13 31.87

83.8 1.20 32.17

85.4 1.26 32.51

87.8 1.39 33.32

0.56 42.0 28.2 2.27 50.4 0.935

0.68 44.5 29.2 2.86 51.4 1.30

0.81 47.3 30.7 3.43 52.5 1.74

0.96 50.4 32.6 4.11 53.5 2.27

1.11 53.8* 34.9 4.89 54.5 2.90

1.28

86.7 1.32 32.90 64.4 1.45

37.6 5.77 55.5 3.61

40.7 6.72 56.6 4.40

27.70

29.00

30.27

31.53

32.81

34.14

35.54

29.43 77.05

33.16 79.23

36.69 80.92

40.05 82.21

43.04 83.16

45.90 83.88

48.70 84.43

37.05 44.7 51.17 84.90

69.1

69.5

70.1

70.7

71.3

72.0

72.7

73.4

2.11

1.64 61.5* 44.2 7.71 57.6 5.25

Ref. 7 7 7 6 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 7 10 6 1:14 7 8 7 1:14 7 7 6

8-112

Section 8.indb 112

4/30/05 8:47:37 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound Ba(IO3)2 Ba(NO2)2 Ba(NO3)2 Ba(OH)2 BaS Ba(SCN)2 BaSO3 BeCl2 Be(ClO4)2 BeSO4 CaBr2 CaCl2 Ca(ClO3)2 Ca(ClO4)2 CaF2 CaI2 Ca(IO3)2 Ca(NO2)2 Ca(NO3)2 CaSO3 CaSO4 CdBr2 CdC2O4 CdCl2 Cd(ClO4)2 CdF2 CdI2 Cd(IO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 CdSO4 CdSeO4 Ce(NO3)3 CoCl2 Co(ClO4)2 CoF2 CoI2 Co(NO2)2 Co(NO3)2 CoSO4 Co(SCN)2 CrO3 CsBr CsBrO3 CsCl CsClO3 CsClO4 CsI CsIO3 CsNO3 CsOH Cs2SO4 CuBr2 CuCl2 Cu(ClO4)2 CuF2 Cu(NO3)2 CuSO4 CuSeO4 Dy(NO3)3 Er(NO3)3 Eu(NO3)3

Section 8.indb 113

0°C 0.0182 31.1 4.7 1.67 2.79

10°C 0.0262 36.6 6.3

20°C 0.0342 41.8 8.2

4.78

6.97

26.69 55 36.70 63.2

27.58 56 39.19 64.2

28.61 59 42.13 65.5

0.0013 64.6 0.082 38.6 50.1

66.0 0.155 39.5 53.1

0.174 36.0

0.191 43.0

67.6 0.243 44.5 56.7 0.0059 0.202 49.9

47.2

50.1

53.2

44.1

5.82 44.9

4.65 45.8

55.4 43.1 42.04 57.99 30.30 50.0

57.1 43.1 40.59 59.80 32.60

59.6 43.2 39.02 61.89 34.87

58.00 0.076 45.5 19.9

61.78

65.35

47.0 23.0

49.4 26.1

62.2

62.3

62.6

1.16 61.83 2.40 0.79 30.9 1.08 8.46

1.93 63.48 3.87 1.01 37.2 1.58 13.0

3.01 64.96 5.94 1.51 43.2 2.21 18.6

62.6

63.4

64.1

40.8 54.3

41.7

42.6

45.2 12.4 10.6 58.79 61.58 55.2

49.8 14.4

56.3 16.7

59.99 63.15 56.7

61.49 64.84 58.5

40.5

25°C 0.0396 44.3 9.3 4.68 8.21 62.6 0.0011 41.7 59.5 29.22 61 44.83* 66.3 65.3 0.0016 68.3 0.305 48.6 59.0 0.0054 0.205 53.4 0.0060 54.6 58.7 4.18 46.3 0.091 61.0 43.4 38.18 63.05 35.99 53.0 1.4 66.99 0.49 50.8 27.7 50.7 62.8 55.2 3.69 65.64 7.22 1.96 45.9 2.59 21.8 64.5 55.8 43.1 0.075 59.2 18.0 16.0 62.35 65.75 59.4

8-113

30°C 0.045* 46.8 10.2 8.4 9.58

40°C 0.058* 51.6 12.4 19 12.67

50°C 0.073 56.2 14.7 33 16.18

60°C 0.090 60.5 17.0 52 20.05

70°C 0.109 64.6 19.3 74 24.19

80°C 0.131 68.5 21.5 100 28.55

90°C 0.156 72.1 23.5

100°C 0.182 75.6 25.5

33.04

37.61

29.90 63 49.12* 67.2

31.51 68 52.85* 69.0

33.39 71 56.05* 71.0

35.50 73 56.73 73.2

37.78

40.21

42.72

45.28

57.44 75.5*

58.21 77.4*

59.04 77.7

59.94 78.0

69.0 0.384*

70.8 0.517*

72.4 0.590

74.0 0.652

76.0 0.811*

78.0 0.665*

79.6 0.668

81.0

60.9 0.0049 0.208 56.4

65.4 0.0041 0.210 60.3*

77.8 0.0035 0.207 60.3*

78.1 0.0030 0.201 60.5

78.2 0.0026 0.193 60.7

78.3 0.0023 0.184 60.9

78.4 0.0020 0.173 61.3

78.5 0.0019 0.163 61.6

56.3*

57.3*

57.5

57.8

58.1

58.51

58.98

3.76 46.8

59.5 66.9

47.9

49.0

50.2

51.5

52.7

54.1

55.4

62.8 43.6 37.29 64.31* 37.10

66.5 44.1 35.35 67.0* 39.27

70.6 43.5 33.15 68.6 41.38

86.1 42.5 30.65 71.1* 43.46

86.5 41.4 27.84 74.9* 45.50

86.8 40.2 24.69 79.2 47.51

87.1 38.5 21.24 80.9 49.51

87.4 36.7 17.49 83.1 51.50

68.51

71.17

73.41

75.29

76.89

78.28

79.52

80.70

52.4 29.2

56.0 32.3

60.1 34.4

62.6 35.9

64.9 35.5

67.7 33.2

30.6

27.8

63.0

63.5

64.1

64.7

65.5

66.2

67.1

67.9

4.46 66.29 8.69 2.57 48.6 3.02 25.1 75 64.8

6.32 67.50 12.15 4.28 53.3 3.96 32.0

8.60 68.60 16.33 6.55 57.3 5.06 39.0

11.32 69.61 21.14 9.29 60.7 6.29 45.7

14.45 70.54 26.45 12.41 63.6 7.70 51.9

17.96 71.40 32.10 15.80 65.9 9.20 57.3

21.83 72.21 37.89 19.39 67.7 10.79 62.1

25.98 72.96 43.42 23.07 69.2 12.45 66.2

65.5

66.1

66.7

67.3

67.8

68.3

68.8

43.7 59.3

44.8

46.0

47.2

48.5

49.9

51.3

52.7

61.1 19.3

62.0 22.2

63.1 25.4

64.5 28.8

65.9 32.4

67.5 36.3

69.2 40.3

71.0 43.5

63.29 66.69 60.4

65.43 68.70 62.5

68.04 70.96 64.6

71.58 73.64

77.75

Ref. 1:14 10 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 7 7 10 8 1:14 7 10 7 1:14 7 6 1:26 9 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 6 5 1:13 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 6 7 1:30 1:47 1:30 7 6 1:30 6 7 6 7 6 7 7 6 6 7 1:13 1:13 1:13

4/30/05 8:47:38 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures

8-114 Compound FeBr2 FeCl2 FeCl3 Fe(ClO4)2 FeF3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4 Gd(NO3)3 HIO3 H3BO3 HgBr2 Hg(CN)2 HgCl2 HgI2 Hg(SCN)2 Hg2Cl2 Hg2(ClO4)2 Hg2SO4 Ho(NO3)3 KBF4 KBr KBrO3 KC2H3O2 KCl KClO3 KClO4 KF KHCO3 KHSO4 KH2PO4 KI KIO3 KIO4 KMnO4 KNO2 KNO3 KOH KSCN K2CO3 K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 K2HAsO4 K2HPO4 K2MoO4 K2SO3 K2SO4 K2S2O3 K2S2O5 K2SeO3 K2SeO4 K3AsO4 K3Fe(CN)6 K3PO4 K4Fe(CN)6 LaCl3 La(NO3)3 LiBr LiBrO3 LiC2H3O2 LiCl

Section 8.indb 114

0°C 33.2* 42.7 63.39

10°C

20°C

44.9

47.9

40.15 41.44 13.5 56.3 73.45 2.61 0.26 6.57 4.24

17.0 57.7 74.10 3.57 0.37 7.83 5.05

20.8 59.2 74.98 4.77 0.52 9.33 6.17 0.0041

73.8 0.038

0.043

0.048

0.28 35.0 2.97 68.40 21.74 3.03 0.70 30.90 18.62 27.1 11.74 56.0 4.53 0.16 2.74 73.7 12.0 48.7 63.8 51.3 37.1 4.30 48.5* 57.0

0.34 37.3 4.48 70.29 23.61 4.67 1.10 39.8 21.73 29.7 14.91 57.6 5.96 0.22 4.12 74.6 17.6 50.8 66.4 51.7 38.1 7.12

0.45 39.4 6.42 72.09 25.39 6.74 1.67 47.3 24.92 32.3 18.25 59.0 7.57 0.37 5.96 75.3 24.2 53.2 69.1 52.3 38.9 10.9

59.1

61.5

51.30 7.11 49.0* 22.1 68.4* 52.70 51.5* 23.9 44.3 12.5 49.0 55.0 58.4 61.03 23.76 40.45

51.39 8.46

51.49 9.95

26.7

31.1

52.93

53.17

27.6

31.1

17.3 48.5 56.9 60.1 62.62 26.49 42.46*

22.0 48.6 58.9 62.7 64.44 29.42 45.29*

25°C 54.6 39.4* 47.7 67.76 5.59 46.57 46.67 22.8 60.1 75.48 5.48 0.61 10.2 6.81 0.0055 0.070 0.0004 79.8* 0.051 63.8 0.55 40.4 7.55 72.92 26.22 7.93 2.04 50.41 26.6 33.6 19.97 59.7 8.44 0.51 7.06 75.7 27.7 54.7 70.4 52.7 39.4 13.1 63.6* 62.7 64.7 51.55 10.7 62.3* 33.1 68.5* 53.30 55.6* 32.8 51.4 23.9 48.9 60.0 64.4 65.44 31.02 45.81

30°C

40°C

50°C

60°C

70°C

80°C

51.6

74.8

76.7

84.6

84.3

84.3

84.4

100°C 64.8* 48.7* 84.7

24.8 61.0 76.03 6.27 0.72 11.1 7.62 0.0072

28.8 62.9 77.20 8.10 0.96 13.1 9.53 0.0122

32.8 65.2 78.46 10.3 1.26 15.5 12.02 0.0199

35.5 67.9 79.78 12.9 1.63 18.2 15.18

33.6 71.5 81.13 15.9 2.08 21.2 19.16

30.4

27.1

24.0

82.48 19.3 2.61 24.6 24.06

83.82 23.1 3.23 28.3 29.90

85.14 27.3 3.95 32.3 36.62

0.054

0.059

0.065

0.070

0.076

0.082

0.088

85.3* 0.093

0.75 41.4 8.79 73.70 27.04 9.21 2.47 53.2 28.13 35.0 21.77 60.4 9.34 0.70 8.28 76.0 31.3 56.1 71.6 53.1 39.8 15.5

1.38 43.2 11.57 75.08 28.59 12.06 3.54

2.09 44.8 14.71 76.27 30.04 15.26 4.94

2.82 46.2 18.14 77.31 31.40 18.78 6.74

3.58 47.6 21.79 78.22 32.66 22.65 8.99

5.12 49.8 29.42 79.80 34.99 31.53 14.94

5.90 50.8 33.28 80.55 36.05 36.65 18.67

31.32 37.8 25.28 61.6 11.09 1.24 11.11 76.7 38.6 57.9 74.1 54.0 40.5 20.8

34.46 40.5 28.95 62.8 13.22 1.96 14.42 77.4 45.7 58.6 76.5 54.9 41.3 26.3

37.51 43.4 32.76 63.8 15.29 2.83 18.16 78.0 52.2 59.5 78.9 56.0 41.9 31.7

40.45 46.2 36.75 64.8 17.41 3.82

4.34 48.8 25.57 79.04 33.86 26.88 11.71 60.0 49.02 40.96 65.7 19.58 4.89

51.82 45.41 66.6 21.78 6.02

54.6 50.12 67.4 24.03 7.17

78.5 58.0 60.6 81.1 57.2 42.6 36.9

79.1 63.0 61.8 83.3 58.4 43.2 41.5

79.6 67.3 63.1 85.3 59.6 43.8 45.5

64.1

67.7*

80.1 70.8 64.6 87.3 61.0 44.3 48.9 79.8*

51.62 11.4

51.76 12.9

51.93 14.2

52.11 15.5

52.32 16.7

52.54 17.7

35.2

39.0

42.6

46.0

49.1

52.0

66.5 52.79 18.6 75.7* 54.6

53.43

53.70

53.99

54.30

54.61

54.94

55.26

34.3

37.2

39.6

41.7

43.5

45.0

46.1

25.6 49.3 61.1 65.9 66.51 32.72 46.25

29.2 50.5 63.6 67.8 68.90 36.48 47.30

32.5 52.1 66.3 68.3 71.68* 40.65 48.47

35.5 54.0 69.9* 69.0 73.24* 45.15 49.78

38.2 56.3 74.1* 69.8 74.43 49.93 51.27

40.6 58.9

41.4 61.7

43.1

70.7 75.66 54.91 52.98

71.7 76.93 60.04 54.98*

72.8 78.32 65.26 56.34*

72.7*

90°C

53.06 19.3

68.5* 55.60 73* 47.0

Ref. 7 7 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:13 1:30 6 4 6 4 4 4 3 7 4 1:13 10 6 1:30 7 1:47 1:30 6 7 6 6 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 7 1:26 6 7 1:26 7 7 7 6 7 6 6 1:13 6 1:30 7 1:47

4/30/05 8:47:40 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound LiClO3 LiClO4 LiF LiH2PO4 LiI LiIO3 LiNO2 LiNO3 LiOH LiSCN Li2CO3 Li2C2O4 Li2HPO3 Li2SO4 Li3PO4 Lu(NO3)3 MgBr2 Mg(BrO3)2 Mg(C2H3O2)2 MgC2O4 MgCl2 Mg(ClO3)2 Mg(ClO4)2 MgCrO4 MgCr2O7 MgF2 MgI2 Mg(IO3)2 Mg(NO2)2 Mg(NO3)2 MgSO3 MgSO4 MgS2O3 MgSeO4 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 Mn(IO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 MnSO4 NH4Br NH4Cl NH4ClO4 NH4F NH4HCO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4 NH4I NH4IO3 NH4NO2 NH4NO3 NH4SCN (NH4)2C2O4 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)2S2O5 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2SeO3 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)3PO4

Section 8.indb 115

8-115

0°C 73.2 30.1 0.120 55.8 59.4

10°C 75.6* 32.6 0.126

20°C 80.8* 35.5 0.131

25°C 82.1 37.0 0.134

30°C 83.4 38.6

40°C 85.9* 41.9

50°C 87.1* 45.5

60°C 88.2 49.2

70°C 89.6 53.2

80°C 91.3 57.2

90°C 93.4 61.3

100°C 95.7 71.4

60.5

61.7

63.0

64.3

65.8

67.3

68.8

81.3

81.7

82.6

41 34.8 10.8

45 37.6 10.8

49 42.7 11.0

53 57.9 11.3

56 60.1 11.7

60 62.2 12.2

63 64.0 12.7

66 65.7 13.4

68 67.2 14.2

68.5 15.1

69.7 16.1

1.54

1.43

1.33

1.24

1.15

1.07

0.99

0.92

0.85

0.78

0.72

9.07 26.3

8.40 25.9

7.77 25.6

7.18 25.3

6.64 25.0

6.16 24.8

5.71 24.5

5.30 24.3

4.91 24.0

4.53 23.8

4.16 23.6

49.3 43.0 36.18

49.8 45.2 37.55

50.3 48.0 38.92

50.9 51.0

51.5 54.3

52.1 57.9

52.8 61.6

53.5 65.3

54.2 69.0*

55.0 70.9*

55.7 71.7

33.96 53.35 47.8 32.06*

34.85 54.40 48.7

35.58 56.81 49.6

36.20 60.91* 50.5

36.77 65.46* 51.3

37.34 67.33 52.1

37.97 69.27

38.71 71.01

39.62 72.44

40.75 73.48

42.15

54.7 3.19*

56.1 6.70*

58.2 7.92

38.4 0.32 18.2 30.7 31.4* 56.00 38.7 0.80*

39.5 0.37 21.7

40.8 0.46 25.1

57.72 40.6

59.39 42.5

62.3 43.8 51 50.5 11.1 54.5 1.28 5.87 7.47 25.5 0.027 71.1 50.6 49.4 39.61 0.038 35.90 58.66 50.1 35.39* 58.9 0.013 59.4 8.52 47 41.6 0.52 26.3 34.1 35.7* 60.19 43.6 1.01* 0.27 61.7 38.9 43.9 28.34 19.7 45.5 19.9 34.5 28.8 64.0 3.70 68.8 68.0 64.4 4.94 41.0 70.5 45.49 39.1 43.3 54.7 54.02 15.5

50.5 34.6 37.5 22.92 10.8 41.7 10.6 25.2 17.8 60.7

37.3 40.2 25.12 14.1 43.2 13.7 29.0 22.0 62.1

38.6 42.7 27.27 17.8 44.7 17.6 32.7 26.4 63.4

55.7 54.0

59.0 60.1

64.9 65.5

2.31 36.4 65.5 37.00 32.2 41.3 49.0

3.11 38.2 67.9 40.45 34.9 42.1 51.1

4.25 40.0 69.8 43.84 37.7 42.9 53.4

67.0 60.8 9.11

63.9 10.45

65.0 11.99

65.0 13.7

65.0 15.6

65.0 17.6

65.1 19.6

65.2

42.4 0.61 28.2

44.1 0.87* 30.9

45.9 0.85* 33.4

47.9 0.76 35.6

50.0 0.69 36.9

52.2 0.64 35.9

70.6 0.62 34.7

72.0 0.60 33.3

60.96 44.7

62.41 47.0

63.75 49.4

65.01 54.1

66.19 54.7

67.32 55.2

68.42 55.7

47* 69.50 56.1 0.48

0.34 38.9 45.1 29.39 21.7 46.3 22.4 36.3 31.2 64.6 4.20

37.7 47.3 31.46 25.8 47.8 27.9 39.7 36.2 65.8 5.64

36.3 49.4 33.50 29.8 49.3 34.2 43.1 41.6 66.8 7.63

34.6 51.3 35.49 33.6 50.9 41.4 46.2 47.2 67.8

32.8 53.0 37.46 37.3 52.5 49.3 49.3 53.0 68.7

30.8 54.6 39.40 40.7 54.1 58.1 52.2 59.2 69.6

28.8 56.1 41.33 43.8

26.7 57.4 43.24 46.6

67.6 55.0 65.7 70.4

78.0

70.3

74.3

77.7

80.8

85.8

88.2

90.3

5.73 42.0 71.3 47.11 40.6 43.8 56.0

7.56 44.1 72.3 50.25 43.7 44.7 58.9

9.73 46.2 72.9 53.28 47.0 45.6 62.0

12.2 48.5 73.1 56.23 50.6 46.6 65.4

83.4 81.1 15.1 50.9

18.3 53.3

21.8 55.9

25.7 58.6

59.13 54.5 47.5 69.1

62.00 58.9 48.5

49.5

50.5

72.4 71.1

Ref. 1:30 6 7 7 6 1:30 10 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:31 1:13 6 1:14 7 7 8 1:14 6 7 7 7 6 1:14 7 6 1:26 6 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 6 7 1:47 6 7 7 7 7 6 1:30 7 6 7 7 7 1:26 7 1:26 6 7 7 7

4/30/05 8:47:42 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures

8-116 Compound NaBr NaBrO3 NaCHO2 NaC2H3O2 NaCl NaClO NaClO2 NaClO3 NaClO4 NaF NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaH2PO4 NaI NaIO3 NaIO4 NaNO2 NaNO3 NaOH NaSCN Na2B4O7 Na2CO3 Na2C2O4 Na2CrO4 Na2Cr2O7 Na2HAsO4 Na2HPO4 Na2MoO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2SO4 Na2S2O3 Na2S2O5 Na2SeO3 Na2SeO4 Na2WO4 Na3PO4 Na4P2O7 NdCl3 Nd(NO3)3 NiCl2 Ni(ClO4)2 NiF2 NiI2 Ni(NO3)2 NiSO4 Ni(SCN)2 NiSeO4 PbBr2 PbCl2 Pb(ClO4)2 PbF2 PbI2 Pb(IO3)2 Pb(NO3)2 PbSO4 PrCl3 Pr(NO3)3 RbBr RbBrO3 RbCl

Section 8.indb 116

0°C 44.4 20.0 30.8 26.5 26.28 22.7

10°C 45.9 23.22 37.9 28.8 26.32

20°C 47.7 26.65 45.7 31.8 26.41

44.27 61.9 3.52 6.48

46.67 64.1 3.72 7.59

49.3 66.2 3.89 8.73

36.54 61.2 2.43

41.07 62.4 4.40

46.00 63.9 7.78*

41.9 42.2 30

43.4 44.4 39 52.9 1.71 10.8 2.95 32.3 63.1

45.1 46.6 46 57.1 2.50 17.9 3.30 44.6 64.4

4.19 38.8 13.2 16.1 36.3 38.4

7.51 39.4 15.7 20.9 16.13 40.6 39.5

11.7 41.6 4.28 2.23 49.0 55.76 34.7 51.1

41.9 7.30 3.28 49.3 57.49 36.1

42.3 10.8 4.81 49.7 59.37 38.5

55.40 44.1 21.4

57.68 46.0 24.4

59.78 48.4 27.4

21.6 0.449 0.66

0.620 0.81

26.2* 0.841 0.98

0.041

0.0603 0.052

0.0649 0.067

28.46 0.0033 48.0 57.50 47.4 0.97 43.58

32.13 0.0038 48.1 59.20 50.1 1.55 45.65

35.67 0.0042 48.6 61.16 52.6 2.36 47.53

1.23 6.44 2.62 22.6 62.1 5.6* 1.66 30.6 11.1 12.0 33.1

25°C 48.6 28.28 48.7 33.5 26.45 44.4 97.0* 50.1 67.2 3.97 9.32 22.2 48.68 64.8 8.65* 12.62 45.9 47.7 50 60.2 3.07 23.5 3.48 46.7 65.2 29.3* 10.55 39.4 17.1 23.5 21.94 43.3 40.0 47.3* 36.9* 42.6 12.6 6.62 50.0 60.38 40.3 52.8 2.50 60.69 49.8 28.8 35.48

30°C 49.6 29.86 50.6 35.5 26.52

40°C 51.6 32.83 52.0 39.9 26.67

50°C 53.7 35.55 53.5 45.1 26.84

60°C 54.1 38.05 55.0 58.3 27.03

70°C 54.3 40.37

80°C 54.5 42.52

90°C 54.7

100°C 54.9

59.3 27.25

60.5 27.50

61.7 27.78

62.9 28.05

51.2 68.3 4.05 9.91

53.6 70.4 4.20 11.13

55.5 72.5 4.34 12.40

95.3* 57.0 74.1 4.46 13.70

58.5 74.7 4.57 15.02

60.5 75.4 4.66 16.37

63.3 76.1 4.75 17.73

61.7* 69.8 13.99

62.3* 72.0 16.52

65.9 74.7 19.25*

68.7 74.8 21.1*

67.1 76.7 4.82 19.10 33.3

51.54 65.7 9.60

57.89* 67.7 11.67

74.9 22.9

75.1 24.7

46.8 48.8 53 62.7 3.82 28.7 3.65 46.9 66.1

48.7 51.0 58 63.5 6.02 32.8 4.00 48.9 68.0

50.7 53.2 63 64.2 9.7 32.2 4.36 51.0 70.1

52.8 55.3 67 65.0 14.9 31.7 4.71 53.4 72.3

55.0 57.5 71 65.9 17.1 31.3 5.06 55.3 74.6

57.2 59.6 74 66.9 19.9 31.1 5.41 55.5 77.0

59.5 61.7 76 67.9 23.5 30.9 5.75 55.8 79.6

16.34* 39.8 18.6 26.3* 29.22* 45.9 40.6

35.17* 40.3 22.1 27.3* 32.35* 52.0 41.8

44.64* 41.0 26.7 25.9 31.55 62.3 43.0

45.20 41.7 28.1 24.8 30.90 65.7 44.2

46.81 42.6 30.2 23.7 30.39 68.8 45.5

48.78 43.5 33.0 22.8 30.02 69.4 46.8

50.52 44.5 36.4 22.1 29.79 70.1 48.1

42.9 14.1 7.00 50.4 61.43 41.7

43.6 16.6 10.10 51.2 63.69 42.1

44.4 22.9 14.38 52.2 66.27 43.2

45.3 28.4 20.07 53.3 69.47 45.0

46.2 32.4 27.31 54.5

47.3 37.6 36.03 55.8

48.4 40.4 32.37 57.1

61.8 63.8 79 69.0 28.0 30.9 6.08 56.1 80.7 67* 51.53 45.5 41.0 21.5 29.67 71.0 49.5 45* 42.1* 49.5 43.5 30.67 58.5

46.1

46.2

46.4

46.6

61.50 51.3 30.3*

62.80 54.6 32.0*

63.73 58.3 34.1

64.38 61.0 35.8

64.80 63.1 37.7

65.09 65.6 39.9

2.52 65.30 67.9 42.3

69.0 44.8

0.966 1.07 81.5 0.0670 0.076 0.0025 37.38 0.0044 49.0 62.24 53.8 2.87 48.42

1.118 1.17

1.46 1.39

1.89 1.64

1.93

2.24

2.60

0.0693 0.086

0.112

0.144

0.187

0.243

0.315

39.05 0.0047 49.5 63.40* 54.9 3.45 49.27

42.22 0.0052 50.8 65.7* 57.0 4.87 50.86

45.17 0.0058 52.3 67.8 58.8 6.64 52.34

47.90

50.42

52.72

54.1 70.2 60.6 8.78 53.67

56.1 73.4 62.1 11.29 54.92

58.3

45.6*

63.5 14.15 56.08

2.99

3.42

54.82

56.75

64.8 17.32 57.16

65.9 20.76 58.15

Ref. 6 1:30 6 6 1:47 7 7 1:30 6 6 7 10 1:31 6 1:30 7 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 1:31 6 6 1:26 8 6 1:26 7 7 6 6 6 6 1:13 6 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 2 2 7 2 2 7 2 2 6 1:13 6 1:30 1:47

4/30/05 8:47:43 AM

Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures Compound RbClO3 RbClO4 RbF RbHCO3 RbI RbIO3 RbNO3 RbOH Rb2CrO4 Rb2SO4 SbCl3 SbF3 Sc(NO3)3 Sm(NO3)3 SmCl3 SnCl2 SnI2 SrBr2 Sr(BrO3)2 SrCl2 Sr(ClO2)2 Sr(ClO3)2 Sr(ClO4)2 SrF2 SrI2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Sr(NO2)2 Sr(NO3)2 Sr(OH)2 SrSO3 SrSO4 SrS2O3 Tb(NO3)3 Tl2SO4 Tm(NO3)3 UO2(NO3)2 Y(NO3)3 Yb(NO3)3 ZnBr2 ZnC2O4 ZnCl2 Zn(ClO4)2 ZnF2 ZnI2 Zn(IO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO3 ZnSO4 ZnSeO4

Section 8.indb 117

0°C 2.10 1

10°C 3.38

20°C 5.14

55.8 1.09 16.4

58.6 1.53 25.0

75 53.7 61.1 2.07 34.6

30.0

32.5

59.3 56.33 48.0 64

61.6 58.08 48.2

38.27 27.3 85.7 79.4 57.0 54.83 46 46.0 18.53 31.94 13.0 63.29 70.04* 0.011 62.5 0.102 2.5

48.3 22.00 32.93 13.6 63.42

0.97 50.6 25.39 34.43 14.1 63.64

62.8 0.126

63.5 0.152

28.2 0.9

34.6

41.0

8.8

13.2

2.65

3.56

17.7 60.6 4.61

49.52 55.57

51.82 56.93

54.42 58.75

79.3

80.1 0.0010 76.6

81.8 0.0019 79.0

81.1

81.2

47.8

50.8

29.1 33.06

32.0 34.98

81.3 0.58 54.4 0.1786 35.0 37.38

44.29*

8-117

25°C 6.22 1.5

30°C 7.45

40°C 10.35

50°C 13.85

60°C 17.93

70°C 22.53

80°C 27.57

90°C 32.96

100°C 38.60 17

62.3 2.38 39.4

63.4 2.74 44.2 63.4

65.4 3.52 53.1

67.2 4.41 60.8

68.8 5.42 67.2

70.3 6.52 72.2

71.6 7.74 76.1

72.7 9.00 79.0

73.8 10.36 81.2

34.8

36.9

38.7

40.3

41.8

43.0

44.1

44.9

63.9 60.08 48.6

66.2 62.38 49.2

68.5 65.05* 50.0

68.1*

70.8

74.2

52.9 28.59 36.43 14.5 63.93

55.2 31.55 38.93 14.9 64.29 78.44*

57.6 34.21 41.94 15.3 64.70

59.9 36.57 45.44* 15.6 65.16

62.3 38.64* 46.81* 15.9 65.65

64.6 40.2* 47.69

66.8 40.8 48.70

3.87 69.0 41.0 49.87

66.18

66.74

67.31

64.5 0.179

65.8 0.206

67.3 0.233

69.0 0.259

70.8 0.284

72.7 0.307

74.7 0.328

79.2 0.346

41.9 47.0

44.3 47.4

47.9

48.4

48.9

49.5

50.1

58.6 50.7

22.2

26.8

5.80

7.09

8.46

9.89

11.33

12.77

14.18

15.53

57.55 61.11*

61.59 63.3*

67.07 64.9

67.9

72.5

84.1

85.6

85.8

86.1

86.3

86.6

86.8

87.1

81.4

81.8

82.4 48.70

83.0

83.7

84.4

85.2

86.0

81.5 0.69 58.5 0.1794 38.2 40.34

81.7 0.77 79.1 0.1803 41.3

82.0 0.82 80.1 0.1812 43.0

82.3

82.6

83.0

83.3

83.7

87.5

89.9

42.1

41.0

39.9

38.8

37.6

43.26 33.7 90.8 83.1 62.8 59.05 48.4

51.7 27.02 35.37 14.3 63.77 75.35* 0.021 63.9 0.165

44.5 2.2 0.0015 0.0135 20.0 61.02 5.19 67.9 55.85 59.86 70.5 83.0 0.0026 80.3 46.27* 1.53 81.4 0.64 54.6 0.1790 36.6 38.79

Ref. 1:30 7 7 7 6 1:30 6 7 7 6 7 7 1:13 1:13 6 7 7 6 1:14 8 7 1:14 7 7 6 1:14 7 7 6 7 1:26 7 7 1:13 6 1:13 1:55 1:13 1:13 6 5 6 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5

4/30/05 8:47:44 AM

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ∆fG° of the species involved at their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m, [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction MmAn(s)  mM+(aq) + nA– (aq), where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change is ∆G° = m ∆fG° (M+,aq) + n ∆fG° (A–,aq) –∆fG° (MmAn, s) The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation ln Ksp = –∆ G°/RT The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References 1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7). The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S -2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference 8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction S -2 + H2O  HS – + OH–

Compound Aluminum phosphate Barium bromate Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide octahydrate Barium iodate Barium iodate monohydrate Barium molybdate Barium nitrate Barium selenate Barium sulfate Barium sulfite Beryllium hydroxide Bismuth arsenate Bismuth iodide Cadmium arsenate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium fluoride Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium iodate Cadmium oxalate trihydrate Cadmium phosphate Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide

Formula AlPO4

Ksp 9.84 ⋅ 10–21

Ba(BrO3)2 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2O

2.43 ⋅ 10–4 2.58 ⋅ 10–9 1.17 ⋅ 10–10 1.84 ⋅ 10–7 2.55 ⋅ 10–4

Ba(IO3)2 Ba(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O BaMoO4 Ba(NO3)2 BaSeO4 BaSO4 BaSO3 Be(OH)2 BiAsO4 BiI3 Cd3(AsO4)2 CdCO3 CdF2 Cd(OH)2 Cd(IO3)2 CdC2O4 ⋅ 3H2O Cd3(PO4)2 CaCO3 CaF2 Ca(OH)2

4.01 ⋅ 10–9 1.67 ⋅ 10–9 3.54 ⋅ 10–8 4.64 ⋅ 10–3 3.40 ⋅ 10–8 1.08 ⋅ 10–10 5.0 ⋅ 10–10 6.92 ⋅ 10–22 4.43 ⋅ 10–10 7.71 ⋅ 10–19 2.2 ⋅ 10–33 1.0 ⋅ 10–12 6.44 ⋅ 10–3 7.2 ⋅ 10–15 2.5 ⋅ 10–8 1.42 ⋅ 10–8 2.53 ⋅ 10–33 3.36 ⋅ 10–9 3.45 ⋅ 10–11 5.02 ⋅ 10–6

which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on the reaction MmSn(s) + 2H+  mM+ + nH2S (aq) Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussion of sulfide equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9.

References 1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Garvin, D., Parker, V. B., and White, H. J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987. 3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979–1992. 4. Clever, H. L., and Johnston, F. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980. 5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980. 6. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985. 7. Clever, H. L., Johnson, S. A., and Derrick, M. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992. 8. Myers, R. J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986. 9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2971, 1988. Compound Calcium iodate Calcium iodate hexahydrate Calcium molybdate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfite hemihydrate Cesium perchlorate Cesium periodate Cobalt(II) arsenate Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Cobalt(II) phosphate Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(I) iodide Copper(I) thiocyanate Copper(II) arsenate Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Copper(II) oxalate Copper(II) phosphate Europium(III) hydroxide Gallium(III) hydroxide Iron(II) carbonate

Formula Ca(IO3)2 Ca(IO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O CaMoO4 CaC2O4 ⋅ H2O Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O CaSO3 ⋅ 0.5H2O CsClO4 CsIO4 Co3(AsO4)2 Co(OH)2 Co(IO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O Co3(PO4)2 CuBr CuCl CuCN CuI CuSCN Cu3(AsO4)2 Cu(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O

Ksp 6.47 ⋅ 10–6 7.10 ⋅ 10–7 1.46 ⋅ 10–8 2.32 ⋅ 10–9 2.07 ⋅ 10–33 4.93 ⋅ 10–5 3.14 ⋅ 10–5 3.1 ⋅ 10–7 3.95 ⋅ 10–3 5.16 ⋅ 10–6 6.80 ⋅ 10–29 5.92 ⋅ 10–15 1.21 ⋅ 10–2 2.05 ⋅ 10–35 6.27 ⋅ 10–9 1.72 ⋅ 10–7 3.47 ⋅ 10–20 1.27 ⋅ 10–12 1.77 ⋅ 10–13 7.95 ⋅ 10–36 6.94 ⋅ 10–8

CuC2O4 Cu3(PO4)2 Eu(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 FeCO3

4.43 ⋅ 10–10 1.40 ⋅ 10–37 9.38 ⋅ 10–27 7.28 ⋅ 10–36 3.13 ⋅ 10–11

8-118

Section 8.indb 118

4/30/05 8:47:46 AM

Solubility Product Constants Compound Iron(II) fluoride Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate Lanthanum iodate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) selenate Lead(II) sulfate Lithium carbonate Lithium fluoride Lithium phosphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium carbonate trihydrate Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxalate dihydrate Magnesium phosphate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) iodate Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) fluoride Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(I) oxalate Mercury(I) sulfate Mercury(I) thiocyanate Mercury(II) bromide Mercury(II) iodide Neodymium carbonate Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) iodate Nickel(II) phosphate Palladium(II) thiocyanate Potassium hexachloroplatinate Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Praseodymium hydroxide

Section 8.indb 119

8-119

Formula FeF2 Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FePO4 ⋅ 2H2O La(IO3)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbF2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(IO3)2 PbI2 PbSeO4 PbSO4 Li2CO3 LiF Li3PO4 MgCO3 MgCO3 ⋅ 3H2O

Ksp 2.36 ⋅ 10–6 4.87 ⋅ 10–17 2.79 ⋅ 10–39 9.91 ⋅ 10–16 7.50 ⋅ 10–12 6.60 ⋅ 10–6 7.40 ⋅ 10–14 1.70 ⋅ 10–5 3.3 ⋅ 10–8 1.43 ⋅ 10–20 3.69 ⋅ 10–13 9.8 ⋅ 10–9 1.37 ⋅ 10–7 2.53 ⋅ 10–8 8.15 ⋅ 10–4 1.84 ⋅ 10–3 2.37 ⋅ 10–11 6.82 ⋅ 10–6 2.38 ⋅ 10–6

MgCO3 ⋅ 5H2O

3.79 ⋅ 10–6

MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O Mg3(PO4)2 MnCO3 Mn(IO3)2 MnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O

5.16 ⋅ 10–11 5.61 ⋅ 10–12 4.83 ⋅ 10–6 1.04 ⋅ 10–24 2.24 ⋅ 10–11 4.37 ⋅ 10–7 1.70 ⋅ 10–7

Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2Cl2 Hg2F2 Hg2I2 Hg2C2O4 Hg2SO4 Hg2(SCN)2 HgBr2 HgI2 Nd2(CO3)3 NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 Ni(IO3)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Pd(SCN)2 K2PtCl6

6.40 ⋅ 10–23 3.6 ⋅ 10–17 1.43 ⋅ 10–18 3.10 ⋅ 10–6 5.2 ⋅ 10–29 1.75 ⋅ 10–13 6.5 ⋅ 10–7 3.2 ⋅ 10–20 6.2 ⋅ 10–20 2.9 ⋅ 10–29 1.08 ⋅ 10–33 1.42 ⋅ 10–7 5.48 ⋅ 10–16 4.71 ⋅ 10–5 4.74 ⋅ 10–32 4.39 ⋅ 10–23 7.48 ⋅ 10–6

KClO4 KIO4 Pr(OH)3

1.05 ⋅ 10–2 3.71 ⋅ 10–4 3.39 ⋅ 10–24

Compound Radium iodate Radium sulfate Rubidium perchlorate Scandium fluoride Scandium hydroxide Silver(I) acetate Silver(I) arsenate Silver(I) bromate Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) carbonate Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) chromate Silver(I) cyanide Silver(I) iodate Silver(I) iodide Silver(I) oxalate Silver(I) phosphate Silver(I) sulfate Silver(I) sulfite Silver(I) thiocyanate Strontium arsenate Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium iodate Strontium iodate monohydrate Strontium iodate hexahydrate Strontium sulfate Thallium(I) bromate Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) chromate Thallium(I) iodate Thallium(I) iodide Thallium(I) thiocyanate Thallium(III) hydroxide Tin(II) hydroxide Yttrium carbonate Yttrium fluoride Yttrium hydroxide Yttrium iodate Zinc arsenate Zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate monohydrate Zinc fluoride Zinc hydroxide Zinc iodate dihydrate Zinc oxalate dihydrate Zinc selenide Zinc selenite monohydrate

Formula Ra(IO3)2 RaSO4 RbClO4 ScF3 Sc(OH)3 AgCH3COO Ag3AsO4 AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3 AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgIO3 AgI Ag2C2O4 Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 Ag2SO3 AgSCN Sr3(AsO4)2 SrCO3 SrF2 Sr(IO3)2 Sr(IO3)2 ⋅ H2O

Ksp 1.16 ⋅ 10–9 3.66 ⋅ 10–11 3.00 ⋅ 10–3 5.81 ⋅ 10–24 2.22 ⋅ 10–31 1.94 ⋅ 10–3 1.03 ⋅ 10–22 5.38 ⋅ 10–5 5.35 ⋅ 10–13 8.46 ⋅ 10–12 1.77 ⋅ 10–10 1.12 ⋅ 10–12 5.97 ⋅ 10–17 3.17 ⋅ 10–8 8.52 ⋅ 10–17 5.40 ⋅ 10–12 8.89 ⋅ 10–17 1.20 ⋅ 10–5 1.50 ⋅ 10–14 1.03 ⋅ 10–12 4.29 ⋅ 10–19 5.60 ⋅ 10–10 4.33 ⋅ 10–9 1.14 ⋅ 10–7 3.77 ⋅ 10–7

Sr(IO3)2 ⋅ 6H2O SrSO4 TlBrO3 TlBr TlCl Tl2CrO4 TlIO3 TlI TlSCN Tl(OH)3 Sn(OH)2 Y2(CO3)3 YF3 Y(OH)3 Y(IO3)3 Zn3(AsO4)2 ZnCO3 ZnCO3 ⋅ H2O ZnF2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(IO3)2 ⋅ 2H2O ZnC2O4 ⋅ 2H2O ZnSe ZnSeO3 ⋅ H2O

4.55 ⋅ 10–7 3.44 ⋅ 10–7 1.10 ⋅ 10–4 3.71 ⋅ 10–6 1.86 ⋅ 10–4 8.67 ⋅ 10–13 3.12 ⋅ 10–6 5.54 ⋅ 10–8 1.57 ⋅ 10–4 1.68 ⋅ 10–44 5.45 ⋅ 10–27 1.03 ⋅ 10–31 8.62 ⋅ 10–21 1.00 ⋅ 10–22 1.12 ⋅ 10–10 2.8 ⋅ 10–28 1.46 ⋅ 10–10 5.42 ⋅ 10–11 3.04 ⋅ 10–2 3 ⋅ 10–17 4.1 ⋅ 10–6 1.38 ⋅ 10–9 3.6 ⋅ 10–26 1.59 ⋅ 10–7

4/30/05 8:47:47 AM

Solubility Product Constants

8-120 Sulfides Compound Cadmium sulfide Copper(II) sulfide Iron(II) sulfide Lead(II) sulfide Manganese(II) sulfide (green) Mercury(II) sulfide (red) Mercury(II) sulfide (black) Silver(I) sulfide Tin(II) sulfide Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) Zinc sulfide (wurtzite)

Section 8.indb 120

Formula CdS CuS FeS PbS MnS HgS HgS Ag2S SnS ZnS ZnS

Kspa 8 ⋅ 10–7 6 ⋅ 10–16 6 ⋅ 102 3 ⋅ 10–7 3 ⋅ 107 4 ⋅ 10–33 2 ⋅ 10–32 6 ⋅ 10–30 1 ⋅ 10–5 2 ⋅ 10–4 3 ⋅ 10–2

4/30/05 8:47:47 AM

SOLUBILITY CHART Abbreviations: W, soluble in water; A, insoluble in water but soluble in acids; w, sparingly soluble in water but soluble in acids; a, insoluble in water and only sparingly soluble in acids; I, insoluble No. 1

Acetate

5

—(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Ferrocy’de —(Fe(CN)6) Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

20 21

Phosphate

22 23

Silicate, —(SiO3) Sulfate

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te

26

Al W

NH4 W

Al(—)3 a Al(—)

NH4(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4AsO2 W NH4(—) W NH4Br W (NH4)2CO3 W NH4(—) W NH4Cl W (NH4)2(—) W (NH4)3(—) W NH4CN W (NH4)3(—) W (NH4)4(—) W NH4F W NH4(—) W NH4OH W NH4I W NH4NO3 W (NH4)2(—)

W AlBr2

W Al(—)3 W AlCl3

W Al(—)

w Al4(—)3 W AlF3 W Al(—)3 A Al(OH)3 W AlI3 W Al(NO3)3 A Al2(—)3 a Al2O3 A AlPO4 I Al2(—)3 W Al2(SO4)3 d Al2S3 w Al2(—)3

W NH4H2PO4

W (NH4)2SO4 W (NH4)2S W (NH4)2(—) W NH4CNS

Sb

A Sb(—) A Sb(—)

d SbBr3

W SbCl3

W SbF3

d SbI3

w Sb2O3

A Sb2(SO4)3 A Sb2S3 W Sb2(—)3

in water and acids; d, decomposes in water. * Indicates two modifications of the salt.

Ba W

Bi W

Cd W

Ca W

Cr W

Co W

Cu W

Ba(—)2 w Ba3(—)2

Bi(—)3 A Bi(—)

Cd(—)2 A Cd3(—)2

Cr(—)3

W Ba(—)2 W BaBr2 w BaCO3 W Ba(—)2 W BaCl2 A Ba(—) w Ba3(—)2 W Ba(CN)2 w Ba3(—)2 W Ba2(—) w BaF2 W Ba(—)2 W Ba(OH)2 W BaI2 W Ba(NO3)2 w Ba(—) W BaO A Ba3(PO4)2 W Ba(—) a BaSO4 d BaS w Ba(—) W Ba(CNS)2

A Bi(—)3 d BiBr3

W Cd(—)2 W CdBr2 A CdCO3 W Cd(—)2 W CdCl2 A Cd(—) A Cd3(—)2 W Cd(CN)2 A Cd3(—)2 A Cd2(—) W CdF2 W Cd(—)2 A Cd(OH)2 W CdI2 W Cd(NO3)2 w Cd(—) A CdO A Cd3(PO4)2 A Cd(—) W CdSO4 A CdS A Cd(—)

Ca(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(—)2 W CaBr2 w CaCO3 W Ca(—)2 W CaCl2 W Ca(—) w Ca3(—)2 W Ca(CN)2 W Ca3(—)2 W Ca2(—) w CaF2 W Ca(—)2 W Ca(OH)2 W CaI2 W Ca(NO3)2 A Ca(—) w CaO w Ca3(PO4)2 w Ca(—) w CaSO4 w CaS w Ca(—) W Ca(CNS)

Co(—)2 A Co3(—)2 A Co3H6(—)4 W Co(—)2 W CoBr2 A CoCO3 W Co(—)2 W CoCl2 A Co(—) w Co3(—)2 A Co(CN)2 I Co3(—)2 I Co2(—) W CoF2 W Co(—)2 A Co(OH)2 W CoI2 W Co(NO3)2 A Co(—) A CoO A Co3(PO4)2 A Co2SiO4 W CoSO4 A CoS A Co(—) W Co(CNS)2

Cu(—)2 A Cu3(—)2 A CuH(—) w Cu(—)2 W CuBr2

W Bi(—)3 d BiCl3

A Bi(—) w Bi(CN)3

W BiF3 W Bi(—)3 A Bi(OH)3 A BiI3 d Bi(NO3)3 A Bi2(—)3 A Bi2O3 A BiPO4

d Bi2(SO4)3 A Bi2S3 A Bi2(—)3

W(I)* CrBr3 W CrCO3

I CrCl3

A Cr(CN)3

W(a)* CrF3

A Cr(OH)3 W CrI3 W Cr(NO3)3 W Cr(—) a Cr2O3 w Cr2(PO4)2

W(I)* Cr2(SO4)3 d Cr2S3 d

W Cu(—)2 W CuCl2

A Cu(CN)2 I Cu3(—)2 I Cu2(—) w CuF2 W Cu(—)2 A Cu(OH)2 a CuI W Cu(NO3)2 A Cu(—) A CuO A Cu3(PO4)2 A Cu(—) W CuSO4 A CuS A Cu(—) d CuCNS

Au (I) Au (II) W W

w AuBr

w AuCl

w AuCN

H W

Fe (II)

Fe (III)

C2H4O2 W H3AsO4

Fe(—)2 A Fe3(—)2

Fe2(—)6 A Fe(—)

W AuBr3

W C7H6O2 W HBr

A Fe2(—)6 W FeBr3

W AuCl3

W HClO3 W HCl

W Fe(—)2 W FeBr2 w FeCO3 W Fe(—)2 W FeCl2

W Au(CN)3

W AuOH a AuI

A Au(OH)3 a AuI3

Au2O

A Au2O3 H3PO4

I Au2S I

I Au2S3 I

W C6H8O7 W HCN W H3(—) W H4(—) W HF W CH2O2

W HI W HNO3 W C2H2O4 W H2O2 W Fe3(PO4)2 I H2SiO3 W H2SO4 W H2S W C4H6O6 W CNSH

a Fe(CN)2 I Fe3(—)2 I Fe2(—) w FeF2 W Fe(—)2 A Fe(OH)2 W FeI2 W Fe(NO3)2 A Fe(—) A FeO A FePO4

W FeSO4 A FeS A Fe(—) W Fe(CNS)2

W Fe(—)3 W FeCl3 A Fe2(—)3 W Fe(—)

a Fe4(—)3 w FeF3 W Fe(—)3 A Fe(OH)3 W FeI3 W Fe(NO)3 W Fe2(—)3 A Fe2O3 w

w Fe(SO4)3 d Fe2S3 d Fe2(—)3 W Fe(CNS)3

8-122

Section 8.indb 122

4/30/05 8:47:51 AM

Solubility Chart No. 1

5

Acetate —(C2H3O2) Arsenate —(AsO4) Arsenite —(AsO3) Benzoate —(C7H5O2) Bromide

6

Carbonate

7

Chlorate —(ClO3) Chloride

2 3 4

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Chromate —(CrO4) Citrate —(C6H5O7) Cyanide Ferricy’de —Fe(CN)6 Ferrocy’de —Fe(CN)6 Fluoride

16

Formate —(CHO2) Hydroxide

17

Iodide

18

Nitrate

19 20

Oxalate —(C2O4) Oxide

21

Phosphate

22 23

Silicate —(SiO3) Sulfate

24

Sulfide

25

Tartrate —(C4H4O6) Thiocy’te

26

Section 8.indb 123

Pb W Pb(—)2 A PbH(—)

w Pb(—)2 W PbBr2 A PbCO3 W Pb(—)2 W PbCl2 A Pb(—) W Pb3(—)2 w Pb(CN)2 w Pb3(—)2 a Pb2(—) w PbF2 W Pb(—)2 w Pb(OH)2 w PbI2 W Pb(NO3)2 A Pb(—) w PbO A Pb3(PO4)2 A Pb(—) w PbSO4 A PbS A Pb(—) w Pb(CNS)2

8-123

Mg W Mg(—)2 A Mg3(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(—)2 W MgBr2 w MgCO3 W Mg(—)2 W MgCl2 W Mg(—) W Mg3(—)2 W Mg(CN)2 W Mg3(—)2 W Mg2(—) w MgF2 W Mg(—)2 A Mg(OH)2 W MgI2 W Mg(NO3)2 w Mg(—) A MgO w Mg3(PO4)2 A Mg(—) W MgSO4 d MgS w Mg(—) W Mg(CNS)2

Mn W Mn(—)2 w MnH(—) A Mn3H6(—)4 W Mn(—)2 W MnBr2 w MnCO3 W Mn(—)2 W MnCl2

w MnH(—)

A Mn2(—) A MnF2 W Mn(—)2 A Mn(OH)2 W MnI2 W Mn(NO3)2 w Mn(—) A MnO w Mn3(PO4)2 I Mn(—) W MnSO4 A MnS w Mn(—) W Mn(CNS)2

Hg (I) w Hg(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg3(—) A Hg2(—)2 A HgBr A Hg2CO3 W Hg(—) a HgCl w Hg2(—) w Hg3(—) A HgCN

d HgF w Hg(—)

A HgI W HgNO3 a Hg2(—) A Hg2O A Hg3PO4

w Hg2SO4 I Hg2S I Hg2(—) A HgCNS

Hg (II) W Hg(—)2 w Hg3(—)2 A Hg3(—) w Hg(—)2 W HgBr2

W Hg(—)2 W HgCl2 w Hg(—)

W Hg(CN)2 A Hg3(—)2 I Hg2(—) d HgF2 W Hg(—)2 A Hg(OH)2 w HgI2 W Hg(NO3)2 A Hg(—) w HgO A Hg3(PO4)2

d HgSO4 I HgS I w Hg(CNS)2

Ni W Ni(—)2 A Ni3(—)2 A Ni3H6(—)4 w Ni(—)2 W NiBr2 w NiCO3 W Ni(—)2 W NiCl2 A Ni(—) W Ni3(—)2 a Ni(CN)2 I Ni3(—)2 I Ni2(—) w NiF2 W Ni(—)2 w Ni(OH)2 W NiI2 W Ni(NO3)2 A Ni(—) A NiO A Ni3(PO4)2

W NiSO4 A NiS A Ni(—)

K W K(—) W K3(—) W K3AsO3 W K(—) W KBr W K2CO3 W K(—) W KCl W K2(—) W K3(—) W KCN W K3(—) W K4(—) W KF W K(—) W KOH W KI W KNO3 W K2(—) W K2O W K3PO4 W K2(—) W K2SO4 W K2S W K2(—) W KCNS

Pt

w PtBr4

W PtCl4

I Pt(CN)2

W PtF4

A Pt(OH)4 I PtI2 W Pt(NO3)4

A PtO

W Pt(SO4)2 I PtS I

Ag w Ag(—) A Ag3(—) A Ag3(—) w Ag(—) a AgBr A Ag2CO3 W Ag(—) a AgCl w Ag2(—) w Ag3(—) a AgCN I Ag3(—) I Ag4(—) W AgF W Ag(—)

I AgI W AgNO3 a Ag2(—) w Ag2O A Ag3PO4

w Ag2SO4 A Ag2S A Ag2(—) I AgCNS

Na W Na(—) W Na3(—) W Na2H(—) W Na(—) W NaBr W Na2CO3 W Na(—) W NaCl W Ma2(—) W Na3(—) W NaCN W Na3(—) W Na4(—) W NaF W Na(—) W NaOH W NaI W NaNO3 W Na2(—) d Na2O W Na3PO4 W Na2(—) W Na2SO4 W Na2S W Na2(—) W NaCNS

Sn (IV) W Sn(—)4

Sn (II) d Sn(—)2

A Sn3(—)2

W SnBr4

W SnBr2

W SnCl4 W Sn(—)2

W Sn(—)2 W SnCl2 A Sn(—)

W SnF4

A Sn3(—)2 a Sn2(—) W SnF2

w Sn(OH)4 d SnI4

A SnO2

W Sn(SO4)2 A SnS2 A

A Sn(OH)2 W SnI2 d Sn(NO3)2 A Sn(—) A SnO A Sn3(PO4)

W SnSO4 A SnS A Sn(—)

Sr W Sr(—)2 w SrH(—) w Sr3(—)2

W SrBr2 w SrCO3 W Sr(—)2 W SrCl2 w Sr(—) A SrH(—) W Sr(CN)2 W Sr3(—)2 W Sr2(—) w SrF2 W Sr(—)2 W Sr(OH)2 W SrI2 W Sr(NO3)2 w Sr(—) W SrO A Sr3(PO4)2 A Sr(—) w SrSO4 W SrS W Sr(—) W Sr(CNS)2

Zn W Zn(—)2 A Zn3(—)2

W Zn(—)2 W ZnBr2 w ZnCO3 W Zn(—)2 W ZnCl2 w Zn(—) w Zn3(—)2 A Zn(CN)2 A Zn3(—)2 I Zn2(—) w ZnF2 W Zn(—)2 A Zn(OH)2 W ZnI2 W Zn(NO3)2 A Zn(—) w ZnO A Zn3(PO4)2 A Zn(—) W ZnSO4 A ZnS A Zn(—) W Zn(CNS)2

4/30/05 8:47:54 AM

REDUCTION OF WEIGHINGS IN AIR TO VACUO When the mass M of a body is determined in air, a correction is necessary for the buoyancy of the air. The corrected mass is given by M + kM/1000, where k is a function of the material used for the weights, given by k = 1000ρair(1/ρbody - 1/ρweight ) and ρ is density. The table below is computed for an air density of 0.0012 g/cm3 and for densities of three common weights: Density of body (g/cm3) 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 2.34 2.26 1.95 1.94 1.86 1.55 1.66 1.57 1.26 1.44 1.36 1.05 1.28 1.19 0.88 1.14 1.06 0.75 1.04 0.95 0.64 0.94 0.86 0.55 0.87 0.78 0.47 0.80 0.72 0.40 0.74 0.66 0.35 0.69 0.61 0.30 0.65 0.56 0.25

platinum-iridium (21.6 g/cm3), brass (8.5 g/cm3), and aluminum or quartz (2.65 g/cm3).

References 1. Kaye, G. W. C., and Laby, T. H., Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 16th Edition, pp. 25-28, Longman, London, 1995. 2. Giacomo, P., Metrologia, 18, 33, 1982. 3. Davis, R. S., Metrologia, 29, 67, 1992. Density of body (g/cm3) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 22.0

Value of k for weights of: Pt-Ir Brass Quartz or Al 0.61 0.53 0.21 0.58 0.49 0.18 0.54 0.46 0.15 0.42 0.34 0.03 0.34 0.26 -0.05 0.24 0.16 -0.15 0.14 0.06 -0.25 0.09 0.01 -0.30 0.06 -0.02 -0.33 0.02 -0.06 -0.37 0.00 -0.08 -0.39 0.00 -0.09 -0.40

For a more accurate calculation, use the following values of the density of air (assuming 50% relative humidity and 0.04% CO2): P/kPa 85 90 95 100 105

10°C 0.001043 0.001105 0.001166 0.001228 0.001290

Air temperature 20°C 0.001005 0.001065 0.001124 0.001184 0.001243

30°C 0.000968 0.001025 0.001083 0.001140 0.001198

Formulas for calculating the density of air over more extended ranges of temperature, pressure, and humidity may be found in the references.

8-124

Section 8.indb 124

4/30/05 8:47:55 AM

VOLUME OF ONE GRAM OF WATER The following table, which is designed for gravimetric calibration of volumetric apparatus, gives the specific volume of water at standard atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature.

t/°C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Reference Marsh, K. N., Ed., Recommended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical Properties, pp. 25-27, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1987.

Volume of 1 g H2O in cm3 1.0002980 1.0003928 1.0005007 1.0006212 1.0007542 1.0008992 1.0010561 1.0012246 1.0014044 1.0015952 1.0017969 1.0020092 1.0022320 1.0024649 1.0027079 1.0029607 1.0032234 1.0034956 1.0037771 1.0040679 1.0043679

8-125

Section 8.indb 125

4/30/05 8:47:55 AM

Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography The following is a list of carrier gases sometimes used in gas chromatography, with properties relevant to the design of chromatographic systems. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Mr: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) ρ25: Density at 25 °C in g/L λ: Thermal conductivity in mW/m °C η: Viscosity in µPa s (equal to 10-3 cP) cp: Specific heat at 25 °C in J/g °C

Gas Hydrogen Helium Argon Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Methane Ethane Ethylene Propane

8-140

Mr 2.016 4.003 39.95 28.01 32.00 28.01 44.01 146.05 16.04 30.07 28.05 44.10

ρ 25 g L-1 0.0824 0.1636 1.6329 1.1449 1.3080 1.1449 1.7989 5.9696 0.6556 1.2291 1.1465 1.8025

References 1. Lide, D. R., and Kehiaian, H. V., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.

At 25 °C

λ mW/m °C 185.9 154.6 17.8 25.9 26.2 24.8 16.7 13.1 34.5 20.9 20.5 17.9

η µPa s 8.9 19.9 22.7 17.9 20.7 17.8 14.9 28.1 11.1 9.4 10.3 8.3

At 250 °C

λ mW/m °C 280 230 27.7 39.6 42.6 40.7 35.5 15.3 75.0 57.7 53.8 49.2

η µPa s 13.1 29.5 35.3 26.8 31.8 26.5 24.9 24.8 17.6 15.5 17.2 14.0

cp(25 °C) J/g °C 14.3 5.20 0.521 1.039 0.919 1.039 0.843 0.664 2.23 1.75 1.53 1.67

SOLVENTS FOR ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point. Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991.

λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290

ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720

tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3

8-127

Section 8.indb 127

4/30/05 8:47:57 AM

13

C CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF USEFUL NMR SOLVENTS

The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989. Solvent Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane

2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. 3. Rahman, A. U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989.

Formula CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C≡N C6H6 C6D6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13

Chemical shift (ppm) 20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C≡N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6

8-128

Section 8.indb 128

4/30/05 8:47:57 AM

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents The strongest peaks in the mass spectra of 375 important organic solvents and other liquid reagents are listed in this table. The e/m value for each peak is followed by the relative intensity in parentheses, with the strongest peak assigned an intensity of 100. The peaks for each compound are listed in order of decreasing intensity. Compounds are listed by the name used in this Handbook, with other common names given in parentheses. Data on the physical properties of the same compounds may be found in Section 15 in the table Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents.

References 1.

NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Database, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899. 2. Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994. (Also available as a CD-ROM database.) 3. Lide, D. R., Editor, Properties of Organic Compounds, .

e/m (intensity)

Compound Acetic acid

43(100)

45(87)

60(57)

15(42)

42(14)

29(13)

14(13)

28(7)

18(6)

16(6)

Acetic anhydride

43(100)

42(35)

45(29)

60(18)

29(9)

41(8)

40(2)

26(2)

87(1)

61(1)

Acetone

43(100)

15(34)

58(23)

27(9)

14(9)

42(8)

26(7)

29(5)

28(5)

39(4)

Acetonitrile

41(100)

40(46)

39(13)

14(9)

38(6)

28(4)

26(4)

25(3)

42(2)

27(2)

Acrolein (2-Propenal)

27(100)

56(74)

28(65)

26(54)

55(52)

29(37)

25(8)

53(5)

38(5)

57(4)

Acrylonitrile

53(100)

26(85)

52(79)

51(34)

27(13)

50(8)

25(7)

38(5)

54(3)

37(3)

Allyl alcohol

57(100)

31(34)

29(32)

28(31)

58(25)

39(22)

27(20)

30(16)

32(14)

26(11)

Allylamine

30(100)

56(80)

28(76)

57(33)

39(21)

29(20)

27(18)

26(13)

41(8)

18(8)

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (2-Aminoisobutanol)

58(100)

41(18)

18(17)

42(13)

28(11)

56(10)

30(10)

29(8)

43(6)

59(5)

Aniline (Benzenamine)

93(100)

66(32)

65(16)

39(13)

92(10)

94(7)

41(5)

40(5)

67(4)

64(3)

Anisole (Methoxybenzene)

108(100)

65(76)

78(60)

39(44)

51(21)

77(20)

93(16)

79(14)

50(13)

63(12)

Benzaldehyde

51(100)

77(81)

50(55)

106(44)

105(43)

52(26)

78(16)

39(13)

27(10)

74(8)

Benzene

78(100)

77(20)

52(19)

51(17)

50(15)

39(12)

79(6)

76(5)

74(4)

38(4)

Benzeneacetonitrile (Benzyl cyanide)

117(100)

90(43)

116(35)

89(22)

51(13)

39(11)

63(10)

118(9)

91(8)

50(8)

Benzenethiol (Phenyl mercaptan)

110(100)

66(28)

109(23)

39(15)

77(14)

51(14)

84(13)

69(11)

50(11)

45(11)

Benzonitrile

103(100)

76(34)

50(13)

104(9)

75(7)

51(7)

77(5)

52(4)

39(4)

74(3)

Benzyl acetate

108(100)

43(76)

91(60)

90(48)

79(27)

107(17)

77(17)

65(15)

51(15)

89(14)

Benzyl alcohol

79(100)

108(83)

77(74)

107(66)

51(35)

105(23)

106(22)

50(17)

78(16)

39(16)

Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine (Diethylenetriamine)

44(100)

73(59)

30(35)

19(18)

56(16)

28(16)

27(16)

42(11)

99(8)

43(8)

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

93(100)

63(74)

27(38)

95(32)

65(24)

31(9)

49(4)

28(4)

94(3)

62(3)

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

149(100)

57(32)

167(29)

71(21)

43(21)

70(18)

150(11)

113(10)

55(10)

41(9)

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

61(100)

45(68)

31(38)

104(36)

91(34)

47(26)

44(26)

27(24)

60(18)

43(17)

Bromobenzene

77(100)

158(64)

156(64)

51(39)

50(17)

78(8)

76(6)

75(6)

28(5)

159(4)

1-Bromobutane (Butyl bromide)

57(100)

41(56)

29(45)

27(29)

56(13)

39(12)

28(12)

55(7)

43(7)

138(6)

2-Bromobutane (sec-Butyl bromide)

57(100)

41(60)

29(57)

27(34)

39(20)

28(9)

26(9)

136(1)

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

63(100)

27(85)

65(31)

26(23)

144(8)

81(8)

79(8)

28(7)

142(6)

93(6)

Bromochloromethane

49(100)

130(67)

128(52)

51(31)

93(23)

81(20)

79(20)

95(17)

132(16)

47(8)

1-Bromodecane (Decyl bromide)

43(100)

135(94)

137(91)

57(81)

41(58)

55(56)

71(38)

69(36)

85(33)

29(27)

Bromoethane (Ethyl bromide)

108(100)

110(97)

29(62)

27(51)

28(35)

26(14)

93(6)

32(6)

95(5)

81(5)

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl bromide)

57(100)

41(67)

29(45)

39(30)

27(18)

28(8)

40(5)

38(5)

58(4)

55(4)

1-Bromonaphthalene

44(100)

206(39)

127(39)

208(37)

36(31)

69(29)

131(13)

29(13)

126(12)

63(12)

1-Bromopentane (Pentyl bromide)

43(100)

71(80)

41(56)

27(51)

42(37)

29(34)

55(33)

39(30)

28(12)

26(9)

1-Bromopropane (Propyl bromide)

43(100)

41(77)

28(69)

27(60)

39(49)

124(42)

122(41)

42(34)

32(20)

29(15)

2-Bromopropane (Isopropyl bromide)

43(100)

27(47)

41(43)

39(22)

124(8)

122(8)

26(7)

81(6)

79(6)

38(6)

2-Bromopropene

41(100)

39(58)

122(37)

120(36)

38(12)

37(8)

40(6)

81(5)

79(5)

42(4)

Butanal

44(100)

43(74)

72(57)

41(56)

27(55)

29(48)

57(23)

39(22)

28(15)

42(11)

Butanenitrile

41(100)

29(62)

27(37)

28(10)

39(9)

26(7)

40(5)

42(4)

38(4)

15(4)

1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan)

56(100)

41(74)

90(66)

47(43)

27(43)

28(36)

29(33)

57(17)

39(16)

61(15)

Butanoic acid

60(100)

27(50)

73(27)

42(25)

41(24)

43(22)

29(21)

45(19)

39(15)

28(11)

Butanoic anhydride

71(100)

43(59)

27(26)

41(19)

42(10)

39(10)

73(9)

28(7)

72(5)

55(5)

1-Butanol (Butyl alcohol)

31(100)

56(81)

41(62)

43(60)

27(50)

42(31)

29(31)

28(17)

39(16)

55(12)

2-Butanol (sec-Butyl alcohol)

45(100)

31(22)

27(22)

59(20)

29(18)

43(13)

41(12)

44(8)

18(8)

28(5)

2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)

43(100)

72(24)

29(19)

27(12)

57(7)

42(5)

26(4)

28(3)

44(2)

39(2)

trans-2-Butenal (trans-Crotonaldehyde)

41(100)

39(97)

70(82)

69(65)

27(49)

29(39)

42(30)

38(29)

40(27)

37(18)

2-Butoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether)

57(100)

45(38)

29(35)

41(31)

87(16)

27(12)

56(11)

31(9)

75(7)

28(7)

2-Butoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate)

57(100)

43(86)

56(50)

87(33)

41(26)

29(22)

85(18)

88(11)

44(11)

27(7)

Butyl acetate

43(100)

56(34)

41(17)

27(16)

29(15)

73(11)

61(10)

28(7)

55(6)

39(6)



8-143

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-144 Compound

e/m (intensity)

sec-Butyl acetate

43(100)

56(21)

87(15)

41(14)

29(8)

57(6)

73(4)

61(4)

55(4)

27(4)

Butylamine

30(100)

73(10)

28(5)

41(3)

27(3)

18(3)

44(2)

42(2)

31(2)

29(2)

tert-Butylamine

58(100)

41(21)

42(15)

18(9)

30(8)

15(8)

39(7)

57(6)

28(6)

59(4)

Butylbenzene

91(100)

92(55)

134(20)

65(13)

27(10)

39(9)

105(8)

51(7)

78(6)

41(6)

sec-Butylbenzene

105(100)

134(18)

91(14)

77(10)

27(9)

106(9)

51(7)

79(7)

tert-Butylbenzene

119(100)

91(65)

41(40)

134(24)

39(15)

79(14)

77(13)

51(13)

120(11)

65(7)

Butyl butanoate

43(100)

71(90)

56(80)

89(69)

41(67)

27(52)

29(47)

57(29)

39(22)

60(19)

Butyl formate

56(100)

41(60)

31(58)

29(53)

27(45)

43(34)

28(21)

39(19)

55(11)

42(11)

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

133(100)

105(38)

41(23)

148(18)

93(16)

91(14)

115(13)

134(11)

39(11)

116(10)

Butyl vinyl ether

29(100)

41(74)

56(56)

57(43)

27(42)

44(26)

15(16)

85(14)

39(14)

43(13)

γ-Butyrolactone

28(100)

42(74)

29(48)

27(33)

41(27)

56(25)

86(24)

26(18)

85(10)

39(10)

Caprolactam

55(100)

113(87)

30(81)

56(66)

84(60)

85(57)

42(51)

41(33)

28(26)

43(17)

Carbon disulfide

76(100)

32(22)

44(17)

78(9)

38(6)

28(5)

77(3)

64(1)

46(1)

39(1)

2-Chloroaniline

127(100)

129(32)

92(17)

65(16)

128(10)

91(9)

64(9)

39(8)

63(7)

99(6)

Chlorobenzene

112(100)

77(63)

114(33)

51(29)

50(14)

75(8)

113(7)

78(5)

76(5)

28(4)

55(8)

15(8)

1-Chlorobutane (Butyl chloride)

56(100)

41(65)

27(50)

43(35)

29(24)

39(18)

28(16)

26(11)

2-Chlorobutane (sec-Butyl chloride)

56(100)

57(100)

41(90)

27(77)

29(57)

63(46)

39(34)

92(1)

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

65(100)

45(31)

85(14)

31(10)

64(8)

44(7)

35(6)

26(6)

87(5)

81(4)

Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)

64(100)

28(91)

29(84)

27(75)

66(32)

26(28)

49(25)

51(8)

63(6)

65(4)

2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene chlorohydrin)

31(100)

15(13)

29(10)

28(10)

27(9)

43(8)

44(7)

26(5)

18(5)

14(5)

(Chloromethyl)benzene (Benzyl chloride)

91(100)

126(20)

65(14)

92(9)

39(9)

63(8)

128(6)

45(6)

89(5)

125(3)

1-Chloro-3-methylbutane (Isopentyl chloride)

43(100)

55(56)

41(55)

27(51)

70(49)

42(37)

29(34)

57(30)

39(30)

56(15)

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane (Isobutyl chloride)

43(100)

41(67)

42(50)

27(33)

39(26)

15(11)

29(10)

56(7)

49(6)

38(5)

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl chloride)

57(100)

41(80)

77(44)

29(26)

39(24)

79(14)

27(14)

59(7)

56(7)

38(6)

1-Chloronaphthalene

162(100)

127(36)

164(30)

126(20)

163(10)

77(8)

101(6)

75(6)

128(5)

28(4)

1-Chlorooctane (Octyl chloride)

91(100)

41(83)

43(76)

27(62)

29(56)

55(55)

39(34)

93(32)

57(32)

69(29)

Chloropentafluoroethane

85(100)

69(61)

31(38)

87(32)

50(17)

35(8)

119(6)

66(4)

100(3)

47(3)

1-Chloropentane (Pentyl chloride)

42(100)

41(90)

70(89)

55(87)

27(73)

29(55)

43(40)

39(40)

28(19)

57(18)

1-Chloropropane (Propyl chloride)

42(100)

29(46)

27(37)

41(23)

28(15)

43(14)

39(12)

78(6)

63(6)

49(5)

3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)

41(100)

39(73)

76(28)

38(16)

37(13)

40(12)

27(12)

26(11)

78(9)

49(5)

2-Chlorotoluene

91(100)

126(68)

89(23)

128(22)

90(18)

65(17)

125(15)

92(13)

127(10)

63(6)

3-Chlorotoluene

91(100)

126(27)

63(15)

65(12)

89(11)

39(11)

128(9)

125(8)

92(8)

62(6)

Cyclohexane

56(100)

84(71)

41(70)

27(37)

55(36)

39(35)

42(30)

69(23)

28(18)

43(14)

Cyclohexanol

57(100)

44(68)

41(68)

39(51)

32(40)

43(38)

31(32)

42(22)

67(18)

82(16)

Cyclohexanone

55(100)

42(85)

41(34)

27(33)

98(31)

39(27)

69(26)

70(20)

43(14)

28(14)

Cyclohexene

67(100)

54(72)

82(37)

41(35)

39(33)

27(15)

53(12)

81(9)

51(8)

79(6)

Cyclohexylamine

56(100)

43(23)

28(17)

99(10)

70(8)

57(6)

30(6)

93(5)

54(4)

41(4)

Cyclopentane

42(100)

70(30)

55(29)

41(29)

39(22)

27(15)

40(7)

29(5)

28(4)

43(3)

Cyclopentanone

55(100)

28(50)

84(42)

41(38)

56(29)

27(24)

39(19)

42(15)

26(9)

29(7)

cis-Decahydronaphthalene (cis-Decalin)

67(100)

81(87)

41(81)

138(67)

96(62)

82(62)

39(50)

55(45)

27(44)

95(42)

trans-Decahydronaphthalene (trans-Decalin)

41(100)

68(91)

67(88)

82(67)

27(65)

96(61)

95(55)

138(51)

81(51)

29(51)

Decane

43(100)

57(90)

41(41)

71(33)

29(30)

85(24)

27(20)

56(17)

55(14)

42(14)

Diacetone alcohol

43(100)

59(41)

58(17)

101(10)

41(9)

31(9)

83(6)

56(6)

55(6)

29(6)

1,2-Dibromoethane

27(100)

107(77)

109(72)

26(24)

28(10)

81(5)

79(5)

25(5)

95(4)

93(4)

Dibromofluoromethane

111(100)

113(98)

192(29)

43(16)

41(16)

190(15)

194(14)

81(9)

79(9)

122(7)

Dibromomethane

174(100)

93(96)

95(84)

172(53)

176(50)

91(11)

81(9)

79(9)

94(5)

65(5)

1,2-Dibromopropane

41(100)

121(66)

123(65)

39(48)

27(28)

107(11)

38(10)

26(10)

109(9)

42(9)

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

179(100)

181(97)

129(34)

131(33)

100(17)

31(13)

260(12)

50(8)

69(7)

262(6)

Dibutylamine

86(100)

72(52)

30(48)

44(40)

29(31)

57(24)

41(21)

73(15)

28(15)

43(13)

Dibutyl ether

57(100)

41(34)

29(30)

56(25)

87(21)

27(9)

58(8)

55(6)

39(5)

28(5)

Dibutyl oxalate

57(100)

41(61)

56(24)

44(9)

55(8)

43(7)

58(5)

42(4)

103(2)

73(2)

Dibutyl phthalate

149(100)

86(18)

57(18)

223(17)

205(17)

150(17)

104(17)

56(17)

41(17)

65(16)

Dibutyl sebacate

241(100)

185(71)

41(37)

56(35)

55(32)

57(31)

242(23)

143(21)

98(21)

125(20)

o-Dichlorobenzene

146(100)

148(64)

111(38)

75(23)

113(12)

74(12)

50(11)

150(10)

73(9)

147(7)

m-Dichlorobenzene

146(100)

148(65)

111(36)

75(25)

50(19)

74(16)

150(11)

113(11)

73(11)

147(8)

1,1-Dichloroethane

63(100)

27(71)

65(31)

26(19)

83(11)

85(7)

61(7)

35(6)

98(5)

62(5)

1,2-Dichloroethane

62(100)

27(91)

49(40)

64(32)

26(31)

63(19)

98(14)

51(13)

61(12)

100(9)

1,1-Dichloroethene

61(100)

96(61)

98(38)

63(32)

26(16)

60(15)

62(7)

25(7)

100(6)

35(6)

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

61(100)

96(73)

98(47)

63(32)

26(30)

60(21)

25(13)

35(12)

62(9)

100(8)

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

61(100)

96(67)

98(43)

26(34)

63(32)

60(24)

25(15)

62(10)

100(7)

47(7)

Dichlorofluoromethane

67(100)

69(32)

47(13)

35(13)

31(9)

32(8)

48(7)

83(5)

102(4)

49(4)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-145

Compound

e/m (intensity)

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)

49(100)

84(64)

86(39)

51(31)

47(14)

48(8)

88(6)

50(3)

85(2)

83(2)

(Dichloromethyl)benzene (Benzal chloride)

125(100)

127(32)

160(14)

89(13)

162(9)

63(9)

126(8)

62(7)

105(5)

39(5)

1,2-Dichloropropane

63(100)

62(71)

27(57)

41(49)

39(32)

65(31)

76(27)

64(25)

49(13)

77(12)

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

85(100)

135(52)

87(33)

137(17)

101(9)

31(9)

103(6)

100(6)

50(5)

69(4)

2,4-Dichlorotoluene

125(100)

160(61)

162(40)

127(32)

89(23)

159(16)

161(14)

63(13)

62(11)

126(10)

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

125(100)

160(47)

127(32)

162(31)

89(15)

159(11)

161(10)

63(10)

126(8)

62(8)

Diethanolamine

30(100)

74(82)

28(77)

56(69)

18(50)

42(46)

29(36)

27(34)

45(30)

43(19)

1,1-Diethoxyethane (Acetal)

44(100)

43(92)

29(77)

31(76)

45(74)

27(52)

72(48)

73(23)

28(17)

46(15)

1,2-Diethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol diethyl ether)

31(100)

59(71)

29(58)

45(43)

27(33)

74(27)

43(15)

15(14)

28(12)

44(10)

Diethylamine

30(100)

58(81)

44(28)

73(18)

29(18)

28(17)

72(12)

42(11)

27(11)

59(4)

Diethyl carbonate

29(100)

45(70)

31(53)

27(39)

91(24)

28(15)

63(11)

26(10)

30(6)

43(5)

Diethylene glycol

45(100)

75(23)

31(20)

44(16)

27(14)

76(12)

29(12)

43(11)

42(9)

41(4)

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme)

59(100)

58(43)

31(34)

29(32)

45(28)

28(19)

89(15)

43(9)

27(5)

60(4)

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

43(100)

87(93)

57(82)

41(28)

45(25)

56(18)

29(18)

72(14)

85(12)

101(10)

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol)

45(100)

59(56)

72(37)

73(22)

60(14)

31(13)

75(11)

44(9)

104(8)

103(7)

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

43(100)

29(51)

31(42)

45(40)

59(24)

72(18)

44(10)

73(9)

42(9)

30(6)

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

45(100)

31(42)

59(41)

29(38)

28(32)

58(21)

43(14)

27(13)

44(11)

32(10)

Diethyl ether

31(100)

29(63)

59(40)

27(35)

45(33)

74(23)

15(17)

43(9)

28(9)

26(9)

Diethyl oxalate

29(100)

31(16)

45(14)

27(14)

74(11)

28(9)

43(4)

30(4)

73(3)

75(2)

Diethyl sulfide

75(100)

47(81)

90(73)

62(60)

29(55)

61(54)

27(48)

28(23)

46(17)

45(17)

Diisopropylamine

44(100)

86(30)

58(14)

42(13)

28(13)

41(12)

43(11)

27(11)

15(11)

39(6)

Diisopropyl ether

45(100)

43(39)

87(15)

41(12)

59(10)

27(8)

39(4)

69(3)

42(3)

31(3)

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene (Veratrole)

138(100)

95(65)

77(48)

123(44)

52(42)

41(33)

65(30)

51(29)

39(19)

63(17)

1,2-Dimethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)

45(100)

60(13)

29(13)

90(7)

58(6)

31(5)

28(5)

43(4)

59(3)

46(2)

Dimethoxymethane (Methylal)

45(100)

75(61)

29(59)

31(13)

30(6)

15(6)

47(5)

76(2)

46(2)

44(2)

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

44(100)

87(69)

43(46)

45(23)

42(19)

72(15)

15(11)

30(8)

28(5)

88(4)

Dimethylamine

44(100)

45(81)

18(32)

28(30)

43(19)

42(15)

15(9)

46(5)

41(5)

27(5)

2,4-Dimethylaniline (2,4-Xylidine)

121(100)

120(78)

106(57)

77(15)

28(15)

91(12)

122(9)

18(8)

93(6)

118(5)

2,2-Dimethylbutane (Neohexane)

43(100)

57(98)

71(73)

41(61)

29(51)

27(36)

56(29)

39(25)

55(15)

15(12)

2,3-Dimethylbutane

43(100)

42(97)

41(27)

71(25)

27(11)

86(10)

39(9)

29(6)

55(5)

44(4)

Dimethyl disulfide

94(100)

45(63)

79(59)

46(38)

47(26)

15(18)

48(14)

61(12)

64(11)

96(9)

N,N-Dimethylformamide

73(100)

44(86)

42(36)

30(22)

28(20)

29(8)

43(7)

72(6)

58(5)

74(4)

Dimethyl glutarate

59(100)

100(51)

55(49)

42(33)

129(32)

101(32)

41(26)

43(22)

128(19)

87(15)

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone (Isovalerone)

57(100)

85(82)

41(46)

43(39)

58(33)

28(30)

26(30)

39(22)

42(12)

142(11) 27(9)

2,5-Dimethylhexane

57(100)

43(93)

42(31)

41(26)

99(19)

71(19)

29(11)

70(10)

55(9)

Dimethyl maleate

113(100)

59(83)

26(72)

29(40)

85(37)

54(31)

114(25)

53(24)

55(13)

82(9)

2,2-Dimethylpentane

57(100)

43(73)

41(46)

56(40)

85(34)

29(31)

27(23)

39(15)

15(7)

55(6)

2,4-Dimethylpentane

43(100)

57(73)

56(41)

41(35)

42(24)

85(17)

29(16)

27(12)

39(9)

58(3)

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone (Diisopropyl ketone)

43(100)

71(31)

41(13)

27(9)

70(6)

39(6)

114(5)

42(5)

44(3)

72(2)

2,4-Dimethylpyridine (2,4-Lutidine)

107(100)

106(63)

79(44)

92(22)

65(22)

51(19)

77(17)

80(12)

52(11)

50(11)

2,6-Dimethylpyridine (2,6-Lutidine)

107(100)

39(39)

106(29)

66(22)

92(18)

65(18)

38(12)

27(11)

79(9)

63(9)

Dimethyl sulfoxide

63(100)

78(70)

15(40)

45(35)

29(16)

61(13)

46(12)

31(11)

48(10)

47(10)

1,4-Dioxane

28(100)

29(37)

88(31)

58(24)

31(17)

15(17)

27(15)

30(13)

43(11)

26(9)

1,3-Dioxolane

73(100)

29(56)

44(53)

45(28)

28(21)

43(20)

27(13)

31(7)

74(5)

42(3)

Dipentene

68(100)

93(50)

67(44)

94(22)

39(22)

107(18)

92(18)

53(18)

136(16)

79(16)

Dipentyl ether (Amyl ether)

71(100)

43(92)

29(43)

70(40)

41(36)

27(34)

42(23)

69(17)

55(16)

39(16)

Dipropylamine

30(100)

72(79)

44(40)

43(32)

27(25)

28(24)

41(22)

86(11)

58(10)

42(10)

Dodecane

57(100)

43(91)

71(53)

41(45)

85(31)

29(27)

55(19)

56(18)

28(16)

42(14)

1-Dodecene

43(100)

56(83)

55(83)

41(75)

69(62)

70(58)

57(57)

83(47)

29(38)

84(33)

Epichlorohydrin

57(100)

27(39)

29(32)

49(25)

31(22)

62(18)

28(16)

92(1)

1,2-Epoxybutane (Ethyloxirane)

43(100)

44(58)

27(52)

29(50)

45(46)

26(27)

28(27)

72(5)

1,2-Ethanediamine

30(100)

18(13)

42(6)

43(5)

27(5)

44(4)

29(4)

17(4)

15(4)

41(3)

1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)

31(100)

33(35)

29(13)

32(11)

43(6)

27(5)

28(4)

62(3)

30(3)

44(2)

1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate (Ethylene glycol diacetate)

43(100)

86(11)

42(7)

15(7)

116(4)

73(4)

44(3)

29(3)

103(2)

45(2)

Ethanol

31(100)

45(44)

46(18)

27(18)

29(15)

43(14)

30(6)

42(3)

19(3)

14(3)

Ethanolamine

30(100)

18(30)

28(15)

42(7)

31(6)

17(6)

61(5)

15(5)

43(3)

29(3)

Ethoxybenzene (Phenetole)

94(100)

122(39)

28(12)

66(11)

39(9)

77(8)

95(7)

65(7)

51(7)

29(6)

2-Ethoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether; Cellosolve)

31(100)

29(52)

59(50)

27(27)

45(26)

72(14)

43(14)

15(14)

28(8)

26(6)

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate)

43(100)

31(34)

59(31)

72(28)

44(25)

29(24)

45(12)

27(11)

15(11)

87(7)

Ethyl acetate

43(100)

29(46)

27(33)

45(32)

61(28)

28(25)

42(18)

73(11)

88(10)

70(10)

Ethyl acetoacetate

43(100)

29(24)

88(18)

28(16)

85(14)

27(12)

42(11)

60(9)

130(6)

45(6)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-146 Compound

e/m (intensity)

Ethyl acrylate (Ethyl propenoate)

55(100)

27(32)

29(15)

56(12)

45(9)

73(8)

28(8)

26(6)

99(5)

85(5)

Ethylamine

30(100)

28(32)

44(20)

45(19)

27(13)

15(10)

42(9)

29(8)

41(5)

40(5)

Ethylbenzene

91(100)

106(31)

51(14)

39(10)

77(8)

65(8)

105(7)

92(7)

78(7)

27(6)

Ethyl benzoate

105(100)

77(65)

122(34)

51(34)

27(17)

150(16)

29(14)

50(13)

106(12)

78(6)

Ethyl butanoate

43(100)

71(88)

29(83)

27(43)

88(40)

41(28)

60(22)

45(20)

73(17)

42(17)

Ethyl cyanoacetate

29(100)

68(59)

27(34)

40(21)

28(16)

41(14)

15(13)

45(10)

43(9)

26(9)

Ethylcyclohexane

83(100)

55(65)

82(42)

41(36)

112(23)

56(11)

67(10)

39(10)

42(9)

84(8)

Ethylene carbonate

29(100)

44(62)

43(54)

88(40)

30(16)

28(11)

45(7)

58(6)

42(6)

73(4)

Ethyl formate

31(100)

28(73)

27(51)

29(38)

45(34)

26(17)

74(11)

43(9)

47(8)

56(4)

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

56(100)

55(71)

41(60)

43(55)

29(46)

27(44)

31(34)

57(33)

73(32)

39(20)

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

57(100)

43(41)

41(40)

29(29)

55(28)

83(27)

56(23)

70(20)

27(17)

31(13)

N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl-2-propanamine

72(100)

114(77)

44(41)

129(22)

42(21)

30(20)

43(18)

41(17)

27(15)

70(11)

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

29(100)

41(52)

27(51)

57(43)

43(42)

60(39)

88(38)

85(38)

61(26)

45(24)

3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

43(100)

70(50)

41(27)

71(25)

29(19)

27(19)

85(18)

55(18)

57(15)

42(14)

Ethyl propanoate

57(100)

29(84)

102(17)

27(17)

75(15)

28(14)

45(13)

74(12)

73(7)

43(6)

Fluorobenzene

96(100)

70(17)

97(7)

95(6)

75(6)

50(6)

51(4)

39(4)

69(3)

57(3)

2-Fluorotoluene

109(100)

110(55)

83(18)

57(11)

63(10)

39(9)

51(6)

50(6)

107(5)

62(5)

3-Fluorotoluene

109(100)

110(54)

83(11)

57(5)

111(4)

107(4)

63(3)

39(3)

108(2)

89(2)

4-Fluorotoluene

109(100)

110(60)

83(13)

57(10)

108(8)

39(8)

63(7)

107(5)

51(5)

50(5)

Furan

68(100)

39(64)

40(9)

38(9)

42(6)

29(6)

37(5)

69(4)

34(2)

67(1)

Furfural

39(100)

96(55)

95(52)

38(38)

29(35)

37(29)

40(11)

97(9)

50(7)

42(7)

Furfuryl alcohol

98(100)

41(65)

39(59)

81(55)

53(53)

97(51)

42(49)

69(39)

70(36)

29(28)

Glycerol

61(100)

43(90)

31(57)

44(54)

29(38)

18(32)

27(12)

42(11)

60(10)

45(10)

Glycerol triacetate (Triacetin)

43(100)

103(44)

145(34)

116(17)

115(13)

44(10)

86(9)

28(8)

73(7)

42(7)

Heptane

43(100)

41(56)

29(49)

57(47)

27(46)

71(45)

56(27)

42(26)

39(23)

70(18)

1-Heptanol

41(100)

70(87)

56(86)

31(78)

43(72)

29(70)

55(67)

27(65)

42(54)

69(41)

3-Heptanol

59(100)

69(73)

87(37)

41(37)

29(33)

55(30)

31(24)

116(0)

2-Heptanone (Methyl pentyl ketone)

43(100)

58(60)

71(14)

41(11)

27(11)

59(9)

39(8)

29(8)

42(5)

114(4)

3-Heptanone (Ethyl butyl ketone)

57(100)

29(76)

41(32)

85(29)

72(22)

43(15)

39(11)

114(10)

27(7)

55(5)

1-Heptene

41(100)

56(88)

29(70)

55(59)

42(52)

27(45)

39(41)

70(37)

69(27)

57(27)

Hexane

57(100)

43(78)

41(77)

29(61)

27(57)

56(45)

42(39)

39(27)

28(16)

86(14)

Hexanedinitrile (Adiponitrile)

41(100)

68(50)

54(42)

40(21)

55(20)

27(17)

39(16)

28(13)

52(7)

42(6)

Hexanenitrile

41(100)

54(68)

27(59)

55(55)

29(44)

39(35)

57(30)

43(30)

68(24)

28(22)

Hexanoic acid (Caproic acid)

60(100)

73(42)

27(36)

41(33)

43(27)

29(26)

45(20)

39(16)

42(15)

55(14)

1-Hexanol

56(100)

43(78)

31(74)

41(71)

27(64)

29(59)

55(58)

42(53)

39(37)

69(27)

2-Hexanone (Butyl methyl ketone)

43(100)

58(60)

57(17)

100(16)

29(15)

41(13)

85(8)

27(8)

71(7)

59(5)

Hexyl acetate

43(100)

56(66)

41(38)

55(37)

61(35)

42(33)

84(31)

69(19)

73(17)

57(7)

3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (Hydracrylonitrile)

41(100)

31(97)

29(20)

42(17)

52(15)

40(13)

53(10)

51(9)

39(7)

26(7)

Iodobenzene

204(100)

77(82)

51(32)

50(20)

127(8)

205(6)

78(6)

74(6)

102(5)

76(5)

127(6)

55(6)

1-Iodobutane (Butyl iodide)

57(100)

29(78)

41(56)

27(39)

184(36)

39(17)

28(16)

26(7)

2-Iodobutane (sec-Butyl iodide)

57(100)

29(36)

184(36)

41(36)

27(10)

39(9)

127(6)

58(4)

Iodoethane (Ethyl iodide)

156(100)

29(75)

27(63)

127(31)

26(14)

28(9)

128(8)

141(2)

25(2)

140(1)

Iodomethane (Methyl iodide)

142(100)

127(38)

141(14)

15(13)

139(5)

140(4)

128(3)

14(1)

13(1)

71(0)

1-Iodopropane (Propyl iodide)

43(100)

170(68)

41(35)

27(26)

127(14)

39(11)

44(4)

141(3)

128(3)

42(3)

2-Iodopropane (Isopropyl iodide)

43(100)

170(46)

41(45)

27(44)

39(19)

127(17)

42(4)

38(4)

128(3)

44(3)

Isobutanal (2-Methyl-1-propanal)

43(100)

41(84)

27(47)

72(46)

39(30)

29(25)

42(10)

70(5)

38(5)

28(5)

Isobutyl acetate

43(100)

56(26)

73(15)

41(10)

29(5)

71(3)

57(3)

39(3)

27(3)

86(2)

Isobutylamine

30(100)

28(9)

41(6)

73(5)

27(5)

39(4)

29(3)

15(3)

58(2)

56(2)

Isobutylbenzene

91(100)

92(58)

43(22)

134(20)

65(12)

41(12)

39(11)

27(8)

51(7)

93(5)

Isobutyl formate

43(100)

56(82)

41(78)

31(65)

29(64)

27(53)

60(39)

39(36)

42(26)

15(14)

Isobutyl isobutanoate

43(100)

41(94)

56(76)

71(70)

57(68)

27(62)

29(59)

89(37)

39(32)

42(17)

Isopentyl acetate

43(100)

70(49)

55(38)

61(15)

42(15)

41(14)

27(12)

87(11)

29(10)

73(9)

Isophorone

82(100)

39(20)

138(17)

54(13)

27(12)

41(10)

53(8)

83(7)

29(7)

55(6)

Isopropyl acetate

43(100)

61(17)

41(14)

87(9)

59(8)

27(8)

42(7)

39(4)

45(3)

44(2)

Isopropylbenzene (Cumene)

105(100)

120(25)

77(13)

51(12)

79(10)

106(9)

39(9)

27(8)

103(6)

91(5)

1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (p-Cymene)

119(100)

91(42)

134(33)

39(27)

41(20)

117(18)

65(18)

77(17)

27(16)

120(15)

Isoquinoline

129(100)

102(26)

51(20)

128(18)

50(11)

130(10)

75(10)

76(9)

103(8)

74(7)

d-Limonene (Citrene)

68(100)

93(50)

67(49)

41(22)

94(21)

79(21)

39(21)

136(20)

53(19)

121(16)

Mesityl oxide

55(100)

83(89)

43(73)

29(42)

98(36)

39(32)

27(28)

53(11)

41(10)

56(5)

Methanol

31(100)

29(72)

32(67)

15(42)

28(12)

14(10)

30(9)

13(6)

12(3)

16(2)

2-Methoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)

45(100)

31(15)

29(14)

28(11)

47(9)

76(6)

43(6)

58(4)

46(4)

27(4)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-147

Compound 2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate)

e/m (intensity) 43(100)

45(48)

58(42)

29(10)

42(4)

31(4)

73(3)

27(3)

59(2)

26(2)

Methyl acetate

43(100)

74(52)

28(38)

42(19)

59(17)

44(8)

32(8)

29(6)

31(4)

75(2)

2-Methylacrylonitrile

41(100)

39(54)

67(44)

40(26)

38(24)

52(23)

27(23)

37(20)

66(17)

51(12)

Methylamine

30(100)

31(87)

28(56)

29(19)

32(15)

15(12)

27(9)

2-Methylaniline (o-Toluidine)

106(100)

107(83)

77(17)

79(13)

39(12)

53(10)

52(10)

54(9)

51(9)

28(9)

3-Methylaniline (m-Toluidine)

106(100)

107(84)

79(17)

77(17)

108(7)

78(6)

80(5)

89(4)

65(4)

53(4)

N-Methylaniline

106(100)

107(79)

77(23)

51(12)

79(11)

65(9)

39(9)

78(8)

108(7)

50(6)

Methyl benzoate

105(100)

77(81)

51(45)

136(24)

50(18)

106(8)

78(6)

28(6)

39(5)

27(5)

Methyl butanoate

43(100)

74(90)

71(66)

41(32)

27(31)

59(28)

87(19)

42(15)

28(15)

39(14)

3-Methylbutanoic acid (Isovaleric acid)

60(100)

43(61)

41(54)

27(33)

45(31)

29(27)

74(24)

39(24)

87(21)

57(20)

3-Methyl-1-butanol (Isopentyl alcohol)

55(100)

42(90)

43(82)

41(81)

70(71)

31(61)

29(59)

27(59)

39(44)

57(31)

Methyl tert-butyl ether

41(100)

73(78)

57(71)

29(60)

43(48)

39(34)

28(28)

56(23)

55(18)

45(16)

Methyl cyanoacetate

59(100)

15(65)

68(60)

40(38)

28(17)

29(16)

55(11)

54(10)

39(10)

67(8)

Methylcyclohexane

83(100)

55(82)

41(60)

98(44)

42(35)

56(30)

27(29)

39(27)

69(23)

70(22)

cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol

57(100)

58(54)

70(38)

81(36)

96(33)

55(25)

41(23)

114(17)

71(15)

56(12)

N-Methylformamide

59(100)

30(54)

28(34)

29(13)

58(8)

15(7)

60(3)

41(3)

27(3)

31(2)

Methyl formate

31(100)

29(63)

32(34)

60(28)

30(7)

28(7)

44(2)

18(2)

61(1)

59(1)

2-Methylheptane

43(100)

57(91)

42(39)

41(27)

29(16)

70(15)

27(13)

71(12)

99(10)

55(9)

4-Methylheptane

43(100)

71(53)

70(46)

41(27)

29(23)

27(23)

55(15)

57(14)

42(14)

39(10)

6-Methyl-1-heptanol (Isooctyl alcohol)

41(100)

55(94)

43(93)

69(84)

57(81)

56(73)

29(50)

84(48)

70(47)

27(46)

2-Methylhexane

43(100)

42(38)

41(35)

85(32)

57(26)

29(22)

27(22)

56(20)

39(11)

55(5)

5-Methyl-2-hexanone (Methyl isopentyl ketone)

43(100)

58(34)

27(14)

41(13)

15(13)

57(11)

39(9)

71(8)

59(8)

29(8)

Methyl methacrylate (Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate)

41(100)

69(66)

39(40)

100(34)

15(20)

40(10)

59(8)

99(6)

38(6)

55(5)

2-Methyloctane

43(100)

57(51)

41(35)

71(28)

42(28)

29(23)

27(21)

85(17)

56(15)

84(13)

2-Methylpentane

43(100)

42(53)

41(35)

27(31)

71(29)

39(20)

29(18)

57(11)

15(10)

70(7)

3-Methylpentane

57(100)

56(76)

41(68)

29(60)

27(40)

43(29)

39(22)

55(9)

15(9)

28(8)

2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (Hexylene glycol)

59(100)

43(61)

56(25)

45(17)

41(16)

57(13)

42(13)

85(11)

61(10)

31(10)

4-Methylpentanenitrile

55(100)

41(52)

43(46)

27(39)

39(29)

57(27)

54(26)

29(22)

82(13)

28(12)

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

45(100)

43(47)

69(30)

41(27)

27(19)

39(13)

29(12)

87(11)

84(10)

57(10)

3-Methyl-3-pentanol

73(100)

55(38)

43(35)

45(28)

27(25)

29(21)

41(12)

87(11)

31(11)

15(9)

4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone)

43(100)

58(84)

29(65)

41(56)

57(44)

27(42)

39(31)

85(19)

100(14)

42(14)

2-Methylpropanenitrile (Isobutyronitrile)

42(100)

68(45)

28(45)

54(26)

41(26)

27(26)

29(25)

26(15)

39(13)

15(13)

Methyl propanoate

57(100)

29(72)

59(31)

88(26)

27(18)

28(9)

31(5)

44(4)

26(4)

58(3)

2-Methylpropanoic acid (Isobutyric acid)

43(100)

41(42)

27(40)

73(22)

39(15)

45(14)

42(11)

29(9)

88(7)

28(6) 74(6)

2-Methyl-1-propanol (Isobutyl alcohol)

43(100)

33(73)

31(72)

41(66)

42(60)

27(43)

29(18)

39(17)

28(8)

2-Methyl-2-propanol (tert-Butyl alcohol)

59(100)

31(33)

41(22)

43(18)

29(13)

27(11)

57(10)

42(4)

60(3)

28(3)

2-Methylpyridine (2-Picoline)

93(100)

66(41)

39(31)

92(20)

78(19)

51(19)

65(16)

38(13)

50(12)

52(11)

3-Methylpyridine (3-Picoline)

93(100)

39(51)

66(46)

92(31)

65(29)

40(19)

38(18)

67(13)

63(11)

51(11)

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

99(100)

44(89)

98(80)

42(60)

41(38)

43(17)

28(17)

71(13)

39(11)

70(10)

Methyl salicylate

120(100)

92(59)

152(47)

121(32)

65(22)

39(22)

93(15)

64(14)

18(14)

63(13)

2-Methylthiophene

97(100)

98(57)

45(22)

39(14)

53(9)

99(8)

27(8)

69(6)

58(6)

59(5)

Morpholine

57(100)

29(100)

87(69)

28(69)

30(38)

56(33)

86(28)

31(28)

27(12)

15(7)

Nitrobenzene

77(100)

51(59)

123(42)

50(25)

30(15)

65(14)

39(10)

93(9)

74(7)

78(6)

Nitroethane

29(100)

30(12)

28(11)

26(9)

27(8)

43(5)

41(5)

14(5)

15(3)

46(2)

Nitromethane

30(100)

61(64)

46(39)

28(30)

45(8)

27(8)

44(7)

29(7)

60(5)

43(4)

1-Nitropropane

43(100)

27(93)

41(90)

39(34)

30(25)

44(20)

42(20)

26(20)

28(13)

54(12)

2-Nitropropane

43(100)

41(73)

27(71)

39(30)

30(18)

15(11)

42(9)

28(8)

26(8)

38(6)

Nonane

43(100)

57(75)

41(29)

84(26)

85(22)

29(22)

71(18)

56(16)

27(13)

42(12)

Octane

43(100)

57(30)

85(25)

41(25)

71(19)

29(17)

56(14)

70(10)

42(10)

27(10)

1-Octanol

41(100)

56(85)

43(82)

55(81)

31(69)

27(69)

29(68)

42(62)

70(53)

69(48)

2-Octanone (Hexyl methyl ketone)

43(100)

58(79)

41(56)

59(52)

71(49)

27(46)

29(36)

39(27)

57(18)

55(17)

1-Octene

43(100)

41(82)

55(80)

56(67)

42(67)

70(54)

29(44)

27(31)

69(30)

39(29)

Pentachloroethane

167(100)

165(91)

117(90)

119(89)

83(58)

169(54)

130(43)

132(42)

60(40)

85(37)

Pentane

43(100)

42(55)

41(45)

27(42)

29(26)

39(19)

57(13)

28(9)

15(9)

72(8)

1,5-Pentanediol (Pentamethylene glycol)

31(100)

56(85)

41(67)

57(59)

55(51)

44(45)

29(37)

43(31)

68(29)

27(26)

2,4-Pentanedione (Acetylacetone)

43(100)

85(31)

100(20)

27(12)

42(10)

29(10)

41(7)

39(7)

31(5)

26(5)

Pentanenitrile (Valeronitrile)

41(100)

43(97)

54(54)

27(34)

55(21)

28(19)

29(16)

39(15)

42(5)

26(5)

Pentanoic acid (Valeric acid)

60(100)

73(34)

27(33)

29(28)

41(21)

43(17)

45(16)

28(14)

42(12)

39(12)

1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol)

42(100)

70(72)

55(65)

41(56)

31(47)

29(41)

27(26)

57(22)

28(22)

43(21)

2-Pentanol (sec-Amyl alcohol)

45(100)

43(20)

55(18)

27(17)

29(11)

41(9)

31(9)

15(9)

44(8)

39(8)

3-Pentanol (Diethyl carbinol)

59(100)

31(83)

41(42)

27(35)

29(34)

58(15)

43(15)

57(14)

39(12)

15(9)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-148 Compound

e/m (intensity)

2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone)

43(100)

41(17)

86(12)

42(12)

27(11)

39(8)

71(7)

58(7)

45(7)

44(3)

3-Pentanone (Diethyl ketone)

57(100)

29(50)

86(26)

27(13)

58(4)

56(4)

28(4)

26(3)

43(2)

42(2)

Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate)

43(100)

70(90)

42(52)

28(51)

61(50)

55(41)

73(21)

41(20)

29(14)

69(11)

Pentylamine (Amylamine)

30(100)

87(8)

41(4)

28(4)

45(3)

42(3)

27(3)

56(2)

44(2)

43(2)

Pentyl lactate

43(100)

70(44)

71(32)

55(28)

41(22)

29(20)

27(15)

45(12)

42(9)

57(7)

α-Pinene

93(100)

92(30)

39(24)

41(23)

77(22)

91(21)

27(21)

79(18)

121(13)

53(10)

β-Pinene

93(100)

41(64)

69(47)

39(33)

27(31)

79(20)

77(18)

53(14)

94(13)

91(13)

Piperidine

84(100)

85(53)

56(46)

57(43)

28(41)

29(37)

44(34)

42(30)

30(30)

43(25)

Propanal

29(100)

58(59)

28(58)

27(39)

57(20)

31(4)

30(4)

42(3)

39(3)

59(2)

1,2-Propanediol (1,2-Propylene glycol)

45(100)

18(46)

29(21)

43(19)

31(18)

27(17)

28(11)

19(8)

44(6)

61(5)

1,3-Propanediol (Trimethylene glycol)

28(100)

58(93)

31(76)

57(70)

29(40)

27(26)

45(24)

43(23)

19(18)

30(17)

Propanenitrile

28(100)

54(63)

26(20)

27(17)

52(11)

55(10)

51(9)

15(9)

53(7)

25(7)

Propanoic acid

28(100)

29(84)

74(79)

27(62)

45(56)

73(48)

57(30)

26(21)

55(17)

56(16)

Propanoic anhydride

57(100)

29(55)

28(20)

27(20)

74(19)

73(12)

45(11)

26(5)

30(4)

58(3)

1-Propanol (Propyl alcohol)

31(100)

27(19)

29(18)

59(11)

42(9)

60(7)

41(7)

28(7)

43(3)

32(3)

2-Propanol (Isopropyl alcohol)

45(100)

43(19)

27(17)

29(12)

41(7)

31(6)

19(6)

42(5)

44(4)

59(3)

Propargyl alcohol (3-Hydroxy-1-propyne)

55(100)

39(25)

28(20)

27(19)

29(16)

38(14)

26(11)

37(8)

53(6)

56(4)

Propyl acetate

43(100)

61(19)

31(18)

27(15)

42(11)

73(9)

41(9)

29(9)

59(5)

39(5)

Propylamine

30(100)

28(13)

59(8)

27(7)

41(5)

42(3)

39(3)

29(3)

26(3)

18(3)

Propylbenzene

91(100)

120(21)

92(10)

38(10)

65(9)

78(6)

51(6)

27(5)

63(4)

105(3)

Propylene carbonate

28(100)

57(69)

43(66)

29(51)

27(45)

30(42)

26(19)

42(17)

31(16)

58(13)

Propyl formate

27(100)

29(92)

31(81)

42(60)

41(53)

43(29)

39(29)

26(28)

47(22)

30(16)

Pyridine

79(100)

52(62)

51(31)

50(19)

78(11)

53(7)

39(7)

80(6)

27(3)

77(2)

Pyrrole

67(100)

41(58)

39(58)

40(51)

28(42)

38(20)

37(12)

66(7)

68(5)

27(3)

Pyrrolidine

43(100)

28(52)

70(33)

71(26)

42(22)

41(20)

27(16)

39(15)

29(10)

30(9)

2-Pyrrolidone

85(100)

42(43)

41(36)

28(33)

30(29)

56(16)

84(14)

40(12)

27(12)

29(9)

Quinoline

129(100)

51(28)

76(25)

128(24)

44(24)

50(20)

32(19)

75(18)

74(12)

103(11)

Salicylaldehyde (2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde)

28(100)

122(98)

121(92)

39(79)

65(52)

76(31)

32(31)

44(30)

93(26)

38(23)

Styrene

104(100)

103(41)

78(32)

51(28)

77(23)

105(12)

50(12)

52(11)

39(11)

102(10)

Sulfolane

41(100)

28(94)

56(82)

55(72)

120(37)

27(32)

39(19)

29(17)

26(11)

48(5)

α-Terpinene

121(100)

93(85)

136(43)

91(40)

77(34)

39(33)

27(33)

79(27)

41(26)

43(18)

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane

167(100)

169(96)

117(85)

119(82)

171(31)

85(29)

121(26)

82(14)

47(14)

101(13)

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

101(100)

103(64)

167(54)

169(52)

117(19)

119(18)

171(17)

105(11)

31(11)

132(9)

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

131(100)

133(96)

117(76)

119(73)

95(34)

135(31)

121(23)

97(23)

61(19)

60(18) 60(8)

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

83(100)

85(63)

95(11)

87(10)

168(8)

133(8)

131(8)

96(8)

61(8)

Tetrachloroethene

166(100)

164(82)

131(71)

129(71)

168(45)

94(38)

47(31)

96(24)

133(20)

59(17)

Tetrachloromethane (Carbon tetrachloride)

117(100)

119(98)

121(31)

82(24)

47(23)

84(16)

35(14)

49(8)

28(8)

36(6)

Tetraethylene glycol

45(100)

89(10)

44(8)

43(6)

31(6)

29(6)

27(6)

101(5)

75(5)

28(5)

Tetrahydrofuran

42(100)

41(52)

27(33)

72(29)

71(27)

39(24)

43(22)

29(22)

40(13)

15(10)

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

104(100)

132(53)

91(43)

51(17)

39(17)

131(15)

117(15)

115(14)

78(13)

77(13)

Tetrahydropyran

41(100)

28(64)

56(57)

45(57)

29(51)

27(49)

85(47)

86(42)

39(28)

55(23)

Tetrahydrothiophene

60(100)

88(54)

45(37)

46(32)

47(26)

27(24)

59(18)

87(16)

39(14)

54(13)

Tetramethylsilane

73(100)

43(14)

45(12)

74(8)

29(7)

15(5)

75(4)

44(4)

42(4)

31(4)

Tetramethylurea

72(100)

44(27)

116(24)

42(13)

15(13)

17(7)

28(5)

73(4)

56(4)

18(4)

1H-Tetrazole

42(100)

28(60)

27(25)

29(24)

41(13)

43(11)

70(8)

26(7)

40(2)

38(2)

Thiophene

84(100)

58(65)

45(58)

39(29)

57(13)

38(8)

69(7)

37(7)

83(6)

50(6)

Toluene

91(100)

92(73)

39(20)

65(14)

63(11)

51(11)

50(7)

27(6)

93(5)

90(5)

Tribromomethane (Bromoform)

173(100)

171(50)

175(49)

93(22)

91(22)

79(18)

81(17)

94(13)

92(13)

254(11)

Tributylamine

142(100)

100(19)

143(11)

29(8)

185(7)

57(6)

44(6)

41(6)

30(5)

86(4)

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

180(100)

182(96)

184(30)

145(30)

109(26)

147(19)

75(11)

74(9)

111(8)

181(7)

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

97(100)

99(64)

61(58)

26(31)

27(24)

117(19)

63(19)

119(18)

35(17)

62(11)

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

97(100)

83(95)

99(62)

85(60)

61(58)

26(23)

96(21)

63(19)

27(17)

98(15)

Trichloroethene

95(100)

130(90)

132(85)

60(65)

97(64)

35(40)

134(27)

47(26)

62(21)

59(13)

Trichloroethylsilane

135(100)

133(100)

126(67)

128(46)

137(37)

98(22)

63(21)

35(16)

100(14)

127(11)

Trichlorofluoromethane

101(100)

103(66)

66(13)

105(11)

35(11)

47(9)

31(8)

82(4)

68(4)

37(4)

Trichloromethane (Chloroform)

83(100)

85(64)

47(35)

35(19)

48(16)

49(12)

87(10)

37(6)

50(5)

84(4)

(Trichloromethyl)benzene (Benzotrichloride)

159(100)

161(64)

89(14)

163(11)

28(10)

63(9)

160(8)

123(8)

62(8)

124(6)

1,2,3-Trichloropropane

75(100)

39(58)

49(42)

110(38)

61(34)

77(33)

112(22)

27(16)

97(15)

38(15)

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

101(100)

151(68)

103(64)

85(45)

31(45)

153(44)

35(20)

66(19)

47(18)

87(14)

Tridecane

57(100)

43(91)

71(51)

41(34)

85(24)

29(23)

56(14)

55(12)

27(11)

42(10)

Triethanolamine

118(100)

56(69)

45(60)

42(56)

44(27)

43(25)

41(14)

116(8)

57(8)

86(7)

Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents

8-149

Compound

e/m (intensity)

Triethylamine

86(100)

30(68)

58(37)

28(24)

29(23)

27(19)

44(18)

101(17)

42(16)

56(8)

Triethylene glycol

45(100)

58(11)

89(9)

31(8)

29(8)

75(7)

44(7)

43(7)

27(7)

28(5)

Triethyl phosphate

99(100)

81(71)

155(56)

82(45)

45(45)

109(44)

127(41)

43(24)

125(16)

111(14)

Trifluoroacetic acid

45(100)

69(70)

51(36)

28(28)

50(15)

44(11)

43(7)

97(5)

31(5)

29(5)

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

31(100)

33(24)

61(19)

29(19)

51(16)

69(9)

32(6)

49(5)

83(4)

81(4)

(Trifluoromethyl)benzene (Benzotrifluoride)

146(100)

145(40)

127(34)

96(28)

77(10)

51(10)

147(8)

75(6)

50(6)

128(3)

Trimethylamine

58(100)

59(47)

30(29)

42(26)

44(17)

15(14)

28(10)

18(10)

43(8)

57(7)

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Hemimellitene)

105(100)

120(47)

39(22)

77(17)

91(14)

51(14)

27(14)

79(12)

119(11)

106(9)

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Pseudocumene)

105(100)

120(56)

119(17)

77(15)

39(15)

51(11)

91(10)

27(10)

106(9)

79(7)

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Mesitylene)

105(100)

120(64)

119(15)

77(13)

39(11)

106(9)

91(9)

51(8)

27(7)

121(6)

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane (Triptane)

57(100)

43(71)

56(63)

41(53)

85(30)

29(26)

27(18)

39(14)

15(6)

55(5)

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

57(100)

56(35)

71(18)

41(17)

43(14)

29(8)

70(4)

58(4)

113(3)

55(3)

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane)

57(100)

41(31)

56(28)

43(24)

29(16)

27(9)

39(7)

58(4)

55(4)

99(2)

2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

43(100)

71(45)

70(36)

57(36)

41(29)

85(25)

27(18)

55(16)

29(16)

39(11)

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

43(100)

71(62)

70(41)

41(25)

27(18)

55(17)

57(16)

29(14)

39(10)

42(7)

Trimethyl phosphate

110(100)

109(35)

79(34)

95(25)

80(23)

15(20)

140(18)

47(10)

31(7)

139(5)

2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-Collidine)

121(100)

39(27)

79(26)

120(24)

106(17)

27(16)

77(13)

51(11)

42(11)

122(10)

1-Undecene

41(100)

43(87)

55(80)

70(67)

56(67)

69(55)

29(55)

83(51)

57(50)

27(46)

Vinyl acetate

43(100)

28(45)

42(26)

44(24)

86(20)

31(10)

32(7)

29(7)

45(2)

41(2)

o-Xylene

91(100)

106(40)

39(21)

105(17)

51(17)

77(15)

27(12)

65(10)

92(8)

79(8)

m-Xylene

91(100)

106(65)

105(29)

39(18)

51(15)

77(14)

27(10)

92(8)

79(8)

78(8)

p-Xylene

91(100)

106(62)

105(30)

51(16)

39(16)

77(13)

27(11)

92(7)

78(7)

65(7)

SOLUBILITY OF COMMON SALTS AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES This table gives the aqueous solubility of selected salts at temperatures from 10°C to 40°C. Values are given in molality terms.

Salt BaCl2 Ca(NO3)2 CuSO4 FeSO4 KBr KIO3 K2CO3 LiCl Mg(NO3)2 MnCl2 NH4Cl NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 NaBr NaCl NaNO2 NaNO3 RbCl ZnSO4

10°C 1.603 6.896 1.055 1.352 5.002 0.291 7.756 19.296 4.403 5.421 6.199 18.809 5.494 8.258 6.110 11.111 9.395 6.911 2.911

15°C 1.659 7.398 1.153 1.533 5.237 0.333 7.846 19.456 4.523 5.644 6.566 21.163 5.589 8.546 6.121 11.484 9.819 7.180 3.116

20°C 1.716 7.986 1.260 1.729 5.471 0.378 7.948 19.670 4.656 5.884 6.943 23.721 5.688 8.856 6.136 11.883 10.261 7.449 3.336

References 1. 2. 3. 4.

Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 24, 619, 1992. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 63, 1993. Apelblat, A., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 25, 1513, 1993. Apelblat, A. and Korin, E., J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 30, 59, 1998.

25°C 1.774 8.675 1.376 1.940 5.703 0.426 8.063 19.935 4.800 6.143 7.331 26.496 5.790 9.191 6.153 12.310 10.723 7.717 3.573

30°C

35°C

40°C

1.834 9.480 1.502 2.165 5.932 0.478 8.191

1.895 10.421 1.639 2.405 6.157 0.534 8.331

1.958

4.958 6.422

5.130 6.721

5.314

5.896 9.550 6.174 12.766 11.204 7.986 3.827

6.005 9.937 6.197 13.253 11.706 8.253 4.099

0.593 8.483

10.351 6.222 13.772 12.230 8.520 4.194

Ref. 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 1

8-121

Section 8.indb 121

4/30/05 8:47:48 AM

FLAME AND BEAD TESTS Flame Colorations

Bluish — Phosphates with sulfuric acid. Feeble — Antimony compounds. Ammonium compounds. Whitish — Zinc.

Violet

Potassium compounds. Purple red through blue glass. Easily obscured by sodium flame. Bluish-green through green glass. Rubidium and cesium compounds impart same flame as potassium compounds.

Reds

Carmine — Lithium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Invisible through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Scarlet — Strontium compounds. Violet through blue glass. Yellowish through green glass. Masked by barium flame. Yellowish — Calcium compounds. Greenish through blue glass. Green through green glass. Masked by barium flame.

Blues

Azure — Copper chloride. Copper bromide gives azure blue followed by green. Other copper compounds give same coloration when moistened with hydrochloric acid. Light blue — Lead, arsenic, selenium.

Yellow

Yellow — All sodium compounds. Invisible with blue glass.

Greens

Emerald — Copper compounds except the halides, and when not moistened with hydrochloric acid. Pure green — Compounds of thallium and tellurium. Yellowish — Barium compounds. Some molybdenum compounds. Borates, especially when treated with sulfuric acid or when burned with alcohol.

Substance Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silicon Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium

Substance Aluminum Antimony Barium Bismuth Cadmium Calcium

Bead Tests Abbreviations employed: s = saturated; ss = supersaturated; ns = not saturated; h = hot; c = cold

Borax Beads

Oxidizing flame Colorless (h, c, ns); opaque (ss) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless Colorless (ns) Red (h) Green (c) Blue (h, c) Green (h); blue (c) Yellow or brownish red (h, ns) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h, ss) Colorless (ns) Violet (h, c) Colorless Brown; red (c) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless (h, c); opaque (ss) Colorless Colorless Yellow or brownish (h, ns) Colorless

Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4

Oxidizing flame Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s)

Reducing flame Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Green Blue (h, c) Red (c); opaque (ss); colorless (h) Green (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless (h, c) Yellow or brown (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Gray and opaque Colorless; opaque (s) Yellow (h); violet (c) Brown Green Green

Reducing flame Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss)

8-13

Section 8.indb 13

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

Flame and Bead Tests

8-14

Substance Cerium Chromium Cobalt Copper Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Silver Strontium Tin Titanium Uranium Vanadium Zinc

Substance Manganese

Section 8.indb 14

Beads of Microcosmic Salt NaNH4HPO4

Oxidizing flame Yellow or brownish red (h, s) Red (h, s); green (c) Blue (h, c) Blue (c); green (h) Yellow or brown (h, s) Colorless (ns) Colorless; opaque (s) Violet (h, c) Colorless; green (h) Yellow (c); red (h, s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless; opaque (s) Colorless (ns) Green; yellow or brownish Yellow Colorless (ns)

Oxidizing flame Green

Sodium Carbonate Bead

Reducing flame Colorless Green (c) Blue (h, c) Red and opaque (c) Colorless; yellow or brownish (h) Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Green (h) Yellow (c); red (h); gray and opaque Gray and opaque Colorless; not clear (ss) Colorless Violet (c); yellow or brownish (h) Green (h) (h, s) Green Gray and opaque

Reducing flame Colorless

4/30/05 8:46:12 AM

SOLUBILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN SEAWATER Concern about pollution of the oceans has stimulated measurements of the solubility of organic compounds in seawater. This table gives the solubility of several hydrocarbons in seawater. The data are derived from a review in the IUPAC Solubility Data Series (Reference 1). Solubility is expressed in this table as parts per million by mass, i.e.,

S/ppm(mass) = 106 × w2 = 106 × m2/(m1 + m2)

where m1 and m2 are the masses of solvent (seawater) and solute, respectively, under saturation conditions, and w2 is the mass fraction. Since the solubilities in this table are very low, the value of S is effectively the mass of hydrocarbon in grams per 1000 kg of seawater. Name

Acenaphthene Acenaphthene Anthracene Benz[a]anthracene Benzene Benzene Benzo[ghi]perylene Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[e]pyrene Benzo[b]triphenylene Biphenyl Butylbenzene sec-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene Chrysene Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]anthracene Dodecane Eicosane Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene Fluoranthene 9H-Fluorene Heptane Hexacosane Hexadecane Hexane Isopropylbenzene 2-Methylanthracene Methylcyclopentane 1-Methylnaphthalene 1-Methylphenanthrene Naphthalene Nonane Octadecane Pentane Phenanthrene

8-126

The temperature and salinity of each measurement are given in the table. Salinity is a standardized measure of the concentration of dissolved salts, as explained in the table “Properties of Seawater” in Section 14. Salinity values in the open oceans at mid-latitude typically fall between 34 and 36. Reference 1 gives details of the method of measurement and an indication of the reliability of the measurements.

Reference 1. Shaw, David G., and Maczynski, A., IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series 81. Hydrocarbons with Water and Seawater — Revised and Updated. Part 12. C5-C26 Hydrocarbons with Seawater, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 785, 2006.

Mol. Form. Salinity t/°C

C12H10 C12H10 C14H10 C18H12 C6H6 C6H6 C22H12 C20H12 C20H12 C22H14 C12H10 C10H14 C10H14 C10H14 C18H12 C22H14 C22H14 C12H26 C20H42 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10 C16H10 C13H10 C7H16 C26H54 C16H34 C6H14 C9H12 C15H12 C6H12 C11H10 C15H12 C10H8 C9H20 C18H38 C5H12 C14H10

35 35 35 35 34.4 35 6 6 30 6 35 34.5 34.5 34.5 35 6 6 35 35 34.4 34.4 34.4 35 35 6 35 35 35.3 34.5 35 34.5 30 35 35 6 35 34.5 34

15 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

S/ppm (mass)

0.21 1.8 0.031 0.0056 1320 1360 0.00021 0.00013 0.0033 0.027 4.76 7.1 12 21 0.0011 0.021 0.010 0.0029 0.0008 140 129 111 0.124 1.2 10.3 0.0001 0.0004 7.9 43 0.013 29 23 0.20 22.8 0.43 0.0008 28 0.69

Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater Name Pyrene Tetradecane Toluene Toluene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Undecane o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

8-127 Mol. Form. Salinity t/°C C16H10 35 25 C14H30 35 25 C7H8 34.4 0 C7H8 35 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C9H12 34.5 25 C11H24 6 25 C8H10 34.5 25 C8H10 34.5 25 C8H10 34.5 25

S/ppm (mass) 0.086 0.0017 450 387 49 40 31 0.01 130 106 111

Solubility of organic compounds in pressurized hot water Liquid water at elevated temperatures and pressures, but still in the subcritical region, is of interest as a solvent in various laboratory and industrial processes. In effect, this means water at a temperature between about 100°C and 373°C, the critical temperature, and at pressures up to 400 bar or greater. Since the dielectric constant of water decreases with increasing temperature, the solubility of many compounds, especially non-polar compounds, increases dramatically at higher temperature. The fact that solubility can be fine-tuned by controlling temperature and pressure makes pressurized hot water a useful tool in various extraction and reaction processes. This table gives a sample of the variations of solubility with temperature and pressure for several compounds, mostly hydrocarbons. The solubility is expressed in both mole fraction of solute, x2, and mass percent, 100w2, where w2 is the mass fraction. More information is available in the references.

Name Acenaphthene Anthracene

Benz[a]anthracene

Benzene

Carbazole

Chrysene

8-128

Mol. Form. t/°C C12H10 25 250 C14H10 25 50 100 100 150 200 250 300 C18H12 25 60 100 120 150 C6H6 25 25 25 50 100 150 200 200 C12H9N 25 25 50 100 150 200 C18H12 25

References 1. Solubility Data Series, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 38, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988. 2. Shaw, D. G., and Maczynski, A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 687, 2006. 3. Stephenson, R. M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 37, 80, 1992. 4. Lun, R., Varhanickova, D., Shiu, W.-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 42, 951, 1997. 5. Miller, D. J., et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 1043, 1998. 6. Miller, D. J., and Hawthorne, S. B., J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 78, 2000. 7. Ma, J. H. Y., Hung, H., Shiu, W-Y., and Mackay, D., J. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 619, 2001. 8. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 48, 967, 2003. 9. Oleszek-Kudlak, S., Shibata, E., and Nakamura, T., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 570, 2004. 10. Marche, C., Ferronato, C., and Jose, J., J. Chem. Eng. Data 49, 937, 2004. 11. Andersson, T. A., Hartonen, K. M., and Riekkola, M-L., J. Chem. Eng. Data 50, 1177, 2005. 12. Karasek, P., Planeta, J., and Roth, M., J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 616, 2006. 13. Shiu, W.-Y., and Ma, K.-C, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 29, 41, 2000.

p/bar 1 50 1 50 45 39 50 77 50 100 1 50 50 52 49 1 65 400 65 65 65 65 400 1 54 56 54 54 52 1

Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.000444 0.000380 1.25 1.06 0.0000074 0.0000044 0.000017 0.000017 0.00032 0.00032 0.000457 0.00045 0.0102 0.0101 0.13 0.13 0.497 0.49 3.78 3.62 0.00000073 0.00000093 0.00000846 0.0000107 0.000113 0.000143 0.000418 0.00053 0.00296 0.00375 0.40 0.178 0.40 0.173 0.33 0.143 0.47 0.203 0.89 0.38 2.2 0.95 5.0 2.13 4.1 1.75 0.00013 0.00012 0.00011 0.000102 0.00045 0.00042 0.0099 0.0092 0.162 0.150 1.9 1.74 0.00000016 0.00000019

Ref. 13 11 2 5 5 12 11 12 11 11 2 12 12 12 12 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 2

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water Name

Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar 25 32 50 36 100 38 150 43 200 45 225 62 o-Dichlorobenzene C6H4Cl2 25 1 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 25 1 101 7 131 7 151 7 170 7 Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 25 1 100 7 131 7 151 7 171 7 Heptane C7H16 25 1 50 7 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 Hexane C6H14 25 1 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene C10H14 25 1 50 60 100 60 150 60 200 60 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 25 1 100 7 131 7 151 7 171 7 Naphthalene C10H8 25 1 40 50 50 50 65 50 75 50 Octane C8H18 25 1 100 7 125 7 150 7 170 7 200 65 Perylene C20H12 25 1

8-129 Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.00000063 0.0000008 0.000001 0.0000013 0.000013 0.000016 0.00060 0.00076 0.0158 0.020 0.0758 0.096 0.018 0.0094 0.023 0.019 0.055 0.045 0.18 0.15 0.57 0.46 0.008 0.00050 0.0047 0.0029 0.0108 0.0067 0.0223 0.0139 0.0356 0.0222 0.00098 0.00061 0.00340 0.00212 0.0085 0.0053 0.01665 0.0104 0.0334 0.0208 0.0004352 0.000242 0.000613 0.00034096 0.001938 0.00108 0.00400 0.00222 0.00878 0.00488 0.01701 0.00946 0.002045 0.00098 0.006074 0.0029 0.01192 0.0057 0.02555 0.0122 0.04935 0.0236 0.0030 0.0051 0.0040 0.0030 0.011 0.0082 0.043 0.032 0.20 0.15 0.00293 0.00151 0.01006 0.0055 0.0244 0.0133 0.0423 0.0231 0.0708 0.0386 0.00444 0.00316 0.00692 0.0049 0.0114 0.0081 0.0264 0.0188 0.0435 0.0309 0.0001158 0.000073 0.0005943 0.000377 0.0014163 0.000898 0.0036957 0.00234 0.0083483 0.00529 0.029 0.018 0.00000003 0.00000004

Ref. 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 13 12 12 12 12 8 8 8 8 8 6 2

Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water

8-130

Name

Pyrene

p-Terphenyl

Tetrachloroethene

Toluene

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Triphenylene

m-Xylene

Mol. Form. t/°C p/bar 50 50 100 45 150 47 200 48 C16H10 25 1 100 50 100 200 140 50 200 50 250 50 300 50 C18H14 25 1 100 49 140 51 180 55 200 53 210 54 C2Cl4 25 1 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 C7H8 25 1 50 50 100 50 150 50 200 50 C8H18 25 1 50 65 100 65 150 65 200 65 C18H12 25 1 100 51 140 50 180 64 195 60 C8H10 25 1 50 60 100 60 150 60 200 60

Solubility 103x2 Mass% 0.00000029 0.0000004 0.00000210 0.00000294 0.000120 0.000168 0.0050 0.0070 0.000012 0.0000139 0.000637 0.00072 0.00078 0.00087 0.0054 0.0061 0.0492 0.055 0.205 0.23 1.41 1.56 0.00000141 0.00000180 0.0000219 0.000028 0.000372 0.000476 0.00626 0.0080 0.0241 0.0308 0.0393 0.0502 0.0285 0.0286 0.027 0.025 0.059 0.054 0.18 0.17 0.59 0.54 0.107 0.0519 0.125 0.064 0.27 0.138 0.66 0.337 1.9 0.96 0.00035 0.00022 0.00052 0.00033 0.0020 0.00127 0.0102 0.0065 0.061 0.0387 0.0000034 0.0000043 0.0000899 0.000114 0.00126 0.00160 0.0123 0.0156 0.0283 0.0359 0.028 0.0161 0.036 0.021 0.085 0.050 0.27 0.159 0.88 0.516

Ref. 5 5 5 5 2 11 5 11 11 11 11 2 12 12 12 12 12 3 6 6 6 6 7,13 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 2 12 12 12 12 13 6 6 6 6

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents The table below lists the 1H chemical shifts for over 300 organic solvents and liquid reagents. The solvent in which the shift was measured is given in the second column. Shifts are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) and are listed in order of smallest to largest shift. In many cases the peaks show additional small splittings. Compounds are listed by the name used in this Handbook, with other common names given in parentheses.

Compound

References 1. Lide, D. R., Editor, Properties of Organic Compounds, ; Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 2. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds, SDBS, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, . 3. NMRShiftDB, .

Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

CDCl3

2.10

Acetic anhydride

CCl4

2.2

1

Acetone

CDCl3

2.1

1

Acetonitrile

CCl4

1.9

Acrolein (2-Propenal)

CDCl3

6.4

Acrylonitrile

CDCl3

6.3

Allyl alcohol

CDCl3

3.6

4.1

5.1

5.3

6.0

1

Allylamine

CDCl3

1.5

3.3

5.0

5.1

5.9

1

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (2-Aminoisobutanol)

CCl4

1.1

2.8

3.2

Aniline (Benzenamine)

CCl4

3.3

6.4

6.6

Anisole (Methoxybenzene)

CDCl3

3.8

7.1

1

Benzaldehyde

CDCl3

7.7

10.0

1

Benzene

CDCl3

7.34

Benzeneacetonitrile (Benzyl cyanide)

CCl4

0.8

0.9

Benzenethiol (Phenyl mercaptan)

CCl4

3.2

6.9

Benzonitrile

CCl4

7.5

Benzyl acetate

CDCl3

2.1

5.1

7.3

1

Benzyl alcohol

CDCl3

2.4

4.6

7.3

1

Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine (Diethylenetriamine)

CDCl3

1.23

2.69

2.79

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

CDCl3

3.66

3.77

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

CCl4

0.9

1.5

4.2

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

CDCl3

2.8

3.8

4.2

Bromobenzene

CCl4

7.1

7.4

1-Bromobutane (Butyl bromide)

CCl4

1.0

1.4

1.8

3.4

1

2-Bromobutane (sec-Butyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.1

1.7

1.8

4.1

1

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

CDCl3

3.3

4.0

Bromochloromethane

CCl4

5.2

1-Bromodecane (Decyl bromide)

CCl4

0.9

1.8

Bromoethane (Ethyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.7

3.4

1

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl bromide)

CCl4

1.8

1-Bromonaphthalene

CCl4

7.4

8.1

1

1-Bromopentane (Pentyl bromide)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1.9

1-Bromopropane (Propyl bromide)

CCl4

1.0

1.9

3.4

2-Bromopropane (Isopropyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.7

4.3

2-Bromopropene

CDCl3

2.3

5.3

5.5

Butanal

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

2.4

Butanenitrile

CCl4

1.1

1.7

2.3

1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan)

CDCl3

0.9

1.2

Butanoic acid

CCl4

0.9

Butanoic anhydride

CCl4

1.0

8-150

11.4

Ref.

Acetic acid

2

1 9.5

1 1

1 7.0

1

2 1.6

2.3

1 1 1

2 2 7.4

7.7

1 1 1

1 1 3.3

1 1 3.3

1 1 1 1

9.7

1

1.5

2.5

1

1.7

2.3

12.0

1

1.7

2.4

1

1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Compound

8-151 Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

1-Butanol (Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.94

1.39

1.53

2.24

3.63

2

2-Butanol (sec-Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.93

1.17

1.46

2.37

3.71

2

2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)

CDCl3

1.06

2.14

2.45

trans-2-Butenal (trans-Crotonaldehyde)

CDCl3

2.0

6.1

6.9

9.5

1

2-Butoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

3.3

3.7

1

Butyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.1

1

Butylamine

CDCl3

0.92

1.33

1.43

1.77

tert-Butylamine

CDCl3

1.1

1.2

Butylbenzene

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.6

7.1

sec-Butylbenzene

CCl4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.5

tert-Butylbenzene

CCl4

1.3

7.2

Butyl formate

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

4.2

8.1

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

CDCl3

1.30

2.31

7.11

7.26

Butyl vinyl ether

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.6

3.8

CDCl3

4.4

Caprolactam

CDCl3

1.7

2.4

2-Chloroaniline

CCl4

3.8

6.8

Chlorobenzene

CDCl3

7.3

2-Chlorobutane (sec-Butyl chloride)

CCl4

1.1

1.5

Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)

CDCl3

1.5

3.6

2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene chlorohydrin)

CDCl3

2.8

3.7

(Chloromethyl)benzene (Benzyl chloride)

CCl4

4.5

7.3

1-Chloro-3-methylbutane (Isopentyl chloride)

CDCl3

0.9

1.7

3.6

1

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane (Isobutyl chloride)

CCl4

1.0

1.9

3.3

1

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl chloride)

CCl4

1.6

1-Chloronaphthalene

CCl4

7.1

7.5

8.2

1-Chlorooctane (Octyl chloride)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1.8

1-Chloropentane (Pentyl chloride)

CCl4

0.9

1.6

3.4

1

1-Chloropropane (Propyl chloride)

CCl4

1.0

1.8

3.4

1

3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)

CCl4

4.0

5.2

5.3

2-Chlorotoluene

CDCl3

2.4

7.2

1

3-Chlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.1

1

Cyclohexane

CDCl3

1.43

Cyclohexanol

CCl4

1.6

3.5

Cyclohexanone

CCl4

1.8

2.3

Cyclohexene

CCl4

1.6

2.0

5.6

1

Cyclohexylamine

CCl4

1.4

1.5

2.6

1

Cyclopentane

CCl4

1.5

Cyclopentanone

CCl4

2.0

cis-Decahydronaphthalene (cis-Decalin)

CDCl3

1.42

1.62

trans-Decahydronaphthalene (trans-Decalin)

CDCl3

0.87

0.93

Decane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

Diacetone alcohol

CDCl3

1.3

2.2

1,2-Dibromoethane

CDCl3

3.65

Dibromomethane

CCl4

4.9

1,2-Dibromopropane

CCl4

1.8

3.5

3.8

4.2

1

Dibutylamine

CCl4

0.5

0.9

1.4

2.5

1

Dibutyl ether

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.3

Dibutyl sebacate

CCl4

1.0

1.5

2.2

4.0

1

o-Dichlorobenzene

CCl4

7.2

m-Dichlorobenzene

CCl4

7.2

7.4

1

1,1-Dichloroethane

CDCl3

2.06

5.90

2

γ-Butyrolactone

2

2.68

2 1 1

7.1

1 1 1 2

4.0

6.3

1 1

3.2

7.8

1 1 2

1.7

3.9

1 1

3.8

1 1

1 1 3.5

1

5.9

1

2 4.2

1 1

1 1 2 1.23

1.54

1.67

2 1

2.6

3.7

1 2 1

1 1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

8-152 Compound

Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

1,2-Dichloroethane

CCl4

3.7

1

1,1-Dichloroethene

CCl4

5.5

1

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

CDCl3

6.28

2

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

(CH3)4Si

6.24

2

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)

CCl4

5.3

1

(Dichloromethyl)benzene (Benzal chloride)

CCl4

6.6

7.4

1,2-Dichloropropane

CDCl3

1.61

3.59

3.74

2,4-Dichlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.0

7.3

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.0

1

Diethanolamine

D2O

2.7

3.7

1

1,1-Diethoxyethane (Acetal)

CDCl3

1.2

1.3

3.5

1,2-Diethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol diethyl ether)

CDCl3

1.22

3.54

3.58

Diethylamine

CCl4

0.9

1.0

2.6

Diethyl carbonate

CDCl3

1.3

4.2

1

Diethylene glycol

CDCl3

3.7

4.2

1

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme)

CDCl3

3.3

3.5

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol)

CCl4

1.2

3.1

3.5

3.6

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

CDCl3

1.22

2.08

3.54

3.71

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

CDCl3

3.3

3.4

3.6

Diethyl ether

CDCl3

1.21

3.47

Diethyl sulfide

CCl4

1.2

2.5

Diisopropylamine

CCl4

0.7

1.0

Diisopropyl ether

CCl4

1.0

3.5

1

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene (Veratrole)

CCl4

3.7

6.8

1

1,2-Dimethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)

CCl4

3.3

3.4

1

Dimethoxymethane (Methylal)

CCl4

3.2

4.4

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

CDCl3

2.1

2.9

3.0

2,4-Dimethylaniline (2,4-Xylidine)

CCl4

2.0

2.2

3.4

6.4

6.7

1

2,2-Dimethylbutane (Neohexane)

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.1

1.3

1

2,3-Dimethylbutane

CCl4

0.9

1.5

Dimethyl disulfide

1 4.14

2 1

3.7

4.7

2 1 1

1 1 4.23

2 1 2 1

2.9

1

1 1

1

2.45

3

N,N-Dimethylformamide

CDCl3

2.9

3.0

8.0

1

Dimethyl glutarate

CDCl3

2.0

2.4

3.7

1

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone (Isovalerone)

CCl4

0.9

2.1

1

2,5-Dimethylhexane

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1

Dimethyl maleate

CCl4

3.7

6.2

2,2-Dimethylpentane

CDCl3

0.9

0.9

1.2

1

2,4-Dimethylpentane

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.6

1

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone (Diisopropyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

2.6

2,4-Dimethylpyridine (2,4-Lutidine)

CDCl3

2.3

2.5

7.0

2,6-Dimethylpyridine (2,6-Lutidine)

CDCl3

2.51

6.93

7.42

Dimethyl sulfoxide

CDCl3

2.62

1,4-Dioxane

CDCl3

3.69

1,3-Dioxolane

CDCl3

3.88

4.90

Dipentyl ether (Amyl ether)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

Dipropylamine

CDCl3

1.5

2.6

1

Dodecane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1

1-Dodecene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

5.4

Epichlorohydrin

CCl4

2.6

2.8

3.2

3.5

3.6

1

1,2-Epoxybutane (Ethyloxirane)

CCl4

1.0

1.5

2.3

2.6

2.7

1

1,2-Ethanediamine

CCl4

1.2

2.6

1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)

D2O

3.7

1

1 7.0

8.4

1 2 2 2 2

3.4

1

1

1 1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Compound

8-153 Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate (Ethylene glycol diacetate)

CCl4

2.0

4.2

Ethanol

CDCl3

1.23

2.61

3.69

2

Ethanolamine

CDCl3

2.7

2.8

3.5

1

Ethoxybenzene (Phenetole)

CCl4

1.3

3.9

6.9

2-Ethoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve)

CDCl3

1.22

2.70

3.55

3.72

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate)

CCl4

1.2

2.0

3.4

3.5

4.1

Ethyl acetate

CDCl3

1.26

2.04

4.12

Ethyl acetoacetate

CDCl3

1.3

1.9

2.2

3.3

4.1

Ethyl acrylate (Ethyl propenoate)

CCl4

1.3

4.1

5.7

6.1

6.3

Ethylamine

D2O

1.1

2.6

Ethylbenzene

CDCl3

1.3

2.7

7.2

Ethyl benzoate

CCl4

1.3

4.3

7.4

8.0

Ethyl butanoate

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1.7

2.2

Ethyl cyanoacetate

CCl4

1.3

3.4

4.3

1

Ethylcyclohexane

CDCl3

0.9

1.9

1.4

1

Ethylene carbonate

CDCl3

4.5

Ethyl formate

CCl4

1.3

4.2

7.9

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

CDCl3

1.0

1.4

3.8

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

CDCl3

0.9

1.3

1.8

3.5

1

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

CDCl3

1.0

1.3

1.9

4.1

1

3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

CCl4

0.9

0.9

1.5

Fluorobenzene

CCl4

7.0

2-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.2

6.9

1

3-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

6.9

1

4-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.2

6.8

Furan

CDCl3

6.38

7.44

Furfural

CDCl3

6.6

7.3

7.7

9.7

Furfuryl alcohol

CDCl3

2.8

4.6

6.3

7.4

Glycerol

D2O

3.6

Glycerol triacetate (Triacetin)

CDCl3

2.1

4.2

4.3

Heptane

CDCl3

0.88

1.27

1.30

1-Heptanol

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3-Heptanol

CCl4

0.9

2-Heptanone (Methyl pentyl ketone)

CCl4

3-Heptanone (Ethyl butyl ketone)

CCl4

1-Heptene

1

1 2 1 2 4.9

1 1 1 1 1

4.1

1

1 1 1

1 1

7.0

1 2 1 1 1 5.2

1

3.4

3.5

1

1.4

2.3

3.4

1

0.9

1.3

2.0

2.3

1

1.0

1.4

2.3

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

Hexane

CDCl3

0.89

1.27

1.29

Hexanedinitrile (Adiponitrile)

CDCl3

1.8

2.5

Hexanenitrile

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.3

Hexanoic acid (Caproic acid)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.4

11.4

1-Hexanol

CDCl3

0.90

1.32

1.56

1.79

Hexyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.0

3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (Hydracrylonitrile)

CDCl3

2.6

3.4

3.9

Iodobenzene

CCl4

6.8

7.5

7.7

1-Iodobutane (Butyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

1.9

4.2

1

2-Iodobutane (sec-Butyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

1.9

4.2

1

Iodoethane (Ethyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.2

2.6

3.7

Iodomethane (Methyl iodide)

CDCl3

2.2

1-Iodopropane (Propyl iodide)

CCl4

1.0

1.8

3.2

2-Iodopropane (Isopropyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.9

4.3

Isobutanal (2-Methyl-1-propanal)

CCl4

1.1

2.4

9.6

Isobutyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.9

2.0

2

1 4.9

5.7

1 2 1 1 1

3.62

2 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 3.8

1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

8-154 Compound

Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

Isobutylbenzene

CCl4

0.9

1.9

2.4

7.1

Isobutyl formate

CDCl3

1.0

2.0

3.9

8.0

Isobutyl isobutanoate

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1.9

2.5

Isopentyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.0

4.0

1

Isophorone

CDCl3

1.04

1.95

2.19

5.88

2

Isopropyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

1.6

2.4

1

Isopropylbenzene (Cumene)

CDCl3

1.3

2.4

2.9

7.3

1

1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (p-Cymene)

CDCl3

1.2

2.3

2.9

7.1

1

Isoquinoline

CDCl3

8.5

9.3

d-Limonene (Citrene)

CCl4

1.4

1.7

1.9

4.6

Mesityl oxide

CDCl3

1.89

2.14

2.16

6.09

Methanol

CDCl3

3.43

3.66

2-Methoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)

CDCl3

2.5

3.4

3.5

3.7

2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate)

CDCl3

2.09

3.39

3.59

4.22

Methyl acetate

CCl4

2.0

3.7

2-Methylacrylonitrile

CDCl3

2.0

5.7

5.8

2-Methylaniline (o-Toluidine)

CCl4

2.0

3.2

6.7

3-Methylaniline (m-Toluidine)

CCl4

2.2

3.3

6.4

6.9

N-Methylaniline

CCl4

2.7

3.3

6.4

6.6

Methyl benzoate

CCl4

3.8

7.4

8.0

3-Methylbutanoic acid (Isovaleric acid)

CCl4

1.0

2.2

11.0

3-Methyl-1-butanol (Isopentyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.5

3.5

Methyl cyanoacetate

CDCl3

3.5

3.8

1

Methylcyclohexane

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1

cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.9

N-Methylformamide

CDCl3

2.82

7.4

8.16

Methyl formate

CDCl3

3.76

8.07

2-Methylheptane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

4-Methylheptane

CDCl3

0.8

0.9

1.4

2-Methylhexane

CDCl3

0.9

0.9

1.4

5-Methyl-2-hexanone (Methyl isopentyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

2.3

1

Methyl methacrylate (Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate)

CDCl3

2.0

3.8

5.6

6.1

1

2-Methyloctane

CCl4

0.9

1.0

1.3

2-Methylpentane

CCl4

0.8

0.9

1.5

3-Methylpentane

CCl4

0.8

1.5

2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (Hexylene glycol)

CCl4

1.1

1.2

1.3

4-Methylpentanenitrile

CCl4

1.0

1.6

2.3

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

CCl4

0.9

1.1

3-Methyl-3-pentanol

CCl4

0.9

4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone)

CDCl3

0.9

2-Methylpropanenitrile (Isobutyronitrile)

CDCl3

1.3

2.7

1

2-Methylpropanoic acid (Isobutyric acid)

CCl4

1.2

2.6

1

2-Methyl-1-propanol (Isobutyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.7

2-Methyl-2-propanol (tert-Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

1.3

1.4

2-Methylpyridine (2-Picoline)

CCl4

2.5

3-Methylpyridine (3-Picoline)

CCl4

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

1 1 3.8

1

1 5.3

1 2 2

3.5

3.7

1 2 1 1 1 1

7.1

1 1 1

4.1

1

3.9

1 2 2 1 1 1

1 1 1 1.4

1.6

4.2

1.3

1.8

3.5

3.7

1.1

1.4

1.8

2.1

2.3

4.7

4.9

1 1 1 1 1

3.3

4.0

1

6.9

7.4

8.4

1

2.3

7.0

7.4

8.4

1

CDCl3

2.1

2.4

2.8

3.4

1

Methyl salicylate

CCl4

3.9

6.7

6.9

7.3

2-Methylthiophene

CDCl3

2.5

6.7

6.9

7.0

Morpholine

CDCl3

2.59

2.86

3.67

2

Nitrobenzene

CCl4

7.52

7.65

8.19

2

Nitroethane

CDCl3

1.6

4.3

1

7.7

10.6

1 1

1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Compound

8-155 Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

Nitromethane

CCl4

4.2

1-Nitropropane

CDCl3

1.0

2.1

1.55

4.70

3 1

2-Nitropropane

1 4.4

1

Nonane

CDCl3

0.9

1.3

Octane

CDCl3

0.88

1.26

1-Octanol

CDCl3

0.88

1.29

1.5

2.40

2-Octanone (Hexyl methyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.1

2.4

1-Octene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.1

4.8

Pentane

CDCl3

0.88

1.26

1.30

1,5-Pentanediol (Pentamethylene glycol)

D2O

1.5

3.6

2,4-Pentanedione (Acetylacetone)

CCl4

2.0

2.2

3.5

Pentanenitrile (Valeronitrile)

CCl4

1.0

1.6

2.3

Pentanoic acid (Valeric acid)

CCl4

0.9

1.5

2.3

11.7

1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.5

4.4

2-Pentanol (sec-Amyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.9

1.2

1.3

2.2

3-Pentanol (Diethyl carbinol)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.3

3.4

1

2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.6

2.0

2.3

1

3-Pentanone (Diethyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

2.4

Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.0

Pentylamine (Amylamine)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.7

α-Pinene

1 3.60

2 1

4.9

5.7

1 2 1

5.4

14.7

1 1 1 1

3.7

1

1

CDCl3

0.84

1.16

1.27

Piperidine

CDCl3

1.53

2.18

2.79

Propanal

CDCl3

1.1

2.4

9.8

1,2-Propanediol (1,2-Propylene glycol)

CDCl3

1.1

3.4

3.9

1 1

1.66

1.93

2.19

2.33

5.19

2 2 1

4.3

1

1,3-Propanediol (Trimethylene glycol)

D2O

1.8

3.7

Propanenitrile

CCl4

1.3

2.3

Propanoic acid

CDCl3

1.1

2.4

Propanoic anhydride

CCl4

1.2

2.4

1-Propanol (Propyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.9

1.6

2.3

2-Propanol (Isopropyl alcohol)

CDCl3

1.2

1.6

4.0

Propargyl alcohol (3-Hydroxy-1-propyne)

CDCl3

2.5

2.8

4.3

Propyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.6

2.0

4.0

1

Propylamine

CCl4

0.9

1.5

2.1

2.7

1

Propylbenzene

CDCl3

0.9

1.6

2.6

Propyl formate

CCl4

1.0

1.7

4.1

7.9

1

Pyridine

CDCl3

7.23

7.62

8.59

2

Pyrrole

CDCl3

6.2

6.7

8.0

1

Pyrrolidine

C6H6

1.5

2.4

2.7

1

2-Pyrrolidone

CDCl3

2.2

3.4

7.7

1

Quinoline

CCl4

7.1

7.8

8.8

Salicylaldehyde (2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde)

CDCl3

7.0

7.4

9.8

11.0

1

Styrene

CCl4

5.1

5.6

6.6

7.2

1

Sulfolane

CDCl3

2.2

3.0

CDCl3

1.02

1.77

2.09

2.28

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

CDCl3

4.29

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

CDCl3

5.91

Tetraethylene glycol

CCl4

3.5

3.6

Tetrahydrofuran

CDCl3

1.84

3.73

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

CDCl3

1.8

2.8

Tetrahydropyran

CCl4

1.6

3.6

1

Tetrahydrothiophene

CDCl3

1.9

2.8

1

Tetramethylsilane

CCl4

0.0

α-Terpinene

1 1 10.5

1 1 3.6

1 1 1

1

1

1 5.59

5.62

2 2 2 1 2

7.1

1

1

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

8-156 Compound

Solvent

HNMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

Tetramethylurea

CCl4

2.8

Thiophene

CDCl3

7.1

7.3

1

Toluene

CDCl3

2.34

7.18

2

Tribromomethane (Bromoform)

CCl4

6.8

Tributylamine

CCl4

0.9

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

CCl4

2.7

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

CDCl3

4.0

Trichloroethene

CCl4

6.5

1

Trichloroethylsilane

CCl4

1.3

1

Trichloromethane (Chloroform)

CCl4

7.2

1

(Trichloromethyl)benzene (Benzotrichloride)

CCl4

7.3

7.8

Tridecane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1

Triethanolamine

D2O

2.7

3.6

1

Triethylamine

CCl4

1.0

2.4

1

Triethylene glycol

CDCl3

3.5

3.7

1

Triethyl phosphate

CDCl3

1.4

4.1

1

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

CDCl3

3.4

3.9

1

(Trifluoromethyl)benzene (Benzotrifluoride)

CCl4

7.5

Trimethylamine

CCl4

2.12

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Hemimellitene)

CDCl3

2.2

2.3

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Pseudocumene)

CCl4

2.2

6.8

1

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Mesitylene)

CDCl3

2.3

6.8

1

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane (Triptane)

CCl4

0.8

1.3

1

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1

2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

CCl4

0.8

0.8

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

CCl4

0.8

1.9

Trimethyl phosphate

CDCl3

3.78

2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-Collidine)

CCl4

2.2

2.4

6.6

1-Undecene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

4.8

Vinyl acetate

CDCl3

2.1

4.6

4.9

7.3

o-Xylene

CDCl3

2.22

7.07

m-Xylene

CDCl3

2.28

6.95

p-Xylene

CDCl3

2.30

7.05

1

1 1.3

2.3

1 1

5.8

1

1

1 2 7.0

1

1.4

1 1 2 1 4.9

5.6

1 1 2

7.11

2 2

BOND LENGTHS IN CRYSTALLINE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The following table gives average interatomic distances for bonds between the elements H, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, Cl, As, Se, Br, Te, and I as determined from X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements on organic crystals. The table has been derived from an analysis of high-precision structure data on about 10,000 crystals contained in the 1985 version of the Cambridge Structural Database, which is maintained by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center. The explanation of the columns is: Column 1:

Column 2:

Column 3:

Bond As(3)–As(3) As–B As–BR As(4)–C

As(3)–C As(3)–Cl As(6)–F As(3)–I As(3)–N(3) As(4)=N(2) As(4)–O As(3)–O As(4)=O As(3)=P(3) As(3)–P(3) As(3)–S As(4)=S As(3)–Se(2) As(3)–Si(4) As(3)–Te(2) B(n)–B(n) B(4)–B(4) B(4)–B(3) B(3)–B(3) B(6)–BR B(4)–BR B(n)–C

B(n)–C B(n)–Cl

Specification of elements in the bond, with coordination number given in parentheses, and bond type (single, double, etc.). For carbon, the hybridization state is given. Substructure in which the bond is found. The target bond is set in boldface. Where X is not specified, it denotes any element type. C# indicates any sp3 carbon atom, and C* denotes an sp3 carbon whose bonds, in addition to those specified in the linear formulation, are to C and H atoms only. d is the unweighted mean in Å units of all the values for that bond length found in the sample.

Substructure X2–As–As–X2 see CUDLOC (2.065), CUDLUI (2.041) see CODDEE, CODDII (2.346–3.203) X3–As–CH3 (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Csp3 As–Car in Ph4As+ (X)2(C,O,S=)As–Car X2–As–Csp3 X2–As–Car X2–As–Cl in AsF6– see OPIMAS (2.579, 2.590) X2–As–N–X2 see TPASSN (1.837) (X)2(O=)As–OH see ASAZOC, PHASOC01 (1.787–1.845) X3–As=O see BELNIP (2.350, 2.362) see BUTHAZ10 (2.124) X2–As–S X3–As=S see COSDIX, ESEARS (2.355–2.401) see BICGEZ, MESIAD (2.351–2.365) see ETEARS (2.571, 2.576) n = 5–7 in boron cages see CETTAW (2.041) see COFVOI (1.698) X2–B–B–X2 n = 5–7: B–C in cages n = 3–4: B–Csp3 not cages n = 4: B–Car n = 4: B–Car in Ph4B– n = 3: B–Car B(5)–Cl and B(3)–Cl

Column 4: Column 5: Column 6: Column 7: Column 8: Column 9:

m is the median in Å units of all values. σ is the standard deviation in the sample. q1 is the lower quartile for the sample (i.e., 25% of values are less than q1 and 75% exceed it). qu is the upper quartile for the sample. n is number of observations in the sample. Notes refer to the footnotes in Appendix 1.

References to special cases are given in a shorthand form and listed in Appendix 2. Further information on the method of analysis of the data may be found in the reference cited below. The table is reprinted with permission of the authors, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and the International Union of Crystallography.

Reference Frank H. Allen, Olga Kennard, David G. Watson, Lee Brammer, A. Guy Orpen, and Robin Taylor, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, S1–S19, 1987.

d 2.459

m 2.457

σ 0.011

q1 2.456

qu 2.466

n 8

1.903 1.927 1.905 1.922 1.963 1.956 2.268 1.678

1.907 1.929 1.909 1.927 1.965 1.956 2.256 1.676

0.016 0.017 0.012 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.039 0.020

1.893 1.921 1.897 1.908 1.948 1.944 2.247 1.659

1.916 1.937 1.912 1.934 1.978 1.964 2.281 1.695

12 16 108 36 6 41 10 36

1.858

1.858

0.029

1.839

1.873

19

1.710

1.712

0.017

1.695

1.726

6

1.661

1.661

0.016

1.652

1.667

9

2.275 2.083

2.266 2.082

0.032 0.004

2.247 2.080

2.298 2.086

14 9

1.775

1.773

0.031

1.763

1.786

688

1.701 1.967 2.017 1.716 1.597 1.606 1.643 1.556 1.751

1.700 1.971 2.008 1.717 1.599 1.607 1.643 1.552 1.751

0.014 0.014 0.031 0.020 0.022 0.012 0.006 0.015 0.011

1.691 1.954 1.990 1.707 1.585 1.596 1.641 1.546 1.743

1.712 1.979 2.044 1.728 1.611 1.615 1.645 1.566 1.761

8 7 15 96 29 41 16 24 14

Note

† †

† † †

† † 1

9-1

Section 09 book.indb 1

5/3/05 12:08:14 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-2 Bond B(4)–F B(4)–I B(4)–N(3) B(3)–N(3)

B(4)–O B(3)–O(2) B(n)–P B(4)–S B(3)–S Br–Br Br–C

– Br(2)–Cl Br–I Br–N Br–O Br–P Br–S(2) Br–S(3) Br–S(3)+ Br–SE Br–Si Br–Te

Csp3–Csp3

Section 09 book.indb 2

Substructure B(4)–Cl B–F (B neutral) B––F in BF4– see TMPBTI (2.220, 2.253) X3–B–N(=C)(X) in pyrazaboles X2–B–N–C2: all coplanar for τ(BN) > 30º see BOGSUL, BUSHAY, CILRUK (1.434–1.530) S2–B–N–X2 B––O in BO–4 for neutral B–O see Note 3 X2–B–O–X n = 4: B–P n = 3: see BUPSIB10 (1.892, 1.893) B(4)–S(3) B(4)–S(2) N–B–S2 (=X–)(N–)B–S see BEPZEB, TPASTB Br–C* Br–Csp3 (cyclopropane) Br–Csp2 Br–Car (mono-Br + m.p-Br2) Br–Car (o-Br2) see TEACBR (2.362–2.402) see DTHIBR10 (2.646), TPHOSI (2.695) see NBBZAM (1.843) see CIYFOF see CISTED (2.366) see BEMLIO (2.206) see CIWYIQ (2.435, 2.453) see THINBR (2.321) see CIFZUM (2.508, 2.619) see BIZJAV (2.284) In Br6Te2– see CUGBAH (2.692–2.716) Br–Te(4) see BETUTE10 (3.079, 3.015) Br–Te(3) see BTUPTE (2.835) C#–CH2–CH3 (C#)2–CH–CH3 (C#)3–C–CH3 C#–CH2–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH2–C# (C#)3–C–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–C–(C#)3 C*–C* (overall) in cyclopropane (any subst.) in cyclobutane (any subst.) in cyclopentane (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexane (C,H-subst.) cyclopropyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclobutyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclopentyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclohexyl-C* (exocyclic) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) in oxirane (epoxide) in aziridine

d 1.833 1.366 1.365

m 1.833 1.368 1.372

σ 0.013 0.017 0.029

q1 1.821 1.356 1.352

qu 1.843 1.375 1.390

n 22 25 84

1.611 1.549 1.404

1.617 1.552 1.404

0.013 0.015 0.014

1.601 1.536 1.389

1.625 1.560 1.408

8 10 40

1.447 1.468

1.443 1.468

0.013 0.022

1.435 1.453

1.470 1.479

14 24

1.367 1.922

1.367 1.927

0.024 0.027

1.349 1.900

1.382 1.954

35 10

1.930 1.896 1.806 1.851 2.542 1.966 1.910 1.883 1.899 1.875

1.927 1.896 1.806 1.854 2.548 1.967 1.910 1.881 1.899 1.872

0.009 0.004 0.010 0.013 0.015 0.029 0.010 0.015 0.012 0.011

1.925 1.893 1.799 1.842 2.526 1.951 1.900 1.874 1.892 1.864

1.934 1.899 1.816 1.859 2.551 1.983 1.914 1.894 1.906 1.884

10 6 28 10 4 100 8 31 119 8

1.581

1.581

0.007

1.574

1.587

4

Note

2

3

4 4 4 4 †

† † †

1.513 1.524 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.538 1.542 1.556 1.588 1.530 1.510 1.554 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.540 1.539 1.573 1.541 1.541 1.466 1.480

1.514 1.526 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.539 1.542 1.556 1.580 1.530 1.509 1.553 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.541 1.538 1.574 1.539 1.541 1.466 1.481

0.014 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.025 0.015 0.026 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.019 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.021

1.507 1.518 1.527 1.516 1.524 1.533 1.536 1.549 1.566 1.521 1.497 1.540 1.532 1.525 1.505 1.519 1.527 1.529 1.566 1.532 1.528 1.458 1.465

1.523 1.534 1.541 1.532 1.538 1.544 1.549 1.562 1.610 1.539 1.523 1.567 1.554 1.545 1.531 1.539 1.549 1.549 1.586 1.549 1.554 1.474 1.496

192 226 825 2459 1217 330 321 215 21 5777 888 679 1641 2814 366 376 956 2682 25 208 586 249 67

5,6 7 8

7 8

8

9 9

5/3/05 12:08:16 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Car

Csp3–Csp1

Csp2–Csp2

Section 09 book.indb 3

Substructure in oxetane in azetidine oxiranyl-C* (exocyclic) aziridinyl-C* (exocyclic) CH3–C=C C#–CH2–C=C (C#)2–CH–C=C (C#)3–C–C=C C*–C=C (overall) C*–C=C (endocyclic) in cyclopropene in cyclobutene in cyclopentene in cyclohexene in cyclopentadiene in cyclohexa-1,3-diene C*–C=C (exocyclic): cyclopropenyl-C* cyclobutenyl-C* cyclopentenyl-C* cyclohexenyl-C* C*CH=O in aldehydes (C*)2–C=O in ketones in cyclobutanone in cyclopentanone acyclic and 6 + rings C*–COOH in carboxylic acids C*–COO– in carboxylate anions C*–C(=O)(–OC*) in acyclic esters in β-lactones in γ-lactones in δ-lactones cyclopropyl (C)–C=O in ketones, acids and esters C*–C(=O)(–NH2) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)(–NHC*) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)[–N(C*)2] in acyclic amides CH3–Car C#–CH2–Car (C#)2–CH–Car (C#)3–C–Car C*–Car (overall) cyclopropyl (C)–Car C*–C≡C C#–C≡C C*–C≡N cyclopropyl (C)–C≡N C=C–C=C (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C=C–C=C C=C–C=C (endocyclic in TCNQ) C=C–C(=O)(–C*) (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C(=O)–C=C in benzoquinone (C,H-subst. only) in benzoquinone (any subst.)

9-3 d 1.541 1.548 1.509 1.512 1.503 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

m 1.541 1.543 1.507 1.512 1.504 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

σ 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.015

q1 1.527 1.536 1.497 1.496 1.497 1.494 1.501 1.511 1.499

qu 1.557 1.558 1.519 1.526 1.509 1.510 1.518 1.533 1.517

n 16 22 333 13 215 483 564 193 1456

Note

1.509 1.513 1.512 1.506 1.502 1.504

1.508 1.512 1.512 1.505 1.503 1.504

0.016 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.017

1.500 1.500 1.502 1.495 1.490 1.491

1.516 1.525 1.521 1.516 1.515 1.517

20 50 208 391 18 56

10 8

1.478 1.489 1.504 1.511 1.510

1.475 1.483 1.506 1.511 1.510

0.012 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.008

1.470 1.479 1.495 1.502 1.501

1.485 1.496 1.512 1.519 1.518

7 11 115 292 7

10 8

1.511 1.529 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.520

1.511 1.530 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.521

0.015 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.011

1.501 1.514 1.505 1.499 1.495 1.516

1.521 1.545 1.523 1.519 1.510 1.528

952 18 312 626 176 57

11

1.497 1.519 1.512 1.504 1.486 1.514 1.506 1.505 1.506 1.510 1.515 1.527 1.513 1.490 1.466 1.472 1.470 1.444

1.496 1.519 1.512 1.502 1.485 1.512 1.505 1.505 1.507 1.510 1.515 1.530 1.513 1.490 1.465 1.472 1.469 1.447

0.018 0.020 0.015 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.010

1.484 1.500 1.501 1.495 1.474 1.506 1.498 1.496 1.501 1.505 1.508 1.517 1.505 1.479 1.460 1.464 1.463 1.436

1.509 1.538 1.521 1.517 1.497 1.526 1.515 1.517 1.513 1.516 1.522 1.539 1.521 1.503 1.469 1.481 1.479 1.451

553 4 110 27 105 32 78 15 454 674 363 308 1813 90 21 88 106 38

12 13 12 12 7 14 14 14

1.455 1.478 1.460 1.443 1.432

1.455 1.476 1.460 1.445 1.433

0.011 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.012

1.447 1.470 1.450 1.431 1.424

1.463 1.479 1.470 1.454 1.441

30 8 38 29 280

16,18 17,18

1.464 1.484 1.465

1.462 1.486 1.462

0.018 0.017 0.018

1.453 1.475 1.453

1.476 1.497 1.478

211 14 226

16,18 17,18

1.478 1.478

1.476 1.478

0.011 0.031

1.469 1.464

1.488 1.498

28 172

9 9

5

7 15 15 7b 7

18 19

5/3/05 12:08:18 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-4 Bond

Csp2–Car Csp2–Car

Csp2–Csp1 Car–Car Car–Csp1 Csp1–Csp1 Csp2=Csp2

Section 09 book.indb 4

Substructure non-quinonoid C=C–COOH C=C–COOC* C=C–COO– HOOC–COOH HOOC–COO– – OOC–COO– formal Csp2–Csp2 single bond in selected non-fused heterocycles: in 1H-pyrrole (C3–C4) in furan (C3–C4) in thiophene (C3–C4) in pyrazole (C3–C4) in isoxazole (C3–C4) in furazan (C3–C4) in furoxan (C3–C4) C=C–Car (conjugated) (overall) cyclopropenyl (C=C)–Car Car–C(=O)–C* Car–C(=O)–Car Car–COOH Car–C(=O)(–OC*) Car–COO– Car–C(–O)–NH2 Car–C=N–C# (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) in indole (C3–C3a) C=C–C≡C C=C–C≡N in TCNQ in biphenyls (ortho subst. all H) (≥1 non-H ortho-subst.) Car–C≡C Car–C≡N C≡C–C=C C*–CH=CH2 (C*)2–C=CH2 C*–CH=CH–C* (cis) (trans) (overall) (C*)2–C=CH–C* (C*2–C=C–(C*)2 (C*,H)2–C=C–(C*,H)2 (overall) in cyclopropene (any subst.) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) C=C=C (allenes, any subst.) C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–Car (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C in cyclopenta-1,3-diene (any subst.) C=C in cyclohexa-1,3-diene (any subst.) in C=C–C=O (C,H subst., conjugated) (C,H subst., unconjugated)

d 1.456 1.475 1.488 1.502 1.538 1.549 1.564

m 1.455 1.476 1.489 1.499 1.537 1.552 1.559

σ 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.017 0.007 0.009 0.022

q1 1.447 1.461 1.478 1.488 1.535 1.546 1.554

qu 1.464 1.488 1.497 1.510 1.541 1.553 1.568

n 28 22 113 11 9 13 9

Note

1.412 1.423 1.424 1.410 1.425 1.428 1.417

1.410 1.423 1.425 1.412 1.425 1.427 1.417

0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.007 0.006

1.401 1.412 1.415 1.400 1.413 1.422 1.412

1.427 1.433 1.433 1.418 1.438 1.435 1.422

29 62 40 20 9 6 14

1.470 1.488 1.483 1.447 1.488 1.480 1.484 1.487 1.504 1.500

1.470 1.490 1.483 1.448 1.489 1.481 1.485 1.487 1.509 1.503

0.015 0.012 0.015 0.006 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.014 0.020

1.463 1.480 1.472 1.441 1.478 1.468 1.474 1.480 1.495 1.498

1.480 1.496 1.494 1.452 1.500 1.494 1.491 1.494 1.512 1.510

37 87 124 8 84 58 75 218 26 19

16,18 17,18

1.476 1.491 1.485 1.434 1.431 1.427 1.487 1.490 1.434 1.443 1.377 1.299 1.321

1.478 1.490 1.487 1.434 1.427 1.427 1.488 1.491 1.436 1.444 1.378 1.300 1.321

0.014 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.027 0.013

1.466 1.485 1.481 1.428 1.425 1.420 1.484 1.486 1.430 1.436 1.374 1.280 1.313

1.486 1.496 1.493 1.439 1.441 1.433 1.493 1.495 1.437 1.448 1.384 1.311 1.328

27 48 75 40 11 280 30 212 37 31 21 42 77

16 17

1.317 1.312 1.316 1.326 1.331 1.322 1.294 1.335 1.323 1.326 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.339 1.341 1.332

1.318 1.311 1.317 1.328 1.330 1.323 1.288 1.335 1.324 1.325 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.340 1.341 1.332

0.013 0.011 0.015 0.011 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.017 0.013

1.310 1.304 1.309 1.319 1.326 1.315 1.284 1.324 1.314 1.318 1.303 1.322 1.337 1.334 1.328 1.323

1.323 1.320 1.323 1.334 1.334 1.331 1.302 1.347 1.331 1.334 1.310 1.338 1.350 1.346 1.356 1.341

106 19 127 168 89 493 10 25 104 196 18 76 58 124 18 56

1.340 1.331

1.340 1.330

0.013 0.008

1.332 1.326

1.348 1.339

211 14

10

7b 19

5 10 8

16 16 16

16,18 17,18

5/3/05 12:08:20 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Car  Car

Car  Car

Csp1≡Csp1

Csp3–Cl

Section 09 book.indb 5

Substructure (C,H subst., overall) in cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones in p-benzoquinones (C*,H subst.) (any subst.) in TCNQ (endocyclic) (exocyclic) C=C–OH in enol tautomers in heterocycles (any subst.): 1H-pyrrole (C2–C3, C4–C5) furan (C2–C3, C4–C5) thiophene (C2–C3, C4–C5) pyrazole (C4–C5) imidazole (C4–C5) isoxazole (C4–C5) indole (C2–C3) in phenyl rings with C*, H subst. only H–C  C–H C*–C  C–H C*–C  C–C* C  C (overall) F–C  C–F Cl–C  C–Cl in naphthalene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C8a C4a–C8a in anthracene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C9a C4a–C9a C9–C9a in pyridine (C,H subst.) (any subst.) in pyridinium cation (N+ –H; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 (N+ –X; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 in pyrazine (H subst. on C) (any subst. on C) in pyrimidine (C,H subst. on C) X–C≡C–X C,H–C≡C–C,H in C≡C–C(sp2,ar) in C≡C–C≡C in CH≡C–C# Omitting 1,2-dichlorides: C–CH2–Cl C2–CH–Cl C3–C–Cl X–CH2–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–CH–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X3–C–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–Cl2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–Cl3 (X = C,H,N,O)

9-5 d 1.340 1.329

m 1.339 1.327

σ 0.013 0.011

q1 1.332 1.321

qu 1.348 1.335

n 226 28

Note

1.333 1.349

1.337 1.339

0.011 0.030

1.325 1.330

1.338 1.364

14 86

1.352 1.392 1.362

1.353 1.391 1.360

0.010 0.017 0.020

1.345 1.379 1.349

1.358 1.405 1.370

142 139 54

1.375 1.341 1.362 1.369 1.360 1.341 1.364

1.377 1.342 1.359 1.372 1.361 1.336 1.363

0.018 0.021 0.025 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.012

1.361 1.329 1.346 1.362 1.352 1.331 1.355

1.388 1.351 1.377 1.383 1.367 1.355 1.371

58 125 60 20 44 9 40

1.380 1.387 1.397 1.384 1.372 1.388

1.381 1.388 1.397 1.384 1.374 1.389

0.013 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014

1.372 1.382 1.392 1.375 1.366 1.380

1.388 1.393 1.403 1.391 1.380 1.398

2191 891 182 3264 84 152

1.364 1.406 1.420 1.422

1.364 1.406 1.419 1.424

0.014 0.014 0.012 0.011

1.356 1.397 1.412 1.417

1.373 1.415 1.426 1.429

440 218 440 109

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.435 1.400 1.379 1.380

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.436 1.402 1.381 1.380

0.009 0.010 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015

1.350 1.401 1.426 1.429 1.395 1.371 1.371

1.360 1.416 1.434 1.440 1.406 1.387 1.389

56 34 56 34 68 276 537

1.373 1.379

1.375 1.380

0.012 0.011

1.368 1.371

1.380 1.388

30 30

1.373 1.383 1.379 1.405 1.387 1.183 1.181 1.189 1.192 1.174

1.372 1.385 1.377 1.405 1.389 1.183 1.181 1.193 1.192 1.174

0.019 0.019 0.010 0.024 0.018 0.014 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.011

1.362 1.372 1.370 1.388 1.379 1.174 1.173 1.181 1.187 1.167

1.382 1.394 1.388 1.420 1.400 1.193 1.192 1.195 1.197 1.180

151 151 10 60 28 119 104 38 42 42

15 15 15 15 15

1.790 1.803 1.849 1.790 1.805 1.843 1.779 1.768

1.790 1.802 1.856 1.791 1.803 1.838 1.776 1.765

0.007 0.003 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.011

1.783 1.800 1.837 1.783 1.800 1.835 1.769 1.761

1.795 1.807 1.858 1.797 1.812 1.858 1.790 1.776

13 8 5 37 26 7 18 33

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

19 19

4 4

20 20

5/3/05 12:08:22 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-6 Bond

Csp2–Cl

Car–Cl Csp1Cl Csp3–F

Csp2–F Car–F Csp3–H

Csp2–H Car–H Csp3–I Car–I Csp3–N(4)

Csp3–N(3)

Section 09 book.indb 6

Substructure Cl–CH(–C)–CH(–C)–Cl Cl–C(–C2)–C(–C2)–Cl cyclopropyl–Cl C=C–Cl (C,H,N,O subst. on C) C=C–Cl2 (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Cl–C=C–Cl Car–Cl (mono–Cl + m,p-Cl2) Car–Cl (o–Cl2) see HCLENE10 (1.634, 1.646) Omitting 1,2-difluorides C–CH2–F and C2–CH–F C3–C–F (C*,H)2–C–F2 C*–C–F3 F–C*–C*–F X3–C–F (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–F2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–F3 (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–C(–X)2–F (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–NO2 (X = any subst.) C=C–F (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Car–F (mono-F + m,p-F2) Car–F (o-F2) C–C–H3 (methyl) C2–C–H2 (primary) C3–C–H (secondary) C2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) X–C–H3 (methyl) X2–C–H2 (primary) X3–C–H (secondary) X2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) C–C=C–H Car–H C*–I Car–I C*–NH3+ (C*)2–NH2+ (C*)3–NH+ (C*)4–N+ C*–N+ (overall) C*–N+ in N-subst. pyridinium C*–NH2 (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)2–NH (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)3–N (Nsp3: pyramidal) C*–Nsp3 (overall) Csp3–Nsp3 in aziridine in azetidine in tetrahydropyrrole in piperidine Csp3–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides C*–NH–C=O β-lactams C*–N(–X)–C=O (endo) γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo) δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo)

d 1.793 1.762 1.755 1.734 1.720 1.713 1.739 1.720

m 1.793 1.760 1.756 1.729 1.716 1.711 1.741 1.720

σ 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.019 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.010

q1 1.786 1.757 1.749 1.719 1.708 1.705 1.734 1.713

qu 1.800 1.765 1.763 1.748 1.729 1.720 1.745 1.717

n 66 54 64 63 20 80 340 364

Note 4 4

1.399 1.428 1.349 1.336 1.371 1.386 1.351 1.322 1.373 1.320 1.340 1.363 1.340 1.059 1.092 1.099 1.093 1.066 1.092 1.099 1.094 1.077 1.083 2.162 2.095 1.488 1.494 1.502 1.510 1.499 1.485 1.469 1.469 1.469 1.469

1.399 1.431 1.347 1.334 1.374 1.389 1.349 1.323 1.374 1.319 1.340 1.362 1.340 1.061 1.095 1.097 1.095 1.074 1.095 1.099 1.096 1.079 1.083 2.159 2.095 1.488 1.493 1.502 1.509 1.498 1.484 1.470 1.467 1.468 1.468

0.017 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.033 0.013 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.013 0.004 0.012 0.028 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.016 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.389 1.421 1.342 1.330 1.362 1.373 1.342 1.314 1.362 1.312 1.334 1.357 1.336 1.039 1.088 1.095 1.089 1.049 1.088 1.095 1.091 1.074 1.080 2.149 2.089 1.482 1.484 1.491 1.496 1.488 1.477 1.462 1.461 1.460 1.460

1.408 1.435 1.356 1.344 1.375 1.408 1.356 1.332 1.377 1.327 1.346 1.368 1.344 1.083 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.087 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.085 1.087 2.179 2.104 1.495 1.503 1.512 1.523 1.510 1.490 1.474 1.477 1.476 1.476

25 11 58 12 26 70 58 309 30 18 34 38 167 83 100 14 118 160 230 117 348 14 218 15 51 298 249 509 319 1370 32 19 152 1042 1201

1.472 1.484 1.475 1.473

1.471 1.481 1.473 1.473

0.016 0.018 0.016 0.013

1.464 1.472 1.464 1.460

1.482 1.495 1.483 1.479

134 21 66 240

1.454 1.464

1.451 1.465

0.011 0.012

1.446 1.458

1.461 1.475

78 23

23 14 13

1.457 1.462 1.458

1.458 1.461 1.456

0.011 0.010 0.014

1.449 1.453 1.448

1.465 1.466 1.465

20 15 15

13 13 13

1.478 1.479 1.468

1.472 1.476 1.471

0.016 0.007 0.009

1.467 1.475 1.462

1.491 1.482 1.477

6 15 15

14 14 14

4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 4 4

22 5,22 5,22

5/3/05 12:08:24 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–N(2) Csp2–N(3)

Csp2–N(2) Car–N(4) Car–N(3)

Car–N(3)

Section 09 book.indb 7

Substructure nitro compounds (1,2-dinitro omitted): C–CH2–NO2 C2–CH–NO2 C3–C–NO2 C2–C–(NO2)2 1,2-dinitro: NO2–C*–C*–NO2 C#–N=N C*–N=C–Car C=C–NH2 Nsp2 planar C=C–NH–C# Nsp2 planar C=C–N–(C#)2 Nsp2 planar Nsp3 pyramidal Csp2–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides NH2–C=O C*–NH–C=O (C*)2–N–C=O β-lactams C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (C*)–N(–C*)–C=O peptides C#–N(–X)–C(–C#)(=O) ureas (NH2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O thioureas (X2N)2–C=S imides [C#–C(=O)]2–NH [C#–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–Csp2 guanidinium [C–(NH2)3]+ (unsubst.) (any subst.) in heterocyclic systems (any subst.) 1H-pyrrole (N1–C2, N1–C5) indole (N1–C2) pyrazole (N1–C5) imidazole (N1–C2) imidazole (N1–C5) in imidazole (N3–C4) Car–N+–(C,H)3 Car–NH2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–NH–C# (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–N–(C#)2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) in indole (N1–C7a) Car–NO2

9-7 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

Note

1.485 1.509 1.533 1.537 1.552 1.493 1.465 1.336 1.339

1.483 1.509 1.533 1.536 1.550 1.493 1.468 1.344 1.340

0.020 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.023 0.020 0.011 0.017 0.016

1.478 1.502 1.530 1.525 1.536 1.477 1.461 1.317 1.327

1.502 1.511 1.539 1.550 1.572 1.506 1.472 1.348 1.351

8 12 17 19 32 54 75 10 17

1.355 1.416

1.358 1.418

0.014 0.018

1.341 1.397

1.363 1.432

22 18

23 22 23

1.325 1.334 1.346 1.385

1.323 1.333 1.342 1.388

0.009 0.011 0.011 0.019

1.318 1.326 1.339 1.374

1.331 1.343 1.356 1.396

32 78 5 23

14 14 14 13

1.331 1.347

1.331 1.344

0.011 0.014

1.326 1.335

1.337 1.359

20 15

13 13

1.334 1.352 1.333

1.334 1.353 1.334

0.006 0.010 0.013

1.330 1.344 1.326

1.339 1.356 1.340

6 15 380

14 14 24

1.334 1.347 1.363 1.346

1.334 1.345 1.359 1.343

0.008 0.010 0.014 0.023

1.329 1.341 1.354 1.328

1.339 1.354 1.370 1.361

48 26 40 192

25,26 25 25,27

1.376 1.389 1.396 1.409 1.321 1.328

1.377 1.383 1.396 1.406 1.320 1.325

0.012 0.017 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015

1.369 1.376 1.389 1.391 1.314 1.317

1.383 1.404 1.403 1.419 1.327 1.333

64 38 46 28 39 140

1.372 1.370 1.357 1.349 1.370 1.376 1.465

1.374 1.370 1.359 1.349 1.370 1.377 1.466

0.016 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.010 0.011 0.007

1.363 1.364 1.347 1.338 1.365 1.369 1.461

1.384 1.377 1.365 1.358 1.377 1.384 1.470

58 40 20 44 44 44 23

1.355 1.394 1.375

1.360 1.396 1.377

0.020 0.011 0.025

1.340 1.385 1.363

1.372 1.403 1.394

33 25 98

23 22 28

1.353 1.419 1.380

1.353 1.423 1.364

0.007 0.017 0.032

1.347 1.412 1.353

1.359 1.432 1.412

16 8 31

23 22 28

1.371 1.426 1.390 1.372 1.468

1.370 1.425 1.385 1.372 1.469

0.016 0.011 0.030 0.007 0.014

1.363 1.421 1.366 1.367 1.460

1.382 1.431 1.420 1.376 1.476

41 22 69 40 556

23 22 28

23 23

5/3/05 12:08:26 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-8 Bond Car–N(2) Csp2=N(3) Csp2=N(2)

Car  N(3)

Car  N(2)

Csp1≡N(2) Csp1≡N(1)

Csp3–O(2)

Section 09 book.indb 8

Substructure Car–N=N in furoxan (+N2=C3) Car–C=N–C# (C,H)2–C=N–OH in oximes S–C=N–X in pyrazole (N2=C3) in imidazole (C2=N3) in isoxazole (N2=C3) in furazan (N2=C3, C4=N5) in furoxan (C4=N5) C  N+–H (pyrimidinium) C  N+–C* (pyrimidinium) C  N+–O– (pyrimidinium) C  N (pyridine) C  N (pyrazine) C  N  C (pyrimidine) N  C  N (pyrimidine) C  N (pyrimidine) (overall) in any 6-membered N-containing aromatic ring: H–C  N  C–H H–C  N  C–C* C*–C  N  C–C* C  N  C (overall) X–S–N≡C– (isothiocyanide) C*–C≡N C=C–C≡N in TCNQ Car–C≡N X–C≡N (S–C≡N)– in alcohols CH3–OH C–CH2–OH C2–CH–OH C3–C–OH C*–OH (overall) in dialkyl ethers CH3–O–C* C–CH2–O–C* C2–CH–O–C* C3–C–O–C* C*–O–C* (overall) in aryl alkyl ethers CH3–O–Car C–CH2–O–Car C2–CH–O–Car C3–C–O–Car C*–O–Car (overall) in alkyl esters of carboxylic acids CH3–O–C(=O)–C* C–CH2–O–C(=O)–C* C2–CH–O–C(=O)–C* C3–C–O–C(=O)–C* C*–O–C(=O)–C* (overall) in alkyl esters of α,β-unsaturated acids: C*–O–C(=O)–C=C (overall) in alkyl esters of benzoic acid C*–O–C(=O)–C(phenyl) (overall) in ring systems oxirane (epoxides) (any subst.) oxetane (any subst.) tetrahydrofuran (C,H subst.)

d 1.431 1.316 1.279 1.281 1.302 1.329 1.313 1.314 1.298 1.304 1.335 1.346 1.362 1.337 1.336 1.339 1.333 1.336

m 1.435 1.316 1.279 1.280 1.302 1.331 1.314 1.315 1.299 1.306 1.334 1.346 1.359 1.338 1.335 1.338 1.335 1.337

σ 0.020 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.021 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.013 0.014

q1 1.422 1.311 1.275 1.273 1.285 1.315 1.307 1.305 1.294 1.300 1.325 1.340 1.353 1.330 1.319 1.333 1.326 1.331

qu 1.442 1.324 1.285 1.288 1.319 1.339 1.319 1.320 1.303 1.308 1.342 1.352 1.369 1.344 1.347 1.342 1.337 1.339

n 26 14 75 67 36 20 44 9 12 14 30 64 56 269 120 28 28 56

1.334 1.339 1.345 1.336 1.144 1.136 1.144 1.138 1.144 1.155

1.334 1.341 1.345 1.337 1.147 1.137 1.144 1.138 1.141 1.156

0.014 0.013 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.012 0.012

1.327 1.336 1.342 1.329 1.140 1.131 1.139 1.133 1.138 1.147

1.341 1.345 1.348 1.344 1.148 1.142 1.149 1.143 1.151 1.165

146 38 24 204 6 140 284 31 10 14

1.413 1.426 1.432 1.440 1.432

1.414 1.426 1.431 1.440 1.431

0.018 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.013

1.395 1.420 1.425 1.432 1.424

1.425 1.431 1.439 1.449 1.441

17 75 266 106 464

1.416 1.426 1.429 1.452 1.426

1.418 1.424 1.430 1.450 1.425

0.016 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.019

1.405 1.418 1.420 1.445 1.414

1.426 1.435 1.437 1.458 1.437

110 34 53 39 236

1.424 1.431 1.447 1.470 1.429

1.424 1.430 1.446 1.469 1.427

0.012 0.013 0.020 0.018 0.018

1.417 1.422 1.435 1.456 1.419

1.431 1.438 1.466 1.483 1.436

616 188 58 55 917

1.448 1.452 1.460 1.477 1.450

1.449 1.453 1.460 1.475 1.451

0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.014

1.442 1.445 1.454 1.472 1.442

1.455 1.458 1.465 1.484 1.459

200 32 78 6 314

1.453

1.452

0.013

1.444

1.459

112

1.454

1.454

0.012

1.446

1.463

219

1.446 1.463 1.442

1.446 1.460 1.441

0.014 0.015 0.017

1.438 1.451 1.430

1.456 1.474 1.451

498 16 154

Note

19

29

5 29

12,29

9

5/3/05 12:08:28 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Csp3–O(2)

Csp2–O(2)

Section 09 book.indb 9

Substructure tetrahydropyran (C,H subst.) β-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) γ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) δ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) O–C–O system in gem-diols, and pyranose and furanose sugars: HO–C*–OH C5–O5–C1–O1H in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 C4–O4–C1–O1H in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 C5–O5–C1–O1–C* in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* C4–O4–C1–O1–C* in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* Miscellaneous: C#–O–SiX3 C*–O–SO2–C in enols: C=C–OH in enol esters: C=C–O–C* in acids: C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–C=C

9-9 d 1.441 1.492 1.464 1.461

m 1.442 1.494 1.464 1.464

σ 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.017

q1 1.431 1.481 1.455 1.452

qu 1.451 1.501 1.473 1.473

n 22 4 110 27

1.397

1.401

0.012

1.388

1.405

18

1.439 1.427 1.403

1.440 1.426 1.400

0.008 0.012 0.012

1.432 1.421 1.391

1.445 1.432 1.412

29 29 29

1.435 1.430 1.393

1.436 1.431 1.393

0.008 0.010 0.007

1.429 1.424 1.386

1.440 1.436 1.399

17 17 17

1.439 1.430 1.401

1.440 1.429 1.399

0.008 0.012 0.011

1.432 1.421 1.392

1.446 1.436 1.407

60 60 60

1.442 1.432 1.404

1.446 1.432 1.405

0.012 0.012 0.013

1.436 1.421 1.397

1.449 1.443 1.409

18 18 18

1.439 1.417 1.409 1.435

1.438 1.417 1.409 1.435

0.010 0.009 0.014 0.013

1.433 1.410 1.401 1.427

1.446 1.424 1.417 1.443

67 67 67 67

1.434 1.424 1.390 1.437

1.435 1.424 1.390 1.438

0.006 0.008 0.011 0.013

1.429 1.418 1.381 1.428

1.439 1.431 1.400 1.445

39 39 39 39

1.436 1.419 1.402 1.436

1.436 1.419 1.403 1.436

0.009 0.011 0.016 0.013

1.431 1.412 1.391 1.428

1.442 1.426 1.413 1.445

126 126 126 126

1.443 1.421 1.410 1.439

1.445 1.418 1.409 1.437

0.013 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.429 1.413 1.401 1.429

1.453 1.431 1.420 1.449

23 23 23 23

1.416 1.465 1.333 1.354

1.416 1.461 1.331 1.353

0.017 0.014 0.017 0.016

1.405 1.454 1.324 1.341

1.428 1.475 1.342 1.363

29 33 53 40

1.308 1.293 1.305

1.311 1.295 1.311

0.019 0.019 0.020

1.298 1.279 1.291

1.320 1.307 1.317

174 22 75

1.336 1.332 1.337 1.362 1.407

1.337 1.331 1.335 1.359 1.405

0.014 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.017

1.328 1.324 1.329 1.351 1.394

1.346 1.339 1.344 1.374 1.420

551 112 219 26 26

Note 16 12 12 30,31

12,29 12

5/3/05 12:08:30 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-10 Bond

Car–O(2) Car–O(2) Csp2=O(1)

Csp3–P(4)

Section 09 book.indb 10

Substructure C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in ring systems: furan (O1–C2, O1–C5) isoxazole (O1–C5) β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in phenols: Car–OH in aryl alkyl ethers: Car–O–C* in diaryl ethers: Car–O–Car in esters: Car–O–C(=O)–C* in aldehydes and ketones: C*–CH=O (C*)2–C=O (C#)2–C=O in cyclobutanones in cyclopentanones in cyclohexanones C=C–C=O (C=C)2–C=O Car–C=O (Car)2–C=O C=O in benzoquinones delocalized double bonds in carboxylate anions: H–C  O2– (formate) C*–C  O2– C=C–C  O2– Car–C  O2– HOOC–C  O2– (hydrogen oxalate) – O2  C–C  O2– (oxalate) in carboxylic acids (X–COOH) C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in amides: NH2–C(–C*)=O (C*–)(C*,H–)N–C(–C*)=O β-lactams: C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O in ureas: (NH)2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O C3–P+–C* C2–P(=O)–CH3

d 1.360 1.386

m 1.359 1.386

σ 0.011 0.011

q1 1.355 1.379

qu 1.367 1.393

n 40 70

Note 12

1.368 1.354 1.359 1.350 1.339 1.362 1.370 1.384 1.401

1.369 1.354 1.359 1.349 1.339 1.364 1.370 1.381 1.401

0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.016 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.010

1.359 1.345 1.348 1.342 1.332 1.353 1.363 1.375 1.394

1.377 1.360 1.371 1.359 1.347 1.373 1.377 1.391 1.408

125 9 4 110 27 551 920 132 40

1.192 1.210

1.192 1.210

0.005 0.008

1.188 1.206

1.197 1.215

7 474

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.233 1.221 1.230 1.222

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.229 1.218 1.226 1.220

0.007 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.015 0.013

1.194 1.203 1.207 1.216 1.226 1.212 1.220 1.211

1.204 1.212 1.216 1.229 1.242 1.229 1.238 1.231

12 155 312 225 28 85 66 86

1.242 1.254 1.250 1.255 1.243 1.251

1.243 1.253 1.248 1.253 1.247 1.251

0.012 0.010 0.017 0.010 0.015 0.007

1.234 1.247 1.238 1.249 1.232 1.248

1.252 1.261 1.261 1.262 1.256 1.254

24 114 52 22 26 18

1.214 1.229 1.226

1.214 1.226 1.223

0.019 0.017 0.020

1.203 1.218 1.211

1.224 1.237 1.241

175 22 75

1.196 1.199 1.202 1.190 1.187 1.187 1.193 1.201 1.205

1.196 1.198 1.201 1.190 1.188 1.187 1.193 1.202 1.207

0.010 0.009 0.009 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.006 0.009 0.008

1.190 1.193 1.196 1.184 1.181 1.184 1.187 1.196 1.201

1.202 1.203 1.207 1.198 1.195 1.193 1.198 1.206 1.209

551 113 218 26 40 70 4 109 27

12

1.234 1.231 1.198

1.233 1.231 1.200

0.012 0.012 0.012

1.225 1.224 1.193

1.243 1.238 1.204

32 378 23

14 14 13

1.235 1.225

1.235 1.226

0.008 0.011

1.232 1.217

1.240 1.233

20 15

13 13

1.240 1.233

1.241 1.233

0.003 0.007

1.237 1.229

1.243 1.239

6 15

14 14

1.256 1.241 1.230 1.800 1.791

1.256 1.237 1.230 1.802 1.790

0.007 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.006

1.249 1.235 1.224 1.790 1.786

1.261 1.245 1.234 1.812 1.795

24 13 20 35 10

25,26 25 25,27 33

13 12 12 29,32 12

5

12 12 13 12 12

5/3/05 12:08:32 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–P(3) Car–P(4)

Car–P(3) Csp3–S(4)

Csp3–S(3)

Csp3–S(2) Csp3–S(2)

Csp2–S(2)

Car–S(4)

Car–S(3) Car–S(2)

Csp1–S(2) Csp1–S(1) Csp2=S(1)

Csp3–Se Csp2–Se(2) Car–Se(3) Csp3–Si(5) Csp3–Si(4)

Car–Si(4)

Section 09 book.indb 11

Substructure C2–P(=O)–CH2–C C2–P(=O)–CH–C2 C2–P(=O)–C–C3 C2–P(=O)–C* (overall) C2–P–C* C3–P+–Car C2–P(=O)–Car Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 C2–P–Car (N)2P–Car(P  N aromatic) C*–SO2–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–SO2–C (overall) C*–SO2–O–X C*–SO2–N–X2 C*–S(=O)–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S(=O)–C (overall) CH3–S+–X2 C*–S+–X2 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S+–X2 (overall) C*–SH CH3–S–C* C–CH2–S–C* C2–CH–S–C* C3–C–S–C* C*–S–C* (overall) in thiirane in thiirane: see ZCMXSP (1.817, 1.844) in tetrahydrothiophene in tetrahydrothiopyran C–CH2–S–S–X C3–C–S–S–X C*–S–S–X (overall) C=C–S–C* C=C–S–C=C (in tetrathiafulvalene) C=C–S–C=C (in thiophene) O=C–S–C# Car–SO2–C Car–SO2–O–X Car–SO2–N–X2 Car–S(=O)–C Car–S+–X2 Car–S–C* Car–S–Car Car–S–Car (in phenothiazine) Car–S–S–X N≡C–S–X (N≡C–S)– (C*)2–C=S: see IPMUDS (1.599) (Car)2–C=S: see CELDOM (1.611) (X)2–C=S (X = C,N,O,S) X2N–C(=S)–S–X (X2N)2–C=S (thioureas) N–C(S)2 C#–Se C=C–Se–C=C (in tetraselenafulvalene) Ph3–Se+ C#–Si––X4 CH3–Si–X3 C*–Si–X3 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–Si–X3 (overall) Car–Si–X3

9-11 d 1.806 1.821 1.841 1.813 1.855 1.793 1.801 1.795 1.836 1.795 1.786 1.779 1.745 1.758 1.818 1.809 1.786 1.823 1.804 1.808 1.789 1.817 1.819 1.856 1.819 1.834

m 1.806 1.821 1.842 1.811 1.857 1.792 1.802 1.795 1.837 1.793 1.782 1.778 1.744 1.756 1.814 1.806 1.787 1.820 1.794 1.805 1.787 1.816 1.819 1.860 1.817 1.835

σ 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.017 0.019 0.011 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.009 0.018 0.024 0.025 0.007 0.016 0.025 0.010 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.019 0.025

q1 1.801 1.815 1.835 1.800 1.840 1.786 1.796 1.789 1.830 1.788 1.774 1.764 1.738 1.746 1.802 1.793 1.779 1.812 1.788 1.800 1.784 1.808 1.811 1.854 1.809 1.810

qu 1.813 1.828 1.847 1.822 1.870 1.800 1.807 1.800 1.844 1.803 1.797 1.790 1.754 1.773 1.829 1.820 1.792 1.834 1.820 1.819 1.794 1.824 1.825 1.863 1.827 1.858

n 45 15 14 84 23 276 98 197 102 43 75 94 7 17 69 88 21 18 41 6 9 92 32 26 242 4

1.827 1.823 1.823 1.863 1.833 1.751 1.741 1.712 1.762 1.763 1.752 1.758 1.790 1.778 1.773 1.768 1.764 1.777 1.679 1.630

1.826 1.821 1.820 1.865 1.828 1.755 1.741 1.712 1.759 1.764 1.750 1.759 1.790 1.779 1.774 1.767 1.764 1.777 1.683 1.630

0.018 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.012 0.026 0.014

1.811 1.812 1.813 1.848 1.818 1.740 1.733 1.703 1.747 1.756 1.749 1.749 1.783 1.771 1.765 1.762 1.760 1.767 1.645 1.619

1.837 1.832 1.832 1.878 1.848 1.764 1.750 1.722 1.778 1.769 1.756 1.765 1.798 1.787 1.779 1.774 1.769 1.785 1.698 1.641

20 24 41 11 59 61 88 60 20 96 27 106 41 10 44 158 48 47 10 14

1.671 1.660 1.681 1.720 1.970 1.893 1.930 1.874 1.857 1.888 1.863 1.868

1.675 1.660 1.684 1.721 1.967 1.895 1.929 1.876 1.857 1.887 1.861 1.868

0.024 0.016 0.020 0.012 0.032 0.013 0.006 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.024 0.014

1.656 1.648 1.669 1.709 1.948 1.882 1.924 1.859 1.848 1.872 1.850 1.857

1.689 1.674 1.693 1.731 1.998 1.902 1.936 1.884 1.869 1.905 1.875 1.878

245 38 96 20 21 32 13 9 552 124 681 178

Note

34 34

9

35

5/3/05 12:08:34 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-12 Bond Csp1–Si(4) Csp3–Te Car–Te Csp2=Te Cl–Cl Cl–I Cl–N Cl–O(1) Cl–P Cl–S

Cl–Se Cl–Si(4) Cl–Te

F–N(3) F–P(6) F–P(3) F–S

F–Si(6) F–Si(5) F–Si(4) F–Te H–N(4) H–N(3) H–O(2)

I–I I–N I–O I–P(3) I–S I–Te(4) N(4)–N(3) N(3)–N(3)

N(3)–N(2) N(2)  N(2)

Section 09 book.indb 12

Substructure C≡C–Si–X3 C#–Te Car–Te see CEDCUJ (2.044) see PHASCL (2.306, 2.227) see CMBIDZ (2.563), HXPASC (2.541, 2.513), METAMM (2.552), BQUINI (2.416, 2.718) see BECTAE (1.743–1.757), BOGPOC (1.705) in CIO–4 (N)2P–Cl (N  P aromatic) Cl–P (overall) Cl–S (overall) see also longer bonds in CILSAR (2.283), BIHXIZ (2.357), CANLUY (2.749)

d 1.837 2.158 2.116

m 1.840 2.159 2.115

σ 0.012 0.030 0.020

q1 1.824 2.128 2.104

qu 1.849 2.177 2.130

n 8 13 72

Note

1.414 1.997 2.008 2.072

1.419 1.994 2.001 2.079

0.026 0.015 0.035 0.023

1.403 1.989 1.986 2.047

1.431 2.004 2.028 2.091

252 46 111 6

Cl–Si–X3 (monochloro) Cl2–Si–X2 and Cl3–Si–X Cl–Te in range 2.34–2.60 see also longer bonds in BARRIV, BOJPUL, CETUTE, EPHTEA, OPNTEC10 (2.73–2.94) F–N–C2 and F2–N–C in hexafluorophosphate, PF–6 (N)2P–F(N  P aromatic) 43 observations in range 1.409–1.770 in a wide variety of environments; F–S(6) in F2–SO2–C2 (see FPSULF10, BETJOZ) F–S(4) in F2–S(=O)–N (see BUDTEZ) in SiF62 – F–Si––X4 F–Si–X3 see CUCPlZ (F–Te(6) = 1.942, 1.937), FPHTEL(F– Te(4) = 2.006)

2.072 2.020 2.520

2.075 2.012 2.515

0.009 0.015 0.034

2.066 2.007 2.493

2.078 2.036 2.537

5 5 22

1.406 1.579 1.495 1.640

1.404 1.587 1.497 1.646

0.016 0.025 0.016 0.011

1.395 1.563 1.481 1.626

1.416 1.598 1.510 1.649

9 72 10 6

1.527 1.694 1.636 1.588

1.528 1.701 1.639 1.587

0.004 0.013 0.035 0.014

1.524 1.677 1.602 1.581

1.530 1.703 1.657 1.599

24 6 10 24

37

X3–N+–H X3–N–H in alcohols C*–O–H C#–O–H in acids O=C–O–H in I–3 see BZPRIB, CMBIDZ, HMTITI, HMTNTI, IFORAM, IODMAM (2.042–2.475) X–I–O(see BZPRIB, CAJMAB, IBZDAC11) for IO–6 see BOVMEE (1.829–1.912) see CEHKAB (2.490–2.493) sec DTHIBR10 (2.687), ISUREA10 (2.629), BZTPPI (3.251) I–Te–X3 X3–N+–N0–X2 (N0 planar) (C)(C,H)–Na–Nb(C)(C,H) Na, Nb pyramidal Na pyramidal, Nb planar Na, Nb planar overall in pyrazole (N1–N2) in pyridaznium (Nl+N2) N  N (aromatic) in pyridazine with C,H as ortho substituents with N,Cl as ortho substituents

1.033 1.009 0.967 0.967 1.015 2.917

1.036 1.010 0.969 0.970 1.017 2.918

0.022 0.019 0.010 0.010 0.017 0.011

1.026 0.997 0.959 0.959 1.001 2.907

1.045 1.023 0.974 0.974 1.031 2.927

87 95 63 73 16 6

21 21 21 21 21,38

2.144

2.144

0.028

2.127

2.164

6

see BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CTCNSE (2.234–2.851)

36

† 2.926 1.414

2.928 1.414

0.026 0.005

2.902 1.412

2.944 1.418

8 13

1.454 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.350

1.452 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.349

0.021 0.015 0.018 0.027 0.019 0.010

1.444 1.407 1.384 1.407 1.350 1.345

1.457 1.433 1.418 1.443 1.375 1.361

44 68 40 139 20 7

1.304 1.368

1.300 1.373

0.019 0.011

1.287 1.362

1.326 1.375

6 9

5,39 40 40 40

5/3/05 12:08:36 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond N(2)=N(2)

N(2)=N(1) N(3)–O(2)

N(3)–O(1) N(2)–O(2)

N(3)=O(1)

N(3)–P(4)

N(3)–P(3)

N(2)=P(4) N(2)=P(3) N(2)  P(3)

N(3)–S(4)

N(3)–S(2)

N(2)–S(2) N(2)  S(2) N(2)=S(2) N(3)–SE N(2)–Se N(2)=Se

Section 09 book.indb 13

Substructure C#–N=N–C# cis trans (overall) Car–N=N–Car X–N=N=N (azides) X–N=N=N (azides) (C,H)2–N–OH (Nsp2: planar) C2–N–O–C (Nsp3: pyramidal) (Nsp2: planar) in furoxan (N2–O1) (C)2N+–O– in pyridine N-oxides in furoxan (+N2–O6–) in oximes (C#)2–C=N–OH (H)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (C#)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (Csp2)2–C=N–OH (C,H)2–C=N–OH (overall) in furazan (O1–N2, O1–N5) in furoxan (O1–N5) in isoxazole (O1–N2) in nitrate ions NO3– in nitro groups C*–NO2 C#–NO2 Car–NO2 C–NO2 (overall) X2–P(=X)–NX2 Nsp2: planar Nsp3: pyramidal (overall) subsets of this group are: O2–P(=S)–NX2 C–P(=S)–(NX2)2 O–P(=S)–(NX2)2 P(=O)–(NX2)3 –NX–P(–X)–NX–P(–X)–(P2N2 ring) –NX–P(=S)–NX–P(=S)–(P2N2 ring) in P-substituted phosphazenes: (N)2P–N (amino) (aziridinyl) Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 Ph3–P=N–C,S N  P aromatic in phosphazenes in P  N  S C–SO2–NH2 C–SO2–NH–C# C–SO2–N–C(#)2 C–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar (for Nsp3 pyramidal see MODIAZ: 1.765) X–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar C=N–S–X N  S aromatic in P  N  S N=S in N=S=N and N=S=S see COJCUZ (1.830), DSEMOR10 (1.846, 1.852), MORTRS10 (1.841) see SEBZQI (1.805), NAPSEZ10 (1.809, 1.820) see CISMUM (1.790, 1.791)

9-13 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.245 1.222 1.240 1.255 1.216 1.124 1.396

1.244 1.222 1.241 1.253 1.226 1.128 1.394

0.009 0.006 0.012 0.016 0.028 0.015 0.012

1.239 1.218 1.230 1.247 1.202 1.114 1.390

1.252 1.227 1.251 1.262 1.237 1.137 1.401

21 6 27 13 19 19 28

1.463 1.397 1.438 1.304 1.234

1.465 1.394 1.436 1.299 1.234

0.012 0.011 0.009 0.015 0.008

1.457 1.388 1.430 1.291 1.228

1.468 1.409 1.447 1.316 1.240

22 12 14 11 14

1.416 1.390 1.402 1.378 1.394 1.385 1.380 1.425 1.239

1.418 1.390 1.403 1.377 1.395 1.383 1.380 1.425 1.240

0.006 0.011 0.010 0.017 0.018 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.020

1.416 1.380 1.393 1.365 1.379 1.378 1.370 1.417 1.227

1.420 1.401 1.410 1.393 1.408 1.392 1.388 1.434 1.251

7 20 18 16 67 12 14 9 105

1.212 1.210 1.217 1.218

1.214 1.210 1.218 1.219

0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013

1.206 1.203 1.211 1.210

1.221 1.218 1.215 1.226

84 251 1116 1733

1.652 1.683 1.662

1.651 1.683 1.662

0.024 0.005 0.029

1.634 1.680 1.639

1.670 1.686 1.682

205 6 358

1.628 1.691 1.652 1.663 1.730 1.697

1.624 1.694 1.654 1.668 1.721 1.697

0.015 0.018 0.014 0.026 0.017 0.015

1.615 1.678 1.642 1.640 1.716 1.690

1.634 1.703 1.664 1.679 1.748 1.703

9 28 28 78 20 44

1.637 1.672 1.571 1.599

1.638 1.674 1.573 1.597

0.014 0.010 0.013 0.018

1.625 1.665 1.563 1.580

1.651 1.676 1.580 1.615

16 15 66 7

1.582 1.604 1.600 1.633 1.642 1.710

1.582 1.606 1.601 1.633 1.641 1.707

0.019 0.009 0.012 0.019 0.024 0.019

1.571 1.594 1.591 1.615 1.623 1.698

1.594 1.612 1.610 1.652 1.659 1.722

126 36 14 47 38 22

1.707 1.656 1.560 1.541

1.705 1.663 1.558 1.546

0.012 0.027 0.011 0.022

1.699 1.632 1.554 1.521

1.715 1.677 1.563 1.558

30 36 37 37

Note

35 35 35 23 23

5/3/05 12:08:38 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-14 Bond N(3)–Si(5) N(3)–Si(4)

N(2)–Si(4) N–Te O(2)–O(2)

O(2)–P(5)

O(2)–P(4)

O(2)–P(3) O(1)=P(4)

O(2)–S(4)

O(1)=S(4)

O(1)=S(3) O–Se O(2)–Si(5) O(2)–Si(4) O(2)–Si(4)

O(2)–Te(6) O(2)–Te(4) P(4)–P(4)

Section 09 book.indb 14

Substructure see DMESIP01, BOJLER, CASSAQ, CASYOK, CECXEN, CINTEY, CIPBUY, FMESIB, MNPSIL, PNPOSI (1.973–2.344) X3–Si–NX2 (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–NHX X3–Si–NX–Si–X3 acyclic N–Si–N in 4-membered rings N–Si–N in 5-membered rings X3–Si–N––Si–X3 see ACLTEP (2.402), BIBLAZ (1.980), CESSAU (2.023) C*–O–O–C*,H τ(OO) = 70–85º τ(OO) ca. 180º overall O=C–O–O–C=O see ACBZPO01 (1.446), CEYLUN (1.452), CIMHIP (1.454) Si–O–O–Si X–P–(OX)4 trigonal bipyramidal: axial equatorial square pyramidal C–O–P( O)32 – (H–O)2–P( O)2– (C–O)2–P( O)2– (C#–O)3–P=O (Car–O)3–P=O X–O–P(=O)–(C,N)2 (X–O)2–P(=O)–(C,N) (N)2P–O–C (N  P aromatic) C–O–P( O)32– (delocalized) (H–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)3–P=O C3–P=O N3–P=O (C)2(N)–P=O (C,N)2(O)–P=O (C,N)(O)2–P=O C–O–SO2–C C–O–SO2–CH3 C–O–SO2–Car C–SO2–C X–SO2–NX2 C–SO2–N–(C,H)2 C–SO2–O–C in SO42– C–S(=O)–C see BAPPAJ, BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CXMSEO, DGLYSE, SPSEBU (1.597 for O=Se to 1.974 for O–Se) (X–O)3–Si–(N)(C) X3–Si–O–X (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–O–C# X3–Si–O–Si–X3 X3–Si–O–O–Si–X3 (X–O)6–Te (X–O)2–Te–X2 X3–P–P–X3

d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.748

1.746

0.022

1.735

1.757

170

1.714 1.743 1.742 1.741 1.711

1.719 1.744 1.742 1.742 1.712

0.014 0.016 0.009 0.019 0.019

1.702 1.731 1.735 1.726 1.693

1.727 1.755 1.748 1.749 1.729

16 45 53 33 15

1.464 1.482 1.469

1.464 1.480 1.471

0.009 0.005 0.012

1.458 1.478 1.461

1.472 1.486 1.478

12 5 17

1.496

1.499

0.005

1.490

1.499

10

1.689 1.619 1.662 1.621 1.560 1.608 1.558 1.587 1.590 1.571 1.573 1.513 1.503 1.483 1.449 1.489 1.461 1.487 1.467 1.457 1.577 1.569 1.580 1.436 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.472 1.497

1.685 1.622 1.661 1.622 1.561 1.607 1.554 1.588 1.585 1.572 1.573 1.512 1.503 1.485 1.448 1.486 1.462 1.489 1.462 1.458 1.576 1.569 1.578 1.437 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.473 1.498

0.024 0.024 0.020 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.015 0.013 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.013

1.675 1.604 1.649 1.615 1.555 1.599 1.550 1.572 1.577 1.563 1.563 1.508 1.499 1.474 1.446 1.481 1.449 1.479 1.462 1.454 1.566 1.556 1.571 1.431 1.422 1.425 1.418 1.463 1.489

1.712 1.628 1.673 1.628 1.566 1.615 1.564 1.599 1.601 1.579 1.584 1.518 1.508 1.490 1.452 1.496 1.470 1.493 1.472 1.462 1.584 1.582 1.588 1.442 1.434 1.435 1.428 1.481 1.505

20 20 28 12 16 16 30 19 33 70 16 42 16 16 18 72 26 5 33 35 41 7 27 316 326 206 82 104 90

1.663 1.631

1.658 1.630

0.023 0.022

1.650 1.617

1.665 1.646

21 191

1.645 1.622 1.680 1.927 2.133 2.256

1.647 1.625 1.676 1.927 2.136 2.259

0.012 0.014 0.008 0.020 0.054 0.025

1.634 1.614 1.673 1.908 2.078 2.243

1.652 1.631 1.688 1.942 2.177 2.277

29 70 10 16 12 6

Note

41

42

5

5/3/05 12:08:40 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond P(4)–P(3) P(3)–P(3) P(4)=P(4) P(3)=P(3) P(4)=S(1)

P(4)=Se(1) P(3)–Si(4) P(4)=Te(1) S(2)–S(2)

S(2)–S(1) S–Se(4) S–Se(2) S(2)–Si(4) S(2)–Te Se(2)–Se(2) Se(2)–Te(2) Si(4)–Si(4) Te–Te

Substructure see CECHEX (2.197), COZPIQ (2.249) X2–P–P–X2 see BUTSUE (2.054) see BALXOB (2.034) C3–P=S (N,O)2(C)–P=S (N,O)3–P=S X3–P=Se X2–P–Si–X3: 3- and 4-rings excluded (see BOPFER, BOPFIV, CASTOF10, COZVIW: 2.201–2.317) see MOPHTE (2.356), TTEBPZ (2.327) C–S–S–C τ(SS) = 75–105º τ(SS) = 0–20º (overall) in polysulphide chain–S–S–S– X–N=S–S see BUWZUO (2.264, 2.269) X–Se–S (any) X3–Si–S–X X–S–Te (any) X=S–Te (any) X–Se–Se–X see BAWFUA, BAWGAH (2.524–2.561) X3–Si–Si–X3 3–membered rings excluded: see CIHRAM (2.511) see CAHJOK (2.751, 2.704)

Appendix 1. (Footnotes to Table) 1. Sample dominated by B–CH3. For longer bonds in B––CH3 see LITMEB10 [B(4)–CH3 = 1.621–1.644Å]. 2. p(π)–p(π) Bonding with Bsp2 and Nsp2 coplanar (τBN = 0 ± 15º) predominates. See G. Schmidt, R. Boese, and D. Bläser, Z. Naturforsch., 1982, 37b, 1230. 3. 84 observations range from 1.38 to 1.61 Å and individual values depend on substituents on B and O. For a discussion of borinic acid adducts see S. J. Rettig and J. Trotter, Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 2957. 4. See M. Kaftory in ‘The Chemistry of Functional Groups. Supplement D: The Chemistry of Halides, Pseudohalides, and Azides’, S. Patai and Z. Rappoport, Eds., Wiley: New York, 1983, Part 2, ch. 24. 5. Bonds which are endocyclic or exocyclic to any 3- or 4-membered rings have been omitted from all averages in this section. 6. The overall average given here is for Csp3–Csp3 bonds which carry only C or H substituents. The value cited reflects the relative abundance of each ‘substitution’ group. The ‘mean of means’ for the 9 subgroups is 1.538 (σ = 0.022) Å. 7. See F. H. Allen, (a) Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 81; (b) 1981, B37, 890. 8. See F. H. Allen, Acta Crystallogr., 1984, B40, 64. 9. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 2843. 10. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 645. 11. Cyclopropanones and cyclobutanones excluded. 12. See W. B. Schweizer and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1547. 13. See L. Norskov-Lauritsen, H.-B. Bürgi, P. Hoffmann, and H. R. Schmidt, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1985, 68, 76. 14. See P. Chakrabarti and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1555. 15. See J. L. Hencher in ‘The Chemistry of the C≡C Triple Bond,’ S. Patai, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1978, ch. 2. 16. Conjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 0 ± 20º (cis) or 180 ± 20º (trans). 17. Unconjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 20– 160º.

Section 09 book.indb 15

9-15 d

m

σ

q1

qu

2.214

2.210

0.022

2.200

2.224

41

1.954 1.922 1.913 2.093 2.264

1.952 1.924 1.914 2.099 2.260

0.005 0.014 0.014 0.019 0.019

1.950 1.913 1.906 2.075 2.249

1.957 1.927 1.921 2.108 2.283

13 26 50 12 22

2.031 2.070 2.048 2.051 1.897

2.029 2.068 2.045 2.050 1.896

0.015 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.012

2.021 2.057 2.028 2.037 1.887

2.038 2.077 2.068 2.065 1.908

46 28 99 126 5

2.193 2.145 2.405 2.682 2.340

2.195 2.138 2.406 2.686 2.340

0.015 0.020 0.022 0.035 0.024

2.174 2.130 2.383 2.673 2.315

2.207 2.158 2.424 2.694 2.361

9 19 10 28 15

2.359

2.359

0.012

2.349

2.366

42

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

n

Note

†

Other conjugative substituents excluded. TCNQ is tetracyanoquinodimethane. No difference detected between C2  C3 and C3  C4 bonds. Derived from neutron diffraction results only. Nsp3: pyramidal; mean valence angle at N is in range 108–114º. Nsp2: planar; mean valence angle at N is ≥ 117.5º. Cyclic and acyclic peptides. See R. H. Blessing, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 2776. See L. Lebioda, Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 271. n = 3 or 4, i.e. tri- or tetra-substituted ureas. Overall value also includes structures with mean valence angle at N in the range 115–118º. See F. H. Allen and A. J. Kirby, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 6197. See A. J. Kirby, ‘The Anomeric Effect and Related Stereoelectronic Effects at Oxygen,’ Springer, Berlin, 1983. See B. Fuchs, L. Schleifer, and E. Tartakovsky, Nouv. J. Chim., 1984, 8, 275. See S. C. Nyburg and C. H. Faerman, J. Mol. Struct., 1986, 140, 347. Sample dominated by P–CH3 and P–CH2–C. Sample dominated by C* = methyl. See A. Kalman, M. Czugler, and G. Argay, Acta Crystallogr., 1981, B37, 868. Bimodal distribution resolved into 22 ‘short’ bonds and 5 longer outliers. All 24 observations come from BUDTEZ. ‘Long’ O–H bonds in centrosymmetric O---H---O H–bonded dimers are excluded. N–N bond length also dependent on torsion angle about N–N bond and on nature of substituent C atoms; these effects are ignored here. N pyramidal has average angle at N in range 100–113.5º; N planar has average angle of ≥ 117.5º. See R. R. Holmes and J. A. Deiters, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3318. No detectable variation in S=O bond length with type of C-substituent.

5/3/05 12:08:41 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-16

Appendix 2

Short-form references to individual CSD entries cited by reference code in the Table. A full list of CSD bibliographic entries is given in SUP 56701. ACBZPO01 ACLTEP ASAZOC BALXOB BAPPAJ BARRIV BAWFUA BAWGAH BECTAE BELNIP BEMLIO BEPZEB BETJOZ BETUTE10 BIBLAZ BICGEZ BIHXIZ BIRGUE10 BIRHAL10 BIZJAV BOGPOC BOGSUL BOJLER BOJPUL BOPFER BOPFIV BOVMEE BQUINI BTUPTE BUDTEZ BUPSIB10 BUSHAY BUTHAZ10 BUTSUE BUWZUO BZPRIB BZTPPI CAHJOK CAJMAB CANLUY CASSAQ CASTOF10 CASYOK CECHEX CECXEN CEDCUJ CEHKAB CELDOM CESSAU CETTAW CETUTE CEYLUN CIFZUM CIHRAM CILRUK CILSAR CIMHIP CINTEY CIPBUY CISMUM CISTED

Section 09 book.indb 16

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6729. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 184, 417. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1979, 249, 120. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4587. Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 3071. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1981, 35, 443. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1345. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1353. J. Org. Chem., 1981, 46, 5048, 1981. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 299. Chem. Ber., 1982, 115, 1126. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1982, 11, 175. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1976, 30, 719. Zh. Strukt. Khim., 1981, 22, 118. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 486, 90. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 982. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 20. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1410. J. Organomet. Chem., 1982, 238, C1. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1402. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1230. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 493, 53. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1982, 36, 829. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 1048. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1979, 35, 1930. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1975, 29, 738. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 454. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1981, 474, 31. Z. Naturforsch., Teil. B, 1983, 38, 692. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 2582. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1983, 862. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1983, 37, 219. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1981, 36, 922. Inorg. Chem., 1978, 17, 894. Inorg. Chem., 1983, 22, 1809. Chem. Z, 1983, 107, 169. Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 4337. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 101. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 1879. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 107. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 508, 61. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 207. J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 5149. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 556. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 653. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 1089. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1975, 29, 763. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1983, 2744. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1984, 38, 289. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1984, 23, 302. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1023. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1021. Acta Crystallogr., C, 1984, 40, 1458. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1984, 274, 615. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 281. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 485. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 511, 95.

CIWYIQ CIYFOF CMBIDZ CODDEE CODDII COFVOI COJCUZ COSDIX COZPIQ COZVIW CTCNSE CUCPIZ CUDLOC CUDLUI CUGBAH CXMSEO DGLYSE DMESIP01 DSEMOR10 DTHIBR10 EPHTEA ESEARS ETEARS FMESIB FPHTEL FPSULF10 HCLENE10 HMTITI HMTNTI HXPASC IBZDAC11 IFORAM IODMAM IPMUDS ISUREA10 LITMEB10 MESIAD METAMM MNPSIL MODIAZ MOPHTE MORTRS10 NAPSEZ10 NBBZAM OPIMAS OPNTEC10 PHASCL PHASOC01 PNPOSI SEBZQI SPSEBU TEACBR THINBR TMPBTI TPASSN TPASTB TPHOSI TTEBPZ ZCMXSP

Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1946. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1790. J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 1447. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1027. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2686. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1344. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2063. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 515, 7. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5430. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7529. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1985, 41, 476. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 595. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1785. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 895. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. Inorg. Chem., 1971, 10, 697. Inorg. Chem., 1980, 19, 2487. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 197, 275. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 2306. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 3139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1505. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1974, 409, 237. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1975, 1381. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1979, 854. Monatsh. Chem., 1974, 105, 621. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1977, 33, 3209. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 2128. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1972, 28, 643. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6401. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1980, 35, 789. Acta Crystallogr., 1964, 17, 1336. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 4134. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1980, 17, 1217. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1980, 34, 333. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5070. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1977, 32, 1416. Aust. J. Chem., 1977, 30, 2417. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1982, 251. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1981, 37, 1357. Aust. J. Chem., 1975, 28, 15. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 5102. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 325. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1979, 33, 403. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1974, 3, 753. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 4002. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1116. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1977, 514. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1976, 5, 39. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 1064. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 256. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1977, 6, 93.

5/3/05 12:08:42 PM

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase This table gives information on the geometric structure of selected molecules in the gas phase, including the overall geometry, interatomic distances, and bond angles. The molecules have been chosen to provide data on a wide variety of chemical bonds and to illustrate the influence of molecular environment on bond distances and angles. The table is restricted to molecules with conventional covalent or ionic bonds, but it should be pointed out that structure data on many loosely bonded complexes of the van der Waals type have recently become available. The references below contain data on many molecules that are not included here and give additional information such as uncertainties and isotopic variations. The two techniques for gas phase structure determination are spectroscopy and electron diffraction. The following codes are used to indicate the method used for each set of data: ED – Gas phase electron diffraction MW – Microwave spectroscopy, including both measurements in bulk gases and molecular beams IR – Infrared spectroscopy R – Raman spectroscopy UV – Electronic spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible regions, including fluorescence measurements ESR – Electron spin resonance. In some cases data from two sources have been combined to derive the structure; these are labeled by “ED, MW,” for example. Because of the internal vibrations that are present in all molecules, even in their lowest energy state, the definition of interatomic distance is not a simple matter. The ideal measure is the equilibrium distance in the hypothetical non-vibrating state, designated by re. This is the value of the separation of the atoms at the minimum of the potential function that describes the forces between the two atoms. All other measures represent some form of average, generally complex, over the vibrational motions. Since the potential function is asymmetric and less steep at distances beyond the potential minimum, the average distance is normally greater than re. Distances determined by electron diffraction (ED) represent an average over all vibrational states that are populated at the temperature of the measurement; the most common measure is designated rg. Distances determined by spectroscopy (MW, IR, R, or UV) through measurements on the ground vibrational state of the molecule, designated by r0, describe some form of average, not easily defined, over the zeropoint vibrations. Another measure that is frequently used in microwave spectroscopy is the “substitution” distance rs, which is operationally defined through a series of measurements on different isotopic species. In simple cases, rs often lies between r0 and re and is therefore a closer approximation to re. Several other types of averages have been used; good discussions can be found in Volumes II/25 and II/28 of the Landolt-Börnstein series (Reference 1) and in References 4 and 5. Unless otherwise specified, distances and angles given in this table are r0 values if the method is spectroscopic and rg values if the method is electron diffraction. When given, equilibrium and substitution distances are designated by re and rs, respectively.



Many interatomic distances and angles calculated by ab initio techniques have been reported in the recent literature. However, it should be emphasized that all data in this table are obtained from direct experimental measurements. In a few cases, ab initio calculations of vibration-rotation interaction constants have been combined with the primary experimental measurements to derive re values in the table. The number of significant figures in the values is an indication of the precision of the measurement; thus a distance quoted to three decimal places is probably reliable to about 0.005 Å or better. However, discrepancies between re, r0, and rg values for the same bond are often the order of 0.01 Å because of vibrational averaging considerations, so care must be taken in comparing bond distances in different molecules. Some distances in simple molecules are given here to four or five decimal places, but little chemical significance can be attached to differences beyond the third decimal place. The table is presented in two parts: Part A covers molecules that do not contain carbon while Part B lists carbon-containing molecules. Because many of the entries in Part A are free radicals or other transient species whose systematic chemical names are unfamiliar, the listing in Part A is in order of chemical formula. Part B is ordered by name. In both parts the second column gives information on the overall configuration of the molecule, often indicated by the point group of the equilibrium geometry. Columns 3 through 8 give the values of the bond distances and angles, and the last column indicates the experimental method. Distances are given in Å units, where 1 Å = 10-10 m or 0.1 nm. Angles are given in degrees. The efforts of Kozo Kuchitsu in preparing an earlier version of this table and in giving advice on the new version are gratefully acknowledged.

References 1. Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. The following volumes are in the series Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules: II/7, 1976 II/15,1987 II/21, Supplement to II/7 and II/15, 1992 II/23, Supplement to II/7, II/15, and II/21, 1995 II/25A, Inorganic Molecules, 1998 II/25B, Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 1999 II/25C, Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms, 2000 II/25D, Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms, 2003 II/28A, Inorganic Molecules, 2006 II/28B, Molecules Containing One or Two Carbon Atoms, 2006 II/28C, Molecules Containing Three or Four Carbon Atoms, 2007 II/28D, Molecules Containing Five or More Carbon Atoms, 2007. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., “Molecular Structure of Gas-Phase Polyatomic Molecules Determined by Spectroscopic Methods”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 619, 1979. 3. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, London, 1979. 4. Hargittai, M., “Molecular Structure of Metal Halides,” Chem. Rev. 100, 2233-2301, 2000. 5. Harmony, M. D., and Berry, R. J., Struct. Chem. 1, 49, 1989.

9-19

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-20

Part 1 Molecules Not Containing Carbon Formula AgBr AgCl

Structure

AgF AgH AgI AgLi AgO AgOH AlBr AlBr3

AlCa

bent D3h

AlCl AlCl3

AlCo

D3h

AlF AlF3

AlH AlI AlI3

AlK

Ag—F (re) Ag—H (re) Ag—I (re)

1.9832 1.617 2.5446

MW UV MW UV

Ag—Li

2.41

Ag—O (re)

2.0030

Ag—O

2.016

Al—Br (re) Al—Br

2.295 2.221

UV ED

Al—Ca

3.148

UV

Al—Cl (re)

2.1301

MW

2.063

ED

0.952

∠HOAg

UV 108.3 (ass.)

MW

Al—Co

2.283

UV

2.339

UV

1.6544

MW

Al—F

1.633

ED

Al—H (re)

1.6482

UV

2.5371

MW

Al—I

2.461

ED

Al—I (re)

D3h

O—H

Al—Cu Al—F (re)

D3h

Method MW MW

2.3931 2.2808

Al—Cl

AlCu

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re)

Al—K

3.88

UV

Al—Mn

2.638

UV

AlNi

Al—Ni

2.321

UV

AlO

Al—O (re)

1.6176

UV

2.029

UV

AlMn

AlS

Al—S (re)

AlV

Al—V

2.620

UV

AlZn

Al—Zn

2.696

UV

Al—Al (re)

2.701

Al—Bra ∠BrbAlBrb

2.234 91.6

Al—Brb ∠BraAlBra

2.433 122

ED

Al—Cla ∠ClbAlClb As—Br As—Cl As—F As—Fa

2.061 90.0 2.324 2.165 1.710 1.711

Al—Clb ∠ClaAlCla ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF As—Fb

2.250 122 99.6 98.6 95.9 1.656

ED

As—H (re) As—H (re) As—I As—N (re) As—O (re) As—P (re) As—As (re) Au—H (re) Au—Au (re) B—Br (re) B—Br B—Cl (re) B—Cl (rs)

1.5232 1.511 2.557 1.6184 1.6236 1.99954 2.1026 1.5237 2.4719 1.888 1.893 1.7153 1.728

∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI

92.1 100.2

B—F

1.315

Al2

Al2Br6

Bra

Al

Al Brb

Bra

Al2Cl6 AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5

D2h

See Al2Br6 D2h C3v C3v C3v

Fa Fb D3h C3v C3v

D3h C2v

Fb

UV

Bra

ED ED, MW ED, MW ED

As Fa

AsH AsH3 AsI3 AsN AsO AsP As2 AuH Au2 BBr BBr3 BCl BClF2

Bra

Brb

Fb

∠FBF

118.1

UV MW, IR ED UV UV MW UV UV UV UV ED UV MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH BF3 BH BH2NH2

Structure D3h FaFbBOH planar Fa cis to OH D3h planar

BH3 BH3PH3

planar staggered form

BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2 B2H6

D3h linear

Ha

Hb B

Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3 BaBr BaBr2 BaCl BaF BaH BaI BaI2 BaO BaOH BaS BeCl2 BeF BeF2 BeH BeH2 BeO BeS BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiF3 BiH BiI BiI3 BiO BiP Bi2 BrCl BrF BrF3

Hb

C2

linear linear linear linear

C3v C3v C3v C3v

Fa

Br Fb

C2v

Ha B

Fa

9-21

B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—Fa (re) ∠FBF (θe) O—H (re) B—F B—H (re) B—N ∠HBH B—H B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S B—B (re) B—Ha ∠HaBHa

1.742 1.2626 1.189 1.3229 118.36 0.9574 1.313 1.2325 1.391 122.2 1.1900 1.937 103.6 101.3 2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091 1.590 1.19 122

B—O B—N ∠BNB Ba—Br (re) Ba—Br Ba—Cl (re) Ba—F (re) Ba—H (re) Ba—I (re) Ba—I Ba—O (re) Ba—O Ba—S (re) Be—Cl (re) Be—F (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—H(re)

1.376 1.435 121 2.8445 2.912 2.6828 2.163 2.2318 3.0848 3.150 1.9397 2.200 2.5074 1.791 1.3609 1.3730 1.3431 1.3264

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

B—F B—Fb (re) ∠FaBO (θe)

1.311 1.3129 122.25

∠FBF B—O (re) ∠BOH (θe)

118.3 1.3448 113.14

B—H ∠HNH

1.195 114.2

N—H

1.004

B—H ∠BPH

1.212 116.9

P—H ∠HBH

1.399 114.6

Method ED UV MW MW

ED, IR UV MW IR MW

B—Hb ∠HbBHb

1.33 97

B···B

1.77

ED UV EPR UV UV UV IR, ED

∠BOB B—H ∠NBN

120 1.26 118

∠OBO N—H

120 1.05

ED ED

∠BrBaBr

137.0

∠IBaI

137.6

O—H

0.927

Ha

Be—O (re) Be—S (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—F Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—I Bi—O (re) Bi—P (re) Bi—Bi (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re) Br—Fa Br—Fb

1.3308 1.7415 2.6095 2.577 2.4716 2.424 2.0516 1.987 1.805 2.8005 2.807 1.934 2.29345 2.6596 2.1361 1.7590 1.810 1.721

∠BrBiBr

98.6

∠ClBiCl

97.5

∠FBiF

96.1

∠IBiI

99.5

∠FaxBrFeq

85.1

UV ED UV UV UV UV ED MW UV MBE ED,IR UV IR UV IR

∠FaBrFb

86.2

UV UV MW ED MW ED MW ED UV MW ED UV IR UV MW MW MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-22 Formula BrF5

Structure C4v

BrN3

BrNaNbNc planar

BrO BrO2 Br2 CaBr2 CaCl CaCl2 CaF CaH CaI CaI2 CaO CaOH CaS CdH CdH2 CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 CeF4 CeI3 ClBS ClF ClF3

C2v linear linear

linear linear

linear linear linear linear Td quasiplanar linear Fa

Cl Fa

Na—Nb ∠NNN Br—O (re) Br—O (re) Br—Br (re) Ca—Br Ca—Cl (re) Ca—Cl Ca—F (re) Ca—H (re) Ca—I (re) Ca—I Ca—O (re) Ca—O Ca—S (re) Cd—H (re) Cd—H Cd—Br Cd—Cl Cd—I Ce—F Ce—I B—Cl Cl—F (re) Cl—Fa

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 0.069 ∠FaxBrFeq (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) 1.113 (ass.) Nb—Nc 1.247 Na—Br 170.7 ∠BrNN 109.7 1.7172 1.644 ∠OBrO (θe) 114.3 2.2811 2.62 2.43676 2.483 1.967 2.002 2.8286 2.840 1.8221 1.985 O—H 0.921 2.3178 1.781 1.6792 2.394 2.284 2.582 2.036 2.948 1.681 B—S 1.606 1.6283 1.698 Cl—Fb 1.598 ∠FaClFb

Na—Nb ∠NNN Cl—O (re) Cl—O Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—Br Co—Cl Co—F Co—F Co—H (re) Cr—F Cr—F Cr—F Cr—H (re) Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re) Cs—O (re) Cs—O (re)

1.253 171.0 1.5696 1.470 1.9878 1.6959 2.241 2.113 1.754 1.732 1.542 1.795 1.732 1.706 1.656 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152 2.3007 2.395

Cs—Cs (re) Cu—Br (re) Cu—Cl (re) Cu—F (re) Cu—F Cu—H (re) Cu—I (re) Cu—Li Cu—O (re)

4.47 2.1734 2.0512 1.7449 1.713 1.4626 2.3383 2.26 1.7244

Br—F (av.)

1.753

85.1

Method ED, MW

1.899

ED

87.5

MW MW R ED UV ED UV UV UV ED UV UV UV EPR IR ED ED ED ED ED MW MW MW

1.746

MW

Fb

ClN3 ClO ClO2 Cl2 Cl2O CoBr2 CoCl2 CoF2 CoF3 CoH CrF2 CrF3 CrF4 CrH CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI CsO CsOH Cs2 CuBr CuCl CuF CuF2 CuH CuI CuLi CuO

ClNaNbNc planar C2v C2v linear linear linear D3h linear D3h Td

linear; large amplitude bending mode

linear

Nb—Nc ∠ClNN

1.113 108.7

∠OClO

117.38

∠ClOCl

110.89

[Co—F (re)]

1.738

O—H (re)

0.97

Na—Cl

MW, UV MW UV MW ED ED ED ED UV ED ED ED UV UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW ED UV MW UV UV

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula CuOH CuS Cu2 DyBr3 DyCl3 FN3 F2 FeBr2 FeCl2 FeF2 FeF3 FeH FeO FeS GaBr GaBr3 GaCl GaCl3 GaF GaF3 GaH GaI GaI3 GaO Ga2Br6 Ga2Cl6 GdBr3 GdCl3 GdF3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr2 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeHI GeH4 GeI2 GeI4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6 HBr HCl HClO HClO4

Structure bent

quasiplanar quasiplanar FNaNbNc planar linear linear linear D3h

D3h D3h D3h D3h See Al2Br6 D2h See Al2Br6 D2h C3v C3v C3v C3v C3v Td C3v Td C3v

Td Td

ClOH (bent) H Ob

Cl Oa O Oa a

Cu—O (rs) Cu—S Cu—Cu (re) Dy—Br Dy—Cl Na—Nb ∠NNN F—F (re) Fe—Br Fe—Cl Fe—F Fe—F Fe—H Fe—O Fe—S Ga—Br (re) Ga—Br Ga—Cl (re) Ga—Cl Ga—F (re) Ga—F Ga—H (re) Ga—I (re) Ga—I Ga—O Ga—Bra ∠BraGaBra Ga—Cla ∠ClaGaCla Gd—Br Gd—Cl Gd—F Gd—I Ge—H Ge—Br (re) Ge—Br Ge—H Ge—Cl (re) Ge—Cl Ge—H Ge—F (re) Ge—H (re) Ge—I Ge—H Ge—I Ge—I Ge—O (re) Ge—S (re) Ge—Se (re) Ge—Te (re) Ge—Ge ∠HGeH H—Br (re) H—Cl (re) Cl—O Cl—Oa ∠OaClOa

9-23 1.769 2.051 2.2197 2.609 2.461 1.253 170.3 1.4119 2.294 2.132 1.769 1.763 1.620 1.444 2.017 2.3525 2.249 2.2017 2.110 1.7744 1.725 1.663 2.5747 2.458 1.744 2.250 92.7 2.116 90 2.641 2.488 2.053 2.840 1.526 2.359 2.272 1.537 2.186 2.113 1.522 1.7321 1.5880 2.525 1.5251 2.540 2.515 1.6246 2.0121 2.1346 2.3402 2.403 106.4 1.4145 1.2746 1.690 1.407 114.3

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees O—H 0.952 ∠HOCu

Nb—Nc ∠FNN

1.132 103.8

[Fe—F (re)]

1.755

Ga—Brb ∠BrbGaBrb Ga—Clb ∠ClbGaClb

2.453 123 2.305 124.5

∠IGdI Ge—Br ∠BrGeBr

108 2.299 101.0

Ge—Cl ∠ClGeCl

Na—F

110.24 (θs)

1.439

R ED UV,ED ED ED IR UV MW MW ED MW ED MW ED UV MW ED UV ED ED

∠HGeH

106.2

2.150 100.3

∠HGeH

111.0

Ge—F ∠FGeF (θe)

1.732 97.15

∠HGeH

113.0

Ge—H

1.593

∠HGeI

93.5

∠IGeI

102.1

Ge—H ∠GeGeH

1.541 112.5

O—H Cl—Ob ∠OaClOb

0.975 1.639 104.1

Method MW UV UV ED ED MW

∠HOCl

102.5

ED ED ED ED MW, IR ED ED IR, MW ED ED MW, IR MW UV UV IR, R ED ED MW MW MW MW ED MW MW MW, IR ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-24 Formula HF HFO HI HIO HNO HNO2

Structure FOH (bent) IOH (bent) bent

HNO3

HNSO HN3 HPO H2 H2O H2O2 H2S H2SO4

planar planar cis HNaNbNc planar

C2v C2 C2v Hb

Ob Oa H a S Od

H2S2 HfBr4 HfCl4 HfF HfF4 HfI4 HgBr2 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 HoCl3 HoF3 HoO IBr ICl IF IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InCl3 InF InH

C2 C2 Td Td Td Td linear linear linear

C4v

Oc

H—F (re) F—O H—I (re) I—O N—O s-trans conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH N—Oa Oc—H ∠OcNOa

0.9169 1.442 1.6090 1.9941 1.212

N—S ∠NSO Na—Nb ∠NNN P—O H—H (re) O—H (re) O—O H—S (re) O—H ∠OaSOb ∠OaSOd dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

Method MW MW MW MW UV MW

O—H

0.96

∠HOF

97.2

O—H N—H s-cis conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH N—Ob ∠OcNOb

0.967 1.063

∠HOI ∠HNO

103.9 108.6

0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 1.21 115.9

N—Oc ∠HOcN

1.41 102.2

MW

1.512 120.4 1.245 171.8 1.4843 0.74144 0.9575 1.475 1.3356 0.97 101.3 106.4 90.9

S—O ∠HNS Nb—Nc ∠HNN P—H

1.451 115.8 1.134 109.2 1.473

N—H

1.029

MW

Na—H

1.015

MW

∠HPO

104.57

∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH ∠HSH (θe) S—Oa ∠OcSOd ∠HaOaS dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes

104.51 94.8 92.12 1.574 123.3 108.5 88.4

MW UV MW, IR IR MW, IR MW

S—S dihedral angle Hf—Br Hf—Cl Hf—F Hf—F Hf—I Hg—Br Hg—Cl Hg—H (re) Hg—I Ho—Cl Ho—F Ho—O I—Br (re) I—Cl (re) I—F (re) I—F (av.)

2.055 90.6 2.450 2.316 1.8596 1.909 2.662 2.384 2.252 1.7404 2.568 2.462 2.007 1.797 2.4691 2.3210 1.9098 1.860

S—H

1.327

I—O (re) I—I (re) In—Br (re) In—Cl (re) In—Cl In—F (re) In—H (re)

1.8676 2.6663 2.5432 2.4012 2.291 1.9854 1.8376

0.958 1.432 1.170 110.7 102.1 1.20 0.96 113.9

(I—Feq) – (I—Fax)

0.03

dihedral angle 119.8 S—Oc 1.422 ∠OaSOc 108.6 dihedral angle 20.8 between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes ∠SSH

∠FaxIFeq

91.3

ED, MW

82.1

ED ED UV ED ED ED ED UV ED ED ED UV MW MW UV ED, MW MW R MW MW ED MW UV

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula InI IrF6 KBH4 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LaBr LaBr3 LaCl LaCl3 LaF LaI LaO LiBH4 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI LiO LiOH Li2 Li2Cl2

Structure Oh Ha(BH3)K (C3v)

linear; large amplitude bending mode linear C3v C3v

Ha(BH3)Li (C3v)

linear

Li Cl

9-25 Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

In—I (re) Ir—F B—H (BH3) K—Br (re) K—Cl (re) K—F (re) K—H (re) K—I (re) K—O

2.7537 1.831 1.272 2.8208 2.6667 2.1716 2.244 3.0478 2.212

K—K (re) Kr—F La—Br (re) La—Br La—Cl (re) La—Cl La—F (re) La—I (re) La—O (re) B—H (H3) Li—Br (re) Li—Cl (re) Li—F (re) Li—H (re) Li—I (re) Li—O (re) Li—O (re) Li—Li (re) Li—Cl

3.9051 1.89 2.65208 2.742 2.49804 2.589 2.02338 2.87885 1.82591 1.257 2.1704 2.0207 1.5639 1.5949 2.3919 1.68822 1.5776 2.6729 2.23

Li—O Lu—Br Lu—Cl Lu—I Mg—Br (re) Mg—Cl (re) Mg—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—F Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mg—O Mg—Mg (re) Mn—Br Mn—Cl Mn—F Mn—H (re) Mn—I Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl Mo—F Mo—F N—Br (re) N—Cl (re) N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl

1.606 2.557 2.417 2.768 2.34742 2.1964 2.179 1.7500 1.771 1.7297 1.749 1.770 3.891 2.344 2.202 1.811 1.7308 2.538 2.279 87.2 1.851 1.821 1.79 1.6107 1.017 103.7 1.759

B—Ha

1.233

O—H

0.91

B—Ha

1.218

O—H (re)

0.949

Cl—Cl

3.61

K—B

2.656

Li—B

1.939

∠ClLiCl

108

Method MW ED MW MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW ED MW ED MW MW UV MW MW MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED

Cl Li

Li2O LuBr3 LuCl3 LuI3 MgBr MgCl MgCl2 MgF MgF2 MgH MgO MgOH Mg2 MnBr2 MnCl2 MnF2 MnH MnI2 MoCl4O MoF4 MoF6 NBr NCl NClH2 NCl3

linear C3v C3v C3v linear linear

linear linear linear linear linear C4v Oh

∠ClLuCl

112

O—H

0.912

[Mn—F (re)]

1.797

Mo—O

1.658

N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl

1.748 107 107.1

UV ED ED ED MW UV ED UV ED UV UV UV UV ED ED ED UV ED ED ED ED UV UV MW, IR ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-26 Formula NF NF2 NH2 NH2NO2

Structure

NH3 NH4Cl NH NH2OH

C3v H3N····HCl (C3v)

NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4

N2O N2O3

bisector of HNH angle is trans to OH bond

C2v C2v Ha atom is closer to the C2 axis, Hb is farther from the C2 axis

Oa

Ob Na Nb Oc

N2O4

O

O N O

NaBH4 NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI NaO Na2 NbCl4 NbCl5 NbO NdI3 NiBr NiBr2 NiCl2 NiF2 NiH NiI NpF6 OF OF2 OH O(SiH3)2 O2

C3v linear linear linear

Oh C2v

1.3170 1.3528 1.024 1.427 128.2

∠HNO N—O (re) N—O N—O N—O N—O N—O N—S (re) N—N (re) N—N ∠HNH dihedral angle of internal rotation N—N (re) Na—Nb Nb—Ob ∠OaNaNb

103.3 1.1506 1.14 1.136 1.193 1.202 1.1798 1.4940 1.0977 1.449 106.6 (ass.) 91

Method UV MW UV MW

∠FNF ∠HNH N—H ∠HNH

103.18 103.3 1.005 115.2

∠HNH (θe)

106.7

N—H

1.02

O—H

0.962

∠HNH

107

∠NOH

101.4

N—Cl N—F ∠ONO N—Cl N—F

1.975 1.512 134.1 1.840 1.467

∠ONCl ∠FNO

113 110.1

∠ONO ∠ONO

130.6 136

N—H ∠NNHa

1.021 112

∠NNHb

106

1.1284 1.864 1.202 105.05

N—O (re) Na—Oa Nb—Oc ∠NaNbOb

1.1841 1.142 1.217 112.72

∠NaNbOc

117.47

N—N

1.782

N—O

1.190

∠ONO

135.4

ED

B—H (BH3) Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—O (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cl Nb—Clax Nb—O (re) Nd—I Ni—Br Ni—Br Ni—Cl Ni—F Ni—H (re) Ni—I Np—F O—F (re) O—F (re) O—H (re) Si—H O—O (re)

1.278 2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 2.05155 3.0789 2.279 2.307 1.691 2.879 2.1963 2.201 2.076 1.729 1.476 2.348 1.982 1.3579 1.4053 0.96966 1.486 1.2074

B—Ha

1.238

Na—B

2.308

Nb—Cleq

2.276

[Ni—F (re)]

1.715

∠FOF (θe)

103.07

Si—O

1.634

∠SiOSi

144.1

MW MW MW MW UV MW UV UV ED ED UV ED UV ED ED ED UV UV ED LMR MW UV ED MW

1.012 3.136 1.0362 1.453

∠ONO

130.1

IR MW LMR MW IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW

MW, IR MW

N O

D2h Ha(BH3)Na (C3v)

Td D3h

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

N—F (re) N—F N—H N—N dihedral angle between NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) N—Cl N—H (re) N—O

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula O2F2

Structure C2

O3 OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl PCl3 PCl5

C2v Oh Td C3v C3v Cla

Clb

9-27 Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees F—O 1.575 ∠OOF

O—O dihedral angle of internal rotation O—O (re) Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl (re) P—Cl P—Cla

1.217 87.5

P—F (re) P—F P—Feq P—H (re) P—H P—H N—P (re) O—P (re) P—O P—O P—P (re) P—F ∠PPF P—P P—O Pb—Br (re) Pb—Cl (re) Pb—Cl Pb—F (re) Pb—F (re) Pb—H (re) Pb—I (re) Pb—O (re) Pb—S (re) Pb—Se (re) Pb—Te (re) Pr—Cl Pr—F Pr—I Pt—C (re) Pt—H (re) Pt—N (re) Pt—O (re) Pt—S (re) Pt—Si (re) Pu—F Rb—Br (re) Rb—Cl (re) Rb—F (re) Rb—H (re) Rb—I (re) Rb—O (re) Rb—O

1.5896 1.570 1.534 1.4223 1.418 1.4200 1.49087 1.4759 1.449 1.436 1.8931 1.587 95.4 2.21 1.638 2.598 2.444 2.369 2.0575 2.041 1.839 2.807 1.9218 2.2869 2.4022 2.5950 2.554 2.091 2.901 1.6767 1.52852 1.682 1.7273 2.03983 2.0612 1.972 2.9447 2.7869 2.2703 2.367 3.1768 2.25420 2.301

Re—O

1.702

1.2716 1.832 1.712 2.220 2.01461 2.039 2.124

109.5

∠OOO (θe)

117.47

∠BrPBr

101.0

∠ClPCl P—Clb

100.27 2.020

∠FPF P—Fax

97.8 1.577

∠HPH ∠HPH

91.70 93.345

P—Cl P—F

1.993 1.524

∠ClPCl ∠FPF

103.3 101.3

P—P

2.281

∠FPF

99.1

∠POP

126.4

∠IPrI

113

O—H

0.957

Re—Cl

2.229

Method MW

MW ED ED ED UV ED ED

Clb P Cla

PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4 P4 P4O6 PbBr2 PbCl2 PbCl4 PbF PbF2 PbH PbI2 PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrCl3 PrF3 PrI3 PtC PtH PtN PtO PtS PtSi PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbO RbOH ReClO3

Clb

D3h C3v D3h c3v C3v C3v trans conformer Td Td bent bent Td bent bent

C3v C3v C3v

Oh

linear; large amplitude bending mode C3v

UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED ED, MW UV P2F4 ED ED ED ED ED UV ED UV ED MW MW MW MW ED ED ED UV UV MW UV MW MW ED MW MW MW UV MW UV MW

∠ClReO

109.4

MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-28 Formula ReClO4 ReCl5 ReF6 ReF7 RhB RhC RhS RuO4 SCl2 SF SF2 SF6 SH SO SOCl2

Structure C4v D3h Oh pseudorotation

Td C2v Oh

SOF2 SOF4

Fb

Fb

Fa

S

Fa

O

SO2 SO2Cl2

C2v C2v

SO2F2

C2v

SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2

D3h C2

S2Cl2

C2

S2O2 S8

planar cis form S S S S S

Re—O Re—Cleq Re—F Re—F Rh—B Rh—C Rh—S Ru—O S—Cl S—F (re) S—F S—F S—H (re) S—O (re) S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.663 Re—Cl 2.270 ∠ClReO 2.238 Re—Clax 2.263 1.832 1.835 1.691 1.614 2.059 1.706 2.006 ∠ClSCl 103.0 1.6006 1.5921 ∠FSF 98.20 1.561 1.34066 1.4811 1.44 S—Cl 2.072 97.2 ∠OSCl 108.0 1.420 S—F 1.583 92.2 ∠OSF 106.2 1.403 S—Fa 1.575 S—Fb 90.7 ∠OSFb 124.9 89.6 ∠FbSFb 110.2

S—O (re) S—Cl ∠ClSCl S—F ∠FSF S—O Si—S S—S (re) S—Br

1.4308 2.011 100.0 1.530 97 1.4198 2.136 1.8892 2.24

dihedral angle of internal rotation S—Cl dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S S—S

83.5

Sb—Br Sb—Cl Sb—Cleq Sb—F (re) Sb—F Sb—H Sb—H Sb—I Sb—O (re) Sb—P (re) Sc—Cl Sc—F (re) Sc—F Se—F Se—F Se—H (re) Se—O (re)

105.5

Method ED ED ED ED UV UV UV ED ED MW MW ED UV MW MW ED

1.552

ED

∠OSO (θe) S—O ∠OSO S—O ∠OSO

119.329 1.404 123.5 1.397 123

Si—H

1.494

∠SiSSi

97.4

S—S

1.98

∠SSBr

105

IR ED R ED

2.057 84.1

S—S

1.931

∠SSCl

108.2

ED

2.025 2.07

S—O ∠SSS

1.458 105

∠OSS

112.8 (D4d)

MW ED

2.490 2.334 2.277 1.918 1.880 1.723 1.704 2.721 1.826 2.20544 2.291 1.788 1.847 1.742 1.69 1.48 1.6393

∠BrSbBr ∠ClSbCl Sb—Clax

98.2 97.1 2.338

∠FSbF

94.9

∠HSbH ∠ISbI

91.6 99.0

MW ED ED

S S

SbBr3 SbCl3 SbCl5 SbF SbF3 SbH SbH3 SbI3 SbO SbP ScCl3 ScF ScF3 SeF SeF6 SeH SeO

C3v C3v D3h C3v C3v C3v D3h D3h Oh

S

ED ED ED UV ED UV MW ED UV MW ED UV ED MW ED UV MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Formula SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiCl SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6 SnBr2 SnCl SnCl2 SnCl4 SnF SnH SnH4 SnI2 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrBr SrBr2 SrCl2 SrF SrH SrI SrI2 SrO SrOH SrS TaBr5 TaCl5 TaO TbCl3 TeF6 TeH TeO Te2 ThCl4

Structure

D3h six-membered ring with chair conformation C3v C3v C3v T4 C3v C3v Td C3v Td

Td Td

quasilinear

linear

D3h D3h C3v Oh

Td

9-29

Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O

1.576 104.82 1.6076 1.69

Se—Se (re) Se—Se

2.1660 2.34

Si—F Si—Br Si—Cl (re) Si—Cl Si—Cl Si—F Si—F Si—F (re) Si—H ((re) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—I Si—H Si—N (re) Si—O (re) Si—S (re) Si—Se (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si Si—Si Si—Si ∠SiSiH Sn—Br (re) Sn—Cl (re) Sn—Cl (re) Sn—Cl Sn—F (re) Sn—H (re) Sn—H Sn—I (re) Sn—O (re) Sn—S (re) Sn—Se (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—Br (re) Sr—Br Sr—Cl Sr—F (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—I (re) Sr—I Sr—O (re) Sr—O Sr—S (re) Ta—Breq Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Tb—Cl Te—F Te—H Te—O (re) Te—Te (re) Th—Cl

1.559 2.210 2.058 2.049 2.019 1.6008 1.593 1.590 1.4468 1.553 1.5201 2.437 1.4798 1.572 1.5097 1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 2.317 2.331 110.3 2.501 2.361 2.335 2.281 1.944 1.7815 1.711 2.688 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.7352 2.783 2.630 2.0754 2.1456 2.9436 3.01 1.9198 2.111 2.4405 2.412 2.268 1.6875 2.476 1.815 1.74 1.825 2.5574 2.567

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees Se—F 1.730 ∠FSeF 92.22 ∠OSeO (θe) 113.83

Method MW MW ED UV ED

∠SeSeSe

102

Si—Br Si—H

2.156 1.486

∠FSiBr ∠HSiBr

108.5 107.8

Si—H

1.486

∠HSiCl

107.9

Si—H ∠FSiF (θe) Si—F (re)

1.486 100.8 1.5624

∠HSiH

110.63

∠HSiF (θe)

110.64

Si—H

1.486

∠HSH

107.8

Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH ∠BrSnBr

2.009 1.564 1.492 108.6 100.0

∠ClSiCl ∠FSiF

109.7 108.6

∠ClSnCl

99.1

∠ClSrCl

155

O—H

0.922

Ta—Brax Ta—Clax

2.473 2.315

MW MW UV MW ED UV MW, IR MW MW ED UV MW IR UV MW MW MW UV ED ED ED ED UV ED ED UV UV R, IR ED MW,UV MW MW MW UV ED ED UV UV UV ED MW UV UV ED ED UV ED ED UV UV UV ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-30 Formula ThF4 ThO TiBr4 TiCl3 TiCl4 TiF TiF4 TiI3 TiI4 TiO TiS TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI UCl4 UCl6 UF4 UF6 UI3 VCl3O VBr4 VCl4 VF3 VF5 VMo VO WClF5

Structure Td Td D3h Td Td D3h Td

Td Oh Td Oh C3v C3v Td (Jahn-Teller effect) Td (Jahn-Teller effect) D3h

Cl F b W Fb

Th—F Th—O (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—Cl Ti—F Ti—F Ti—I Ti—I Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) U—Cl U—F U—F U—F U—I V—O V—Br V—Cl V—F V—Feq V—Mo V—O (re) W—F (av.)

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 2.124 1.84032 2.339 2.208 2.170 1.8342 1.756 2.568 2.546 1.620 2.0825 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.506 2.46 2.059 2.000 2.88 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 ∠ClVCl 2.276 2.138 1.751 1.709 V—Fax 1.736 1.876 1.5893 1.836 W—Cl 2.251 ∠FaWFb

W—Cleq W—Cl W—O W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Y—Cl Y—Cl Y—F (re) Y—I Y—O (re) Yb—Br (re) Yb—H (re) Zn—Br Zn—Cl Zn—F (re) Zn—F Zn—H (re) Zn—I Zr—Br Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—I Zr—O (re)

2.243 2.290 1.666 1.833 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 2.385 2.437 1.9257 2.817 1.790 2.6454 2.0526 2.204 2.072 1.7677 1.742 1.5949 2.401 2.465 2.328 1.902 2.660 1.7116

111.3

88.7

Method ED UV ED ED ED MW ED ED ED UV UV MW MW MW UV MW ED ED ED ED ED ED, MW ED ED ED ED UV UV MW

Fb Fb F a WCl5 WCl6 WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 YCl YCl3 YF YI3 YO YbBr YbH ZnBr2 ZnCl2 ZnF ZnF2 ZnH ZnI2 ZrBr4 ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrI4 ZrO

D3h Oh C4v Oh linear D4h Oh Td

linear linear linear linear Td Td Td Td

W—Clax

2.293

W—F

1.847

[Zn—F (re)]

1.729

∠FWF

86.2

ED ED ED ED IR ED ED ED UV ED UV ED UV UV UV ED ED MW ED UV ED ED ED ED ED UV

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-31

Part 2. Molecules containing carbon Compound

Structure

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees

Acetaldehyde

O Cb H 3

Ca H

Acetamide

CH3CONH2

Acetic acid

Oa CH3

C

Ca—O Ca—H ∠CbCaO

1.210 1.128 124.1

Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCaH

1.515 1.107 115.3

C—O C—C ∠CCN C—C C—H

1.220 1.519 115.1 1.520 1.10

C—N N—H ∠NCO C—Oa ∠CCOa

1.380 1.022 122.0 1.214 126.6

C—C ∠CCC

1.520 116.0

C—O ∠HCH

C—N ∠CCH C—C C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—C (re) Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠CaCbCc

1.159 109.7 1.442 1.506 1.798 111.6 1.203 1.345 1.10 120.3

Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠HCC

Method ED, MW

∠HCbH

109.8

C—H

1.124

C—Ob ∠CCOb

1.364 110.6

ED

1.213 108.5

C—H

1.103

ED, MW

C—C

1.468

C—H

1.107

ED, MW

C—N C—O ∠HCH

1.169 1.187 108.6

N—O C—H ∠OCCl

1.217 1.105 121.2

MW ED, MW

C—H (re) Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CbCcO

1.060 1.484 1.13 123.3

1.343 1.114 120

Cb—Cc ∠CbCcN

1.438 178

Cc—N ∠CaCbCc

1.167 121.7

ED, MW

C—H C—N dihedral angle between NH2 plane and N— C bond C—C N—H ∠CCN

1.087 1.431 140.6

∠HCH N—H

118.2 0.998

IR MW

C (ring)—Ca C—N ∠CCC (ring) C—H Ca—Cb

1.511 Ca—O 1.380 120(ass.) ∠CCO 1.101 1.481 Cb—Cb

ED

Ob H

Acetonitrile

(CH3)2CO Symmetry axis of each CH3 is tilted 2° from the C—C bond CH3CN (C3v)

Acetonitrile-N-oxide Acetyl chloride

CH3CNO (C3v) CH3COCl

Acetylene Acrolein

HC≡CH

Acetone

H Cc

H Ca

O

Cb

H Acrylonitrile

H (planar s-trans form)

Allene Aniline

CH2=C=CH2 C6H5NH2

C—C C—C ∠HNH

1.3084 1.392 113.9

Azetidine

CH2

C—N C—H ∠CCC dihedral angle between CCC and CNC planes C—C (ring) C—H ∠CCN C—C Ca—O ∠CbCaCb

1.482 1.107 86.9 147

CH2

CH2 NH

Benzamide

C6H5—CaONH2

Benzene p-Benzoquinone

C6H6

1.401 1.112 117.8 1.399 1.225 118.1

1.553 1.03 85.8

Cc—O 1.217 ∠HCcCb 114 Other CCH 122 (av.)

IR ED, MW

ED ∠CNC

92.2

1.225 121.2 1.344

ED

ED, IR ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-32 Compound Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane

Structure

Ha Ca

Hb

Ca

Cb

Ha

Hc Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane

Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5diene

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane

HCb

H Ca Ca H

Cb H Cb H

HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH large-amplitude torsional motion about D3h symmetry axis C5H8

Cb H 2 Cb H2

CaH

Ca H

Biphenyl

4,4´-Bipyridyl

Bis(cyclopentadienyl) beryllium Bis(cyclopentadienyl) iron Bis(cyclopentadienyl) lead

Bis(cyclopentadienyl) manganese Bis(cyclopentadienyl) nickel Bis(cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Bis(cyclopentadienyl) tin Borane carbonyl

Hc

See preceeding structure C7H12

HCb Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Hb Cb

(C5H5)2Be (C5v)

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.497 Ca—Cb 1.498 Ca—Ha 1.093 Cb—Hc 1.093 ∠HbCbHc 130.4 ∠CaCaHa 128.4 ∠CaCbCa 121.7

1.54 1.549 113.1

Cb—Cb ∠CaCcCa

1.56 93.1

Ca—Cc

1.56

ED

1.345 117.3

Ca—Ca

1.574

Ca—Cb

1.524

ED

Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCb

1.54 109.7

Cb—Cb

1.55

C—C (av.)

1.542

ED

C—C Ca—Ca Ca—Cb

1.557 1.536 1.528

74.2 1.565 112.7

Ca—Cc

1.507

ED MW

C—C (intraring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings C—C (interring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) Fe—C Pb—C dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes

1.396

∠CCC Cb—Cb dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes C—C (interring)

C—C (intraring)

1.375

C—C

1.423

C—C C—C

1.440 1.430

C—C

1.429

ED

CcH2

≈40

1.465 ≈37

1.071 115.6 60.0

Method MW

Ca—Ca Cb—Hb ∠CbCaHa dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb C—C (av.) dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes Cb—Cb dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

1.49

ED

C—N (intra- 1.375 ring)

ED

(C5H5)2Mn (D5h)

Mn—C

1.470, 1.92 2.064 2.79 40~50 (The two rings are not parallel) 2.383

(C5H5)2Ni (D5h)

Ni—C

2.196

C—C

1.430

ED

(C5H5)2Ru (D5h)

Ru—C

2.196

C—C

1.439

ED

(C5H5)2Sn (D5h) BH3CO (C3v)

Sn—C C—O ∠BCO

2.71 1.131 180

C—C B—C ∠HBH

1.431 1.540 113.9

(C5H5)2Fe (D5h) (C5H5)2Pb (D5h)

ED C—H

C—H B—H

1.104

1.14 1.194

ED ED

ED MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Bromobenzene

Structure Br

Ca

9-33 Ca—Cb C—Br

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.42 Cb—Cc 1.375 Cc—Cd 1.85 C—H 1.072 ∠CbCaCb

C—Cl C—I C—Br (re) C—Br C—Br C—Hg Ca—Cb ∠CCC

1.636 1.972 1.933 1.848 1.857 2.07 1.349 124.4

C—Br C—Br C—H (re) C—H C—H Hg—Br Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH

1.784 1.795 1.086 1.084 1.110 2.406 1.467 120.9

C—C C—C ∠HCH (θe) ∠HCH (ass.) ∠HCH

1.206 1.206 111.2 124.5 101.0

C—H (av.)

1.108

ED ED MW, IR MW UV MW ED

Ca—Cb

1.218

Cb—Cb

1.384

C—H

1.09

ED

C—C ∠CCH

1.531 111.0

1.117 65

∠CCC

113.8

ED

C—O ∠CCC C—C (av.)

1.215 116.2 1.518

C—H dihedral angle for the gauche conformer C—C (av.) ∠CCO Cc—O

1.524 119.5 1.219

C—H

1.108

ED

C—H (av.)

1.102

ED

∠CaCbCc Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc ∠HbCaCb

113.5 1.32 1.506 1.508 1.344 1.11 123.1 122

∠CbCcO Cb—Cb Cb—Cb Cb—Cb Cb—Cc Cd—Hd ∠CbCcCd ∠HcCbCa

121.9 1.28 1.346 1.347 1.434 1.09 178 122

∠CdCcO C—H ∠CaCbCb ∠CaCbCb Cc—Cd

121.9 1.08 125.4 123.8 1.215

ED ED ED ED, MW

∠HaCaCb ∠CcCdHd

119 182

C—C ∠CCCl Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C C—O (re) C—S (re) C—Br C—Se (re) C—S (re) C—O (re) C—O C—O (re) C—P (re) C—S C—S C—C

1.528 107.3 1.214 110.7 1.2425 1.277 1.1600 1.5526 1.8209 1.67609 1.5349 1.1283 1.159 1.1578 1.562 1.553 1.557 1.289

C—Cl ∠CCH Ca—Cb

1.828 110.8 1.468

C—H ∠CCC C—H

1.102 111.6 1.116

1.401 117.4

Method MW

Cb H

HCb

CcH

HCc Cd H Bromochloroacetylene Bromoiodoacetylene Bromomethane Bromomethyl Bromomethylene Bromomethylmercury 1,3-Butadiene

ClC≡CBr IC≡CBr CH3Br CH2Br (planar) CHBr (bent) CH3HgBr (C3v)

CaH2 Cb H

Cb H CaH2

1,3-Butadiyne Butane

2,3-Butanedione 2-Butanone

(C2h) HCa≡CbCb≡CaH (linear) CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3COCOCH3 trans conformer O C aH 3

Cc Cb H 2

1,2,3-Butatriene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 1-Buten-3-yne

CdH3

trans conformer H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 (D2h) CaH3CbH=CbHCaH3 CaH3CbH=CbHCaH3 Ha H c

Ca C b Hb

Cc Cd Hd

tert-Butyl chloride

(CH3)3CCl

2-Butyne

CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3

Carbon dimer Carbon trimer Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monobromide Carbon monoselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon phosphide Carbon sulfide selenide Carbon sulfide telluride Carbon suboxide

C2 C3 (linear) CO2 (linear) CS2 (linear) CBr CSe CS CO OCSe (linear) OCS (linear) CP SCSe (linear) SCTe (linear) OCCCO (linear)

C—Se C—S (re)

1.709 1.5601

C—Se C—Te C—O

1.693 1.904 1.163

ED, MW ED UV UV IR IR UV UV MW MW MW MW UV MW MW ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-34 Compound Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl chloride fluoride

Structure COBr2 COCl2 COClF

ClCH2CH2OH (gauche)

C—O O—H ∠CCCl

Chloroiodoacetylene

ClC≡CI

C—Cl

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.178 C—Br 1.923 ∠BrCBr 1.179 C—Cl 1.742 ∠ClCCl 1.173 C—F 1.334 C—Cl 127.5 ∠FCCl 108.8 1.209 C—C 1.466 C—N 115 ∠CCN 180 1.172 C—F 1.3157 ∠FCF 1.6368 C—C 1.2033 C—H 1.400 C—Cl 1.737 C—H 1.624 C—N 1.160 C—C 1.362 1.528 C—Cl 1.802 C—H 109.8 ∠HaCaHa 110.7 ∠HbCbHb 110.6 Ca—Ha = Cb— Hb (ass.) 1.413 C—C 1.519 C—Cl 1.033 C—H 1.093 110.7 ∠CCO 113.8 dihedral angle of internal rotation 1.63 C—I 1.99 C—C

Carbonyl dicyanide

CO(CN)2

Carbonyl fluoride Chloroacetylene Chlorobenzene Chlorocyanoacetylene

COF2 HC≡CCl C6H5Cl ClC≡C—CN

Chloromethane Chloromethylidyne Chloromethylmercury trans-1-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene

CH3Cl CCl CH3HgCl (C3v) CH3CH=CHCl CH2ClCH=CH2 cis conformer skew conformer

C—Cl C—Cl C—Hg C—Cl C—Cl

1.785 1.6512 2.06 1.728 1.811

C—H

1.090

Hg—Cl ∠CCCl ∠CCCl

2.282 121.9 115.2

C—Cl

1.809

∠CCCl

109.6

Chlorotrifluoromethane Chromium carbonyl Cobalt cyanide Copper cyanide Cyanamide

CClF3 (C3v) Cr (CO)6 CoC≡N CuC≡N H2NaCNb

C—Cl Cr—C Co—C Cu—C Na—C ∠HNH

1.752 1.92 1.883 1.832 1.346 114

1.325 1.16 1.131 1.158 1.160 142

Cyanide Cyanoacetylene

CN HCa≡Cb—CcN C3H5CaN

Cyanogen Cyanogen azide

N≡C—C≡N (linear) N≡C—N=N≡N (planar) BrCN (linear) ClCN (linear) FCN (linear) ICN (linear) HCa≡CbCcH2Cd≡N

1.1718 1.205 1.159 1.513 1.107 1.163 1.312 1.164 1.157 1.629 1.262 1.995 1.207 (ass.) 1.159 (ass.) 113.4

Cb—Cc

Cyanocyclopropane

C—N (re) Ca—Cb Cc—N C—C (ring) C—H C—N C—N C≡N C—N (re) C—Cl (re) C—F C—I Ca—Cb

C—F C—O C—N C—N C—Nb dihedral angle between NH2 plane and N— C bond

Chloroethane

2-Chloroethanol

Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide 1-Cyano-2-propyne

C—O C—O C—O ∠ClCO C—O ∠CCC C—O C—Cl C—C C—Cl C—CN C—C ∠CCCl ∠CbCaHa

Cd—N ∠CbCcCd

∠HCH

112.3 111.8 1.725

Method ED, MW ED, MW ED, MW

1.153

ED, MW

107.71 1.0550 1.083 1.205

ED, MW MW ED ED

1.103 109.2

ED, MW

1.801

ED

62.4

1.209 (ass) 110.8

MW MW, IR UV MW MW MW

dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠FCF ∠CrCO

122.4

108.6 180

N—H

1.00

ED, MW ED MW MW MW

1.378

C—H

1.058

MW MW

C— Ca ∠CaCH C—C N=N ∠CNN C—Br (re) C—N (re) C—N C—N Cb—Cc(ass.)

1.472 119.6 1.393 1.252 120.2 1.790 1.160 1.159 1.159 1.465

Ca—N ∠HCH

1.157 114.6

N≡N ∠NCN

1.133 176.0

Cc—Cd

1.454

Ca—H(ass.)

1.057

Cc—H(ass.)

1.090

∠HCcH

109.4 (ass.)

∠CbCcH

111.3

MW ED MW MW MW MW MW MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Cyclobutane

Structure (CH2)4

Cyclobutanone

Cb H 2 CcH2

Ca O

9-35 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.555 C—H 1.113 145

Method ED

1.527 93.1

Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc

1.556 88.0

MW

Ca—Ca Ca—H ∠CaCbCb ∠CaCaH

1.566 1.094 94.2 114.5

Cb—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCbH ∠CaCaCb

1.342 1.083 133.5 85.8

Ca—Cb Cd—Cd ∠CaCbCc

1.45 1.34 133

Cb—Cc Ca—O ∠CbCcCd

C—C Ca—Ca Cc—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.536 1.334 1.54 110.9

Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc

Cb H 2 Cyclobutene

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1one

O Ca HCb

Cb H

HCc

CcH

(C2v) C6H12 (chair form) HCa CaH H2 Cb

Cb H2 CcH2

Cyclooctatetraene

C cH 2

half-chair form (C2)

tub form (D2d) 1,3-Cyclopentadiene

1.517

MW

109.2 135.8

1.36 1.23 126

∠HCaH dihedral angle between CH2 plane and Ca—Ca bond Cc—Cd ∠CbCaCb ∠CcCdCd

1.46 122 130

ED

C—H Ca—Cb ∠CaCaCb

1.119 1.50 123.4

∠CCC Cb—Cc ∠CaCbCc

111.3 1.52 112.0

ED ED

1.476 1.100 136.9

Ca—Ca ∠CbCaCa

1.340 126.1

Cb—Cb ∠CaCbCb

1.340 126.1

ED

1.509 109.3

Cb—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.342 109.4

Cc—Cc ∠CbCaCb

1.469 102.8

MW

C—In

2.621

C—C

1.426

(C5v)

C—C Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes C—C

1.546 1.546 103.0 151.2

C—H Cb—Cc ∠CbCcCc

1.114 1.519 110.0

∠CCH Cc—Cc ∠CbCaCb

111.7 1.342 104.0

ED ED

1.512

C—H

1.083

∠HCH

114.0

R

Cd H

Cd H

Cyclohexane Cyclohexene

Ca—Cb

CaH2 HCb

Cb H

HCc CcH Cyclopentadienylindium

Cyclopentane Cyclopentene

(CH2)5 CaH2 H 2 Cb

Cb H 2 CcH

Cyclopropane

(CH2)3

C cH

ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-36 Compound Cyclopropanone

Structure

H 2 Cb Ca O H 2 Cb

Cyclopropene

Ca H 2 Cb H

HCb Cyclopropenone

H

H Cb

Cc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.475 Cb—Cb 1.575 Ca—O 57.7 ∠HCbH 1.086 ∠CaCbCb 151

1.191 114

1.505 1.072

Cb—Cb ∠CbCbH

1.293 150

Ca—H ∠HCaH

1.085 114.3

MW

Ca—Cb (rs) C—H (rs)

1.423 1.079

Cb—Cc (rs) ∠HCbCc (θs)

1.349 144.3

Ca—O (rs) CbCaCc (θs)

1.212 56.6

MW

C—C (av.) C—N ∠HCH

1.530 1.482 117

C—H (av.) N—N

1.113 1.228

∠CCC (av.) C—H

111.4 1.09

ED MW

Ca—Cb Nb—Nc ∠CaCbH

1.424 1.132 117

Ca—Na C—H ∠CaCbNb

1.165 1.082 119.5

Cb—Nb

1.280

MW

C—N ∠HCH C—C ∠CCBr C—Br ∠BrCBr C—C (rings)

1.32 126.0 1.506 109.5 1.924 113.2 1.398

N—N

1.12

C—H

1.075

MW, IR

C—Br ∠CCH C—H

1.950 110 1.08

C—H

1.108

ED

∠HCBr

109

ED

1.495

C—H

1.10

ED

C—Cl dihedral angle between the two rings (defined as 0 for cis conformer) C—C ∠CCC ∠CCCl ∠CCCl C—C ∠ClCCl C—C ∠CCCl C—C ∠ClCC C—C ∠ClCC C—Cl (re) ∠ClCCl (θe)

1.732 74

C—C (interring) ∠CCCl

121.4

∠CCH

126

C—Cl

1.810

C—H

1.102

∠HCCl ∠HCCl C—Cl ∠CCCl C—Cl ∠CCH C—Cl

111.5 107.6 1.766 111.0 1.790 113 1.73

C—Cl

1.718

ED

C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe)

1.087 111.5

MW, IR

Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between CH2 plane and Cb—Cb bond Ca—Cb Cb—H

Method MW

Ca Decalin Diazirine

O

C2v C10H18

N CH2 N

Diazoacetonitrile

H Cb Ca

Nb

Na

Diazomethane

CH2N2

1,2-Dibromoethane

CH2BrCH2Br

Dibromomethane

CH2Br2

2,2’-Dichlorobiphenyl

C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl

trans-1,4Dichlorocyclohexane

C6H10Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethane

equatorial: axial: CHCl2CH3

1,2-Dichloroethane

CH2ClCH2Cl

1,1-Dichloroethene

CH2=CCl2 (C2v)

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

CHCl=CHCl

Dichloromethane

CH2Cl2

Nc

1.530 111.5 108.6 110.6 1.540 112.0 1.531 109.0 1.32 (ass.) 123 1.354 123.8 1.765 112.0

ED

MW C—H

1.11

ED MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound 1,2-Dicyanocyclobutene

Structure H2Cb

Ca

H2Cb´

Ca´

Difluorocyanamide

C2v F2Nb—C≡Na

Difluorocyclopropenone

F

Cc

N

Cc´

N

F Cb

Cc

9-37 Ca—Ca’ Ca—Cc ∠Ca’CaCb ∠CbCaCc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.361 Ca—Cb 1.515 Cb—Cb’ 1.420 Cc—N 1.157 Cb—H 93.9 ∠CaCbCb’ 86.1 ∠CaCcN 133.3 ∠CaCbH 114.7 ∠Ca’CaCbH

C—Na ∠NaCNb Ca—Cb C—F

1.158 174 1.453 1.314

C—Nb ∠CNbF Cb—Cc ∠FCbCc

1.386 105.4 1.324 145.7

Nb—F ∠FNbF Ca—O

1.399 102.8 1.192

C—Si ∠CSiC C—C ∠CCF

1.844 115.2 1.498 110.7

Si—F ∠FSiF C—F ∠CCH (av.)

1.585 106.1 1.364 111.0

C—H (ass.) ∠SiCH (ass.) C—H (av.) dihedral angle between CCF planes C—H dihedral angle of internal rotation C—H

1.093 110.8 1.081 118.9

MW

1.103 109

ED

1.091

ED, MW

1.099

ED, MW

1.567 1.088 178.2 115.8

Method MW

MW MW

Ca O Difluorodimethylsilane

C2v (CH3)2SiF2

1,1-Difluoroethane

CH3CHF2

1,2-Difluoroethane

CH2FCH2F

C—C ∠CCF

1.503 110.3

C—F ∠CCH

1.389 111

1,1-Difluoroethene

CH2=CF2

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

CHF=CHF

Difluoromethane

CH2F2

C—C ∠CCF C—C ∠CCF C—F ∠FCF Ca—O ∠COC

1.340 124.7 1.33 122.0 1.357 108.3 1.432 114.6

C—F ∠CCH C—F ∠CCH C—H ∠HCH Cb—O ∠OCO

1.315 119.0 1.342 124.1 1.093 113.7 1.382 114.3

C—N ∠CNC ∠HCH C—Be C—Cd Cb—Ob ∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb C—N ∠CaNCa B—B B—Hb (cis) ∠BBC (cis)

1.455 111.8 107 1.698 2.112 1.209 107 1.161 1.482 115.5 1.799 1.358 122.6

N—H ∠CNH

Dimethoxymethane

Dimethylamine

(CH)2NH

Dimethylberyllium Dimethyl cadmium Dimethyl carbonate

(CH3)2Be (CBeC linear) (CH3)2Cd (CaH3Oa)2Cb=Ob

Dimethylcyanamide trans-Dimethyldiazene

(CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb CH3N=NCH3

1,2-Dimethyldiborane

CH3

CH3

Hb B

Ht

B Hb

Ht

C—H

ED

MW C—H (av.) ∠OCH

1.108 110.3

ED

1.00 107

C—H ∠NCH

1.106 112

ED

C—H ∠HCH Cb—Oa ∠CbOaCa Ca—Na N—N ∠CaNCb B—C B—Hb (trans) ∠BBC (trans)

1.127 108.4 1.34 114.5 1.463 1.247 116.0 1.580 1.365 121.8

∠BeCH

113.9

Ca—Oa

1.42

ED R ED

Cb—Na ∠CNN

1.338 112.3

ED ED

B—Ht

1.24

C—H CSeSeC dihedral angle C—H CSSC dihedral angle

1.13 88

ED

1.105 85

ED

Dimethyl diselenide

(CH3)2Se2

C—Se ∠CSeSe

1.95 98.9

Se—Se ∠HCSe

2.326 108

Dimethyl disulfide

(CH3)2S2

C—S ∠SSC

1.816 103.2

S—S ∠SCH

2.029 111.3

ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-38 Compound S,S´-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate

Structure

CaH3 SCb SCaH3 O

Ca—S ∠OCS

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.802 Cb—S 1.777 Cb—O 124.9 ∠CSC 99.3

C—O ∠COC C—N C—H

1.416 112 1.46 1.12

C—H ∠HCH N—N ∠NNC

1.121 108 1.42 112

Dimethyl ether

syn-syn conformer (CH3)2O

N,N’-Dimethylhydrazine

CH3NH—NHCH3

Dimethyl mercury

(CH3)2Hg

C—Hg

2.083

C—H

Dimethylphosphine

(CH3)2PH

C—P ∠CPC Ca—Cb ∠CcCbCc C—Se ∠CSeC C—Si ∠CSiC ∠HSiH C—S ∠CSC C—S ∠CSC C—S ∠CSC dihedral angle between SCC plane and S—O bond C—Zn C—C ∠CCO

1.848 99.7 1.495 110.5 1.943 96.2 1.868 110.9 107.8 1.802 98.80 1.771 102 1.799 96.6 115.5

P—H ∠CPH Cb—Cc

1.160 (ass.) 1.419 97.0 1.536

C—H ∠SeCH C—H ∠CSiH

1.093 108.7 1.089 109.5

C—H ∠HCH S—O ∠OSO S—O ∠CSO

1.090 109.3 1.435 121 1.485 106.7

1.929 1.523 109.2

∠HCH C—O ∠COC

C—C C—C (re) C—C ∠CCN

1.5351 1.522 1.545 110.2

Ca—Cb Ca—H ∠CbCaS C—C Ca—H ∠CCO C—C (rs) C—C C—H ∠CNC ∠HbCC ∠HcCN C—C ∠COC

1.530 1.090 108.3 1.512 1.10 107.8 1.329 1.481 1.084 60.3 117.8 114.3 1.520 111.9

2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Dimethyl selenide

(CH3)2Se

Dimethyl silane

(CH3)2SiH2

Dimethyl sulfide

(CH3)2S

Dimethyl sulfone

(CH3)2SO2

Dimethyl sulfoxide

(CH3)2SO

Dimethyl zinc 1,4-Dioxane

(CH3)2Zn

CH2 CH2 O

O

1.206

Method ED

ED N—H CNNC dihedral angle Hg···H

1.03 90

ED

2.71

ED MW

Ca—N

1.159

∠HCH Si—H ∠SiCH

110.3 1.482 110.9

MW MW MW

ED, MW C—H

1.114

ED

C—H ∠HCH

1.081 110.3

MW

107.7 1.423 112.45

C—H

1.112

C—H

1.0940

∠CCH

111.17 MW

C—N dihedral angle between NCC and CCN planes Ca—S Cb—H ∠CbCaH C—O Cb—H ∠CbCaH C—H (rs) N—C N—H ∠HaNC ∠HbCN

1.469 64

C—H

1.11

ED

1.829 1.093 109.6 1.431 1.09 111 1.082 1.475 1.016 109.3 118.3

S—H ∠CaSH ∠CaCbH O—H ∠COH ∠CaCbH ∠HCH (θs)

1.350 96.4 109.7 0.971 105 110 117.2

MW

∠HbCHc ∠HcCC

115.7 119.3

C—O (av.) ∠OCC

1.418 109.4

C—H (av.) ∠HCH

1.118 109.0

R ED

CH2 CH2 Ethane 1,2-Ethanediamine

chair form C2H6 staggered conformation H2NCH2CH2NH2 gauche conformer

Ethanethiol

CbH3—CaH2—SH

Ethanol

CbH3CaH2OH staggered conformation

Ethylene Ethyleneimine

CH2=CH2 Ha Hb

N C

Hb C

Hc

Ethyl methyl ether

C2H5OCH3

Hc

MW

MW, IR MW

ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Ethyl methyl sulfide Fluoroketene

Structure C2H5SCH3 gauche conformer HFC=C=O

Fluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne (Fluoromethylidyne) phosphine 2-Fluoropropane

CH3F CF FC≡P

Formaldehyde Formaldehyde azine

H2CO H2C=N—N=CH2 trans conformer

Formaldehyde oxime

CH3CHFCH3

Ha

OHc N

C Hb Formamide

Hc

O N

C

Formic acid

Oa C Ob

Formic acid dimer

Formyl radical Fulvene

Furan

H

(planar)

HC=O

O

Ha Ca

Ha Ca

Cb Cb Hb

Hc

Ob Cb

Ha H b Ca Hb Oa Glyoxal

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.536 C—S (av.) 1.813 C—H 97 ∠SCC 114.0 ∠HCH 1.317 C—O 1.167 C—F 1.102 ∠CCO 178.0 ∠CCF 122.3 1.382 C—H (re) 1.095 ∠HCH (θe) 1.2718 1.285 C—P 1.541

C—C ∠CCC C—O C—N ∠CNN C—N C—Ha ∠HaCN

1.522 113.4 1.208 1.277 111.4 1.276 1.085 121.8

C—F ∠CCF C—H N—N ∠HCN N—O C—Hb ∠HbCN

1.398 108.2 1.116 1.418 120.7 1.408 1.086 115.6

∠HCH C—H

116.5 1.094

MW ED

O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc

0.956 110.2 102.7

MW

C—N N—H

1.368 1.027

C—O ∠CNH (av.)

1.212 119.2

C—Ha ∠NCO

1.125 125.0

ED, MW

C—Oa C—H ∠OaCOb

1.202 1.097 124.9

C—Ob

1.343

Ob—H

0.972

MW

∠HCOa

124.1

∠CObH

106.3

C—Oa ∠OaCOb

1.220 126.2

C—Ob ∠COaOb

1.323 108.5

Oa···Ob

2.703

C—O Ca—Cd Cc—Cc Cd—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCdH

1.1712 1.349 1.476 1.13 107.7 117

C—H Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CaCbH

1.110 1.470 1.078 106.6 124.7

∠HCO Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CbCcCc ∠CbCcH

127.43 MW 1.355 MW 1.080 109 126.4

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbHb

1.361 1.075 106.1 128.0

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CbCaO ∠OCaHa

1.431 1.077 110.7 115.9

Ca—O

1.362

∠CaOCa

106.6

Ca—Ce ∠CaCeO trans conformer (with respect to Oa and Ob atoms) Ca—Cb Ca—Hb ∠CaCbOb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa

1.458 121.6

Ce—Ob ∠CeCaCb

1.250 133.9

Ce—H ∠CaCeH

1.088 116.9

MW

1.499 1.093 122.7 115.3 101.6

Ca—Oa Cb—Hc ∠CbCaOa ∠CbCaHb ∠HbCaOa

1.437 1.102 111.5 109.2 109.7

Cb—Ob Oa—Ha

1.209 1.051

MW

∠HbCaHb

107.6

C—C ∠CCO C—C Ca—Cb Ca—H C—C

1.526 121.2 1.56 1.450 1.09 1.545

C—O ∠HCO C—Cl Cb—Cc

1.212 112 1.769 1.208

C—H

1.132

ED, UV

∠CCCl Cc—Cc

110.0 1.377

ED ED

CF

1.326

∠CCF

109.8

ED

1.111 110 1.360 119.5

Method ED MW

110.45 MW, IR UV MW MW

ED

MW

Hb

Furfural

Glycolaldehyde

C—C ∠CSC C—C C—H ∠CCH C—F (re) C—F (re) C—F

Ha

Hb

H

9-39

Hexachloroethane 2,4-Hexadiyne

CHOCHO trans conformer Cl3CCCl3 CaH3Cb≡CcCc≡CbCaH3

Hexafluoroethane

F3CCF3

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-40 Compound Hexafluoropropene

Structure CF2=CFCF3

C—C

trans-1,3,5-Hexatriene

H2Ca=CbHCcH=CcHCbH=CaH2

Hydrogen cyanide Iminocyanide radical

HCN (linear) HNCN

Iodoacetylene Iodocyanoacetylene Iodomethane Iron pentacarbonyl

IC≡CH ICa≡CbCc≡N (linear) CH3I Fe(CO)5 (D3h)

Isobutane

(CbH3)3CaH

Isobutene

CaH3

Hc Cb

Cc

CaH3

H

Isocyanic acid

HNCO (bent)

Isocyanomethane

CaH3—N≡Cb

Isofulminic acid Isothiocyanic acid

HCNO (linear) HNCS

Ketene

H2C=C=O

Malononitrile

CH2(CN)2

Methane Methanethioamide

CH4

S

Ha C N Hb

Hc

∠CCC ∠FCC(CF3) Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc C—H (re) N—H ∠HNC C—C Ca—Cb Ca—I C—I (re) Fe—C (av.) Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb Ca—Cb Cc—Hc ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaCb (av.) N—C ∠NCO Ca—N ∠NCaH ∠HCH C—N N—C ∠NCS C—C C—H C—C ∠CCC C—H (re) C—S N—Ha ∠NCS ∠SCHc C—S ∠HSC

Methanethiol

CH3SH

Methanol

CH3OH

C—O ∠COH

Methyl N-Methylacetamide

·CH3 planar (D3h) H3 Ca H

C—H Ca—Cb Cb—O ∠CbNCc

Cb O

N CcH3

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.513 C=C 1.329 C—F (ass.) 127.8 ∠FCC (CF) 120 ∠FCC(CF2) 110 1.337 Cb—Cc 1.458 Cc—Cc 121.7 ∠CbCcCc 124.4 1.0655 C—N (re) 1.1532 1.034 N···N 2.470 116.5 ∠NCN ~180 1.218 C—I 1.980 C—H 1.207 Cb—Cc 1.370 Cc—N 1.985 2.132 C—H (re) 1.084 ∠HCH (θe) 1.821 (Fe—C)eq – 0.020 C—O (av.) (Fe—C)ax 1.535 Ca—H 1.122 Cb—H 110.8 ∠CaCbH 111.4 1.508 Cb—Cc 1.342 Ca—H 1.10 115.6 ∠CaCbCc 122.2 ∠CbCcH 111.4 ∠HCaH 107.9 ∠HcCcHc 1.209 C—O 1.166 N—H 180 ∠HNC 128.0 1.424 N— Cb 1.166 Ca—H 109.12 123.0 1.161 N—O 1.207 H—C 1.216 C—S 1.561 N—H 180 ∠HNC 135.0 1.315 C—O 1.163 1.090 ∠HCH 123.5 1.480 C—N 1.147 C—H 110.4 ∠CCN 176.6 ∠HCH 1.0870 1.626 C—N 1.358 C—Hc 1.002 N—Hb 1.007 117.9 ∠HbNC 125.3 ∠HaNC 127 ∠HaNHb 121.7 ∠NCHc 1.819 S—H 1.34 C—H 96.5 ∠HCH 109.8 angle between CH3 symmetry axis and C— S bond 1.4246 C—H 1.0936 O—H 108.53 ∠HCH 108.63 angle between CH3 symmetry axis and C— O bond 1.076 1.520 Cb—N 1.386 Cc—N 1.225 C—H 1.107 119.7 ∠NCbO 121.8 ∠CaCbN

1.329 (ass.) 124 1.368

Method ED

ED MW, IR UV

1.059 1.160

IR MW

111.2 1.153

MW, IR ED

1.113

ED, MW

1.119

ED, MW

121 118.5 0.986

MW

1.102

MW

1.027 0.989

MW MW MW

1.091 108.4 1.10 120.4 108 1.09 2.2

MW IR MW

MW

0.9451 MW 3.27

1.469 114.1

R ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Methylamine

Structure CH3NH2

Methyl azide

CH3 Na

3-Methyl-3H-diazirine

Methylene Methylenecyclopropane

Nb

Nc

NNN linear N CH3 CH N

CcH2 CaH2

CcH2

3-Methyleneoxetane

Cc H 2 O

Cb

Ca H 2

CcH2 Methylenephosphine

CHcHt=PH planar

Methyl formate

CaH3 Oa Cb

Hb Methylgermane Methyl hypochlorite Methylidyne Methylidynephosphine Methylketene

CH3GeH3 CH3OCl :CH HCP

CcH3 Cb

Ca

O

H Methyl nitrate

H a Oa

Ha C Hb

Methyloxirane

N O

CaH3 Cb H

1.468 1.09

C—C ∠NCN

1.501 49.3

Ca—Cb C—H ∠CcCbCc C—P P—H ∠HCH Cb—Ob Cb—H

Ob

Ob CcH2

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.471 N—H 1.019 C—H 110.3 ∠HNH 106.6 ∠HCH 4.3

C—N ∠HNC angle between CH3 symmetry axis and C—N bond C—Na C—H

C—H (re) Ca—Cb Cc—H ∠HCcH

:CH2

Cb

9-41

Na—Nb ∠CNaNb

C—N dihedral angle between CNN plane and C— C bond 1.0748 ∠HCH (θe) 1.332 Cb—Cc 1.09 ∠CcCbCc 113.5 dihedral angle between CcH2 plane and Cc— Cc bond 1.33 Cb—Cc 1.09 (ass) ∠HCcH 87

CH3PH2 CH3POF2

Methylsilane

CH3SiH3

Methylstannane

CH3SnH3

Method MW

1.216 116.8

Nb—Nc

1.113

ED

1.481 122.3

N—N

1.235

MW

Cc—Cc ∠HCaH

1.542 114.3

133.84 1.457 63.9 150.8

IR,MW MW

1.52 Cc—O 114 (ass) ∠HCaH

1.45 120 (ass)

MW

C—Hc ∠CPH ∠PCHc C—O (av.)

1.09 97.4 124.4 1.393

C—Ht

1.09

MW

∠PCHt Ca—H

118.4 1.08

ED

∠OaCbOb

127

∠OaCaH

110

Ge—H ∠HCH O—Cl ∠HCH

1.529 108.4 1.674 109.6

C—H

1.083

MW

C—H

1.103

MW

C—H (re) Cb—Cc Cc—H ∠CaCbCc ∠HCH C—Ha N—Oa ∠ONOa ∠OCHb

1.0692 1.518 1.10 122.6 109.2 1.10 1.205 118.1 103

Ca —O

1.171

UV MW MW

∠CaCbH

113.7

C—Hb N—Ob ∠ONOb

1.09 1.208 112.4

MW

dihedral 123.8 angle between CbCcO plane and CaCb bond

MW

∠COC

1.673 1.420 117.2 1.206 1.101 (ass.) 114

C—Ge ∠HGeH C—O ∠COCl C—H (re) C—P (re) Ca—Cb Cb—H ∠OCaCb ∠CcCbH C—O O—N ∠CON ∠OCHa

1.945 109.3 1.389 112.8 1.1198 1.5398 1.306 1.083 180.5 123.7 1.437 1.402 112.7 110

Ca—Cb

1.51

∠CaCbCc

121.0

C—P C—P

1.858 1.770

C—H P—O

1.094 1.444

∠OPC C—Si ∠HCH C—Sn

117.8 1.867 107.7 2.143

∠FPC Si—H ∠HSiH Sn—H

103.7 1.485 108.3 1.700

O

Methylphosphine Methylphosphonic difluoride

1.095 108.1

P—F

1.545

ED ED,MW

∠FPF C—H

99.2 1.093

MW MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-42 Compound Methyl thiocyanate

Structure

C aH 3 S Cb

N

Methyltrioxorhenium

CH3ReO3

Molybdenum carbide Molybdenum carbonyl Naphthalene

MoC Mo(CO)6 (Oh)

Neopentane Nickel carbonyl Nickel monocarbonyl Nickel cyanide Nitromethane

C(CH3)4 Ni(CO)4 (Td) NiCO (linear) NiC≡N (linear) CH3NO2

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

(CH3)2NNO

Nitrosomethane

CH3NO

2,5-Norbornadiene

H2 Cc HCb HCb

1,2,5-Oxadiazole

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

Oxalic acid

C aH Ca H

(C2v)

(planar)

(planar) H

Oa

Ob C

Cb H

Cb H

S—Ca C—H ∠CaSCb Re—C ∠ReCH Mo—C Mo—C Ca—Cb Cc—Cc

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.824 S—Cb 1.684 Cb—N 1.081 99.0 ∠HCH 110.6 ∠HCS 2.074 Re—O 1.703 C—H 108.9 ∠CReO 106.4 1.676 2.063 C—O 1.145 1.37 Cb—Cb 1.41 Ca—Cc 1.42 C—C (av.) 1.40 ∠CaCcCc

C—C Ni—C Ni—C Ni—C C—N

1.537 1.839 1.64 1.828 1.489

C—H C—O C—O C—N N—O

1.114 1.121 1.19 1.158 1.224

∠ONO C—N ∠CNC C—N ∠CNO Ca—Cb C—H dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

125.3 1.461 123.2 1.49 112.6 1.535 1.12 115.6

∠NCH N—O ∠CNN N—O ∠NCH Cb—Cb ∠CaCcCa

107 1.235 116.4 1.22 109.0 1.343 94

C—C C—H ∠CCN

1.421 1.076 109.0

C—N ∠CCH ∠NON

C—O C—H ∠CNN

1.348 1.075 105.6

C—C Ob—H ∠CCOa

1.170

Method MW

108.3 1.088

MW

1.42 119.4

UV ED ED

∠CCH

112

C—H

1.088 (ass.)

N—N ∠ONN C—H

1.344 113.6 1.084

ED

Ca—Cc

1.573

ED

1.300 130.2 110.4

O—N ∠NCH ∠ONC

1.380 120.9 105.8

MW

C—N ∠OCH ∠COC

1.297 118.1 102.0

N—N ∠NCH ∠OCN

1.399 128.5 113.4

MW

1.544 1.05 123.1

C—Oa

1.205

C—Ob

1.336

ED

∠OaCOb

125.0

∠CObH

104

C—C ∠CCO

1.534 124.2

C—O ∠CCCl

1.182 111.7

1.744

ED

C—C ∠CCC ∠HCH (av.)

1.546 85 109.9

C—O ∠COC

1.448 92

C—Cl 68% trans, 32% gauche at 0 °C C—H (av.) ∠OCC

1.090 92

MW

ED IR IR MW MW

MW

C

Oa

Ob H

Oxalyl chloride

Cl

O C

O Oxetane

C Cl

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Oxirane

Structure CH2

9-43

C—C (av.) Cb—H ∠COH

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.466 C—O 1.431 C—H 116.6 dihedral angle 158.0 between NH2 plane and N— C bond 1.397 Ca—O 1.364 O—H 1.084 Cc—H 1.076 Cd—H 109.0

C—C C—H ∠HCH

1.502 1.09 114.4

C—P ∠CPC ∠CCH

1.867 47.4 118

C—C ∠CNC

1.540 109.0

C—N ∠CCN

1.467 110.4

Pd—C Pt—C (re) K—C C—C ∠CCC Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc

1.712 1.6767 2.528 1.532 112 1.341 1.104 124.3

C—H ∠HCH Cb—Cc Cc—Hd ∠CbCaHa,b,c

1.107 107 1.506 1.117 121.3

Ca—Cb Cc—O

1.35 1.19

Cb—Cc C—H

∠CaCbCc ∠CaCbH

123 ∠CbCcCl 120 (ass.) ∠CbCaH

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc Cc—Cb Ca—H Cc—Cb (rs) N—C (rs) C—C ∠CCH

1.211 1.085 178.6 1.459 1.056 1.456 1.175 1.339 123.9

Cb—Cc Cc—Hc ∠CbCcO Cb—Ca Cc—H Cb—Ca (rs) Cc—H (rs) C—N ∠CCN

1.48 1.086 (ass.) 116 121.5 (ass.) 1.453 1.130 124.2 1.206 1.105 1.206 1.090 1.403 115.6

Ca—Cb N—N

1.393 1.330

Cb—Cb ∠NCC

1.375 123.7

C—C ∠HCH

O CH2 Phenol

Phosphirane

CH2 PH CH2

Piperazine

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

NH

Palladium carbide Platinum carbide Potassium carbide Propane

NH

(C2h) PdC PtC KC C3H8

Propene

2-Propenoyl chloride

H Ca H

Cl Cb

Cc

H

O

2-Propynal

HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO (planar)

Propyne

H3Cc—Cb≡CaH

Propynal isocyanide

H3Cc—Cb≡Ca—N≡C

Pyrazine Pyridazine

H H Cb C b HCa

CaH N

N

P—H ∠HPC dihedral angle between PCC plane and PH bond C—H

1.085

Method MW

0.956 1.082

MW

1.43 95.2 95.7

MW

1.110

ED

UV UV MW ED ED, MW ∠CbCcHd

110.7

Cc—Cl

1.82

∠CbCcO

127

Cc—O

1.214

∠CbCcHc

113.7

∠HCcCb Ca—N (rs) ∠HCcCb (θs) C—H

110.2 1.316 110.7 1.115

Ca—N ∠NNC

1.341 119.3

MW

ED, MW

MW MW ED ED, MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-44 Compound Pyridine

Structure

Pyrimidine

Pyrrole

(C2v assumed) H N Ha

Ca

Ca

H b Cb

Pyruvonitrile

Cb H b O

Cb

CaH3

Ha

Cc

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCc ∠CaNCa

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.395 Cb—Cc 1.394 Ca—N 1.084 Cb—Hb 1.081 Cc—Hc 118.5 ∠CbCcCb 118.3 ∠CcCbHb 116.8 ∠NCaCb 123.9 ∠NCaHa

C—C ∠NCN

1.393 127.6

C—N ∠CNC

1.340 115.5

Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH

1.382 1.076 107.4 127.1

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CaNCa ∠NCaHa

1.417 1.077 109.8 121.5

Ca—N N—H ∠NCaCb

1.370 0.996 107.7

MW

Ca—Cb C—N ∠CaCbCc

1.518 1.17 114.2

Cb—Cc C—O ∠CaCbO

1.477 1.208 124.5

C—H ∠HCH ∠CCN

1.12 109.2 179

ED, MW

Ru—C C—C Si—H ∠SiCC

1.607 1.571 1.47 84.8

1.885 99.8 146

C—H ∠CSiC

1.100 77.2

Si—C (re) ∠HCSi C—C(rs) C—C Si—H Si—C ∠HSiC Na—C Cb—Cb ∠CbCaCb

1.704 122.0 1.269 1.234 1.488 1.850 107.25 2.232 1.52 62

C—Si ∠CCC dihedral angle between CCC and CSiC planes Si—H (re) ∠HSiC Si—C (rs) Si—C ∠HSiC C—N

1.467 122.4 1.832 1.812 109.4 1.156

C—H (re)

1.082

MW

∠CSiC (θs) C—Cl

40.5 1.620

MW ED

Si—H

1.487

ED,MW

Ca—Cb ∠HCH

1.47 118

C—H

1.09

MW ED

Sr—C C—C C—H

2.487 1.561 1.09

C—H (ass.) C—C(N) ∠CCC

1.104 1.465 110.4

105.8 1.161 75

C—Br C—C C—Cl C—C ∠CC=C C—S ∠FCS

1.935 1.354 1.767 1.435 121.1 1.785 113.7

∠HCH C—N dihedral angle of CCCC for gauche conformer

C—Cl

1.718

∠ClCCl

115.7

C=C

1.357

C—N

1.162

ED ED ED ED

C—F

1.314

∠CSC

83.2

ED

C—C C—F

1.31 1.323

C—F

1.319

∠CCF

123.8

ED ED

1.340 1.077 121.3 115.9

Method MW

ED

N

Ruthenium carbide Silacyclobutane

RuC CH2 CH2 CH2 SiH2

Silaethene

H2Si=CH2

Silicon dicarbide Silylchloroacetylene

CSiC (ring) SiH3C≡CCl

Silyl cyanide

SiH3C≡N

Sodium carbide Spiro[2.2]pentane

NaC Cb H 2

H 2 Cb Ca H 2 Cb

Strontium methyl Succinonitrile

Cb H 2

(D2d) SrCH3 CH2 CN CH2 CN

Tetrabromomethane Tetrachloroethene Tetrachloromethane Tetracyanoethene 2,2,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3dithietane

Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoromethane

CBr4 (Td) CCl2=CCl2 CCl4 (Td) (CN)2C=C(CN)2

S F2 C

UV ED

CF2 S (D2h assumed) CF2=CF2 CF4 (Td)

UV ED

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Tetrahydrofuran

Structure

CH2 CH2

9-45 C—C

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.536 C—O 1.428 C—H

C—C ∠COC ∠CCC (O)

1.531 111.5 111

C—O ∠OCC

1.420 111.8

C—H ∠CCC (C)

1.116 108

ED

C—C ∠CCC

1.536 105.0

C—S ∠CSC

1.839 93.4

C—H ∠SCC

1.120 106.1

ED

C—I C—Ge C—Pb C—Si C—Sn C—C C—H ∠CCN

2.15 1.945 2.238 1.875 2.144 1.420 1.079 113.8

C—H

1.12

∠GeCH

108

C—H C—H C—N

1.115 1.12 1.328

∠HCH

109.8

S—N

1.631

∠NSN

99.6

∠CCH

126.2

C—S C—H ∠CCN

1.721 1.08 112.2

C—N ∠CSC ∠NCH

1.302 86.4 123.5

N—N ∠SCN ∠SCH

1.371 114.6 121.9

MW

C—C ∠CSC

1.549 76.8

C—S ∠HCH (av.)

1.847 112

1.100 154

ED, MW

C—C ∠CSC dihedral angle between CH2 plane and C—C bond Ca—S (rs) Ca—H (rs)

1.484 48.3 152

C—S ∠CCS

1.815 65.9

C—H (av.) dihedral angle between CCC and CSC planes C—H ∠HCH

1.083 116

MW

1.610 1.089

Ca—Cb (rs) Cb—H (rs)

∠CbCaS (θs)

125.3

∠CbCaH (θs)

1.506 1.094 (av.) 119.4

C—S C—S C—C (rs) ∠HCH (θs) Ca—Cb Ca—Ha ∠CaCbCb ∠SCaHa

1.589 1.611 1.314 119.8 1.370 1.078 112.5 119.9

C—F C—H C—S (rs)

1.315 1.093 1.554

Cb—Cb Cb—Hb ∠CaSCa ∠CbCbHb

C—C (ring) C—C

1.399 C—CH3 1.51 (ass.) C—Br

∠BrCBr

111

1.115

Method ED

O CH2 CH2 Tetrahydropyran

H2 C H2 C

CH2

H2 C

Tetrahydrothiophene

CH2 O chair form

CH2 CH2 S CH2 CH2

Tetraiodomethane Tetramethylgermane Tetramethyl lead Tetramethylsilane Tetramethylstannane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

Thietane

Thiirane

CI4 (Td) (CH3)4Ge (CH3)4Pb (CH3)4Si (CH3)4Sn S N N

HC CH (planar) S HC CH

N N (planar)

H2 C S H2 C

Thioacetaldehyde

Thiocarbonyl fluoride Thioformaldehyde Thioketene Thiophene

Toluene 1,1,1-Tribromoethane

H3Cb

Ca

F2CS CH2S H2C=C=S C2v

C6H5—CH3 CH3CBr3

S H

∠CCBr

ED ED ED ED ED MW

MW ∠HCbCa (θs) 110.6 (av.) ∠FCF 107.1 ∠HCH 116.9 C—H (rs) 1.080

MW MW IR

1.423 1.081 92.2 124.3

Ca—S

1.714

MW

∠SCaCb

115.5

1.524 1.93

C—H (av.) C—H

108

∠CCH

1.11 1.095 (ass.) 109.0 (ass.)

ED MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase

9-46 Compound Tribromomethane Tri-tert-butyl methane

Structure CHBr3 (C3v) HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3

Trichloroacetonitrile

CCl3CN

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

CH3CCl3

Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane Trichloromethylgermane

CCl3F CHCl3 CH3GeCl3

Trichloromethylsilane Trichloromethylstannane 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2trifluoroethane

CH3SiCl3 CH3SnCl3 CF3CCl3 (staggered configuration)

Triethylenediamine

Trifluoroacetic acid

(D3h)

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoromethane Trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride

CH3CF3 CF3I (C3v) CHF3 (C3v) CF3SO2Fa

Trifluoromethyliminosulfurdifluoride

CF3N=SF2

Trifluoromethyl peroxide

CF3OOCF3

Trimethyl aluminium

(CH3)3Al

Trimethylamine

(CH3)3N

Trimethylarsine Trimethyl bismuth Trimethylborane

(CH3)3As (CH3)3Bi (CH3)3B

Trimethylphosphine

(CH3)3P

1,3,5-Trioxane

O H2 C

CH2

O

O C H2

C—Br Ca—Cb ∠CaCbCc C—C ∠ClCCl C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCH C—Cl C—Cl C—Ge

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.924 C—H 1.11 ∠BrCBr 1.611 Cb—Cc 1.548 C—H 113.0 1.460 C—N 1.165 C—Cl 110.0 1.541 C—Cl 1.771 C—H 109.6 ∠ClCCl 109.4 ∠HCH 108.9 1.754 C—F 1.362 ∠ClCCl 1.758 C—H 1.100 ∠ClCCl 1.89 Ge—Cl 2.132 C—H

∠ClGeCl

106.4

∠GeCH

C—Si C—Sn C—C ∠CCF ∠CSnCl

1.876 2.10 1.54 110 113.9

Si—Cl Sn—Cl C—F ∠CCCl ∠ClSnCl

110.5 (ass.) 2.021 2.304 1.33 109.6 104.7

C—C ∠NCC

1.562 110.2

C—N

1.472

C—C C—F ∠CCOa

1.546 1.325 126.8

C—Oa O—H ∠CCOb

C—C C—F C—F C—S S —Fa ∠OSO C—N C—F ∠FSF O—O ∠COO

1.494 1.330 1.332 1.835 1.543 124.1 1.409 1.331 92.8 1.42 107

∠CCF C—Al ∠CAlC C—N ∠CNC C—As C—Bi C—B ∠CBC C—P ∠CPC C—O

119.2 1.957 120 1.458 110.9 1.979 2.263 1.578 120 1.847 98.6 1.422

111.7 1.111

Method ED, MW ED

1.763

ED

1.090 110.0

MW

111 111.3 1.103 (ass.)

MW MW ED, MW

MW ED MW

C—H C—Cl

1.100 1.77

∠SnCH

108

∠CNC

108.7

ED

1.192 C—Ob 0.96 (ass.) 111.1 ∠CCF

1.35

ED

C—F C—I C—H C—F (av.) ∠CSFa ∠FCF S—N ∠CNS ∠FCF C—O ∠FCF

1.340 2.138 1.098 1.325 95.4 109.8 1.477 127.2 108.1 1.399 109.0

C—H ∠FCF ∠FCF S—O ∠CSO

1.081 108.1 108.8 1.410 108.5

ED ED, MW MW ED

S—F ∠NSF

1.594 112.7

ED,MW

1.320 123

ED

∠CCH C—H ∠AlCH C—H ∠HCH ∠CAsC C—H C—H ∠BCH C—H ∠PCH ∠OCO

112 1.113 111.7 1.100 110 98.8 1.07 1.114 112.5 1.091 110.7 112.2

C—F COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation

109.5

ED ED ∠AsCH ∠CBiC

111.4 97.1

ED ED ED ED

∠COC

110.3

MW

Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase Compound Triphenylamine

Structure (C6H5)3N (C3)

Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbonyl Vanadium carbonyl Vinyl bromide

WC W(CO)6 (Oh) V(CO)6 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) See Vinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride

Hc

Cl C

Hb

C Ha

Vinyl fluoride

See Vinyl chloride

Vinyl iodide

See Vinyl chloride

Zinc cyanide

ZnC≡N (linear)

9-47 C—C torsional dihedral angle of phenyl rings W—C W—C V—C

Bond distances in Å and angles in degrees 1.392 C—N 1.42 ∠CNC 47

116

Method ED

1.7135 2.059 2.015

C—O C—O

1.149 1.138

UV ED ED

C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa

1.3256 1.0804 124.34 1.3262 1.0796 123.91

C—Br C—Hc ∠CCHb C—Cl C—Hc ∠CCHb

1.8835 1.0794 119.28 1.7263 1.0796 119.28

C—Ha ∠CCBr ∠CCHc C—Ha ∠CCCl ∠CCHc

1.0780 MW 122.62 122.03 1.0783 MW 122.75 121.77

C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa C—C C—Hb ∠CCHa Zn—C

1.3210 1.0774 125.95 1.3276 1.0823 123.54 1.955

C—F C—Hc ∠CCHb C—I C—Hc ∠CCHb C—N

1.3428 1.0789 118.97 2.0830 1.0799 119.36 1.146

C—Ha ∠CCF ∠CCHc C—Ha ∠CCI ∠CCHc

1.0796 MW 121.70 121.34 1.0787 MW 122.97 122.30 MW

DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives selected values of the electric dipole moment for over 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other high-resolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Entries are listed alphabetically; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in the references. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].

References 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. — Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14a (1982), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 4. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/14b (1983), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 5. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 6. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/24c (2002), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 7. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986. 8. Kasuya, T., Lafferty, W. J., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 1, 1968. 9. Kirchhoff, W. H., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 51, 467, 1969. 10. Durig, J. R., Li, Y. S., and Rizzolo, J. J., J. Chem. Phys. 77, 5885, 1982. 11. Ogata, T., Mochizuki, A. and Yamashita, E., J. Chem. Phys. 87, 2531, 1987. 12. Rego, A., and Cox, A. P., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 124, 1988. 13. Tyblewski, M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 6168, 1992. 14. Kawashima, Y., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 820, 1993. 15. Caminati, W., Melandri, S., and Favero, L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 8569, 1994. 16. Cederberg, J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 3361, 1996. 17. Bauder, A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7558, 1997.

18. Muller, H. S. P., Miller, C. E., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 107, 8292, 1997. 19. Burgh, D. J., Suenram, R. D., and Stevens, W. J., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 3526, 1999. 20. Blake, T. A., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6031, 1993. 21. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 89, 138, 1988. 22. Muenter, J. S., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 4048, 1989. 23. Peterson, J. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5964, 1989. 24. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., and Matsumura, K., Astrophys. J. Lett. 342, 103, 1989. 25. Groner, P., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1434, 1989. 26. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Fraser, G. T., and Matsumura, K., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 4724, 1990. 27. Andrews, A. M., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 93, 7030, 1990. 28. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 94, 106, 1991. 29. Iida, M., Ohshima, Y., and Endo, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 95, 4772, 1991. 30. Andrews, A. M., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 1784, 1992. 31. Ruoff, R. S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 96, 3441, 1992. 32. Germann, T. C., Tschopp, S. L., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 1619, 1992. 33. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 2996, 1992. 34. Taleb-Bendiab, A., Hillig, K. W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 3627, 1993. 35. Xu, L-W., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 100, 15, 1994. 36. Peterson, K. I., Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 102, 7807, 1995. 37. Tatamitani, Y., and Ogata, T., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9885, 2004. 38. Medvedev, I., et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148, 593, 2003. 39. Lesarri, A., Suenram, R. D., and Brugh, D., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9651, 2002. 40. Arunan, E., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9766, 2002. 41. Smith, T. C., Clouthier, D. J., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 817, 2001. 42. Peebles, S. A., Sun, L., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6804, 1999. 43. Namiki, K. C., Robinson, J. S., and Steimle, T. C., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5283, 1998. 44. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5276, 1998. 45. Sauer, B. E., Wang, J., and Hinds, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7412, 1996. 46. Fry, J. L., Drouin, B. J., and Miller, C. E., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 084304, 2006. 47. Christiansen, J. J., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 231, 131, 2005. 48. Kisiel, Z., et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 325, 523, 2000. 49. Lovas, F. J., et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 455, 201, 1995. 50. Suenram, R. D., and Lovas, F. J., Astrophys. J. Lett. 429, 89, 1994. 51. Biermann, S., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 105, 9754, 1996. 52. McGlone, S., and Bauder, A., J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5383, 1998. 53. Peebles, S. A., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10511, 1999. 54. Plusquellic, D. F., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 3057, 2001. 55. Muller, H. S. P., and Cohen, E. A., J. Chem. Phys. 116, 2407, 2002. 56. Andrews, A. M., and Kuczkowski, R. L., J. Chem. Phys. 98, 791, 1993. 57. Lovas, F. J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 92, 891, 1990. 58. Klots, T. D., Emilsson, T., and Gutowsky, H. S., J. Chem. Phys. 97, 5335, 1992. 59. Careless, A. J., Kroto, H. W., and Landsberg, B. M., Chem. Phys. 1, 371, 1973. 60. Costain, C. C., and Kroto, H. W., Can. J. Phys. 50, 1453, 1972. 61. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 90, 367, 1981. 62. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Simmons, N. P. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 82, 185, 1980. 63. Kroto, H. W., Nixon, J. F., and Ohno, K., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 77, 270, 1979. 64. Cox, A. P., Ewart, I. C., and Gayton, T. R., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 125, 76, 1987. 65. Cohen, E. A., and Pickett, H. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 87, 582, 1981. 66. Peebles, S. A., and Peebles, R. A., J. Mol. Struct. 607, 19, 2002. 67. Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., and Pickett, H. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 116, 406, 1986. 68. Kroto, H. W., and Landsberg, B. M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 62, 346, 1976.

9-50

6679X_S09.indb 50

4/11/08 3:46:40 PM

Dipole Moments Name

9-51 Mol. Form.

Compounds not containing carbon Aluminum monofluoride AlF Ammonia H3N Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 Arsine AsH3 Barium oxide BaO Barium sulfide BaS Bromine chloride BrCl Bromine dioxide BrO2 Bromine fluoride BrF Bromine oxide BrO Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 Bromosilane BrH3Si Bromotrifluorosilane BrF3Si Calcium monochloride CaCl Cesium chloride ClCs Cesium fluoride CsF Cesium sodium CsNa Chlorine fluoride ClF Chlorine oxide ClO Chlorine trifluoride ClF3 Chloroborane BClH2 Chlorogermane ClGeH3 Chlorosilane ClH3Si Chlorosyl fluoride ClFO Chlorotrifluorosilane ClF3Si Chromium monoxide CrO Copper(I) fluoride CuF Copper(II) oxide CuO Dichlorosilane Cl2H2Si Difluoramine F2HN Difluorine dioxide F2O2 Difluoroborane BF2H cis-Difluorodiazine F2N2 Difluorosilane F2H2Si Difluorosilylene F2Si Disiloxane H6OSi2 Fluoramine FH2N Fluorine azide FN3 Fluorine monoxide F2O Fluorine oxide FO Fluoroborane BF Fluorogermane FGeH3 Fluorosilane FH3Si Gallium monofluoride FGa Germanium(II) fluoride F2Ge Germanium(II) oxide GeO Germanium(II) selenide GeSe Germanium(II) sulfide GeS Germanium(II) telluride GeTe Germylazide GeH3N3 Hafnium monoxide HfO Hafnium(IV) oxide HfO2 Hexaborane(10) B6H10

6679X_S09.indb 51

μ/D 1.53 ± 0.15 1.4718 ± 0.0002 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 2.8 ± 0.1 1.422 ± 0.016 1.76 ± 0.04 1.51 ± 0.15 1.319 0.835 ± 0.007 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 0.888061 1.297 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.1 0.75 ± 0.05 2.13 ± 0.02 1.31 ± 0.01 1.93 ± 0.02 0.636 ± 0.004 3.88 ± 0.13 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 1.17 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.44 ± 0.07 0.971 ± 0.010 0.16 ± 0.01 1.55 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.18 ≈1.3 0.308180 0.0043 ± 0.0004 ≈0.5 2.33 ± 0.12 1.2969 ± 0.0006 2.45 ± 0.05 2.61 ± 0.02 3.2823 ± 0.0001 1.65 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.06 1.06 ± 0.07 2.58 ± 0.02 3.431 ± 0.005 7.92 ± 0.01 2.50 ± 0.05

Ref. 1 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 18 3 2 1 3 64 4 2 2 2 5 5 1 14 1 1 55 5 5 2 5 1 1 1 8 1 1 2 1 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 25 26 39 3

Hydrazine

Name

Hydrazoic acid Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen iodide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroxyl Hydroxylamine Hypochlorous acid Hypofluorous acid Imidogen Indium(I) chloride Indium(I) fluoride Iodine bromide Iodine chloride Iodine fluoride Iodine monoxide Iodine pentafluoride Lanthanum monoxide Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) sulfide Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium fluoride–sodium fluoride complex Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Lithium iodide Lithium monoxide Lithium potassium Lithium rubidium Lithium sodium Magnesium oxide Mercapto Nitric acid Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen sulfide Nitrogen trichloride Nitrogen trifluoride Nitrogen trioxide Nitrosyl bromide Nitrosyl fluoride Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitrous oxide Nitryl chloride Nitryl fluoride Ozone Pentaborane(9) Perchloryl fluoride Peroxynitrous acid

Mol. Form. H4N2 HN3 BrH ClH FH HI H2O2 H2S HO H3NO ClHO FHO HN ClIn FIn BrI ClI FI IO F5I LaO OPb PbS BrLi ClLi FLi FLi•FNa

1.75 ± 0.09 1.70 ± 0.09 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.1086 ± 0.0003 1.826178 0.448 ± 0.001 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.655 ± 0.001 0.59 ± 0.05 ≈1.3 2.23 ± 0.11 1.39 ± 0.07 3.79 ± 0.19 3.40 ± 0.07 0.726 ± 0.003 1.24 ± 0.02 1.948 ± 0.020 2.45 ± 0.05 2.18 ± 0.11 3.207 ± 0.011 4.64 ± 0.50 3.59 ± 0.18 7.268 ± 0.001 7.12887 6.3274 ± 0.0002 2.62 ± 0.02

μ/D

HLi HLiO ILi LiO KLi LiRb LiNa MgO HS HNO3 NO NO2 NS Cl3N F3N N2O3 BrNO FNO HNO HNO2 HNO2 N2O ClNO2 FNO2 O3 B5H9 ClFO3 HNO3

5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 7.428 ± 0.001 6.84 ± 0.03 3.45 ± 0.20 4.0 ± 0.1 0.463 ± 0.002 6.2 ± 0.6 0.7580 ± 0.0001 2.17 ± 0.02 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 1.81 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.01 0.235 ± 0.004 2.122 ± 0.010 ≈1.8 1.730 ± 0.003 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 0.16083 0.53 0.466 ± 0.005 0.53373 2.13 ± 0.04 0.023 ± 0.001 1.07 ± 0.002

Ref.

1 3 3 3 2 2 65 5 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 3 2 1 26 2 2 2 2 3 51 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 46

4/11/08 3:46:41 PM

9-52 Dipole Moments Name Peroxynitric acid Phosphine Phosphorothioc trifluoride Phosphorus(III) chloride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus monoxide Phosphorus nitride Phosphoryl chloride Phosphoryl fluoride Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium sodium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium fluoride Rubidium iodide Rubidium sodium Selenium dioxide Selenium tetrafluoride Silicon monosulfide Silicon monoxide Silver(I) bromide Silver(I) chloride Silver(I) fluoride Silver(I) iodide Sodium bromide Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Stibine Strontium oxide Sulfur dichloride Sulfur difluoride Sulfur dioxide Sulfur monofluoride Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Sulfur tetrafluoride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfuryl fluoride Tetraborane(10) Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Tetrafluorosilane–ammonia complex Thallium(I) bromide Thallium(I) chloride Thallium(I) fluoride Thallium(I) iodide Thionitrosyl chloride (NSCl) Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Thionyl chloride Thionyl fluoride

6679X_S09.indb 52

Mol. Form. HNO4 H 3P F3PS Cl3P F3P OP NP Cl3OP F3OP BrK ClK FK HKO IK KNa BrRb ClRb FRb IRb NaRb O2Se F4Se SSi OSi AgBr AgCl AgF AgI BrNa ClNa FNa INa H3Sb OSr Cl2S F2S O2S FS OS OS2 F4S Cl2O2S F2O2S B4H10 F4N2

μ/D Ref. 1.99 ± 0.02 67 0.5740 ± 0.0003 3 0.64 ± 0.02 1 0.56 ± 0.02 2 1.03 ± 0.01 1 1.88 ± 0.07 5 2.7470 ± 0.0001 2 2.54 ± 0.05 2 1.8685 ± 0.0001 3 10.628 ± 0.001 2 10.269 ± 0.001 2 8.585 ± 0.003 2 7.415 ± 0.002 16 ≈10.8 2 2.693 ± 0.014 3 ≈10.9 2 10.510 ± 0.005 2 8.5465 ± 0.0005 2 ≈11.5 2 3.1 ± 0.3 2 2.62 ± 0.05 2 1.78 ± 0.09 2 1.73 ± 0.09 2 3.0982 2 5.62 ± 0.03 5 6.08 ± 0.06 5 6.22 ± 0.30 2 4.55 ± 0.05 5 9.1183 ± 0.0006 2 9.00117 2 8.156 ± 0.001 2 9.236 ± 0.003 2 0.12 ± 0.05 1 8.900 ± 0.003 2 0.36 ± 0.01 3 1.05 ± 0.05 2 1.63305 3 0.794 ± 0.02 3 1.55 ± 0.02 1 1.47 ± 0.03 1 0.632 ± 0.003 1 1.81 ± 0.04 1 1.12 ± 0.02 1 0.486 ± 0.002 3 0.257 ± 0.002 5

F4Si•H3N

5.61 ± 0.02

BrTl ClTl FTl ITl ClNS FNS Cl2OS F2OS

4.49 ± 0.05 4.54299 4.2282 ± 0.0008 4.61 ± 0.07 1.87 ± 0.02 1.902 ± 0.012 1.45 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01

31 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Name Tin(II) oxide

Mol. Form. OSn

μ/D 4.32 ± 0.22

Tin(II) sulfide Titanium(II) oxide Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Trifluoramine oxide 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Trifluorosilane Water Water dimer–hydrogen bromide complex Water dimer–hydrogen chloride complex Ytterbium monofluoride Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Zirconium(IV) oxide

SSn OTi Cl3FSi Cl3HSi F3NO F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3HSi H2O H4O2•BrH

3.18 ± 0.16 2.96 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.0390 ± 0.0004 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 1.27 ± 0.03 1.8546 ± 0.0040 2.281 ± 0.003

2 2 5 2 2 9 3 5 1 3 48

H4O2•ClH

2.328 ± 0.003

48

FYb OY OZr O2Zr

3.91 ± 0.04 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 7.80 ± 0.02

45 26 26 19

≈0.85 2.750 ± 0.006 3.68 ± 0.03 1.70 ± 0.03 ≈2.8 2.88 ± 0.03 3.92519 3.02 ± 0.06 2.72 ± 0.14 0.161 ± 0.001

1 3 5 2 1 1 5 1 1 22

0.311 ± 0.001

32

1.23 ± 0.02

53

3.29 ± 0.03

32

2.96 ± 0.03 2.552 ± 0.003 3.117 ± 0.004 3.92 ± 0.07 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 ≈1.2 1.13 ± 0.02 1.38 ± 0.07 0.80 ± 0.02 [3.0] [3.5] 1.14 ± 0.02

1 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 1 1 7 7 40

0.136 ± 0.002 2.061 ± 0.002

58 33

Compounds containing carbon Acenaphthene C12H10 Acetaldehyde C2H4O Acetamide C2H5NO Acetic acid C2H4O2 Acetic anhydride C4H6O3 Acetone C3H6O Acetonitrile C2H3N Acetophenone C8H8O Acetyl chloride C2H3ClO Acetylene–carbon dioxide C2H2•CO2 complex Acetylene–carbon monoxide C2H2•CO complex Acetylene–carbon oxysulfide C2H2•C3O3S3 trimer complex Acetylene–hydrogen cyanide C2H2•CHN complex Acetyl fluoride C2H3FO Acrolein (cis) C3H4O Acrolein (trans) C3H4O Acrylonitrile C3H3N Allyl alcohol (gauche) C3H6O Allyl alcohol (average) C3H6O Allylamine C3H7N Aniline C6H7N Anisole C7H8O Azulene C10H8 Benzaldehyde C7H6O Benzeneacetonitrile C8H7N Benzene–hydrogen sulfide C6H6•H2S complex Benzene–krypton complex C6H6•Kr Benzene–sulfur dioxide C6H6•O2S complex Benzenethiol C6H6S Benzonitrile C7H5N Benzyl acetate C9H10O2 Benzyl alcohol C7H8O

[1.23] 4.18 ± 0.08 [1.22] 1.71 ± 0.09

Ref.

7 1 7 1

4/11/08 3:46:43 PM

Dipole Moments Name Benzyl benzoate Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Borane carbonyl Bromoacetylene Bromobenzene 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane Bromochlorofluoromethane Bromochloromethane 1-Bromodecane Bromoethane Bromoethene Bromofluoroacetylene 1-Bromoheptane Bromomethane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromopentane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene Bromotrifluoromethane 1,2-Butadiene Butanal 1,4-Butanediol Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 1-Butanethiol Butanoic acid 1-Butanol 2-Butanone trans-2-Butenal 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenoic acid cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 1-Buten-3-yne 2-Butoxyethanol Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine tert-Butylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether Butyl formate Butyl stearate

6679X_S09.indb 53

9-53 Mol. Form. C14H12O2 C4H13N3 C4H8Cl2O C24H38O4 CH3BO C2HBr C6H5Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C2H4BrCl CHBrClF CH2BrCl C10H21Br C2H5Br C2H3Br C2BrF C7H15Br CH3Br C4H9Br C10H7Br C5H11Br C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H5Br C3H5Br CBrF3 C4H6 C4H8O C4H10O2 C4H7N C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H8O C4H6O C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H6O2 C4H8O C4H8O C4H4 C6H14O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C10H14 C6H14O C5H10O2 C22H44O2

μ/D Ref. [2.06] 7 [1.89] 7 [2.58] 7 [2.84] 7 1.698 ± 0.020 3 0.22962 5 1.70 ± 0.03 1 2.08 ± 0.10 1 2.23 ± 0.11 1 [1.2] 7 1.5 ± 0.3 17 [1.66] 7 [1.93] 7 2.04 ± 0.02 5 1.42 ± 0.03 1 0.448 ± 0.002 5 2.16 ± 0.11 1 1.8203 ± 0.0004 5 [2.17] 7 [1.55] 7 2.20 ± 0.11 1 2.18 ± 0.11 1 2.21 ± 0.11 1 [1.51] 7 ≈1.9 1 0.65 ± 0.05 1 0.403 ± 0.002 1 2.72 ± 0.05 1 [2.58] 7 3.91 ± 0.04 5 3.73 ± 0.06 5 [1.53] 7 [1.65] 7 1.66 ± 0.03 1 2.779 ± 0.015 2 3.67 ± 0.07 1 0.438 ± 0.007 2 0.359 ± 0.011 2 0.253 ± 0.005 2 [2.48] 7 [2.45] 7 [2.13] 7 1.96 ± 0.03 5 1.90 ± 0.02 5 0.22 ± 0.02 3 [2.08] 7 [1.87] 7 [1.87] 7 ≈1.0 1 [1.28] 7 [1.29] 7 ≈0.83 1 [1.24] 7 [2.03] 7 [1.88] 7

Name Butyl vinyl ether 1-Butyne γ-Butyrolactone Calcium methoxide Camphor, (+) Caprolactam Carboimidic difluoride Carbon dioxide dimer–water complex Carbon dioxide–mercury complex Carbon dioxide–water dimer complex Carbon disulfide–sulfur dioxide complex Carbon monoselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide dimer– water complex Carbon oxyselenide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxysulfide–carbon dioxide dimer complex Carbon oxysulfide–water complex Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl fluoride Chloroacetyl chloride Chloroacetylene 2-Chloroaniline Chlorobenzene 1-Chlorobutane 2-Chlorobutane Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chlorodifluoromethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Chloroethene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane Chlorofluoromethane Chloromethane (Chloromethyl)benzene 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Chlorooctane Chloropentafluoroethane 1-Chloropentane 4-Chlorophenol

Mol. Form. C6H12O C4H6 C4H6O2 CH3CaO C10H16O C6H11NO CHF2N C2O4•H2O

μ/D [1.25] 0.782 ± 0.004 4.27 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.08 [3.1] [3.9] 1.393 ± 0.001 1.989 ± 0.002

Ref. 7 5 3 43 7 7 5 23

CO2•Hg

0.107 ± 0.003

29

CO2•H4O2

1.746 ± 0.010

28

CO2•O2S

1.096 ± 0.001

42

CSe CS CO C2O2•H2O

1.99 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.005 0.10980 1.57 ± 0.05

3 2 3 36

COSe COS COS•C2O4

0.73 ± 0.02 0.715189 0.69 ± 0.05

1 5 44

COS•H2O

2.668 ± 0.003

37

CCl2O CF2O C2H2Cl2O C2HCl C6H6ClN C6H5Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C6H11Cl C6H11Cl

1.17 ± 0.01 0.95 ± 0.01 2.23 ± 0.11 0.44408 [1.77] 1.69 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.04 2.04 ± 0.10 1.91 ± 0.02 2.44 ± 0.07

C2H3ClF2 CHClF2 C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H3Cl C6H4ClF C2H4ClF CH2ClF CH3Cl C7H7Cl C5H11Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C10H7Cl C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C8H17Cl C2ClF5 C5H11Cl C6H5ClO

2.14 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.03 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 1.45 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.01 2.068 ± 0.014 1.82 ± 0.04 1.8963 ± 0.0002 [1.82] [1.92] 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.57] 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 [2.00] 0.52 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.11 2.11 ± 0.11

1 1 1 5 7 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 66 3 1 5 7 7 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 1

4/11/08 3:46:44 PM

9-54 Dipole Moments Name 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans) 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene 4-Chloropyridine 2-Chlorotoluene 3-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoromethane o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Cyanamide Cyanoacetylene Cyanoformamide Cyanogen azide (NCN3) Cyanogen chloride Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanomethylmercury Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanone Cyclobutene 1,3-Cycloheptadiene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2dione Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene (half-chair) Cyclohexylamine 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one Cyclopentanone Cyclopentene 3-Cyclopenten-1-one Cyclopropane-sulfur dioxide complex Cyclopropanone Cyclopropene Cyclopropylamine Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Diacetone alcohol Diazomethane Dibromodifluoromethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromopropane Dibutylamine Dibutyl ether Dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl sebacate

6679X_S09.indb 54

Mol. Form. C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C5H4ClN C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O CH2N2 C3HN C2H2N2O CN4 CClN CFN CIN C2H3HgN C5H7N C4H6O C4H6 C7H10 C7H6O C6H4O2

μ/D Ref. 2.02 ± 0.03 5 1.95 ± 0.02 5 2.05 ± 0.04 1 2.17 ± 0.11 1 1.67 ± 0.08 1 1.97 ± 0.10 1 1.647 ± 0.010 3 1.94 ± 0.10 1 0.756 ± 0.005 3 1.56 ± 0.08 1 [1.82] 7 2.21 ± 0.04 1 0.40 ± 0.10 1 0.50 ± 0.01 1 [1.45] 7 [1.48] 7 [1.48] 7 4.28 ± 0.10 5 3.73172 5 4.10 ± 0.12 47 2.96 ± 0.07 60 2.8331 ± 0.0002 3 2.120 ± 0.001 3 3.67 ± 0.02 5 4.7 ± 0.1 12 4.04 ± 0.04 5 2.89 ± 0.03 2 0.132 ± 0.001 1 0.740 3 4.1 ± 0.3 3 4.23 ± 0.02 3

C6H10O C6H10 C6H13N C5H6 C5H4O C5H8O C5H8 C5H6O C3H6•O2S

3.246 ± 0.006 0.332 ± 0.012 [1.26] 0.419 ± 0.004 3.132 ± 0.007 ≈3.3 0.20 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 1.681 ± 0.001

5 2 7 1 3 1 1 3 30

C3H4O C3H4 C3H7N C5H8O C6H12O2 CH2N2 CBr2F2 C2H4Br2 CH2Br2 C3H6Br2 C8H19N C8H18O C16H22O4 C18H34O4

2.67 ± 0.13 0.454 ± 0.010 1.19 ± 0.01 2.62 ± 0.25 [3.24] 1.50 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.05 [1.19] 1.43 ± 0.03 [1.2] [0.98] 1.17 ± 0.06 [2.82] [2.48]

2 1 2 2 7 1 1 7 1 7 7 1 7 7

Name Dibutyl sulfide o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobutane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2difluoroethene Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Dichlorofluoromethane 1,1-Dichloro-2fluoropropene Dichloromethane (Dichloromethyl)benzene Dichloromethylborane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene Diethanolamine 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylamine Diethyl carbonate Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethyl ether Diethyl malonate Diethyl oxalate Diethyl sulfide (trans-trans) Diethyl sulfide (transgauche) Diethyl sulfide (gauchegauche) o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane Difluoromethylborane Difluoromethylene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin

Mol. Form. C8H18S C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C4H8Cl2 C2Cl2F2

[1.61] 2.50 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.09 2.22 ± 0.11 0.50

CCl2F2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 CHCl2F C3H3Cl2F

0.51 ± 0.05 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 1.29 ± 0.03 2.43 ± 0.02

1 1 7 1 1 1 3

CH2Cl2 C7H6Cl2 CH3BCl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C2Cl2F4

1.60 ± 0.03 [2.07] 1.419 ± 0.013 [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 ≈0.5

1 7 5 7 1 1

C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C4H11NO2 C6H14O2 C4H11N C5H10O3 C4H10O3 C6H14O3

[1.70] [2.95] [2.8] [1.38] 0.92 ± 0.05 1.10 ± 0.06 [2.31] [1.97]

7 7 7 7 1 1 7 7

C6H14O3

[1.6]

7

C8H16O4

[1.8]

7

C5H12O3

[1.6]

7

C4H10O C7H12O4 C6H10O4 C4H10S C4H10S

1.098 ± 0.001 [2.54] [2.49] 1.556 ± 0.004 1.591 ± 0.009

38 7 7 54 54

C4H10S

1.645 ± 0.001

54

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

2.46 ± 0.05

2

1.51 ± 0.02 2.556 ± 0.010 2.98 ± 0.02 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.9785 ± 0.02 1.668 ± 0.003 0.47 ± 0.02 0.889 ± 0.007 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001

2 3 3 1 2 5 1 3 3 3 2 3 3

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2 CH3BF2 CF2 C3H4F2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2

μ/D

Ref.

7 1 1 1 7

4/11/08 3:46:46 PM

Dipole Moments Name 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)furanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Diiodomethane Diisopentyl ether Diisopropylamine Diisopropyl ether Diketene 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene Dimethoxymethane N,N-Dimethylacetamide Dimethylamine N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Dimethyl disulfide Dimethyl ether N,N-Dimethylformamide 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Dimethyl maleate 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine Dimethyl sulfide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,3-Dioxane 1,3-Dioxolane Dipentyl ether Diphenyl ether Dipropylamine Dipropyl ether 1,3-Dithiane Divinyl ether Epichlorohydrin 1,2-Epoxybutane 1,2-Ethanediamine 1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate 1,2-Ethanedithiol Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Ethanolamine

6679X_S09.indb 55

9-55 Mol. Form. C4H6O C4H6O C5H8O2

μ/D 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 4.56 ± 0.02

Ref. 2 5 5

C5H8O2

4.71 ± 0.05

5

C5H8O C5H8O C4H6S C4H6S CH2I2 C10H22O C6H15N C6H14O C4H4O2 C8H10O2 C3H8O2 C4H9NO C2H7N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C6H10 C5H10 C5H8 C2H6S2 C2H6O C3H7NO C9H18O C6H8O4 C7H14O C5H10O C5H9N C7H9N C7H9N C2H6S C2H6OS C4H8O2 C3H6O2 C10H22O C12H10O C6H15N C6H14O C4H8S2 C4H6O C3H5ClO C4H8O C2H8N2 C6H10O4 C2H6S2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H7NO

1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 [1.08] [1.23] [1.15] 1.13 ± 0.10 3.53 ± 0.07 [1.29] [0.74] [3.7] 1.01 ± 0.02 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] 0.661 ± 0.004 0.142 ± 0.001 0.287 ± 0.003 [1.85] 1.30 ± 0.01 3.82 ± 0.08 [2.66] [2.48] [2.74] 2.66 ± 0.05 3.95 ± 0.04 [2.30] [1.66] 1.554 ± 0.004 3.96 ± 0.04 2.06 ± 0.04 1.19 ± 0.06 [1.20] ≈1.3 [1.03] 1.21 ± 0.06 2.14 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.05 [1.8] 1.891 ± 0.011 1.99 ± 0.10 [2.34] 2.03 ± 0.08 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 [2.27]

5 3 5 3 7 7 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 1 3 3 7 1 1 7 7 7 2 1 7 7 3 1 2 3 7 1 7 1 5 2 7 3 1 7 5 3 3 3 2 1 7

Name Ethoxybenzene 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Ethylbenzene Ethyl benzoate Ethyl butanoate Ethyl trans-cinnamate Ethyl cyanate Ethyl cyanoacetate Ethylene carbonate Ethylene glycol (average) Ethyleneimine Ethylene–sulfur dioxide complex Ethylene–water complex Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 2-Ethylhexyl acetate Ethyl lactate Ethyl methyl ether (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Ethyl propanoate Ethyl vinyl ether Fluoroacetylene Fluorobenzene Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 1-Fluorocyclohexene Fluoroethane Fluoroethene Fluoromethane Fluoromethylidyne (Fluoromethylidyne) phosphine (FCP) Fluoromethylsilane 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) 3-Fluoropropyne 3-Fluoropyridine 2-Fluorotoluene

Mol. Form. C8H10O C4H10O2 C6H12O3 C4H8O2 C5H8O2 C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C8H10 C9H10O2 C6H12O2 C11H12O2 C3H5NO C5H7NO2 C3H4O3 C2H6O2 C2H5N C2H4•O2S C2H4•H2O C3H6O2

μ/D

1.45 ± 0.15 [2.08] [2.25] 1.78 ± 0.09 [1.96] 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 0.59 ± 0.05 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.74] [1.84] 4.72 ± 0.09 [2.17] [4.9] 2.36 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.01 1.650 ± 0.003 1.10 ± 0.01

Ref.

1 7 7 1 7 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 5 7 7 5 1 27 56

C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C8H18O C10H20O2 C5H10O3 C3H8O C3H8S C3H8S C5H10O2 C4H8O C2HF C6H5F C6H11F

1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 [1.74] [1.8] [2.4] 1.17 ± 0.02 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 [1.74] [1.26] 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.60 ± 0.08 2.11 ± 0.04

2 2 1 7 7 7 3 5 3 7 7 3 1 2

C6H11F C6H9F C2H5F C2H3F CH3F CF CFP

1.81 ± 0.04 1.942 ± 0.010 1.937 ± 0.007 1.468 ± 0.003 1.858 ± 0.002 0.645 ± 0.005 0.279 ± 0.001

2 5 5 5 3 3 62

CH5FSi C6H4FNO2 C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H3F C5H4FN C7H7F

1.700 ± 0.008 2.87 ± 0.06 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 1.73 ± 0.02 2.09 ± 0.26 1.37 ± 0.07

5 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 1

4/11/08 3:46:47 PM

9-56 Dipole Moments Name 3-Fluorotoluene 4-Fluorotoluene Formaldehyde Formaldehyde dimer Formamide Formic acid Formyl fluoride Fulminic acid Fulvene Furan Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Glycerol Glycine (Conformer I) Glycine (Conformer II) Glycolaldehyde Glyoxal (cis) 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone Hexamethylphosphoric triamide Hexanoic acid 2-Hexanone sec-Hexyl acetate 1-Hexyne Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen cyanide trimer Hydrogen isocyanide p-Hydroquinone 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Imidazole Iodoacetylene Iodobenzene 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane Iodoethane Iodoethene Iodomethane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Iodomethylsilane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) Isobutane Isobutene Isobutyl acetate Isobutylamine Isobutyl formate Isobutyl isobutanoate Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Isocyanobenzene Isocyanocyclopropane

6679X_S09.indb 56

Mol. Form. C7H7F C7H7F CH2O C2H4O2 CH3NO CH2O2 CHFO CHNO C6H6 C4H4O C5H4O2 C5H6O2 C3H8O3 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H4O2 C2H2O2 C7H16O C7H16O C7H14O C7H14O C6H18N3OP

μ/D 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10 2.332 ± 0.002 0.858 ± 0.005 3.73 ± 0.07 1.425 ± 0.002 2.081 ± 0.001 3.09934 0.4236 ± 0.013 0.66 ± 0.01 [3.54] [1.92] [2.56] 1.147 ± 0.005 5.45 ± 0.05 2.73 ± 0.05 4.8 ± 0.2 [1.71] [1.71] [2.59] [2.78] [5.5]

C6H12O2 C6H12O C8H16O2 C6H10 CHN C3H3N3 CHN C6H6O2 C3H5NO

[1.13] [2.66] [1.9] 0.83 ± 0.05 2.985188 10.6 3.05 ± 0.15 2.38 ± 0.05 3.17 ± 0.02

C3H4N2 C2HI C6H5I C4H9I C4H9I C2H5I C2H3I CH3I C4H9I CH5ISi C3H7I C3H7I C4H8O C4H8O C4H10 C4H8 C6H12O2 C4H11N C5H10O2 C8H16O2 CHNO C7H5N C4H5N

3.8 ± 0.4 0.02525 1.70 ± 0.09 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 1.976 ± 0.002 1.311 ± 0.005 1.6406 ± 0.0004 [1.87] 1.862 ± 0.005 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 0.132 ± 0.002 0.503 ± 0.010 [1.86] [1.27] [1.88] [1.9] ≈1.6 4.018 ± 0.003 4.03 ± 0.10

Ref. 2 1 3 57 1 5 5 5 2 1 7 7 7 49 49 2 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 5 21 3 15 5 2 5 1 7 1 5 5 5 7 5 1 7 5 5 1 1 7 7 7 7 2 5 3

Name 2-Isocyanopropane Isopentane Isopentyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropylbenzene Isopropyl methyl ether Isoquinoline Isoxazole Isoxazole–carbon monoxide complex Ketene Mesityl oxide Methacrylic acid Methanethiol Methanol 2-Methoxyethanol (gauche) 2-Methoxyethyl acetate 1-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene N-Methylacetamide Methyl acetate Methyl acrylate 2-Methylacrylonitrile Methylamine 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline Methyl azide Methyl benzoate 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne Methyl cyanate cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol 3-Methylcyclopentanone 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1one Methylcyclopropane Methyldiborane(6) Methyldifluorophosphine Methylenecyclohexane Methylenecyclopropene Methylenephosphine (CH2 = PH) N-Methylformamide Methyl formate 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Methyl hydroperoxide Methylidyne

Mol. Form. C4H7N C5H12 C7H14O2 C3H9N C9H12 C4H10O C9H7N C3H3NO C3H3NO•CO

μ/D

4.055 ± 0.001 0.13 ± 0.05 [1.86] 1.19 ± 0.06 ≈0.79 1.247 ± 0.003 2.73 ± 0.14 2.95 ± 0.04 2.873 ± 0.004

Ref.

5 1 7 3 1 5 1 3 52

C2H2O C6H10O C4H6O2 CH4S CH4O C3H8O2 C5H10O3 C4H6O C3H7NO C3H6O2 C4H6O2

1.42215 [2.79] [1.65] 1.52 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.02 2.36 ± 0.05 [2.13] 0.963 ± 0.020 [4.3] 1.72 ± 0.09

3 7 7 1 1 2 7 5 7 1

C4H5N CH5N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N CH3N3 C8H8O2 C5H8 C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H10 C5H10 C5H7N C5H6 C2H3NO C7H14O C7H14O C6H10O C6H8O

[1.77] 3.69 ± 0.18 1.31 ± 0.03 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] 2.17 ± 0.04 [1.94] 0.25 ± 0.01 [0.63] [1.88] [1.82] 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 4.61 ± 0.13 0.513 ± 0.02 4.26 ± 0.18 [1.91] [1.75] 3.14 ± 0.03 4.33 ± 0.002

7 1 1 7 7 7 2 7 1 7 7 7 3 3 10 2 5 7 7 5 5

C4H8 CH8B2 CH3F2P C7H12 C4H4 CH3P

0.139 ± 0.004 0.566 ± 0.006 2.056 ± 0.006 0.62 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.01 0.869 ± 0.003

2 3 3 5 5 61

C2H5NO C2H4O2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 CH4O2 CH

3.83 ± 0.08 1.77 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 4.08 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 ≈1.46

1 1 2 2 5 13 2

4/11/08 3:46:49 PM

Dipole Moments Name Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 4-Methylisoxazole Methyl methacrylate 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole 5-Methyloxazole Methyloxirane 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 4-Methylpentanenitrile Methylphosphonic difluoride N-Methylpropanamide 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol 2-Methylpropanoic acid 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-Methylpropenal 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Methyl propyl ether (transtrans) 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine N-Methylpyrrolidine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone Methyl salicylate Methylsilane Methyl silyl ether 3-Methylthietane 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene Methyl vinyl ether Morpholine 2-Nitroanisole Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitromethane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Nonanoic acid 2,5-Norbornadiene cis-9-Octadecenoic acid Octanoic acid 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Octanone 1,4-Oxathiane Oxazole Oxetane 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Oxirane Paraldehyde

6679X_S09.indb 57

9-57 Mol. Form. C2H3NO C2H3NS C4H5NO C5H8O2 C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H5NO C3H6O C6H14O2 C6H11N CH3F2OP C4H9NO C4H7N C4H10S C4H8O2 C4H10O C4H10O C4H6O C4H8O C4H10O

μ/D ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003 3.583 ± 0.005 [1.67] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05 2.16 ± 0.04 2.01 ± 0.02 [2.9] [3.5] 3.69 ± 0.26 3.61 4.29 ± 0.09 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.08] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 2.68 ± 0.13 1.295 ± 0.022 1.107 ± 0.013

C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H11N C5H9NO C8H8O3 CH6Si CH6OSi C4H8S C5H6S C5H6S C3H6O C4H9NO C7H7NO3 C6H5NO2 C2H5NO2 CH3NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C9H18O2 C7H8 C18H34O2 C8H16O2 C8H18O C8H18O C8H16O C4H8OS C3H3NO C3H6O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C2H4O C6H12O3

1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.572 ± 0.003 [4.1] [2.47] 0.73456 1.15 ± 0.02 2.046 ± 0.009 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 0.965 ± 0.002 1.55 ± 0.03 [5.0] 4.22 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 3.46 ± 0.02 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 [0.79] 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.18] [1.15] [1.76] [1.71] [2.70] 0.295 ± 0.003 1.503 ± 0.030 1.94 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 1.89 ± 0.01 1.43 ± 0.07

Ref. 1 5 5 7 5 5 5 1 7 7 3 7 3 3 7 1 7 1 5 3 2 7 2 3 3 5 7 7 5 2 5 2 3 5 3 7 1 2 1 1 1 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 3 3 1 1 2 1 1

Name Pentachloroethane cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 1,3-Pentadiyne 1,5-Pentanediol 2,4-Pentanedione Pentanenitrile Pentanoic acid 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Pentene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne Pentyl acetate Pentyl formate 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Perfluoropyridine Phenol Phenylacetylene Phenylsilane 1-Phosphapropyne (CH3CP) Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Propane 1,2-Propanediol 1,3-Propanediol Propanenitrile 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average) 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Propargyl alcohol Propene Propene–sulfur dioxide complex Propyl acetate Propylamine Propylene carbonate Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) Propyl formate

Mol. Form. C2HCl5 C5H8 C5H8 C5H4 C5H12O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H10O2 C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H10O C5H10O C5H6 C5H10 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C7H14O2 C6H12O2 C5H8 C5H8 C5F5N C6H6O C8H6 C6H8Si C2H3P C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H8 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H5N C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H4O C3H6 C3H6•O2S

0.92 ± 0.05 0.500 ± 0.015 0.585 ± 0.010 1.207 ± 0.001 [2.5] [2.78] 4.12 ± 0.08 [1.61] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [2.70] [2.82] 0.51 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.10 1.90 ± 0.10 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.98 ± 0.08 1.224 ± 0.008 0.656 ± 0.005 0.845 ± 0.012 1.499 ± 0.001 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 0.084 ± 0.001 [2.25] [2.55] 4.05 ± 0.03 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.13 ± 0.06 0.366 ± 0.001 1.34 ± 0.003

μ/D

C5H10O2 C3H9N C4H6O3 C3H7N C3H7N C4H8O2

[1.78] 1.17 ± 0.06 [4.9] 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 [1.89]

Ref.

1 2 2 5 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 63 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 7 7 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 35 7 1 7 2 2 7

4/11/08 3:46:50 PM

9-58 Dipole Moments Name 2-Propynal Propyne Propyne-argon complex 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione 1H-Pyrazole Pyridazine Pyridine 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Pyrimidine Pyrrole Pyrrolidine 2-Pyrrolidone Quinoline Salicylaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Silicon dicarbide Silicon methylidyne Styrene Succinonitrile Sulfolane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Tetrahydrofuran Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetrahydropyran (chair) Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine Tetrahydrothiophene Tetramethylurea 1H-Tetrazole Thiacyclohexane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Thietane Thietane 1,1-dioxide Thioacetaldehyde Thiocarbonyl fluoride Thioformaldehyde Thiophene 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione

6679X_S09.indb 58

Mol. Form. C3H2O C3H4 C3H4•Ar C5H4O2 C5H4OS C3H4N2 C4H4N2 C5H5N C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C4H4N2 C4H5N C4H9N C4H7NO C9H7N C7H6O2 CH2Se C2Si CHSi C8H8 C4H4N2 C4H8O2S C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl4 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C2H2F4 C4H8O C5H10O2 C5H10O C5H8O2 C5H9N C4H8S C5H12N2O CH2N4 C5H10S C2H2N2S C3H6S C3H6O2S C2H4S CF2S CH2S C4H4S C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4S2

μ/D Ref. 2.78 ± 0.02 5 0.784 ± 0.001 3 0.730 ± 0.005 20 3.79 ± 0.02 5 3.95 ± 0.05 5 2.20 ± 0.01 3 4.22 ± 0.02 2 2.215 ± 0.010 3 5.78 ± 0.11 3 3.66 ± 0.11 3 1.96 ± 0.03 3 1.44 3 1.66 3 3.56 ± 0.07 3 2.334 ± 0.010 2 1.767 ± 0.001 5 [1.57] 7 [3.5] 7 2.29 ± 0.11 1 [2.86] 7 1.41 ± 0.01 5 2.393 ± 0.006 24 0.066 ± 0.002 41 0.123 ± 0.003 5 [3.7] 7 [4.8] 7 [1.38] 7 1.32 ± 0.07 1 2.42 ± 0.05 3 1.46 ± 0.06 3 1.80 ± 0.22 5 1.75 ± 0.04 2 [2.1] 7 1.58 ± 0.03 3 1.720 ± 0.003 3 1.007 ± 0.003 3 [1.90] 7 [3.5] 7 2.19 ± 0.05 3 1.781 ± 0.010 3 1.579 ± 0.007 3 1.85 ± 0.09 1 4.8 ± 0.1 5 2.33 ± 0.02 68 0.080 59 1.6491 ± 0.0004 3 0.55 ± 0.01 2 4.59 ± 0.02 3 4.13 ± 0.02 3 3.9 ± 0.2 5

Name Toluene Toluene-sulfur dioxide complex 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Tribromomethane Tributylamine Tributyl borate Tributyl phosphate Tricarbon monosulfide 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloroethylsilane Trichlorofluoromethane Trichloromethane (Trichloromethyl)benzene Trichloromethylsilane Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Triethanolamine

Mol. Form. C7H8 C7H8•O2S

μ/D 0.375 ± 0.010 1.87 ± 0.03

Ref. 3 34

2.7 ± 0.1 0.99 ± 0.02 [0.78] [0.77] [3.07] 3.704 ± 0.009 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] [0.8] [2.04] 0.46 ± 0.02 1.04 ± 0.02 [2.03] 1.91 ± 0.01 [2.87] [3.05] [3.18]

3 1 7 7 7 50 2 7 7 7 2 2 7 2 7 7 7

Triethylamine Triethyl phosphate Trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetonitrile 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Trifluoroethene Trifluoroiodomethane Trifluoroisocyanomethane Trifluoromethane (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 1,3,5-Trioxane Vinyl acetate Vinyl formate 2-Vinylfuran Vinylsilane o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol

C2H3N3 CHBr3 C12H27N C12H27BO3 C12H27O4P C3S C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2HCl3 C2H5Cl3Si CCl3F CHCl3 C7H5Cl3 CH3Cl3Si C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C6H15NO3 C6H15N C6H15O4P C2HF3O2 C2F3N C6H3F3 C2H3F3 C2HF3 CF3I C2F3N CHF3 C7H5F3 CH3F3Si CH3F3Si C3H3F3 C3HF3 C3H9N C3H9O4P C8H11N C3H6O3 C4H6O2 C3H4O2 C6H6O C2H6Si C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O

[3.57] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.12] 2.28 ± 0.25 1.262 ± 0.010 1.402 ± 0.009 2.347 ± 0.005 1.32 ± 0.03 1.048 ± 0.003 1.153 ± 0.010 1.65150 2.86 ± 0.06 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 2.317 ± 0.013 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] [2.05] 2.08 ± 0.02 [1.79] 1.49 ± 0.01 0.69 ± 0.07 0.657 ± 0.002 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55]

7 1 7 1 3 5 3 2 3 5 3 1 5 5 1 5 1 7 7 1 7 1 5 5 2 7 7 7 7 7

4/11/08 3:46:52 PM

Bond Dissociation Energies Yu-Ran Luo The bond dissociation energy (enthalpy) is also referred to as bond disruption energy, bond energy, bond strength, or binding energy (abbreviation: BDE, BE, or D). It is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the following fission: R−X → R + X. The BDE, denoted by Do(R−X), is usually derived by the thermochemical equation, Do(R−X) = ∆fHo(R) + ∆fHo(X) – ∆fHo(RX). The enthalpy of formation ∆fHo of a large number of atoms, free radicals, ions, clusters and compounds is available from the websites of NIST, NASA, CODATA, and IUPAC. Most authors prefer to use the BDE values at 298.15 K. The following seven tables provide essential information of experimental BDE values of R−X and R+−X bonds.

(1) Table 1: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules (2) Table 2: Enthalpy of Formation of Gaseous Atoms (3) Table 3: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Molecules (4) Table 4: Enthalpies of Formation of Free Radicals and Other Transient Species (5) Table 5: Bond Dissociation Energies of Common Organic Molecules (6) Table 6: Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Cations (7) Table 7: Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations The data in these tables have been revised through September 2008.

TABLE 1. Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules The BDEs in diatomic species have usually been measured by spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. In the absence of data on the enthalpy function, the values at 0 K, Do(A−B), are converted to Do298 by the approximate equation: Do298(A−B) ≈ Do(A−B) + (3/2)RT = Do(A−B) + 3.7181 kJ mol–1



This table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms A in the diatomics A−B. A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

A–B

Do298/kJ mol–1

Ref.

Ac−O

794

1

Ag−Sn

136 ± 21

1

Al−Sb

216.3 ± 6

1

Ar−Si

5.86

1

Ag−Ag

162.9 ± 2.9

1

Ag−Te

195.8 ± 14.6

1

Al−Se

318 ± 13

1

Ar−Sn

211

1

321 ± 24

1

202.5 ± 5.9

1

Mn −I

>211

1

Mn+ −O

285 ± 13

1

Mn+ −S

247 ± 23

1

+

165 ± 50

1

442.7 ± 13.5

1

376 ± 29

1

170 ± 6

1

Lu+ −I

Lu −O Mg+ −Ar

Mg+ −Au Mg −Cl +

Mg+ −D Mg+ −F

Mg+ −H

Mg −Kr +

Mg+ −Mg Mg+ −Ne Mg+ −O

Mg −Xe Mn+ −F

Mn+ −H +

Mn+ −Mn 129

Mn −Se Mo+ −C Mo+ −F

Mo+ −H

1

Mo −Mo 449.4 ± 1.0

1

+

488.2 ± 1.9

1

Mo+ −S

355.1 ± 5.8

1

>53.1 ± 6.8

1

208.4 ± 9.6

1

584 ± 42

1

≥435.67 ± 0.77

1

843.85 ± 0.10

1

115

1

19 ± 8

1

58.2 ± 10.6

1

20.3 ± 10

1

7.55

1

64.9 ± 3.0

1

~24.9

1

95.8 ± 3.9

1

98.64 ± 0.29

1

6.4

1

~9.04

1

37 ± 19

1

~28.6

1

40.87 ± 0.13

1

509 ± 15

1

>251

1

220 ± 7

1

+

Mo −O

Mo+ −Xe N+ −Ar N −F +

N+ −H N+ −N

N+ −O

Na −Ar +

Na+ −Br Na+ −Cl

Na+ −He Na −I +

Na+ −Kr Na+ −Li

Na+ −Na Na −Na +

Na+ −Ne Na+ −O

Na+ −Xe

Nb −Ar +

Nb+ −C

Nb+ −Fe Nb+ −H

Bond Dissociation Energies A+ −B

Nb+ −Nb Nb+ −O Nb −S +

Nb+ −V

Nb+ −Xe

Nd+ −Au

Do298 kJ/mol–1

9-89 Ref.

576.8 ± 9.6

1

688 ± 11

1

501.7 ± 20.3

1

404.7 ± 0.2

1

73.28 ± 0.12

1

267 ± 84

1

+

352.9

1

Nd+ −Cl

441.4

1

309.6

1

Nd+ −I

596 ± 32

1

+

Nd −Br Nd+ −F

Nd −O Ne+ −H

Ne+ −He

Ne+ −Ne Ni −Ar +

Ni+ −Br Ni+ −C

Ni+ −Cl Ni −D +

Ni+ −F

Ni+ −H

Ni+ −He Ni −I +

Ni+ −Ne Ni+ −Ni Ni+ −O Ni −S +

Ni −Si +

Np+ −F

Np+ −O O+ −Ar O −F +

O+ −H O+ −N

O+ −O

Os −H +

Os+ −O P+ −C

P+ −Cl P −F +

P+ −H P+ −N

P+ −O P −P +

P+ −S

Pa+ −O

Pb+ −Br

753 ± 15

1

1239

1

13.0 ± 0.8

1

125.29 ± 1.93

1

53.9

1

>289

1

418

1

192 ± 4

1

166.0 ± 7.7

1

≥456

1

158.1 ± 7.7

1

12.4 ± 0.4

1

>297

1

9.9 ± 0.4

1

208

1

275.9 ± 7.7

1

241.0 ± 3.9

1

326 ± 6.7

1

730 ± 100

1

≥752

1

33.8

1

301.8 ± 8.4

1

487.9 ± 0.34

1

1050.64 ± 0.13

1

647.75 ± 0.17

1

238.9

1

418 ± 50

1

512 ± 42

1

289

1

490.6 ± 8.4

1

329.6 ± 2.1

1

483 ± 21

1

791.3 ± 8.4

1

481 ± 50

1

606 ± 34

1

~800

1

260 ± 63

1

+

285 ± 63

1

Pb+ −F

347 ± 32

1

247 ± 8.4

1

214 ± 29

1

Pb −Cl Pb+ −O

Pb+ −Pb

A+ −B

Pb+ −S

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

293 ± 50

1

169.4 ± 6.3

1

163 ± 63

1

528 ± 5

1

208.4 ± 8.7

1

Pd+ −O

145 ± 11

1

+

197 ± 29

1

197 ± 6

1

289 ± 50

1

317 ± 81

1

357.7

1

445.0

1

557 ± 63

1

317.0

1

796 ± 15

1

36.4 ± 8.7

1

398 ± 105

1

530.5 ± 4.8

1

249.8 ± 14.5

1

275 ± 5

1

326.9 ± 9.6

1

318.4 ± 6.7

1

318 ± 23

1

515 ± 50

1

86.6 ± 28.9

1

562 ± 50

1

Pu −O

655

1

+

12.0

1

17.6v5.1

1

10.5 ± 10.5

1

27 ± 42

1

14.9

1

50.1 ± 3.9

1

6.95

1

29

1

75.6 ± 9.6

1

21.5

1

497.7 ± 3.9

1

224.7 ± 6.7

1

+

435 ± 59

1

Rh+ −C

414 ± 17

1

164.8 ± 3.8

1

295.0 ± 5.8

1

226 ± 13

1

453.5 ± 10.6

1

160.2 ± 5.0

1

Ru+ −O

372 ± 5

1

+

288 ± 6

1

620.8 ± 1.3

1

343.5 ± 4.8

1

348.2 ± 1.7

1

Pb+ −Se

Pb −Te +

Pd+ −C

Pd+ −H

Pd −Pd Pd+ −S

Pd+ −Si

Pr+ −Au

Pr −Br +

Pr+ −Cl Pr+ −F Pr+ −I

Pr −O +

Pt+ −Ar Pt+ −B

Pt+ −C

Pt −Cl +

Pt+ −H Pt+ −N

Pt+ −O

Pt −Pt +

Pt+ −Si

Pt+ −Xe Pu+ −F +

Rb −Ar Rb+ −Br Rb+ −Cl Rb+ −I

Rb −Kr +

Rb+ −Na

Rb+ −Ne Rb+ −O

Rb −Rb +

Rb+ −Xe Re+ −C

Re+ −H

Re −O

Rh+ −H

Rh+ −O Rh −S +

Ru+ −C

Ru+ −H Ru −S S+ −C S+ −F

S+ −H

A+ −B

S+ −N

S+ −O S −P +

S+ −S

Sc+ −C

Sc+ −Cl Sc −F +

Sc+ −Fe Sc+ −H

Sc+ −O Sc −S +

Sc+ −Se Sc+ −Si Se+ −F

Se −H +

Se+ −P Se+ −S

Se+ −Se

Si −Au +

Si+ −B

Si+ −Br Si+ −C

Si −Cl +

Si+ −F

Si+ −H

Si+ −O Si −P +

Si −Pd +

Si+ −Pt Si+ −S

Si+ −Si

Si −Te +

Sm+ −Br

Sm+ −Cl

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

516 ± 34

1

524.3 ± 0.4

1

573 ± 21

1

522.4 ± 0.5

1

326 ± 6

1

410 ± 42

1

605 ± 32

1

201 ± 21

1

235 ± 8

1

689 ± 5

1

529.7 ± 17.4

1

475.8 ± 8.4

1

242.3 ± 10.5

1

364 ± 42

1

304

1

514 ± 25

1

392 ± 19

1

413 ± 19

1

175 ± 50

1

351 ± 15

1

276 ± 96

1

365 ± 50

1

591.0 ± 0.6

1

684.1 ± 5.4

1

316.6 ± 2.1

1

478 ± 13.4

1

272 ± 50

1

237 ± 50

1

525 ± 50

1

387.5 ± 6.0

1

334 ± 19

1

347 ± 50

1

343.3

1

435.4

1

Sm+ −F

620.9

1

+

299.1

1

569 ± 15

1

335 ± 50

1

184 ± 96

1

+

364 ± 29

1

Sn+ −O

281 ± 10

1

240 ± 19

1

174 ± 6.3

1

193

1

Sm −I

Sm+ −O Sn+ −Br

Sn+ −Cu Sn −F Sn+ −S

Sn+ −Se

Sn −Sn +

Sn+ −Te Sr+ −Ar

Sr+ −Br

168.7 ± 8.4

1

13.32 ± 2.92

1

378.1 ± 8.4

1

+

427 ± 8.4

1

Sr+ −F

615 ± 50

1

209 ± 5

1

308.2

1

Sr −Cl Sr+ −H Sr+ −I

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-90 A+ −B

Sr+ −Kr

Sr+ −Ne Sr −O +

Sr+ −Sr

Ta+ −H

Ta+ −O

Ta − Ta

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

18.13 ± 6.94

1

4.52 ± 9.6

1

298.7

1

108.5 ± 1.6

1

230 ± 6

1

787 ± 63

1

666

1

245 ± 34

1

722 ± 15

1

197.5

1

>167

1

305 ± 12

1

339 ± 50

1

Te+ −P

415 ± 97

1

+

342 ± 19

1

339.6

5

278 ± 29

1

499 ± 29

1

+

682 ± 29

1

Th+ −O

875 ± 16

1

388 ± 193

1

504 ± 67

1

395 ± 23

1

426.8

1

≥456

1

226.6 ± 10.6

1

501 ± 13

1

667 ± 7

1

82 ± 96

1

461.1 ± 6.8

1

249 ± 16

1

229

1

52 ± 50

1

26 ± 4

1

13 ± 21

1

+

-

Tb+ −Cu

Tb+ −O Tc+ −H

Tc −O +

Te+ −H

Te+ −O Te −Se Te+ −Si

Te+ −Te

Th+ −Cl Th −F

Th+ −Pt

Th+ −Rh Ti −C +

Ti+ −Cl Ti+ −F

Ti+ −H Ti −N +

Ti+ −O

Ti+ −Pt Ti+ −S

Ti+ −Si

Ti −Ti +

Tl+ −Br Tl+ −Cl Tl+ −F

A+ −B

Tl+ −I

Do298 kJ/mol–1

133 ± 21

1

22 ± 50

1

+

312.2

1

Tm+ −Cl

407.9

1

537 ± 16

1

266.8

1

482 ± 15

1

345 ± 29

1

300 ± 96

1

431 ± 34

1

283.4 ± 9.6

1

668 ± 29

1

284 ± 8

1

~485

1

757 ± 42

1

186

1

518 ± 29

1

39.39 ± 0.12

1

373 ± 13.5

1

202 ± 6

1

314 ± 21

1

202 ± 6

1

49.46 ± 0.18

1

448.6 ± 5.8

1

403.5 ± 0.2

1

581.6 ± 9.6

1

358.9 ± 8.7

1

229 ± 15

1

302

1

66.4 ± 0.6

1

W+ −C

483 ± 21

1

+

444 ± 96

1

222.5 ± 5

1

695 ± 42

1

13.4

1

Tl+ −Tl

Tm −Br Tm+ −F Tm+ −I

Tm −O +

U+ −Br U+ −C

U+ −Cl U −D +

U+ −F

U+ −H U+ −N

U −O +

U+ −P U+ −S

V+ −Ar V −C +

V+ −D

V+ −Fe V+ −H

V −Kr +

V+ −N

V+ −Nb V+ −O V −S +

V+ −Si V+ −V

V+ −Xe W −F

W+ −H

W+ −O

Xe+ −Ar

References 1.



2. 3. 4. 5 6.

Ref.

Luo, Y.R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Parke, L.G., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168–182, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279–300, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1-133114/13, 2006. Chattopadhyaya, S., et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 12303–12311, 2006. Li, J., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 104307/1-104307/9, 2007.

A+ −B

Xe+ −H

Xe+ −Kr Xe −N +

Xe+ −Ne Xe+ −Xe Y+ −C Y −F +

Y+ −H

Y+ −O

Y+ −Pt Y −S +

Y+ −Si

Y+ −Te Y+ −Y

Yb −Br +

Yb+ −Cl Yb+ −F Yb+ −I

Yb −O +

Yb+ −Yb Zn+ −Ar

Zn+ −H

Zn −O +

Zn+ −S

Zn+ −Si

Zn+ −Zn

Do298 kJ/mol–1

Ref.

355

1

41.65 ± 0.08

1

66.4 ± 9.6

1

2.1 ± 0.8

1

99.6

1

281 ± 12

1

677 ± 21

1

260.5 ± 5.8

1

718 ± 25

1

466 ± 192

1

533.9 ± 8

1

243 ± 13

1

360 ± 96

1

281 ± 21

1

307.4

1

399.6

1

557.5 ± 14.4

1

262.0

1

376 ± 15

1

238 ± 96

1

28.7 ± 1.2

1

216 ± 15

1

161.1 ± 4.8

1

198 ± 12

1

274.1 ± 9.6

1

60 ± 19

1

+

36.09 ± 0.24

1

Zr+ −C

445.8 ± 15.4

1

218.8 ± 9.6

1

443 ± 46

1

753 ± 11

1

549.0 ± 9.6

1

407.0 ± 9.6

1

Zr −Ar

Zr+ −H Zr+ −N

Zr+ −O Zr −S +

Zr+ −Zr

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-91

TABLE 7. Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations This Table has been arranged on the basis of the Periodic Table with the IUPAC notation for Groups 1 to 18, see inside front cover of this Handbook. The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment. Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

(1) Group 1 Li+−H2

27.2

1

57 ± 13

1

139 ± 8

1

156 ± 8

1

130

1

156 ± 8

1

167 ± 10

1

Li+−pyridine

183.0 ± 14.5

1

220 ± 9

1

Na+−H2

10.4 ± 0.8

1

33.5

1

Li+−CO

Li+−H2O

Li+−NH3

Li+−CH4

Li+−CH3OH

Li+−CH3OCH3 Li+−Gly (glycine)

Na+−N2

Na −CO

31 ± 8

1

66.5

1

79.1

1

52.3

1

91.2 ± 6.3

1

82.0 ± 5.8

1

Na+(H2O)2−H2O

66.1

1

52.7 ± 0.8

1

Na (glycine)−H2O

+

Na+−CO2

Na+−SO2 Na+−O3

Na+−H2O

Na (H2O)−H2O +

Na+(H2O)3−H2O

75.1 ± 5.3

1

52 ± 1

1

106.2 ± 5.4

1

86.2

1

30.1

1

98.8 ± 5.7

1

125.5 ± 9.6

1

44.6 ± 4.4

1

101.4 ± 5.7

1

114.4 ± 3.4

1

131.3 ± 4.1

1

97.0 ± 5.9

1

103.7 ± 4.8

1

166.7 ± 5.1

1

Na −Ala (alanine)

167 ± 4

1

203 ± 8

1

K+−H2

6.1 ± 0.8

1

35.6

1

74.9

1

67.4

1

55.2

1

11.8

1

44.8

1

41.8

1

79 ± 7

1

80.3

1

+

Na+(glutamine)−H2O

Na+−NH3

Na+−HNO3

Na+−CH4

Na −CH3OH +

Na+−CH3CN Na+−C2H4

Na −CH3OCH3 +

Na+−CH3C(O)H Na+− MeCOMe Na+−C6H6

Na+−pyrrole

Na+ −Gly (glycine) +

Na+−GlyGly (glycylglycine) K −CO2 +

K+−H2O

K+(H2O)2−H2O

K+(H2O)3−H2O K+(H2O)4−H2O

K+(H2O)5−H2O K+(H2O)6−H2O K+−NH3

K+−C6H6

K −adenine

Bond

+

K+−indole

K −Phe (phenylalanine) +

K −Tyr (tyrosine) +

Rb+−H2O

Rb+−NH3

Rb+−CH3CN

Rb −C6H5OH +

Cs+−H2O

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

95.1 ± 3.2

1

104.6 ± 12.6

1

150.5 ± 5.8

1

165.0 ± 5.8

1

66.9 ± 12.6

1

78.2

1

86.6 ± 1.3

1

70.2 ± 3.7

1

57.3

1

70.8 ± 4.5

1

192.9 ± 13.4

1

tert-C(CH3)3Be −tert-C(CH3)3

121.8 ± 13.4

1

314 ± 33

1

Mg+−CO

43.1 ± 5.8

1

Mg+−CO2

58.4 ± 5.8

1

122.5 ± 12.5

1

Mg+−NH3

158.9 ± 11.6

1

29.8 ± 6.8

1

Mg+−MeOH

147.6 ± 6.8

1

Mg −C6H6

155.2

1

200.0 ± 6.4

1

Mg+−imidazole

243.9 ± 10.4

1

Mg2+(H2O)5−H2O

101.3

1

Mg2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO

93.3

1

Ca+−OH

435.1 ± 14.5

1

Ca+−H2O

117.2

1

134

1

Cs+−C6H5NH2

(2) Group 2

CH3Be+−CH3

+

Mg+−OH

Mg+−H2O Mg+−CH4 +

Mg+−pyridine

Ca+−C6H6

Ca −imidazole

186.3 ± 3.9

1

Ca2+(H2O)4−H2O

110.0 ± 5.9

1

Ca2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO

101.3

1

Sr+−CO

20.3

1

Sr+−CO2

41.9

1

144.3

1

Sr+−C6H6

117

1

Sr2+(H2O)5−H2O

87.4

1

530.7 ± 19.3

1

Ba (H2O)4−H2O

90.8

1

Sc+−H2

23.0 ± 1.3

1

412 ± 22

1

Sc+−CH3

233 ± 10

1

Sc −C2H2

Sc+−C6H6

+

Sr+−H2O

Ba+−OH 2+

(3) Group 3

Sc+−CH2

240 ± 20

1

Sc+−C2H4

≥131

1

222 ± 21

1

Sc+−H2O

131

1

+

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-92

Sc+−NH

Bond

Sc+−NH2

Sc+−pyridine Y −CH2 +

Y+−CH3

Y+−C2H2

Y −C2H4 +

Y+−CO Y+−CS

Y+(O)−CO2

La −CH +

La+−CH2

La+−CH3

La+−C2H2 La −C2H4

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

483 ± 10

1

347 ± 5

1

231.5 ± 10.3

1

398 ± 13

1

249 ± 5.0

1

218 ± 13

1

>138

1

29.9 ± 10.6

1

137.0 ± 7.7

1

86 ± 5

1

523 ± 33

1

401 ± 7

1

217 ± 15

1

262 ± 30

1

192.5

1

>230 ± 6

1

176 ± 20

1

552 ± 44

1

523 ± 38

1

U (F)3−F

381 ± 19

1

243 ± 17

1

U+(F)5−F

26 ± 11

1

+

Lu+−CH2

Lu+−CH3 U+(F)−F

U+(F)2−F +

U+(F)4−F

Ti+−CH2

Ti+−CH3 Ti+−CH4

Ti+−C2H2 Ti+−C2H4 Ti+−C6H6

Ti+−CO

Ti+−H2O

Ti −NH +

Ti+−NH2

Ti+−NH3

Ti+−pyridine

Ti −imidazole +

Zr+−CH

Zr+−CH2

Zr+−CH3

Zr −C2H2 +

Zr+−CO Zr+−CS

Hf+−CH

Hf+−CH2 Hf −CH2 +

Hf+−C2H2

1

391 ± 15

1

213.8 ± 3

1

70.3 ± 2.5

1

213 ± 13

1

146 ± 11

1

259 ± 9

1

117.7 ± 5.8

1

157.7 ± 5.9

1

466 ± 12

1

356 ± 13

1

197 ± 7

1

217.2 ± 9.3

1

≤232.4 ± 8.2

1

568 ± 13

1

444.8 ± 5

1

227.7 ± 9.6

1

273 ± 14

1

77 ± 10

1

257.6 ± 10.6

1

492.1 ± 14.5

2

421.6 ± 6.8

2

204.5 ± 25.1

2

150.6

1

(5) Group 5 (CO)6V+−H

V+−H2

470 ± 5

1

326 ± 6

1

V+−CH3

193 ± 7

1

V+−C2H2

172 ± 8

1

V+−C2H4

124 ± 8

1

V+−(η5-C5H5)

530.7

1

V −C6H6

234 ± 10

1

114.8 ± 2.9

1

V+−CO2

72.4 ± 3.8

1

149.8 ± 5.0

1

+

V+−CO

V+−H2O V −NH

423 ± 29

1

V+−NH2

293 ± 6

1

192 ± 11

1

V+−pyridine

218.7 ± 13.5

1

+

V+−NH3

V −imidazole

≤243.4 ± 8.0

1

Nb+−H2

61.9

1

581 ± 19

1

Nb+−CH2

428.4 ± 8.7

1

198.8 ± 10.6

1

Nb+−CH3NH2

134

1

117.7

1

>163

1

95.5 ± 4.8

1

+

Nb+−CH

Nb+−CH3

Nb+−C3H6

(NbFe)+−C3H4 Nb −CO

478 ± 5

220 ± 14

1

42.7 ± 2.1

1

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

V+−CH2

+

(4) Group 4 Ti+−CH

V+−CH

Bond

Nb+−CS

242.2 ± 10.6

1

Nb7+−N2

209

1

Mo+−pyrrole +

W+−CH

W+−CH3

(PMe3)3(CO)3W+−H

W −pyrrole +

(7) Group 7

(CO)5Mn+−H

172 ± 10

1

7.9 ± 1.7

1

295 ± 13

1

215 ± 10

1

Mn+(CO)5−CH3

132 ± 15

1

>30

1

Mn −(η -C5H5)

326.1 ± 9.6

1

145 ± 10

1

332 ± 24

1

25 ± 10

1

Mn+−H2

Mn+−CH2 Mn+−CH3

Mn+(CO)5−CH4 +

5

Mn −C6H6 +

Mn+−OH Mn+−CO

Mn −H2O

121.8 ± 5.9

1

134 ± 29

1

159 ± 14

1

Mn+−CS

80.0 ± 21

1

+

254 ± 20

1

147 ± 8

1

28.9 ± 4.8

1

146.7 ± 11.6

1

536.4 ± 9.6

1

Pt+–CH2

471

1

257.6 ± 7.7

1

Pt+–CH4

170.8 ± 7.7

1

64.6 ± 4.8

1

218.1 ± 8.7

1

59.8 ± 4.8

1

274 ± 12

1

229.7

1

+

Pd+−CH2

Pd+−CH3 Pd+−CH4 Pd+−CS

Pd+−C2H2

Pt+–H2

Pt+–CH

Pt+–CH3 Pt+–O2

Pt+–CO

Pt+–CO2

Pt+–NH3

Pt+–C2H4

51.9 ± 0.4

1

267.3 ± 6.8

1

111 ± 7

1

>21.2 ± 9.6

1

176 ± 14

1

218.0 ± 9.6

1

149 ± 7

1

89 ± 30

1

109.0 ± 4.8

1

160.7 ± 7.5

1

192 ± 13

1

237 ± 15

1

Cu+−CS

238.3 ± 11.6

1

246 ± 27

1

Cu+−SiH2

≥231 ± 7

1

97 ± 25

1

≥107 ± 4

1

66.6 ± 4.8

1

65.7 ± 7.5

1

167 ± 19

1

Cu+−CH2 Cu+−CH3

Cu+−C2H2 Cu+−C2H4 Cu+−C6H6

Cu+−CO Cu+−N2

Cu+−NO

Cu+−H2O

Cu+−NH2

Cu+−NH3 Cu+−SiH

Cu −SiH3 +

Ag+−CH2 Ag+−CH3

Ag+−C2H5

Ag+−C6H6

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

29.7 ± 0.8

1

89 ± 5

1

Ag −H2O

134 ± 8

1

152 ± 20

1

Ag+−NH3

170 ± 13

1

357.0 ± 6.8

5

209.4 ± 23.2

5

Ag+−CO +

Ag+−CS

Au+−CH2 Au −CH3 +

Au+−C2H4

344.5

1

289 ± 29

1

201 ± 8

1

Au −H2O

164.0 ± 9.6

1

230 ± 25

1

Au+−NH3

297 ± 29

1

402 ± 33

1

Zn+−H2

15.7 ± 1.7

1

280 ± 7

1

Zn+−OH

127.2

1

Zn+−H2O

163

1

76.2 ± 9.6

1

Zn+−pyrimidine

209.6 ± 7.7

1

Au+−C6H6

Au+−CO +

Au+−H2S

Au+−PH3

(12) Group 12 Zn+−CH3

Zn+−NO Zn+−CS

149 ± 23

1

228 ± 3

1

109 ± 3

1

Cd −C6H6

136 ± 19

1

285 ± 3

1

Hg+(CH3)−CH3

96 ± 3

1

15.9 ± 0.8

1

HB −H2 Al+−H2

Cd+−CH3

Cd+(CH3)−CH3 +

Hg+−CH3

(13) Group 13 B+−H2

61.5 ± 2.1

1

(CH3)2B+−CH3

32.6 ± 4.2

1

5.6 ± 0.6

1

Al+−N2

5.6

1

Al −CO2

≥29.3

1

104 ± 15

1

Al+−MeOH

139.7

1

191.2

1

Al −C6H6

147.3 ± 8.4

1

190.3 ± 10.3

1

Al+−phenol

154.8 ± 16.7

1

232.4 ± 8.2

1

122.5

1

111.0

1

C58+−C2

955 ± 15

1

822.0 ± 12.5

1

C −C2

846.2 ± 10.6

1

938.8 ± 10.6

1

HC2+−H

574.749

1

376.3 ± 4.8

1

+

(11) Group 11 Cu+−H2

Ag+−O2

Bond

+

Al+−H2O

Al+−EtC(O)Et +

Al+−pyridine Al+−imidazole Ga −NH3 +

In+−NH3

(14) Group 14 C60+−C2 + 62

C78+−C2

C6H5+−H

Bond Dissociation Energies

C2H3+−Cl

Bond

C2H5+−Br C6H5 −Br

9-95 Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

249 ± 1.0

7

206.3 ± 1.0

7

266.3

1

196.2 ± 1.4

7

186

1

7.9 ± 0.4

1

C2H5 −H2 CO+−N2

+

C2H3+–I

CH3+−H2 CH5+−H2

17

1

CH3+−O2

80 ± 7

4

67.5 ± 19.3

1

H2CH+−N2

31.8

1

173.7 ± 14.6

1

52.3

1

30.2

1

18.4

1

+

CO −CO +

CO+(CO)−CO

CO+(CO)2−CO

CO+(CO)3−CO

(CO2) −CO2

70.3

1

(CO2)+(CO2)−CO2

34.7

1

(CO2)+(CO2)2−CO2

21.3

1

(CO2)+(CO2)3−CO2

20.1 ± 1.3

1

+

CH3 −N2O

221.3

1

CH3+−SO2

253.6

1

CH3+−OCS

239.3

1

251.9

1

CH3 −H2O

+

CH3+−CS2

279

1

CH3+(H2O)−H2O

106.3

1

CH3+(H2O)2−H2O

87.9

1

CH3+(H2O)3−H2O

61.9

1

CH3+(H2O)4−H2O

48.5

1

+

CH3 −H2S

344.8

1

303.0 ± 2.9

1

CH3+−NH3

431.4

1

209.2 ± 4.2

1

CH3+−CH4

166.5

1

19.0

1

28.7 ± 1.3

1

12.0

1

230

1

221

1

259

1

63

1

85

1

43.5

1

338.7 ± 2.9

1

252

1

185

1

85

1

27.6

1

tert-C4H9+−t-C4H9Cl

339

1

30.1

1

tert-C4H9+−C6H6

92

1

73.6

1

54.8

1

+

CH2+−CH2O

(CH3)+−CH3 CF3+−CH4

(CH5)+−CH4 C6H6+−CH4

CH3+−CH3F

CH3+−CF3Cl

CH3+−CH3Cl

tert-C4H9+−CH3OH

tert-C4H9+−CH3CN tert-C4H9+−SO2F2 CH3+−C2H3O

CH3+−CF3ClOCl

tert--C4H9+−(CH3)2S

tert-C4H9+−C2H5OH tert-C4H9+−C3H8

tert-C4H9+−(CH3)3CH

(C6H6)+−C6H6

(C6H6)+−indole

C6F6+−C6F6

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

30.1 ± 4

1

35.89 ± 7.72

1

PhSiH2 −H

159

1

178.5 ± 1.9

1

SiH3+−CO

≥151

1

174.1 ± 1.3

1

(CH3)3Si −H2O Si+(CH3)(Cl)2−CH3

C60+−C60

+

Si+(CH3)3−Cl SiF3+−CO

125.9 ± 7.9

1

(CH3)3Si+−NH3

194.6

1

60.8 ± 2.9

1

Si+(CH3)2(Cl)−CH3

41.5 ± 1.9

1

+

Si −CH3

413.9 ± 5.8

1

Si+(CH3)−CH3

123 ± 48

1

Si+(CH3)2−CH3

513 ± 27

1

Si+(CH3)3−CH3

66.6 ± 5.8

1

(CH3)3Si −CH3OH

164.0

1

184.9

1

(CH3)3Si+−C6H6

100.0

1

231.8

1

(CH3)3Ge −H2O

119.7 ± 2.1

1

104.2 ± 2.1

1

(CH3)3Sn+−NH3

154

1

108

1

+

+

(CH3)3Si+−(C2H5)2O (CH3)3Si+−CH3NH2 +

(C2H5)3Ge+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−H2O

(CH3)3Sn −(CH3)2CO +

157

1

(CH3)3Sn+−C3H7SH

143

1

93.7

1

Pb+−NH3

118.4 ± 0.8

1

97.5 ± 0.8

1

148.1 ± 1.3

1

110 ± 2

1

H2N+−H

544.43 ± 0.10

1

515.1

1

Me3N −H (imidazole)+ −Zn

Pb+−H2O

Pb+−CH3OH

Pb −CH3NH2 +

Pb+−C6H6

(15) Group 15 H3N+−H

376

1

Et3N+−H

362

1

216.1 ± 3.9

1

N2H+−H2

24.7 ± 0.8

1

14.2

1

N+−N2

303.8

1

21.3

1

102.3 ± 14.6

1

HN2 −N2

+

ON+−O2 ON+−N2 N2+−N2

60.7

1

N3+−N2

18.8 ± 1.3

1

O2N+−N2

19.2 ± 1.3

1

H4N+−N2

54 ± 21

1

ON −NO

59.4 ± 0.8

1

+

+

ON+−CO ON+−O3

ON+−CO2

27.2 ± 1.3

1

67

1

87.4

1

(OH)+(H2SO4)(H2O)4−H2O

56.9

1

49.8

1

(OH) (H2SO4)(H2O)6−H2O (H3O)+−H2O

+

(OH)+(H2O)2−H2O

(OH)+(H2SO4)(H2O)5−H2O

44.8

1

(H2O)+−H2O

164.0

1

140.2

1

(H3O)+(H2O)−H2O

93.3

1

(H3O)+(H2O)2−H2O

71.1

1

(H3O)+(H2O)3−H2O

64.0

1

(H3O)+(H2O)4−H2O

54.4

1

(H3O)+(H2O)5−H2O

49.0

1

+

(H3O) (H2O)6−H2O

43.1

1

100.8

1

CH3OH2+−H2O

115.6

1

104.6

1

(CH3)2OH −H2O

100.4

1

82.8

1

(furanH)+−H2O

43.5

1

+

(HCOOH)H+−H2O

CH3CHOH+−H2O +

(tetrahydrofuranH)+−H2O furane+−H2O

41.0

1

(phenol)+−H2O

78.0

1

66.4

1

H3O+−HC(O)H

137.7

1

H3O+−NH3

229.3

1

H3O+(NH3)−NH3

77.0

1

H3O (NH3)2−NH3 H3O+−PH3

(1-naphthol)+−H2O

71.5

1

H3O+(NH3)3−NH3

62.8

1

144

1

H3O+−SO3

74

1

+

(HCOOH) −HCOOH

96.5 ± 9.6

1

H3O+−CH4

33.5

1

115.8 ± 19.3

1

CH3OH2+−CH3OH

136.4

1

195.4

1

furan+−furan

94.1

1

125.1

1

S+−CS2

166

1

+

(CH3OH)+−CH3OH H3O+−CH3CN

BH+−B, B = tetrahydofuran CS+−CS2

150.6

1

CS2+−CS2

104.2

1

46.4

1

OS+−SO2

57.7

1

HCS2+−CS2

Bond Dissociation Energies

O2S+−SO2

Bond

9-97

63.6

1

100.0

1

+

72.0

1

SO2+−CO2

42.7

1

91.6

1

thiopheneH+−H2O

42.7

1

OCS+−OCS OCS −CO2

H3S+−H2O H3S −H2S

53.6 ± 6.3

1

H3S+−CH4

16.3

1

~95 ± 3

1

(CH3)2Te•+−Te(CH3)2

97 ± 2

1

+

(CH3)2Se•+−Se(CH3)2

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

HF+−HF

(H2Cl)+ −Cl

HCl+−HCl Cl+−CCl3

Cl+−C2H3

HBr+−HBr I+−CH3

I+(CH3I)−CH3

I+(CH3I)2−CH3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1

10.3 ± 0.6

1

Ne (Ne)2−Ne

3.3 ± 0.6

1

20.4 ± 0.6

1

Ar+(Ar)2−Ar

7.0 ± 0.6

1

25.1

1

Ar (N2)(Ar)−Ar Kr+(Kr)−Kr

Ar+(Ar)−Ar Ar+(N2)−Ar

7.1

1

Ar+(N2)(Ar)2−Ar

7.1

1

23.3 ± 0.6

1

Kr+(Kr)2−Kr

9.0 ± 0.6

1

25.2 ± 0.6

1

Xe+(Xe)2−Xe

11.0 ± 0.6

1

93.7

1

Ar+−N2

127.6

1

Ar (N2)−N2 Ar+−CO

+

Xe+(Xe)−Xe ≥138

1

39.6

1

83.9

1

446.7 ± 9.6

1

685.0 ± 4.8

1

96

1

330.0

1

51.1

1

112.9

1

17.6

1

Ar+−H2

31.0

1

Ar+(N2)2−N2

10.9

1

75 ± 17

1

Ar+(CO)−CO

13

1

+

Kr −CO +

Kr+−CO2

References

2.7 ± 0.6

+

(18) Group 18 He+(He)1−He

He+(He)2−He Ne+(Ne)−Ne

(17) Group 17

Luo, Y.R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, 2007. Parke, L.G., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168–182, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279–300, 2006. Meloni, G., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 13559–13567, 2006. Li, F.X., et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1-133114/13, 2005. Parke, L.G., et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 111, in press, 2007. Shuman, N.S., et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 5647-5652, 2008.

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref.

103.3 ± 7.5

1

79.1 ± 2.9

1

ELECTRONEGATIVITY Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge

X 2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01

Z 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

References 1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. 2. Allen, L. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A. L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961.

Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

X 2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20

Z 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu

X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3

9-77

Section 09 book.indb 77

5/3/05 12:11:25 PM

FORCE CONSTANTS FOR BOND STRETCHING Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms (often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. Bond H-H Be-H B-H C-H

N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C

C-F C-Cl

C-Br C-I C-O

C-S

a b c

Molecule H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2

f/(N/cm) 5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88

Note

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121—147, 1985. Bond C-N

b a,b,c b a,b,c b

C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O

a,c

a,c a,c b a,c a,c

a,c

S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O

Molecule OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO

f/(N/cm) 7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61

Note

a,c

a a

Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2).

9-78

Section 09 book.indb 78

5/3/05 12:11:27 PM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are:

sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.

In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm–1.

XY2 Molecules Molecule

XY2 Molecules

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent)

CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H2O D 2O F2O Cl2O O3 H2S D 2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se

Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Molecule

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1333 658 1224

667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213

2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696

NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2 SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2

1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630

1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

3219 1318 1075 945

1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345

3301 1618 942 1111

XYZ Molecules

1225 721 595 2032 1472 855 515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500

920 159 197 120 80 165 99

1114 748 641 2022 1468 870 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

9-100

symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC OCS NCO

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear Linear Linear

3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612 2062 1270

712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081

2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848 859 1921

NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO FNO ClNO BrNO HNF

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent

2224 3675 3653 3583

589

1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937 1844 1800 1799 1000

520 535

676 535 766 596 542

523 754 500 404 374 520 332 266 1419

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

9-101

XYZ Molecules

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO ClOO BrOO HSO

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579 407

1501 983 886 1242 1392 376 373

1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490 1443 1487 1009

NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1372 1325

366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774

640 414 1181 815 834 522 408

1063

1913 1548

Symmetric XY3 Molecules

Molecule C2H2 C2D2 C2N2

Sym. XY str. 3374 2701 2330

Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal)

Molecule

Structure

NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3

Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.

Sym. str. 3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888

1090 830

Sym. deform. 950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427

Deg. str. 3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937

Deg. deform. 1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290

Linear XYYX Molecules

Planar X2YZ Molecules

Point Group D∞h

Point Group C2v

Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158

YY str. 1974 1762 851

Bend

Bend

612 505 507

730 537 233

Molecule H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl

Sym.XY str.

YZ str.

YX2 scis.

2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286

1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793

1500 1106 584 285 568 370

Antisym. XY str. 2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685

YX2 rock 1249 990 626 440 560 408

YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

9-102

References

Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td

Molecule CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4 CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4

Sym. str.

Deg. deform.(e)

Deg. str.(f )

2917 2109 909 459 267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965

1534 1092 435 217 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333

3019 2259 1281 776 672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960

Deg. deform.(f ) 1306 996 632 314 182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329

1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions:

Evib /hc = ωe(v + 1/2) – ωexe(v + 1/2)2 + …



Erot /hc = BvJ(J + 1) – Dv[J(J + 1)]2 + …

where

Bv = Be – αe(v+1/2) + …



Dv = De + …

Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe, Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm–1. Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations; constants for many of these terms can be found in the references. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion:

E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v+1/2)lJm(J+1)m Molecule 107 Ag79Br 107 Ag35Cl 107 Ag19F 107 Ag1H 107 Ag2H 107 Ag127I 107 Ag16O 27 Al2 27 Al79Br 27 Al35Cl 27 Al19F 27 Al1H 27 Al2H 27 Al127I 27 Al16O 27 Al32S 75 As2 75 As1H 75 As2H 75 As14N 75 As16O 197 Au2 197 Au1H 197 Au2H 11 B2 11 79 B Br 11 35 B Cl 11 19 B F 11 1 BH 11 2 BH 11 14 B N 11 16 B O



State 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 3 Πu 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Σ g1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Π 2 + Σ

ωe cm–1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70 206.50 490.2 285.8 378.0 481.30 802.3 1682.56 1211.95 316.1 979.23 617.1 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08 190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.1 2366.9 1703.3 1514.6 1885.69

ωexe cm–1 0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17 0.46 3.1 0.9 1.28 1.95 4.77 29.09 15.14 1.0 6.97 3.33 1.12

5.41 4.85 0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.8 49.40 28 12.3 11.81

In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as written in the most common form. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. * Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 609, 1974. 3. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), Molecular Constants, SpringerVerlag, Heidelberg. Be cm–1 0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572 0.04486821 0.3020 0.17127 0.15919713 0.24393012 0.5524798 6.3907 3.3186 0.11769985 0.6414 0.2799 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482 0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.516950 12.021 6.54 1.666 1.7820

αe cm–1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0008 0.00086045 0.00161113 0.0049841 0.1858 0.0697 0.00055859 0.0058 0.0018 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.019056 0.412 0.17 0.025 0.0166

De 10–6cm–1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9 0.00847 0.45 0.11285 0.2503 1.0464 356.5 97 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.84 7.105 1242 400 8.1 6.32

re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180 2.54463 2.003 2.701 2.29481 2.13011 1.65437 1.6478 1.6463 2.53710 1.6179 2.029 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.2324 1.2324 1.281 1.2045

9-103

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-104 Molecule 11 32 B S 138 Ba79Br 138 Ba35Cl 138 Ba19F 138 Ba1H 138 Ba2H 138 Ba127I 138 Ba16O 138 Ba32S 9 Be19F 9 Be1H 9 Be2H 9 Be16O 9 Be32S 209 Bi2 209 1 Bi H 209 2 Bi H 79 Br2 79 Br35Cl 79 Br19F 79 Br16O 12 C2 12 35 C Cl 12 19 C F 12 1 CH 12 2 CH 12 14 C N 12 16 C O 12 31 C P 12 32 C S 12 80 C Se 40 Ca35Cl 40 Ca19F 40 Ca1H 40 Ca2H 40 Ca127I 40 Ca16O 40 Ca32S 114 Cd1H 114 Cd2H 35 Cl2 35 Cl19F 35 Cl16O 52 Cr1H 52 Cr2H 52 Cr16O 133 Cs2 133 Cs79Br 133 Cs35Cl 133 Cs19F 133 Cs1H 133 Cs2H 133 Cs127I 133 Cs16O 63 Cu2 63 Cu79Br 65 Cu35Cl 63 Cu19F 63 Cu1H 63 Cu2H

State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 Σ g+ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 6 + Σ 6 + Σ 5 Π 1 Σ g+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 1180.17 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2060.78 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 1635.73 1173.32 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1854.71 866.72* 1308.1 2858.5 2099.8 2068.59 2169.81 1239.67 1285.15 1035.36 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*

ωexe cm–1 6.31 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 36.31 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 31.6 16.1 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.34 6.2 11.10 63.0 34.02 13.09 13.29 6.86 6.50 4.86 1.31 2.74 19.10

559.7 786.15 853.8 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14

2.68 6.16 5.5 32

0.63 4.83 1.78

6.8 0.08 0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9 0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97

Be cm–1 0.7949 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.3164 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 5.137 2.592 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.8198 0.6936 1.4172 14.457 7.806 1.8997830 1.93128075 0.7986 0.8200434 0.5750 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.2440 0.516479 0.62345 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127 0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381

αe cm–1 0.0061 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3030 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.148 0.054 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.0177 0.00672 0.0184 0.534 0.208 0.0173717 0.01750390 0.00597 0.0059182 0.00379 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270

0.0015 0.004358 0.0058 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264 0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579 0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917

De 10–6cm–1 1.40 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022.1 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 183 50.6 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.92 1.9 6.5 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33 1.336 0.71 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2

re Å 1.6092 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.3426 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 1.805 1.804 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.2425 1.6450 1.2718 1.1199 1.1190 1.17181 1.12823 1.562 1.53482 1.67609 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.988 1.62831 1.56963 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47 3.07225 2.90627 2.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 63 Cu127I 63 Cu16O 63 Cu32S 19 F2 56 Fe16O 69 Ga81Br 69 Ga35Cl 69 Ga19F 69 Ga1H 69 Ga2H 69 Ga127I 69 Ga16O 74 Ge79Br 74 Ge35Cl 72 Ge1H 72 Ge2H 74 Ge16O 74 Ge32S 74 Ge80Se 74 Ge130Te 1 H2 2 H2 3 H2 1 81 H Br 2 81 H Br 1 35 H Cl 2 35 H Cl 1 19 H F 2 19 H F 1 127 H I 202 Hg1H 202 Hg2H 127 I2 127 79 I Br 127 35 I Cl 127 19 I F 127 16 I O 115 In81Br 115 In35Cl 115 In19F 115 In1H 115 In2H 115 In127I 39 K2 39 79 K Br 39 35 K Cl 39 19 K F 39 1 KH 39 2 KH 39 127 K I 139 La16O 7 Li2 7 79 Li Br 7 35 Li Cl 7 19 Li F 7 1 Li H 7 2 Li H 7 127 Li I 7 16 Li O 24 Mg2

State 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 5 ∆ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 1 Σg+

ωe cm–1 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.64 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1604.52

ωexe cm–1 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.24

216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.95 2145.16 4138.32 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213 281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 812.8 351.43 563.2 642.95 910.57 1405.65 1054.80 496.85 814.62 51.12

0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.82 27.18 89.88 45.76 39.64

0.81 1.25 3.2 28.77

0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80 1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 2.22 2.61 3.5 4.47 8.21 23.20 12.94 2.85 7.78 1.64

9-105 Be cm–1 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.89019 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.137 3.083 0.0569359 0.4271

αe cm–1 0.00028390 0.00456

6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.59342 5.448796 20.9557 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109 0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.35252001 0.67264 0.555399 0.7065225 1.3452583 7.51373 4.23310 0.4431766 1.212830 0.09287

0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.30718 0.113292 0.798 0.3017 0.1689

0.013847 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.181 0.06 0.0001897

0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481 0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00142365 0.00704 0.005644 0.0080102 0.0202887 0.21665 0.09155 0.0040862 0.017899 0.00378

De 10–6cm–1 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 342 84 0.015770 0.37

re Å 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41193 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.663 1.663 2.57464 1.744

326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410

1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27455 1.27458 0.91681 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078 2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 1.82591 2.6729 2.17043 2.02067 1.56386 1.59490 1.5941 2.39192 1.68822 3.891

345.8 88.32 531.94 140 2151 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2626 9.87 2.159 3.409 11.745 862 276 1.4104 0.1079 1.22

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-106 Molecule 24 Mg35Cl 24 Mg19F 24 Mg1H 24 Mg2H 24 Mg16O 55 Mn1H 55 Mn2H 14 N2 14 79 N Br 14 35 N Cl 14 19 N F 14 1 NH 14 2 NH 14 16 N O 14 32 N S 23 Na2 23 Na79Br 23 Na35Cl 23 Na19F 23 Na1H 23 Na2H 23 Na127I 23 Na16O 93 Nb16O 58 Ni1H 58 Ni2H 16 O2 16 1 OH 16 2 OH 31 P2 31 35 P Cl 31 19 P F 31 1 PH 31 2 PH 31 14 P N 31 16 P O 208 Pb2 208 Pb79Br 208 Pb35Cl 208 Pb19F 208 Pb1H 208 Pb16O 208 Pb32S 208 Pb80Se 208 Pb130Te 195 Pt12C 195 Pt1H 195 Pt2H 85 Rb79Br 85 Rb35Cl 85 Rb19F 85 Rb1H 85 Rb127I 85 Rb16O 32 S2 32 19 S F 32 1 SH 32 2 SH 32 16 S O 121 Sb35Cl

State 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 7 Σ 7 Σ 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 4 Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σ 2 2

ωe cm–1 462.12* 711.69* 1495.20 1077.9 784.78 1548.0 1103 2358.57 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.3 2398 1904.20 1218.7 159.13 302 366 535.66 1172.2 826.1* 258 492.3 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.75 2365.2 1699.2 1337.24 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17 277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.65

ωexe cm–1 2.1 4.9 31.89 16.1 5.26 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 78.4 42 14.07 7.28 0.72 1.5 2.05 3.57 19.72

2711.6 1885 1149.2 374.7

59.9 31 5.6 0.6

1.1 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 44.5 23.0 6.98 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26 0.51 0.43 4.86 46 23 0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33 2.84

Be cm–1 0.2456154 0.51922 5.8257 3.0306 0.57470436 5.6841 2.8957 1.99824 0.444 0.649770 1.2057 16.6993 8.7913 1.67195 0.769602 0.154707 0.1512533 0.2180631 0.4369011 4.9033634 2.557089 0.1178056 0.424630 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.44563 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5665 8.5371 4.4081 0.7864854 0.7337

αe cm–1 0.0016204 0.00470 0.1859 0.06289 0.00532377 0.1570 0.051 0.017318 0.0040 0.006414 0.01492 0.6490 0.2531 0.0171 0.0064 0.008736 0.0009410 0.0016248 0.0045580 0.1370919 0.051600 0.0006478 0.004506 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.0159 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.00456 0.2514 0.0928 0.0055364 0.0055

De 10–6cm–1 0.2723 1.080 344 92 1.2328 303.9 79.5 5.76

0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307 0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.2955 0.552174 9.5995 4.95130 0.7208171

0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510 0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.001570

0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418 0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19

0.2785 0.10308 0.005737

480.6 130 1.134

1.598 5.39 1709.7 490.4 0.5 1.2 0.581 0.1554 0.3120 1.163 343.40 93.46 0.0973 1.2638 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124 436 116 1.091 1.3

re Å 2.19639 1.7500 1.7297 1.7302 1.74838 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.3170 1.0362 1.0361 1.15077 1.4940 3.0789 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.88654 1.88654 2.71145 2.05155 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58938 1.42140 1.4220 1.49087 1.4759

2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678 2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.8892 1.60058 1.34066 1.34049 1.48109

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule 121 Sb19F 121 Sb1H 121 Sb2H 121 Sb14N 121 Sb16O 45 Sc19F 80 Se2 80 Se1H 80 Se2H 80 Se16O 28 Si2 28 35 Si Cl 28 19 Si F 28 1 Si H 28 2 Si H 28 14 Si N 28 16 Si O 28 32 Si S 28 80 Si Se 120 Sn79Br 120 Sn35Cl 118 Sn19F 120 Sn1H 120 Sn2H 120 Sn127I 120 Sn16O 120 Sn32S 120 Sn80Se 120 Sn130Te 88 Sr79Br 88 Sr35Cl 88 Sr19F 88 Sr1H 88 Sr2H 88 Sr127I 88 Sr16O 181 Ta16O 130 Te2 130 Te1H 130 Te16O 232 Th16O 48 16 Ti O 205 Tl81Br 205 Tl35Cl 205 Tl19F 205 Tl1H 205 Tl2H 205 Tl127I 51 16 V O 89 35 Y Cl 89 19 Y F 89 16 Y O 174 Yb1H 174 Yb2H 64 Zn35Cl 64 Zn19F 64 Zn1H 64 Zn2H 64 Zn127I 90 Zr16O

State 3 Σ 3 Σ 3 Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 3 Σg2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 Σ 3 Σg2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆3/2 3 Σg2 Π3/2 0+ 1 + Σ 3 ∆1 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 4 Σ 1 Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 1 + Σ

ωe cm–1 605.0

ωexe cm–1 2.6

942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.60 857.19 2041.80 1469.32 1151.4 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1 577.6

5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96

1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07 797.11 895.77 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8

4.52 2.02 2.17 4.73 35.51 18.23 6.47 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06 2.69

0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51 4.00 2.39 4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04 4.86 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9

9-107 Be cm–1 0.2792 5.684 2.8782

αe cm–1 0.0020

De 10–6cm–1 0.23 240 45

re Å 1.918 1.723 1.7194

0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.2561 0.5812 7.4996 3.8840 0.7311 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117

0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23

0.270

0.00323 0.0014 0.0016 0.00494 0.2190 0.0781 0.00565 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767

0.5 0.21 0.25 1.07 397 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842

1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.058 1.6011 1.5201 1.5199 1.572 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832

0.1117 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950

0.0004 0.0014 0.049

0.26 207.5 53.4

2.361 1.944 1.78146 1.7770

0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847

0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827

0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356

1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522

0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644 0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162

0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106

0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044

0.00237 0.001302 0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425

0.27 0.1833 0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60

2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032 1.6202 1.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516

6.6794 3.350

0.2500

466 124

1.5949 1.6054

0.42263

0.0023

0.319

1.7116

0.024 330

Section 09 book.indb 87

INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

5/3/05 12:11:45 PM

Section 09 book.indb 88

INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

5/3/05 12:11:47 PM

Section 09 book.indb 89

INFRARED CORRELATION CHARTS

5/3/05 12:11:50 PM

9-90

Section 09 book.indb 90

Infrared Correlation Charts

5/3/05 12:11:53 PM

Infrared Correlation Charts

Section 09 book.indb 91

9-91

5/3/05 12:11:55 PM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy near the nucleus, values of Q in the literature tend to scatter considerably. The values quoted here come mainly from the review of Pyykkö (Ref. 3), otherwise from Ref. 1.

This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss). The resonant frequency scales with H0. Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions:

μ/μN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton μN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn). Because the determination of quadrupole moments requires knowledge of the electron configuration



Isotope 1 n 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 13 C 14 N 15 N 17 O 19 F 21 Ne 23 Na 25 Mg 27 Al 29 Si 31 P 33 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 37 Ar 39 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K

Abundance % 99.9885 0.0115 * 0.000134 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.636 0.364 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.685 100 0.75 75.76 24.24 * * 93.2581 0.0117 6.7302

I 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 4 3/2

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook

For constant H0: 0.0076508(μ/μN)3(I + 1)/I2 For constant ν: 0.23871(μ/μN)(I + 1)

Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19

The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykkö in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4380 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893 2.4737 1.0919



2. 3. 4. 5.

of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nuc. Data Tables, 42, 189, 1989. Pyykkö, P., Mol. Phys. 106, 1965, 2008. Stone, N. J., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 90, 75, 2005. IUPAC Commission on Physiochemical Symbols, Terminology and Units, Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2007.

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.32139 0.6850 1.00000 1.0000 0.00965 0.4094 1.21354 1.0667 0.44220 0.7619 0.00850 0.3925 0.29356 1.9434 0.01388 0.7028 0.01985 1.7193 0.16522 1.6045 0.01591 0.2515 0.00101 0.1928 0.00104 0.1014 0.02910 1.5822 0.83400 0.9413 0.00246 0.3949 0.09270 1.3234 0.00268 0.7147 0.20689 3.0424 0.00786 0.1988 0.06652 0.4052 0.00227 0.3842 0.00472 0.4905 0.00272 0.4083 0.01276 0.6833 0.01130 1.7080 0.00051 0.2336 0.00523 1.5493 0.00008 0.1282

μ/μN –1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 –2.127750 +0.8220467 +3.25644 –1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 –0.2831888 –1.89379 +2.628868 –0.661797 +2.217522 –0.85545 +3.641507 –0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 –1.59 +0.3914662 –1.298100 +0.2148701

Q/fm2

+0.2860

–0.0808 –4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 –2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66

–6.78 –8.165 –6.435 +7.6 –12 +5.85 –7.3 +7.11

9-113

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

9-114

Z 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57

Isotope 43 Ca 45 Sc 47 Ti 49 Ti 50 V 51 V 53 Cr 55 Mn 57 Fe 59 Co 61 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 67 Zn 69 Ga 71 Ga 73 Ge 75 As 77 Se 79 Br 81 Br 83 Kr 85 Rb 87 Rb 87 Sr 89 Y 91 Zr 93 Nb 95 Mo 97 Mo 99 Tc 99 Ru 101 Ru 103 Rh 105 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 111 Cd 113 Cd 113 In 115 In 115 Sn 117 Sn 119 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 123 Te 125 Te 127 I 129 Xe 131 Xe 133 Cs 135 Ba 137 Ba 138 La

Abundance % 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.15 30.85 4.102 60.108 39.892 7.76 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.500 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.90 9.56 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.4006 21.2324 100 6.592 11.232 0.090

I 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 2.8697 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.3188 12.1027 2.6685 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1568 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1253 13.9814 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5446 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2617 4.7634 5.6615

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.00643 1.4154 0.30244 5.1094 0.00210 0.6588 0.00378 1.1861 0.05571 5.5905 0.38360 5.5307 0.00091 0.2832 0.17881 2.8981 0.00003 0.0324 0.27841 4.9703 0.00359 0.4476 0.09393 1.3292 0.11484 1.4213 0.00287 0.7312 0.06971 1.2035 0.14300 1.5291 0.00141 1.1547 0.02536 0.8590 0.00703 0.1916 0.07945 1.2570 0.09951 1.3550 0.00190 1.2744 0.01061 1.1304 0.17704 1.6419 0.00272 1.4358 0.00012 0.0492 0.00949 1.0892 0.48821 8.1013 0.00327 0.7638 0.00349 0.7799 0.38174 7.4635 0.00113 0.5358 0.00159 0.6005 0.00003 0.0317 0.00113 0.5364 0.00007 0.0407 0.00010 0.0468 0.00966 0.2130 0.01106 0.2228 0.35121 7.2589 0.35348 7.2745 0.03561 0.3290 0.04605 0.3584 0.05273 0.3750 0.16302 2.8101 0.04659 2.7390 0.01837 0.2639 0.03219 0.3181 0.09540 2.3504 0.02162 0.2786 0.00282 0.4129 0.04838 2.7736 0.00501 0.5005 0.00700 0.5594 0.09404 5.3189

μ/μN –1.317643 +4.756487 –0.78848 –1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 –0.47454 +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 –0.75002 +2.2273456 +2.38161 +0.875205 +2.01659 +2.56227 –0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.5350422 +2.106400 +2.270562 –0.970669 +1.35298 +2.75131 –1.093603 –0.1374154 –1.30362 +6.1705 –0.9142 –0.9335 +5.6847 –0.6413 –0.7188 –0.08840 –0.642 –0.1136796 –0.1306906 –0.5948861 –0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 –0.91883 –1.00104 –1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 –0.7369478 –0.8884509 +2.813273 –0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.838627 +0.937365 +3.713646

Q/fm2 –4.08 –22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 –5.2 –15 +33 +16 +42 +16.2 –22.0 –20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 –19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +30.5 –17.6 –32 –2.2 +25.5 –12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0

+75.9 +77.0

–54.3 –69.2

–69.6 –11.4 –0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy Z 57 58 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Isotope 139 La 137 Ce 139 Ce 141 Ce 141 Pr 143 Nd 145 Nd 143 Pm 147 Pm 147 Sm 149 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 155 Gd 157 Gd 159 Tb 161 Dy 163 Dy 165 Ho 167 Er 169 Tm 171 Yb 173 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 177 Hf 179 Hf 181 Ta 183 W 185 Re 187 Re 187 Os 189 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 195 Pt 197 Au 199 Hg 201 Hg 203 Tl 205 Tl 207 Pb 209 Bi 209 Po 211 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 225 Ra 227 Ac 229 Th 231 Pa 235 U 237 Np 239 Pu 243 Am

Abundance % 99.910 * * * 100 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.889 24.896 100 22.869 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.52 70.48 22.1 100 * * * * * * * 100 0.7204 * * *

I 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.06058 2.9895 0.00752 0.5729 0.01012 0.6326 0.00364 1.1709 0.33483 3.5720 0.00339 1.1440 0.00079 0.7047 0.23510 3.1748 0.04827 2.7714 0.00152 0.8754 0.00085 0.7216 0.17929 2.9006 0.01544 1.2809 0.00015 0.1541 0.00033 0.2020 0.06945 1.2019 0.00048 0.4015 0.00130 0.5619 0.20423 4.4826 0.00050 0.6057 0.00057 0.0829 0.00552 0.1768 0.00135 0.5680 0.03128 2.3984 0.03975 6.0518 0.00140 0.8524 0.00055 0.8414 0.03744 2.5464 0.00008 0.0422 0.13870 2.6628 0.14300 2.6900 0.00001 0.0231 0.00244 0.3938 0.00003 0.0899 0.00004 0.0977 0.01039 0.2182 0.00003 0.0870 0.00594 0.1811 0.00149 0.3343 0.19598 0.5809 0.20182 0.5866 0.00955 0.2122 0.14433 5.3968 0.02096 0.2757 0.00997 0.2152 0.01362 0.6982 0.00017 0.1614 0.01814 0.2627 0.01131 0.6565 0.00042 0.3843 0.06903 1.1995 0.00015 0.4082 0.13264 2.6234 0.00038 0.0727 0.01446 1.2532

9-115

μ/μN +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754 –1.065 –0.656 +3.80 +2.58 –0.8149 –0.6718 +3.4718 +1.5331 –0.2582 –0.3385 +2.014 –0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 –0.5639 –0.2316 +0.49367 –0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 –0.6409 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 –0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 –0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 –0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5

Q/fm2 +20.0

–5.9 –63 –33 +74 –26 +7.4 +90.3 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5 –120 +280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.7

–51.6

+117 +121 +170 +430 –172 +493.6 +388.6 +421

PROTON NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS FOR CHARACTERISTIC ORGANIC STRUCTURES The chart below summarizies the range of chemical shifts for protons in several classes or organic compounds and substituent groups. The chemical shifts δ are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane.

Reference Mohacsi, E., J. Chem. Edu., 41, 38, 1964 (with permission)

9-95

Section 09 book.indb 95

5/3/05 12:12:05 PM

13

C-NMR ABSORPTIONS OF MAJOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

The table below lists the range of 13C chemical shifts δ in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane, in descending order, for various functional groups. Examples of simple compounds for each family are given to illustrate the correlations. The shifts for the carbons of interest, which are italicized, are given in parentheses; when two or more values appear, they refer to the sequence of italicized carbon atoms from left to right in the formula.

δ (ppm)

Group

220-165

>C=O

Family Ketones Aldehydes α,β-Unsaturated carbonyls Carboxylic acids Amides Esters

140-120

>C=C<

Aromatic Alkenes

125-115 80-70

-CN -CC-

Nitriles Alkynes

70-45

-C-O

Esters Alcohols

40-20

-C-NH2

Amines

30-15 30-(-2.3)

-S-CH3 -C-H

Sulfides (thioethers) Alkanes, cycloalkanes

Cyclohexane

References 1. Yoder, C. H. and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, 1987. 2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981. 3. Brown, D. W., A Short Set of 13C NMR Correlation Tables, J. Chem. Educ., 62, 209, 1985. Example (δ of italicized carbon) (CH3)2CO (CH3)2CHCOCH3 CH3CHO CH3CH=CHCHO CH2=CHCOCH3 HCO2H CH3CO2H HCONH2 CH3CONH2 CH3CO2CH2CH3 CH2=CHCO2CH3 C6H6 CH2=CH2 CH2=CHCH3 CH2=CHCH2Cl CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 CH3-CN HCCH CH3CCH3 CH3OOCH2CH3 HOCH3 HOCH2CH3 CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2 C6H5-S-CH3 CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

(206.0) (212.1) (199.7) (192.4) (169.9) (166.0) (178.1) (165.0) (172.7) (170.3) (165.5) (128.5) (123.2) (115.9, 136.2) (117.5, 133.7) (132.7) (117.7) (71.9) (73.9) (57.6, 67.9) (49.0) (57.0) (26.9) (35.9) 15.6 (-2.3) (5.7) (15.8, 16.3) (13.4, 25.2) (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) (26.9)

9-96

Section 09 book.indb 96

5/3/05 12:12:06 PM

BOND LENGTHS IN ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS This table summarizes the average values of interatomic distances of representative metal–ligand bonds. Sigma bonds between d- and f-block metals and the elements C, N, O, P, S, and As are included. The values are extracted from a much larger list in Reference 1. The tabulated values are the unweighted means of reported measurements on compounds in each category. If four or more measurements are available, the standard deviation is given in parentheses. All values are in Ångstrom units (10–10 m). The first part of the table covers metal-carbon bonds in different ligand categories, while the second part covers metal bonds to M Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th

M-CH3 2.168 2.095(0.030) 2.074 2.014(0.023) 2.029

2.292(0.049) 2.336 2.254(0.065) 2.179(0.045) 2.092(0.027) 2.275(0.049) 2.217(0.035) 2.189(0.039) 2.173(0.051) 2.175 2.083(0.045) 2.066(0.045) 2.072(0.026) 2.567

other elements. R stands for any alkyl group; Me for a CH3 group; C6R5 indicates an aryl group; and C(=O)R an acyl group. Metals are listed in atomic number order.

Reference 1. Orpen, A. G., Brammer, L., Allen, F.H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., and Taylor, R., J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1989, S1-S83.

M-CH2R 2.167

M-CR=CR2 2.215(0.042)

2.176(0.024) 2.091(0.030) 2.039(0.032) 1.964

2.035(0.009) 2.007 1.991(0.039) 1.934(0.019) 1.892(0.017)

1.964 1.319 2.250(0.061) 2.036(0.010) 2.100 2.028 2.225(0.056) 2.175 2.290 2.221 2.062(0.031) 2.125

M-C6R5 2.148 2.114(0.012) 2.075(0.019) 2.064(0.021) 2.031(0.062) 1.974 1.917(0.038) 2.020

M-C(=O)R

2.044 1.997(0.033) 1.990 1.850(0.059)

2.257 2.204(0.049) 2.063 2.040(0.054) 2.000(0.024) 2.205 2.224 2.052 2.071(0.044) 2.024(0.037) 2.042

2.193(0.054) 2.092(0.057) 2.011(0.026) 1.981(0.032)

2.109 2.091 1.995(0.031) 1.982(0.029)

2.199(0.073) 2.027 2.090(0.032) 2.070(0.038) 2.049(0.046) 2.059(0.024) 2.086(0.040)

2.190(0.027) 2.161 2.019 1.991(0.025)

9-17

Section 09 book.indb 17

5/3/05 12:08:43 PM

Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds

9-18 M Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Yb Lu Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Th U

Section 09 book.indb 18

M-NH3

2.069(0.008)

1.965(0.021) 2.074(0.093) 1.987(0.017) 2.044

2.217 2.126(0.024) 2.114(0.018) 2.032

2.253 2.136 2.050(0.021)

M-OH2 2.066(0.052) 2.129(0.131) 1.997(0.070) 2.189(0.040) 2.085(0.066) 2.085(0.064) 2.079(0.038) 2.186(0.215) 2.090(0.061) 2.398(0.068) 2.248(0.137) 2.201(0.094) 2.074(0.051) 2.190(0.096) 2.200 2.350 2.318(0.065) 2.556(0.062) 2.565(0.063) 2.518(0.038) 2.533(0.058) 2.459(0.050) 2.441(0.055) 2.443(0.074) 2.455 2.409(0.074) 2.407(0.069) 2.404(0.083) 2.353(0.066) 2.404(0.116) 2.115(0.065) 2.199(0.091) 2.166

2.157 2.690(0.083) 2.483(0.032) 2.455(0.047)

M-PMe3 2.510(0.010) 2.389(0.069) 2.455(0.164) 2.246(0.042) 2.217(0.043) 2.204(0.031)

M-SR 2.369 2.378(0.007) 2.362 2.366(0.054) 2.271(0.028) 2.254(0.025) 2.187(0.007) 2.295

2.692 2.462(0.046) 2.307(0.050) 2.266(0.036) 2.287(0.018)

2.401(0.050)

M-AsR3 2.686 2.460(0.040) 2.400(0.013) 2.352(0.043) 2.323(0.021) 2.333(0.035) 2.367(0.016)

2.741(0.008) 2.582(0.036) 2.446(0.031) 2.416(0.039) 2.386(0.052)

2.444

2.589(0.044) 2.485(0.039) 2.369(0.065) 2.328(0.029) 2.323(0.028) 2.295(0.036)

2.575(0.006) 2.461 2.320(0.015) 2.293 2.402(0.065)

2.366(0.058)

5/3/05 12:08:44 PM

CHARACTERISTIC BOND LENGTHS IN FREE MOLECULES References

This is a summary of typical bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. The value given for each bond is near the mid-range of values found in simple molecules. Bond lengths usually vary by 1 or 2%, and often by more, depending on the nature of the other bonds attached to the two atoms in question. References 1 and 2 give bond lengths in individual gas-phase molecules, as determined by spectroscopic and electron diffraction methods. All bond distances are given in Å (1 Å = 10–10 m).

1. “Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition, 2005, p. 9-19. 2. Harmony, M. D., Laurie, V. W., Kuczkowski, R. L., Schwendeman, R. H., Ramsay, D. A., Lovas, F. J., Lafferty, W. J., and Maki, A. G., Molecular structure of gas-phase polyatomic molecules determined by spectroscopic methods, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8, 619, 1979. 3. Lide, D. R., “A survey of carbon-carbon bond lengths”, Tetrahedron 17, 125, 1962.

A. Characteristic lengths of single bonds. As Br C Cl F Ge H I N O P S Sb Se Si Sn Te

As 2.10 2.32 1.96 2.17 1.71 1.51

Br

C

2.28 1.94 2.14 1.76 2.30 1.41 2.47

1.53 1.79 1.39 1.95 1.09 2.13 1.46 1.42 1.85 1.82

2.22 2.24

1.95 1.87 2.14

2.21

Cl

F

1.99 1.63 2.15 1.28 2.32 1.90 1.70 2.04 2.05 2.33

1.41 1.73 0.92 1.91 1.37 1.42 1.57 1.56

2.05 2.28

Ge

2.40 1.53 2.51

1.71 1.58 1.82

H

I

0.74 1.61 1.02 0.96 1.42 1.34 1.70 1.47 1.48 1.71 1.66

2.67

N

O

1.45 1.43 1.65

1.48

2.44 2.67

1.63

P

2.25

S

Sb

Se

Si

2.00 2.14

2.33

2.33

B. Lengths of multiple bonds (non-ring molecules). C=C C≡C C=N C≡N C=O C=S N=N N≡N N=O O=O

1.34 1.20 1.21 1.16 1.21 1.61 1.24 1.13 1.18 1.21

C. Effect of environment on carbon-carbon single bonds (other single bonds not shown). From Reference 3. Configuration C–C C–C= C–C≡ =C–C= ≡C–C= ≡C–C≡

C–C length 1.526 1.501 1.459 1.467 1.445 1.378

Examples of molecules H3C–CH3 H3C–CH=CH2 H3C–C≡CH H2C=CH–CH=CH2 HC≡C–CH=CH2 HC≡C–C≡CH

D. Some metal-carbon bond lengths in gas-phase molecules. Al–C B–C Be–C

1.96 1.58 1.70

Bi–C Cd–C Hg–C

2.26 2.11 2.08

Pb–C Sn–C Zn–C

2.24 2.14 1.93

9-46

Section 09 book.indb 46

5/3/05 12:10:28 PM

Atomic Radii of the Elements The simple model of an atom as a hard sphere that can approach only to a fixed distance from another atom to which it is not bonded has proved useful in interpreting crystal structures and other molecular properties. The term van der Waals radius, rvdw, was originally introduced by Pauling as a measure of this atomic size. Thus in a closely packed structure two non-bonded atoms A and B will be separated by the sum of their van der Waals radii rvdw (A) and rvdw (B). The set of van der Waals radii proposed by Pauling was refined by Bondi (Reference 1) based on crystallographic data, gas kinetic collision cross sections, and liquid state properties. The non-bonded contact distances predicted from the recommended rvdw of Bondi have been compared with actual data in the collection of the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center by Rowland and Taylor (Reference 2) and modified slightly. Their recommended van der Waals radii are given in the third column of this table. Element



Symbol rvdw/Å rcov/Å

Element

The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center also makes use of a set of “covalent radii” to determine which atoms in a crystal are bonded to each other. Thus two atoms A and B are judged to be connected by a covalent bond if their separation falls within a tolerance of ±0.4 Å of the sum rcov (A) + rcov (B). The covalent radii are given in the fourth column of the table.

References 1. Bondi, A., J. Phys. Chem. 68, 441, 1964. 2. Rowland, R. S. and Taylor, R., J. Phys. Chem. 100, 7384, 1996. 3. Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center, www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/products/csd/radii/

Symbol rvdw/Å rcov/Å

Element

Symbol rvdw/Å rcov/Å

Actinium

Ac

 

1.88

Hafnium

Hf

 

1.57

Promethium

Pm

 

1.80

Aluminum

Al

 

1.35

Helium

He

1.40

 

Protactinium

Pa

 

1.61

Americium

Am

 

1.51

Holmium

Ho

 

1.74

Radium

Ra

 

1.90

Antimony

Sb

 

1.46

Hydrogen

H

1.09

0.23

Rhenium

Re

 

1.35

Argon

Ar

1.88

1.51

Indium

In

1.93

1.63

Rhodium

Rh

 

1.45

Arsenic

As

1.85

1.21

Iodine

I

1.98

1.40

Rubidium

Rb

 

1.47

Astatine

At

 

1.21

Iridium

Ir

 

1.32

Ruthenium

Ru

 

1.40

Barium

Ba

 

1.34

Iron

Fe

 

1.34

Samarium

Sm

 

1.80

Berkelium

Bk

 

1.54

Krypton

Kr

2.02

 

Scandium

Sc

 

1.44

Beryllium

Be

 

0.35

Lanthanum

La

 

1.87

Selenium

Se

1.90

1.22

Bismuth

Bi

 

1.54

Lead

Pb

2.02

1.54

Silicon

Si

2.10

1.20

Boron

B

0.83

Lithium

Li

1.82

0.68

Silver

Ag

1.72

1.59

Bromine

Br

1.85

1.21

Lutetium

Lu

 

1.72

Sodium

Na

2.27

0.97

Cadmium

Cd

1.58

1.69

Magnesium

Mg

1.73

1.10

Strontium

Sr

 

1.12

Cesium

Cs

 

1.67

Manganese

Mn

 

1.35

Sulfur

S

1.80

1.02

Calcium

Ca

 

0.99

Mercury

Hg

1.55

1.70

Tantalum

Ta

 

1.43

Californium

Cf

 

1.83

Molybdenum

Mo

 

1.47

Technetium

Tc

 

1.35

Carbon

C

1.70

0.68

Neodymium

Nd

 

1.81

Tellurium

Te

2.06

1.47

Cerium

Ce

 

1.83

Neon

Ne

1.54

 

Terbium

Tb

 

1.76

Chlorine

Cl

1.75

0.99

Neptunium

Np

 

1.55

Thallium

Tl

1.96

1.55

Chromium

Cr

 

1.35

Nickel

Ni

1.63

 

Thorium

Th

 

1.79

Cobalt

Co

 

1.33

Niobium

Nb

 

1.48

Thulium

Tm

 

1.72

Copper

Cu

1.40

1.52

Nitrogen

N

1.55

0.68

Tin

Sn

2.17

1.46

Curium

Cm

 

0.99

Osmium

Os

 

1.37

Titanium

Ti

 

1.47

Dysprosium

Dy

 

1.75

Oxygen

O

1.52

0.68

Tungsten

W

 

1.37

Erbium

Er

 

1.73

Palladium

Pd

1.63

 

Uranium

U

1.86

1.58

Europium

Eu

 

1.99

Phosphorus

P

1.80

1.05

Vanadium

V

 

1.33

Fluorine

F

1.47

0.64

Platinum

Pt

1.72

 

Xenon

Xe

2.16

 

Gadolinium

Gd

 

1.79

Plutonium

Pu

 

1.53

Ytterbium

Yb

 

1.94

Gallium

Ga

1.87

1.22

Polonium

Po

 

1.68

Yttrium

Y

 

1.78

Germanium

Ge

 

1.17

Potassium

K

2.75

1.33

Zinc

Zn

1.39

1.45

Gold

Au

1.66

 

 

1.82

Zirconium

Zr

 

1.56

Praseodymium Pr

9-49

Hindered Internal Rotation I. Ozier and N. Moazzen-Ahmadi In asymmetric tops like methyl alcohol, CH3OH, and symmetric rotors like CH3SiH3, the methyl group can undergo internal rotation relative to the rest of the molecule, traditionally called the frame (LS59, OM07). Although various different tops are considered here, all have three-fold symmetry. In such cases, the potential V hindering the internal rotation can be written: V(α)= V3( 12 )(1–cos3α) + V6( 12 )(1–cos6α) + V9( 12 )(1–cos9α)+… , where α is the deviation from equilibrium of the angle between the top and frame that measures the torsional motion. If only the first two terms are retained, then V3 is the height of the hindering potential and V6 is the shape parameter. For symmetric tops like CH3CH3 where the top and frame are identical, α is replaced by 2γ and the origin for γ is often taken as the eclipsed configuration. In the expansion, –cos6nγ is then replaced by (–1)n+1cos6nγ, where n = 1,2,… In cases where different forms of the expansion have been used in the original works, the values of the parameters published there have been converted to the conventions defined here. In Tables 1 and 2, values are given for V3 for a selection of asymmetric and symmetric tops, respectively. In cases where the higher order parameters have been determined, these are given in the Comments column. Where appropriate, this column also indicates the specific top, isomer, state, and/or isotopomer that has been studied. For ethane, three symmetric top isotopomer are listed to illustrate the isotopic dependence of V3 and V6. In all other cases, only one isotopomer is listed, even if several have been studied. In all but one of these cases, the isotopomer reported is the one with the highest natural abundance. However, CH3OCDO is listed because the results obtained are more precise than for CH3OCHO. The molecules are listed alphabetically in Hill order according to the molecular formula. The determinations listed for the potential parameters are effective values that incorporate to varying degrees effects from other molecular parameters. For example, the apparent value of V3 can be changed significantly if the reduced rotational constant F is calculated from the structure, rather than being determined independently (LS59). Other examples include such mechanisms as coupling to excited skeletal vibrations (OM07) and redundancies connecting some of the torsional parameters (LB68, MO87). The experimental uncertainties quoted are taken from the original works; no attempt has been made to standardize the definitions. All the potential parameters are given in cm–1. Where the original work has reported these values in other units, the conversion to cm–1 has been carried out using standard factors (LB02):

1 calorie = 4.1868 joules; 1 calorie/mole = 0.34998915 cm–1.

A variety of different methods have been used to measure V3, V6, and V9 (LS59, OM07); only a few of the more important will be discussed here. For asymmetric rotors, both the pure rotational spectrum and its torsion-rotation counterpart are electric dipole allowed and are affected in lowest order by the leading terms in the torsional Hamiltonian. Both types of spectra have been used extensively to determine V3 (LS59). For symmetric tops with a single torsional degree of freedom, either the permanent electric dipole moment vanishes, as in CH3CH3, or the normal rotational spectrum is independent of V3 in lowest order, as in CH3SiH3. In

6679X_S09.indb 59

the latter case, the molecular beam avoided crossing method can often be used (OM07). The torsion-rotation spectrum is forbidden in lowest order, but becomes weakly allowed through interactions with the infrared active skeletal vibrations (OM07). By employing long absorption path lengths, this spectrum has been used to determine V3 in a number of molecules. For both asymmetric and symmetric tops, the most precise determinations of the molecular parameters have been made in cases where both rotational and torsion-rotation spectra have been investigated.

References ALA97 Antolínez, S., López, J. C., and Alonso, J. L., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 93, 1291, 1997. ALB97 Alonso, J. L., López, J. C., Blanco, S., and Guarnieri, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 182, 148, 1997. ALL97 Alonso, J. L., Lesarri, A., López, J. C., Blanco, S., Kleiner, I., and Demaison, J., Molec. Phys. 91, 731, 1997. BL85 Bestmann, G., Lalowski, W., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 40, 271, 1985. BM07 Borvayeh, L., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., and Horneman, V.-M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 242, 77, 2007. BW64 Butcher, S. S., and Wilson, E. B., J. Chem. Phys. 40, 1671, 1964. CA96 Charro, M. E., and Alonso, J. L., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 176, 251, 1996. CB61 Cahill, P., and Butcher, S., J. Chem. Phys. 35, 2255, 1961. DG87 Durig, J. R., Guirgis, G. A., and Van Der Veken, B. J., J. Raman Spectrosc. 18, 549, 1987. DL73 Durig, J. R., Li, Y. S., Carreira, L. A., and Odom, J. D., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 95, 2491, 1973. DM87 Demaison, J., Maes, H., van Eijck, B. P., Wlodarczak, G., and Lasne, M. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 125, 214, 1987. DS81 Dreizler, H., and Scappini, F., Z. Naturforsch. A 36, 1187, 1981. EG96 Eltayeb, S., Guirgis, G. A., Fanning, A. R., and Durig, J. R., J. Raman Spectrosc. 27, 111, 1996. FD83 Fliege, E., Dreizler, H., Demaison, J., Boucher, D., Burie, J., and Dubrulle A., J. Chem. Phys. 78, 3541, 1983. G00 Groner, P., J. Mol. Structure 550–551, 473, 2000. GA89 Groner, P., Attia, G. M., Mohamad, A. B., Sullivan, J. F., Li, Y. S., and Durig, J. R., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 1434, 1989. GG04 Groner, P., Gillies, C. W., Gillies, J. Z., Zhang, Y., and Block, E., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 226, 169, 2004. GH02 Grabow, J.-U., Hartwig, H., Heineking, N., Jäger, W., Mäder, H., Nicolaisen, H. W., and Stahl, W., J. Mol. Structure 612, 349, 2002. IA03 Ilyushin, V. V., Alekseev, E. A., Dyubko, S. F., and Kleiner, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 220, 170, 2003. K60 Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 33, 1237, 1960. KD86 Kasten, W., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 41, 944, 1986. KH96 Kleiner, I., Hougen, J. T., Grabow, J.-U., Belov, S. P., Tretyakov, M. Yu., and Cosléou, J., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 179, 41, 1996. KL67 Kuczkowski, R. L., and Lide, D. R., J. Chem. Phys. 46, 357, 1967. KW74 Krisher, L. C., Watson, W. A., and Morrison, J. A., J. Chem. Phys. 61, 3429, 1974. L59 Laurie, V. W., J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1210, 1959. LB68 Lees, R. M., and Baker, J. G., J. Chem. Phys. 48, 5299, 1968. LB97 di Lauro, C., Bunker, P. R., Johns, J. W. C., and McKellar, A. R. W., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 184, 177, 1997. LB02 Demaison, J., and Wlodarczak, G., Hindered rotation-Asymmetric top molecules, in: Hüttner, W. (Ed), Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series: Group II: Molecules and Radicals, volume 24, subvolume C, Molecular Constants Mostly from Microwave, Molecular Beam, and Sub-Doppler Laser Spectroscopy, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2002. LE97 de Luis, A., Eugenia Sanz, M., Lorenzo, F. J., López, J. C., and Alonso, J. L., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 184, 60, 1997.

9-59

4/11/08 3:46:53 PM

9-60 Hindered Internal Rotation LJ72 Lide, D. R., Johnson, D. R., Sharp, K. G., and Coyle, T. D., J. Chem. Phys. 57, 3699, 1972. LS59 Lin, C. C., and Swalen, J. D., Rev. Mod. Phys. 31, 841 1959. MK66 Moloney, M. J., and Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 45, 3277, 1966. MM96 Marstokk, K.-M., Møllendal, H., and Samdal, S., J. Mol. Structure 376, 11, 1996. MM01 Marstokk, K.-M., Mollendal, H., Samdal, S., and Steinborn, D., J. Mol. Structure 567, 41, 2001. MO87 Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., and Ozier, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 126, 99, 1987. MS02 Merke, I., Stahl, W., Kassi, S., Petitprez, D., and Wlodarczak, G., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 216, 437, 2002. ND06 Nair, K. P. R., Demaison, J., Wlodarczak, G., and Merke, I., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 237, 137, 2006. NH02 Niide, Y., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 216, 61, 2002. NH04 Niide, Y., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 223, 152, 2004. NY85 Nakagawa, J., Yamada, K., Bester, M., and Winnewisser, G., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 110, 74, 1985. OH07 Ohashi, N., and Hougen, J. T., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 243, 162, 2007. OK75 Odom, J. D., Kalasinsky, V. F., and Durig, J. R., Inorg. Chem.14, 2837, 1975. OM07 Ozier, I., and Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Internal rotation in symmetric tops, in: Arimondo, E., Berman, P. R., and Lin, C. C., (Eds.), Advances in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, vol. 54, p. 423, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007. PK59 Pierce, L., and Krisher, L. C., J. Chem. Phys. 31, 875, 1959. S75 Stiefvater, O. L., J. Chem. Phys. 62, 233, 1975.

SD04 Suenram, R. D., DaBell, R. S., Hight Walker, A. R., Lavrich, R. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Ellzy, M. W., Lochner, J. M., Cash, L., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 224, 176, 2004. SG05 Schnell, M., Grabow, J.-U., Hartwig, H, Heineking, N., Meyer, M., Stahl, W., and Caminati, W., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 229, 1, 2005. SH82 Shiki, Y., Hasegawa, A., and Hayashi, M., J. Mol. Structure 78, 185, 1982. SH86 Sastry, K. V. L. N., Herbst, E., Booker, R. A., and De Lucia, F. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 116, 120, 1986. SL02 Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Lesarri, A., Kawashima, Y., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 211, 110, 2002. SL06 Suenram, R. D., Lovas, F. J., Plusquellic, D. F., Ellzy, M. W., Lochner, J. M., Jensen, J. O., and Samuels, A. C., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 235, 18, 2006. ST06 Styger, C., Ozier, I., Wang, S.-X., and Bauder, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 239, 115, 2006. TB86 Typke, V., Botskor, I., and Wiedenmann, K.-H., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 120, 435, 1986. TH86 Tyblewksi, M., Ha, T.-K., and Bauder, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 115, 353, 1986. VD88 Vormann, K., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 43, 338, 1988. VG96 Voges, K., Gripp, J., Hartwig, H., and Dreizler, H., Z. Naturforsch. A 51, 299, 1996. VR75 Varma, R., Ramaprasad, K. R., and Nelson, J. F., J. Chem. Phys. 63, 915, 1975. WA02 Wang, S.-X., Schroderus, J., Ozier, I., Moazzen-Ahmadi, N., Horneman, V.-M., Ilyushyn, V. V., Alekseev, E. A., Katrich, A. A., and Dyubko, S. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 214, 69, 2002.

TABLE 1. Asymmetric Top Potential Parameters Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

1 Trifluoromethanethiol

CHF3S

CF3SH

LB02

500.83 ± 0.03

2 Methylphosphonic difluoride

CH3F2OP

CH3P(=O)F2

SL06

676 ± 25

3 Methanol

CH4O

CH3OH

LB02

373.594 ± 0.007

Comments

V6 = –1.597 ± 0.051 V9 = 1.04 ± 0.20

4 Methanethiol

CH4S

CH3SH

SH86

443.029 ± 0.070

5 Methyldisulfane

CH4S2

CH3SSH

TH86

609.0 ± 14.0

6 Trifluoromethyl isocyanate

C2F3NO

CF3N=C=O

LB02

47.8769 ± 0.0051 298 ± 10

V6 = –1.6451 ± 0.0144

7 Trifluoroacetaldehyde

C2HF3O

CF3C(H)=O

DG87

8 Pentafluoroethane

C2HF5

CF3CHF2

EG96

1190 ± 4

9 Acetyl bromide

C2H3BrO

CH3C(Br)=O

K60

456.7 ± 10.5

10 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

C2H3ClF2

CH3CClF2

ALB97

1311.8 ± 1.4

11 Acetyl chloride

C2H3ClO

CH3C(Cl)=O

LB02

442.74 ± 1.05

12 Acetyl fluoride

C2H3FO

CH3C(F)=O

PK59

364.3 ± 2.1

13 Methyl fluoroformate

C2H3FO2

CH3OC(F)=O

LB02

374.1 ± 0.2

14 Methyl trifluoromethyl ether

C2H3F3O

CH3OCF3

LB02

382 ± 10

15 Acetyl iodide

C2H3IO

CH3C(=O)I

MK66

455.3 ± 10.5

16 Methyl cyanate

C2H3NO

CH3OC≡N

LB02

399.0 ± 17.5

17 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane

C2H4ClF

CH3CHClF

LB02

1334.9 ± 3.8

18 1,1-Difluoroethane

C2H4F2

CH3CHF2

LB02

1163.0 ± 2.5

19 Acetaldehyde

C2H4O

CH3C(H)=O

KH96

407.716 ± 0.010

V6 =–12.068 ± 0.037

20 Thioacetaldehyde S-oxide

C2H4OS

CH3C(H)=S=O

LB02

285.6 ± 0.3

Z isomer

21 Acetic acid

C2H4O2

CH3COOH

IA03

170.1742 ± 0.0002 V6 = –6.4725 ± 0.0001

22 Methyl formate

C2H3DO2

CH3OC(D)=O

LB02

400.60 ± 0.03

23 Fluoroethane

C2H5F

CH3CH2F

FD83

1172.1 ± 1.4

24 Nitrosoethane

C2H5NO

CH3CH2N=O

LB02

903 ± 25

gauche conformer

C2H5NO

CH3CH2N=O

LB02

911 ± 25

cis conformer

25 Acetamide

C2H5NO

CH3C(NH2)=O

LB02

24.949 ± 0.008

26 Difluorodimethylsilane

C2H6F2Si

(CH3)2SiF2

SG05

439.4 ± 2.5

6679X_S09.indb 60

Cl

35

CH3

deuterated

4/11/08 3:46:54 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation Name

9-61 Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

Comments

27 N-Nitrosodimethylamine

C2H6N2O

(CH3)2NN=O

LB02

145.8 ± 0.25

cis CH3

C2H6N2O

(CH3)2NN=O

LB02

737.4 ± 13.3

trans CH3

28 Ethanol

C2H6O

CH3CH2OH

LB02

1173.76 ± 2.20

trans isomer

29 Dimethyl ether

C2H6O

(CH3)2O

NH04

926.0 ± 3.5

30 Dimethyl sulfide

C2H6S

(CH3)2S

NH04

751.1 ± 4.8

31 Vinylsilane

C2H6Si

SiH3C(H)=CH2

SH82

520.1 ± 1.8

32 Dimethyl disulfide

C2H6S2

CH3SSCH3

LB02

535.1 ± 1.8

33 Dimethyl diselenide

C2H6Se2

CH3SeSeCH3

GG04

395 ± 2 578.0 ± 3.5

34 Dimethylsilane

C2H8Si

(CH3)2SiH2

NH04

35 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene

C3H3F3

CF3C(H)=CH2

ALL97

653.06 ± 0.83

36 Methyl cyanoformate

C3H3NO2

CH3OC(C≡N)=O

LB02

406.6 ± 1.1

37 (Methylthio)acetylene

C3H4S

CH3SC≡CH

DM87

592.0 ± 3.3

38 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane

C3H5F3

CH3CH2CF3

ALA97 922.2 ± 1.4

39 2-Iodopropene

C3H5I

CH3C(I)=CH2

LB02

40 Ethyl isocyanide

C3H5N

CH3CH2N≡C

LB02

1167.6 ± 18.2

41 Propene

C3H6

CH3C(H)=CH2

LB02

697.499 ± 0.048

V6 =–13.0 (fixed)

42 Propanal

C3H6O

CH3CH2C(H)=O

BW64

798 ± 39

cis conformer

43 Acetone

C3H6O

(CH3)2C=O

G00

251.4 ± 2.6

V6 = –6.92 ± 0.65

44 (Methylthio)ethene

C3H6S

CH3SC(H)=CH2

MM01

1138 ± 13

s-trans conformer

905.8 ± 4.2

45 Propanoic acid

C3H6O2

CH3CH2COOH

S75

819.0 ± 10.5

cis conformer

46 Methyl mercaptoacetate

C3H6O2S

CH3OC(=O)C(H2)SH

LB02

411 ± 8

state 0+

C3H6O2S

CH3OC(=O)C(H2)SH

LB02

412 ± 9

state 0-

47 2-Bromopropane

C3H7Br

(CH3)2CHBr

LB02

1437.0 ± 2.5

79

48 1-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

CH3C(H2)C(H2)Cl

LE97

1017.8 ± 1.4

gauche conformer

C3H7Cl

CH3C(H2)C(H2)Cl

LE97

966.0 ± 7.0

trans conformer

49 2-Chloropropane

C3H7Cl

(CH3)2CHCl

LB02

1374.03 ± 1.00

35

Br

Cl

C3H7F

CH3C(H2)C(H2)F

KD86

965.3 ± 12.2

gauche conformer

C3H7F

CH3C(H2)C(H2)F

KD86

948.5 ± 2.8

trans conformer

51 2-Fluoropropane

C3H7F

(CH3)2CHF

LB02

1162.79 ± 0.84

52 Butanenitrile

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)C≡N

VD88

1087.4 ± 8.4

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)C≡N

VD88

1088.5 ± 13.3

trans conformer

53 Propanamide

C3H7NO

CH3CH2C(=O)NH2

MM96

761 ± 42

syn conformer

50 1-Fluoropropane

gauche conformer

C3H7NO

(CH3)2NC(H)=O

LB02

366.04 ± 0.26

cis CH3

C3H7NO

(CH3)2NC(H)=O

LB02

772.4 ± 7.4

trans CH3

55 Propane

C3H8

(CH3)2CH2

BL85

1108.1 ± 9.5

56 Cyclopropylgermane

C3H8Ge

C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(GeH 3 ) 

LB02

466.6 ± 16.7

GeH3

57 N-Nitrosoethylmethylamine

C3H8N2O

CH3CH2N(CH3)N=O

LB02

310 ± 30

N-methyl top, OGM conformer

58 1-Propanol

C3H8O

CH3C(H2)C(H2)OH

DS81

956 ± 21

trans conformer

59 Cyclopropylsilane

C3H8Si

C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(SiH 3 ) 

TB86

670.9 ± 1.5

54 N,N-Dimethylformamide

60 Dimethyl(methylene)silane

C3H8Si

(CH3)2Si=CH2

LB02

351.4 ± 5.9

61 Dimethyl methylphosphonate

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

SL02

662 ± 6

P-methyl top

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

OH07

278.82 ± 0.06

O-methyl top #1

C3H9O3P

(OCH3)2P(=O)CH3

OH07

181.82 ± 0.01

O-methyl top #2

62 But-2-ynoyl fluoride

C4H3FO

CH3C≡CC(F)=O

LB02

2.20 ± 0.12

63 cis-2-Butenenitrile

C4H5N

CH3C(H)=C(H)C≡N

LB02

485.50 ± 0.25

64 2-Methylacrylonitrile

C4H5N

CH2=C(CH3)C≡N

LB02

695.2 ± 2.1

65 2-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(CH 3 )OC(H )=C (H ) 

LB02

251.70 ± 1.17

66 4-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(H)OC(H)=C (CH 3 ) 

LB02

429.44 ± 0.33

6679X_S09.indb 61

4/11/08 3:46:56 PM

9-62 Hindered Internal Rotation Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

Comments

67 5-Methyloxazole

C4H5NO

N=C(H)OC(CH 3 )=C (H ) 

LB02

477.90 ± 1.34

68 5-Methylisoxazole

C4H5NO

C(H )=NOC(CH 3 )=C (H ) 

LB02

272.05 ± 1.00

69 2-Methylthiazole

C4H5NS

N=C(CH 3 )SC(H )=C (H ) 

GH02

34.938 ± 0.020

70 4-Methylisothiazole

C4H5NS

N=C(H)C(CH 3 )=C(H)S 

LB02

105.767 ± 0.043

71 4-Methyl-2-oxetanone

C4H6O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

1256.5 ± 10.5

72 trans-1-Fluoro-2-butene

C4H7F

CH3C(H)=C(H)CH2F

LB02

596 ± 7

anticlinal conformer

73 1-Isocyanopropane

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N≡C

LB02

1012.3 ± 8.4

gauche conformer

C4H7N

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N≡C

LB02

1033.8 ± 7.7

trans conformer

74 Isobutene

C4H8

(CH3)2C=CH2

LB02

761.58 ± 1.05

75 cis-2-Butene

C4H8

CH3CH=CHCH3

LB02

259.89 ± 0.42

76 3-Methoxy-1-propene

C4H8O

CH3OC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

728.0 ± 10.5

skew-gauche conformer

C4H8O

syn-trans conformer

CH3OC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

829.5 ± 10.5

77 2,2-Dimethyloxirane

C4H8O

OC(CH 3 )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

945.61 ± 0.75

78 cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane

C4H8O

OC(H )(CH 3 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

577.80 ± 1.84

cis conformer

C4H8O

OC(H )(CH 3 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

862.52 ± 1.84

trans conformer

79 2-Methyloxetane

C4H8O

OC(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

LB02

1166.5 ± 4.9

80 3-Methyloxetane

C4H8O

OC(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1149.4 ± 4.2

81 3-Methoxythietane

C4H8OS

SC(H 2 )C(H )(OCH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1071.0 ± 10.5

82 3-(Methylthio)-1-propene

C4H8S

CH3SC(H2)C(H)=CH2

LB02

619 ± 28

83 2,2-Dimethylthiirane

C4H8S

SC(CH 3 )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

1268.3 ± 3.0

84 Butane

C4H10

CH3C(H2)C(H2)CH3

LB02

948 ± 24

85 N-Methyl-N-nitrosopropylamine

C4H10N2O

CH3C(H2)C(H2)N(CH3)N=O

LB02

320 ± 30

86 Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H)(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 ) 

LB02

913.8 ± 2.5

87 Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C (H 2 ) 

CA96

1437.8 ± 8.4

88 Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

C5H8O2

OC(=O)C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H )(CH 3 ) 

CA96

1233.0 ± 4.2

89 tert-Butyl isocyanate

C5H9NO

(CH3)3C≡N=C=O

LB02

41.510 ± 0.015

(CH3)3 C group

90 Methyl tert-butyl ether

C5H12O

(CH3)3COCH3

LB02

498.6 ± 1.5

O-methyl top

91 2-Methylcyclopentanone

C6H10O

C(=O)C(H)(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 )  

LB02

844.2 ± 2.4

92 3-Methylcyclopentanone

C6H10O

C(=O)C(H 2 )C(H )(CH 3 )C(H 2 )C (H 2 )  

LB02

1233.8 ± 1.7

N-methyl top, conformer OMGA

93 tert-Butyl ethyl ether

C6H14O

(CH3)3COC(H2)CH3

LB02

1025 ± 3

94 2,4-Difluorotoluene

C7H6F2

C(H )=C(CH 3 )C(F)=C(H)C(F)=C (H )  

LB02

204.04 ± 0.23

95 2-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

C(H )=C(H)C(Cl)=C(CH 3 )C(H )=C (H )  

ND06

513.8 ± 2.7

96 2,6-Dimethylpyridine

C7H9N

C(H )=C(H)C(CH 3 )=NC(CH 3 )=C (H )  

LB02

98.24 ± 0.27

97 1,2,2-Trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate

C7H16FO2P (CH3)3CC(H)(CH3)OP(O)(F)CH3

SD04

821 ± 5

P-methyl top, conformer GD-I

C7H16FO2P (CH3)3CC(H)(CH3)OP(O)(F)CH3

SD04

738 ± 5

P-methyl top, conformer GD-II

98 Germyl azide

GeH3N3

GeH3-N=N≡N

GA89

86.598 ± 0.062

99 Silylphospine

H5PSi

SiH3PH2

VR75

537.2 ± 14.0

6679X_S09.indb 62

ethyl CH3 Cl

35

4/11/08 3:47:04 PM

Hindered Internal Rotation

9-63

TABLE 2. Symmetric Top Potential Parameters Name

Molecular Formula

Line Formula

Ref.

V3/cm–1

BF3H3P

H3PBF3

OK75

1169 ± 123

2 Trihydro(phosphorus trifluoride)boron BF3H3P

F3PBH3

KL67

1134 ± 53

H3PBH3

DL73

864.5 ± 17.5 489 ± 50

1 Phosphine-trifluoroborane 3 Trihydro(phosphine)boron

BH6P

Comments

4 Trifluoro(trifluoromethyl)silane

CF6Si

CF3SiF3

LJ72

5 Trifluoromethylgermane

CH3F3Ge

CF3GeH3

KW74 448 ± 53

6 Trifluoromethylsilane

CH3F3Si

CH3SiF3

ST06

414.147 ± 0.030

7 Methylgermane

CH6Ge

CH3GeH3

L59

433.6 ± 8.8

8 Methylsilane

CH6Si

CH3SiH3

OM07 603.3878 ± 0.0037

9 Methylstannane

CH6Sn

CH3SnH3

CB61

10 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

C2H3F3

CH3CF3

WA02 1112.24 ± 0.16

11 Ethane

C2H6

CH3CH3

OM07 1013.28 ± 0.10

V6 = 8.798 ± 0.041

12 Ethane-1,1,1-d3

C2H3D3

CH3CD3

OM07 1001.876 ± 0.023

V6 = 9.328 ± 0.018

13 Ethane-d6

C2D6

CD3CD3

OM07 989.946 ± 0.090

V6 = 9.51 ± 0.10

14 1-Silylpropyne

C3H6Si

CH3C≡CSiH3

NY85

227 ± 10

3.77 ± 0.70

15 Trimethylchlorosilane

C3H9ClSi

(CH3)3SiCl

MS02

576.9 ± 0.9

16 2-Butyne

C4H6

CH3C≡CCH3

LB97

6.067 ± 0.040

17 Ethynyltrimethylgermane

C5H10Ge

(CH3)3GeC≡CH

VG96

376.2 ± 16.7

18 Disilane

H6Si2

SiH3SiH3

BM07 412.033 ± 0.010

V6 = 0.1240 ± 0.0144 V9 = –0.0916 ± 0.0180

6679X_S09.indb 63

4/11/08 3:47:05 PM

LINE SPECTRA OF THE ELEMENTS Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss

The original tables from which this table was derived were prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. The table contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and singly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium (Z = 1–94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), triply ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in emission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These lines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger observed lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may be found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors. J. G. Conway — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory C. H. Corliss — National Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. R. Cowley — University of Michigan Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite — Argonne National Laboratory S. P. Davis — University of California, Berkeley V. Kaufman — National Bureau of Standards R. L. Kelly — Naval Postgraduate School J. F. Kielkopf — University of Louisville W. C. Martin — National Bureau of Standards T. K. McCubbin — Pennsylvania State University L. J. Radziemski — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory J. Reader — National Bureau of Standards C. J. Sansonetti — National Bureau of Standards G. V. Shalimoff — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory R. W. Stanley — Purdue University J. O. Stoner, Jr. — University of Arizona H. H. Stroke — New York University D. R. Wood — Wright State University E. F. Worden — Lawrence Livermore Laboratory J. J. Wynne — International Business Machines Corporation R. Zalubas — National Bureau of Standards

All wavelengths are given in Ångstrom units (10–10 m). Below 2000 Å the wavelengths are in vacuum (except for the Cu II line at 1999.698 Å, which is in air); above 2000 Å the wavelengths are in air. Wavelengths given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less than 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the elements used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu. All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements except that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 Å given to three decimal

places are for 86Kr. A separate table for 198Hg contains accurately known wavelengths that are frequently used for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atoms were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of Spectral-Line Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantitative estimates of relative line strengths that take account of varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a linear scale. For nearly all of the other lines the intensities represent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wavelength. Because different observers frequently use different scales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indication of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensity scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of the lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of the neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a light source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. Descriptive symbols that follow the wavelength have the following meanings: c — complex d — line consists of two unresolved lines h — hazy l — shaded to longer wavelengths s — shaded to shorter wavelengths p — perturbed by a close line r — easily reversed w — wide The table is arranged alphabetically by element name (not symbol); for each element the lines are listed by wavelength. References to the sources of data for each element are given at the end of the table, starting on page 10-89.

General References 1. Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980. 2. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elements, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3. Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wiese, W. L., “NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database” ver. 1.1, January 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html

10-1

Section 10.indb 1

5/4/05 8:03:02 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-2 Intensity

Section 10.indb 2

Wavelength/Å

Actinium Ac Z = 89 2000 h 2952.55 2000 h 3392.78 3000 3487.59 2000 s 3863.12 3000 s 4088.44 3000 s 4168.40 100 4179.98 20 4183.12 20 4194.40 20 l 4384.53 20 4396.71 2000 h 4413.09 20 4462.73 3000 h 4569.87 1000 5910.85 20 6359.86 20 l 6691.27

III III III II II II I I I I I III I III II I I

Aluminum Al Z = 13 900 125.53 800 126.07 800 130.41 1000 130.85 900 131.00 900 131.44 800 160.07 1000 278.69 900 281.39 70 486.884 30 486.912 250 511.138 150 511.191 500 560.317 200 560.433 100 670.068 200 671.118 500 695.829 400 696.217 200 725.683 300 726.915 400 855.034 500 856.746 400 892.024 50 893.887 450 893.897 800 1042.17 50 1191.812 900 1237.19 900 1257.62 800 1264.18 1000 1272.76 150 1350.18 800 1384.13 800 1447.51 800 1494.79 1000 1526.14 800 1537.54 800 1539.830 1000 1557.25 100 1569.385

V V V V V V IV V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II IV IV IV IV II III IV IV V IV II IV II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

900 800 125 700 100 800 150 800 100 100 1000 100 800 500 900 500 900 350 300 290 500 700 450 300 450 400 450 1000 600 400 250 1000 300 700 120 1000 600 200 150 200 400 150 300 200 150 220 700 150 150 100 200 700 150 300 100 200 400 120 140 460 110

1582.04 1584.46 1596.059 1605.766 1611.814 1611.874 1625.627 1639.06 1644.235 1644.809 1670.787 1686.250 1719.440 1721.244 1721.271 1724.952 1724.984 1760.104 1761.975 1763.00 1763.869 1763.952 1765.64 1765.815 1766.38 1767.731 1769.14 1818.56 1828.588 1832.837 1834.808 1854.716 1855.929 1858.026 1859.980 1862.311 1862.790 1929.978 1931.048 1932.377 1934.503 1934.713 1935.840 1935.949 1936.907 1939.261 1990.531 2016.052 2016.234 2016.368 2074.008 2094.264 2094.744 2094.791 2095.104 2095.141 2269.10 2269.22 2321.56 2367.05 2367.61

IV IV II III III III II IV II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I IV II II II III II II II II III II II II II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 180 140 160 850 170 110 240 480 110 150 200 160 650 150 360 450 150 4500 r 7200 r 1800 r 150 150 900 800 450 360 290 870 220 110 150 290 450 4500 r 9000 r 110 290 870 150 110 550 110 110 150 290 150 110 220 150 180 110 450 1200 1000 110 220 290 220 450 150

2368.11 2369.30 2370.22 2372.07 2373.12 2373.35 2373.57 2567.98 2575.10 2637.70 2652.48 2660.39 2669.17 2816.19 3041.28 3050.07 3057.14 3074.64 3082.153 3092.710 3092.839 3428.92 3443.64 3492.23 3508.46 3586.56 3587.07 3587.45 3601.63 3651.06 3651.10 3654.98 3655.00 3900.68 3944.006 3961.520 3995.86 4226.81 4529.19 4585.82 4588.19 4666.80 4898.76 4902.77 5280.21 5283.77 5285.85 5312.32 5316.07 5371.84 5557.06 5557.95 5593.23 5696.60 5722.73 5853.62 5971.94 6001.76 6001.88 6006.42 6061.11

I I I I I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II I IV IV II II II III II II II II II I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I I II III III II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

290 110 450 110 150 290 220 450 h 450 360 290 360 450 450 360 230 110 140 230 290 110 290 360 450 110 180 140 150 110 150 110 140 110 230 450 570 570 450 230 300 140 300 360

6068.43 6068.53 6073.23 6181.57 6181.68 6182.28 6182.45 6183.42 6201.52 6201.70 6226.18 6231.78 6243.36 6335.74 6696.02 6698.67 7361.57 7362.30 7835.31 7836.13 8075.35 8640.70 8772.87 8773.90 8828.91 8841.28 8923.56 9290.65 9290.75 10076.29 10768.36 10782.04 10872.98 10891.73 11253.19 11254.88 13123.41 13150.76 16718.96 16750.56 16763.36 21093.04 21163.75

Antimony Sb Z = 51 15 722.86 15 732.33 861.5 4 876.84 4 921.07 6 983.57 15 999.62 6 1001.13 6 1009.43 40 1011.94 6 1052.21 8 1056.27 8 1057.32 40 1065.90 6 1073.81 30 1075.82 1087.6

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III IV II II II III II II III II II II III II III IV

5/4/05 8:03:05 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 8 30 40 50 50 12 6 8 20 8 6 8 20 6 8 20 r 40 h 12 50 r 12 120 r 80 r 6 8 7 80 r 10 200 w 100 w 20 100 w 15 15 80 r 150 r 150 r 15 100 r 100 h 100 r 100 r 150 50 r 80 r 100 50 r 300 r 150 r 100 200 r 60 r 70 r 150 r 1000 r 100 50 r 80 r 100 r 50 r

Section 10.indb 3

Wavelength/Å 1104.32 1151.49 1157.74 1199.1 1205.20 1210.64 1226.00 1230.30 1274.98 1306.69 1327.40 1358.04 1384.70 1404.18 1407.83 1436.49 1486.57 1491.36 1499.2 1505.70 1512.57 1524.47 1532.74 1535.06 1565.51 1576.11 1581.36 1599.96 1606.98 1612.8 1623.3 1657.04 1662.6 1673.89 1711.84 1716.93 1717.45 1723.43 1725.33 1736.19 1765.76 1780.87 1788.24 1800.18 1810.50 1814.20 1829.50 1868.17 1871.15 1882.56 1927.08 1950.39 2029.49 2039.77 2049.57 2068.33 2079.56 2098.41 2118.48 2127.39 2137.05

V III III IV III III V II II III II II II III II II I I IV V I V I I II II II I II I I II I III III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-3 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 r 10 50 r 100 r 1500 r 250 r 200 r 300 r 150 r 100 120 r 300 r 120 150 r 300 r 2500 r 150 400 h 300 h 100 150 250 400 r 400 150 100 2000 r 15 10 150 15 1500 r 500 r 300 r 12 200 r 20 300 r 200 r 120 150 r 400 r 1000 r 15 500 r 600 r 20 700 r 15 25 250 20 200 r 20 200 20 20 15 15 20 20

2139.69 2141.80 2141.83 2144.86 2175.81 2179.19 2201.32 2208.45 2220.73 2221.98 2224.93 2262.51 2288.98 2293.44 2306.46 2311.47 2315.89 2373.67 2383.64 2395.22 2422.13 2426.35 2445.51 2478.32 2480.44 2510.54 2528.52 2528.54 2567.75 2574.06 2590.13 2598.05 2598.09 2612.31 2617.17 2652.60 2669.39 2670.64 2682.76 2692.25 2718.90 2769.95 2877.92 2980.96 3029.83 3232.52 3241.28 3267.51 3498.46 3637.80 3637.83 3722.78 3722.79 3850.22 4033.55 4033.56 4133.63 4140.54 4195.17 4219.07 4314.32

I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I III I I I III I III I I I I I I II I I II I II II I II I II I II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 30 20 15 30 20 40 20 20 30 20 20 20 15 15 20 20 40 h 100 l 30 60 h 100 20 30 50 20 20 30 30 h 80 200 60 150 100 400 400 200 300 200 1000 800 80 600 200 400 300 150 5

4514.50 4596.90 4599.09 4604.77 4647.32 4675.74 4711.26 4757.81 4765.36 4784.03 4802.01 4832.82 4877.24 4947.40 5044.56 5238.94 5354.24 5556.10 5632.02 5639.75 5830.34 6005.21 6053.41 6079.80 6130.04 6154.94 6611.49 6647.44 7648.28 7844.44 7924.65 8411.69 8572.64 8619.55 9518.68 9949.14 10078.49 10261.01 10585.60 10677.41 10741.94 10794.11 10839.73 10868.58 10879.55 11012.79 11266.23 12116.06

Argon Ar Z = 18 3 336.56 3 337.56 6 338.00 2 338.43 2 339.01 3 339.89 3 350.88 4 396.87 4 398.55 2 436.67 5 446.00 8 446.95

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V V V IV IV V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4 18 4 3 2 6p 3 7 30 50 30 30 3 5 6 30 200 70 2 70 5 70 30 70 30 70 30 30 6 3 500 30 200 1000 3000 70 30 30 200 10 7 12 p 6 8 3 5 4 3 200 3000 2 500 70 200 200 70 4 5 12 5 10

447.53 449.06 449.49 458.12 458.98 461.23 462.42 463.94 487.227 490.650 490.701 519.327 522.09 524.19 527.69 542.912 543.203 547.461 554.50 556.817 558.48 573.362 576.736 580.263 583.437 597.700 602.858 612.372 623.77 635.12 661.867 664.562 666.011 670.946 671.851 676.242 677.952 679.218 679.401 683.28 688.39 689.01 699.41 700.28 705.35 709.20 715.60 715.65 718.090 723.361 725.11 725.548 730.930 740.269 744.925 745.322 754.20 761.47 769.15 800.57 801.09

V V V V V V V V II II II II V V V II II II V II V II II II II II II II IV V II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV V V V V II II V II II II II II IV IV III IV IV

5/4/05 8:03:06 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-4

Section 10.indb 4

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 5 20 100 60 30 40 50 120 70 80 4 120 120 5 3 150 4p 100 2 15 100 20 25 180 150 10 9 180 r 12 8 180 r 9 10 150 5 9 1000 1000 1000 r 500 r 7 7 7 9 7 10 15 10 10 15 10 20 25 8 10 15 7 10 7 7

801.41 801.91 802.859 806.471 806.869 807.218 807.653 809.927 816.232 816.464 820.124 822.16 825.346 826.365 827.05 827.35 834.392 834.88 835.002 836.13 840.03 842.805 843.77 850.60 866.800 869.754 871.10 875.53 876.058 878.73 879.62 879.947 883.18 887.40 894.310 900.36 901.17 919.781 932.054 1048.220 1066.660 1669.67 1673.42 1675.48 1914.40 1915.56 2125.16 2133.87 2138.59 2148.73 2166.19 2168.26 2170.23 2177.22 2184.06 2188.22 2192.06 2248.73 2279.10 2281.22 2282.21

Intensity IV IV I I I I I I I I I V I I V V I V I V IV I IV IV I I III III I III III I III III I IV IV II II I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

12 4 10 15 9 15 12 10 10 9 7 9 10 12 10 7 10 5 12 12 7 8 8 7 12 12 10 6 9 10 15 12 10 7 12 10 7 12 6 12 12 7 15 10 8 9 9 10 14 7 10 12 14 7 16 10 7 8 6 9 25

Wavelength/Å 2293.03 2299.72 2300.85 2302.17 2317.00 2317.47 2318.04 2319.13 2319.37 2345.17 2351.67 2360.26 2395.63 2399.15 2413.20 2415.61 2418.82 2420.456 2423.52 2423.93 2443.69 2447.71 2472.95 2476.10 2488.86 2513.28 2516.789 2518.40 2525.69 2534.709 2562.087 2562.17 2568.07 2569.53 2599.47 2608.06 2608.44 2615.68 2619.98 2621.36 2624.92 2631.90 2640.34 2654.63 2674.02 2678.38 2682.63 2724.84 2757.92 2762.23 2776.26 2784.47 2788.96 2797.11 2809.44 2830.25 2842.88 2855.29 2874.40 2884.12 2891.612

III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III IV III III III IV II IV IV II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV III III III IV III IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 11 200 100 10 12 50 6 12 10 8 10 50 7 7 8 20 25 25 20 20 15 7 7 25 20 25 15 7 7 25 25 15 7 7 9 8 7 9 70 20 20 50 100 12 15 70 8 70 70 70 7 100 100 70 25 50 70 7 25 20

2913.00 2926.33 2942.893 2979.050 3010.02 3024.05 3033.508 3037.98 3054.82 3064.77 3077.40 3078.15 3093.402 3110.41 3127.90 3200.37 3243.689 3285.85 3293.640 3301.88 3307.228 3311.25 3319.34 3323.59 3336.13 3344.72 3350.924 3358.49 3361.28 3373.47 3376.436 3388.531 3391.85 3393.73 3417.49 3424.25 3438.04 3461.07 3471.32 3476.747 3478.232 3480.55 3491.244 3491.536 3499.67 3503.58 3509.778 3511.12 3514.388 3545.596 3545.845 3554.306 3559.508 3561.030 3576.616 3581.608 3582.355 3588.441 3606.522 3622.138 3639.833

IV IV II II III III II IV III III IV III II III III I II III II III II III I III III III II III III I II II III I III III III I III II II III II II III III II III II II II I II II II II II II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 70 50 150 50 20 20 25 20 25 50 7 70 10 35 7 35 50 25 70 7 35 8 20 35 50 6 50 20 150 50 100 200 70 25 35 25 150 300 5 35 400 50 35 50 100 50 200 400 25 25 25 100 100 25 200 100 70 150 550 20

3718.206 3729.309 3737.889 3765.270 3766.119 3770.369 3770.520 3780.840 3795.37 3803.172 3809.456 3834.679 3850.581 3858.32 3868.528 3907.84 3925.719 3928.623 3932.547 3946.097 3947.505 3948.979 3960.53 3979.356 3994.792 4013.857 4023.60 4033.809 4035.460 4042.894 4044.418 4052.921 4072.005 4072.385 4076.628 4079.574 4082.387 4103.912 4131.724 4146.70 4156.086 4158.590 4164.180 4179.297 4181.884 4190.713 4191.029 4198.317 4200.674 4218.665 4222.637 4226.988 4228.158 4237.220 4251.185 4259.362 4266.286 4266.527 4272.169 4277.528 4282.898

II II II II II I II II III II II I II III II III II II II II I I III II II II III II II II I II II II II II II II II III II I I II I I I I I II II II II II I I I II I II II

5/4/05 8:03:09 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

Section 10.indb 5

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 25 70 200 50 100 50 25 800 50 25 50 200 70 50 150 50 70 200 400 150 50 50 20 35 100 200 100 20 20 400 20 400 400 15 550 7 35 400 15 20 550 50 300 800 550 150 50 800 70 20 35 200 50 70 70 20 100 70 5 15

4300.101 4300.650 4309.239 4331.200 4332.030 4333.561 4335.338 4345.168 4348.064 4352.205 4362.066 4367.832 4370.753 4371.329 4375.954 4379.667 4385.057 4400.097 4400.986 4426.001 4430.189 4430.996 4433.838 4439.461 4448.879 4474.759 4481.811 4510.733 4522.323 4530.552 4545.052 4564.405 4579.350 4589.898 4596.097 4609.567 4628.441 4637.233 4657.901 4702.316 4721.591 4726.868 4732.053 4735.906 4764.865 4806.020 4847.810 4865.910 4879.864 4889.042 4904.752 4933.209 4965.080 5009.334 5017.163 5062.037 5090.495 5141.783 5145.308 5151.391 5162.285

I II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I

10-5 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

25 20 20 7 5 10 25 5 25 10 35 20 10 5 10 15 25 50 15 5 7 5 5 70 35 10 20 7 10 100 10 7 150 10 10 5 25 7 15 7 20 70 25 15 15 25 20 50 5 5 25 100 35 150 5 15 20 150 5 10 50

5165.773 5187.746 5216.814 5221.271 5421.352 5451.652 5495.874 5506.113 5558.702 5572.541 5606.733 5650.704 5739.520 5834.263 5860.310 5882.624 5888.584 5912.085 5928.813 5942.669 5987.302 5998.999 6025.150 6032.127 6043.223 6052.723 6059.372 6098.803 6105.635 6114.923 6145.441 6170.174 6172.278 6173.096 6212.503 6215.938 6243.120 6296.872 6307.657 6369.575 6384.717 6416.307 6483.082 6538.112 6604.853 6638.221 6639.740 6643.698 6660.676 6664.051 6666.359 6677.282 6684.293 6752.834 6756.163 6766.612 6861.269 6871.289 6879.582 6888.174 6937.664

II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I II I I I II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

7 7 10000 150 10000 100 25 25 1000 15 70 15 7 2000 35 25 5 70 200 20 10000 20 15 10 25 10 20000 15000 25000 15000 10000 10 20000 20000 25000 7 20000 35000 10000 20 15000 20000 15000 7 4500 20 180 20 35000 550 15000 400 1600 25000 4500 180 30 100 1600 13 180

6951.478 6960.250 6965.431 7030.251 7067.218 7068.736 7107.478 7125.820 7147.042 7158.839 7206.980 7265.172 7270.664 7272.936 7311.716 7316.005 7350.814 7353.293 7372.118 7380.426 7383.980 7392.980 7412.337 7425.294 7435.368 7436.297 7503.869 7514.652 7635.106 7723.761 7724.207 7891.075 7948.176 8006.157 8014.786 8053.308 8103.693 8115.311 8264.522 8392.27 8408.210 8424.648 8521.442 8605.776 8667.944 8771.860 8849.91 9075.394 9122.967 9194.638 9224.499 9291.531 9354.220 9657.786 9784.503 10052.06 10332.72 10467.177 10470.054 10478.034 10506.50

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 11 7 30 30 7 11 30 12 400 200 12 200 50 50 200 200 100 200 150 30 12 200 50 500 200 200 200 100 500 1000 1000 30 1000 11 30 400 200 1000 10 10 200 100 25 10 30 30 500 12 50 30 20 20

10673.565 10681.773 10683.034 10733.87 10759.16 10812.896 11078.869 11106.46 11441.832 11488.109 11668.710 11719.488 12112.326 12139.738 12343.393 12402.827 12439.321 12456.12 12487.663 12702.281 12733.418 12746.232 12802.739 12933.195 12956.659 13008.264 13213.99 13228.107 13230.90 13272.64 13313.210 13367.111 13499.41 13504.191 13573.617 13599.333 13622.659 13678.550 13718.577 13825.715 13907.478 14093.640 15046.50 15172.69 15329.34 15989.49 16519.86 16940.58 18427.76 20616.23 20986.11 23133.20 23966.52

Arsenic As Z = 33 510 871.7 325 889.0 325 927.5 325 937.2 325 953.6 325 963.8 250 987.7

I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III V

5/4/05 8:03:11 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-6

Section 10.indb 6

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

340 250 340 500 615 555 555 615 615 340 800 800 340 760 965 870 800 965 800 800 715 715 715 340 760 965 760 965 800 1000 760 800 800 500 500 500 100 r 500 340 1000 r 500 800 r 585 r 170 r 100 r 100 r 230 r 100 r 200 350 r 200 350 r 100 r 135 r 250 250 170 r 200 340 170 r 300

1021.96 1029.5 1082.35 1139.40 1149.31 1181.51 1189.87 1196.38 1196.56 1207.44 1211.17 1218.10 1223.15 1241.31 1243.08 1245.67 1258.58 1263.77 1266.34 1267.59 1280.99 1287.54 1305.70 1307.74 1333.15 1341.55 1355.93 1369.77 1373.65 1375.07 1375.78 1394.64 1400.31 1448.59 1558.88 1570.99 1593.60 1660.55 1860.34 1890.42 1912.94 1937.59 1972.62 1990.35 1991.13 1995.43 2003.34 2009.19 2263.2 2288.12 2301.0 2349.84 2370.77 2381.18 2417.5 2454.0 2456.53 2461.4 2602.00 2780.22 2830.359

II V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I IV I IV I I I IV IV I IV II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 100 r 300 80 615 300 300 340 325 715 615 615 500 500 500 500 425 375 615 615 715 340 715 500 800 850 615 715 615 340 340 340 340 340 500 425 500 340 425 425 425 500 300 300 300 340 300 200 230 290 230 170 290 290 170

2831.164 2860.44 2884.406 2926.3 2959.572 3003.819 3116.516 3842.60 3922.6 4190.082 4197.40 4242.982 4315.657 4323.867 4336.64 4352.145 4352.864 4371.17 4427.106 4431.562 4458.469 4461.075 4466.348 4474.46 4494.230 4507.659 4539.74 4543.483 4602.427 4629.787 4707.586 4730.67 4888.557 5105.58 5107.55 5231.38 5331.23 5497.727 5558.09 5651.32 6110.07 6170.27 6511.74 7092.27 7102.72 7990.53 8174.51 9300.61 9597.95 9626.70 9833.76 9915.71 9923.05 10024.04 10614.07

Astatine At Z = 85 8 2162.25 10 2244.01 Barium Ba Z = 56 14 555.48

II I II III II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

14 18 300 150 1000 40000 300 50000 200 200 400 300 200

587.57 647.27 719.86 721.85 766.87 794.89 877.41 923.74 946.26 1486.72 1504.01 1554.38 1572.73 1573.92 1630.40 1674.51 1694.37 1697.16 1761.75 1771.03 1786.93 1904.15 1924.70 1985.60 1999.54 2001.30 2009.20 2023.95 2052.68 2054.57 2214.7 2245.61 2254.73 2304.24 2331.10 2335.27 2347.58 2512.28 2523.83 2528.51 2559.54 2596.64 2634.78 2681.89 2702.63 2771.36 2785.28 3071.58 3079.14 3108.21 3132.60 3135.72 3137.70 3155.34 3155.67 3158.05 3158.54 3165.60 3173.69 3183.16 3183.96

100 400

100 500 300 10 400

500 800 1000 1400 60 2000 190 40 40 60 50 8h 100 40 8 18 15 100 r 40 10 h 8 8h 10 10 10 12 12 h 25 15 h 30 15

III III V V V IV V IV V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III III II III I II III I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 25 h 30 40 50 60 r 40 15 50 80 h 50 60 r 20 70 r 25 30 h 40 200 r 80 h 30 h 80 h 20 h 100 200 100 30 80 h 200 40 40 h 20 h 400 200 200 100 20 1400 l 20 40 500 25 50 20 200 500 25 80 30 300 200 30 h 1500 h 20 200 500 800 100 300 200 800 20 h

3193.91 3203.70 3221.63 3222.19 3261.96 3262.34 3281.50 3281.77 3322.80 3356.80 3368.18 3377.08 3377.39 3420.32 3421.01 3421.48 3463.74 3501.11 3524.97 3531.35 3544.66 3547.68 3552.45 3567.73 3576.28 3577.62 3579.67 3596.57 3630.64 3636.83 3688.47 3735.75 3816.69 3842.80 3854.76 3889.33 3891.78 3892.65 3909.91 3914.73 3926.85 3935.72 3937.87 3939.67 3949.51 3993.06 3993.40 3995.66 4036.26 4083.77 4084.86 4130.66 4132.43 4166.00 4216.04 4267.95 4283.10 4287.80 4297.60 4309.32 4323.00

I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II I II I I II III I I II II III I I II II I II I II II II I II II II I

5/4/05 8:03:13 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

Section 10.indb 7

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

600 200 300 80 60 400 40 60 h 50 h 40 200 60 h 130 65000 40 80 30 20 h 25 h 300 30 35 20 800 40 800 300 200 30 h 400 15 20000 8 1000 300 1000 20 h 20 800 1000 200 100 200 300 200 1000 r 20 h 10 400 800 100 20 150 2800 15 100 800 100 300 100 200

4325.73 4326.74 4329.62 4350.33 4402.54 4405.23 4431.89 4488.98 4493.64 4505.92 4509.63 4523.17 4524.93 4554.03 4573.85 4579.64 4599.75 4619.92 4628.33 4644.10 4673.62 4691.62 4700.43 4708.94 4726.44 4843.46 4847.14 4850.84 4877.65 4899.97 4902.90 4934.09 4947.35 4957.15 4997.81 5013.00 5159.94 5267.03 5361.35 5391.60 5421.05 5424.55 5428.79 5480.30 5519.05 5535.48 5620.40 5680.18 5777.62 5784.18 5800.23 5805.69 5826.28 5853.68 5907.64 5971.70 5981.25 5997.09 5999.85 6019.47 6063.12

II II II I I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I I II I II I I

10-7 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 400 20000 150 500 10 90 150 12000 300 150 3000 150 1500 1800 1000 600 300 h 1000 6000 2400 hs 600 600 hl 3000 1200 300 900 hl 600 450 hl 600 hl 1800 1200 180 h 1500 600 900 h 8 1800 h 100 100 300 h 300 450 300 300 300 h 1500 300 8 450 900 300 h 1500 hl 900 600 1200 h 300 120 hl 180 hl 150 h 240

6110.78 6135.83 6141.72 6341.68 6378.91 6383.76 6450.85 6482.91 6496.90 6498.76 6527.31 6595.33 6654.10 6675.27 6693.84 6769.62 6865.69 6867.85 6874.09 7059.94 7120.33 7195.24 7228.84 7280.30 7392.41 7417.53 7459.78 7488.08 7636.90 7642.91 7672.09 7780.48 7839.57 7905.75 7911.34 8210.24 8308.69 8559.97 8710.74 8737.71 8799.76 8860.98 8914.99 9219.69 9308.08 9324.58 9370.06 9455.92 9521.76 9589.37 9608.88 9645.72 9830.37 10001.08 10032.10 10233.23 10471.26 10791.25 11012.69 11114.42 11303.04

I II II I II III I I II I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I II II I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 h 120 120 120 120 120 150 150

11697.45 13207.30 13810.50 14077.90 15000.40 20712.00 25515.70 29223.90

Beryllium Be Z = 4 58.13 58.57 59.32 60.74 64.06 75.93 1h 76.10 2 76.48 3 78.53 4 78.66 1h 78.92 5 81.89 10 82.38 82.58 20 83.20 83.66 30 84.76 50 88.31 89.16 89.80 90.04 90.21 90.67 91.06 91.36 91.74 92.19 92.61 93.14 93.42 93.93 94.78 95.76 96.29 97.24 97.44 97.86 97.97 98.12 98.37 98.66 98.94 99.19 100 100.25 100.86 101.20 102.13 102.49 104.40 104.67 105.80 107.26

Intensity I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III II III II III III I II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I II II I I I

3 2 6 4 8 4 5 5 7 2 8 20 2 10 10

8 5 15 1 20 60 2 1 2 1 10 5 1 2 20 60 100 2h 15 20

3 5 10 60 h 50 5

60

50

Wavelength/Å 107.38 509.99 549.31 582.08 661.32 675.59 714.0 725.59 725.71 743.58 746.23 767.75 775.37 842.06 865.3 925.25 943.56 973.27 981.4 1020.1 1026.93 1036.32 1048.23 1114.69 1143.03 1155.9 1197.19 1213.12 1214.32 1362.25 1401.52 1421.26 1422.86 1426.12 1435.17 1440.77 1491.76 1512.30 1512.43 1661.49 1754.69 1776.12 1776.34 1907. 1909.0 1912. 1917.03 1919. 1929.67 1943.68 1954.97 1956. 1964.59 1985.13 1997.95 1997.98 1998.01 2033.25 2033.28 2033.38 2055.90

I III III III III III II III II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II III III III III III III I III III I II II I III II II I II I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:03:16 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-8 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 75 h 60 h 25 15 h 10 20 15 h 5 25 55 55 5

2056.01 2076.94 2080.38 2118.56 2122.27 2125.57 2125.68 2127.20 2137.25 2145. 2174.99 2175.10 2191.57 2273.5 2324.6 2337.0 2348.61 2350.66 2350.71 2350.83 2413.34 2413.46 2453.84 2480.6 2494.54 2494.58 2494.73 2507.43 2617.99 2618.13 2650.45 2650.55 2650.62 2650.69 2650.76 2697.46 2697.58 2728.88 2738.05 2764.2 2898.13 2898.19 2898.25 2986.06 2986.42 3019.33 3019.49 3019.53 3019.60 3046.52 3046.69 3090.3 3110.81 3110.92 3110.99 3120. 3130.42 3131.07 3136. 3150. 3160.6

950 20 60 200 2 16 20 35 35 100 16 5 20 100 60 200 60 100 5 20 20 30 20 10 20 30 10 60 30 30 20 10 30 10 10 20 480 320

Section 10.indb 8

Intensity I III III III III I I III III I I I III II II I I I I I II II II I I I I II II II I I I I I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II I I I

20 20 30 20 60 2 10 30 15 100 30 30 30 30 220 20 60 5 300 20 300 10 100

100 700 40 80 1 6 100 90 h 100 60 300 500 400 2 100 h 1 140 h

12 700 1000 6 200 40 2h 80 8 20 3

Wavelength/Å 3163. 3168. 3180.7 3187. 3193.81 3197.10 3197.15 3208.60 3220. 3229.63 3233.52 3241.62 3241.83 3269.02 3274.58 3274.67 3282.91 3321.01 3321.09 3321.34 3345.43 3367.63 3405.6 3451.37 3455.18 3476.56 3515.54 3555. 3720.36 3720.92 3722.98 3736.30 3813.45 3865.13 3865.42 3865.51 3865.72 3866.03 4249.14 4253.05 4253.76 4360.66 4360.99 4407.94 4485.52 4487.30 4495.09 4497.8 4526.6 4548. 4572.66 4673.33 4673.42 4709.37 4828.16 4849.16 4858.22 5087.75 5218.12 5218.33 5255.86

I I II I I II II I I I II II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I III III III I I I I I I I III I I II II I III III III III I I I II II I II I II I II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

64 500 20 20

5270.28 5270.81 5403.04 5410.21 5558. 6142.01 6229.11 6279.43 6279.73 6473.54 6547.89 6558.36 6564.52 6636.44 6756.72 6757.13 6786.56 6884.22 6884.44 6982.75 7154.40 7154.65 7209.13 7401.20 7401.43 7551.90 7618.68 7618.88 8090.06 8158.99 8159.24 8254.07 8287.07 8547.36 8547.67 8801.37 8882.18 9190.45 9243.92 9343.89 9392.74 9476.43 9477.03 9847.32 9895.63 9895.96 9939.78 10095.52 10095.73 10119.92 10331.03 11066.46 11173. 11173.73 11496.39 11625.16 11659. 11660.25 12095.36 12098.18 14643.92

140 h 10 16 30 30 60 60 30 2h 1 2 30 1h 6h 100 6h 40 h 100 3 2 10 10 h 20 h 60 5h 10 h 4 10 h 30 60 300 6 40 20 h 1h 40 2 16 20 10 h 20 h 80 16 20 60 80 30 1 120 2h 2 100 30 100

II II II II I III I II II I II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II II II I I II II I II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 200 80 120 100 160 200

14644.75 16157.72 17855.38 17856.63 18143.54 31775.05 31778.70

Bismuth Bi 6 6 2 3 5 6 5 10 4 6 6 8 10 9 12 15 d 15 12 15 25 50 h 30 15 20 10 24 20 50 10 15 10 10 15 10 60 20 40 20 60 20 25 15 20 35 35 45 25 50 60 h 25 35 20 40

Z = 83 420.7 431.2 488.39 563.62 670.76 686.88 730.71 738.17 775.16 790.5 790.6 792.5 820.3 822.9 824.9 864.45 872.6 923.9 943.3 1039.99 1045.76 1051.81 1058.88 1085.47 1099.20 1103.4 1139.01 1224.64 1225.43 1232.78 1241.05 1265.35 1283.73 1306.18 1317.0 1325.46 1326.84 1329.47 1346.12 1350.07 1372.61 1376.02 1393.92 1423.33 1423.52 1436.83 1447.94 1455.11 1461.00 1462.14 1486.93 1502.50 1520.57

I I I I I I I IV IV V V III V V V III IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV III III III II II II IV III III II II II II II II IV II III II III II II II II III III II II II III II II II II

5/4/05 8:03:18 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

Section 10.indb 9

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 30 35 20 40 60 25 60 h 40 40 20 20 80 60 70 70 100 9000 7000 25 7000 9000 45 h 4600 2500 15 15 60 40 h 360 1700 340 100 100 16 12 100 190 75 h 10 25 70 20 h 700 100 100 12 280 c 20 140 d 100 100 360 100 15 11 12 140 c 100 80 h 4000

1533.17 1536.77 1538.06 1563.67 1573.70 1591.79 1601.58 1606.40 1609.70 1611.38 1652.81 1749.29 1777.11 1787.47 1791.93 1823.80 1902.41 1954.53 1960.13 1989.35 2021.21 2061.70 2068.9 2110.26 2133.63 2143.40 2143.46 2186.9 2214.0 2228.25 2230.61 2276.58 2311. 2326. 2368.12 2368.25 2376. 2400.88 2414.6 2501.0 2515.69 2524.49 2544.5 2627.91 2629. 2677. 2693.0 2696.76 2713.3 2730.50 2767. 2772. 2780.52 2786. 2803.42 2803.70 2805.3 2809.62 2842. 2855.6 2897.98

II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I II II II II I I I IV IV II II IV I III II I I II I IV IV II I II I IV IV I IV II II II I IV III I

10-9 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 100 15 3200 20 12 2800 700 100 2400 60 100 9000 c 140 35 100 550 c 10 12 40 h 40 35 500 c 380 c 45 100 12 100 50 50 100 70 h 12 20 10 30 100 40 h 10 140 140 75 h 25 70 h 12 h 25 h 12 h 25 h 60 h 600 c 30 20 40 h 12 10 12 20 45 h 10 50 h

2924. 2933. 2936. 2936.7 2938.30 2950.4 2963.4 2989.03 2993.34 3012. 3024.64 3034.87 3042. 3067.72 3076.66 3115.0 3239. 3397.21 3430.83 3431.23 3451.0 3473.8 3485.5 3510.85 3596.11 3613.4 3643. 3654.2 3682. 3695.32 3695.68 3734. 3792.5 3811.1 3815.8 3845.8 3863.9 3868. 4079.1 4097.2 4121.53 4121.86 4259.4 4272.0 4301.7 4339.8 4340.5 4379.4 4476.8 4705.3 4722.52 4730.3 4749.7 4797.4 4908.2 4916.6 4969.7 4993.6 5079.3 5091.6 5124.3

IV IV IV II I II II I I IV I I IV I I III IV I II II III III III I I III IV II IV III III IV II II II II II IV II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II III II II II II III II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 h 20 75 h 40 h 10 10 c 3 20 40 h 6 12 20 20 15 15 6 3 3 15 10 40 h 50 h 4h 12 2 10 h 2 10 h 10 3 2 20 40 12 h 50 15 15 30 2 1 25 2 3 25 2 2000 d 40 20 15 20 20 50 1500 d 40 200 200 100 200 50 60

5144.3 5201.5 5209.2 5270.3 5397.8 5552.35 5599.41 5655.2 5719.2 5742.55 5818.3 5860.2 5973.0 6059.1 6128.0 6134.82 6475.73 6476.24 6497.7 6577.2 6600.2 6808.6 6991.12 7033. 7036.15 7381. 7502.33 7637. 7750. 7838.70 7840.33 7965. 8008. 8050. 8070. 8328. 8388. 8532. 8544.54 8579.74 8653. 8754.88 8761.54 8863. 8907.81 9657.04 9827.78 10104.5 10138.8 10300.6 10536.19 11072.44 11710.37 11999.49 12165.08 12690.04 12817.8 14330.5 16001.5 22551.6

Intensity II II II II II I I II II I II II II II II I I I II II II II I II I II I II II I I II III II III II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Wavelength/Å

Boron B Z = 5 41.00 30 48.59 10 52.68 30 60.31 194.37 262.37 160 344.0 450 385.0 40 411.80 285 418.7 20 510.77 40 510.85 512.53 150 518.24 75 518.27 110 677.00 160 677.14 40 693.95 40 731.36 40 731.44 749.74 40 758.48 70 758.67 110 882.54 110 882.68 40 984.67 110 1081.88 110 1082.07 70 1112.2 450 1168.9 70 1170.9 110 1230.16 220 1362.46 70 1600.46 120 1600.73 160 1623.58 110 1623.77 220 1624.02 70 1624.16 160 1624.34 100 1663.04 150 1666.87 200 1667.29 150 1817.86 200 1818.37 300 1825.91 300 1826.41 110 1842.81 20 1953.83 550 2065.78 250 2066.38 250 2066.65 100 2066.93 300 2067.19 450 2067.23 160 2077.09 500 2088.91 500 2089.57 70 2220.30 40 2234.09

V V IV IV V V IV IV III IV III III V III III III III II II II V III III II II II II II IV IV IV II II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I II III III I I I I III III I I II III

5/4/05 8:03:20 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-10 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 40 40 40 220 40 40 1000 1000 70 160 450 70 285 160 110 70 110 110 450 285 110 40 70 110 110 220 360 70 110 110 70 70 40 110 70 20 70 800 570 125 200 250 235

2234.59 2323.03 2328.67 2393.20 2395.05 2459.69 2459.90 2496.77 2497.73 2524.7 2530.3 2821.68 2824.57 2825.85 2918.08 3032.26 3179.33 3323.18 3323.60 3451.29 4121.93 4194.79 4242.98 4243.61 4472.10 4472.85 4487.05 4497.73 4784.21 4940.38 6080.44 6285.47 7030.20 7031.90 7835.25 7841.41 8667.22 8668.57 11660.04 11662.47 15629.08 16240.38 16244.67 18994.33

III II II II II II II I I IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II III III II II III III II II II II II II III III I I I I I I I I

Bromine Br 700 700 800 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Z = 35 379.73 400.37 482.11 531.97 545.43 547.90 559.76 569.19 576.59 585.10 586.71 597.51 600.09 601.27 607.03 617.85

IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

Section 10.indb 10

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 7500 1200 1500 1000 1500 1200 1200 1000 1000 3000 3000 1000 2000 12000 3000 50000 30000 25000 30000 20000 25000 75000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 600 1000 1100 h 500 h

619.87 630.14 642.23 661.53 683.51 697.72 715.39 731.00 800.12 812.95 813.66 850.81 889.23 948.97 1015.54 1049.00 1069.15 1112.13 1143.56 1189.28 1189.50 1210.73 1221.13 1223.24 1224.41 1226.90 1232.43 1243.90 1251.66 1255.80 1259.20 1261.66 1266.20 1279.48 1286.26 1309.91 1316.74 1317.37 1317.70 1384.60 1449.90 1488.45 1531.74 1540.65 1574.84 1576.39 1582.31 1633.40 2133.79 2145.02 2257.21 2272.73 2307.40 2408.16 2411.58 2491.14 2581.19 2661.40 2842.88 2907.71 2972.26

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II V V V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 500 500 500 500 500 1200 1500 1000 2000 1000 1500 10000 10000 20000 1000 3000 15000 3000 2500 2500 4000 1600 4000 1200 1200 1800 1600 2400 40000 2000 1500 60000 2500 1800 1000 20000 1500 50000 c 1000 1800 20000 1500 50000 c 20000 10000 8000 2000 2000 2200 6500 1600 c 1800 10000 2000 10000 40000 1600 1800 2000 30000

3041.18 3074.42 3349.64 3380.56 3540.16 3562.43 3815.65 3992.36 4223.89 4365.14 4365.60 4425.14 4441.74 4472.61 4477.72 4490.42 4513.44 4525.59 4575.74 4614.58 4752.28 4780.31 4785.19 4979.76 5395.48 5466.22 5852.08 5940.48 6122.14 6148.60 6177.39 6335.48 6350.73 6410.32 6483.56 6514.62 6544.57 6548.09 6559.80 6571.31 6579.14 6582.17 6620.47 6631.62 6682.28 6692.13 6728.28 6760.06 6779.48 6786.74 6790.04 6791.48 6861.15 7005.19 7260.45 7348.51 7512.96 7591.61 7595.07 7616.41 7803.02

IV III III IV III III I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 2500 s 2500 2500 30000 c 3000 3000 8000 10000 30000 2000 2500 30000 1000 c 10000 25000 5000 15000 75000 c 20000 10000 1200 40000 4000 1500 1000 1000 20000 4000 10000 c 15000 25000 4000 30000 6000 1800 9000 30000 15000 20000 40000 15000 6000 10000 3000 6000 1000 1500 30000 1000 3000 1700 1800 1250 1800 1200 3500 1000 1000 1200 4000

7827.23 7881.45 7881.57 7925.81 7938.68 7947.94 7950.18 7978.44 7978.57 7989.94 8026.35 8026.54 8131.52 8152.65 8153.75 8154.00 8246.86 8264.96 8272.44 8334.70 8343.70 8384.04 8446.55 8477.45 8513.38 8557.73 8566.28 8638.66 8698.53 8793.47 8819.96 8825.22 8888.98 8897.62 8932.40 8949.39 8964.00 9166.06 9173.63 9178.16 9265.42 9320.86 9793.48 9896.40 10140.08 10237.74 10299.62 10377.65 10457.96 10742.14 10755.92 13217.17 14354.57 14888.70 16731.19 18568.31 19733.62 20281.73 20624.67 21787.24 22865.65

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:03:24 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 500 500 600 150 120

23513.15 28346.50 30380.85 31630.13 38345.75 39964.36

I I I I I I

Cadmium Cd Z = 48 50 427.01 50 447.85 60 480.90 70 493.00 70 495.13 70 498.14 70 498.53 80 504.09 70 504.20 70 504.50 80 506.31 60 508.01 50 508.95 70 509.55 70 511.40 80 513.00 70 514.50 60 519.42 80 524.41 70 524.47 70 525.10 60 525.19 70 527.07 80 531.09 80 531.51 70 534.29 70 536.77 60 540.90 70 541.74 80 542.60 80 546.55 60 553.06 80 554.05 60 567.01 150 1118.16 100 1164.65 100 1183.40 100 1256.00 150 1296.43 100 1326.50 60 1370.48 150 1370.91 60 1418.89 200 1514.26 50 1545.17 200 1571.58 100 1668.60 50 1702.47 40 1707.16 40 1722.95 50 1724.41 40 1747.67 40 1773.06 100 1785.84

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II IV II IV II III II II II III III II III III II

Section 10.indb 11

10-11 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

75 40 100 50 40 40 200 150 300 100 40 30 200 100 50 75 40 50 75 150 50 1000 r 50 100 1000 1000 1500 r 1000 200 40 50 50 40 40 50 30 25 h 50 50 25 3 500 50 30 25 h 50 40 75 40 50 h 25 50 100 25 50 75 50 1000 100 h 50 h 50

1793.40 1823.41 1827.70 1844.66 1851.13 1855.85 1856.67 1874.08 1922.23 1943.54 1965.54 1986.89 1995.43 2007.49 2032.45 2036.23 2039.83 2045.61 2087.91 2096.00 2111.60 2144.41 2155.06 2187.79 2194.56 2265.02 2288.022 2312.77 2321.07 2376.82 2418.69 2469.73 2487.93 2495.58 2509.11 2516.22 2525.196 2544.613 2551.98 2553.465 2565.789 2572.93 2580.106 2592.026 2602.048 2628.979 2632.190 2639.420 2659.23 2660.325 2668.20 2672.62 2677.540 2677.748 2707.00 2712.505 2733.820 2748.54 2763.894 2764.230 2774.958

III III II III III III III III II II II II II II II II III III III II III II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II II I I II I I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

30 200 25 100 200 r 50 r 200 50 200 1000 r 200 r 50 50 150 25 30 100 200 50 150 300 300 50 50 30 800 50 50 100 1000 800 25 150 25 100 100 1000 800 60 20 10 100 200 50 100 8 100 3 1000 30 8 200 30 300 50 50 1000 h 6 100 100 1000

2823.19 2836.900 2856.46 2868.180 2880.767 2881.224 2914.67 2927.87 2929.27 2980.620 2981.362 2981.845 3030.60 3080.822 3081.48 3082.593 3092.34 3133.167 3146.79 3250.33 3252.524 3261.055 3343.21 3385.49 3388.88 3403.652 3417.49 3442.42 3464.43 3466.200 3467.655 3483.08 3495.44 3499.952 3524.11 3535.69 3610.508 3612.873 3614.453 3649.558 3981.926 4029.12 4134.77 4141.49 4285.08 4306.672 4412.41 4412.989 4415.63 4440.45 4662.352 4678.149 4744.69 4799.912 4881.72 5025.50 5085.822 5154.660 5268.01 5271.60 5337.48

II I II I I I II II II I I I II I II I II I II II I I II II II I II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I II II II II I II I II II I I II I II II I I II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 200 40 50 300 100 100 30 400 500 2000 400 25 500 100 30 50 100 1000 50 5 20 15 35 80 55 d 25 35

5378.13 5381.89 5843.30 5880.22 6099.142 6111.49 6325.166 6330.013 6354.72 6359.98 6438.470 6464.94 6567.65 6725.78 6759.19 6778.116 7237.01 7284.38 7345.670 8066.99 8200.309 9289. 11652. 14487. 15708. 19120. 24371. 25448.

II II II II I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I I

Calcium Ca 250 250 300 250 265 400 300 400 300 450 c 500 300 300 300 250 c 250 450 250 200 750 600 250 750 500 500 400 300 400 750 300 500 24

Z = 20 190.46 196.97 199.55 200.51 257.98 267.77 270.31 280.99 284.98 286.96 322.17 323.22 330.94 334.55 342.45 343.93 352.92 377.18 387.08 425.00 434.57 437.77 443.82 450.57 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 656.00 656.76 669.70 1341.89

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V IV IV IV IV V V V V IV V IV II

5/4/05 8:03:27 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-12 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 20 20 60 20 40 40 60 20 40 17 16 16 19 21 19 20 10 15 3 19 170 180 150 20 12 19 20 13 18 20 30 40 170 180 20 30 230 220 50 60 30 40 50 50 24 22 22 25 20 23 22 20 19 25 26 25 30 28 20 20

1342.54 1433.75 1545.29 1649.86 1807.34 1814.50 1838.01 1840.06 1843.09 1850.69 2123.03 2152.43 2687.76 2881.78 2899.79 2924.33 2988.63 3006.86 3028.59 3055.32 3119.67 3158.87 3179.33 3181.28 3316.51 3361.92 3372.67 3461.87 3487.60 3537.77 3644.41 3683.70 3694.11 3706.03 3736.90 3755.67 3758.39 3933.66 3968.47 4097.10 4109.82 4110.28 4206.18 4220.07 4226.73 4283.01 4289.36 4298.99 4302.53 4302.81 4307.74 4318.65 4355.08 4399.59 4425.44 4434.96 4435.69 4454.78 4455.89 4456.61 4472.04

Section 10.indb 12

Intensity II II III II II II II II II II III III III III III III III I III I III II II II II I III II I III I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I III I I I III I I I I I I II

20 19 23 22 23 23 24 24 20 30 40 40 25 70 80 40 23 25 22 23 22 24 25 60 70 50 27 23 25 27 24 26 25 24 24 30 27 29 22 30 22 24 26 28 35 30 22 80 34 29 32 28 23 30 33 31 33 30 60 80 20

Wavelength/Å 4489.18 4499.88 4526.94 4578.55 4581.40 4581.47 4585.87 4585.96 4685.27 4716.74 4721.03 4799.97 4878.13 5001.48 5019.97 5021.14 5041.62 5188.85 5261.71 5262.24 5264.24 5265.56 5270.27 5285.27 5307.22 5339.19 5349.47 5512.98 5581.97 5588.76 5590.12 5594.47 5598.49 5601.29 5602.85 5857.45 6102.72 6122.22 6161.29 6162.17 6163.76 6166.44 6169.06 6169.56 6439.07 6449.81 6455.60 6456.87 6462.57 6471.66 6493.78 6499.65 6572.78 6717.69 7148.15 7202.19 7326.15 7575.81 7581.11 7601.30 7602.32

II III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 60 20 20 70 100 110 70 130 170 160 100 110 110 90 100 110 25 100 110 80 80 110 90 100 20 20 25 24 25 30 21 24 20 22 21 20 24 30 48 49 47 50 35 34 23 24 25 30

7820.78 7843.38 8017.50 8020.50 8133.05 8201.72 8248.80 8254.73 8498.02 8542.09 8662.14 8912.07 8927.36 9213.90 9312.00 9319.56 9320.65 9416.97 9567.97 9599.24 9601.82 9854.74 9890.63 9931.39 10223.04 10343.81 11838.99 12816.04 12823.86 12909.10 13033.57 13086.44 13134.95 16150.77 16157.36 16197.04 18925.47 18970.14 19046.14 19309.20 19452.99 19505.72 19776.79 19853.10 19862.22 19917.19 19933.70 22624.93 22651.23

Carbon C Z = 6 110 34.973 450 40.268 110 227.19 250 244.91 160 248.66 160 248.74 200 289.14 250 289.23 570 312.42 500 312.46 250 371.69

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V IV V V IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 150 650 700 500 400 500 200 400 500 570 250 250 300 350 400 350 9 30 50 10 20 30 60 150 30 800 9 10 10 80 150 150 150 150 370 350 330 500 350 370 150 150 200 300 300 300 300 100 150 150 100 100 100 250 250 300 300 200 100 9

371.75 371.78 384.03 384.18 386.203 419.52 419.71 450.734 459.46 459.52 459.63 511.522 535.288 538.080 538.149 538.312 574.281 595.022 687.053 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.624 903.962 904.142 904.480 977.03 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.337 1037.018 1157.910 1158.019 1158.035 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1188.992 1189.447 1189.631 1193.009 1193.031 1193.240 1193.264 1193.393 1193.649 1193.679 1194.064 1194.488 1261.552 1277.245 1277.282 1277.513 1277.550 1280.333 1311.363 1323.951

III III IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II I I I III III III III III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

5/4/05 8:03:30 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 120 150 300 100 150 120 100 200 120 150 1000 900 150 400 400 100 400 150 120 300 120 120 150 500 1000 250 40 5 20 800 800 250 350 200 l 300 s 250 h 150 110 l 150 l 150 l 350 l 250 1000 800 200 800 h 350 350 350 570 800 150 200 250 250 250 350 l 150 250 h 800

1329.578 1329.600 1334.532 1335.708 1354.288 1355.84 1364.164 1459.032 1463.336 1467.402 1481.764 1548.202 1550.774 1560.310 1560.683 1560.708 1561.341 1561.438 1656.266 1656.928 1657.008 1657.380 1657.907 1658.122 1751.823 1930.905 2162.94 2270.91 2277.25 2277.92 2296.87 2478.56 2509.12 2512.06 2524.41 2529.98 2574.83 2697.75 2724.85 2725.30 2725.90 2741.28 2746.49 2836.71 2837.60 2982.11 2992.62 3876.19 3876.41 3876.66 3918.98 3920.69 4056.06 4067.94 4068.91 4070.26 4074.52 4075.85 4162.86 4186.90 4267.00

Section 10.indb 13

I I II II I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I III V V V III I II II IV IV II III III III III II II II II III II II II II II II III III III III II II III III II

10-13 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 200 600 520 375 200 w 200 200 200 5 5 200 350 350 350 570 400 300 250 350 450 250 200 150 570 350 200 250 110 150 300 250 800 570 200 150 250 150 h 250 250 250 200 350 800 1000 150 90 w 200 200 300 h 150 520 300 250 200 200 250 450 300 800 150

4267.26 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.47 4658.30 4665.86 4771.75 4932.05 4943.88 4944.56 5052.17 5132.94 5133.28 5143.49 5145.16 5151.09 5380.34 5648.07 5662.47 5695.92 5801.33 5811.98 5826.42 5889.77 5891.59 6001.13 6006.03 6007.18 6010.68 6013.22 6014.84 6578.05 6582.88 6587.61 6744.38 6783.90 7037.25 7113.18 7115.19 7115.63 7116.99 7119.90 7231.32 7236.42 7612.65 7726.2 7860.89 8058.62 8196.48 8332.99 8335.15 8500.32 9061.43 9062.47 9078.28 9088.51 9094.83 9111.80 9405.73 9603.03

II III III III III IV III I I V V I II II II II II I II II III IV IV III II II I I I I I I II II I III II III I I II I II II II III IV I I III III I III I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 300 200 300 12 23 13 47 24 85 142 114 11 17 30 26 20 38 16 61 12 13 12 50 10 11 13 23

9620.80 9658.44 10683.08 10691.25 11619.29 11628.83 11658.85 11659.68 11669.63 11748.22 11753.32 11754.76 11777.54 11892.91 11895.75 12614.10 13502.27 14399.65 14403.25 14420.12 14429.03 14442.24 16559.66 16890.38 17338.56 17448.60 18139.80 19721.99

Cerium Ce 300 200 40 30 75 75 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 15000 10000 10000 10000 10000 20000 10000 340 270 250 10000 10000 400 10000 50000 95000 20000 40000 20000 680

Z = 58 399.36 482.96 741.79 754.60 1332.16 1372.72 2000.42 2009.94 2318.64 2372.34 2380.12 2431.45 2439.80 2454.32 2469.95 2483.82 2497.50 2531.99 2603.59 2651.01 2830.90 2874.14 2923.81 2931.54 2976.91 3022.75 3031.58 3055.59 3056.56 3057.23 3057.58 3063.01

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III III III III III III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40000 20000 30000 30000 20000 20000 20000 710 990 710 880 710 20000 710 990 20000 10000 30000 40000 30000 40000 60000 710 50000 60000 770 50000 1200 1000 1800 880 880 1000 1000 1400 800 860 2500 800 1000 1100 860 860 1200 1200 1100 1500 1000 770 980 770 770 770 2000 2700 770 3100 980 770 770 770

3085.10 3106.98 3110.53 3121.56 3141.29 3143.96 3147.06 3194.83 3201.71 3218.94 3221.17 3227.11 3228.57 3234.16 3272.25 3353.29 3395.77 3427.36 3443.63 3454.39 3459.39 3470.92 3485.05 3497.81 3504.64 3539.08 3544.07 3560.80 3577.45 3655.85 3660.64 3667.98 3709.29 3709.93 3716.37 3728.42 3786.63 3801.52 3803.09 3808.11 3838.54 3848.59 3853.15 3854.18 3854.31 3878.36 3882.45 3889.98 3907.29 3912.44 3918.28 3931.09 3940.34 3942.15 3942.75 3943.89 3952.54 3956.28 3960.91 3967.05 3978.65

III III III III III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III III II III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:03:32 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-14 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 700 910 2800 910 2700 910 840 840 840 2100 910 700 1100 1800 1500 1500 910 770 980 980 2700 2000 770 980 1400 1300 3500 840 910 1500 770 980 1100 2000 1500 770 770 980 700 910 910 700 1700 980 770 2400 1400 700 700 840 770 840 840 840 2100 1100 840 1700 310 470

3984.68 3992.39 3993.82 3999.24 4003.77 4012.39 4014.90 4024.49 4028.41 4031.34 4040.76 4042.58 4053.51 4071.81 4073.48 4075.71 4075.85 4083.23 4118.14 4123.87 4127.37 4133.80 4137.65 4142.40 4149.94 4151.97 4165.61 4186.60 4198.72 4202.94 4222.60 4227.75 4239.92 4248.68 4289.94 4296.67 4300.33 4306.72 4337.77 4349.79 4364.66 4382.17 4386.84 4391.66 4418.78 4449.34 4460.21 4471.24 4479.36 4483.90 4486.91 4523.08 4527.35 4528.47 4539.75 4562.36 4572.28 4593.93 4628.16 4737.28 5079.68

Section 10.indb 14

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

280 280 370 260 260 340 450 300 280 260 300 370 240 230 55 55 55 75 110 10000 110 55 10000 45 45 35 35 35 35 23 28 45 35 28 23 35 35 35 28 23 35 23 35 28 35 23 45 23 22 30 22 26 35 30 35 30 30 35 35 22 25

5159.69 5161.48 5187.46 5223.46 5245.92 5274.23 5353.53 5393.40 5409.23 5512.08 5696.99 5699.23 5719.03 5940.86 6001.90 6005.86 6006.82 6013.42 6024.20 6032.54 6043.39 6047.40 6060.91 6098.34 6123.67 6143.36 6186.17 6208.98 6228.94 6232.45 6237.45 6272.05 6295.58 6299.51 6300.21 6310.01 6343.95 6371.11 6386.84 6393.02 6430.07 6436.40 6458.03 6467.39 6473.72 6513.59 6555.65 6579.10 6612.06 6628.93 6652.72 6700.66 6704.27 6774.28 6775.59 6924.81 6986.02 7061.75 7086.35 7238.36 7252.75

Intensity I I II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I III II I III II I II I I I II I II I II I I II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II I I II I I I II II II I

25 25 25 25 22 22 30 25 30 Cesium Ce 10000 2000 2500 5000 3500 15000 20000 20000 5000 12000 15000 15000 7500 35000 15000 40000 25000 c 17 c 12 10 20 c 11 12 12 25 25 c 12 17 710 120 330 540 410 210 200 1000 230 390 1600 1600 890 410 1400 430 16000 390 6200 370 710 390 270

Wavelength/Å 7329.91 7397.77 7616.11 7689.17 7844.94 7857.54 8025.56 8772.14 8891.20

I I II II II II II II II

Z = 55 614.01 638.17 666.25 691.60 703.89 718.14 721.79 722.20 731.56 740.29 808.76 813.84 830.39 901.27 920.35 926.66 1054.79 1673.99 1705.25 1801.83 1822.40 1823.93 1824.70 1841.80 1915.50 1923.29 1961.33 1996.56 2035.11 2056.43 2076.43 2077.30 2088.68 2101.63 2141.47 2316.88 2325.95 2340.49 2455.81 2477.57 2485.45 2495.07 2525.67 2573.05 2596.86 2610.12 2630.51 2700.32 2701.20 2776.44 2810.87

III III III III III II III III III III II II III II III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

630 3100 200 180 3200 210 1700 1100 c 1400 8400 1300 550 430 1200 400 580 480 7200 1300 2300 300 c 520 4800 640 430 2100 c 2900 600 c 2700 680 c 3100 420 520 14000 18000 w 370 1200 940 530 12000 1200 590 20000 1000 c 460 c 99900 420 h 210 25000 140 19000 37000 370 27000 75000 29000 11000 10000 c 22000 230 60 c

2845.70 2859.32 2893.85 2921.13 2976.86 3001.28 3066.59 3149.36 3152.36 3268.32 3315.51 3340.60 3344.02 3349.46 3463.45 3476.83 3559.82 3597.45 3608.31 3618.19 3641.34 3651.08 3661.40 3699.50 3837.46 3876.15 3888.37 3888.61 3925.60 4001.70 4006.55 4006.78 4043.42 4264.70 4277.13 4403.86 4410.22 4425.68 4471.48 4501.55 4506.72 4522.86 4526.74 4555.28 4593.17 4603.79 4620.61 4665.52 4830.19 4851.59 4870.04 4952.85 5035.72 5043.80 5227.04 5249.38 5274.05 5349.13 5370.99 5380.79 5465.94

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I III I III III III III III II II III III III III II III III II I I II III III II III II II III II II II II II II III I

5/4/05 8:03:34 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

37 39000 100 210 c 27 24000 59 c 300 51000 140 110 640 c 86 150 870 9800 330 1000 170 450 320 c 510 8300 10000 w 490 97 8800 3300 c 9600 400 200 300 37000 4800 16000 980 13000 w 1900 c 790 130 1100 2600 c 3300 22000 3500 510 4500 59000 c 15000 c 61000 c 18000 5200 19000 4800 26000 2900 38000 c 8400 5700 55000 c 820

5502.88 5563.02 5635.21 5664.02 5745.72 5831.14 5838.83 5845.14 5925.63 5950.14 5979.97 6010.49 6034.09 6043.99 6079.86 6128.61 6150.42 6213.10 6217.60 6242.96 6354.55 6456.33 6495.53 6536.44 6586.51 6628.66 6646.57 6723.28 6724.47 6753.12 6824.65 6870.45 6955.50 6973.30 6979.67 6983.49 7149.54 7219.60 7228.53 7279.90 7279.96 7608.90 7943.88 7997.44 8015.73 8078.94 8079.04 8521.13 8761.41 8943.47 9172.32 9208.53 10024.36 10123.41 10123.60 13424.31 13588.29 13602.56 13758.81 14694.91 16535.63

Section 10.indb 15

I II I I I II I I II III III I I III III II III I I III I III II II I I II I II III I I II I II I II III I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-15 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 760 880 1100 3900 4400 850 890 d 500 680 c 2800 610 c 1100 190 2c 2d 1

17012.32 20138.47 22811.86 23037.98 23344.47 24251.21 24374.96 25763.51 25764.73 29310.06 30103.27 30953.06 34900.13 36131.00 39177.28 39421.25 39424.11

Chlorine Cl 500 800 800 700 600 900 500 600 800 600 1000 600 1000 500 700 600 700 600 700 700 350 700 700 700 400 800 500 500 500 700 600 800 700 800 1000 1000 1000 1300 2000 1500 1500 1500 2000

Z = 17 392.43 486.17 534.73 535.67 536.15 537.61 538.03 538.12 542.23 542.30 545.11 546.33 547.63 549.22 552.02 553.30 554.62 556.23 556.61 557.12 559.305 561.53 561.68 561.74 571.904 574.406 601.50 604.59 606.35 618.057 619.982 620.298 626.735 635.881 636.626 650.894 659.811 661.841 663.074 682.053 687.656 693.594 725.271

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV IV IV IV IV V IV V V V V V IV IV IV IV III III III II III III III II II IV IV III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2500 2000 5000 5000 5000 500 500 6000 8000 600 5000 2000 2000 2000 500 600 40 700 25 25 75 500 600 150 700 90 6000 3000 9000 6000 5000 5000 200 200 250 400 350 250 250 400 350 350 400 250 300 200 200 500 800 800 3000 1200 900 3000 10000 5000 12000 2500 20000 25000 20000

728.951 777.562 787.580 788.740 793.342 834.84 834.97 839.297 839.599 840.93 851.691 888.026 893.549 961.499 973.21 977.56 978.284 984.95 998.372 998.432 1002.346 1005.28 1008.78 1013.664 1015.02 1025.553 1063.831 1067.945 1071.036 1071.767 1075.230 1079.080 1084.667 1085.171 1085.304 1088.06 1090.271 1090.982 1092.437 1094.769 1095.148 1095.662 1095.797 1096.810 1097.369 1098.068 1099.523 1107.528 1139.214 1167.148 1179.293 1188.774 1201.353 1335.726 1347.240 1351.657 1363.447 1373.116 1379.528 1389.693 1389.957

II II II II II IV IV II II IV II II II II IV IV I IV I I I III III I III I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12000 500 500 500 500 500 600 500 500 500 500 450 h 450 350 h 350 h 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 600 700 600 600 500 500 600 500 500 500 600 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 800 900 700 700 800 900 800 800 900 800 900 800 700 700 700 700 600 600 800

1396.527 1441.470 1528.569 1542.942 1558.144 1565.050 1822.50 1828.40 1857.488 1901.61 1983.61 1997.370 2032.116 2088.583 2091.458 2253.07 2268.95 2278.34 2283.93 2323.50 2336.45 2340.64 2359.67 2370.37 2416.42 2447.14 2448.58 2486.91 2532.48 2580.67 2603.59 2632.67 2633.18 2665.54 2710.37 2724.03 2751.23 2782.47 2965.56 3063.13 3076.68 3104.46 3139.34 3191.45 3289.80 3320.57 3329.06 3340.42 3392.89 3393.45 3530.03 3560.68 3602.10 3612.85 3622.69 3656.95 3670.28 3682.05 3705.45 3707.34 3720.45

I II II II II II III III II III III II II II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

5/4/05 8:03:37 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-16 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 500 10000 25000 500 700 600 600 500 500 10000 h 500 40 50 80 45 40 45 13000 99000 29000 16000 81000 47000 26000 10000 26000 30 56000 23000 15000 99000 10000 19000 10000 40 50 d 45 30 50 200 160 150 300 300 600 7500 5000 550 550 700 11000 2300 450 7000 10000 2200 650 2200 1700 3000

3748.81 3779.35 3850.99 3860.83 3925.87 3991.50 4018.50 4059.07 4104.23 4106.83 4132.50 4608.21 4623.938 4654.040 4661.208 4691.523 4721.255 4740.729 4781.32 4794.55 4810.06 4819.47 4896.77 4904.78 4917.73 4995.48 5078.26 5099.789 5217.94 5221.36 5392.12 5423.23 5423.51 5443.37 5444.21 5532.162 5796.305 5799.914 5856.742 6019.812 6140.245 6194.757 6434.833 6932.903 6981.886 7086.814 7256.62 7414.11 7462.370 7489.47 7492.118 7547.072 7672.42 7702.828 7717.581 7744.97 7769.16 7771.09 7821.36 7830.75 7878.22

Section 10.indb 16

III III II II III III III III III III II III I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2300 1800 3000 2100 1700 650 1500 1300 600 2900 2200 1100 400 1700 2200 3000 1300 2500 2200 2200 800 18000 3000 20000 18000 99900 400 15000 2200 2200 20000 750 75000 450 300 3500 2200 3000 2000 2500 1000 2000 7500 3000 500 4000 1500 3500 500 1000 3500 250 1000 250 200 400 331 300 269 1000 350

7899.31 7915.08 7924.645 7933.89 7935.012 7952.52 7974.72 7976.97 7980.60 7997.85 8015.61 8023.33 8051.07 8084.51 8085.56 8086.67 8087.73 8194.42 8199.13 8200.21 8203.78 8212.04 8220.45 8221.74 8333.31 8375.94 8406.199 8428.25 8467.34 8550.44 8575.24 8578.02 8585.97 8628.54 8641.71 8686.26 8912.92 8948.06 9038.982 9045.43 9069.656 9073.17 9121.15 9191.731 9197.596 9288.86 9393.862 9452.10 9486.964 9584.801 9592.22 9632.509 9702.439 9744.426 9807.057 9875.970 10392.549 11123.05 11409.69 11436.33 13243.8

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

310 550 525 294 269 381 1094 1487 2780 277 342 735 283 259 717 100

13296.0 13346.8 13821.7 14931.7 15108.0 15465.1 15520.3 15730.1 15869.7 15883.3 15928.9 15960.0 15970.5 16198.5 19755.3 24470.0 39716.0 40085.5 40089.5 40532.2

Chromium Cr Z = 24 100 438.62 100 464.02 100 620.66 100 629.26 80 630.30 100 666.55 100 693.92 60 1030.47 100 1033.69 100 1036.03 80 1055.89 80 1068.41 100 1116.48 150 1121.07 150 1127.63 100 1263.50 100 1417.42 150 1465.86 150 1497.97 170 1519.03 220 1579.70 170 1591.72 150 1603.19 120 1672.66 120 1758.51 140 1802.72 130 1812.41 200 1837.44 140 1873.89 140 1967.18 120 1972.07 19000 2055.52 14000 2061.49 8900 2065.42 200 2226.72 200 2235.91 150 2237.59 150 2244.10 150 2284.44 150 2324.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III V V V V IV V V V V V V IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

130 140 170 110 190 110 390 190 160 130 150 100 380 250 250 320 440 280 350 280 1800 320 230 280 180 180 110 140 170 420 h 280 h 170 h 250 110 h 330 390 280 110 h 150 350 750 750 250 h 610 180 180 2500 110 1700 1200 120 880 610 440 790 750 610 480 210 110 160

2383.33 2408.62 2496.31 2502.53 2504.31 2516.92 2519.52 2527.12 2549.54 2560.69 2571.74 2577.65 2591.85 2653.59 2658.59 2663.42 2666.02 2668.71 2671.81 2672.83 2677.16 2678.79 2687.09 2691.04 2698.41 2698.69 2701.99 2712.31 2722.75 2726.51 2731.91 2736.47 2743.64 2748.29 2748.98 2750.73 2751.87 2752.88 2757.10 2757.72 2762.59 2766.54 2769.92 2780.70 2822.37 2830.47 2835.63 2840.02 2843.25 2849.84 2851.36 2855.68 2858.91 2860.93 2862.57 2865.11 2866.74 2867.65 2870.44 2871.63 2873.48

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II

5/4/05 8:03:39 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 230 180 120 170 700 370 190 210 180 260 260 250 480 480 210 480 190 350 110 480 1500 2100 660 160 480 230 300 700 210 1100 750 140 710 710 1400 710 2800 430 240 430 2800 1100 170 710 140 390 550 550 110 710 240 430 470 120 590 140 140 100 100 240

2875.99 2876.24 2877.98 2879.27 2887.00 2889.29 2893.25 2894.17 2896.75 2905.49 2909.05 2910.90 2911.14 2967.64 2971.11 2971.91 2975.48 2979.74 2980.79 2985.32 2985.85 2986.00 2986.47 2988.65 2989.19 2991.89 2994.07 2995.10 2996.58 2998.79 3000.89 3005.06 3013.03 3013.71 3014.76 3014.92 3015.19 3017.57 3018.50 3018.82 3020.67 3021.56 3024.35 3029.16 3030.24 3031.35 3034.19 3037.04 3040.85 3050.14 3053.88 3118.65 3120.37 3124.94 3128.70 3132.06 3136.68 3147.23 3155.15 3163.76 3180.70

Section 10.indb 17

II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II II II II II II I I II

10-17 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

220 170 140 120 130 130 130 110 170 160 430 140 170 360 210 270 140 270 160 140 170 170 190 130 100 120 130 130 330 h 19000 160 h 130 17000 350 13000 130 350 630 220 220 170 220 130 120 130 130 130 150 480 570 340 230 260 130 130 120 130 140 200 530 110

3197.08 3209.18 3217.40 3245.54 3251.84 3257.82 3339.80 3342.59 3358.50 3360.30 3368.05 3382.68 3403.32 3408.76 3421.21 3422.74 3433.31 3433.60 3436.19 3441.44 3445.62 3447.43 3453.33 3455.60 3460.43 3550.64 3566.16 3573.64 3574.80 3578.69 3584.33 3585.30 3593.49 3601.67 3605.33 3632.84 3636.59 3639.80 3641.83 3649.00 3653.91 3656.26 3663.21 3685.55 3686.80 3687.25 3730.81 3732.03 3743.58 3743.88 3749.00 3757.66 3768.24 3791.38 3792.14 3793.29 3793.88 3797.13 3797.72 3804.80 3806.83

II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 180 180 130 130 380 190 140 290 140 190 110 140 260 660 570 380 260 360 960 120 hd 120 190 1900 600 600 410 1900 120 1600 1600 960 190 160 960 160 190 160 120 120 190 160 120 140 120 140 170 170 110 20000 110 16000 10000 780 1100 380 1900 380 2300 570 530

3807.93 3815.43 3819.56 3826.42 3830.03 3841.28 3848.98 3849.36 3850.04 3852.22 3854.22 3855.29 3855.57 3857.63 3883.29 3885.22 3886.79 3894.04 3902.92 3908.76 3911.82 3915.84 3916.24 3919.16 3921.02 3928.64 3941.49 3963.69 3969.06 3969.75 3976.66 3983.91 3984.34 3989.99 3991.12 3991.67 3992.84 4001.44 4012.47 4026.17 4039.10 4048.78 4058.77 4126.52 4153.82 4163.62 4174.80 4179.26 4209.37 4254.35 4263.14 4274.80 4289.72 4337.57 4339.45 4339.72 4344.51 4351.05 4351.77 4359.63 4371.28

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 530 110 660 380 380 240 240 240 140 600 120 120 360 360 480 240 600 550 1600 570 840 240 d 190 240 120 140 340 190 120 110 140 130 260 110 70 110 60 70 70 70 85 5300 8400 11000 85 290 530 180 95 h 70 h 340 70 h 660 85 340 h 70 h 780 380 40 1400

4374.16 4384.98 4458.54 4496.86 4526.47 4530.74 4535.72 4540.50 4540.72 4544.62 4545.96 4565.51 4571.68 4580.06 4591.39 4600.75 4613.37 4616.14 4626.19 4646.17 4651.28 4652.16 4698.46 4708.04 4718.43 4730.71 4737.35 4756.11 4789.32 4801.03 4829.38 4870.80 4887.01 4922.27 4936.33 4942.50 4954.81 5013.32 5166.23 5184.59 5192.00 5196.44 5204.52 5206.04 5208.44 5224.94 5247.56 5264.15 5265.72 5275.17 5276.03 5296.69 5297.36 5298.27 5300.75 5328.34 5329.17 5345.81 5348.32 5400.61 5409.79

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:03:41 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-18 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

24 7 24 24 40 24 24 24 h 30 h 24 h 19 h 60 h 180 h 35 22 19 21 h 27 h 30 h 85 130 150 40 19

5628.64 5642.36 5664.04 5694.73 5698.33 5702.31 5712.78 5783.11 5783.93 5785.00 5785.82 5787.99 5791.00 6330.10 6362.87 6661.08 6883.03 6924.13 6978.48 7355.90 7400.21 7462.31 8947.15 8976.83

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Cobalt Co Z = 27 20 355.52 18 355.88 12 356.06 66 609.16 70 609.21 64 609.28 10 1018.36 10 1021.14 15 1231.73 50 1277.01 80 1299.58 80 1306.95 50 1345.67 1000 1696.01 800 1697.99 1000 1707.35 5000 1760.35 5000 1773.57 2000 1780.05 3000 1782.97 1000 1787.08 1000 1789.07 1000 1823.08 2000 1830.09 2000 1831.44 5000 1835.00 1500 1842.34 1800 1847.89 1800 1852.71 2400 1855.05 2000 1863.83 1500 1878.28 1800 1936.58 1500 1946.79 1500 1951.90 1800 1954.22

V V V IV IV IV V V V V II II V III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I III I I I I I

Section 10.indb 18

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1800 1500 1500 1500 h 1500 h 3000 1800 h 1800 h 1500 1800 2400 h 1500 1800 1500 l 1500 900 50 1200 h 900 50 50 900 1500 1200 50 1500 h 900 900 900 900 900 900 1200 1500 1500 900 900 s 900 900 900 1100 200 200 150 200 1000 200 300 d 300 800 d 2600 500 500 300 200 p 2400 300 p 200 d 500 1400 1600

1955.17 1958.55 1961.59 1968.69 1968.93 1970.71 1971.16 1972.52 1973.85 1976.97 1980.89 1989.80 1990.34 1998.49 2002.32 2008.04 2011.51 2014.58 2016.17 2022.35 2027.04 2031.96 2039.95 2041.11 2065.54 2077.76 2085.67 2087.55 2089.35 2093.40 2094.86 2095.77 2097.51 2104.73 2106.80 2108.98 2117.68 2137.78 2138.97 2163.03 2174.60 2193.60 2256.73 2260.00 2283.52 2286.15 2291.98 2293.38 2301.40 2307.85 2309.02 2311.60 2314.05 2314.96 2317.06 2323.14 2324.31 2326.11 2326.47 2335.99 2338.67

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 1600 200 d 2000 500 400 1400 200 300 p 1400 200 500 200 1100 d 200 p 5300 5300 1600 4800 4800 300 4100 3300 2900 2400 200 200 d 200 p 200 200 200 200 570 500 360 200 860 500 4300 200 h 300 500 2900 200 p 720 860 200 d 2900 860 300 1700 200 340 310 310 300 200 960 500 1100 960

2347.39 2352.85 2353.41 2353.42 2363.80 2378.62 2380.48 2381.76 2383.45 2384.86 2386.36 2388.92 2397.38 2402.06 2404.16 2407.25 2411.62 2412.76 2414.46 2415.30 2417.65 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.05 2442.63 2446.03 2447.69 2450.00 2464.20 2486.44 2498.82 2504.52 2506.46 2506.88 2511.16 2517.87 2519.82 2521.36 2524.65 2524.97 2528.62 2528.97 2530.09 2530.13 2532.18 2533.82 2535.96 2536.49 2541.94 2544.25 2546.74 2548.34 2553.37 2555.07 2559.41 2560.03 2562.15 2564.04 2567.35 2574.35

II I II I II II I II II I II II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II I II I II I II I II II II I II I I II I I II I II I I I II II I II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 300 d 500 500 200 100 p 100 100 100 p 100 100 310 770 100 100 200 100 100 100 200 200 190 100 80 190 100 190 100 100 100 100 150 80 80 80 190 100 100 100 690 690 60 3100 1700 80 1100 2200 11000 4500 6700 2200 2700 50 2500 4500 1600 8800 50 4100 2100 21000

2580.32 2582.22 2587.22 2587.52 2588.91 2605.71 2612.50 2614.36 2628.77 2632.26 2636.07 2646.42 2648.64 2653.72 2663.53 2666.73 2675.85 2684.42 2702.02 2706.62 2707.35 2715.99 2727.78 2734.54 2745.10 2753.22 2764.19 2766.70 2774.97 2791.00 2793.73 2815.56 2835.63 2847.35 2871.22 2886.44 2918.38 2930.24 2954.73 2987.16 2989.59 3022.59 3044.00 3061.82 3387.70 3388.17 3395.38 3405.12 3409.18 3412.34 3412.63 3417.16 3423.84 3431.58 3433.04 3442.93 3443.64 3446.39 3449.17 3449.44 3453.50

II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II II II II I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I

5/4/05 8:03:44 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 5100 5100 8000 1900 4800 2400 50 9600 7000 50 2900 1400 4800 3800 4800 1300 2700 3800 60 6400 2700 7300 1900 50 1100 80 8800 50 1600 60 2500 60 1000 6700 1900 1600 100 1000 80 60 1100 1400 6900 5500 2800 7900 1500 80 h 6000 970 350 370 350 830 550 2800 4400 90 90 690

3455.23 3462.80 3465.80 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3495.69 3501.72 3502.28 3506.32 3507.77 3509.84 3510.43 3512.64 3513.48 3518.35 3520.08 3521.57 3523.43 3523.51 3526.85 3529.03 3529.81 3533.36 3545.03 3560.89 3561.07 3569.38 3574.95 3574.96 3575.32 3575.36 3577.96 3585.16 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3621.21 3627.81 3643.61 3681.35 3745.50 3842.05 3845.47 3873.12 3873.96 3894.08 3935.97 3963.10 3995.31 3997.91 4020.90 4045.39 4066.37 4092.39 4110.54 4118.77 4121.32 4190.71 4469.56 4530.96

Section 10.indb 19

I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I II I II I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-19 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

90 140 190 120 85 110 100 150 80 h 50 50 50 50 50

4549.66 4565.59 4581.60 4629.38 4663.41 4792.86 4840.27 4867.88 4964.18 5212.71 5230.22 5247.93 5342.71 5352.05

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I

Z = 29 685.141 709.313 718.179 724.489 735.520 736.032 779.295 797.455 810.998 813.883 826.996 848.808 851.303 858.487 861.994 865.390 869.336 873.263 876.723 877.012 877.555 878.699 884.133 885.847 886.943 890.567 892.414 893.678 894.227 896.759 896.976 901.073 906.113 914.213 922.019 924.239 935.232 935.898 943.335 945.525 945.965 954.383 956.290 958.154 960.414 968.042

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Copper Cu 80 100 100 150 200 250 80 100 150 200 300 150 250 250 400 400 250 150 200 250 200 500 100 250 600 600 500 800 400 600 400 600 400 800 600 500 400 600 600 600 500 200 250 400 200 250

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 250 100 250 300 300 300 300 250 500 500 250 200 600 600 600 800 800 500 600 400 600 400 600 600 600 200 200 500 300 200 300 250 150 200 300 100 150 300 150 150 150 300 300 100 100 150 250 150 300 200 200 250 200 300 r 200 r 100 100 150 150 100

974.759 977.567 987.657 992.953 1004.055 1008.569 1008.728 1010.269 1012.597 1018.707 1027.831 1028.328 1030.263 1036.470 1039.348 1039.582 1044.519 1044.744 1049.755 1054.690 1055.797 1056.955 1058.799 1059.096 1060.634 1063.005 1065.782 1066.134 1069.195 1073.745 1088.395 1094.402 1097.053 1119.947 1142.640 1144.856 1250.048 1265.506 1275.572 1282.455 1287.468 1298.395 1308.297 1314.337 1320.686 1326.395 1350.594 1351.837 1355.305 1358.773 1359.009 1362.600 1367.951 1371.840 1376.79 1377.49 1393.128 1398.642 1402.777 1407.169 1414.898

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 250 200 400 250 150 150 200 200 250 200 300 250 200 400 200 400 200 250 200 150 300 r 200 200 750 300 250 250 350 150 250 200 300 350 200 200 500 200 500 600 200 200 150 500 300 250 250 500 200 300 300 750 400 100 300 300 500 250 400 500 300

1418.426 1421.759 1427.829 1430.243 1434.904 1436.236 1442.139 1445.984 1449.058 1450.304 1452.294 1458.002 1459.412 1463.752 1463.838 1466.070 1470.697 1472.395 1473.978 1474.935 1476.059 1481.23 1481.544 1485.328 1488.831 1492.834 1493.366 1495.430 1496.687 1503.368 1504.757 1505.388 1508.632 1510.506 1512.465 1513.366 1514.492 1517.631 1519.492 1519.837 1520.540 1524.860 1525.764 1531.856 1532.131 1533.986 1535.002 1537.559 1540.239 1540.389 1540.588 1541.703 1544.677 1547.958 1550.653 1551.389 1552.646 1553.896 1555.134 1555.703 1558.345

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:03:47 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-20 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

400 400 100 300 300 400 500 400 600 500 r 400 400 200 300 400 250 150 200 600 400 250 100 1000 r 250 30 r 200 200 300 100 30 30 30 r 50 r 150 50 r 100 50 r 150 200 r 100 r 250 250 100 200 150 150 500 300 250 270 250 350 300 100 110 320 300 320 350 350 420

1565.924 1566.415 1569.416 1579.492 1580.626 1581.995 1583.682 1590.165 1593.556 1593.75 1598.402 1602.388 1604.848 1605.281 1606.834 1608.639 1610.296 1617.915 1621.426 1622.428 1630.268 1636.605 1642.21 1649.458 1655.32 1656.322 1660.001 1663.002 1672.776 1688.09 1691.08 1703.84 1713.36 1717.721 1725.66 1736.551 1741.57 1753.281 1774.82 1825.35 1929.751 1944.597 1946.493 1957.518 1970.495 1977.027 1979.956 1989.855 1999.698 2035.854 2037.127 2043.802 2054.980 2078.663 2098.398 2104.797 2112.100 2117.310 2122.980 2126.044 2134.341

Section 10.indb 20

II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II I II II II II I I I I II I II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

900 400 150 1300 r 250 1600 r 700 1700 r 700 900 400 1700 r 1300 r 100 200 750 1600 r 250 1000 r 750 2100 r 150 1600 r 350 2500 r 1100 r 900 2300 r 1000 1300 r 2200 r 150 200 100 2500 r 170 1000 150 2500 r 120 1500 1000 r 100 2000 r 150 120 300 100 150 200 2500 r 200 750 700 650 700 650 300 120 270 2500 r

2135.981 2148.984 2161.320 2165.09 2174.982 2178.94 2179.410 2181.72 2189.630 2192.268 2195.683 2199.58 2199.75 2200.509 2209.806 2210.268 2214.58 2215.106 2215.65 2218.108 2225.70 2226.780 2227.78 2228.868 2230.08 2238.45 2242.618 2244.26 2247.002 2260.53 2263.08 2263.786 2276.258 2286.645 2293.84 2294.368 2303.12 2369.890 2392.63 2403.337 2406.66 2441.64 2485.792 2492.15 2506.273 2526.593 2544.805 2571.756 2590.529 2600.270 2618.37 2666.291 2689.300 2700.962 2703.184 2713.508 2718.778 2721.677 2737.342 2745.271 2766.37

II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II I II I II I II I I II I II I I II II II I II I II I II I I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 200 170 100 1250 r 350 100 600 270 2500 r 100 2000 2000 2500 2500 1400 1500 1250 2000 1400 h 1500 1400 1500 h 10000 r 10000 r 1400 h 400 1500 h 110 250 2500 h 200 1500 150 200 450 300 200 100 1250 h 1250 2000 1400 1400 1000 150 170 100 140 160 280 150 170 140 120 120 150 140 1250 100 600

2769.669 2791.795 2799.528 2810.804 2824.37 2837.368 2857.748 2877.100 2884.196 2961.16 2986.335 2997.36 3010.84 3036.10 3063.41 3073.80 3093.99 3099.93 3108.60 3126.11 3194.10 3208.23 3243.16 3247.54 3273.96 3282.72 3290.418 3290.54 3300.881 3301.229 3307.95 3316.276 3337.84 3338.648 3365.648 3370.454 3374.952 3380.712 3384.945 3483.76 3524.23 3530.38 3599.13 3602.03 3686.555 3786.270 3797.849 3818.879 3826.921 3864.137 3884.131 3892.924 3903.177 3920.654 3933.268 3987.024 3993.302 4003.476 4022.63 4032.647 4043.484

II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II I II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 2000 120 500 200 300 500 370 400 500 500 320 200 950 300 500 400 100 400 150 150 500 100 120 2000 120 320 300 450 100 400 120 300 100 150 1000 500 200 900 120 700 500 400 350 400 350 200 300 900 400 500 450 350 450 420 350 1500 250 2000 100 100

4043.751 4062.64 4068.106 4131.363 4143.017 4153.623 4161.140 4164.284 4171.851 4179.512 4211.866 4230.449 4255.635 4275.11 4279.962 4292.470 4365.370 4444.831 4506.002 4516.049 4541.032 4555.920 4596.906 4649.271 4651.12 4661.363 4671.702 4673.577 4681.994 4758.433 4812.948 4851.262 4854.988 4873.304 4901.427 4909.734 4918.376 4926.424 4931.698 4943.026 4953.724 4985.506 5006.801 5009.851 5012.620 5021.279 5039.016 5047.348 5051.793 5058.910 5065.459 5067.094 5072.302 5088.277 5093.816 5100.067 5105.54 5124.476 5153.24 5158.093 5183.367

II I II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II

5/4/05 8:03:49 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2500 100 100 1650 100 1500 1500 150 100 200 120 400 100 650 100 250 150 150 160 300 600 750 500 550 400 300 470 450 750 700 500 1000 350 900 550 400 120 400 750 400 850 200 750 170 950 750 400 220 400 120 200 750 800 450 100 300 400 320 250 320 270

5218.20 5269.991 5276.525 5292.52 5368.383 5700.24 5782.13 5805.989 5833.515 5897.971 5937.577 5941.196 5993.260 6000.120 6023.264 6072.218 6080.343 6099.990 6107.412 6114.493 6150.384 6154.222 6172.037 6186.884 6188.676 6198.092 6204.261 6208.457 6216.939 6219.844 6261.848 6273.349 6288.696 6301.009 6305.972 6312.492 6326.466 6373.268 6377.840 6403.384 6423.884 6442.965 6448.559 6466.246 6470.168 6481.437 6484.421 6517.317 6530.083 6551.286 6577.080 6624.292 6641.396 6660.962 6770.362 6806.216 6809.647 6823.202 6844.157 6868.791 6872.231

Section 10.indb 21

I II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

10-21 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 220 150 150 200 300 400 300 250 1000 270 500 700 1000 150 450 800 750 1500 1000 350 300 700 1500 400 400 1200 2000 500 800 250 750 200 500 250 200 600 600 200 550 500 550 450 500 450 550 550 650 450

6879.404 6937.553 6952.871 6977.572 7022.860 7194.896 7326.008 7331.694 7382.277 7404.354 7434.156 7562.015 7652.333 7664.648 7681.788 7744.097 7778.738 7805.184 7807.659 7825.654 7860.577 7890.567 7902.553 7933.13 7944.438 7972.033 7988.163 8092.63 8277.560 8283.160 8503.396 8511.061 8609.134 9813.213 9827.978 9830.798 9861.280 9864.137 9883.969 9916.419 9917.954 9925.594 9938.998 9960.354 10006.588 10022.969 10038.093 10054.938 10080.354

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Dysprosium Dy Z = 66 260 2356.91 240 2410.01 260 2439.84 220 2585.30 440 2634.80 220 2755.75 300 2816.39 390 2913.95 610 3038.28 830 3135.38 500 3141.14

II II II I II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 670 1000 470 830 490 490 1200 890 490 1100 780 1000 780 510 510 5300 610 3800 1300 5300 1300 530 780 530 1900 560 1300 3800 830 2700 1300 4400 720 560 560 d 1300 4400 560 830 830 830 1300 560 4400 22000 4400 5500 4400 1700 1400 4400 2200 440 h 440 2200 560 780 1400 4400 1700

3156.52 3162.83 3169.99 3215.19 3216.63 3235.89 3245.12 3251.27 3280.09 3282.77 3308.88 3316.32 3319.88 3341.00 3353.58 3368.11 3385.02 3388.85 3393.57 3396.16 3407.80 3413.78 3414.82 3419.63 3425.06 3434.37 3440.93 3441.45 3445.57 3446.99 3454.32 3456.56 3460.97 3468.43 3471.14 3471.53 3477.07 3494.49 3496.34 3498.71 3504.53 3505.45 3506.81 3517.26 3523.98 3531.70 3534.96 3536.02 3538.52 3542.33 3546.83 3550.22 3551.62 3558.23 3559.30 3563.15 3563.69 3573.83 3574.15 3576.24 3576.87

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

830 440 3300 1400 560 1100 560 560 1800 560 1800 440 560 470 1100 4000 440 1100 11000 1000 700 990 420 1400 2200 640 820 1300 4700 990 540 440 440 420 1600 930 1200 1400 1400 1200 4700 640 640 420 3300 1600 700 510 580 470 470 1400 700 2300 1400 420 420 1200 420 560 1600

3577.98 3580.04 3585.06 3585.78 3586.11 3591.41 3591.81 3592.11 3595.04 3600.38 3606.12 3618.51 3620.16 3624.27 3629.42 3630.24 3632.78 3640.25 3645.40 3648.78 3664.62 3672.30 3672.70 3674.08 3676.59 3678.51 3684.85 3685.78 3694.81 3698.21 3701.63 3707.57 3708.22 3710.07 3724.45 3739.34 3747.82 3753.51 3753.75 3757.05 3757.37 3767.63 3773.05 3781.47 3786.18 3788.44 3791.87 3804.14 3806.27 3812.27 3813.67 3816.76 3825.68 3836.50 3841.31 3846.34 3847.02 3853.03 3858.40 3868.45 3868.81

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II I II II II I II I I I II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I

5/4/05 8:03:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-22 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

820 7000 1200 470 5800 540 540 540 d 420 540 2100 10000 800 14000 2700 1400 1600 800 540 1600 8000 420 540 540 540 420 520 d 520 420 420 12000 1600 520 2500 7400 3900 860 1500 490 990 1200 990 5700 930 12000 2200 6800 800 680 680 16000 1800 3700 4400 4400 2700 1000 540 740 420 2100

3869.86 3872.11 3873.99 3879.11 3898.53 3914.87 3915.59 3917.29 3927.86 3930.14 3931.52 3944.68 3957.79 3968.39 3978.57 3981.92 3983.65 3984.21 3991.32 3996.69 4000.45 4005.84 4011.29 4013.82 4014.70 4027.78 4028.32 4032.47 4033.65 4036.32 4045.97 4050.56 4055.14 4073.12 4077.96 4103.30 4103.87 4111.34 4124.63 4129.42 4143.10 4146.06 4167.97 4183.72 4186.82 4191.64 4194.84 4198.02 4201.30 4202.24 4211.72 4213.18 4215.16 4218.09 4221.11 4225.16 4308.63 4409.38 4449.70 4577.78 4589.36

Section 10.indb 22

II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

990 170 120 h 480 70 160 95 120 80 80 130 h 190 110 80 290 95 70 130 65 55 160 65 85 80 70 95 65 100 55 h 80 70 h 55 55 h 70 120 140 140 100 270 160 75 180 80 65 55 55 80 100

4612.26 4731.84 4775.79 4957.34 5022.12 5042.63 5070.68 5077.67 5090.38 5110.32 5120.04 5139.60 5169.69 5185.30 5192.86 5197.66 5259.88 5260.56 5267.11 5282.07 5301.58 5340.30 5389.58 5419.13 5423.32 5451.11 5547.27 5639.50 5645.99 5652.01 5718.46 5745.53 5868.11 5945.80 5974.49 5988.56 6088.26 6168.43 6259.09 6579.37 6667.86 6835.42 6852.96 6899.32 7426.86 7543.73 7662.36 8201.57

I II I II I I I I II I I II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II II I I II

45

8791.39

II

Erbium Er Z = 68 600 2277.65 290 2586.73 490 2670.26 500 2739.27 610 2755.63 1000 2904.47 1500 2910.36 1500 2964.52 1200 3002.41 1000 3055.10

III II II III II II II II II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 610 720 610 770 1500 870 870 610 2300 2700 720 720 2000 2300 770 770 1300 1400 1400 d 7700 970 1700 2300 770 970 610 970 6700 610 610 820 1500 1000 920 1000 610 610 1000 3100 720 1000 1600 900 7900 1300 900 900 1800 1600 4000 3600 680 7500 1500 1200 4200 5200 11000 3200 2100

3070.40 3073.34 3082.08 3084.02 3122.72 3166.25 3181.92 3220.73 3223.31 3230.58 3264.78 3279.33 3280.22 3301.23 3312.42 3323.19 3332.70 3346.04 3364.08 3368.02 3372.71 3374.17 3385.08 3392.00 3441.13 3471.71 3479.41 3485.85 3499.10 3502.78 3524.91 3549.84 3558.02 3559.90 3570.75 3580.52 3590.76 3599.50 3599.83 3616.56 3628.04 3633.54 3638.68 3645.94 3692.65 3729.52 3742.64 3747.43 3786.84 3810.33 3816.78 3830.48 3855.90 3862.85 3880.61 3882.89 3892.68 3896.23 3906.31 3937.01 3938.63

III II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II I II II II I II I II II II II I II I III II I I II II I II II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

3200 2700 3200 1400 810 1100 810 14000 1100 3000 1000 940 690 3500 1100 6900 1000 1400 690 40000 20000 810 1000 570 15000 2000 250 200 210 120 130 120 130 170 130 160 150 140 80 90 60 180 90 80 80 60 70 80 90 70 70 100 290 70 70 430 100 120 140 120 8000

3944.42 3973.04 3973.58 3974.72 3977.02 3982.33 3987.66 4007.96 4012.58 4020.51 4046.96 4055.47 4059.78 4087.63 4098.10 4151.11 4190.70 4218.43 4286.56 4290.06 4386.86 4409.34 4606.61 4675.62 4735.56 4783.12 5007.25 5035.94 5042.05 5124.56 5127.41 5131.53 5133.83 5164.77 5172.78 5188.90 5206.52 5255.93 5272.91 5348.06 5414.63 5456.62 5468.32 5485.97 5593.46 5611.82 5622.01 5626.53 5640.36 5664.95 5719.55 5739.19 5762.80 5784.66 5800.79 5826.79 5850.07 5855.31 5872.35 5881.14 5903.30

I I I II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I III III I I II III III I I II I II I II II I II I II I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I III

5/4/05 8:03:57 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 70 60 360 55 60 130 55 55 60 70 70 35 70 55 55 120 35 35 35 30 35 55 9

6022.56 6061.25 6076.45 6221.02 6262.56 6268.87 6308.77 6326.13 6492.35 6583.48 6601.11 6759.87 6790.92 6848.10 6865.13 7459.55 7469.51 7680.01 7797.47 7921.85 7937.84 8312.82 8409.90 8866.84

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

Europium Eu Z = 63 30 2124.69 200 2350.51 4000 2375.46 100 d 2435.14 1000 2444.38 4000 2445.99 2000 2513.76 200 2522.14 160 2564.17 110 2568.17 230 2577.14 1000 2638.77 380 2641.27 640 2668.34 110 2673.42 250 2678.29 250 2685.66 550 2692.03 700 2701.14 800 2701.90 240 2705.28 180 2709.99 700 2716.98 4200 2727.78 160 2740.62 120 2744.26 480 2781.89 1900 2802.84 220 2811.75 3400 2813.94 550 2816.18 2000 2820.78 2828.72 400 cw 260 2859.67 280 2862.57 200 2892.54

III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

Section 10.indb 23

10-23 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 360 3200 160 850 200 cw 260 300 100 c 200 c 320 cw 120 220 120 320 950 120 50 c 50 c 420 1000 420 150 210 150 140 140 950 110 140 190 280 150 150 130 470 cw 150 180 150 6400 20000 cw 350 260 39000 cw 140 190 150 28000 cw 32000 cw 30000 cw 180 150 120 120 33000 cw 60000 cw 150 240 14000 cw 3000 11000

2893.03 2893.83 2906.68 2908.99 2925.04 2952.68 2960.21 2991.33 3023.93 3026.79 3054.94 3058.98 3077.36 3097.45 3106.18 3111.43 3130.73 3171.00 3183.78 3210.57 3212.81 3213.75 3272.77 3277.78 3301.95 3308.02 3313.33 3334.33 3350.40 3369.06 3391.99 3396.58 3425.02 3441.00 3461.38 3521.09 3542.15 3552.52 3603.20 3688.42 3724.94 3741.31 3761.12 3819.67 3844.23 3865.57 3884.75 3907.10 3930.48 3971.96 4011.69 4017.58 4039.19 4085.38 4129.70 4205.05 4298.73 4355.09 4435.56 4522.57 4594.03

I I II I II II II II III III II I II II I I II III III I I I II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

9800 8300 110 150 180 180 170 110 170 170 210 270 210 200 110 120 750 300 120 200 390 110 150 120 120 540 120 110 120 450 380 260 120 120 200 150 200 120 210 330 180 170 600 cw 330 480 cw 170 240 110 420 170 420 140 240 240 120 330 110 260 cw 140 240 170

4627.22 4661.88 4867.62 4907.18 4911.40 5013.17 5022.91 5029.54 5114.37 5129.10 5133.52 5160.07 5166.70 5199.85 5200.96 5206.44 5215.10 5223.49 5239.24 5266.40 5271.96 5272.48 5282.82 5291.26 5294.64 5357.61 5361.61 5376.94 5392.94 5402.77 5451.51 5452.94 5488.65 5510.52 5547.44 5570.33 5577.14 5580.03 5645.80 5765.20 5783.69 5818.74 5830.98 5966.07 5967.10 5972.75 5992.83 6012.56 6018.15 6029.00 6049.51 6057.36 6083.84 6099.35 6118.78 6173.05 6178.76 6188.13 6195.07 6262.25 6299.77

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

230 120 cw 120 cw 180 140 830 120 1400 50 140 360 120 330 570 570 540 720 300 160 60 cw 70 35 24 cw 21 cw 18

6303.41 6350.04 6400.93 6410.04 6411.32 6437.64 6457.96 6645.11 6666.35 6802.72 6864.54 7040.20 7077.10 7194.81 7217.55 7301.17 7370.22 7426.57 7583.91 7742.57 7746.19 7887.99 8209.80 8642.67 8870.30

Fluorine F Z = 9 50 148.00 50 163.56 90 165.98 100 166.18 50 186.84 60 190.57 70 190.84 50 196.39 60 196.45 70 200.09 80 201.16 90 208.25 90 240.08 100 251.03 140 419.65 150 420.05 160 420.73 100 429.51 110 430.15 150 430.76 90 464.29 120 465.98 130 490.57 160 491.00 50 497.38 60 497.83 70 498.80 90 506.16 100 508.08 120 508.39 60 514.08 90 525.29 100 526.30 120 567.69 110 567.75

II I I I I II I II III I I I II II II II II II I I I I I I I V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V V III III

5/4/05 8:04:00 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-24 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 140 150 160 90 100 90 100 110 130 120 130 110 140 140 140 130 150 130 160 60 150 125 500 1000 750 500 20 350 100 40 100 60 70 80 80 90 70 70 110 120 110 140 130 110 100 110 100 100 100 100 130 140 100 120 150 110 140 160 110 170

570.64 571.30 571.39 572.66 605.67 606.80 630.20 647.77 647.87 654.03 656.12 656.87 657.23 657.33 658.33 676.12 677.15 677.22 678.99 679.21 757.04 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 972.40 973.90 976.22 976.51 977.75 1082.31 1088.39 1219.03 1266.87 1267.71 1297.54 1359.92 1498.93 1502.01 1504.18 1504.79 1506.30 1506.77 1553.02 1557.59 1563.73 1565.54 1623.40 1650.76 1670.39 1677.40 1716.99 1770.09 1770.67 1772.93 1773.36 1791.65 1803.03 1805.90

Section 10.indb 24

IV IV IV IV II II III V V V III III V V III IV IV IV IV IV V I I I I I I I I I I I V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 120 110 100 120 120 50 40 120 50 130 130 120 150 120 120 130 120 130 140 130 140 120 130 160 120 160 40 50 140 150 150 120 140 150 120 140 160 140 140 120 h 130 120 130 120 160 150 140 160 180 140 140 140 180 170 120 200 200 200 6 12

1839.30 1839.97 1840.14 2027.44 2030.32 2217.17 2298.29 2451.58 2452.07 2456.92 2464.85 2470.29 2478.73 2484.37 2542.77 2580.04 2583.81 2593.23 2595.53 2599.28 2625.01 2629.70 2656.44 2755.55 2759.63 2788.15 2811.45 2820.74 2826.13 2833.99 2835.63 2860.33 2862.86 2887.58 2889.45 2905.30 2913.29 2916.34 2932.49 2994.28 2997.21 2997.53 2999.47 3039.25 3039.75 3042.80 3049.14 3113.62 3115.70 3121.54 3124.79 3134.23 3146.99 3174.17 3174.76 3214.00 3501.45 3501.57 3502.96 3594.10 3668.17

III III III III III III IV IV III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 260 250 5 8 5 5 240 220 230 200 200 200 140 h 120 h 120 h 140 h 6 150 160 15 12 18 12 10 20 12 15 40 90 18 25 25 140 120 12 25 70 50 150 80 900 100 150 140 800 400 130 13000 10000 140 8000 450 300 400 1800 400 7000 1500 9000 50000

3847.09 3849.99 3851.67 3898.48 3930.69 3934.26 3948.56 4024.73 4025.01 4025.49 4103.51 4246.23 4299.17 4420.30 4427.35 4432.32 4479.99 4960.65 5012.54 5110.99 5230.41 5279.01 5540.52 5552.43 5577.33 5624.06 5626.93 5659.15 5667.53 5671.67 5689.14 5700.82 5707.31 5753.17 5761.20 5950.15 5959.19 5965.28 5994.43 6015.83 6038.04 6047.54 6080.11 6091.82 6125.50 6149.76 6210.87 6233.57 6239.65 6348.51 6363.05 6413.65 6569.69 6580.39 6650.41 6690.48 6708.28 6773.98 6795.53 6834.26 6856.03

II II II I I I I II II II II II II III III III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I III III I I III I I III I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

8000 15000 6000 4000 45000 30000 15000 1000 15000 700 5000 120 130 10000 4000 2200 2500 900 5000 5000 7000 18000 15000 300 500 350 300 80 1000 900 350 350 600 300 600 300 350 2500 3000 500 1500 2000 600 900 1000 300 350 400 350 200 25 12 25 15 12 80 h 15 20

6870.22 6902.48 6909.82 6966.35 7037.47 7127.89 7202.36 7309.03 7311.02 7314.30 7331.96 7336.77 7354.94 7398.69 7425.65 7482.72 7489.16 7514.92 7552.24 7573.38 7607.17 7754.70 7800.21 7879.18 7898.59 7936.31 7956.32 8016.01 8040.93 8075.52 8077.52 8126.56 8129.26 8159.51 8179.34 8191.24 8208.63 8214.73 8230.77 8232.19 8274.62 8298.58 8302.40 8807.58 8900.92 8912.78 9025.49 9042.10 9178.68 9433.67 9505.30 9662.04 9734.34 9822.11 9902.65 10047.98 10285.45 10862.31

Francium Fr Z = 87 7177.

I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I

5/4/05 8:04:03 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

Gadolinium Gd Z = 64 1200 1007.24 1200 1063.84 1600 1476.98 1500 1705.03 1600 1706.01 2000 1736.24 1500 1815.32 2200 1975.24 3400 2018.07 2800 2359.31 1400 2397.87 2800 2697.39 2800 2703.28 2700 2727.89 9000 2904.73 9500 2955.53 1200 2999.04 2100 3010.13 1900 3027.60 2100 3032.84 1600 3034.05 2100 3081.99 3500 3100.50 930 3145.00 980 3156.53 980 3161.37 4000 3176.66 1400 3331.38 1100 3336.18 5400 3350.47 4300 3358.62 5400 3362.23 1100 3392.53 1100 d 3407.56 6900 3422.47 1700 3439.21 2700 3439.99 1400 3450.38 1100 3451.23 2700 3463.98 1700 3467.27 1700 3468.99 1400 3473.22 2200 3481.28 1700 3481.80 1700 3494.40 1400 3505.51 1100 3512.50 4300 3545.80 3900 3549.36 1400 3557.05 5400 3584.96 1100 3592.71 1100 3604.87 6100 3646.19 3900 3654.62 3100 3656.15 1400 3662.26 2700 3664.60 2000 3671.20

Section 10.indb 25

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II

10-25 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 3100 2000 1300 2700 2000 1400 2000 1800 d 1500 4500 1400 8700 1400 2900 5100 3700 3300 5100 4300 1600 1500 2200 1200 1400 1200 1100 1100 1400 1600 1300 2200 2600 2600 1900 1300 2800 1500 1100 2600 2200 1100 2400 2400 2200 1300 4800 1700

3684.13 3687.74 3697.73 3699.73 3712.70 3713.57 3716.36 3717.48 3719.45 3730.84 3743.47 3758.31 3768.39 3770.69 3783.05 3796.37 3813.97 3850.69 3850.97 3852.45 3866.99 3894.70 3916.51 3934.79 3945.54 3957.67 4023.14 4028.15 4037.33 4045.01 4049.43 4049.86 4053.64 4058.22 4063.39 4078.44 4078.70 4085.56 4092.71 4098.61 4130.37 4132.28 4175.54 4184.25 4190.78 4212.00 4225.85 4251.73

I II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II I I II I I II I II II I I II II I II I II II II I II I II I II

1600 1100 1800 2600 d 1900 1000 2200 1400 1400 1100 1100 910 520

4262.09 4306.34 4313.84 4325.57 4327.12 4344.30 4346.46 4401.86 4422.41 4430.63 4519.66 4537.81 4614.50

I I I II I II I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

700 410 470 300 320 280 750 75 5000 130 910 180 120 860 190 410 280 130 320 120 140 280 280 220 280 130 280 110 170 300 200 300 240 3000 150 4000 3000 190 110 260 3000 390 120 240 220 280 110 170 85 85 65 110 h 430 75 40 40 40 h 55 50 35 85

4694.33 4743.65 4767.24 4784.62 4821.69 4934.12 5015.04 5039.09 5091.70 5098.38 5103.45 5108.91 5125.56 5155.84 5176.28 5197.77 5219.40 5233.93 5251.18 5252.14 5255.80 5283.08 5301.67 5302.76 5307.30 5321.50 5321.78 5327.32 5333.30 5343.00 5348.67 5350.38 5353.26 5365.96 5370.63 5553.30 5587.88 5617.91 5632.25 5643.24 5658.98 5696.22 5733.86 5791.38 5851.63 5856.22 5904.56 5911.45 5930.29 5936.84 5937.71 5988.02 6114.07 6305.15 6331.35 6380.95 6538.15 6564.78 6634.36 6681.23 6730.73

I I I I I I I I III II I II II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I III III I I I III I II I I I I II I I I I I II I II I I II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 26 100 100 50 75 60 45 35 170 28 28 35 40 55 80 35 35 25 18 21 21 h 14 h 18 h 5000

6752.67 6786.33 6828.25 6916.57 6985.89 6991.92 6996.76 7006.16 7122.57 7168.37 7189.57 7262.66 7441.85 7464.36 7562.97 7733.50 7846.35 7856.93 7930.25 8146.15 8668.63 8832.06 8849.14 8867.31 14332.88

II II I I II I II II I I II I I I I I II I II I I II I I III

Gallium Ga 14 61 30 30 30 41 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 30 40 40 40 30 30 25 16 50 40 90 90 50 20 40 40 90 90 120 80 90 80

Z = 31 294.53 295.67 298.44 300.01 302.86 304.99 307.03 308.26 311.79 313.68 319.41 322.31 322.99 323.10 324.25 324.95 326.14 326.77 328.65 423.18 439.92 620.00 622.01 806.51 817.30 828.70 878.17 973.21 989.75 1014.47 1019.71 1050.48 1054.56 1058.12 1066.69

IV IV V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV III III III III III V V V V V V V V V

5/4/05 8:04:05 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-26 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 80 90 110 60 80 250 80 90 100 80 160 140 60 75 70 80 120 130 120 100 130 67 130 90 70 120 35 70 25 75 48 40 68 40 73 73 75 69 72 80 63 50 60 60 75 83 81 82 90 81 15 80 80 60 82 83 82 80 80 60

1069.60 1073.77 1078.83 1079.60 1080.99 1085.00 1085.01 1087.37 1091.71 1094.36 1095.10 1102.83 1103.03 1105.61 1105.62 1106.17 1118.34 1126.40 1128.10 1128.53 1129.94 1136.07 1137.06 1150.23 1150.27 1156.10 1156.51 1157.74 1163.60 1169.40 1170.58 1171.71 1178.95 1185.23 1186.06 1190.89 1193.02 1195.02 1201.54 1206.89 1213.17 1216.15 1228.03 1236.38 1238.59 1245.53 1258.77 1264.66 1267.15 1267.16 1279.24 1283.64 1285.33 1293.46 1295.36 1295.86 1299.46 1303.53 1309.68 1314.82 1323.15

Section 10.indb 26

V V V V V III V V V V V V V III V V V V V V V V IV V III IV V V IV V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV V IV III III IV IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

85 77 76 70 74 60 77 70 73 90 50 10 15 20 90 90 15 10 10 20 15 50 80 100 10 10 10 10 15 10 h 10 40 100 150 100 150 10 20 15 10 2000 1000 10 h 20 h 30 h 10 h 50 h 100 h 15 h 20 h 100 h 200 h 200 h 200 h 300 h 100 h 400 200 60 60 70

1338.09 1347.03 1351.06 1353.92 1364.63 1395.54 1402.55 1405.32 1465.87 1495.07 1534.46 1813.98 1845.30 2091.34 2417.70 2423.98 2424.36 2632.66 2665.05 2700.47 2780.15 3521.77 3581.19 3589.34 3731.10 3806.60 4032.99 4172.04 4251.16 4254.04 4255.77 4262.00 4380.69 4381.76 4863.00 4993.78 5808.28 5848.25 5993.51 6334.2 6396.56 6413.44 7251.4 7403.0 7464.0 7620.5 7734.77 7800.01 8002.55 8074.25 8311.86 8386.49 9492.92 9493.12 9589.36 10905.95 11949.12 12109.78 14996.64 22016.81 22568.71

Intensity IV IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III II II II III III III I I II II III III III III III I I II II II II III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Wavelength/Å

Germanium Ge Z = 32 700 294.51 1000 295.64 200 304.98 20 621.52 50 724.21 60 746.88 60 760.05 10 862.234 15 875.493 15 905.977 20 920.554 300 971.35 300 990.66 50 999.101 300 1004.38 100 1016.638 900 1045.71 700 1072.66 100 1075.072 300 1085.51 40 1088.45 800 1089.49 200 1098.71 500 1106.74 1000 1116.94 500 1120.46 700 1163.39 200 1164.27 500 1181.19 500 1181.65 200 1188.73 20 1188.99 300 1191.26 700 1222.30 20 1229.81 500 1237.059 500 1261.905 100 1264.710 200 1401.24 200 1538.091 500 1576.855 75 1581.070 100 1602.486 3r 1615.57 2r 1624.130 2r 1630.173 3r 1636.31 4r 1639.730 2 1647.531 200 1649.194 2 1651.528 4r 1651.955 3 1661.345 4r 1663.539 10 h 1665.275 4 1667.802 3r 1670.608 100 r 1691.090 200 r 1716.784 100 h 1739.102

V V V V V V V II II II II V V II V II V V II II III V II II V II V II II II II IV II V IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 50 200 100 100 h 100 h 50 h 200 200 100 h 75 h 200 h 200 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 200 500 r 100 300 r 100 500 r 50 h 30 300 r 100 h 500 r 10 h 100 r 500 100 r 500 30 s 200 200 500 30 h 30 200 200 300 h 300 500 r 200 1700 2400 r 1600 r 420 220 h 750 r 2600 r 420 2000 r 25 240 95 h 50 h 340 r 15 18 18

1742.195 1746.065 1750.043 1758.279 1764.185 1765.284 1766.433 1774.176 1785.046 1793.071 1801.432 1841.328 1842.410 1844.410 1845.872 1846.958 1853.134 1860.086 1865.052 1874.256 1895.197 1904.702 1908.434 1912.409 1917.592 1923.467 1929.826 1934.048 1937.483 1938.008 1938.300 1938.891 1944.116 1944.731 1955.115 1962.013 1963.373 1965.383 1970.880 1979.274 1987.849 1988.267 1998.887 2011.29 2019.068 2041.712 2043.770 2054.461 2057.238 2065.215 2068.656 2086.021 2094.258 2104.45 2105.824 2124.744 2186.451 2198.714 2220.375 2256.001 2314.201

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:04:09 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

24 15 20 10 15 130 30 30 90 500 70 20 3 28 500 8 1200 500 500 850 400 40 650 70 80 1000 1000 750 600 20 35 40 110 40 300 60 50 200 70 200 150 10 1000 1000 50 100 200 3 6 6 8 8 6 7 6 5 9 6 5 6 9

2327.918 2359.233 2379.144 2389.472 2397.885 2417.367 2436.412 2488.25 2497.962 2500.54 2533.230 2542.44 2556.298 2589.188 2592.534 2644.184 2651.172 2651.568 2691.341 2709.624 2729.78 2740.426 2754.588 2793.925 2829.008 2831.843 2845.527 3039.067 3067.021 3124.816 3211.86 3255.05 3269.489 3434.03 3499.21 3554.19 3676.65 4178.96 4226.562 4260.85 4291.71 4685.829 4741.806 4814.608 4824.097 5131.752 5178.648 5194.583 5265.892 5513.263 5564.741 5607.010 5616.135 5621.426 5664.226 5664.842 5691.954 5701.776 5717.877 5801.029 5802.093

Section 10.indb 27

I I I I I I I IV I II I IV I I I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I I III III I III II IV IV III I III III I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-27 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 500 75 100 100 6 50 30 5 7 10 10 6 10 10 9 5 5 6 20 20 4 7 5 4 10 10 8 8 10 230 600 1300 1050 235 470 150 135 70 62 28

5893.389 6021.041 6283.452 6336.377 6484.181 6557.488 7049.369 7145.390 7353.334 7384.208 7833.575 8031.039 8044.165 8256.013 8482.21 8700.60 9068.785 9095.957 9398.868 9474.993 9475.645 9492.559 9625.664 10039.436 10200.952 10382.427 10404.913 10734.068 10947.416 11125.130 11252.83 11714.76 12069.20 12391.58 13107.61 14822.38 16759.79 17214.34 18811.86 19279.24 20673.64

Gold Au Z = 79 100 843.44 100 845.14 200 945.10 100 1040.63 80 1044.49 80 1046.81 100 h 1239.96 100 1278.51 100 1314.84 100 h 1328.37 200 1336.72 180 1341.68 100 1348.89 150 1350.32 150 1355.61 150 1356.13 50 1363.98 500 1365.40 200 1367.17

II II II II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III I III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 70 50 180 150 150 125 200 80 50 300 100 180 60 180 50 100 70 100 225 250 100 100 125 150 300 80 250 275 50 250 300 200 150 250 250 100 150 100 150 100 300 250 200 250 200 200 100 100 200 200 200 150 200 200 150 70 200 250 100 500

1368.62 1374.82 1375.76 1377.73 1378.69 1379.98 1380.53 1381.36 1382.75 1385.33 1385.79 1389.41 1391.46 1392.27 1396.00 1402.12 1402.91 1407.38 1408.45 1409.50 1413.80 1414.27 1417.09 1417.39 1427.42 1428.93 1429.19 1430.06 1433.37 1435.79 1435.81 1439.12 1441.21 1446.37 1448.42 1454.95 1464.72 1471.28 1474.73 1481.10 1481.76 1487.15 1487.91 1489.47 1500.37 1502.47 1503.74 1542.00 1548.50 1567.54 1574.85 1579.44 1584.10 1587.16 1589.56 1593.41 1598.24 1600.51 1617.16 1617.78 1621.93

I I I III III III III III I I III III III I III I III I I III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 300 d 250 50 100 150 250 250 100 100 125 1000 150 200 200 200 200 100 250 200 100 300 500 100 d 300 150 500 500 500 300 100 800 200 100 60 300 150 500 200 400 100 400 400 150 500 150 100 150 100 100 200 100 400 150 11000 2600 150 300 60 100 80

1624.34 1629.13 1638.88 1639.90 1644.17 1646.67 1652.74 1664.77 1665.76 1668.11 1673.93 1693.94 1697.09 1698.98 1699.34 1700.00 1702.25 1707.53 1710.16 1715.69 1716.71 1717.83 1727.31 1733.17 1738.48 1744.39 1746.10 1756.92 1761.95 1767.42 1774.42 1775.17 1776.40 1780.57 1783.22 1786.11 1792.65 1793.76 1801.98 1805.24 1809.81 1821.17 1844.89 1848.83 1861.80 1871.92 1879.83 1918.28 1932.04 1935.42 1948.79 1958.47 1989.63 1996.85 2012.00 2021.38 2082.09 2083.09 2110.68 2159.08 2167.33

I III III I III I III III I III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III I I II III II III III

5/4/05 8:04:12 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-28 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 500 70 80 300 180 100 120 150 150 2600 60 250 3400 1100 100 1000 300 100 100 h 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 320 300 100 1600 100 100 300 300 300 100 100 100 100 h 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 100 h 100 100 100 100 100 h 400 300

2172.20 2184.11 2188.97 2248.56 2263.62 2322.27 2352.65 2382.40 2387.75 2402.71 2405.12 2427.95 2533.52 2641.48 2675.95 2748.25 2780.82 2802.04 2819.79 2822.55 2825.44 2837.85 2846.92 2856.74 2883.45 2891.96 2893.25 2907.04 2913.52 2918.24 2954.22 2990.27 2994.80 3029.20 3065.42 3122.50 3122.78 3194.72 3227.99 3230.63 3308.30 3309.64 3309.86 3320.12 3355.15 3391.31 3395.40 3467.21 3557.36 3586.73 3611.57 3631.31 3637.90 3645.02 3650.74 3709.62 3796.01 3874.73 3892.26 3897.86 3909.38

Section 10.indb 28

III III III II II III I III I III III I II I I I I II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 400 700 100 100 200 120 h 250 900 h 100 h 500 100 100 300 100 h 100 100 h 300 100 h 300 h 600 100 600 10 10

3927.69 4040.93 4065.07 4084.10 4241.80 4315.11 4437.27 4488.25 4607.51 4620.56 4792.58 4811.60 5147.44 5230.26 5261.76 5655.77 5721.36 5837.37 5862.93 5956.96 6278.17 6562.68 7510.73 8145.06 9254.28

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Hafnium Hf 220 180 200 200 400 600 200 270 180 180 180 180 180 270 245 180 180 160 160 160 270 200 160 160 160 440 270 160 370 370 270 270 160 220 370

Z = 72 545.41 600.00 618.27 644.54 647.39 665.65 673.49 867.25 875.88 885.58 896.14 901.54 919.10 921.67 951.62 960.12 964.74 971.51 1092.76 1201.76 1232.03 1233.59 1237.42 1239.53 1244.46 1396.66 1400.09 1401.70 1407.17 1408.38 1412.28 1413.51 1421.96 1422.53 1433.43

V V IV IV IV IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

370 500 370 270 100 270 550 750 750 440 1000 1000 500 370 270 6200 8500 300 1200 200 h 200 h 200 200 200 540 200 320 160 250 620 200 h 230 580 300 300 200 300 200 230 320 540 250 250 170 450 670 540 370 320 390 450 400 430 210 2000 290 580 580 1000 890 340

1437.27 1437.73 1445.40 1457.91 1717.21 1719.32 1729.08 1731.83 1733.96 1741.74 1749.11 1750.19 1760.89 1765.62 1774.02 2012.78 2028.18 2070.94 2096.18 2099.30 2110.31 2155.66 2183.50 2195.44 2210.82 2234.59 2254.01 2255.15 2266.83 2277.16 2313.44 2321.14 2322.47 2323.25 2324.89 2332.97 2336.47 2337.33 2343.32 2347.44 2351.22 2380.30 2383.540 2393.18 2393.36 2393.83 2405.42 2410.14 2417.69 2447.25 2460.49 2461.74 2464.19 2469.18 2495.16 2496.99 2512.69 2513.03 2515.16 2516.88 2531.19

V V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V II II III II III III III III III II III II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II III II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 320 400 h 250 300 h 890 320 320 300 320 390 450 230 450 160 1100 1100 160 670 160 210 290 200 670 210 250 710 200 360 500 450 160 170 980 180 390 230 230 170 230 200 1200 490 180 410 270 270 180 180 760 760 2100 210 800 1800 1200 890 2000 580 320 180

2537.33 2551.40 2560.74 2563.61 2567.46 2571.67 2573.90 2576.82 2578.14 2582.54 2606.37 2607.03 2613.60 2622.74 2637.00 2638.71 2641.41 2642.75 2647.29 2657.84 2661.88 2683.35 2687.22 2705.61 2712.42 2718.59 2738.76 2743.64 2751.81 2753.60 2761.63 2766.96 2773.02 2773.36 2774.02 2779.37 2808.00 2813.86 2814.48 2817.68 2819.74 2820.22 2822.68 2833.28 2845.83 2849.21 2850.96 2851.21 2860.56 2861.01 2861.70 2866.37 2887.14 2889.62 2898.26 2904.41 2904.75 2916.48 2918.58 2919.59 2924.62

II II III II III II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II II III I II I II I II III I I I II II I II II II I I II II I I II I II I II II I I I I I I I I II I

5/4/05 8:04:15 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

490 450 710 2000 160 1200 1100 540 1400 620 710 890 1100 210 170 800 1100 540 1100 980 1200 410 710 1100 850 2100 170 250 430 200 340 710 710 850 170 220 220 450 270 710 450 890 450 220 360 670 200 310 180 180 180 360 220 890 270 180 200 h 270 160 210 340

2929.63 2929.90 2937.80 2940.77 2944.71 2950.68 2954.20 2958.02 2964.88 2966.93 2968.81 2975.88 2980.81 2982.72 3000.10 3005.56 3012.90 3016.78 3016.94 3018.31 3020.53 3031.16 3050.76 3057.02 3067.41 3072.88 3074.10 3074.79 3080.84 3096.76 3101.40 3109.12 3131.81 3134.72 3139.65 3145.32 3148.41 3156.63 3159.82 3162.61 3168.39 3172.94 3176.86 3181.01 3193.53 3194.19 3196.93 3206.11 3210.98 3217.30 3220.61 3247.66 3249.53 3253.70 3255.28 3273.66 3279.67 3279.98 3291.05 3306.12 3310.27

Section 10.indb 29

II I II I I I I I I I II II I I II I II I II I I II I I I I I I I I II II I II II II I I I II I I II I II II I I I II II I I II II II III II I I I

10-29 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

670 180 890 370 230 180 180 230 170 800 230 230 230 230 2300 170 180 230 230 410 200 250 710 200 480 250 250 980 1200 980 980 760 180 540 1300 270 1100 210 540 800 320 800 320 200 220 200 480 2200 280 240 340 1000 650 160 460 160 400 170 200 1400 1400

3312.86 3317.99 3332.73 3352.06 3358.91 3360.06 3378.93 3384.70 3386.21 3389.83 3392.81 3394.59 3397.26 3397.60 3399.80 3400.21 3402.51 3410.17 3417.34 3419.18 3428.37 3438.24 3472.40 3478.99 3479.28 3495.75 3497.16 3497.49 3505.23 3523.02 3535.54 3536.62 3548.81 3552.70 3561.66 3567.36 3569.04 3597.42 3599.87 3616.89 3630.87 3644.36 3649.10 3651.84 3665.35 3672.27 3675.74 3682.24 3696.51 3699.72 3701.15 3717.80 3719.28 3729.10 3733.79 3737.88 3746.80 3766.92 3768.25 3777.64 3785.46

I II I II I I I II I II I II I I II I I II I I II II I II II II I I II I II I I II II I II II I I II II I I II I I I I II II I II I I II I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

650 850 d 320 1300 280 800 600 230 200 160 380 200 200 200 620 620 200 320 410 160 200 180 230 180 540 1100 160 190 170 170 170 200 170 320 160 180 250 180 160 200 250 500 d 230 210 120 160 310 130 120 95 95 75 230 110 120 110 110 75 230 230 95

3793.37 3800.38 3811.78 3820.73 3830.02 3849.18 3858.31 3860.91 3872.55 3877.10 3880.82 3882.52 3889.23 3889.33 3899.94 3918.09 3923.90 3931.38 3951.83 3968.01 3973.48 4032.27 4062.84 4083.35 4093.16 4174.34 4206.58 4209.70 4228.08 4232.44 4260.98 4263.39 4272.85 4294.79 4330.27 4336.66 4356.33 4370.97 4417.91 4438.04 4565.94 4598.80 4620.86 4655.19 4699.01 4782.74 4800.50 4859.24 4975.25 5018.20 5047.45 5170.18 5181.86 5243.99 5294.87 5354.73 5373.86 5452.92 5550.60 5552.12 5613.27

II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II I II I I II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 95 95 85 160 160 570 650 410 360 110 310 130 250 130 150 160 40 65

5719.18 6098.67 6185.13 6789.27 6818.94 7063.83 7131.81 7237.10 7240.87 7624.40 7740.17 7845.35 7920.71 7994.73 8204.58 8546.48 8640.06 8711.24 9004.73

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Z=2 231.454 232.584 234.347 237.331 243.027 256.317 303.780 303.786 320.293 505.500 505.684 505.912 506.200 506.570 507.058 507.718 508.643 509.998 512.098 515.616 522.213 537.030 584.334 591.412 958.70 972.11 992.36 1025.27 1084.94 1215.09 1215.17 1640.34 1640.47 2385.40 2511.20 2577.6 2723.19 2733.30 2763.80 2818.2 2829.08

II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I I

Helium He 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 10 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25 35 50 100 400 1000 50 5 6 8 15 30 35 50 120 180 7 9 50 1 12 2 10 4

5/4/05 8:04:17 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-30 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 40 20 3 15 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 10 1 500 20 1 50 5 12 2 3 10 3 200 25 6 30 30 4 20 100 10 5 500 100 8 100 3 200 30 50 1 2 2 2 10 4 3 1 1 3 6 2 15 1 10 2 3 300 1000

2945.11 3013.7 3187.74 3202.96 3203.10 3354.55 3447.59 3587.27 3613.64 3634.23 3705.00 3732.86 3819.607 3819.76 3888.65 3964.729 4009.27 4026.191 4026.36 4120.82 4120.99 4143.76 4387.929 4437.55 4471.479 4471.68 4685.4 4685.7 4713.146 4713.38 4921.931 5015.678 5047.74 5411.52 5875.62 5875.97 6560.10 6678.15 6867.48 7065.19 7065.71 7281.35 7816.15 8361.69 9063.27 9210.34 9463.61 9516.60 9526.17 9529.27 9603.42 9702.60 10027.73 10031.16 10123.6 10138.50 10311.23 10311.54 10667.65 10829.09 10830.25

Section 10.indb 30

I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 9 3 4 30 20 50 20 7 10 2 12 200 1 6 500 200 100 20 1000 80 10 20 3 4

10830.34 10913.05 10917.10 11626.4 11969.12 12527.52 12784.99 12790.57 12845.96 12968.45 12984.89 15083.64 17002.47 18555.55 18636.8 18685.34 18697.23 19089.38 19543.08 20581.30 21120.07 21121.43 21132.03 30908.5 40478.90

Holmium Ho Z = 67 170 2502.91 170 2533.80 190 2605.86 270 2750.35 270 2769.89 300 2824.20 270 c 2831.69 270 2849.10 360 2880.26 460 2880.98 570 c 2909.41 410 c 2979.63 410 2987.64 480 c 3049.38 410 c 3054.00 500 c 3057.45 500 c 3082.34 910 3084.36 430 c 3086.54 760 3118.50 580 c 3166.62 810 3173.78 810 c 3181.50 980 c 3281.97 630 c 3337.23 980 c 3343.58 8100 c 3398.98 810 c 3410.26 1400 c 3414.90 5400 3416.46 1200 3421.63 2000 c 3425.34 2000 c 3428.13 3200 3453.14 16000 c 3456.00

I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1600 810 c 5400 c 6300 2500 c 810 c 810 4100 c 410 c 630 1600 1100 c 410 410 c 630 c 810 410 410 630 c 1100 cw 540 c 410 430 c 490 430 c 430 c 1600 c 1400 720 670 720 580 410 490 c 430 450 1100 810 3200 cw 8900 c 8900 c 410 c 1300 cw 410 c 1100 490 c 1800 c 2700 c 3000 c 13000 c 1300 cw 580 490 2700 5400 c 8100 1700 720 8900 2900 1500

3461.97 3473.91 3474.26 3484.84 3494.76 3498.88 3510.73 3515.59 3519.94 3540.76 3546.05 3556.78 3560.15 3573.24 3574.80 3579.12 3580.75 3581.83 3592.23 3598.77 3600.95 3618.43 3626.69 3627.25 3631.76 3638.30 3662.29 3667.97 3679.19 3679.70 3682.65 3690.65 3700.04 3702.35 3712.88 3720.72 3731.40 3736.35 3748.17 3796.75 3810.73 3835.35 3837.51 3842.05 3843.86 3846.73 3854.07 3861.68 3888.96 3891.02 3905.68 3955.73 3959.68 4040.81 4045.44 4053.93 4065.09 4068.05 4103.84 4108.62 4120.20

II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1300 4300 1500 980 cw 8100 2500 540 2000 1300 cw 490 1300 300 290 80 130 130 c 290 100 c 65 290 250 c 220 90 130 80 140 130 110 160 90 c 130 c 90 65 90 80 90 100 70 65 140 140 c 140 c 140 c 70 c 70 70 cw 70 90 230 c 120 70 70 c 70 260 120 55 cw 55 c 40 cw 45 cw 140 40 c

4125.65 4127.16 4136.22 4152.61 4163.03 4173.23 4194.35 4227.04 4254.43 4264.05 4350.73 4477.64 4629.10 4701.69 4709.84 4717.52 4742.04 4757.01 4782.92 4939.01 4967.21 4979.97 4995.05 5042.37 5093.07 5127.81 5142.59 5143.22 5149.59 5167.88 5182.11 5190.11 5251.82 5301.25 5330.11 5359.99 5407.08 5566.52 5627.60 5659.58 5691.47 5696.57 5860.28 5882.99 5921.76 5948.03 5972.76 5973.52 5982.90 6081.79 6208.65 6305.36 6550.97 6604.94 6628.99 6694.32 6785.43 6939.49 6950.39 7555.09 7628.42

I I I II I I I I I I I II II II II I II I I I II I I I I I II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:04:21 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 50 c 60 cw 60 50 40 90 Hydrogen H 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 5 6 8 15 30 80 120 180 5 7 12 20 40 5 8 15 4 6

Wavelength/Å 7693.15 7815.48 7894.64 8512.94 8670.19 8915.98

I I I I I II

Z=1 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.722 1215.668 1215.674 3835.384 3889.049 3970.072 4101.74 4340.47 4861.33 6562.72 6562.852 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 18751.0 21655.3 26251.5 40511.6 46525.1 74578.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Indium In Z = 49 17 378.61 17 386.21 14 388.91 25 393.89 25 400.57 25 402.39 622 472.71 689 479.39 709 498.62 10 882.24 10 890.84 10 915.87 85 954.67 87 973.50 86 991.60 89 1024.68 85 1024.79 88 1031.45 82 1031.98 80 1054.43 84 1063.03 83 1068.25 82 1069.82 86 1077.64 90 1082.10 83 1086.33

Section 10.indb 31

V V V V V V IV IV IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

10-31 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

82 84 85 80 90 85 80 89 83 84 90 90 85 88 85 83 90 88 85 85 87 90 88 81 100 100 30 40 30 50 40 100 c 90 d 70 d 80 h 110 d 70 h 100 110 d 90 80 100 90 d 110 d 100 100 160 d 1100 200 90 d 100 d 140 d 140 d 80 1600 300 80 130 d 700 90 d 180 c

1096.81 1097.18 1116.10 1124.06 1131.46 1144.43 1145.41 1146.62 1154.11 1154.60 1157.71 1157.82 1159.78 1176.50 1191.58 1204.87 1206.55 1221.50 1221.90 1233.58 1235.84 1373.20 1398.77 1412.09 1625.42 1748.83 1842.41 1850.30 2154.08 2205.28 2281.64 2306.05 2313.21 2327.95 2334.57 2382.63 2427.20 2447.90 2488.62 2488.95 2498.59 2499.60 2500.99 2512.31 2521.37 2527.41 2554.44 2560.15 2601.76 2654.70 2662.63 2668.65 2674.56 2683.12 2710.26 2713.94 2726.15 2749.75 2753.88 2818.97 2836.92

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I III II I I II II II II II I I III II I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

80 120 d 1100 100 100 110 c 100 8000 110 d 180 c 130 c 80 c 130 d 150 100 c 90 c 90 d 13000 3000 90 c 100 c 110 d 180 c 95 c 380 w 120 c 160 c 160 c 170 w 230 c 250 c 200 c 100 100 100 c 250 w 120 c 140 d 100 150 410 w 100 100 17000 140 c 100 d 110 d 100 150 d 150 c 18000 110 c 140 c 180 w 180 w 140 c 170 c 250 c 150 w 170 c 140 c

2865.68 2890.18 2932.63 2941.05 2982.80 2999.40 3008.08 3039.36 3099.80 3101.8 3138.60 3142.75 3146.70 3155.77 3158.40 3176.30 3198.11 3256.09 3258.56 3338.50 3404.28 3438.40 3693.91 3708.13 3716.14 3718.30 3718.72 3723.40 3795.21 3799.21 3834.65 3842.18 3852.82 3889.78 3902.07 3962.35 4004.66 4013.92 4023.77 4032.32 4056.94 4071.57 4072.93 4101.76 4205.14 4213.04 4219.66 4252.68 4372.87 4500.78 4511.31 4549.01 4570.85 4578.02 4578.40 4616.08 4617.17 4620.14 4620.70 4627.30 4637.04

II II I II III II III I II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II III III II III III I II II II III II II I II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

380 c 220 c 360 c 320 w 190 c 450 w 90 d 150 c 80 h 100 w 140 c 270 c 200 w 80 d 240 c 140 c 200 150 c 80 140 c 220 w 130 c 140 c 320 c 250 w 130 c 190 w 240 c 200 w 100 160 c 100 c 100 210 c 490 w 260 w 120 c 130 c 250 c 210 c 180 w 230 w 240 w 320 w 150 c 90 140 c 190 w 80 180 w 200 100 c 280 w 140 w 270 w 290 w 300 w 210 c 190 c 180 c 100 c

4638.16 4644.58 4655.62 4656.74 4681.11 4684.8 4907.06 4973.77 5109.36 5115.14 5117.40 5120.80 5121.75 5129.85 5175.42 5184.44 5248.77 5309.45 5411.41 5418.45 5436.70 5497.50 5507.08 5513.00 5523.28 5536.50 5555.45 5576.90 5636.70 5645.15 5708.50 5721.80 5819.50 5853.15 5903.4 5915.4 5918.78 6062.9 6095.95 6108.66 6115.9 6128.7 6129.4 6132.1 6140.0 6143.23 6148.10 6149.5 6161.15 6162.45 6197.72 6224.28 6228.3 6231.1 6304.8 6362.3 6469.0 6541.20 6751.88 6765.9 6783.72

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:04:25 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-32 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 w 380 w 180 c 210 c 180 c 320 c 100 c 100 c 210 c 100 c 180 c 90 c 240 c 100 w 80 c 120 c 120 c 220 w 160 d 100 200 100 h 20 20 10 9 7 6 7

6891.5 7182.9 7255.0 7276.5 7303.4 7350.6 7632.7 7682.9 7740.7 7776.96 7789.0 7840.9 8227.0 8813.5 8832.6 9197.7 9202.0 9213.0 9241.1 9977.86 10257.03 10744.31 11334.72 11731.48 12912.59 13429.96 14719.08 22291.06 23879.13

Iodine I Z = 53 30 363.78 36 380.74 45 565.53 50 607.57 6 612.46 6 666.81 8 705.11 7 784.64 7 784.80 8 795.52 7 919.28 10000 1034.66 8 1094.20 10000 1139.80 10000 1160.56 20000 1166.48 10000 1178.65 15000 1187.34 10000 1190.85 200 1218.41 20000 1220.89 600 1224.05 600 1224.08 500 1228.89 20000 1234.06 600 1251.34 8 1252.35 2500 1259.15 3000 1259.51 800 1261.27 600 1267.57

Section 10.indb 32

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I V V V V IV III III III III III IV II III II II II II II II I II I I I II I III I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

600 1500 3000 10000 3000 3000 3000 2000 20000 5000 3000 5000 3000 2500 2500 4000 3000 2000 2000 8000 5000 5000 5000 5000 10000 2500 4000 2500 1000 5000 5000 5000 15000 2500 5000 5000 2500 15000 12000 5000 75000 15000 2000 7 6 7 8 9 8 8 8 7 8 5000 200 200 100 d 500 d 250 1000 200

1267.60 1275.26 1289.40 1300.34 1302.98 1313.95 1317.54 1330.19 1336.52 1355.10 1357.97 1360.97 1361.11 1367.71 1368.22 1383.23 1390.75 1392.90 1400.01 1425.49 1446.26 1453.18 1457.39 1457.47 1457.98 1458.79 1459.15 1465.83 1485.92 1492.89 1507.04 1514.68 1518.05 1526.45 1593.58 1617.60 1640.78 1702.07 1782.76 1799.09 1830.38 1844.45 2061.63 2361.13 2372.45 2376.46 2387.11 2426.10 2475.35 2519.74 2545.67 2545.71 2652.23 3078.75 4102.23 4129.21 4134.15 4321.84 4763.31 4862.32 4916.94

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV II I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 3000 c 1000 3000 c 10000 5000 c 600 c 3000 2000 c 10000 2000 c 4000 c 1000 d 2000 5000 300 2000 d 2000 c 1000 2000 c 800 500 800 1000 500 800 400 2000 1000 500 1000 2000 1000 5000 500 500 c 400 4000 500 500 1200 2000 1000 400 d 700 1000 500 5000 1000 500 5000 500 c 2000 500 d 2000 c 600 500 1000 99000 300 d 1000

5119.29 5161.20 5234.57 5245.71 5338.22 5345.15 5427.06 5435.83 5464.62 5625.69 5690.91 5710.53 5764.33 5894.03 5950.25 5984.86 6024.08 6074.98 6082.43 6127.49 6191.88 6213.10 6244.48 6293.98 6313.13 6330.37 6333.50 6337.85 6339.44 6359.16 6566.49 6583.75 6585.27 6619.66 6661.11 6697.29 6732.03 6812.57 6989.78 7120.05 7122.05 7142.06 7164.79 7191.66 7227.30 7236.78 7237.84 7402.06 7410.50 7416.48 7468.99 7490.52 7554.18 7556.65 7700.20 7897.98 7969.48 8003.63 8043.74 8065.70 8090.76

I II I II II II I II II II II II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 c 500 d 4000 10000 c 1000 1500 c 500 c 250 d 1000 2000 3000 1000 d 400 400 5000 15000 1000 12000 600 600 1000 4000 3000 2000 2000 3000 d 5000 500 750 1000 400 400 5000 400 350 320 450 300 150 60 140 200 100 225 105 150 15 20 15 35 110 50 10 220 150 30 32 12 9 10 8

8169.38 8222.57 8240.05 8393.30 8486.11 8664.95 8700.80 8748.22 8853.24 8853.80 8857.50 8898.50 8964.69 8993.13 9022.40 9058.33 9098.86 9113.91 9128.03 9227.74 9335.05 9426.71 9427.15 9598.22 9649.61 9653.06 9731.73 10003.05 10131.16 10238.82 10375.20 10391.74 10466.54 11236.56 11558.46 11778.34 11996.86 12033.69 12304.58 13149.16 13958.27 14287.02 14460.00 15032.57 15528.65 16037.33 18275.71 18348.52 18982.41 19070.17 19105.12 19370.02 20648.69 22183.03 22226.53 22309.21 24420.82 27365.42 27573.05 30361.93 30383.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:04:28 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 10 9 3 2

Wavelength/Å 34295.73 34513.11 40228.54 41633.80

Iridium Ir Z = 77 9900 2010.65 8700 2022.35 15000 2033.57 6200 2052.22 5000 2060.64 3700 2083.22 3100 2085.74 17000 2088.82 14000 2092.63 2700 2112.68 1800 2119.54 2000 2125.44 4500 2126.81 2000 2127.52 4500 2127.94 3700 2148.22 2500 2150.54 3500 2152.68 2900 2155.81 7900 2158.05 2100 2162.88 5800 2169.42 4500 2175.24 2700 2178.17 1600 2187.43 1100 2190.38 740 2191.64 910 2208.09 1300 2220.37 790 2221.07 2500 2242.68 620 2245.76 2100 2253.38 2100 2255.10 1400 2255.81 350 2258.51 1400 2258.86 830 2264.61 1100 2266.33 1000 2268.90 660 2280.00 950 2281.02 660 2281.91 330 2284.60 330 2295.08 790 2298.05 460 2299.53 910 2300.50 2700 2304.22 410 2305.47 210 2307.27 910 2308.93 460 2315.38 410 2321.45 410 2321.58 210 2327.98

Section 10.indb 33

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II I I II II I II I II II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-33 Intensity 540 740 580 1600 740 580 230 410 500 2500 370 3500 290 250 250 500 540 210 1300 2500 2700 230 290 290 290 540 370 620 210 370 290 540 540 1300 270 250 250 910 1300 230 210 210 870 3300 210 2100 620 210 250 4100 210 990 1100 580 580 7900 790 210 210 910 210

Wavelength/Å 2333.30 I 2333.84 I 2334.50 I 2343.18 I 2343.61 I 2355.00 I 2357.53 II 2358.16 I 2360.73 I 2363.04 I 2368.04 II 2372.77 I 2375.09 II 2377.28 I 2377.98 I 2379.38 I 2381.62 I 2383.17 I 2386.89 I 2390.62 I 2391.18 I 2407.59 I 2409.37 I 2410.17 I 2410.73 I 2413.31 I 2415.86 I 2418.11 I 2424.89 I 2424.99 I 2425.66 I 2427.61 I 2431.24 I 2431.94 I 2435.14 I 2445.34 I 2447.76 I 2452.81 I 2455.61 I 2455.87 I 2457.03 I 2457.23 I 2467.30 I 2475.12 I 2478.11 I 2481.18 I 2493.08 I 2496.27 I 2502.63 I 2502.98 I 2513.71 I 2533.13 I 2534.46 I 2537.22 I 2542.02 I 2543.97 I 2546.03 I 2551.40 I 2555.35 I 2564.18 I 2569.88 I

Intensity 230 740 740 740 700 1800 210 330 210 250 700 250 3500 210 1800 350 2700 520 520 330 270 3000 330 250 520 330 540 1600 380 410 680 1200 820 1100 820 3800 380 380 270 820 650 260 260 200 440 230 4400 1200 880 250 2700 230 200 1200 200 440 300 220 600 270 380

Wavelength/Å 2572.70 I 2577.26 I 2592.06 I 2599.04 I 2608.25 I 2611.30 I 2614.98 I 2617.78 I 2619.88 I 2625.32 I 2634.17 I 2639.42 I 2639.71 I 2644.19 I 2661.98 I 2662.63 I 2664.79 I 2669.91 I 2671.84 I 2673.61 I 2692.34 I 2694.23 I 2772.46 I 2775.55 I 2781.29 I 2785.22 I 2797.35 I 2797.70 I 2798.18 I 2800.82 I 2823.18 I 2824.45 I 2836.40 I 2839.16 I 2840.22 I 2849.72 I 2875.60 I 2875.98 I 2877.68 I 2882.64 I 2897.15 I 2901.95 I 2904.80 I 2907.24 I 2916.36 I 2918.57 I 2924.79 I 2934.64 I 2936.68 I 2938.47 I 2943.15 I 2946.97 I 2949.76 I 2951.22 I 2974.95 I 2980.65 I 2996.08 I 3002.25 I 3003.63 I 3017.31 I 3029.36 I

Intensity 330 300 300 300 1600 320 240 390 510 510 340 200 3400 490 370 370 610 370 5100 300 470 200 390 200 560 660 410 3200 220 410 320 1200 320 220 660 220 300 300 320 200 200 530 3100 230 480 480 400 590 460 350 370 150 100 140 90 260 220 160 65 110 55

Wavelength/Å 3039.26 I 3047.16 I 3049.44 I 3057.28 I 3068.89 I 3083.22 I 3086.44 I 3088.04 I 3100.29 I 3100.45 I 3120.76 I 3121.78 I 3133.32 I 3168.88 I 3177.58 I 3198.92 I 3212.12 I 3219.51 I 3220.78 I 3229.28 I 3241.52 I 3262.01 I 3266.44 I 3322.60 I 3368.48 I 3437.02 I 3448.97 I 3513.64 I 3515.95 I 3522.03 I 3558.99 I 3573.72 I 3594.39 I 3609.77 I 3628.67 I 3636.20 I 3661.71 I 3664.62 I 3674.98 I 3687.08 I 3731.36 II 3747.20 I 3800.12 I 3817.24 I 3902.51 I 3915.38 I 3934.84 I 3976.31 I 3992.12 I 4033.76 I 4069.92 I 4070.68 I 4092.61 I 4115.78 I 4172.56 I 4268.10 I 4311.50 I 4399.47 I 4403.78 I 4426.27 I 4478.48 I

5/4/05 8:04:32 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-34 Intensity 55 30 35 75 26 50 26 65 30 50 26 25 25 30 30 35 75 45 35 20 12 10 6

Wavelength/Å 4545.68 I 4548.48 I 4568.09 I 4616.39 I 4656.18 I 4728.86 I 4756.46 I 4778.16 I 4795.67 I 4938.09 I 4970.48 I 4999.74 I 5002.74 I 5014.98 I 5123.66 I 5364.32 I 5449.50 I 5625.55 I 5894.06 I 6110.67 I 6288.28 I 6686.08 I 7834.32 I

Iron Fe Z = 26 350 386.16 350 386.88 400 387.20 400 387.50 400 387.76 400 387.78 400 395.90 400 404.62 400 405.50 800 407.42 600 407.44 400 407.49 500 407.75 400 409.71 400 410.20 600 411.55 700 417.39 700 418.04 500 418.47 700 421.06 500 421.78 500 422.31 500 426.06 500 426.11 350 426.97 17 525.69 15 526.29 13 526.63 14 536.61 15 537.10 13 537.26 14 537.79 13 537.94 13 552.14 14 607.53 13 608.80 10 813.38

Section 10.indb 34

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III

Intensity 10 10 p 10 10 10 10 w 12 15 15 15 12 18 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 12 12 18 12 15 12 12 12 400 400 400 400 600 700 600 500 500 800 400 600 800 400 500 400 600 400 600 800 13 800 400 800 700 400 700 500 400 500 700 500 400 500

Wavelength/Å 844.28 III 861.83 III 891.17 III 950.33 III 981.37 III 983.88 III 1055.27 II 1068.36 II 1071.60 II 1096.89 II 1099.12 II 1112.09 II 1121.99 II 1122.86 II 1128.07 II 1130.43 II 1133.41 II 1133.68 II 1138.64 II 1142.33 II 1143.23 II 1144.95 II 1147.41 II 1148.29 II 1151.16 II 1267.44 II 1272.00 II 1317.86 V 1323.27 V 1330.40 V 1359.01 V 1361.82 V 1373.59 V 1373.67 V 1376.34 V 1378.56 V 1387.94 V 1397.97 V 1400.24 V 1402.39 V 1406.67 V 1406.82 V 1407.25 V 1409.45 V 1415.20 V 1420.46 V 1430.57 V 1431.43 IV 1440.53 V 1442.22 V 1446.62 V 1448.85 V 1449.93 V 1456.16 V 1459.83 V 1460.73 V 1462.63 V 1464.68 V 1465.38 V 1466.65 V 1469.00 V

Intensity 500 10 h 13 13 14 13 15 13 14 10 h 13 14 12 h 13 14 13 13 13 13 10 h 13 13 13 13 13 15 13 17 14 13 13 13 15 13 13 16 14 12 14 13 14 13 13 15 14 13 13 17 15 14 13 18 15 15 14 16 14 12 15 15 12

Wavelength/Å 1479.47 V 1505.17 III 1526.60 IV 1530.26 IV 1532.63 IV 1532.91 IV 1533.86 IV 1533.95 IV 1536.58 IV 1538.63 III 1542.16 IV 1542.70 IV 1550.20 III 1566.26 IV 1568.27 IV 1591.51 IV 1592.05 IV 1598.01 IV 1600.58 IV 1601.21 III 1601.67 IV 1603.18 IV 1603.73 IV 1604.88 IV 1605.68 IV 1605.97 IV 1606.98 IV 1609.10 IV 1609.83 IV 1610.47 IV 1611.20 IV 1613.64 IV 1614.02 IV 1614.64 IV 1615.00 IV 1616.68 IV 1617.68 IV 1618.47 II 1619.02 IV 1621.16 IV 1621.57 IV 1623.38 IV 1623.53 IV 1626.47 IV 1626.90 IV 1628.54 IV 1630.18 IV 1631.08 IV 1631.12 II 1632.40 IV 1634.01 IV 1635.40 II 1636.32 II 1639.40 II 1639.40 IV 1640.04 IV 1640.16 IV 1641.76 II 1641.87 IV 1647.09 IV 1647.16 II

Intensity 15 15 13 13 15 14 13 13 13 13 12 14 13 14 13 15 15 12 13 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 13 12 20 20 18 13 13 13 10 12 10 12 13 11 20 10 s 19 15 15 10 p 18 15 14 30 25 14 10 l 14 s 12 50 10 12 25 30

Wavelength/Å 1651.58 IV 1652.90 IV 1653.41 IV 1656.11 IV 1656.65 IV 1660.10 IV 1662.32 IV 1662.52 IV 1663.54 IV 1668.09 IV 1670.74 II 1671.04 IV 1673.68 IV 1675.66 IV 1681.36 IV 1687.69 IV 1698.88 IV 1702.04 II 1709.81 IV 1711.41 IV 1712.76 IV 1717.90 IV 1718.16 IV 1719.46 IV 1722.71 IV 1724.06 IV 1725.63 IV 1761.08 IV 1761.38 II 1785.26 II 1786.74 II 1788.07 II 1792.10 IV 1796.93 IV 1827.98 IV 1869.83 III 1877.99 III 1882.05 III 1886.76 III 1890.67 III 1893.98 III 1895.46 III 1907.58 III 1914.06 III 1915.08 III 1922.79 III 1926.01 III 1926.30 III 1930.39 III 1931.51 III 1934.538 I 1937.269 I 1937.34 III 1938.90 III 1943.48 III 1945.34 III 1946.988 I 1950.33 III 1951.01 III 1951.571 I 1952.59 I

5/4/05 8:04:37 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 11 30 13 10 10 w 60 11 60 13 30 50 12 15 14 13 12 12 10 12 14 100 10 12 15 12 12 10 15 12 50 12 10 40 12 12 15 300 12 250 60 120 250 150 80 80 15 10 p 20 12 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 p 50 60 300 12

Section 10.indb 35

Wavelength/Å 1952.65 III 1953.005 I 1953.32 III 1953.49 III 1954.22 III 1957.823 I 1958.58 III 1960.144 I 1960.32 III 1961.25 I 1962.111 I 1963.11 II 1987.50 III 1991.61 III 1994.07 III 1995.56 III 1996.42 III 2061.55 III 2068.24 III 2078.99 III 2084.122 I 2084.35 III 2090.14 III 2097.48 III 2097.69 III 2103.80 III 2107.32 III 2151.78 III 2157.71 III 2157.794 I 2158.47 III 2161.27 III 2166.773 I 2166.95 III 2171.04 III 2174.66 III 2178.118 I 2180.41 III 2186.486 I 2186.892 I 2187.195 I 2191.839 I 2196.043 I 2200.390 I 2200.724 I 2208.41 II 2208.85 III 2213.65 II 2218.26 II 2220.38 II 2221.83 III 2229.27 III 2232.43 III 2232.69 III 2235.91 III 2238.16 III 2241.54 III 2250.790 I 2251.874 I 2259.511 I 2261.59 III

10-35 Intensity 60 80 10 80 50 150 150 80 150 150 300 10 15 200 600 80 300 50 100 150 120 150 10 p 10 200 10 p 10 100 100 300 10 p 200 10 600 80 150 200 250 200 150 120 200 80 80 80 80 120 300 150 120 120 80 120 150 1000 300 200 1000 300 800 250

Wavelength/Å 2264.389 I 2267.085 I 2267.42 III 2267.469 I 2270.862 I 2272.070 I 2276.026 I 2279.937 I 2284.086 I 2287.250 I 2292.524 I 2293.06 III 2295.86 III 2297.787 I 2298.169 I 2299.220 I 2300.142 I 2301.684 I 2303.424 I 2303.581 I 2308.999 I 2313.104 I 2317.70 III 2319.22 III 2320.358 I 2321.71 III 2326.95 III 2327.40 II 2331.31 II 2332.80 II 2336.77 III 2338.01 II 2338.96 III 2343.49 II 2343.96 II 2344.28 II 2348.11 II 2348.30 II 2359.12 II 2360.00 II 2360.29 II 2364.83 II 2365.76 II 2368.59 II 2369.456 I 2369.95 II 2371.430 I 2373.624 I 2373.74 II 2374.518 I 2376.43 II 2379.27 II 2380.76 II 2381.835 I 2382.04 II 2388.63 II 2389.973 I 2395.62 II 2399.24 II 2404.88 II 2406.66 II

Intensity 80 300 200 150 80 60 60 150 120 120 80 60 150 150 100 250 100 50 100 60 100 1500 150 80 100 100 1500 50 800 60 600 80 80 800 1000 200 600 60 120 1200 100 80 100 10000 300 1000 50 800 100 100 120 4000 100 80 1000 50 3000 100 2000 100 100

Wavelength/Å 2406.97 II 2410.52 II 2411.07 II 2413.31 II 2417.87 II 2420.396 I 2423.089 I 2424.14 II 2428.36 II 2430.08 II 2432.26 II 2438.182 I 2439.30 II 2439.74 I 2442.57 I 2443.872 I 2444.51 II 2445.212 I 2445.57 II 2447.709 I 2453.476 I 2457.598 I 2458.78 II 2461.28 II 2461.86 II 2462.181 I 2462.647 I 2463.730 I 2465.149 I 2467.732 I 2468.879 I 2470.67 II 2470.965 I 2472.336 I 2472.895 I 2473.16 I 2474.814 I 2476.657 I 2479.480 I 2479.776 I 2480.16 II 2482.12 II 2482.66 II 2483.271 I 2483.533 I 2484.185 I 2485.990 I 2486.373 I 2486.691 I 2487.066 I 2487.370 I 2488.143 I 2488.945 I 2489.48 II 2489.750 I 2489.913 I 2490.644 I 2490.71 II 2491.155 I 2491.40 II 2493.18 II

Intensity 500 60 50 100 600 150 1000 50 80 500 50 1000 120 80 400 80 300 800 150 50 4000 200 500 100 200 300 2000 800 250 150 200 120 100 120 400 200 200 100 100 150 50 200 600 80 300 250 150 800 80 100 80 80 600 400 200 150 300 100 1500 650 90

Wavelength/Å 2493.26 II 2494.000 I 2494.251 I 2495.87 I 2496.533 I 2498.90 I 2501.132 I 2501.693 I 2506.09 II 2507.900 I 2508.753 I 2510.835 I 2511.76 II 2512.275 I 2512.365 I 2516.570 I 2517.661 I 2518.102 I 2519.629 I 2522.480 I 2522.849 I 2523.66 I 2524.293 I 2525.02 I 2525.39 II 2526.29 II 2527.435 I 2529.135 I 2529.55 II 2529.836 I 2530.687 I 2533.63 II 2534.42 II 2535.49 II 2535.607 I 2536.792 I 2536.80 II 2538.80 II 2538.91 II 2538.99 II 2539.357 I 2540.66 II 2540.972 I 2541.10 II 2542.10 I 2543.92 I 2544.70 I 2545.978 I 2546.67 II 2548.74 II 2549.08 II 2549.39 II 2549.613 I 2562.53 II 2563.48 II 2574.36 II 2576.691 I 2582.58 II 2584.54 I 2585.88 II 2591.54 II

5/4/05 8:04:39 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-36 Intensity 90 650 2000 300 60 300 800 650 600 320 320 250 90 400 200 150 250 250 100 300 50 200 300 60 600 500 400 10 h 200 80 400 60 200 80 50 50 250 4000 100 50 1500 400 150 50 80 200 50 80 1000 60 50 500 50 500 120 400 250 800 200 150 200

Section 10.indb 36

Wavelength/Å 2593.73 II 2598.37 II 2599.40 II 2599.57 I 2605.657 I 2606.51 II 2606.827 I 2607.09 II 2611.87 II 2613.82 II 2617.62 II 2618.018 I 2620.41 II 2623.53 I 2625.67 II 2628.29 II 2631.05 II 2631.32 II 2632.237 I 2635.809 I 2641.646 I 2643.998 I 2666.812 I 2666.965 I 2679.062 I 2684.75 II 2689.212 I 2695.13 III 2699.106 I 2706.012 I 2706.582 I 2708.571 I 2711.655 I 2714.41 II 2716.257 I 2717.786 I 2718.436 I 2719.027 I 2719.420 I 2720.197 I 2720.903 I 2723.578 I 2724.953 I 2726.235 I 2727.54 II 2728.020 I 2728.820 I 2728.90 II 2733.581 I 2734.005 I 2734.268 I 2735.475 I 2735.612 I 2737.310 I 2737.83 I 2739.55 II 2742.254 I 2742.405 I 2743.20 II 2743.565 I 2744.068 I

Intensity 80 300 100 500 1200 80 150 100 800 250 100 120 150 150 120 120 80 250 300 600 3000 200 400 1500 10 p 2500 300 600 50 120 1500 120 200 200 1000 100 800 50 50 80 50 12 10 12 120 120 1200 60 1000 600 250 150 1500 120 800 1200 500 600 1000 1000 250

Wavelength/Å 2744.527 I 2746.48 II 2749.32 II 2749.48 II 2750.140 I 2753.29 II 2754.032 I 2754.426 I 2755.73 II 2756.328 I 2757.316 I 2761.780 I 2761.81 II 2762.026 I 2762.772 I 2763.109 I 2766.910 I 2767.522 I 2772.07 I 2778.220 I 2788.10 I 2797.78 I 2804.521 I 2806.98 I 2813.24 III 2813.287 I 2823.276 I 2825.56 I 2825.687 I 2828.808 I 2832.436 I 2835.950 I 2838.119 I 2843.631 I 2843.977 I 2845.594 I 2851.797 I 2869.307 I 2872.334 I 2874.172 I 2894.504 I 2904.43 III 2907.50 III 2907.70 III 2912.157 I 2929.007 I 2936.903 I 2941.343 I 2947.876 I 2953.940 I 2957.364 I 2965.254 I 2966.898 I 2969.36 I 2970.099 I 2973.132 I 2973.235 I 2981.445 I 2983.570 I 2994.427 I 2994.502 I

Intensity 500 120 800 12 60 12 h 200 500 120 15 60 60 500 1500 600 500 150 500 80 60 60 800 80 800 600 1000 250 120 120 80 100 100 60 100 10 p 10 80 10 10 150 250 500 800 200 80 50 100 200 200 60 50 80 60 300 600 80 50 120 300 100 80

Wavelength/Å 2999.512 I 3000.451 I 3000.948 I 3001.62 III 3001.655 I 3007.28 III 3007.282 I 3008.14 I 3009.569 I 3013.17 III 3017.627 I 3018.983 I 3020.491 I 3020.639 I 3021.073 I 3024.032 I 3025.638 I 3025.842 I 3030.148 I 3031.214 I 3034.484 I 3037.389 I 3041.637 I 3047.604 I 3057.446 I 3059.086 I 3067.244 I 3075.719 I 3091.577 I 3098.189 I 3099.895 I 3099.968 I 3100.303 I 3100.665 I 3136.43 III 3174.09 III 3175.445 I 3175.99 III 3178.01 III 3184.895 I 3191.659 I 3193.226 I 3193.299 I 3196.928 I 3199.500 I 3205.398 I 3211.88 I 3214.011 I 3214.396 I 3215.938 I 3217.377 I 3219.583 I 3219.766 I 3222.045 I 3225.78 I 3227.796 I 3233.967 I 3234.613 I 3236.222 I 3239.433 I 3244.187 I

Intensity 80 80 50 13 50 11 150 10 120 200 400 80 60 120 50 50 60 50 150 150 80 500 250 60 500 60 6000 2500 1000 200 1200 2000 500 2500 500 10 250 300 400 100 60 60 60 100 200 300 250 80 400 200 400 1000 1200 800 120 100 60 60 4000 150 150

Wavelength/Å 3246.005 I 3265.046 I 3265.617 I 3266.88 III 3271.000 I 3276.08 III 3286.75 I 3288.81 III 3305.97 I 3306.343 I 3355.227 I 3355.517 I 3369.546 I 3370.783 I 3378.678 I 3380.110 I 3383.978 I 3392.304 I 3392.651 I 3399.333 I 3404.353 I 3407.458 I 3413.131 I 3424.284 I 3427.119 I 3428.748 I 3440.606 I 3440.989 I 3443.876 I 3445.149 I 3465.860 I 3475.450 I 3476.702 I 3490.574 I 3497.840 I 3501.76 III 3513.817 I 3521.261 I 3526.040 I 3526.166 I 3526.237 I 3526.381 I 3526.467 I 3533.199 I 3536.556 I 3541.083 I 3542.075 I 3553.739 I 3554.925 I 3556.878 I 3558.515 I 3565.379 I 3570.097 I 3570.25 I 3571.996 I 3573.393 I 3573.829 I 3573.888 I 3581.19 I 3582.199 I 3584.660 I

5/4/05 8:04:43 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 120 300 150 10 200 400 100 11 150 11 200 500 1500 250 60 150 1500 200 150 150 100 1200 60 100 200 80 1500 250 80 200 120 150 100 150 1500 200 120 150 120 500 120 150 120 150 80 1200 60 150 300 600 120 8000 1500 120 60 60 500 150 1200 5000 120

Section 10.indb 37

Wavelength/Å 3584.929 I 3585.319 I 3585.705 I 3586.04 III 3586.103 I 3586.984 I 3594.633 I 3600.94 III 3603.204 I 3603.88 III 3605.454 I 3606.680 I 3608.859 I 3610.16 I 3612.068 I 3617.788 I 3618.768 I 3621.462 I 3622.004 I 3623.19 I 3631.096 I 3631.463 I 3632.041 I 3638.298 I 3640.389 I 3643.717 I 3647.842 I 3649.506 I 3650.279 I 3651.467 I 3670.024 I 3670.089 I 3676.311 I 3677.629 I 3679.913 I 3682.242 I 3683.054 I 3684.107 I 3685.998 I 3687.456 I 3689.477 I 3694.008 I 3695.051 I 3701.086 I 3704.462 I 3705.566 I 3707.041 I 3707.821 I 3707.919 I 3709.246 I 3716.442 I 3719.935 I 3722.563 I 3724.377 I 3725.491 I 3727.093 I 3727.619 I 3732.396 I 3733.317 I 3734.864 I 3735.324 I

10-37 Intensity 6000 100 400 6000 1200 3000 80 3000 1500 400 1500 400 600 60 250 100 250 250 150 400 120 250 400 200 80 600 60 1500 2500 150 80 2500 1500 1200 1000 120 500 800 120 80 200 120 2500 150 10000 150 60 250 150 250 2000 4000 200 300 800 1200 400 250 80 600 1200

Wavelength/Å 3737.131 I 3738.306 I 3743.362 I 3745.561 I 3745.899 I 3748.262 I 3748.964 I 3749.485 I 3758.232 I 3760.05 I 3763.788 I 3765.54 I 3767.191 I 3776.452 I 3785.95 I 3786.68 I 3787.880 I 3790.092 I 3794.34 I 3795.002 I 3797.518 I 3798.511 I 3799.547 I 3805.345 I 3806.696 I 3812.964 I 3813.059 I 3815.840 I 3820.425 I 3821.179 I 3824.306 I 3824.444 I 3825.880 I 3827.823 I 3834.222 I 3839.257 I 3840.437 I 3841.047 I 3843.256 I 3846.800 I 3849.96 I 3850.817 I 3856.372 I 3859.212 I 3859.911 I 3865.523 I 3867.215 I 3872.501 I 3873.761 I 3878.018 I 3878.573 I 3886.282 I 3887.048 I 3888.513 I 3895.656 I 3899.707 I 3902.945 I 3906.479 I 3916.731 I 3920.258 I 3922.911 I

Intensity 1200 2000 60 60 50 50 16 60 250 60 11 100 80 10 w 40 50 60 200 40 400 60 100 10 50 4000 11 1500 50 50 1200 40 12 40 40 150 10 11 11 40 400 80 40 15 13 200 800 40 50 60 18 13 50 13 60 50 50 120 50 120 120 80

Wavelength/Å 3927.920 I 3930.296 I 3948.774 I 3949.953 I 3951.164 I 3952.601 I 3954.33 III 3956.454 I 3956.68 I 3966.614 I 3968.72 III 3969.257 I 3977.741 I 3979.42 III 3981.771 I 3983.956 I 3994.114 I 3997.392 I 3998.053 I 4005.241 I 4009.713 I 4021.867 I 4035.42 III 4040.638 I 4045.813 I 4053.11 III 4063.594 I 4066.975 I 4067.977 I 4071.737 I 4076.629 I 4081.00 III 4100.737 I 4107.489 I 4118.544 I 4120.90 III 4122.02 III 4122.78 III 4127.608 I 4132.058 I 4134.676 I 4136.997 I 4137.76 III 4139.35 III 4143.415 I 4143.869 I 4153.898 I 4154.500 I 4156.799 I 4164.73 III 4166.84 III 4172.744 I 4174.26 III 4174.912 I 4175.635 I 4177.593 I 4181.754 I 4184.891 I 4187.038 I 4187.795 I 4191.430 I

Intensity 40 150 40 300 40 80 80 400 100 50 11 50 200 100 13 250 50 12 50 200 300 40 800 250 1200 12 h 12 1200 14 h 80 16 h 250 18 h 1200 20 h 150 1500 80 80 11 h 14 h 18 h 800 3000 1200 300 12 600 400 120 80 80 200 50 50 30 30 50 120 60 30

Wavelength/Å 4195.329 I 4198.304 I 4199.095 I 4202.029 I 4203.984 I 4206.696 I 4210.343 I 4216.183 I 4219.360 I 4222.212 I 4222.27 III 4225.956 I 4227.423 I 4233.602 I 4235.56 III 4235.936 I 4238.809 I 4243.75 III 4247.425 I 4250.118 I 4250.787 I 4258.315 I 4260.473 I 4271.153 I 4271.759 I 4273.40 III 4279.72 III 4282.402 I 4286.16 III 4291.462 I 4296.85 III 4299.234 I 4304.78 III 4307.901 I 4310.36 III 4315.084 I 4325.761 I 4352.734 I 4369.771 I 4372.31 III 4372.53 III 4372.81 III 4375.929 I 4383.544 I 4404.750 I 4415.122 I 4419.60 III 4427.299 I 4461.652 I 4466.551 I 4476.017 I 4482.169 I 4482.252 I 4489.739 I 4528.613 I 4647.433 I 4736.771 I 4859.741 I 4871.317 I 4872.136 I 4878.208 I

5/4/05 8:04:45 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-38 Intensity 100 250 30 150 500 1500 80 30 100 60 30 150 30 30 25 150 40 100 25 12 80 2500 80 500 50 80 200 10 30 25 150 60 1000 250 10 18 13 l 100 1200 800 14 15 30 16 60 12 11 12 25 14 w 10 10 150 800 300 100 80 500 11 12 12

Section 10.indb 38

Wavelength/Å 4890.754 I 4891.492 I 4903.309 I 4918.992 I 4920.502 I 4957.597 I 5001.862 I 5005.711 I 5006.117 I 5012.067 I 5014.941 I 5041.755 I 5049.819 I 5051.634 I 5074.748 I 5110.357 I 5139.251 I 5139.462 I 5151.910 I 5156.12 III 5166.281 I 5167.487 I 5168.897 I 5171.595 I 5191.454 I 5192.343 I 5194.941 I 5199.08 III 5204.582 I 5215.179 I 5216.274 I 5226.862 I 5227.150 I 5232.939 I 5235.66 III 5243.31 III 5260.34 III 5266.555 I 5269.537 I 5270.357 I 5272.98 III 5276.48 III 5281.789 I 5282.30 III 5283.621 I 5284.83 III 5298.12 III 5299.93 III 5302.299 I 5302.60 III 5306.76 III 5322.74 III 5324.178 I 5328.038 I 5328.531 I 5332.899 I 5339.928 I 5341.023 I 5346.88 III 5353.77 III 5363.76 III

Intensity 10 400 11 l 40 300 250 250 100 200 120 25 20 30 30 60 120 200 20 50 11 10 20 18 10 30 15 30 10 p 18 p 10 14 12 30 12 h 18 16 13 11 11 40 30 40 40 40 30 30 40 20 80 30 20 30 20 20 30 200 60 20 20 40 25

Wavelength/Å 5368.06 III 5371.489 I 5375.47 III 5393.167 I 5397.127 I 5405.774 I 5429.695 I 5434.523 I 5446.871 I 5455.609 I 5497.516 I 5501.464 I 5506.778 I 5569.618 I 5572.841 I 5586.755 I 5615.644 I 5624.541 I 5662.515 I 5719.88 III 5756.38 III 5762.990 I 5833.93 III 5854.62 III 5862.353 I 5891.91 III 5914.114 I 5920.13 III 5929.69 III 5952.31 III 5953.62 III 5979.32 III 5986.956 I 5989.08 III 5999.54 III 6032.59 III 6036.56 III 6048.72 III 6054.18 III 6065.482 I 6102.159 I 6136.614 I 6137.694 I 6191.558 I 6213.429 I 6219.279 I 6230.726 I 6246.317 I 6247.56 II 6252.554 I 6393.602 I 6399.999 I 6411.647 I 6421.349 I 6430.844 I 6456.38 II 6494.981 I 6546.239 I 6592.913 I 6677.989 I 7164.443 I

Intensity 80 30 30 40 60 80 60 80 60 50 150 120 20 120 30 15 60 150 52 87 91 255 160 230 160 580 225 1030 96 72 50 40 94 41 105

Wavelength/Å 7187.313 I 7207.381 I 7445.746 I 7495.059 I 7511.045 I 7937.131 I 7945.984 I 7998.939 I 8046.047 I 8085.176 I 8220.41 I 8327.053 I 8331.908 I 8387.770 I 8468.404 I 8514.069 I 8661.898 I 8688.621 I 11422.32 I 11439.12 I 11593.59 I 11607.57 I 11638.26 I 11689.98 I 11783.26 I 11882.84 I 11884.08 I 11973.05 I 14400.56 I 14512.23 I 14555.06 I 14826.43 I 15294.58 I 15769.42 I 18856.65 I

Krypton Kr 30 150 100 250 120 200 30 60 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 30 50 35 50 35 40 45

Z = 36 467.35 472.16 484.39 496.25 500.77 507.20 540.86 548.04 565.64 569.16 571.98 579.83 585.14 585.96 593.70 594.10 596.41 600.17 603.67 605.86 606.47 611.12 616.72 621.45 622.80

III V V V V V III V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 50 30 45 50 35 120 50 60 50 50 30 40 35 35 35 35 45 45

45 50 30 50 600 50 100 p 60 30 200 100 60 200 60 p 200 100 60

7 18 60 60 50 22 100 50 60 60 60 40 50 200 1000 400 75 200 2000 50 50

Wavelength/Å 625.02 III 625.76 III 628.59 III 630.04 III 633.09 III 637.87 V 639.98 III 646.41 III 651.20 III 659.72 III 664.86 III 672.34 III 672.85 III 676.57 III 680.13 III 683.68 III 686.25 III 687.98 III 690.86 V 691.75 V 691.93 III 695.61 III 698.05 III 708.36 III 708.85 V 714.00 III 722.04 III 729.40 II 746.70 III 761.18 II 763.98 II 766.20 II 771.03 II 773.69 II 782.10 II 783.72 II 785.97 III 793.44 IV 794.11 IV 805.76 IV 810.70 V 816.82 IV 818.15 II 830.38 II 837.66 III 842.04 IV 844.06 II 854.73 III 862.58 III 864.82 II 868.87 II 870.84 III 876.08 III 884.14 II 886.30 II 891.01 II 897.81 III 911.39 II 917.43 II 945.44 I 946.54 I

5/4/05 8:04:47 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 20 50 50 2000 50 100 100 100 30 200 650 6 6 3 6 3 4 4 3 3 40 4 3 5 4 6 100 h 5 60 40 4 5 6 5 5 6 4 30 3 5 10 8 7 60 30 40 80 h 3 8 6 3 100 3 30 30 5 3 50 100 30 50

Section 10.indb 39

Wavelength/Å 951.06 I 953.40 I 963.37 I 964.97 II 987.29 III 1001.06 I 1003.55 I 1030.02 I 1158.74 III 1164.87 I 1235.84 I 1638.82 III 1914.09 III 2237.34 IV 2291.26 IV 2329.3 IV 2336.75 IV 2348.27 IV 2358.5 IV 2388.05 IV 2393.94 III 2416.9 IV 2428.04 IV 2442.68 IV 2451.7 IV 2459.74 IV 2464.77 II 2474.06 IV 2492.48 II 2494.01 III 2517.0 IV 2518.02 IV 2519.38 IV 2524.5 IV 2546.0 IV 2547.0 IV 2558.08 IV 2563.25 III 2586.9 IV 2606.17 IV 2609.5 IV 2615.3 IV 2621.11 IV 2639.76 III 2680.32 III 2681.19 III 2712.40 II 2730.55 IV 2748.18 IV 2774.70 IV 2829.60 IV 2833.00 II 2836.08 IV 2841.00 III 2851.16 III 2853.0 IV 2859.3 IV 2870.61 III 2892.18 III 2909.17 III 2952.56 III

10-39 Intensity 60 50 80 50 30 60 40 60 30 100 60 3 100 80 6 40 40 300 3 150 100 30 30 30 50 200 60 50 100 40 100 70 100 200 100 100 h 200 30 250 80 150 100 80 30 300 h 200 150 200 150 80 500 500 3 5 40 h 150 h 150 200 5 100 100 h

Wavelength/Å 2992.22 III 3022.30 III 3024.45 III 3046.93 III 3056.72 III 3063.13 III 3097.16 III 3112.25 III 3120.61 III 3124.39 III 3141.35 III 3142.01 IV 3189.11 III 3191.21 III 3224.99 IV 3239.52 III 3240.44 III 3245.69 III 3261.70 IV 3264.81 III 3268.48 III 3271.65 III 3285.89 III 3304.75 III 3311.47 III 3325.75 III 3330.76 III 3342.48 III 3351.93 III 3374.96 III 3439.46 III 3474.65 III 3488.59 III 3507.42 III 3564.23 III 3607.88 II 3631.889 II 3641.34 III 3653.928 II 3665.324 I 3669.01 II 3679.559 I 3686.182 II 3690.65 III 3718.02 II 3718.595 II 3721.350 II 3741.638 II 3744.80 II 3754.245 II 3778.089 II 3783.095 II 3809.30 IV 3860.58 IV 3868.70 III 3875.44 II 3906.177 II 3920.081 II 3934.29 IV 3994.840 II 3997.793 II

Intensity 300 300 50 500 250 100 40 250 40 150 1000 100 600 200 500 h 400 1000 150 h 100 3000 500 200 800 300 h 200 100 500 600 600 800 800 400 h 600 400 h 200 h 800 300 150 h 500 1000 800 2000 500 100 200 3000 300 1000 300 300 800 700 150 300 20 h 200 250 400 h 500 200 500

Wavelength/Å 4057.037 II 4065.128 II 4067.37 III 4088.337 II 4098.729 II 4109.248 II 4131.33 III 4145.122 II 4154.46 III 4250.580 II 4273.969 I 4282.967 I 4292.923 II 4300.49 II 4317.81 II 4318.551 I 4319.579 I 4322.98 II 4351.359 I 4355.477 II 4362.641 I 4369.69 II 4376.121 I 4386.54 II 4399.965 I 4425.189 I 4431.685 II 4436.812 II 4453.917 I 4463.689 I 4475.014 II 4489.88 II 4502.353 I 4523.14 II 4556.61 II 4577.209 II 4582.978 II 4592.80 II 4615.292 II 4619.166 II 4633.885 II 4658.876 II 4680.406 II 4691.301 II 4694.360 II 4739.002 II 4762.435 II 4765.744 II 4811.76 II 4825.18 II 4832.077 II 4846.612 II 4857.20 II 4945.59 II 5016.45 III 5022.40 II 5086.52 II 5125.73 II 5208.32 II 5308.66 II 5333.41 II

Intensity 200 10 500 2000 80 100 400 200 h 100 3000 200 60 10 h 60 10 h 10 300 100 200 150 60 100 250 100 80 400 400 60 200 100 300 1000 2000 150 1000 1200 250 150 800 200 180 200 120 100 1500 4000 6000 60 3000 200 80 3000 100 1500 5000 100 3000 150 6000 2000 500

Wavelength/Å 5468.17 II 5501.43 III 5562.224 I 5570.288 I 5580.386 I 5649.561 I 5681.89 II 5690.35 II 5832.855 I 5870.914 I 5992.22 II 5993.849 I 6037.17 III 6056.125 I 6078.38 III 6310.22 III 6420.18 II 6421.026 I 6456.288 I 6570.07 II 6699.228 I 6904.678 I 7213.13 II 7224.104 I 7287.258 I 7289.78 II 7407.02 II 7425.541 I 7435.78 II 7486.862 I 7524.46 II 7587.411 I 7601.544 I 7641.16 II 7685.244 I 7694.538 I 7735.69 II 7746.827 I 7854.821 I 7913.423 I 7928.597 I 7933.22 II 7973.62 II 7982.401 I 8059.503 I 8104.364 I 8112.899 I 8132.967 I 8190.054 I 8202.72 II 8218.365 I 8263.240 I 8272.353 I 8281.050 I 8298.107 I 8412.430 I 8508.870 I 8764.110 I 8776.748 I 8928.692 I 9238.48 II

5/4/05 8:04:50 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-40 Intensity 500 hl 200 h 300 100 200 h 200 h 500 500 h 400 h 200 200 h 2000 500 500 1000 100 200 150 500 150 1500 600 160 100 1100 1000 2400 800 200 600 150 550 140 180 2000 100 1600 550 450 400 120 140 1700 130 1500 700 200 180 120 200 2000 1000 2400 1600 1800 600 700 120 150 650 700

Section 10.indb 40

Wavelength/Å 9293.82 II 9320.99 II 9361.95 II 9362.082 I 9402.82 II 9470.93 II 9577.52 II 9605.80 II 9619.61 II 9663.34 II 9711.60 II 9751.758 I 9803.14 II 9856.314 I 10221.46 II 11187.108 I 11257.711 I 11259.126 I 11457.481 I 11792.425 I 11819.377 I 11997.105 I 12077.224 I 12861.892 I 13177.412 I 13622.415 I 13634.220 I 13658.394 I 13711.036 I 13738.851 I 13974.027 I 14045.657 I 14104.298 I 14402.22 I 14426.793 I 14517.84 I 14734.436 I 14762.672 I 14765.472 I 14961.894 I 15005.307 I 15209.526 I 15239.615 I 15326.480 I 15334.958 I 15372.037 I 15474.026 I 15681.02 I 15820.09 I 16726.513 I 16785.128 I 16853.488 I 16890.441 I 16896.753 I 16935.806 I 17098.771 I 17367.606 I 17404.443 I 17616.854 I 17842.737 I 18002.229 I

Intensity 2600 100 150 300 170 200 140 300 140 600 1800 120 180 120 180 600 180 1000 150 140 300 300 300 500 1100 220 100 1400 1100 500 300 1300 250

Wavelength/Å 18167.315 I 18399.786 I 18580.896 I 18696.294 I 18785.460 I 18797.703 I 20209.878 I 20423.964 I 20446.971 I 21165.471 I 21902.513 I 22485.775 I 23340.416 I 24260.506 I 24292.221 I 25233.820 I 28610.55 I 28655.72 I 28769.71 I 28822.49 I 29236.69 I 30663.54 I 30979.16 I 39300.6 I 39486.52 I 39557.25 I 39572.60 I 39588.4 I 39589.6 I 39954.8 I 39966.6 I 40306.1 I 40685.16 I

Lanthanum La Z = 57 100 344.12 400 390.72 1000 432.11 2500 435.28 10000 463.14 5000 482.16 7000 498.08 15000 499.54 10000 503.58 12000 526.76 10000 531.07 15000 533.23 8000 547.44 40000 552.02 5000 600.24 30000 631.26 400 796.99 2000 870.40 1000 882.34 400 942.86 50000 1081.61 95000 1099.73 2000 1255.63 10000 1349.18 25000 1368.04 20000 1463.47 15000 1507.87

IV V V V IV V V IV V V V V V IV V IV III III III III III III III III IV IV IV

Intensity 10000 4000 5000 4000 c 770 25000 w 50000 45000 95000 w 70000 w 420 50000 w 30000 c 70000 w 90000 c 1000 1500 510 550 800 1500 870 1500 320 1000 550 2400 3700 3900 600 1600 3400 1700 1300 1100 2200 9000 4400 3600 2800 3000 850 2800 5500 4400 550 1100 1500 1600 480 600 600 440 4600 550 2000 850 420 400 400 410

Wavelength/Å 1523.79 III 1808.66 IV 1902.97 IV 2197.45 IV 2256.76 II 2417.58 IV 2532.75 IV 2582.05 IV 2597.50 IV 2662.75 IV 2808.39 II 2848.30 IV 2962.58 IV 3009.51 IV 3056.68 IV 3171.63 III 3171.74 III 3245.13 II 3265.67 II 3303.11 II 3337.49 II 3344.56 II 3380.91 II 3628.83 II 3645.42 II 3713.54 II 3759.08 II 3790.83 II 3794.78 II 3840.72 II 3849.02 II 3871.64 II 3886.37 II 3916.05 II 3921.54 II 3929.22 II 3949.10 II 3988.52 II 3995.75 II 4031.69 II 4042.91 II 4067.39 II 4077.35 II 4086.72 II 4123.23 II 4141.74 II 4151.97 II 4196.55 II 4238.38 II 4269.50 II 4286.97 II 4296.05 II 4322.51 II 4333.74 II 4354.40 II 4429.90 II 4522.37 II 4526.12 II 4558.46 II 4574.88 II 4613.39 II

Intensity 410 540 360 230 230 500 390 320 320 850 1000 1000 370 340 370 720 210 470 470 450 290 580 850 260 720 520 340 370 370 180 500 470 240 180 370 320 450 140 320 720 260 d 450 250 180 110 160 50 110 w 110 w 75 cw 50 85 40 75 85 95 65 300 40 35 120

Wavelength/Å 4619.88 II 4655.50 II 4662.51 II 4692.50 II 4728.42 II 4740.28 II 4743.09 II 4748.73 II 4860.91 II 4899.92 II 4920.98 II 4921.79 II 4949.77 I 4970.39 II 4986.83 II 4999.47 II 5050.57 I 5114.56 II 5122.99 II 5145.42 I 5158.69 I 5177.31 I 5183.42 II 5188.22 II 5211.86 I 5234.27 I 5253.46 I 5271.19 I 5301.98 II 5303.55 II 5455.15 I 5501.34 I 5648.25 I 5740.66 I 5769.34 I 5789.24 I 5791.34 I 5821.99 I 5930.62 I 6249.93 I 6262.30 II 6394.23 I 6455.99 I 6709.50 I 7045.96 I 7066.23 II 7161.25 I 7282.34 II 7334.18 I 7483.50 II 7498.83 I 7539.23 I 7964.83 I 8086.05 I 8324.69 I 8346.53 I 8545.44 I 8583.45 III 8674.43 I 8825.82 I 9184.38 III

5/4/05 8:04:54 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 100 140

Wavelength/Å 9212.63 III 10284.79 III

Lead Pb Z = 82 10 496.38 12 499.94 14 529.78 20 570.16 10 648.50 20 703.73 12 749.46 10 752.52 10 761.09 18 767.45 18 769.49 14 771.42 14 782.79 15 797.02 18 802.07 12 802.82 18 809.63 10 812.59 10 827.41 12 832.60 12 845.94 18 857.64 16 862.33 20 863.97 14 870.44 6 873.71 12 879.96 18 883.90 14 884.96 14 884.99 14 888.37 8 889.68 16 890.72 14 894.40 12 896.08 12 908.51 14 915.71 12 917.90 12 918.09 12 920.28 12 920.66 10 922.12 12 922.49 10 927.64 14 932.20 12 954.35 10 967.23 10 986.71 10 995.89 10 1016.61 14 1028.61 20 1032.05 16 1041.24 18 1044.14 12 1048.9 10 1049.82 10 1050.77 10 1051.26

Section 10.indb 41

IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V V V V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II IV V IV IV V II IV V V IV V IV V V V IV IV IV IV V II II II II IV IV IV IV III II II V

10-41 Intensity 15 10 12 18 20 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 18 14 12 14 20 10 10 11 10 20 10 10 12 10 16 18 10 10 10 14 20 10 10 20 10 10 10 7 12 16 10 5r 10 12 8r 12 6 10 15 500 r 7 12 7 8 10 20 20 25

Wavelength/Å 1056.53 IV 1060.66 II 1072.09 IV 1080.81 IV 1084.17 IV 1088.86 V 1103.94 II 1108.43 II 1109.84 II 1116.08 IV 1119.57 II 1121.36 II 1133.14 II 1137.84 IV 1144.93 IV 1157.88 V 1185.43 V 1189.95 IV 1203.63 II 1231.20 II 1233.50 V 1291.10 IV 1313.05 IV 1331.65 II 1335.20 II 1343.06 IV 1348.37 II 1388.94 IV 1400.26 IV 1404.34 IV 1433.96 II 1512.42 II 1535.71 IV 1553.1 III 1671.53 II 1682.15 II 1726.75 II 1796.670 II 1822.050 II 1904.77 I 1921.471 II 1959.34 IV 1973.16 IV 1998.83 V 2022.02 I 2042.58 IV 2049.34 IV 2053.28 I 2079.22 IV 2111.758 I 2115.066 I 2154.01 IV 2170.00 I 2175.580 I 2177.46 IV 2187.888 I 2189.603 I 2203.534 II 2237.425 I 2246.86 I 2246.89 I

Intensity 20 150 16 180 550 r 140 320 r 320 r 16 15 150 r 160 r 130 r 80 r 500 r 900 r 160 4 10 700 10 25000 r 100 14000 r 35000 r 6 14000 r 3 15 15 15 4 10 150 10 10 600 100 400 200 35000 50000 r 20000 70000 r 10 25000 12 15000 95000 14000 10 10000 8 200 10 6 16 7 10 6 1000

Wavelength/Å 2259.01 V 2332.418 I 2359.53 IV 2388.797 I 2393.792 I 2399.597 I 2401.940 I 2411.734 I 2417.61 IV 2424.81 V 2443.829 I 2446.181 I 2476.378 I 2577.260 I 2613.655 I 2614.175 I 2628.262 I 2634.256 II 2657.094 I 2663.154 I 2697.541 I 2801.995 I 2822.58 I 2823.189 I 2833.053 I 2840.557 II 2873.311 I 2914.442 II 2966.460 I 2972.991 I 2980.157 I 2986.876 II 3043.85 III 3118.894 I 3137.81 III 3176.50 III 3220.528 I 3229.613 I 3240.186 I 3262.355 I 3572.729 I 3639.568 I 3671.491 I 3683.462 I 3713.982 II 3739.935 I 3854.08 III 4019.632 I 4057.807 I 4062.136 I 4157.814 I 4168.033 I 4272.66 III 4340.413 I 4496.15 IV 4499.34 III 4534.60 IV 4571.21 III 4579.051 II 4761.12 III 5005.416 I

Intensity 100 50 10 2000 10 40 200 2000 500 500 40 50 100 50 c 20000 10 20 5 10 6 5 40 20 10 5 10 8 15 15 15 200 100 50 15 40

Wavelength/Å 5006.572 I 5089.484 I 5107.242 I 5201.437 I 5372.099 II 5692.346 I 5895.624 I 6001.862 I 6011.667 I 6059.356 I 6081.409 II 6110.520 I 6235.266 I 6660.20 II 7228.965 I 7346.676 I 7809.259 I 7896.737 I 8168.001 I 8191.886 I 8217.711 I 8272.690 I 8409.384 I 8478.492 I 8722.810 I 8857.457 I 9293.476 I 9438.05 I 9604.297 I 9674.351 I 10290.458 I 10498.965 I 10649.249 I 10886.688 I 10969.53 I 13512.6 I 14743.0 I 15349.6 I 39039.4 I

Lithium Li Z = 3 102.9 103.4 104.1 105.5 108.0 113.9 125.5 135.0 136.5 140.5 167.21 168.74 171.58 178.02 199.28 207.5 456. 483. 540. 540.0 729.

III III III III III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II III II

5/4/05 8:04:56 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-42 Intensity

3 5 1 3 5 1

h

Section 10.indb 42

Wavelength/Å 729.1 III 800. II 820. II 861. II 905.5 II 917.5 II 936. II 945. II 965. II 972. II 988. II 1018. II 1032. II 1036. II 1093. II 1103. II 1109. II 1116. II 1132.1 II 1141. II 1166.4 II 1198.09 II 1215. II 1238. II 1253.8 II 1420.89 II 1424. II 1492.93 II 1492.97 II 1493.04 II 1555. II 1653.08 II 1653.13 II 1653.21 II 1681.66 II 1755.33 II 2009. II 2039. I 2068. II 2131. II 2164. II 2173.4 I 2183. II 2214. II 2222. II 2237. II 2249.21 II 2286.82 II 2302.57 II 2303.33 II 2304.59 I 2304.92 I 2305.36 I 2305.83 I 2306.29 I 2306.82 I 2307.44 I 2308.97 I 2309.88 I 2310.94 I 2312.11 I

Intensity

3 5 2

1

3

10

24 15 2 3

5 2 3 1 5

2 2 5 1 3 3 3 4 1 9 4

Wavelength/Å 2313.49 I 2315.08 I 2316.95 I 2319.18 I 2321.88 I 2325.11 I 2329.02 I 2329.84 II 2333.94 I 2336.88 II 2336.91 II 2337.00 II 2340.15 I 2348.22 I 2358.93 I 2373.54 I 2381.54 II 2383.20 II 2394.39 I 2402.33 II 2410.84 II 2425.43 I 2429.81 II 2460.2 I 2475.06 I 2506.94 II 2508.78 II 2518. I 2539.49 II 2551.7 II 2559. II 2562.31 I 2605.08 II 2657.29 II 2657.30 II 2674.46 II 2728.24 II 2728.29 II 2728.32 II 2730.47 II 2730.55 II 2741.20 I 2766.99 II 2790.31 II 2801. I 2846. I 2868. I 2895. I 2934.02 II 2934.07 II 2934.12 II 2934.25 II 2968. I 3029.12 II 3029.14 II 3144. I 3155.31 II 3155.33 II 3196.26 II 3196.33 II 3196.36 II

Intensity 5 2 17

1 5 6d 8 7d 10 1 3 6 20 20 10 10 40 40 20 20 5 5 1 13 13

6 2 3 1

4 4 1 8 8

600 c 600 c 320 320 3600 3600

Wavelength/Å 3199.33 II 3199.43 II 3232.66 I 3249.87 II 3306.28 II 3488. I 3579.8 I 3618. I 3662. I 3684.32 II 3714.00 II 3714.16 II 3714.27 II 3714.29 II 3714.40 II 3714.41 II 3714.51 II 3714.58 II 3718.7 I 3794.72 I 3915.30 I 3915.35 I 3985.48 I 3985.54 I 4132.56 I 4132.62 I 4196. I 4273.07 I 4273.13 I 4325.42 II 4325.47 II 4325.54 II 4516.45 II 4602.83 I 4602.89 I 4607.34 II 4671.51 II 4671.65 II 4671.70 II 4678.06 II 4678.29 II 4760. I 4763. II 4788.36 II 4843.0 II 4881.32 II 4881.39 II 4881.49 II 4971.66 I 4971.75 I 5037.92 II 5271. I 5315. I 5395. I 5440. I 5483.55 II 5485.65 II 6103.54 I 6103.65 I 6707.76 I 6707.91 I

Intensity 48 48

Wavelength/Å 8126.23 I 8126.45 I 8517.37 II 9581.42 II 10120. II 12232. I 12782. I 13566. I 17552. I 18697. I 19290. I 24467. I 40475. I

Lutetium Lu Z = 71 100 563.72 500 810.73 2000 832.28 100 861.92 400 876.80 100 880.32 100 891.81 100 914.72 400 1001.18 100 1272.42 800 1333.79 400 1429.38 200 1441.76 200 1453.35 200 1468.99 400 1472.12 200 1473.71 200 1485.58 400 1511.26 600 1772.57 100 c 1786.25 1000 1854.57 1500 2065.35 1500 c 2070.56 600 c 2086.47 1000 c 2104.41 1000 c 2108.31 1700 h 2195.54 1000 2236.14 2000 2236.22 95 2276.94 190 2297.41 1300 2392.19 120 2399.14 80 2419.21 130 2459.64 370 2536.95 930 2571.23 1700 2578.79 4500 c 2603.35 1800 2613.40 18000 2615.42 1800 2619.26 2700 2657.80 570 h 2685.08 4200 2701.71 180 d 2719.09

V III III V IV V V V III IV IV IV V V V V V V IV IV V III III III IV IV IV II III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II I II I

5/4/05 8:04:59 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 480 h 3600 750 h 2000 2700 270 c 330 h 3000 570 h 6300 4500 300 9000 270 h 1200 4200 2400 1800 3000 2100 1000 7500 390 5100 h 3000 2400 260 1400 4800 3800 7600 6200 7600 6200 950 160 h 1400 4100 4800 8300 c 1600 4800 4800 340 800 680 2600 110 110 150 2700 530 50 480 670 310 3100 150 c 460 1600 150

Section 10.indb 43

Wavelength/Å 2728.95 I 2754.17 II 2765.74 I 2772.55 III 2796.63 II 2834.35 II 2845.13 I 2847.51 II 2885.14 I 2894.84 II 2900.30 II 2903.05 I 2911.39 II 2949.73 I 2951.69 II 2963.32 II 2969.82 II 2989.27 I 3020.54 II 3056.72 II 3057.86 III 3077.60 II 3080.11 I 3081.47 I 3118.43 I 3171.36 I 3191.80 II 3198.12 II 3254.31 II 3278.97 I 3281.74 I 3312.11 I 3359.56 I 3376.50 I 3385.50 I 3391.55 I 3396.82 I 3397.07 II 3472.48 II 3507.39 II 3508.42 I 3554.43 II 3567.84 I 3596.34 I 3623.99 II 3636.25 I 3647.77 I 3756.70 I 3756.79 I 3800.67 I 3841.18 I 3876.65 II 3918.86 I 3968.46 I 4054.45 I 4122.49 I 4124.73 I 4131.79 I 4154.08 I 4184.25 II 4277.50 I

10-43 Intensity 250 330 d 150 190 c 190 3300 100 h 1000 85 h 150 85 460 180 800 800 140 2700 170 500 140 c 100 2100 550 80 690 cw 140 1400 440 150 600 160 2100 80 160 70 h 1100 29 55 c 35 cw 23 c 30 c 45 23 45 14 ch 11 c 9c 17 35 10 d 29 c 35 c

Wavelength/Å 4281.03 I 4295.97 I 4309.57 I 4430.48 I 4450.81 I 4518.57 I 4648.21 I 4658.02 I 4659.03 I 4785.42 II 4815.05 I 4904.88 I 4942.34 I 4994.13 II 5001.14 I 5134.05 I 5135.09 I 5196.61 I 5402.57 I 5421.90 I 5437.88 I 5476.69 II 5736.55 I 5800.59 I 5983.9 II 5997.13 I 6004.52 I 6055.03 I 6159.94 II 6198.13 III 6199.66 II 6221.87 II 6235.36 II 6242.34 II 6345.35 I 6463.12 II 6477.67 I 6523.18 I 6611.28 II 6677.14 I 6793.77 I 6917.31 I 7031.24 I 7125.84 II 7237.98 I 7441.52 I 8178.16 I 8382.08 I 8459.19 II 8478.50 I 8508.08 I 8610.98 I

Magnesium Mg Z = 12 400 146.95 20 186.51 20 187.20 10 188.53 100 231.73 80 234.26 35 276.58 4000 320.99

IV III III III III III V IV

Intensity 3000 30 150 50 250 300 300 800 300 600 900 500 800 300 1000 500 1000 300 300 400 400 350 300 300 5 500 10 400 15 40 50 20 40 50 30 300 9 25 20 20 3 20 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 5

Wavelength/Å 323.31 IV 353.09 V 857.29 IV 919.03 IV 1037.41 IV 1210.99 IV 1342.19 IV 1346.57 IV 1346.68 IV 1352.05 IV 1384.46 IV 1385.77 IV 1387.53 IV 1404.68 IV 1409.36 IV 1437.53 IV 1437.64 IV 1447.42 IV 1459.54 IV 1459.62 IV 1481.51 IV 1490.45 IV 1495.50 IV 1607.11 IV 1668.43 I 1683.02 IV 1683.41 I 1698.81 IV 1707.06 I 1734.84 II 1737.62 II 1747.80 I 1750.65 II 1753.46 II 1827.93 I 1844.17 IV 2025.82 I 2064.90 III 2091.96 III 2177.70 III 2329.58 II 2395.15 III 2449.57 II 2557.23 I 2560.94 I 2562.26 I 2564.94 I 2570.91 I 2572.25 I 2574.94 I 2577.89 I 2580.59 I 2584.22 I 2585.56 I 2588.28 I 2591.89 I 2593.23 I 2595.97 I 2602.50 I 2603.85 I 2606.62 I

Intensity 1 2 3 3 6 8 2 3 4 8 8 6 8 10 3 5 6 8 10 12 5 7 38 32 90 8 32 36 1000 600 3 2 1 12 12 14 14 16 16 6000 2 4 3 10 12 2 13 20 22 14 9 8 6 6 7 2 17 6 9 7 8

Wavelength/Å 2613.36 I 2614.73 I 2617.51 I 2628.66 I 2630.05 I 2632.87 I 2644.80 I 2646.21 I 2649.06 I 2660.76 II 2660.82 II 2668.12 I 2669.55 I 2672.46 I 2693.72 I 2695.18 I 2698.14 I 2731.99 I 2733.49 I 2736.53 I 2765.22 I 2768.34 I 2776.69 I 2778.27 I 2779.83 I 2781.29 I 2781.42 I 2782.97 I 2795.53 II 2802.70 II 2809.76 I 2811.11 I 2811.78 I 2846.72 I 2846.75 I 2848.34 I 2848.42 I 2851.65 I 2851.66 I 2852.13 I 2902.92 I 2906.36 I 2915.45 I 2936.74 I 2938.47 I 2942.00 I 2942.00 I 3091.08 I 3092.99 I 3096.90 I 3104.71 II 3104.81 II 3168.98 II 3172.71 II 3175.78 II 3197.62 I 3329.93 I 3332.15 I 3336.68 I 3535.04 II 3538.86 II

5/4/05 8:05:02 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-44 Intensity 7 8 140 300 500 8 7 3 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 9 10 8 9 14 13 28 10 7 75 220 400 8 7 9 6 30 10 9 7 10 9 11 7 8 7 8 10 10 12 20 19 17 15 12 13 10 9 8 10 20 10 11 10 15 10

Section 10.indb 44

Wavelength/Å 3549.52 II 3553.37 II 3829.30 I 3832.30 I 3838.29 I 3848.24 II 3850.40 II 3878.31 I 3895.57 I 3903.86 I 3938.40 I 3986.75 I 4057.50 I 4167.27 I 4351.91 I 4384.64 II 4390.59 II 4428.00 II 4433.99 II 4481.16 II 4481.33 II 4571.10 I 4730.03 I 4851.10 II 5167.33 I 5172.68 I 5183.61 I 5264.21 II 5264.37 II 5401.54 II 5528.41 I 5711.09 I 6318.72 I 6319.24 I 6319.49 I 6346.74 II 6346.96 II 6545.97 II 6781.45 II 6787.85 II 6812.86 II 6819.27 II 7193.17 I 7291.06 I 7387.69 I 7657.60 I 7659.15 I 7659.90 I 7691.55 I 7877.05 II 7896.37 II 8098.72 I 8115.22 II 8120.43 II 8209.84 I 8213.03 I 8213.99 II 8234.64 II 8310.26 I 8346.12 I 8710.18 I

Intensity 12 13 10 17 11 14 10 11 20 10 14 13 12 30 10 10 25 17 19 20 12 11 15 15 17 18 14 35 11 10 25 27 28 15 14 45 30 28 35 30 25 10 30 5

Wavelength/Å 8712.69 I 8717.83 I 8734.99 II 8736.02 I 8745.66 II 8806.76 I 8824.32 II 8835.08 II 8923.57 I 8997.16 I 9218.25 II 9244.27 II 9246.50 I 9255.78 I 9327.54 II 9340.54 II 9414.96 I 9429.81 I 9432.76 I 9438.78 I 9631.89 II 9632.43 II 9953.20 I 9983.20 I 9986.47 I 9993.21 I 10092.16 II 10811.08 I 10914.23 II 10951.78 II 10953.32 I 10957.30 I 10965.45 I 11032.10 I 11033.66 I 11828.18 I 12083.66 I 14877.62 I 15024.99 I 15040.24 I 15047.70 I 15765.84 I 17108.66 I 26392.90 I

Manganese Mn Z = 25 600 410.30 600 410.60 600 415.62 650 415.98 600 428.59 600 435.67 1000 441.72 850 442.49 60 579.79 60 581.44 60 581.65 60 585.21 90 1242.25 90 1244.50 95 1251.93 95 1257.28

V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity 90 500 400 300 1000 800 500 h 1000 2000 500 80 80 20 30 50 40 30 20 20 85 85 80 80 30 20 50 20 75 30 20 d 100 20 30 80 20 20 30 50 30 500 800 20 20 20 500 1000 30 20 d 30 20 500 30 9700 14000 18000 1000 w 500 w 50 40 40 500

Wavelength/Å 1264.41 IV 1283.58 III 1287.59 III 1291.62 III 1360.72 III 1365.20 III 1609.17 III 1614.14 III 1620.60 III 1633.80 III 1667.00 IV 1698.30 IV 1726.47 II 1732.70 II 1733.55 II 1734.49 II 1737.93 II 1740.16 II 1742.00 II 1742.10 IV 1766.27 IV 1795.65 IV 1795.79 IV 1853.27 II 1857.92 II 1902.95 II 1907.84 II 1910.25 IV 1911.41 II 1914.68 II 1915.10 II 1918.64 II 1919.64 II 1921.25 II 1923.07 II 1923.34 II 1925.52 II 1926.59 II 1931.40 II 1941.28 III 1943.21 III 1945.15 II 1947.93 II 1950.14 II 1952.36 III 1952.52 III 1953.23 II 1954.81 II 1959.25 II 1969.24 II 1978.95 III 1994.23 II 1996.06 I 1999.51 I 2003.85 I 2027.83 III 2028.14 III 2037.31 II 2037.64 II 2039.97 II 2049.68 III

Intensity 500 1000 30 900 800 600 1500 500 20 500 500 20 1700 30 1000 700 900 800 800 290 540 900 770 1000 20 20 50 30 30 20 30 50 30 20 30 20 20 20 50 50 30 80 100 30 100 50 80 50 100 50 30 75 30 95 30 150 30 580 480 12000 550

Wavelength/Å 2066.38 III 2069.02 III 2076.21 II 2077.38 III 2084.23 III 2090.05 III 2092.16 I 2094.78 III 2097.46 II 2097.93 III 2099.97 III 2102.50 II 2109.58 I 2113.96 II 2169.78 III 2174.15 III 2176.87 III 2181.86 III 2184.87 III 2208.81 I 2213.85 I 2220.55 III 2221.84 I 2227.42 III 2373.36 II 2427.38 II 2427.72 II 2427.94 II 2437.37 II 2437.84 II 2452.49 II 2499.00 II 2507.60 II 2516.60 II 2516.74 II 2521.66 II 2530.72 II 2531.80 II 2532.78 II 2533.33 II 2534.10 II 2534.22 II 2535.66 II 2535.98 II 2537.92 II 2541.11 II 2542.92 II 2543.45 II 2548.75 II 2551.85 II 2553.27 II 2556.57 II 2556.89 II 2558.59 II 2559.41 II 2563.65 II 2565.22 II 2572.76 I 2575.51 I 2576.10 II 2584.31 I

5/4/05 8:05:05 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 30 45 250 6200 250 95 30 45 4300 190 500 140 150 40 200 190 130 80 27 60 30 30 110 55 55 45 30 30 55 55 110 27 55 27 85 50 160 100 130 80 110 45 80 110 30 30 30 50 30 30 55 6200 5100 220 3700 110 60 30 60 30 80

Section 10.indb 45

Wavelength/Å 2588.97 II 2589.71 II 2592.94 I 2593.73 II 2595.76 I 2598.90 II 2602.72 II 2603.72 II 2605.69 II 2610.20 II 2618.14 II 2622.90 I 2624.04 I 2624.80 II 2625.58 II 2632.35 II 2638.17 II 2639.84 II 2650.99 II 2655.91 II 2666.77 II 2667.03 II 2672.59 II 2673.37 II 2674.43 II 2680.34 II 2680.68 II 2681.25 II 2684.55 II 2685.94 II 2688.25 II 2693.19 II 2695.36 II 2698.97 II 2701.00 II 2701.17 II 2701.70 II 2703.98 II 2705.74 II 2707.53 II 2708.45 II 2709.96 II 2710.33 II 2711.58 II 2716.80 II 2717.53 II 2719.01 II 2719.74 II 2722.10 II 2724.46 II 2728.61 II 2794.82 I 2798.27 I 2799.84 I 2801.06 I 2809.11 I 2815.02 II 2816.33 II 2870.08 II 2872.94 II 2879.49 II

10-45 Intensity 70 160 55 50 80 140 h 190 h 1100 1500 250 h 1900 30 55 30 330 120 200 30 250 140 170 170 160 140 h 220 1000 300 850 330 650 100 310 310 220 180 180 200 720 50 360 360 h 290 180 140 50 100 360 1100 1300 1100 390 2200 720 1400 720 290 150 420 420 360

Wavelength/Å 2886.68 II 2889.58 II 2892.39 II 2898.70 II 2900.16 II 2914.60 I 2925.57 I 2933.06 II 2939.30 II 2940.39 I 2949.20 II 3019.92 II 3031.06 II 3035.35 II 3044.57 I 3045.59 I 3047.04 I 3050.65 II 3054.36 I 3062.12 I 3066.02 I 3070.27 I 3073.13 I 3178.50 I 3212.88 I 3228.09 I 3230.72 I 3236.78 I 3243.78 I 3248.52 I 3251.14 I 3252.95 I 3256.14 I 3258.41 I 3260.23 I 3264.71 I 3330.78 II 3441.99 II 3460.03 II 3460.33 II 3474.04 II 3474.13 II 3482.91 II 3488.68 II 3495.84 II 3496.81 II 3497.54 II 3531.85 I 3532.12 I 3547.80 I 3548.03 I 3548.20 I 3569.49 I 3569.80 I 3577.88 I 3586.54 I 3595.12 I 3601.72 III 3607.54 I 3608.49 I 3610.30 I

Intensity 290 220 140 100 280 180 210 130 130 260 110 3200 700 2100 390 200 480 1300 350 670 350 120 130 150 190 150 1500 150 27000 19000 11000 1500 5600 210 d 1100 150 1900 210 1100 150 730 730 290 730 730 1100 1100 200 150 120 150 120 370 510 190 290 290 270 50 350 210

Wavelength/Å 3619.28 I 3623.79 I 3629.74 I 3660.40 I 3693.67 I 3696.57 I 3706.08 I 3718.93 I 3731.93 I 3790.22 I 3800.55 I 3806.72 I 3809.59 I 3823.51 I 3823.89 I 3829.68 I 3833.86 I 3834.36 I 3839.78 I 3841.08 I 3843.98 I 3926.47 I 3982.58 I 3985.24 I 3986.83 I 3987.10 I 4018.10 I 4026.44 I 4030.76 I 4033.07 I 4034.49 I 4035.73 I 4041.36 I 4045.13 I 4048.76 I 4055.21 I 4055.54 I 4057.95 I 4058.93 I 4059.39 I 4061.74 I 4063.53 I 4070.28 I 4079.24 I 4079.42 I 4082.94 I 4083.63 I 4110.90 I 4131.12 I 4135.04 I 4176.60 I 4189.99 I 4235.14 I 4235.29 I 4239.72 I 4257.66 I 4265.92 I 4281.10 I 4323.63 II 4414.88 I 4436.35 I

Intensity 800 160 130 160 110 210 270 150 510 290 200 130 170 240 240 160 180 130 1000 180 750 300 500 940 1000 19 30 200 150 60 50 50 85 160 19 95 95 50 95 35 85 35 150 12 60 200 40 30 50 40 21 200 140 200 290 200 17 24 14 h 12 14

Wavelength/Å 4451.59 I 4453.00 I 4455.01 I 4455.32 I 4455.82 I 4457.55 I 4458.26 I 4461.08 I 4462.02 I 4464.68 I 4470.14 I 4472.79 I 4490.08 I 4498.90 I 4502.22 I 4709.72 I 4727.48 I 4739.11 I 4754.04 I 4761.53 I 4762.38 I 4765.86 I 4766.43 I 4783.42 I 4823.52 I 5004.91 I 5074.79 I 5079.20 III 5100.03 III 5117.94 I 5150.89 I 5196.59 I 5255.32 I 5341.06 I 5349.88 I 5377.63 I 5394.67 I 5399.49 I 5407.42 I 5413.69 I 5420.36 I 5432.55 I 5454.07 III 5457.47 I 5470.64 I 5474.68 III 5481.40 I 5505.87 I 5516.77 I 5537.76 I 5551.98 I 5946.65 III 6013.50 I 6016.64 I 6021.80 I 6231.21 III 6440.97 I 6491.71 I 6942.52 I 6989.96 I 7069.84 I

5/4/05 8:05:07 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-46 Intensity 12 24 h 35 h 50 12 12 h 12 h 17 h 30 h

Wavelength/Å 7184.25 I 7283.82 I 7302.89 I 7326.51 I 7680.20 I 8672.06 I 8701.05 I 8703.76 I 8740.93 I

Mercury 198 Hg Z = 80 80 1250.564 8 1259.242 100 1268.825 5 1307.751 20 1402.619 10 1435.503 1000 1849.492 60 2262.210 20 2302.065 20 2345.440 100 2378.325 20 2380.004 40 2399.349 20 2399.729 20 2446.900 15 2464.064 40 2481.999 30 2482.713 40 2483.821 90 2534.769 15000 2536.506 25 2563.861 25 2576.290 250 2652.043 400 2653.683 100 2655.130 50 2698.831 80 2752.783 20 2759.710 40 2803.471 30 2804.438 750 2847.675 50 2856.939 150 2893.598 150 2916.227 60 2925.413 1200 2967.283 300 3021.500 120 3023.476 30 3025.608 50 3027.490 400 3125.670 320 3131.551 320 3131.842 80 3341.481 2800 3650.157 300 3654.839 80 3662.883 240 3663.281 30 3701.432 35 3704.170

Section 10.indb 46

I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 30 20 60 200 1800 150 40 250 400 4000 80 1100 160 240 280 20 30 160 250 240

Wavelength/Å 3801.660 I 3901.867 I 3906.372 I 3983.839 II 4046.572 I 4077.838 I 4108.057 I 4339.224 I 4347.496 I 4358.337 I 4916.068 I 5460.753 I 5675.922 I 5769.598 I 5790.663 I 6072.713 I 6234.402 I 6716.429 I 6907.461 I 11287.407 I

Mercury Hg 3 2 2 1 400 300 150 200 100 50 1 2 5 800 2 80 8 100 5 300 400 400 80 200 20 200 10 15 120 20 150 50 200 9 100 100 120 250 15 20

Z = 80 621.44 679.68 878.59 886.48 893.08 915.83 923.39 940.80 962.74 969.13 988.89 1009.29 1068.03 1099.26 1161.95 1250.58 1259.24 1268.82 1307.75 1307.93 1321.71 1331.74 1350.07 1361.27 1402.62 1414.43 1435.51 1619.46 1623.95 1628.25 1649.94 1653.64 1672.41 1681.40 1702.73 1707.40 1727.18 1732.14 1759.75 1775.68

III III III III II II II II II II III III III II III I I I I II II II II II I II I II II II II II II III II II II II III I

Intensity 40 30 200 60 30 40 400 5 1000 160 300 200 1 20 30 300 100 200 150 90 90 70 5 60 20 7 15 5 20 20 100 20 4 40 20 10 60 50 8 5 20 15 5 40 30 40 7 90 15000 25 25 5 2 4 15 5 250 400 100 3 5

Wavelength/Å 1783.70 II 1796.22 II 1796.90 II 1798.74 II 1803.89 II 1808.29 II 1820.34 II 1832.74 I 1849.50 I 1869.23 II 1870.55 II 1875.54 II 1894.77 III 1900.28 II 1927.60 II 1942.27 II 1972.94 II 1973.89 II 1987.98 II 2026.97 II 2052.93 II 2148.00 II 2247.55 I 2262.23 II 2302.06 I 2314.15 III 2323.20 I 2340.57 I 2345.43 I 2352.48 I 2378.32 I 2380.00 I 2380.55 III 2399.38 I 2399.73 I 2400.49 I 2407.35 II 2414.13 II 2431.65 III 2441.06 I 2446.90 I 2464.06 I 2480.56 III 2482.00 I 2482.72 I 2483.82 I 2484.50 III 2534.77 I 2536.52 I 2563.86 I 2576.29 I 2578.91 I 2612.92 III 2617.97 III 2625.19 I 2639.78 I 2652.04 I 2653.69 I 2655.13 I 2670.49 III 2674.91 I

Intensity 50 50 80 70 80 20 6 40 30 2 2 150 3 750 50 150 150 60 150 400 1200 300 120 30 50 15 400 320 320 400 400 5 12 80 100 8 5 400 3 4 200 5 2800 300 80 240 30 35 30 15 100 20 60 100 200 1800 150 40 70 10 100

Wavelength/Å 2698.83 I 2699.38 I 2705.36 II 2724.43 III 2752.78 I 2759.71 I 2769.22 III 2803.46 I 2804.43 I 2805.34 I 2806.77 I 2814.93 II 2844.76 III 2847.68 II 2856.94 I 2893.60 I 2916.27 II 2925.41 I 2935.94 II 2947.08 II 2967.28 I 3021.50 I 3023.47 I 3025.61 I 3027.49 I 3090.05 III 3125.67 I 3131.55 I 3131.84 I 3208.20 II 3264.06 II 3283.02 III 3312.28 III 3341.48 I 3385.25 II 3389.01 III 3450.77 III 3451.69 II 3500.35 III 3538.88 III 3549.42 II 3557.24 III 3650.15 I 3654.84 I 3662.88 I 3663.28 I 3701.44 I 3704.17 I 3801.66 I 3803.51 III 3806.38 II 3901.87 I 3906.37 I 3918.92 II 3983.96 II 4046.56 I 4077.83 I 4108.05 I 4122.07 III 4140.34 III 4216.74 III

5/4/05 8:05:10 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 250 400 4000 100 15 12 90 50 80 10 5 5 80 5 80 5 20 40 100 20 30 20 5 60 30 1100 30 160 6 240 100 280 140 60 60 20 20 1000 25 30 35 40 80 10 6 30 160 250 250 200 40 100 12 20 7 100 25 50 5 2000 240

Section 10.indb 47

Wavelength/Å 4339.22 I 4347.49 I 4358.33 I 4398.62 II 4470.58 III 4552.84 III 4660.28 II 4797.01 III 4855.72 II 4869.85 III 4883.00 I 4889.91 I 4916.07 I 4970.37 I 4973.57 III 4980.64 I 5102.70 I 5120.64 I 5128.45 II 5137.94 I 5210.82 III 5290.74 I 5316.78 I 5354.05 I 5384.63 I 5460.74 I 5549.63 I 5675.86 I 5695.71 III 5769.60 I 5789.66 I 5790.66 I 5803.78 I 5859.25 I 5871.73 II 5871.98 I 6072.72 I 6149.50 II 6220.35 III 6234.40 I 6418.98 III 6501.38 III 6521.13 II 6584.26 III 6610.12 III 6709.29 III 6716.43 I 6907.52 I 7081.90 I 7091.86 I 7346.37 II 7485.87 II 7517.46 III 7728.82 I 7808.10 III 7944.66 II 7946.75 III 7984.51 III 8151.64 III 10139.75 I 11287.40 I

10-47 Intensity 120 140 60 80 500 450 200 500 100 400 300 500 400 20 20 20 70 30 50 40 250

Wavelength/Å 13209.95 I 13426.57 I 13468.38 I 13505.58 I 13570.21 I 13673.51 I 13950.55 I 15295.82 I 16881.48 I 16920.16 I 16942.00 I 17072.79 I 17109.93 I 17116.75 I 17198.67 I 17213.20 I 17329.41 I 17436.18 I 18130.38 I 19700.17 I 22493.28 I 23253.07 I 32148.06 I 36303.03 I

Molybdenum Mo Z = 42 50 867.92 100 884.19 60 886.05 50 891.74 100 1169.33 100 1254.93 100 1258.52 100 1262.21 100 1263.74 100 1274.37 100 1276.40 200 1277.40 200 1277.58 200 1278.40 150 1281.90 150 1283.60 100 1854.73 80 1926.26 100 1929.24 80 1971.06 70 2010.92 19000 2015.11 40000 2020.30 21000 2038.44 17000 2045.98 50 2060.38 4800 2081.68 2400 2089.52 2200 2092.50 4000 2093.11 2700 2100.84 1500 2104.29 1400 2108.02 100 2184.37 100 2211.02 400 2269.69

IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV IV II II II II IV II II II II II II II III III II

Intensity 150 200 160 160 150 110 190 100 110 140 120 85 200 440 330 80 85 250 250 400 440 330 720 410 600 370 640 480 560 h 640 720 250 1000 95 640 880 560 480 190 290 85 140 80 330 160 80 h 290 110 220 240 160 190 1700 65 880 400 100 400 1700 220 80

Wavelength/Å 2269.71 III 2294.97 III 2304.25 II 2306.97 II 2330.93 III 2332.12 II 2341.59 II 2359.76 III 2389.20 II 2403.61 II 2413.01 II 2498.28 II 2506.19 III 2538.46 II 2542.67 II 2558.88 II 2564.34 II 2593.70 II 2602.80 II 2616.78 I 2629.85 I 2636.67 II 2638.76 II 2640.99 I 2644.35 II 2646.49 II 2649.46 I 2653.35 II 2655.03 I 2660.58 II 2672.84 II 2673.27 II 2679.85 I 2681.36 II 2683.23 II 2684.14 II 2687.99 II 2701.42 II 2713.51 II 2717.35 II 2726.97 II 2729.68 II 2730.20 II 2732.88 II 2736.96 II 2737.88 II 2746.30 II 2756.07 II 2763.62 II 2769.76 II 2773.78 II 2774.39 II 2775.40 II 2777.86 II 2780.04 II 2784.99 II 2807.74 III 2807.76 II 2816.15 II 2817.44 II 2827.74 II

Intensity 80 80 160 1700 370 370 220 1700 85 220 65 1300 95 190 950 140 70 290 80 600 1100 120 1300 140 1100 800 95 110 150 140 95 125 95 240 70 95 250 210 70 250 80 95 95 100 800 250 800 85 800 270 190 560 560 1400 290 14000 110 220 55 6000 8700

Wavelength/Å 2834.39 II 2835.33 II 2842.15 II 2848.23 II 2853.23 II 2863.81 II 2866.69 II 2871.51 II 2872.88 II 2879.05 II 2888.15 II 2890.99 II 2891.28 II 2892.81 II 2894.45 II 2897.63 II 2900.80 II 2903.07 II 2907.12 II 2909.12 II 2911.92 II 2918.83 II 2923.39 II 2924.32 II 2930.50 II 2934.30 II 2940.10 II 2941.22 II 2944.82 II 2946.69 II 2947.28 II 2947.32 III 2955.84 II 2956.06 II 2956.90 II 2960.24 II 2963.79 II 2965.27 II 2971.91 II 2972.61 II 2975.40 II 2992.84 II 3027.77 II 3060.78 II 3064.28 I 3065.04 II 3074.37 I 3077.66 II 3085.62 I 3087.62 II 3092.07 II 3094.66 I 3101.34 I 3112.12 I 3122.00 II 3132.59 I 3138.72 II 3152.82 II 3155.64 II 3158.16 I 3170.35 I

5/4/05 8:05:12 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-48 Intensity 95 160 120 d 7600 880 3000 560 880 600 1100 950 65 950 480 800 200 1100 950 190 100 190 640 1300 95 1600 950 950 1900 130 640 1300 640 130 3200 640 950 640 800 560 480 640 520 400 1400 1400 1000 400 540 590 1300 65 180 1400 500 80 29000 520 940 1700 29000 580

Section 10.indb 48

Wavelength/Å 3172.03 II 3172.74 II 3187.59 II 3193.97 I 3205.88 I 3208.83 I 3215.07 I 3228.22 I 3229.79 I 3233.14 I 3237.08 I 3240.71 II 3256.21 I 3264.40 I 3270.90 I 3271.69 III 3289.02 I 3290.82 I 3292.31 II 3313.62 II 3320.90 II 3323.95 I 3344.75 I 3346.40 II 3358.12 I 3363.78 I 3379.97 I 3384.62 I 3395.36 II 3404.34 I 3405.94 I 3437.22 I 3446.08 II 3447.12 I 3449.07 I 3456.39 I 3460.78 I 3504.41 I 3508.12 I 3521.41 I 3537.28 I 3558.10 I 3563.14 I 3581.89 I 3624.46 I 3635.43 I 3657.35 I 3664.81 I 3672.82 I 3680.60 I 3688.31 II 3692.64 II 3694.94 I 3727.69 I 3744.37 II 3798.25 I 3826.70 I 3828.87 I 3833.75 I 3864.11 I 3869.08 I

Intensity 580 19000 65 1400 2300 1300 940 730 630 2900 480 2500 1500 890 1200 1400 680 890 840 1900 2500 990 480 630 400 460 640 700 770 410 410 180 80 65 100 50 200 100 100 130 130 80 150 110 80 100 160 d 230 h 160 h 110 50 50 80 65 100 460 h 230 h 110 h 100 150 65

Wavelength/Å 3886.82 I 3902.96 I 3941.48 II 4062.08 I 4069.88 I 4081.44 I 4084.38 I 4107.47 I 4120.10 I 4143.55 I 4185.82 I 4188.32 I 4232.59 I 4276.91 I 4277.24 I 4288.64 I 4292.13 I 4293.21 I 4326.14 I 4381.64 I 4411.57 I 4434.95 I 4457.36 I 4474.56 I 4536.80 I 4626.47 I 4707.26 I 4731.44 I 4760.19 I 4819.25 I 4830.51 I 5014.60 I 5029.00 I 5030.78 I 5047.71 I 5055.00 I 5059.88 I 5080.02 I 5096.65 I 5097.52 I 5109.71 I 5114.97 I 5145.38 I 5147.39 I 5163.19 I 5167.76 I 5171.08 I 5172.94 I 5174.18 I 5200.17 I 5200.74 I 5211.86 I 5219.40 I 5231.06 I 5234.26 I 5238.20 I 5240.88 I 5242.81 I 5245.51 I 5259.04 I 5261.14 I

Intensity 65 210 55 55 55 80 65 560 hl 110 hl 65 50 55 65 50 7800 5200 50 55 2500 100 330 50 230 55 460 80 210 620 520 55 h 50 h 520 50 820 50 h 160 h 35 1300 40 40 35 100 230 50 110 50 35 40 35 110 150 40 40 140 27 40 h 45 h 45 h

Wavelength/Å 5279.65 I 5280.86 I 5292.08 I 5295.47 I 5313.89 I 5354.88 I 5356.48 I 5360.56 I 5364.28 I 5394.52 I 5400.47 I 5435.68 I 5437.75 I 5501.54 I 5506.49 I 5533.05 I 5543.12 I 5556.28 I 5570.45 I 5610.93 I 5632.47 I 5634.86 I 5650.13 I 5674.47 I 5689.14 I 5705.72 I 5722.74 I 5751.40 I 5791.85 I 5849.73 I 5851.52 I 5858.27 I 5869.33 I 5888.33 I 5893.38 I 5928.88 I 6025.49 I 6030.66 I 6101.87 I 6357.22 I 6401.07 I 6424.37 I 6619.13 I 6650.38 I 6733.98 I 6746.27 I 6753.97 I 6838.88 I 6914.01 I 7109.87 I 7242.50 I 7245.85 I 7391.36 I 7485.74 I 7720.77 I 8328.44 I 8389.32 I 8483.39 I

Neodymium Nd Z = 60 75 2764.98 80 2993.20

I II

Intensity 95 95 95 140 130 160 240 260 290 220 170 170 150 220 220 320 290 410 320 410 470 370 410 470 540 540 580 1200 440 410 410 470 640 d 470 410 410 780 410 710 470 1000 d 440 1000 580 510 930 930 510 1400 710 580 510 2400 370 1200 2500 470 540 440 580 710

Wavelength/Å 3007.97 II 3014.19 II 3018.35 II 3056.71 II 3069.73 II 3075.38 II 3092.92 II 3115.18 II 3133.60 II 3134.90 II 3141.46 II 3142.44 II 3203.47 II 3259.24 II 3265.12 II 3275.22 II 3285.10 II 3328.28 II 3353.59 II 3560.75 II 3587.51 II 3615.82 II 3653.15 II 3662.26 II 3665.18 II 3672.36 II 3673.54 II 3685.80 II 3687.30 II 3689.69 II 3697.56 II 3713.70 II 3714.73 II 3715.68 II 3718.54 II 3721.35 II 3723.50 II 3724.87 II 3728.13 II 3730.58 II 3735.54 II 3737.10 II 3738.06 II 3752.49 II 3757.82 II 3758.95 II 3763.47 II 3769.65 II 3775.50 II 3779.47 II 3780.40 II 3781.32 II 3784.25 II 3801.12 II 3803.47 II 3805.36 II 3807.23 II 3808.77 II 3809.06 II 3810.49 II 3814.73 II

5/4/05 8:05:15 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 410 1200 540 440 510 740 1700 410 d 1700 d 1500 470 2400 d 3700 d 850 470 1100 1000 780 1200 540 1300 1300 1300 580 470 810 440 2000 1300 1700 510 2000 850 440 610 1100 510 610 410 510 2000 2000 810 590 510 1400 1100 740 740 740 470 1400 1000 1100 410 540 410 3700 540 1000 1000

Section 10.indb 49

Wavelength/Å 3822.47 II 3826.42 II 3828.85 II 3829.16 II 3830.47 II 3836.54 II 3838.98 II 3841.82 II 3848.24 II 3848.52 II 3850.22 II 3851.66 II 3863.33 II 3869.07 II 3875.87 II 3878.58 II 3879.55 II 3880.38 II 3880.78 II 3887.87 II 3889.93 II 3890.58 II 3890.94 II 3891.51 II 3892.06 II 3894.63 II 3897.63 II 3900.21 II 3901.84 II 3905.89 II 3907.84 II 3911.16 II 3912.23 II 3915.13 II 3915.95 II 3920.96 II 3927.10 II 3934.82 II 3936.11 II 3938.86 II 3941.51 II 3951.16 II 3952.20 II 3958.00 II 3962.21 II 3963.12 II 3973.30 II 3973.69 II 3976.85 II 3979.49 II 3986.25 II 3990.10 II 3991.74 II 3994.68 II 4000.50 II 4004.02 II 4007.43 II 4012.25 II 4012.70 II 4020.87 II 4021.34 II

10-49 Intensity 1000 1200 410 1200 3000 410 410 850 850 4700 1100 710 470 470 1400 2500 510 410 470 510 3000 510 410 810 2400 640 470 470 440 1300 2000 850 410 470 710 5400 470 1100 510 540 680 850 470 d 710 540 510 580 1400 740 410 250 340 340 340 300 510 340 250 300 310 470

Wavelength/Å 4021.78 II 4023.00 II 4030.47 II 4031.82 II 4040.80 II 4043.59 II 4048.81 II 4051.15 II 4059.96 II 4061.09 II 4069.28 II 4075.12 II 4075.28 II 4080.23 II 4109.08 II 4109.46 II 4110.48 II 4123.88 II 4133.36 II 4135.33 II 4156.08 II 4156.26 II 4168.00 II 4175.61 II 4177.32 II 4179.59 II 4205.60 II 4211.29 II 4227.73 II 4232.38 II 4247.38 II 4252.44 II 4261.84 II 4282.44 II 4284.52 II 4303.58 II 4314.52 II 4325.76 II 4327.93 II 4338.70 II 4351.29 II 4358.17 II 4374.93 II 4385.66 II 4400.83 II 4411.06 II 4446.39 II 4451.57 II 4462.99 II 4501.82 II 4516.36 II 4541.27 II 4542.61 II 4563.22 II 4621.94 I 4634.24 I 4641.10 I 4645.77 II 4649.67 I 4683.45 I 4706.54 II

Intensity 240 240 350 280 350 220 240 280 210 330 470 260 290 290 250 360 360 360 340 680 500 630 330 310 450 250 720 360 590 680 220 500 290 160 240 220 140 d 220 130 160 100 160 80 70 80 55 45 45 55 45 45 55 65 45 45 40 40 35 40 29 24

Wavelength/Å 4719.02 I 4811.34 II 4825.48 II 4859.02 II 4883.81 I 4890.70 II 4891.07 I 4896.93 I 4901.84 I 4920.68 II 4924.53 I 4944.83 I 4954.78 I 4959.13 II 4989.94 II 5076.59 II 5092.80 II 5107.59 II 5123.79 II 5130.60 II 5191.45 II 5192.62 II 5200.12 II 5212.37 II 5234.20 II 5239.79 II 5249.59 II 5255.51 II 5273.43 II 5293.17 II 5311.46 II 5319.82 II 5361.47 II 5431.53 II 5594.43 II 5620.54 I 5675.97 I 5688.53 II 5702.24 II 5708.28 II 5729.29 I 5804.02 II 5811.57 II 5825.87 II 5842.39 II 5858.91 I 6007.67 I 6034.24 II 6066.03 I 6178.59 I 6223.39 I 6310.49 I 6385.20 II 6630.14 I 6650.57 II 6740.11 II 6900.43 II 7037.30 II 7066.89 II 7129.35 II 7189.42 II

Intensity 20 15 12 10 10 12 17 12 10 12 10 10 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 10 12 12 12 10 10 12 17

Wavelength/Å 7192.01 II 7236.54 II 7316.81 II 7406.62 II 7418.18 II 7511.16 II 7513.73 II 7528.99 II 7538.26 II 7696.56 II 7750.95 II 7808.47 II 7863.04 II 7917.01 II 7958.95 I 7965.73 II 7982.09 II 7982.68 II 8000.76 II 8120.93 II 8122.07 II 8141.75 II 8143.27 II 8231.52 II 8307.72 II 8346.36 II 8839.10 II

Neon Ne Z = 10 66 119.01 200 122.52 66 125.12 45 131.99 50 132.04 150 140.76 150 140.79 100 142.44 100 142.50 150 142.72 100 143.27 150 143.34 150 147.13 66 151.23 120 151.42 15 151.82 15 152.23 45 154.50 15 158.65 15 158.82 100 164.02 100 164.14 80 172.62 500 173.93 80 177.16 150 186.58 100 194.28 100 208.48 100 208.73 80 208.90 150 212.56 140 223.24 120 223.60

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

5/4/05 8:05:17 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-50 Intensity 140 120 20 20 20 40 40 20 40 160 110 40 220 220 220 40 90 60 50 400 500 200 500 90 60 1000 220 125 100 150 120 800 150 200 300 250 180 150 200 10 120 90 1000 500 140 200 180 140 250 150 250 500 285 220 450 70 220 360 120 140 80

Section 10.indb 50

Wavelength/Å 234.32 IV 234.70 IV 251.14 III 251.56 III 251.73 III 267.06 III 267.52 III 267.71 III 283.18 III 283.21 III 283.69 III 283.89 III 301.12 III 313.05 III 313.68 III 313.95 III 352.956 I 354.962 I 357.83 IV 357.96 V 358.47 V 358.72 IV 359.38 V 361.433 II 362.455 II 365.59 V 379.31 III 387.14 IV 388.22 IV 405.854 II 407.138 II 416.20 V 421.61 IV 445.040 II 446.256 II 446.590 II 447.815 II 454.654 II 455.274 II 456.275 II 456.348 II 456.896 II 460.728 II 462.391 II 469.77 IV 469.82 IV 469.87 IV 469.92 IV 480.41 V 481.28 V 481.36 V 482.99 V 488.10 III 488.87 III 489.50 III 489.64 III 490.31 III 491.05 III 521.74 IV 521.82 IV 541.13 IV

Intensity 100 150 400 250 500 250 800 35 35 35 70 100 75 35 70 170 170 170 120 200 200 1000 400 60 70 90 100 90 20 110 160 90 90 90 120 180 100 100 200 500 300 200 100 c 80 65 110 80 150 200 300 240 400 180 120 200 300 200 30 200 200 240

Wavelength/Å 542.07 IV 543.89 IV 568.42 V 569.76 V 569.83 V 572.11 V 572.34 V 587.213 I 589.179 I 589.911 I 591.830 I 595.920 I 598.706 I 598.891 I 600.036 I 602.726 I 615.628 I 618.672 I 619.102 I 626.823 I 629.739 I 735.896 I 743.720 I 993.88 I 1068.65 I 1131.72 I 1131.85 II 1229.83 I 1255.03 III 1255.68 III 1257.19 III 1418.38 I 1428.58 I 1436.09 I 1681.68 II 1688.36 II 1888.11 II 1889.71 II 1907.49 II 1916.08 II 1930.03 II 1938.83 II 1945.46 II 2007.01 II 2018.44 IV 2022.19 IV 2025.56 II 2085.47 II 2086.96 III 2089.43 III 2092.44 III 2095.54 III 2096.11 II 2096.25 II 2161.22 III 2163.77 III 2180.89 III 2203.88 IV 2209.35 III 2211.85 III 2213.76 III

Intensity 300 10 75 110 65 250 65 175 240 65 110 200 250 550 30 250 250 450 700 250 250 110 350 65 350 300 240 200 200 80 p 90 w 800 600 400 300 240 200 80 80 90 w 80 200 200 80 600 500 80 90 80 100 80 80 90 90 80 80 80 80 w 80 90 150

Wavelength/Å 2216.07 III 2220.81 IV 2227.42 V 2232.41 V 2245.48 V 2258.02 IV 2259.57 V 2262.08 IV 2263.21 III 2263.39 V 2264.54 IV 2264.91 III 2265.71 V 2285.79 IV 2293.14 IV 2293.49 IV 2350.84 IV 2352.52 IV 2357.96 IV 2362.68 IV 2363.28 IV 2365.49 IV 2372.16 IV 2384.20 IV 2384.95 IV 2412.73 III 2412.94 III 2413.78 III 2473.40 III 2562.12 II 2567.12 II 2590.04 III 2593.60 III 2595.68 III 2610.03 III 2613.41 III 2615.87 III 2623.11 II 2629.89 II 2636.07 II 2638.29 II 2638.70 III 2641.07 III 2644.10 II 2677.90 III 2678.64 III 2762.92 II 2792.02 II 2794.22 II 2809.48 II 2906.59 II 2906.82 II 2910.06 II 2910.41 II 2911.14 II 2915.12 II 2925.62 II 2932.10 II 2940.65 II 2946.04 II 2955.72 II

Intensity 150 150 100 15 100 12 150 120 p 300 300 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 120 100 100 100 100 120 10 300 100 100 p 100 100 100 120 500 60 120 120 150 150 120 120 200 120 120 150 100 100 100 100 150 150 300

Wavelength/Å 2963.24 II 2967.18 II 2973.10 II 2974.72 I 2979.46 II 2982.67 I 3001.67 II 3017.31 II 3027.02 II 3028.86 II 3030.79 II 3034.46 II 3035.92 II 3037.72 II 3039.59 II 3044.09 II 3045.56 II 3047.56 II 3054.34 II 3054.68 II 3059.11 II 3062.49 II 3063.30 II 3070.89 II 3071.53 II 3075.73 II 3088.17 II 3092.09 II 3092.90 II 3094.01 II 3095.10 II 3097.13 II 3117.98 II 3118.16 II 3126.199 I 3141.33 II 3143.72 II 3148.68 II 3164.43 II 3165.65 II 3188.74 II 3194.58 II 3198.59 II 3208.96 II 3209.36 II 3213.74 II 3214.33 II 3218.19 II 3224.82 II 3229.57 II 3230.07 II 3230.42 II 3232.02 II 3232.37 II 3243.40 II 3244.10 II 3248.34 II 3250.36 II 3297.73 II 3309.74 II 3319.72 II

5/4/05 8:05:19 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 1000 150 100 200 150 300 150 200 120 200 120 100 120 12 40 100 500 150 120 300 100 120 100 120 120 50 15 120 60 50 100 100 25 30 30 60 150 200 200 25 30 25 150 120 120 100 250 100 200 50 30 15 20 150 200 20 12 200 10 150 250

Section 10.indb 51

Wavelength/Å 3323.74 II 3327.15 II 3329.16 II 3334.84 II 3344.40 II 3345.45 II 3345.83 II 3355.02 II 3357.82 II 3360.60 II 3362.16 II 3362.71 II 3367.22 II 3369.808 I 3369.908 I 3371.80 II 3378.22 II 3388.42 II 3388.94 II 3392.80 II 3404.82 II 3406.95 II 3413.15 II 3416.91 II 3417.69 II 3417.904 I 3418.006 I 3428.69 II 3447.703 I 3454.195 I 3456.61 II 3459.32 II 3460.524 I 3464.339 I 3466.579 I 3472.571 I 3479.52 II 3480.72 II 3481.93 II 3498.064 I 3501.216 I 3515.191 I 3520.472 I 3542.85 II 3557.80 II 3561.20 II 3568.50 II 3574.18 II 3574.61 II 3593.526 I 3593.640 I 3600.169 I 3633.665 I 3643.93 II 3664.07 II 3682.243 I 3685.736 I 3694.21 II 3701.225 I 3709.62 II 3713.08 II

10-51 Intensity 250 800 1000 100 120 150 100 120 120 70 150 100 200 150 150 100 100 100 p 100 p 150 p 150 p 120 100 10 10 100 15 12 10 10 15 10 12 10 10 10 4 10 10 25 20 8 60 5 10 5 12 80 12 40 500 100 100 60 60 100 100 100 120 80 100

Wavelength/Å 3727.11 II 3766.26 II 3777.13 II 3818.43 II 3829.75 II 4219.74 II 4233.85 II 4250.65 II 4369.86 II 4379.40 II 4379.55 II 4385.06 II 4391.99 II 4397.99 II 4409.30 II 4413.22 II 4421.39 II 4428.52 II 4428.63 II 4430.90 II 4430.94 II 4457.05 II 4522.72 II 4537.754 I 4540.380 I 4569.06 II 4704.395 I 4708.862 I 4710.067 I 4712.066 I 4715.347 I 4752.732 I 4788.927 I 4790.22 I 4827.344 I 4884.917 I 5005.159 I 5037.751 I 5144.938 I 5330.778 I 5341.094 I 5343.283 I 5400.562 I 5562.766 I 5656.659 I 5719.225 I 5748.298 I 5764.419 I 5804.450 I 5820.156 I 5852.488 I 5872.828 I 5881.895 I 5902.462 I 5906.429 I 5944.834 I 5965.471 I 5974.627 I 5975.534 I 5987.907 I 6029.997 I

Intensity 100 80 60 100 120 250 150 150 60 100 120 200 150 60 150 70 90 20 100 90 100 50 80 100 150 150 100 150 40 90 100 150 80 60 100 120 300 120 400 700 2000 2000 100 1000 600 3000 2500 100 2500 800 6000 100 1500 100 8000 1000 4000 1500 800 5000 600

Wavelength/Å 6074.338 I 6096.163 I 6128.450 I 6143.063 I 6163.594 I 6182.146 I 6217.281 I 6266.495 I 6304.789 I 6334.428 I 6382.992 I 6402.246 I 6506.528 I 6532.882 I 6598.953 I 6652.093 I 6678.276 I 6717.043 I 6929.467 I 7024.050 I 7032.413 I 7051.292 I 7059.107 I 7173.938 I 7213.20 II 7235.19 II 7245.167 I 7343.94 II 7472.439 I 7488.871 I 7492.10 II 7522.82 II 7535.774 I 7544.044 I 7724.628 I 7740.74 II 7839.055 I 7926.20 II 7927.118 I 7936.996 I 7943.181 I 8082.458 I 8084.34 II 8118.549 I 8128.911 I 8136.406 I 8259.379 I 8264.81 II 8266.077 I 8267.117 I 8300.326 I 8315.00 II 8365.749 I 8372.11 II 8377.606 I 8417.159 I 8418.427 I 8463.358 I 8484.444 I 8495.360 I 8544.696 I

Intensity 1000 4000 6000 3000 15000 4000 100 5000 5000 2000 4000 12000 10000 500 7000 1000 1000 3000 2000 100 6000 6000 4000 2000 2000 1000 200 6000 1500 3000 6000 2000 5000 3000 5000 5000 3000 120 1000 100 800 2000 1500 2000 3000 3500 1600 1100 3000 1500 950 500 1200 300 2000 1500 500 1000 3000 800 1000

Wavelength/Å 8571.352 I 8591.259 I 8634.647 I 8647.041 I 8654.383 I 8655.522 I 8668.26 II 8679.492 I 8681.921 I 8704.112 I 8771.656 I 8780.621 I 8783.753 I 8830.907 I 8853.867 I 8865.306 I 8865.755 I 8919.501 I 8988.57 I 9079.46 II 9148.67 I 9201.76 I 9220.06 I 9221.58 I 9226.69 I 9275.52 I 9287.56 II 9300.85 I 9310.58 I 9313.97 I 9326.51 I 9373.31 I 9425.38 I 9459.21 I 9486.68 I 9534.16 I 9547.40 I 9577.01 II 9665.42 I 9808.86 II 10295.42 I 10562.41 I 10798.07 I 10844.48 I 11143.020 I 11177.528 I 11390.434 I 11409.134 I 11522.746 I 11525.020 I 11536.344 I 11601.537 I 11614.081 I 11688.002 I 11766.792 I 11789.044 I 11789.889 I 11984.912 I 12066.334 I 12459.389 I 12689.201 I

5/4/05 8:05:22 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-52 Intensity 1100 700 800 400 400 1000 350 250 2500 2000 1200 250 1200 2000 1000 1200 300 400 900 1600 350 550 1200 750 300 350 2250 400 600 1000 1050 850 3500 300 1100 1800 600 1000 200 500 600 1500 800 400 700 300 550 250 650 125 150 250 450 1300 2200 600 100 120

Wavelength/Å 12912.014 I 13219.241 I 15230.714 I 17161.930 I 18035.80 I 18083.21 I 18221.11 I 18227.02 I 18276.68 I 18282.62 I 18303.97 I 18359.12 I 18384.85 I 18389.95 I 18402.84 I 18422.39 I 18458.65 I 18475.79 I 18591.55 I 18597.70 I 18618.96 I 18625.16 I 21041.295 I 21708.145 I 22247.35 I 22428.13 I 22530.40 I 22661.81 I 23100.51 I 23260.30 I 23373.00 I 23565.36 I 23636.52 I 23701.64 I 23709.2 I 23951.42 I 23956.46 I 23978.12 I 24098.54 I 24161.42 I 24249.64 I 24365.05 I 24371.60 I 24447.85 I 24459.4 I 24776.46 I 24928.88 I 25161.69 I 25524.37 I 28386.21 I 30200. I 33173.09 I 33352.35 I 33901. I 33912.10 I 34131.31 I 34471.44 I 35834.78 I

Neptunium Np Z = 93 300 3481.93 300 h 3501.50

Section 10.indb 52

I I

Intensity 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 300 h 1000 s 300 l 3000 s 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 300 s 300 s 1000 l 300 l 1000 l 300 s 300 1000 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 h 300 s

Wavelength/Å 3986.89 I 5044.66 I 5601.70 I 5652.75 I 5784.39 I 5878.04 I 6011.22 I 6056.09 I 6073.90 I 6080.05 I 6120.49 I 6188.59 I 6200.00 I 6215.90 I 6317.84 I 6341.38 I 6566.11 I 6720.68 I 6751.32 I 6795.21 I 6802.62 I 6805.81 I 6816.44 I 6865.45 I 6907.13 I 6912.91 I 6930.31 I 6963.63 I 6972.09 I 7014.02 I 7018.91 I 7039.14 I 7080.01 I 7174.83 I 7184.93 I 7284.28 I 7292.29 I 7332.52 I 7370.60 I 7381.03 I 7381.65 I 7402.70 I 7512.22 I 7515.15 I 7546.05 I 7624.83 I 7626.85 I 7681.01 I 7685.25 I 7735.14 I 7761.61 I 7765.75 I 7776.07 I 7787.46 I 7791.38 I 7851.44 I 7887.88 I 7901.71 I 7975.98 I 8080.32 I 8124.59 I

Intensity 300 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 1000 l 300 300 l 3000 3000 1000 s 1000 s 1000 1000 s 1000 l 10000 l 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l

Wavelength/Å 8155.11 I 8167.42 I 8183.06 I 8188.61 I 8247.82 I 8287.11 I 8287.75 I 8306.22 I 8313.66 I 8339.12 I 8356.79 I 8367.11 I 8372.88 I 8529.96 I 8696.23 I 8906.02 I 8942.70 I 9004.75 I 9006.31 I 9016.18 I 9141.30 I 9379.33 I 9468.66 I 9679.13 I 9930.55 I 10091.99 I 10817.45 I 11695.15 I 11776.64 I 12148.18 I 12377.42 I 12407.99 I 13834.33 I

Nickel Ni Z = 28 55 315.24 56 315.71 72 354.18 76 354.42 68 354.49 500 630.71 500 676.94 300 713.33 300 713.38 500 718.48 300 722.09 500 729.82 400 731.70 300 732.16 300 747.99 300 750.05 300 757.80 400 770.22 500 778.81 300 788.04 500 811.57 500 826.14 500 842.14 400 845.24 300 847.43 300 860.64 300 862.88

V V V V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 300 300 300 400 500 76 74 70 73 76 73 72 75 74 74 76 73 75 74 300 300 400 1000 800 650 500 400 500 300 1000 300 550 300 400 800 500 2000 400 300 300 800 400 650 800 300 1000 2000 2000 1500 2500 3000 5000 4000 6000 1000 2000 1600 630 1000 2000 1700

Wavelength/Å 863.22 III 867.51 III 973.79 III 979.59 III 1317.22 II 1398.19 IV 1411.45 IV 1438.82 IV 1449.01 IV 1452.22 IV 1482.25 IV 1489.83 IV 1525.31 IV 1527.68 IV 1527.80 IV 1534.71 IV 1537.25 IV 1543.41 IV 1546.23 IV 1604.54 III 1652.87 III 1687.90 III 1692.51 III 1709.90 III 1715.30 III 1719.46 III 1722.28 III 1738.25 III 1739.78 III 1741.55 II 1741.96 III 1747.01 III 1752.43 III 1753.01 III 1764.69 III 1767.94 III 1769.64 III 1776.07 III 1807.24 III 1819.28 III 1823.06 III 1830.01 III 1847.28 III 1854.15 III 1858.75 III 2165.55 II 2169.10 II 2174.67 II 2175.15 II 2185.50 II 2192.09 II 2205.55 II 2206.72 II 2216.48 II 2264.46 II 2270.21 II 2289.98 I 2300.78 I 2303.00 II 2310.96 I 2312.34 I

5/4/05 8:05:24 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 1400 1400 1000 1400 2600 1900 1400 940 1200 400 1000 240 1000 2000 240 160 150 250 500 570 500 1000 4000 2200 3700 1700 3500 1500 1900 500 2600 1300 2900 1100 600 660 2000 2900 3300 1300 3300 8200 1600 2600 990 4800 1300 5000 5000 1600 550 5500 660 2600 6600 660 8200 5000 990 1300 1300

Section 10.indb 53

Wavelength/Å 2313.66 I 2313.98 I 2316.04 II 2317.16 I 2320.03 I 2321.38 I 2325.79 I 2329.96 I 2345.54 I 2347.52 I 2375.42 II 2386.58 I 2394.52 II 2416.13 II 2419.31 I 2472.06 I 2798.65 I 2821.29 I 2943.91 I 2981.65 I 2992.60 I 2994.46 I 3002.49 I 3003.63 I 3012.00 I 3037.94 I 3050.82 I 3054.32 I 3057.64 I 3064.62 I 3101.55 I 3101.88 I 3134.11 I 3232.96 I 3243.06 I 3315.66 I 3331.88 II 3369.57 I 3380.57 I 3391.05 I 3392.99 I 3414.76 I 3423.71 I 3433.56 I 3437.28 I 3446.26 I 3452.89 I 3458.47 I 3461.65 I 3472.54 I 3483.77 I 3492.96 I 3500.85 I 3510.34 I 3515.05 I 3519.77 I 3524.54 I 3566.37 I 3571.87 I 3597.70 I 3610.46 I

10-53 Intensity 530 6600 200 130 180 260 160 80 120 150 60 600 700 700 110 1200 110 110 85 55 65 75 110 45 45 40 45 45 50 100 100 65 40 h 40 h 180 23 16 10 10 10 10 10 13 16 22 10 26 16 16 23 13 19 23 16 19 19 10 13 1000 700 9

Wavelength/Å 3612.74 I 3619.39 I 3664.10 I 3669.24 I 3670.43 I 3674.15 I 3688.42 I 3693.93 I 3722.48 I 3736.81 I 3739.23 I 3775.57 I 3783.53 I 3807.14 I 3831.69 I 3858.30 I 3973.56 I 4401.55 I 4459.04 I 4470.48 I 4605.00 I 4648.66 I 4714.42 I 4786.54 I 4855.41 I 4904.41 I 4980.16 I 4984.13 I 5017.59 I 5035.37 I 5080.52 I 5081.11 I 5146.48 I 5155.76 I 5476.91 I 5709.56 I 5754.68 I 5857.76 I 5892.88 I 6108.12 I 6176.81 I 6191.18 I 6256.36 I 6643.64 I 6767.77 I 6914.56 I 7122.20 I 7393.60 I 7409.35 I 7422.28 I 7522.76 I 7555.60 I 7617.00 I 7714.32 I 7727.61 I 7748.89 I 7788.94 I 7797.59 I 8096.75 II 8121.48 II 8862.55 I

Intensity 500 w

Wavelength/Å 9900.92 II

Niobium Nb 80 80 80 80 60 400 500 500 100 150 100 60 80 80 80 100 80 100 80 80 100 60 80 60 100 100 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 60 3300 65 3000 2000 1700 1100 80 h 1500 80 100 80 100 80 100 370 280 100 100 80 90 80

Z = 41 464.55 468.32 763.77 774.02 993.54 1005.72 1007.05 1010.19 1116.08 1120.02 1258.87 1314.56 1445.43 1445.98 1447.09 1456.68 1484.73 1495.94 1498.02 1499.45 1501.99 1502.30 1513.81 1524.36 1524.91 1590.21 1598.86 1604.72 1639.51 1682.77 1705.44 1707.14 1758.33 1877.34 1892.92 1922.41 1938.84 1978.22 2029.32 2032.53 2032.99 2109.42 2125.21 2126.54 2130.24 2131.18 2273.92 2275.23 2279.36 2281.51 2284.40 2290.36 2295.68 2302.08 2313.30 2338.09 2344.12 2349.21 2355.54

V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III IV III IV III III III III III III III III V V III IV III IV II IV II II II II III II III III III III III III II II III III III III III

Intensity 100 80 80 100 170 110 100 140 80 45 160 80 55 55 140 100 160 140 100 75 40 45 40 28 65 65 100 55 65 80 80 110 65 65 35 100 110 110 390 100 110 130 80 130 110 390 390 80 80 200 320 330 330 310 80 110 110 110 400 200 200

Wavelength/Å 2362.06 III 2362.50 III 2365.70 III 2372.73 III 2376.40 II 2387.09 II 2387.41 III 2387.52 II 2388.23 III 2388.27 II 2398.48 II 2404.89 III 2405.34 II 2405.85 II 2412.46 II 2413.94 III 2416.99 II 2418.69 II 2421.91 III 2433.80 II 2435.95 II 2437.42 II 2442.14 II 2442.68 II 2451.87 II 2453.95 II 2456.99 III 2458.09 II 2462.89 I 2468.72 III 2475.87 III 2477.38 II 2478.29 II 2479.94 II 2483.88 II 2499.73 III 2511.00 II 2521.40 II 2544.80 II 2545.64 III 2551.38 II 2556.94 II 2557.94 III 2562.41 II 2571.33 II 2583.99 II 2590.94 II 2598.86 III 2633.17 III 2642.24 II 2646.26 II 2647.50 I 2654.45 I 2656.08 II 2657.99 III 2665.25 II 2666.59 II 2667.30 II 2671.93 II 2673.57 II 2675.94 II

5/4/05 8:05:27 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-54 Intensity 160 1000 320 320 150 470 470 310 110 240 310 270 110 190 250 280 160 240 100 500 800 270 530 100 570 280 470 400 470 670 470 1100 110 870 110 h 110 110 1100 400 320 210 200 330 470 80 140 350 300 100 100 220 110 100 110 100 400 110 1800 140 270 1500

Section 10.indb 54

Wavelength/Å 2691.77 II 2697.06 II 2698.86 II 2702.20 II 2702.52 II 2716.62 II 2721.98 II 2733.26 II 2737.09 II 2768.13 II 2773.20 I 2780.24 II 2793.05 II 2827.08 II 2841.15 II 2842.65 II 2846.28 II 2861.09 II 2865.61 II 2868.52 II 2875.39 II 2876.95 II 2877.03 II 2880.72 II 2883.18 II 2888.83 II 2897.81 II 2899.24 II 2908.24 II 2910.59 II 2911.74 II 2927.81 II 2931.47 II 2941.54 II 2945.88 II 2946.12 II 2946.90 II 2950.88 II 2972.57 II 2974.10 II 2977.68 II 2982.11 II 2990.26 II 2994.73 II 3001.84 III 3024.74 II 3028.44 II 3032.77 II 3044.76 II 3055.52 II 3064.53 II 3069.68 II 3070.90 II 3071.56 II 3073.24 II 3076.87 II 3080.35 II 3094.18 II 3099.19 II 3127.53 II 3130.79 II

Intensity 80 390 1200 150 390 300 150 1000 120 300 390 800 140 400 200 120 320 230 160 200 160 320 400 120 130 1300 1300 1700 420 340 1700 130 340 130 350 170 350 230 180 230 230 230 180 180 200 100 500 460 200 200 200 2000 1300 250 500 300 1000 630 630 1500 5000

Wavelength/Å 3142.26 III 3145.40 II 3163.40 II 3175.78 II 3180.29 II 3191.10 II 3191.43 II 3194.98 II 3203.35 II 3206.34 II 3215.60 II 3225.48 II 3229.56 II 3236.40 II 3247.47 II 3248.94 II 3254.07 II 3260.56 II 3263.37 II 3283.46 II 3292.02 II 3296.01 I 3312.60 I 3319.58 II 3341.60 II 3341.97 I 3343.71 I 3349.06 I 3349.52 I 3354.74 I 3358.42 I 3365.58 II 3366.96 I 3369.16 II 3374.92 I 3386.24 II 3392.34 I 3408.68 II 3409.19 II 3412.94 II 3425.42 II 3426.57 II 3432.70 II 3440.59 II 3479.56 II 3484.05 II 3498.63 I 3507.96 I 3510.26 II 3515.42 II 3517.67 II 3535.30 I 3537.48 I 3540.96 II 3544.02 I 3550.45 I 3554.66 I 3563.50 I 3563.62 I 3575.85 I 3580.27 I

Intensity 500 750 500 500 500 300 420 400 200 630 900 1500 330 3300 480 2700 2700 670 1700 530 350 530 870 1700 1300 3500 2700 2700 670 530 670 530 530 210 670 350 350 530 870 670 1100 670 580 670 530 670 520 910 d 1100 16000 c 350 12000 440 6700 310 5300 670 770 2300 440 2700

Wavelength/Å 3584.97 I 3589.11 I 3589.36 I 3593.97 I 3602.56 I 3619.51 II 3649.85 I 3651.19 II 3659.61 II 3660.37 I 3664.70 I 3697.85 I 3711.34 I 3713.01 I 3716.99 I 3726.24 I 3739.80 I 3740.73 II 3742.39 I 3763.49 I 3765.08 I 3771.85 I 3781.01 I 3787.06 I 3790.15 I 3791.21 I 3798.12 I 3802.92 I 3803.88 I 3804.74 I 3810.49 I 3811.03 I 3815.51 I 3818.86 II 3824.88 I 3835.18 I 3863.38 I 3877.56 I 3878.82 I 3883.14 I 3885.44 I 3885.68 I 3891.30 I 3914.70 I 3920.20 I 3937.44 I 3943.67 I 3966.09 I 4032.52 I 4058.94 I 4060.79 I 4079.73 I 4100.40 I 4100.92 I 4116.90 I 4123.81 I 4129.43 I 4129.93 I 4137.10 I 4139.44 I 4139.71 I

Intensity 350 870 4400 870 4400 4000 3500 310 1200 870 870 1300 310 350 870 350 420 420 770 420 400 580 580 390 350 390 330 150 530 480 370 720 480 1200 170 450 450 450 340 240 580 530 320 130 c 260 150 220 c 130 c 190 230 150 210 170 130 750 420 170 170 210 250 250

Wavelength/Å 4143.21 I 4150.12 I 4152.58 I 4163.47 I 4163.66 I 4164.66 I 4168.13 I 4184.44 I 4190.88 I 4192.07 I 4195.09 I 4195.66 I 4198.51 I 4201.52 I 4205.31 I 4214.73 I 4217.94 I 4229.15 I 4262.05 I 4266.02 I 4286.99 I 4299.60 I 4300.99 I 4311.27 I 4326.33 I 4331.37 I 4410.21 I 4503.04 I 4523.41 I 4546.82 I 4564.53 I 4573.08 I 4581.62 I 4606.77 I 4616.17 I 4630.11 I 4648.95 I 4663.83 I 4666.24 I 4667.22 I 4672.09 I 4675.37 I 4685.14 I 4706.14 I 4708.29 I 4713.50 I 4749.70 I 4967.78 I 4988.97 I 5017.75 I 5026.36 I 5039.04 I 5058.01 I 5065.25 I 5078.96 I 5095.30 I 5100.16 I 5120.30 I 5134.75 I 5160.33 I 5164.38 I

5/4/05 8:05:30 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity 230 190 170 150 150 150 d 270 130 c 250 460 340 110 85 170 130 170 130 110 110 130 d 190 cw 150 75 85 c 65 210 cw 150 cw 130 c 85 85 190 c 130 190 cw 65 170 c 75 c 35 40 29 cw 29 35

Wavelength/Å 5180.31 I 5189.20 I 5193.08 I 5195.84 I 5232.81 I 5251.62 I 5271.53 I 5276.20 I 5318.60 I 5344.17 I 5350.74 I 5437.27 I 5551.35 I 5642.11 I 5664.71 I 5665.63 I 5729.19 I 5760.34 I 5819.43 I 5838.64 I 5900.62 I 5983.22 I 6221.96 I 6430.46 I 6544.61 I 6660.84 I 6677.33 I 6723.62 I 6828.11 I 6990.32 I 7046.81 I 7159.43 I 7372.50 I 7515.93 I 7574.58 I 7726.68 I 7885.31 I 8135.20 I 8320.93 I 8346.08 I 8905.78 I

Nitrogen N 400 52 62 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 90 500 500 d 500 d 800 w 800 600 w 600 w

Z=7 181.75 186.069 186.153 191.7 192.9 196.87 197.23 202.60 205.94 205.97 206.03 209.303 217.20 217.90 223.4 225.12 225.21 234.12 234.20

Section 10.indb 55

IV V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

10-55 Intensity 600 w 550 500 500 w 600 500 w 900 90 120 500 w 500 w 500 w 500 650 700 800 600 800 500 500 500 150 200 500 650 250 300 350 600 600 w 700 650 90 500 150 200 90 150 120 150 200 120 600 300 500 500 500 w 500 700 120 150 150 90 300 350 500 500 250 300 650 285

Wavelength/Å 234.25 IV 236.07 IV 237.99 IV 238.7 IV 238.80 IV 239.62 IV 247.20 IV 247.561 V 247.706 V 248.43 IV 248.46 IV 248.48 IV 257.95 III 258.50 III 259.19 III 260.09 III 260.45 IV 261.28 III 262.91 III 265.23 III 265.27 III 266.196 V 266.379 V 268.70 III 270.99 IV 283.42 IV 283.48 IV 283.58 IV 285.56 IV 297.7 IV 297.82 IV 300.32 IV 303.123 IV 303.28 IV 314.715 III 314.850 III 314.877 III 315.053 IV 322.503 IV 322.570 IV 322.724 IV 323.175 IV 323.26 III 335.050 IV 338.35 III 340.20 III 351.93 IV 351.98 III 353.06 IV 362.833 III 362.881 III 362.946 III 362.985 III 374.204 III 374.441 III 387.48 III 420.77 IV 451.869 III 452.226 III 463.74 IV 644.634 II

Intensity 360 450 140 360 170 285 150 160 170 500 570 650 500 350 90 150 285 150 200 500 570 570 250 300 350 200 150 650 90 90 80 40 450 450 550 650 520 500 480 520 90 100 130 1000 130 115 70 650 700 900 700 1000 150 w 90 60 90 450 600 430 650 175

Wavelength/Å 644.837 II 645.178 II 647.50 I 660.286 II 671.016 II 671.386 II 671.630 II 671.773 II 672.001 II 684.996 III 685.513 III 685.816 III 686.335 III 692.70 I 713.518 V 713.860 V 746.984 II 748.195 V 748.291 V 763.336 III 764.359 III 765.148 IV 771.544 III 771.901 III 772.385 III 772.891 III 772.975 III 775.965 II 885.67 I 909.697 I 910.278 I 910.645 I 915.612 II 915.962 II 916.012 II 916.701 II 921.992 IV 922.519 IV 923.057 IV 924.283 IV 953.415 I 953.655 I 953.970 I 955.335 IV 963.990 I 964.626 I 965.041 I 979.842 III 979.919 III 989.790 III 991.514 III 991.579 III 1036.16 IV 1067.614 I 1068.612 I 1078.71 IV 1083.990 II 1084.580 II 1085.546 II 1085.701 II 1097.237 I

Intensity 115 115 105 40 90 360 385 410 105 130 60 105 270 105 60 195 230 105 195 500 570 90 410 385 360 175 160 130 160 1000 900 360 315 290 250 230 315 115 115 150 360 700 490 640 90 200 l 350 l 1000 250 775 700 570 350 650 150 200 150 90 w 350 400 200

Wavelength/Å 1098.095 I 1098.260 I 1100.360 I 1100.465 I 1101.291 I 1134.165 I 1134.415 I 1134.980 I 1143.65 I 1163.884 I 1164.206 I 1164.325 I 1167.448 I 1168.334 I 1168.417 I 1168.536 I 1176.510 I 1176.630 I 1177.695 I 1183.031 III 1184.550 III 1188.01 IV 1199.550 I 1200.223 I 1200.710 I 1225.026 I 1225.37 I 1228.41 I 1228.79 I 1238.821 V 1242.804 V 1243.179 I 1243.306 I 1310.540 I 1310.95 I 1319.00 I 1319.68 I 1326.57 I 1327.92 I 1387.371 III 1411.94 I 1492.625 I 1492.820 I 1494.675 I 1549.336 V 1616.33 V 1619.69 V 1718.55 IV 1729.945 III 1742.729 I 1745.252 I 1747.848 III 1751.218 III 1751.657 III 1804.486 III 1805.669 III 1846.42 III 1860.37 V 1885.06 III 1885.22 III 1907.99 III

5/4/05 8:05:32 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-56 Intensity 150 150 300 150 200 200 250 120 90 90 160 70 110 90 90 110 160 90 200 150 160 160 110 220 160 285 90 w 160 150 110 70 110 160 220 110 250 300 350 250 w 90 160 110 110 60 l 160 90 l 150 w 250 w 60 w 220 90 120 360 90 570 500 400 90 90 120 285

Section 10.indb 56

Wavelength/Å 1919.55 III 1919.77 III 1920.65 III 1920.84 III 1921.30 III 2064.01 III 2064.42 III 2068.68 III 2071.09 III 2080.34 IV 2095.53 II 2096.20 II 2096.86 II 2117.59 III 2121.50 III 2130.18 II 2142.78 II 2147.31 III 2188.20 III 2188.38 III 2206.09 II 2286.69 II 2288.44 II 2316.49 II 2316.69 II 2317.05 II 2318.09 IV 2461.27 II 2477.69 IV 2496.83 II 2496.97 II 2520.22 II 2520.79 II 2522.23 II 2590.94 II 2645.65 IV 2646.18 IV 2646.96 IV 2682.18 III 2689.20 III 2709.84 II 2799.22 II 2823.64 II 2859.16 V 2885.27 II 2974.52 V 2980.78 V 2981.31 V 2998.43 V 3006.83 II 3078.25 IV 3367.34 III 3437.15 II 3463.37 IV 3478.71 IV 3482.99 IV 3484.96 IV 3747.54 IV 3754.67 III 3771.05 III 3838.37 II

Intensity 360 90 450 1000 150 200 360 550 360 150 250 140 200 185 285 120 150 285 285 220 450 90 120 300 285 650 90 120 360 550 350 90 450 360 250 450 870 90 120 550 285 450 180

Wavelength/Å 3919.00 II 3938.52 III 3955.85 II 3995.00 II 3998.63 III 4003.58 III 4035.08 II 4041.31 II 4043.53 II 4057.76 IV 4097.33 III 4099.94 I 4103.43 III 4109.95 I 4176.16 II 4195.76 III 4200.10 III 4227.74 II 4236.91 II 4237.05 II 4241.78 II 4332.91 III 4345.68 III 4379.11 III 4432.74 II 4447.03 II 4510.91 III 4514.86 III 4530.41 II 4601.48 II 4603.73 V 4606.33 IV 4607.16 II 4613.87 II 4619.98 V 4621.39 II 4630.54 II 4634.14 III 4640.64 III 4643.08 II 4788.13 II 4803.29 II 4847.38 I

90 150 285 160 210 200 w 160 350 285 450 650 360 870 550 450 360 360 550

4858.82 4867.15 4895.11 4914.94 4935.12 4944.56 4950.23 4963.98 4987.37 4994.36 5001.48 5002.70 5005.15 5007.32 5010.62 5016.39 5025.66 5045.10

III III II I I V I I II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 185 140 90 200 150 450 285 650 550 870 450 450 285 700 240 265 235 360 550 285 650 285 160 210 285 360 150 185 210 210 210 185 235 90 185 120 300 265 750 360 300 325 160 210 185 750 185 185 235 185 235 210 185 210 160 265 685 785 900 185 60 w

Wavelength/Å 5281.20 I 5292.68 I 5314.35 III 5320.82 III 5327.18 III 5495.67 II 5535.36 II 5666.63 II 5676.02 II 5679.56 II 5686.21 II 5710.77 II 5747.30 II 5752.50 I 5764.75 I 5829.54 I 5854.04 I 5927.81 II 5931.78 II 5940.24 II 5941.65 II 5952.39 II 5999.43 I 6008.47 I 6167.76 II 6379.62 II 6380.77 IV 6411.65 I 6420.64 I 6423.02 I 6428.32 I 6437.68 I 6440.94 I 6454.11 III 6457.90 I 6467.02 III 6468.44 I 6481.71 I 6482.05 II 6482.70 I 6483.75 I 6484.80 I 6491.22 I 6499.54 I 6506.31 I 6610.56 II 6622.54 I 6636.94 I 6644.96 I 6646.50 I 6653.46 I 6656.51 I 6722.62 I 7398.64 I 7406.12 I 7406.24 I 7423.64 I 7442.29 I 7468.31 I 7608.80 I 7618.46 V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 400 400 250 300 570 400 400 550 500 570 650 500 220 700 650 500 110 110 h 500 160 h 570 500 250 200 500 570 250 200 160 h 110 h 160 h 220 h 160 h 220 h 285 h 220 h 220 h 160 h 250 300 350 400 110 h 250 200 380 225 290 310 180 510 920 500 840 180 180 290 250 100 160

7762.24 8184.87 8188.02 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.14 8242.39 8438.74 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.89 8676.08 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8687.43 8699.00 8703.25 8710.54 8711.70 8718.83 8728.89 8747.36 9386.80 9392.79 9460.68 9863.33 9865.41 9868.21 9887.39 9891.09 9961.86 9969.34 10023.27 10035.45 10065.15 10070.12 10105.13 10108.89 10112.48 10114.64 10126.27 10539.57 12074.51 12186.82 12288.97 12328.76 12381.65 12438.40 12461.25 12469.62 13429.61 13581.33 13587.73 13602.27 13624.18 14757.07 14868.87 14966.60

II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:05:35 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

180 120 s 100 l 100

15582.27 17516.58 17584.86 17878.26

I I I I

Osmium Os 9600 13000 17000 29000 14000 14000 18000 26000 8600 13000 7800 4200 7200 14000 2900 2900 2900 6000 5300 2100 4800 5300 2600 1300 1200 3100 1100 2100 1100 1300 2000 1400 1400 500 2600 1700 1100 200 1400 110 1800 110 530 4500 2600 2400 780 1000 1000 1800 3800 1900 1900 2100 3000 1300

Z = 76 2001.45 2003.73 2010.15 2018.14 2022.76 2028.23 2034.44 2045.36 2058.69 2061.69 2067.21 2070.67 2076.95 2079.97 2082.54 2089.03 2089.21 2097.60 2100.63 2117.66 2117.96 2137.11 2154.59 2157.84 2158.53 2166.90 2167.75 2171.65 2234.61 2252.15 2255.85 2264.60 2282.26 2367.35 2377.03 2387.29 2395.88 2423.07 2424.97 2454.91 2461.42 2468.90 2486.24 2488.55 2498.41 2513.25 2538.00 2542.51 2590.76 2613.06 2637.13 2644.11 2658.60 2689.82 2714.64 2720.04

I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I II I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I

Section 10.indb 57

10-57 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

960 2800 5100 2300 1500 1500 9600 2100 2100 1100 h 1400 4400 1100 2900 120 8600 1100 3100 180 150 1900 3100 3100 1200 7600 960 960 620 620 620 1200 1200 620 95 480 3700 2100 730 1000 730 960 1200 2500 1200 1200 4900 560 560 4900 540 670 55 45 35 35 35 90 55 140 40 270

2770.71 2806.91 2838.63 2844.40 2850.76 2860.96 2909.06 2912.33 2919.79 2948.23 2949.53 3018.04 3030.70 3040.90 3042.74 3058.66 3077.72 3156.25 3173.93 3213.31 3232.06 3262.29 3267.94 3290.26 3301.56 3336.15 3370.59 3387.84 3401.86 3504.66 3528.60 3560.86 3598.11 3604.48 3670.89 3752.52 3782.20 3876.77 3963.63 3977.23 4066.69 4112.02 4135.78 4173.23 4211.86 4260.85 4293.95 4311.40 4420.47 4550.41 4793.99 5031.83 5039.12 5072.88 5074.77 5079.09 5103.50 5110.81 5149.74 5193.52 5202.63

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 45 55 40 110 120 45 28 55 22 22 28 22 270 22 80 35 22 28 28 170 22 170 40 110 28 65 35 22 22 27 22 26 7

5203.23 5255.82 5265.15 5298.78 5376.79 5416.34 5416.69 5417.51 5443.31 5446.93 5457.30 5470.00 5509.33 5523.53 5546.82 5584.44 5620.08 5642.56 5645.25 5680.88 5721.93 5765.05 5780.82 5800.60 5857.76 5860.64 5996.00 6227.70 6269.41 6403.15 6729.56 7145.54 7602.95 8041.29

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Oxygen O Z = 8 80 124.616 110 135.523 80 138.109 110 139.029 80 151.447 110 151.477 150 151.546 80 164.574 110 164.657 80 164.709 80 166.235 150 167.99 110 170.219 450 172.169 250 185.745 375 192.751 450 192.799 520 192.906 80 193.003 200 194.593 150 195.86 200 196.01 80 202.161 80 202.224 80 202.283 80 202.334

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 110 150 100 200 100 110 150 300 150 200 250 250 520 80 80 150 80 80 80 150 140 150 110 200 110 90 180 110 110 110 150 300 250 80 d 110 110 150 150 150 300 375 110 150 110 80 110 120 150 150 140 160 160 250 200 250 190 300 190 200 150

202.393 203.78 203.82 203.85 203.89 203.94 207.18 207.24 207.794 215.040 215.103 215.245 216.018 220.352 227.372 227.469 227.511 227.549 227.634 227.689 231.823 233.46 233.50 233.52 233.56 233.60 238.36 238.57 248.459 252.56 252.95 253.08 260.39 260.56 264.34 264.48 266.97 266.98 267.03 277.38 279.63 279.94 285.71 285.84 286.448 295.62 295.66 295.72 303.41 303.46 303.52 303.62 303.69 303.80 305.60 305.66 305.70 305.77 305.84 306.62 306.88

V V V V V V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV

5/4/05 8:05:37 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-58 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 300 250 300 110 90 80 200 190 150 210 200 300 190 200 210 450 300 800 900 1000 1000 250 300 220 200 150 700 775 850 700 700 1000 580 110 640 160 200 100 270 150 200 520 580 640 1000 150 200 150 230 70 800 800 900 1000 900 600 70 700 640 580

320.979 328.45 328.74 345.31 355.14 355.33 355.47 359.02 359.22 359.38 373.80 374.00 374.08 374.16 374.33 374.44 395.558 434.98 507.391 507.683 508.182 525.795 537.83 538.26 539.09 539.55 539.85 553.330 554.075 554.514 555.261 597.818 599.598 608.398 609.70 609.829 610.04 610.75 610.85 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.617 625.130 625.852 629.730 644.148 672.95 673.77 681.272 685.544 702.332 702.822 702.899 703.850 718.484 718.562 744.794 758.678 759.441 760.228

Section 10.indb 58

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II IV IV IV IV III III IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV V II II II V I III III III III II II I V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

775 640 700 70 90 520 70 200 315 360 200 640 520 700 70 300 200 160 90 70 70 80 240 600 450 780 600 600 800 40 130 160 80 200 130 90 40 90 40 160 40 250 90 160 60 40 900 600 300 200 130 230 640 160 160 w 285 160 315 w 160 220 110

760.445 761.128 762.003 770.793 771.056 774.518 775.321 779.734 779.821 779.912 779.997 787.711 790.109 790.199 791.973 796.66 802.200 802.255 804.267 804.848 805.295 805.810 832.762 832.927 833.332 833.742 834.467 835.096 835.292 877.879 921.296 921.366 922.008 923.367 923.433 935.193 948.686 971.738 976.448 988.773 990.204 1025.762 1027.431 1039.230 1040.942 1152.152 1302.168 1304.858 1306.029 1338.612 1342.992 1343.512 1371.292 1476.89 1506.72 1590.01 1591.33 1643.68 1707.996 1760.12 1760.42

V V V I I V I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I II IV IV I I I I II III II III II III III I IV IV I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV V III V III III V V III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

220 220 750 550 360 110 110 220 160 160 220 110 110 285 285 285 160 110 110 220 110 110 360 160 220 160 30 d 30 d 110 200 30 d 30 d 30 d 50 d 30 d 30 d 200 d 80 110 80 80 250 80 d 80 d 80 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 230 200 200 80 110 300 110 1000 920

1763.22 1764.48 1767.78 1768.24 1771.67 1773.00 1773.85 1779.16 1781.03 1784.85 1789.66 1848.26 1856.62 1872.78 1872.87 1874.94 1920.04 1920.75 1921.52 1923.49 1923.82 1926.94 2013.27 2026.96 2045.67 2052.74 2283.42 2284.89 2293.32 2300.35 2313.05 2316.12 2316.79 2319.68 2322.15 2339.31 2390.44 2394.33 2411.60 2422.84 2425.55 2433.56 2436.06 2438.83 2444.26 2445.55 2449.372 2450.040 2454.99 2493.44 2493.77 2507.73 2509.19 2517.2 2558.06 2687.53 2695.49 2733.34 2747.46 2781.01 2786.99

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III III II III II II II III II II IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III III II II V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

775 160 160 200 210 80 265 250 80 80 80 200 110 460 410 80 160 220 110 450 285 160 160 80 200 300 80 220 220 220 360 160 160 80 110 230 270 160 200 220 130 360 360 285 270 360 220 230 160 410 230 80 80 285 200 160 230 270 80 80 80

2789.85 2836.26 2921.45 2941.33 2941.65 2959.68 2972.29 2983.78 3017.63 3023.45 3043.02 3047.13 3059.30 3063.42 3071.61 3121.71 3122.62 3129.44 3132.86 3134.82 3138.44 3144.66 3209.66 3238.57 3260.98 3265.46 3267.31 3270.98 3273.52 3277.69 3287.59 3305.15 3306.60 3312.30 3340.74 3348.08 3349.11 3354.27 3375.40 3377.20 3378.06 3381.20 3385.52 3390.25 3396.79 3403.52 3407.38 3409.66 3409.84 3411.69 3413.64 3444.10 3455.12 3470.81 3489.83 3492.24 3560.39 3563.33 3698.70 3702.75 3703.37

V IV IV V V III I III III III III III III IV IV III II II III II II V IV III III III III II II II II II II III III IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV II IV IV II IV II IV IV III III II IV IV IV IV III III III

5/4/05 8:05:40 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 220 110 315 w 285 360 410 160 110 230 360 150 80 250 110 160 120 450 160 185 160 140 220 100 200 450 220 160 285 450 80 d 50 d 150 d 110 220 285 100 160 50 220 285 450 80 50 d 50 d 50 d 50 d 285 160 220 285 220 100 220 450 285 160 160 50 50 d 50

3707.24 3712.75 3715.08 3725.93 3727.33 3729.03 3736.85 3739.92 3744.00 3744.89 3749.49 3754.67 3757.21 3759.87 3791.26 3803.14 3823.41 3911.96 3919.29 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3954.37 3954.61 3961.59 3973.26 3982.20 4069.90 4072.16 4075.87 4083.91 4087.14 4089.27 4097.24 4105.00 4119.22 4123.99 4132.81 4146.06 4153.30 4185.46 4189.79 4233.27 4253.74 4253.98 4275.47 4303.78 4317.14 4336.86 4345.56 4349.43 4366.90 4368.25 4395.95 4414.91 4416.98 4448.21 4452.38 4465.45 4466.28 4467.83

Section 10.indb 59

III II III IV II IV IV II III IV II III III III III II I II II I I I II I III II II II II II II II II II II II V II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II

10-59 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 360 285 80 d 160 360 450 160 360 285 220 285 160 230 w 220 135 160 190 90 110 135 120 110 130 160 190 80 160 190 110 100 400 450 490 80 100 100 100 320 360 400 130 80 100 360 450 210 400 450 320 210 100 120 120 100 870 810 750 80 100 100

4469.41 4590.97 4596.17 4609.39 4638.85 4641.81 4649.14 4650.84 4661.64 4676.23 4699.21 4705.36 4924.60 4930.27 4943.06 5329.10 5329.68 5330.74 5435.18 5435.78 5436.86 5577.34 5592.37 5597.91 5958.39 5958.58 5995.28 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6106.27 6155.98 6156.77 6158.18 6256.83 6261.55 6366.34 6374.32 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6500.24 6604.91 6653.83 7001.92 7002.23 7156.70 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7476.44 7477.24 7479.08 7480.67 7706.75 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7886.27 7943.15 7947.17

II II II II II II II II II II II II II V II I I I I I I I III V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

235 210 185 110 135 190 135 250 400 265 265 325 120 120 810 1000 935 325 160 d 120 80 80 80 235 450 490 450 400 540 590 490 640 185 120 120 d 235 140 265 160 235 210 120 120 100 100 120 160 80 65 235 235 120 140 120 160 120 d 590 640 490 490 490

7947.55 7950.80 7952.16 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.02 8233.00 8235.35 8426.16 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.43 9057.01 9118.29 9134.71 9150.14 9151.48 9156.01 9260.81 9260.84 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.77 9265.94 9266.01 9399.19 9481.16 9482.88 9487.43 9492.71 9497.97 9499.30 9505.59 9521.96 9523.36 9523.96 9528.28 9622.13 9625.29 9677.38 9694.66 9694.91 9741.50 9760.65 9909.05 9936.98 9940.41 9995.31 10421.18 11286.34 11286.91 11287.02 11287.32 11295.10

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

540 590 265 490 450 120 160 700 750 640 160 120 590 120 120 120 140 540 140

11297.68 11302.38 11358.69 12464.02 12570.04 12990.77 13076.91 13163.89 13164.85 13165.11 16212.06 17966.70 18021.21 18041.48 18042.19 18046.23 18229.23 18243.63 26173.56

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Palladium Pd Z = 46 200 705.49 200 727.72 500 763.06 500 766.42 2000 781.02 500 794.08 500 797.52 500 800.03 500 800.10 500 803.67 500 825.35 500 840.58 500 856.47 500 864.04 500 880.59 500 888.84 1000 889.29 300 1596.89 500 1741.62 4000 1782.55 400 1843.49 1500 1851.59 2000 1852.27 1000 1859.21 1500 1874.63 2000 1885.83 1000 1887.40 1500 1891.34 4000 1914.62 1000 1930.33 2000 1941.64 800 2002.16 1000 2004.47 500 2055.11 500 2149.82 500 2177.55 500 2177.63 100 r 2231.59 200 r 2296.53 100 2426.87 100 2430.94

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II

5/4/05 8:05:43 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-60 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 150 1100 100 150 100 1700 250 300 200 150 150 150 100 150 1900 150 h 100 h 200 100 h 100 h 520 650 1500 1100 2600 11000 2700 3500 3600 5000 24000 13000 5000 6400 7700 10000 2000 12000 12000 4500 20000 20000 5500 1400 1500 1500 2200 1500 290 2500 180 160 120 55 75 55 h 65 75 120

2433.11 2435.32 2446.17 2447.91 2457.29 2469.29 2471.18 2476.42 2486.52 2488.92 2498.81 2505.73 2551.84 2565.51 2569.56 2658.75 2763.09 2776.85 2787.92 2854.59 2871.37 2878.01 2922.49 3002.65 3027.91 3065.31 3114.04 3242.70 3251.64 3258.78 3302.13 3373.00 3404.58 3421.24 3433.45 3441.40 3460.77 3481.15 3489.77 3516.94 3553.08 3571.16 3609.55 3634.70 3690.34 3718.91 3799.19 3832.29 3894.20 3958.64 4087.34 4212.95 4473.59 5163.84 5295.63 5542.80 5670.07 5695.09 6784.52 7368.12 7764.03

Section 10.indb 60

II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

45 55 45 65

7915.80 8132.82 8300.83 8761.35

Phosphorus P Z = 15 250 328.78 150 359.899 500 388.318 250 389.50 300 390.70 300 445.158 375 475.60 120 498.180 520 542.57 600 544.92 200 569.853 200 581.831 350 629.008 400 629.914 500 631.779 450 673.90 10 810.24 650 823.179 700 824.730 800 827.932 300 847.669 350 855.624 500 859.652 10 865.44 450 865.45 600 871.39 700 877.476 300 913.971 300 917.120 350 918.665 1000 950.655 250 1003.598 570 1025.563 500 1028.096 570 1030.517 500 1033.111 500 1035.517 900 1117.98 570 1118.551 700 1128.01 20 1249.82 20 1301.87 20 1304.47 15 1304.68 35 1305.48 60 1310.70 500 1334.808 650 1344.327 300 1344.845 500 1366.695 15 1372.033 400 1372.674 15 1373.500 10 1374.732 15 1377.080 15 1377.937

I I I I V IV IV V V IV V III V V III III IV IV IV V II IV IV IV III III III II V V IV III III III IV III IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II II II III III III IV I IV I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

25 25 15 500 400 350 80 120 450 150 200 140 100 180 140 140 600 600 140 100 100 100 100 600 500 400 140 140 100 140 100 500 400 140 650 180 140 280 280 180 400 400 400 400 400 280 500 180 450 250 750 950 750 500 250 300 400 400 500 250 450

1379.429 1381.469 1381.637 1484.507 1487.788 1502.228 1532.51 1535.90 1610.50 1618.632 1618.907 1671.070 1671.510 1671.680 1672.035 1672.474 1674.591 1679.695 1685.976 1694.028 1694.486 1706.376 1707.553 1774.951 1782.838 1787.656 1834.801 1847.165 1849.820 1851.194 1852.069 1858.886 1859.393 1864.348 1888.523 1905.481 1906.403 1907.665 2023.489 2024.516 2032.432 2033.477 2135.465 2136.182 2149.145 2152.940 2154.080 2235.732 2440.93 2478.256 2533.976 2535.603 2553.262 2554.915 2605.506 2632.713 2644.295 2728.770 2739.309 2739.872 2978.55

I I I IV IV III II II V III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV I I I I IV III IV IV IV IV V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

700 520 300 400 650 570 400 300 350 400 300 500 350 400 250 250 250 500 500 600 300 300 500 300 300 100 100 100 140 140 180 300 140 400 250 300 180 100 250 300 400 100 400 140 180 140 140 100 100 250 500 400 500 250 150 350 180 350 500 180 140

3175.09 3204.04 3219.307 3233.602 3347.736 3364.467 3371.122 3957.641 3978.307 4059.312 4080.084 4222.195 4246.720 4420.71 4479.776 4540.288 4541.112 4588.04 4589.86 4602.08 4626.70 4658.31 4943.53 4954.39 4969.71 5079.381 5098.221 5100.974 5109.628 5154.844 5162.290 5253.52 5293.539 5296.13 5316.07 5344.75 5345.851 5364.631 5378.20 5386.88 5425.91 5428.094 5450.74 5458.305 5477.672 5477.860 5478.267 5514.774 5516.997 5588.34 6024.18 6034.04 6043.12 6055.50 6083.409 6087.82 6097.690 6165.59 6199.024 6210.499 6375.681

V V III III IV IV IV III III III III III III II III IV IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II I II I I I I I I II II II II II III II I II I I I

5/4/05 8:05:45 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 250 600 600 600 100 150 100 100 180 180 180 200 250 100 150 140 100 140 140 180 400 100 180 950 600 1250 500 950 950 600 1250 1700 1500 280 1700 280 750 400 500 180 1500 280 1500 600 1700 280 400 280 229 458 962 1235 415 435 265 764 402 479 256 714

6388.579 6435.32 6459.99 6503.46 6507.97 6717.411 6992.690 7102.200 7158.367 7165.465 7175.102 7176.660 7443.657 7845.63 8046.801 8113.528 8278.058 8367.856 8531.475 8613.835 8637.578 8741.529 8872.174 9175.819 9193.85 9278.88 9304.94 9323.50 9435.069 9441.86 9452.83 9493.56 9525.73 9545.18 9556.81 9563.439 9593.50 9609.04 9638.939 9676.24 9706.533 9734.750 9736.680 9750.77 9790.21 9796.85 9834.80 9903.68 9976.67 10084.27 10511.58 10529.52 10581.57 10596.90 10681.40 10813.13 11183.23 11186.75 14241.64 14307.83 15711.52

Section 10.indb 61

I II II II II I III I I I I I IV II I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-61 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

228 296 203 1627 588 225 221 419 471 289 299 287 311

15962.53 16254.77 16292.97 16482.92 16590.07 16613.05 16738.68 16803.39 17112.48 17286.91 17423.67 23844.97 29097.16

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Platinum Pt 30 30 30 50 r 30 30 40 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 40 3200 4400 100 40 5500 1500 3000 1000 30 950 30 1900 100 600 1500 30 400 50 h 320 50 h 30 h 100 150 30 30 h 190 30 h 280 50 h 30 150 150

Z = 78 1621.66 1723.13 1751.70 1777.09 1781.86 1879.09 1883.05 1889.52 1911.70 1929.25 1929.68 1939.80 1949.90 1983.74 2014.93 2030.63 2032.41 2036.46 2041.57 2049.37 2067.50 2084.59 2103.33 2115.57 2128.61 2130.69 2144.23 2144.24 2165.17 2174.67 2190.32 2202.22 2202.58 2222.61 2233.11 2240.99 2245.52 2249.30 2251.52 2251.92 2268.84 2271.72 2274.38 2287.50 2288.20 2289.27 2292.40

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I I I I II I II I II I I II I II I II II II I II II I II I II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 50 90 220 100 170 280 180 50 130 40 120 35 70 200 100 50 80 50 25 180 650 60 440 35 1000 25 200 160 240 50 120 50 60 240 140 40 50 160 18 50 50 70 30 50 30 1100 130 1000 500 20 2800 40 440 200 2000 1600 60 1300 130 1800

2308.04 2310.96 2315.50 2318.29 2326.10 2340.18 2357.10 2368.28 2377.28 2383.64 2386.81 2389.53 2396.17 2401.87 2403.09 2418.06 2424.87 2428.04 2428.20 2429.10 2436.69 2440.06 2450.97 2467.44 2471.01 2487.17 2488.74 2490.12 2495.82 2498.50 2505.93 2508.50 2514.07 2515.03 2515.58 2524.30 2529.41 2536.49 2539.20 2549.46 2552.25 2596.00 2603.14 2616.76 2619.57 2625.34 2628.03 2639.35 2646.89 2650.86 2658.17 2659.45 2674.57 2677.15 2698.43 2702.40 2705.89 2713.13 2719.04 2729.92 2733.96

I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 70 80 200 30 500 40 20 50 50 100 40 h 140 10 50 30 h 1400 70 16 80 h 40 h 40 h 100 h 25 25 600 300 60 120 120 70 30 1700 30 30 25 60 1800 35 220 30 30 h 130 800 3200 30 130 320 140 120 320 30 20 20 40 160 25 25 120 500 60

2738.48 2747.61 2753.86 2754.92 2769.84 2771.67 2773.24 2774.00 2774.77 2793.27 2794.21 2799.98 2803.24 2808.51 2818.25 2822.27 2830.30 2834.71 2853.11 2860.68 2865.05 2875.85 2877.52 2888.20 2893.22 2893.86 2897.87 2905.90 2912.26 2913.54 2919.34 2921.38 2929.79 2942.76 2944.75 2959.10 2960.75 2997.97 3001.17 3002.27 3017.88 3031.22 3036.45 3042.64 3064.71 3071.94 3100.04 3139.39 3156.56 3200.71 3204.04 3230.29 3233.42 3250.36 3251.98 3255.92 3268.42 3281.97 3290.22 3301.86 3315.05

I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I I I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:05:48 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-62 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 340 35 60 160 120 70 70 50 80 80 35 18 80 40 110 35 100 20 110 80 40 18 18 80 14 25 12 35 12 14 30 35 40 12 12 14 14 6 20 8 6 7 8 9 10 20 60 20 10

3323.80 3408.13 3427.93 3483.43 3485.27 3628.11 3638.79 3643.17 3663.10 3671.99 3674.04 3699.91 3706.53 3818.69 3900.73 3922.96 3948.40 3966.36 3996.57 4118.69 4164.56 4192.43 4327.06 4391.83 4442.55 4445.55 4498.76 4520.90 4552.42 4879.53 5044.04 5059.48 5227.66 5301.02 5368.99 5390.79 5475.77 5478.50 5763.57 5840.12 5844.84 6026.04 6318.37 6326.58 6523.45 6710.42 6760.02 6842.60 7113.73 8224.74

Plutonium Pu Z = 94 10000 2806.11 10000 2950.06 10000 3000.31 10000 3200.23 10000 3418.88 10000 3805.93 10000 4097.12 10000 4170.95 10000 4367.41 10000 5590.54

Section 10.indb 62

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 10000 3000 3000 3000

7068.90 8691.94 9533.07 12144.46 16897.38

I I I I I

Polonium Po Z = 84 1500 w 2450.08 1500 w 2558.01 2500 w 3003.21 1200 4170.52 800 4493.21 500 8618.26

I I I I I I

Potassium K Z = 19 100 214.35 150 271.82 100 273.06 150 282.35 150 293.33 300 294.84 200 296.17 200 297.06 200 300.25 200 300.50 200 311.24 250 312.77 200 315.18 250 327.38 25 330.68 300 340.46 150 340.74 30 341.92 15 348.00 200 349.50 300 354.93 150 356.26 300 359.73 200 359.91 250 362.08 150 362.15 150 363.02 500 372.15 200 372.46 200 372.77 300 375.96 300 375.96 250 377.76 30 379.12 300 379.12 300 379.88 25 380.48 250 380.48 200 381.70 30 382.23 300 382.23 150 382.49 200 382.65 300 382.91 250 384.10 200 386.61 300 387.80

V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V III IV IV III III V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V III V IV III IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 250 250 250 250 300 200 200 500 250 200 15 200 200 400 20 300 250 150 30 250 40 50 30 250 200 30 150 30 30 400 300 500 75 50 250 25 200 300 75 200 250 75 750 200 200 250 400 400 75 100 75 45 10 40 10 10 200 200 30 75

388.92 389.07 389.07 390.11 390.42 390.57 391.46 392.47 393.14 395.40 398.36 398.63 398.88 399.75 400.21 402.10 402.91 403.97 404.41 406.48 408.08 408.96 413.79 414.87 415.05 415.79 416.00 417.28 417.54 418.62 422.18 425.16 425.59 434.72 435.68 438.02 441.81 442.30 443.57 444.34 445.61 446.83 448.60 448.60 449.71 452.90 455.67 456.33 456.33 466.79 470.09 471.57 474.92 476.03 479.18 482.11 482.41 482.71 483.75 495.14 497.10

IV IV V V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V IV III IV IV IV III IV III III III V V III IV III III V V V III III V II IV IV III IV IV III IV V V V IV V III III III III II III III III V V II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 50 250 25 200 150 40 15 15 750 250 500 30 250 400 25 30 250 750 300 20 300 400 600 500 500 500 400 300 150 400 20 30 150 150 35 20 10 15 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 4 3 7 6 11 10 3 4 18 17 10 11

514.94 520.61 523.00 523.79 526.45 527.62 529.80 539.71 546.12 580.32 585.51 586.32 600.77 602.27 603.43 607.93 612.62 638.67 646.19 687.50 708.84 720.43 724.42 731.86 737.14 741.95 745.26 746.35 749.99 754.19 754.67 765.31 765.64 770.29 771.46 778.53 872.31 873.86 874.04 2550.02 2635.11 2689.90 2938.45 2986.20 2992.42 3052.07 3056.84 3062.18 3101.79 3102.04 3217.16 3217.62 3446.37 3447.38 3648.84 3648.98 4044.14 4047.21 4641.88 4642.37

III III IV III IV IV III III III V V V II V V II II V IV V III V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III V V III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:05:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4 6 5 7 5 7 6 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 12 14 16 17 15 17 8 7 19 12 20 7 12 25 24 5 4 7 6 9 8 3 11 10 4 3 13 12 5 4 7 3 6 15 14 6 5 9 5

4740.91 4744.35 4753.93 4757.39 4786.49 4791.05 4799.75 4804.35 4849.86 4856.09 4863.48 4869.76 4942.02 4950.82 4956.15 4965.03 5084.23 5097.17 5099.20 5112.25 5323.28 5339.69 5342.97 5359.57 5782.38 5801.75 5812.15 5831.89 6120.27 6307.29 6911.08 6936.28 6938.77 6964.18 6964.67 7664.90 7698.96 7955.37 7956.83 8078.11 8079.62 8250.18 8251.74 8390.22 8503.45 8505.11 8763.96 8767.05 8902.19 8904.02 8923.31 8925.44 9347.24 9349.25 9351.59 9595.70 9597.83 9949.67 9954.14 10479.63 10482.15

Section 10.indb 63

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-63 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

8 17 16 17 16 17

10487.11 11019.87 11022.67 11690.21 11769.62 11772.83 12522.11 13377.86 13397.09 15163.08 15168.40 40158.37

Praseodymium Pr Z = 59 7000 865.90 5000 869.17 2000 1228.59 5000 1293.22 5000 1295.28 5000 1321.36 5000 1333.57 5000 1354.66 2000 1360.64 2000 1365.77 5000 1374.41 5000 1435.56 2000 1520.98 5000 1574.55 5000 1575.10 3000 1578.38 2000 1622.30 10000 1884.87 2000 2083.23 3300 2246.20 2000 c 2378.98 40 h 2598.04 100 h 2707.37 60 2760.35 270 3168.24 200 d 3195.99 190 3219.48 200 3584.21 250 3645.66 250 3646.30 370 3668.83 290 3714.05 410 3739.18 680 3761.87 680 3800.30 390 3811.84 1300 h 3816.02 680 3818.28 310 3821.80 960 3830.72 480 3840.99 580 3846.59 1200 3850.79 720 c 3851.55 960 3852.80 480 c 3865.45 480 3876.19 1700 c 3877.18

I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

680 440 c 440 c 770 c 630 310 1300 c 420 960 480 370 370 730 c 900 c 900 c 380 470 560 1600 c 560 c 500 320 620 c 320 1300 c 340 1600 560 c 320 620 c 730 1900 620 730 620 470 360 360 c 730 c 960 730 470 1300 340 450 2200 2200 450 3400 500 c 500 c 790 500 560 380 2900 c 1700 c 340 1500 c 2700 1700 c

3880.47 3885.19 3889.34 3908.05 3912.90 3913.55 3918.85 3919.63 3925.47 3927.46 3929.29 3935.82 3947.63 3949.43 3953.51 3956.75 3962.45 3964.26 3964.81 3966.57 3971.16 3971.67 3972.14 3974.85 3989.68 3992.16 3994.79 3997.04 3999.12 4000.17 4004.70 4008.69 4010.60 4015.39 4020.96 4022.71 4025.54 4029.72 4031.75 4033.83 4038.45 4039.34 4044.81 4047.08 4051.13 4054.88 4056.54 4058.80 4062.81 4079.77 4080.98 4081.85 4083.34 4096.82 4098.40 4100.72 4118.46 4130.77 4141.22 4143.11 4164.16

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

620 730 5200 2500 560 c 2500 c 500 320 320 3800 3800 320 320 c 960 340 840 c 500 320 790 c 470 c 790 c 450 c 1500 1300 360 620 cw 470 c 340 450 410 c 1200 320 430 1700 410 1200 c 730 960 1100 790 340 c 340 270 c 270 c 290 250 200 320 380 270 320 360 560 410 620 360 360 560 680 340 c 340

4171.82 4172.25 4179.39 4189.48 4191.60 4206.72 4208.32 4211.86 4217.81 4222.93 4225.35 4233.11 4236.15 4241.01 4243.51 4247.63 4254.40 4269.09 4272.27 4280.07 4282.42 4298.98 4305.76 4333.97 4338.70 4344.30 4347.49 4350.40 4354.91 4359.79 4368.33 4371.62 4405.83 4408.82 4413.77 4429.13 4449.83 4468.66 4496.46 4510.15 4534.15 4535.92 4628.74 4672.09 4695.77 4736.69 4924.60 4939.74 4951.37 5034.41 5045.52 5110.38 5110.76 5129.52 5173.90 5206.55 5219.05 5220.11 5259.73 5292.02 5292.62

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II I II II II II II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:05:53 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-64 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

430 65 150 110 90 90 90 160 d 90 90 160 7000 w 90 110 90 150 150 140 65 9000 w 65 65 5000 190 270 45 110 55 c 55 45 45 45 45 55 75 55 75 35 c 55 cw 35 cw 7000 40 5000 4500 20 24 16 20 c 14 20 16 14 14 10 cw 11 5000 w 10

5322.76 5509.15 5535.17 5623.05 5624.45 5756.17 5779.28 5815.17 5823.72 5859.68 5939.90 5956.05 5956.60 5967.82 6006.33 6017.80 6025.72 6055.13 6087.52 6090.02 6114.38 6148.23 6160.24 6161.18 6165.94 6244.35 6281.28 6359.03 6411.23 6429.63 6431.84 6486.55 6566.77 6616.67 6656.83 6673.41 6673.78 6747.09 6798.60 6827.60 6910.14 7021.51 7030.39 7076.62 7114.55 7227.70 7407.56 7451.74 7541.02 7645.66 7721.84 7871.67 8067.44 8122.78 8141.10 8602.74 8714.59

Promethium Pm Z = 61 1000 3892.15 1000 3910.26 1000 3919.10

Section 10.indb 64

II II II II II II I II II II II III II II II II II I II III II I III II II II II I I II II I II I II II II I I II III II III III I II II II II II I I I II I III II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 1000 r 1000 900 r 900 1000 d

3957.74 3998.96 4417.96 4728.36 6100.21 6520.45

Protactinium Pa Z = 91 3000 2599.16 3000 2699.22 3000 2822.79 3000 h 2871.42 3000 h 2891.14 3000 l 3011.10 3000 s 3033.59 3000 l 3071.24 3000 l 3093.23 3000 l 3126.23 3000 l 3146.28 3000 l 3170.89 3000 l 3171.54 3000 l 3240.58 3000 3274.46 3000 l 3332.69 3000 s 3346.66 3000 l 3452.82 3000 3504.97 3000 s 3530.65 3000 3570.56 3000 3571.82 3000 3618.07 10000 3636.52 3000 3702.74 3000 3752.67 3000 3873.35 3000 3931.83 3000 s 3952.62 10000 l 3957.85 3000 s 3970.07 3000 3981.82 10000 3982.23 3000 l 4012.96 3000 s 4018.21 3000 4030.16 3000 s 4046.93 10000 s 4056.20 10000 s 4070.40 3000 l 4176.18 10000 l 4217.23 10000 s 4248.08 3000 s 4291.34 3000 s 4601.43 3000 l 6035.78 3000 6162.56 3000 l 6358.61 3000 6379.25 3000 l 6438.97 3000 h 6792.75 10000 6945.72 3000 6960.09 3000 h 6961.78 3000 s 6992.73

II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

3000 3000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 3000 10000 l 3000 h 10000 h 3000 h 10000 h 10000 10000 s 10000 3000 10000 h 3000 3000 l 10000 10000 h 10000 10000 3000 s 3000 s 3000 h 10000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 h 10000 3000 10000 10000 3000

7076.27 7100.94 7114.89 7171.55 7227.13 7318.79 7368.25 7471.89 7493.15 7558.26 7608.20 7626.79 7635.18 7669.34 7679.20 7749.19 7872.95 7945.56 8039.34 8099.84 8199.04 8271.87 8358.98 8369.60 8441.04 8532.66 8572.96 8639.91 8653.51 8735.27 10923.32 11791.73 14344.76 18478.61

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Radium Ra 100 200 100 100 100 50 50 50

Z = 88 3649.55 3814.42 4340.64 4682.28 4825.91 5660.81 7141.21 8019.70

II II II II I I I II

Radon Rn Z = 86 100 4349.60 200 7055.42 100 7268.11 300 7450.00 100 7809.82 100 8099.51 100 8270.96 100 8600.07

I I I I I I I I

Rhenium Re 25000 16000 27000 10000 9800 3400 3700

Z = 75 2003.53 2017.87 2049.08 2085.59 2097.12 2139.04 2156.67

I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4900 3400 4200 c 5200 c 2900 2700 390 610 680 800 300 860 230 680 250 1200 570 520 220 320 370 340 230 320 320 210 d 210 1500 740 320 270 1200 300 300 2500 490 420 340 c 230 250 610 610 390 800 c 1200 390 980 370 370 570 230 270 1800 c 570 540 370 570 740 d 370 300 370

2167.94 2176.21 2214.26 2275.25 2287.51 2294.49 2298.09 2302.99 2306.54 2322.49 2328.66 2344.78 2349.39 2352.07 2356.50 2365.90 2367.68 2369.27 2370.76 2375.07 2379.77 2388.57 2393.65 2394.37 2396.79 2400.72 2401.68 2405.06 2405.60 2406.70 2410.37 2419.81 2421.73 2421.88 2428.58 2431.54 2432.18 2441.47 2442.51 2444.94 2446.98 2449.71 2461.20 2461.84 2483.92 2485.81 2487.33 2496.04 2501.72 2502.35 2504.60 2505.94 2508.99 2520.01 2521.50 2534.80 2540.51 2544.74 2545.48 2552.02 2554.63

I I II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I II

5/4/05 8:05:56 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 250 340 540 370 380 290 290 660 610 d 310 550 270 270 660 400 220 940 220 1300 220 610 220 210 310 220 220 350 550 220 220 880 310 220 270 240 2900 490 830 c 210 550 830 c 270 440 270 720 1500 310 210 220 220 220 1800 5500 350 220 500 300 380 240 1600

2556.51 2559.08 2564.19 2568.64 2571.81 2586.79 2599.86 2603.89 2608.50 2611.54 2635.83 2636.64 2642.75 2649.05 2651.90 2654.12 2663.63 2674.34 2688.53 2715.47 2732.21 2733.04 2758.00 2763.79 2767.74 2768.85 2769.32 2770.42 2783.57 2791.29 2814.68 2819.95 2834.08 2843.00 2850.98 2867.19 2887.68 2896.01 2902.48 2905.58 2909.82 2927.42 2930.61 2943.14 2962.27 2965.11 2965.76 2976.29 2978.15 2980.82 2982.19 2988.47 2992.36 2999.60 3001.14 3004.14 3016.02 3016.49 3030.45 3047.25 3067.40

Section 10.indb 65

I I I II II I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-65 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 260 550 340 700 700 340 340 c 340 420 260 250 440 330 360 c 220 700 220 440 260 600 1100 1100 260 260 220 1100 c 380 600 600 300 280 280 280 240 320 280 240 600 2000 1600 810 320 240 d 240 320 320 240 4000 650 650 240 320 320 810 8000 400 300 320 400 16000 c

3069.94 3071.16 3082.43 3088.76 3100.67 3108.81 3110.86 3118.19 3121.36 3128.94 3134.02 3141.38 3151.64 3153.79 3158.31 3164.52 3168.37 3174.61 3177.71 3178.61 3182.87 3184.76 3185.57 3190.78 3192.36 3198.58 3204.25 3235.94 3258.85 3259.55 3268.89 3296.70 3296.99 3301.60 3302.23 3303.21 3303.75 3313.95 3322.48 3338.18 3342.24 3344.32 3346.20 3356.33 3377.74 3379.06 3379.70 3389.43 3399.30 3404.72 3405.89 3408.67 3409.83 3417.77 3419.41 3424.62 3426.19 3427.61 3437.71 3449.37 3451.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 55000 c 40000 c 400 240 400 320 240 560 320 320 320 240 240 360 810 c 650 810 320 810 440 320 860 c 1500 c 520 240 360 c 4000 240 c 810 910 300 cw 700 240 240 240 380 c 550 280 350 c 220 240 240 c 240 cw 1800 700 220 220 650 3600 c 260 c 380 360 cw 2600 260 500 2200 cw 220 1300 1600 cw 100

3453.50 3460.46 3464.73 3467.96 3476.44 3480.38 3480.85 3482.23 3503.06 3516.65 3517.33 3537.46 3549.89 3570.26 3579.12 3580.15 3580.97 3583.02 3617.08 3637.84 3651.97 3670.53 3689.50 3691.48 3703.24 3709.93 3717.28 3725.76 3735.01 3735.31 3740.10 3745.44 3787.52 3869.94 3875.26 3876.86 3917.27 3929.85 3961.04 3962.48 4033.31 4081.43 4110.89 4133.42 4136.45 4144.36 4182.90 4183.06 4221.08 4227.46 4257.60 4358.69 4394.38 4513.31 4516.64 4522.73 4889.14 4923.90 5270.95 5275.56 5667.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 c 110 cw 550 200 200 100 cw 180 c 260 50 cw 65 cw

5752.93 5776.83 5834.31 6307.70 6321.90 6605.19 6813.41 6829.90 7640.94 7912.94

I I I I I I I I I I

Rhodium Rh Z = 45 50 813.44 80 882.51 100 925.75 150 937.28 500 991.62 400 992.48 500 d 1009.60 200 1012.22 200 1015.17 200 1073.87 150 1784.24 200 1784.94 150 1796.50 200 1816.03 1000 1832.05 500 1859.85 800 1880.66 500 1884.91 500 1887.36 700 1888.62 800 1901.32 500 1910.16 600 1919.37 500 1927.07 700 1931.79 500 1954.25 500 1994.26 800 2013.71 500 2017.47 500 2028.53 800 2036.72 600 2037.61 1000 2040.18 3000 2048.67 2000 2064.11 800 2076.84 1000 2118.53 1000 2118.63 1000 2139.44 1000 2152.23 3000 2158.17 3000 2163.19 3000 2167.33 150 2276.21 140 2288.57 110 2309.82 350 2322.58 140 2326.47 190 2334.77 300 2361.92

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I II I

5/4/05 8:05:58 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-66 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 270 230 270 80 130 230 110 330 90 130 150 100 130 300 150 350 300 200 130 110 350 550 150 230 100 110 400 100 400 100 180 160 100 130 150 180 280 110 140 160 65 180 130 130 230 160 450 110 50 130 50 180 140 240 130 140 470 190 520 520

2368.34 2382.89 2383.40 2386.14 2415.84 2427.68 2429.52 2437.90 2440.34 2461.04 2473.09 2487.47 2490.77 2502.46 2504.29 2505.67 2509.70 2511.03 2515.75 2520.53 2537.04 2545.70 2555.36 2622.58 2625.88 2630.42 2647.28 2652.66 2680.63 2703.73 2715.31 2718.54 2728.94 2771.51 2783.03 2826.43 2826.68 2862.94 2878.66 2882.37 2907.21 2910.17 2924.02 2929.11 2931.94 2968.66 2977.68 2986.20 3004.46 3006.43 3023.91 3052.44 3083.96 3121.76 3123.70 3155.78 3189.05 3191.19 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61

Section 10.indb 66

I I I II II I I I I II I I II I II I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I III I III I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2300 2300 280 210 260 50 4200 330 280 420 1100 110 110 5600 820 160 820 330 120 d 8200 1400 120 120 400 180 220 5900 180 4700 120 4700 2100 110 1200 5900 2800 8800 880 d 280 1200 1800 1200 4700 4700 5900 3100 1800 8200 1300 560 1900 9400 940 280 380 7600 940 650 420 420 1200

3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3294.28 3300.46 3310.69 3323.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3372.25 3377.14 3385.78 3396.82 3399.70 3406.55 3412.27 3421.22 3424.38 3434.89 3440.53 3447.74 3450.29 3455.22 3457.07 3457.93 3462.04 3469.62 3470.66 3472.25 3474.78 3478.91 3494.44 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3538.14 3541.91 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3626.59 3657.99 3666.22 3681.04 3690.70 3692.36 3695.52 3698.26 3698.60 3700.91 3713.02 3735.28 3737.27 3744.17 3748.22

I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 380 490 1000 2300 490 380 1000 1300 3800 4900 760 1300 470 760 1300 3800 2300 2000 5900 490 380 120 240 2000 590 3800 45 380 240 240 380 120 560 140 120 1100 1500 2100 240 330 3300 820 4200 130 150 70 70 60 60 95 130 95 160 40 29 40 35 130 35 14

3754.12 3754.27 3755.58 3760.40 3765.08 3769.97 3778.13 3788.47 3792.18 3793.22 3799.31 3805.92 3806.76 3815.01 3816.47 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3870.01 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3964.54 3975.31 3984.40 3995.61 3996.15 4023.14 4082.78 4097.52 4119.68 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4154.37 4196.50 4211.14 4288.71 4374.80 4569.00 4675.03 4745.11 5090.63 5155.54 5175.97 5193.14 5354.40 5390.44 5599.42 5686.38 5792.66 5806.91 5831.58 5983.60 6102.72 6199.99

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

16 29 40 13 11 20 65 16 16 18 15 18 35 18 h 12 12 11 29 55 21 29 15 8

6253.72 6319.53 6752.35 6827.33 6857.68 6879.94 6965.67 6979.15 7001.58 7101.64 7104.45 7268.18 7270.82 7442.39 7475.74 7495.24 7557.67 7791.61 7824.91 8029.91 8045.36 8136.20 8425.59

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Rubidium Rb Z = 37 30 465.85 40 481.118 500 482.83 500 489.66 600 493.48 90 497.430 20 508.434 150 513.266 300 530.173 75 533.801 1200 535.86 40 542.887 200 555.036 1200 556.19 1500 566.71 1000 572.82 1500 576.65 2500 579.63 1500 581.26 2500 589.419 1000 594.94 1300 595.88 1200 598.49 1500 643.878 25 663.76 3000 697.049 6000 711.187 25 716.24 50 740.85 10000 741.456 5000 769.04 25 776.89 2500 815.28 15 850.18 1000 1604.12 5000 1760.50 2000 2068.92

III II III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III II III III III II IV II II IV IV II III IV III IV II II II

5/4/05 8:06:01 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 30000 10000 5000 50000 1000 2000 500 500 5000 c 25 50 500 60 75 100 40 5000 10000 25000 1000 500 90000 15000 20000 10000 30000 2 2 10 10000 1 2 15 2 20 1 3 40 4 75 3 6 40 20 60 3 75 30 c 75 c 120 c 5 10000 5000 100 l 150 200 l 300 60 90000 c 45000 c

2075.95 2143.83 2217.08 2291.71 2472.20 2631.75 2956.07 3086.84 3111.36 3148.90 3157.54 3227.98 3286.41 3348.72 3350.82 3587.05 3591.57 3600.60 3600.64 3940.51 4201.80 4215.53 4244.40 4273.14 4571.77 4648.57 4775.95 5087.987 5132.471 5150.134 5152.08 5165.023 5165.142 5195.278 5233.968 5260.034 5260.228 5322.380 5362.601 5390.568 5431.532 5431.830 5578.788 5647.774 5653.750 5724.121 5724.614 6070.755 6159.626 6206.309 6298.325 6299.224 6458.33 6560.81 7279.997 7408.173 7618.933 7757.651 7759.436 7800.27 7947.60

Section 10.indb 67

II II II II II III III III III II I I III I I I I II II II I I II II II II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I

10-67 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 l 30 40 l 30 30 l 20 l 2000 c 35 l 30 l 100 20 30 75 1000 800 150 20 4

8271.41 8271.71 8868.512 8868.852 9522.65 9540.18 9689.05 10075.282 10075.708 13235.17 13442.81 13443.57 13665.01 14752.41 15288.43 15289.48 22529.65 27314.31

Ruthenium Ru Z = 44 250 850.09 200 850.30 250 919.74 500 940.09 500 966.54 750 974.14 900 979.43 500 981.35 900 986.84 900 994.56 300 1001.65 500 1009.13 900 1009.87 500 1014.68 800 1190.51 500 1200.07 500 1207.17 500 1209.77 300 1211.31 500 1941.35 500 2009.28 2400 2076.43 2600 2083.77 2400 2090.89 690 2255.52 780 2272.09 780 2279.57 480 2317.80 120 2334.96 190 h 2342.85 310 2351.33 170 2357.91 780 2402.72 150 2407.92 180 2455.53 150 2456.44 370 2456.57 280 2478.93 140 2498.42 140 2498.57 260 2507.01 110 2513.32

I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I I I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 150 550 370 830 460 330 400 330 690 330 200 690 140 310 1800 100 110 350 1700 350 400 640 420 550 1800 740 370 1100 180 370 550 170 140 550 1400 460 440 330 310 390 330 830 740 490 370 930 3100 4900 6400 8300 640 790 690 6400 6900 6400 1300 3100 6200 830

2517.32 2535.59 2549.58 2609.06 2612.07 2642.96 2651.84 2659.62 2661.61 2678.76 2692.06 2712.41 2719.52 2725.47 2734.35 2735.72 2778.38 2787.83 2810.03 2810.55 2818.36 2829.16 2854.07 2861.41 2866.64 2874.98 2886.54 2908.88 2916.26 2945.67 2949.50 2965.16 2965.55 2976.59 2976.92 2988.95 2994.96 3006.59 3017.24 3020.88 3064.84 3096.57 3099.28 3100.84 3294.11 3301.59 3339.55 3417.35 3428.31 3436.74 3498.94 3514.49 3539.37 3570.59 3589.22 3593.02 3596.18 3599.76 3634.93 3661.35 3663.37

II II I I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

650 550 8700 11000 7100 3500 870 2800 760 870 1200 600 600 1500 600 3900 6000 760 7600 7600 600 760 760 650 550 760 930 760 1300 650 1300 650 760 1500 3300 600 760 600 600 870 1500 600 1400 710 760 980 6000 930 1900 2000 650 870 550 550 7600 1500 5400 760 930 550 760

3669.49 3726.10 3726.93 3728.03 3730.43 3742.28 3742.78 3745.59 3753.54 3755.93 3759.84 3761.51 3767.35 3777.59 3782.74 3786.06 3790.51 3798.05 3798.90 3799.35 3812.72 3817.27 3819.03 3822.09 3824.93 3831.80 3839.70 3850.43 3857.55 3862.69 3867.84 3892.21 3909.08 3923.47 3925.92 3931.76 3945.57 3978.44 3979.42 3984.86 4022.16 4023.83 4051.40 4054.05 4068.37 4076.73 4080.60 4097.79 4112.74 4144.16 4145.74 4167.51 4197.58 4198.88 4199.90 4206.02 4212.06 4214.44 4217.27 4230.31 4241.05

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:03 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-68 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

760 760 550 3700 930 550 550 710 870 2400 870 1300 1700 1600 1100 5400 1700 720 1400 500 550 160 450 120 200 530 170 250 110 500 920 180 130 260 110 130 110 h 80 130 90 290 180 65 55 80 21 h 16 35 18 26 26 18 16 26 h 21 55 21 30 21 26 110

4243.06 4284.33 4295.93 4297.71 4307.60 4319.87 4342.07 4354.13 4361.21 4372.21 4385.39 4385.65 4390.44 4410.03 4460.04 4554.51 4584.44 4647.61 4709.48 4757.84 4869.15 5011.23 5057.33 5076.32 5093.83 5136.55 5142.76 5147.24 5151.07 5155.14 5171.03 5195.02 5284.08 5309.27 5335.93 5361.77 5401.04 5484.32 5510.71 5559.75 5636.24 5699.05 5814.98 5919.34 5921.45 5973.38 5988.67 5993.65 6116.77 6199.42 6225.20 6295.22 6390.23 6444.84 6663.14 6690.00 6766.95 6775.02 6824.17 6911.48 6923.23

Section 10.indb 68

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

26 26 35 16 18 26 70 26 18 18 22 30 80 18 22

6982.01 7027.98 7238.92 7393.93 7468.91 7485.79 7499.75 7559.61 7621.50 7722.87 7791.86 7847.80 7881.49 8264.96 8710.84

Samarium Sm Z = 62 150 2789.38 410 3152.52 720 3183.92 600 3211.73 530 3216.85 600 3218.61 720 3230.56 720 3236.64 720 3239.66 720 3250.37 850 3254.38 1700 3306.39 1200 3321.18 1200 3365.86 1200 3382.40 4200 3568.27 4200 3592.60 1700 3604.28 3400 3609.49 1700 3621.23 3400 3634.29 2200 3661.36 2200 3670.84 1100 3693.99 1600 3728.47 2100 3731.26 1600 3735.98 2900 3739.12 1200 3743.87 930 3745.46 800 3756.41 1200 3757.53 1900 3760.69 1100 3764.37 370 d 3773.33 1100 3778.14 1500 3788.12 1600 3793.97 1600 3797.73 1600 3826.20 1100 3831.50 560 3834.48 1600 3843.50 530 3853.30 2700 3854.21

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

480 400 3700 1600 1300 2500 1900 1300 470 1500 1500 620 1000 1500 1400 1000 1900 1200 1000 1100 1000 1200 2100 1300 1200 2200 710 470 1600 1900 470 1800 440 1300 880 1100 440 530 1600 410 470 1500 2900 470 1600 1800 530 440 710 1300 1200 1000 2200 810 370 440 380 470 d 1100 370 530

3854.56 3858.74 3885.29 3896.98 3903.42 3922.40 3928.28 3941.87 3951.89 3963.00 3971.40 3974.66 3976.43 3990.00 4064.58 4092.27 4118.55 4152.21 4188.13 4203.05 4225.33 4236.74 4256.39 4262.68 4279.68 4280.79 4282.21 4282.83 4296.74 4318.94 4319.53 4329.02 4330.02 4334.15 4336.14 4347.80 4362.91 4380.42 4390.86 4401.17 4419.33 4420.53 4424.34 4429.66 4433.88 4434.32 4441.81 4442.28 4445.15 4452.73 4454.63 4458.52 4467.34 4470.89 4499.11 4581.73 4649.49 4670.75 4674.60 4688.73 4704.40

I I II II II II II II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II I II I I II I I II II I II II I I I II II II II I I I I I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

730 770 470 730 580 350 970 730 630 350 430 400 540 510 350 360 470 250 260 400 250 220 230 230 140 140 120 85 70 60 70 d 60 60 65 65 50 50 65 50 50 45 45 h 45 100 140 110 50 120 d 95 120 120 90 90 90 90 90 26 30 30 26 85 d

4716.10 4728.42 4745.68 4760.27 4783.10 4785.86 4841.70 4883.97 4910.40 4913.25 4918.99 5044.28 5071.20 5117.16 5122.14 5155.03 5175.42 5200.59 5251.92 5271.40 5282.91 5453.00 5493.72 5516.09 5550.40 5659.86 5696.73 5706.20 5773.77 5778.33 5786.98 5788.38 5800.52 5802.84 5867.79 5874.21 5898.96 5965.71 6045.00 6070.06 6084.12 6159.56 6256.54 6267.28 6569.31 6589.72 6671.51 6731.84 6794.20 6860.93 6955.29 7020.44 7039.22 7042.24 7051.52 7082.37 7088.30 7095.50 7104.54 7115.96 7149.60

I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I II II I II II II II II II I I I I II

5/4/05 8:06:06 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

23 60 26 30 26 13 45 12 40 w 16 90 40 16 45 40 w 19 45 w 45 w 95

7213.82 7240.90 7347.30 7444.56 7445.41 7470.76 7645.09 7645.82 7835.08 7895.96 7928.14 8048.70 8065.16 8068.46 8305.79 8383.71 8485.99 8708.43 8913.66

I II I I I I II I II I II II I II II I II II II

Scandium Sc Z = 21 350 180.14 500 243.87 500 252.85 500 253.73 900 283.91 800 284.45 600 288.29 900 289.59 15 289.85 1000 d 291.93 800 293.25 15 296.31 15 299.04 700 300.00 1000 573.36 600 587.94 10 785.12 25 1168.61 15 1550.80 180 1603.06 150 1610.19 160 2010.42 12 2118.97 11 2185.43 11 2205.46 14 2222.22 11 2271.33 110 2438.62 560 2545.22 2900 2552.37 560 2555.82 2300 2560.25 1100 2563.21 11 2586.93 120 2692.78 350 2699.07 360 2706.77 210 2707.95 580 2711.35 230 2734.05 340 2965.86

V V V V V V V V IV V V IV IV V V V IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV I II II II II II IV I III I I I III I

Section 10.indb 69

10-69 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 1400 340 2200 2700 360 120 h 130 990 1500 4400 5500 110 d 270 9900 2000 1700 1700 4000 6600 130 200 200 270 530 270 180 130 d 110 200 2700 6600 6100 13000 9900 7700 4000 4000 28000 110 20000 13000 6600 110 5300 110 290 75 h 270 610 20000 23000 4400 5500 530 20000 20000 220 140 220 200

2974.01 2980.75 2988.95 3015.36 3019.34 3030.76 3056.31 3065.11 3251.32 3255.69 3269.91 3273.63 3343.28 3352.05 3353.73 3359.68 3361.27 3361.94 3368.95 3372.15 3418.51 3429.21 3429.48 3431.36 3435.56 3457.45 3462.19 3469.65 3471.13 3498.91 3535.73 3558.55 3567.70 3572.53 3576.35 3580.94 3589.64 3590.48 3613.84 3617.43 3630.75 3642.79 3645.31 3646.90 3651.80 3664.25 3666.54 3717.10 3833.07 3843.03 3907.49 3911.81 3933.38 3996.61 4014.49 4020.40 4023.69 4030.67 4031.39 4043.80 4046.48

I I I I I I I II II I I I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II I II II I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2700 120 5500 220 100 160 h 160 6100 200 400 440 h 530 h 720 1100 h 110 h 110 h 180 200 400 15000 290 350 4200 3300 2400 180 110 2000 130 1100 880 120 h 160 h 350 120 120 200 490 590 690 790 1200 200 220 170 90 90 90 170 120 150 140 530 250 530 250 2100 1200 1100 750 390

4047.79 4049.95 4054.55 4056.59 4068.66 4074.97 4078.57 4082.40 4086.67 4087.16 4133.00 4140.30 4152.36 4165.19 4218.26 4219.73 4231.93 4233.61 4238.05 4246.83 4294.77 4305.71 4314.09 4320.74 4325.01 4354.61 4358.64 4374.46 4384.81 4400.37 4415.56 4557.24 4573.99 4670.40 4706.97 4709.34 4728.77 4729.23 4734.10 4737.65 4741.02 4743.81 4753.16 4779.35 4839.44 4909.76 4922.84 4934.25 4954.06 4973.66 4980.37 4991.92 5031.02 5064.32 5070.23 5075.81 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.95 5087.14

I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II I II II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 390 620 370 180 150 320 390 280 350 280 210 120 350 120 210 530 270 370 270 120 750 530 570 660 660 70 110 80 250 1500 1200 1100 10 190 880 230 180 14 620 320 120 110 80 250 750 60 90 60 65 50 50 90 55 h 30 19 h 50 30 h 400

5089.89 5096.73 5099.23 5101.12 5109.06 5112.86 5116.69 5210.52 5219.67 5239.82 5258.33 5285.76 5341.05 5349.30 5349.71 5355.75 5356.10 5375.35 5392.08 5446.20 5451.34 5481.99 5484.62 5514.22 5520.50 5526.82 5564.86 5591.33 5640.98 5657.88 5671.81 5686.84 5700.21 5706.82 5708.61 5711.75 5717.28 5724.08 5771.63 6210.68 6239.78 6245.63 6249.96 6256.01 6258.96 6305.67 6378.82 6413.35 6604.60 6737.87 6819.52 6835.03 7449.16 7741.17 7800.44 8761.40 8829.78 8834.35 22051.86

I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I IV I I I I IV I I II I III I I I I II I I I III I I I III I I

150

22065.05

I

5/4/05 8:06:09 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-70 Intensity Selenium Se 360 360 450 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 360 360 360 360 450 360 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 450 450 285 285 285 120 120 150 150 250 150 200 150 150 150 150 200 150 150 250 200 150 150 250 250 250 250 300 300 250 400 350 300 500 500

Section 10.indb 70

Wavelength/Å Z = 34 613.0 652.7 670.1 724.3 746.4 759.1 808.7 830.3 832.7 839.5 843.0 845.8 912.9 959.6 974.8 996.7 1013.4 1014.0 1033.6 1049.6 1057.4 1094.7 1099.1 1119.2 1141.9 1192.3 1227.6 1291.0 1308.9 1314.4 1435.3 1435.8 1449.2 1500.9 1530.4 1531.3 1531.8 1575.3 1577.6 1577.9 1579.5 1580.0 1587.5 1593.2 1606.5 1617.4 1621.2 1643.4 1671.2 1675.3 1690.7 1793.3 1795.3 1855.2 1858.8 1898.6 1913.8 1919.2 1960.9 2039.8

V IV IV III IV V V V II V III V II IV III IV II II II II II V III III II II V II II IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

285 500 285 500 600 300 360 285 285 220 160 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 360 450 285 285 220 285 500 400 300 285 360 450 360 100 120 110 285 285 285 450 285 200 360 285 285 150 120 100 200 150 300 200 250 150 300 200 150 150 180 150 200 180 150

2057.5 2074.8 2136.6 2164.2 2413.5 2548.0 2665.5 2724.3 2767.2 2773.8 2951.6 3387.2 3413.9 3457.8 3637.6 3738.7 3800.9 4169.1 4175.3 4180.9 4382.9 4446.0 4449.2 4467.6 4730.8 4739.0 4742.2 4840.6 4845.0 5227.5 5305.4 5365.5 5369.9 5374.1 5522.4 5566.9 5866.3 6056.0 6303.8 6325.6 6444.2 6490.5 6535.0 6831.3 6990.690 6991.792 7010.809 7013.875 7062.065 7575.1 7583.4 7592.2 8001.0 8036.4 8093.2 8094.7 8149.3 8152.0 8157.7 8163.1 8182.9

III I IV I I I IV IV III III IV III III III III III III III II II II II II II I I I II II II II I I I II II II II III I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 150 150 300 200 200 100 200 377 900 640 275 170 205 315 410 500 320 265 395 360 505 205 235 680 415 270 240 150 265 375 255 510

8440.47 8450.38 8742.33 8918.86 9001.97 9038.61 9432.50 10217.25 10307.45 10327.26 10386.36 11946.87 11952.64 11972.93 14817.93 14917.47 15151.44 15471.00 15520.97 15618.40 16659.44 16813.78 16866.54 21374.24 21442.56 21473.48 21716.36 21730.60 23388.85 24148.18 24385.99 25017.51 25127.43

Silicon Si Z = 14 10 85.18 15 96.44 10 97.14 20 117.86 20 118.97 4 457.82 8 566.61 8 653.33 7 815.05 8 818.13 9 823.41 40 h 845.77 100 889.72 200 892.00 9 967.95 100 989.87 200 992.68 10 993.52 13 994.79 16 997.39 50 1023.69 8 1066.63 14 1108.37 16 1109.97 18 1113.23 8 1122.49 10 1128.34

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V IV III III IV IV III II II II III II II III III III II IV III III III IV IV

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 200 250 100 30 30 9 10 50 100 150 200 100 150 100 150 200 40 50 1000 2000 200 17 14 15 18 14 16 100 50 h 200 13 100 100 150 100 100 15 12 13 90 h 100 h 12 10 9 100 h 50 h 60 p 500 1000 150 100 300 200 100 100 100 200 200 200 100 h

1190.42 1193.28 1194.50 1197.39 1206.51 1206.53 1207.52 1210.46 1226.81 1227.60 1228.75 1229.39 1246.74 1248.43 1250.09 1250.43 1251.16 1256.49 1258.80 1260.42 1264.73 1265.02 1294.54 1296.73 1298.89 1298.96 1301.15 1303.32 1304.37 1305.59 1309.27 1312.59 1346.87 1348.54 1350.06 1352.64 1353.72 1393.76 1402.77 1417.24 1485.02 1485.51 1500.24 1501.19 1501.87 1509.10 1512.07 1516.91 1526.72 1533.45 1594.55 1622.87 1629.43 1629.92 1667.62 1668.52 1672.59 1675.20 1696.20 1697.94 1770.92

II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II II II I I II II II III III III III III III II II II III II II II II II IV IV III II II III III III II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:12 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 h 100 h 150 500 h 200 200 200 9 200 300 400 200 500 200 500 h 200 200 200 h 1000 h 100 h 50 h 50 100 100 50 50 200 200 100 50 h 110 115 110 120 120 10 10 100 h 30 h 50 h 300 11 425 375 500 7 350 425 450 110 25 10 14 30 85 45 190 11 14 9 1000

1776.83 1799.12 1808.00 1814.07 1816.92 1836.51 1841.44 1842.55 1843.77 1845.51 1847.47 1848.14 1850.67 1852.46 1874.84 1881.85 1887.70 1893.25 1901.33 1902.46 1910.62 1941.67 1949.56 1954.97 2058.65 2059.01 2072.02 2072.70 2124.12 2136.56 2207.98 2210.89 2211.74 2216.67 2218.06 2296.87 2308.19 2356.30 2357.18 2357.97 2435.15 2449.48 2506.90 2514.32 2516.113 2517.51 2519.202 2524.108 2528.509 2532.381 2541.82 2546.09 2559.21 2563.679 2568.641 2577.151 2631.282 2640.79 2655.51 2817.11 2881.579

Section 10.indb 71

I I II I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I III III II II II I III I I I IV I I I I III III III I I I I III III III I

10-71 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 500 55 150 50 75 100 h 9 100 h 50 h 150 h 25 20 16 9 16 13 150 150 100 14 200 100 h 200 h 15 75 12 14 15 12 10 300 500 15 9 20 8 20 c 25 30 100 h 500 h 200 h 300 20 10 70 9 300 h 500 h 100 h 50 9 30 25 20 100 150 9h 10 h 9

2904.28 2905.69 2970.355 2987.645 3006.739 3020.004 3030.00 3040.93 3043.69 3048.30 3053.18 3086.24 3093.42 3096.83 3165.71 3185.13 3186.02 3188.97 3193.09 3195.41 3196.50 3199.51 3203.87 3210.03 3210.55 3214.66 3230.50 3233.95 3241.62 3258.66 3276.26 3333.14 3339.82 3486.91 3525.94 3590.47 3762.44 3791.41 3796.11 3806.54 3853.66 3856.02 3862.60 3905.523 3924.47 4088.85 4102.936 4116.10 4128.07 4130.89 4190.72 4198.13 4338.50 4552.62 4567.82 4574.76 4621.42 4621.72 4631.24 4654.32 4683.02

II II I I I I II III II II II III III III IV III III II II II III II II II III II III III III III III II II III III III IV III III III II II II I III IV I IV II II II II III III III III II II IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

16 50 35 80 15 16 18 30 40 1000 1000 10 h 100 100 h 200 h 500 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 500 h 500 h 100 h 200 h 35 100 h 150 h 30 100 h 200 h 90 150 h 80 1000 h 120 300 h 100 90 200 h 100 h 160 20 45 45 45 45 70 70 90 100 150 h 200 50 300 h 40 10 h 150 200 500 500 90 85

4716.65 4782.991 4792.212 4792.324 4813.33 4819.72 4828.97 4947.607 5006.061 5041.03 5055.98 5091.42 5181.90 5185.25 5192.86 5202.41 5405.34 5438.62 5456.45 5466.43 5466.87 5469.21 5496.45 5517.535 5540.74 5576.66 5622.221 5632.97 5639.48 5645.611 5660.66 5665.554 5669.56 5684.484 5688.81 5690.425 5701.105 5701.37 5706.37 5708.397 5739.73 5747.667 5753.625 5754.220 5762.977 5772.145 5780.384 5793.071 5797.859 5800.47 5806.74 5846.13 5868.40 5873.764 5898.79 5915.22 5948.545 5957.56 5978.93 6125.021 6131.574

III I I I III III III I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II I II I II I II I I II II I III I I I I I I I I II II II II I III II I II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

90 100 100 160 160 40 125 125 180 45 1000 1000 45 45 45 50 h 100 7 50 h 100 50 30 80 180 180 90 250 6h 200 100 100 180 160 400 375 200 275 425 9h 12 h 100 6h 30 400 500 30 90 120 140 35 35 70 9h 11 h 35 9h 40 40 60 40 120

6131.850 6142.487 6145.015 6155.134 6237.320 6238.287 6243.813 6244.468 6254.188 6331.954 6347.10 6371.36 6526.609 6527.199 6555.462 6660.52 6671.88 6701.21 6717.04 6721.853 6829.82 6848.568 6976.523 7003.567 7005.883 7017.646 7034.903 7047.94 7165.545 7226.206 7235.326 7250.625 7275.294 7289.173 7405.774 7409.082 7415.946 7423.497 7466.32 7612.36 7680.267 7723.82 7800.008 7848.80 7849.72 7849.967 7918.386 7932.349 7944.001 7970.306 8035.619 8093.241 8102.86 8103.45 8230.642 8262.57 8443.982 8501.547 8502.221 8536.165 8556.780

I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I II II IV II I II I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I III III I IV I II II I I I I I I I III III I III I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:14 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-72 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 40 75 100 35 100 100 30 120 120 120 30 30 60 30 80 140 60 130 30 30 80 30 80 370 220 440 190 95 110

8648.462 8728.011 8742.451 8752.009 8790.389 9412.72 9413.506 10371.269 10585.141 10603.431 10660.975 10694.251 10727.408 10749.384 10784.550 10786.856 10827.091 10843.854 10869.541 10882.802 10885.336 10979.308 10982.061 11017.965 11984.19 11991.57 12031.51 15888.39 16060.03 19722.50

Silver Ag Z = 47 25 730.83 30 752.80 400 799.41 15 1005.32 10 1065.49 12 1072.23 250 1074.22 150 1107.03 150 1112.46 60 1195.83 50 1223.33 50 1240.80 50 1246.87 55 1256.81 55 1257.55 50 1266.63 70 1273.67 65 1297.51 85 1311.20 55 1313.81 50 1314.61 60 1323.84 60 1342.09 50 1342.57 70 1346.62 50 1353.54 150 1364.50 100 1396.00 100 1410.93 90 1419.72

Section 10.indb 72

I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

95 100 50 50 r 100 r 50 r 100 100 60 50 700 120 500 10 50 125 750 10 h 75 600 700 100 600 500 600 150 150 200 100 80 r 60 600 50 60 100 r 500 75 r 75 30 h 700 70 r 80 r 70 r 80 r 70 50 h 75 90 r 100 r 80 80 60 50 h 60 60 75 100 h 30 h 90 100 55000 r

1432.60 1464.72 1466.23 1507.37 1515.63 1548.58 1555.16 1644.50 1651.52 1652.10 1656.18 1682.82 1693.51 1708.11 1709.27 1736.44 1751.03 1766.14 1790.37 1917.08 1957.62 1967.38 1975.92 1977.03 2000.24 2015.96 2033.98 2061.17 2069.85 2113.82 2145.60 2161.89 2186.76 2229.53 2246.43 2246.51 2248.74 2280.03 2309.56 2310.04 2317.05 2320.29 2324.68 2331.40 2357.92 2375.02 2411.41 2413.23 2437.81 2447.93 2473.84 2506.63 2575.63 2660.49 2721.77 2767.54 2824.39 3130.02 3180.70 3267.35 3280.68

II II II I I I II II I I III II III I I II III I II III III II III III III II II I I II II III II II II III II II I III II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I I II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

28000 r 30 70 80 50 50 h 75 30 80 50 h 200 50 100 h 50 h 50 50 h 70 60 100 h 70 100 h 80 100 90 h 100 50 50 h 30 h 80 50 60 h 30 h 100 30 h 100 80 1000 1000 100 100 10 h 320 25 500 25 30 h 10 h 12 15 10 60 20 15 15

3382.89 3469.16 3475.82 3495.28 3542.61 3624.68 3682.46 3682.50 3683.34 3709.20 3810.94 3811.78 3840.74 3907.41 3909.31 3914.40 3920.10 3949.43 3981.58 3985.19 4055.48 4085.91 4185.48 4210.96 4212.82 4311.07 4476.04 4615.69 4620.04 4620.46 4668.48 4677.60 4788.40 4847.82 4874.10 5027.35 5209.08 5465.50 5471.55 5667.34 6268.50 7687.78 8005.4 8273.52 8403.8 8645.70 8704.85 8747.6 9000.9 12551.0 16819.5 17416.7 18307.9 18382.3

I I II II I I II I II I I I I I II I II II I II I II II I I I I I II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I

Sodium Na 7 8 9 8 8 8

Z = 11 142.232 146.064 150.298 150.687 155.510 156.537

IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 10 12 10 5 10 10 8 8 8p 8 8 15 50 c 30 25 70 50 50 20 p 20 10 300 350 100 70 12 10 15 10 13 11 11 d 12 12 d 11 12 11 15 c 20 d 12 11 12 d 30 16 20 h 300 18 17 300 300 25 18 20 1000 25 17 20 10 70 35

162.448 163.190 168.411 168.546 183.95 190.445 199.772 202.49 202.76 203.06 203.28 203.33 229.87 250.52 251.37 266.90 267.65 267.87 268.63 272.08 272.45 319.644 372.08 376.38 378.14 380.10 408.684 409.614 410.372 411.334 412.242 1582.18 1583.98 1584.14 1587.05 1615.92 1618.57 1655.47 1701.97 1887.47 1960.76 1965.08 2106.33 2230.33 2232.19 2246.70 2315.65 2386.99 2394.03 2420.99 2424.73 2459.31 2468.85 2474.73 2493.15 2497.03 2510.26 2543.84 2543.87 2593.87 2593.92

IV IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II II III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV III III III II III III II II III III III II III III I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:17 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

850 850 1000 200 100 1000 400 200 2 1100 1100 1100 1200 1300 1000 1200 1100 1000 1100 1100 1300 1700 2500 1700 2000 2000 1000 1700 1600 1500 1700 1700 1200 600 1500 1000 50 1500 1200 6 10 1 2 15 20 2 3 30 40 3 5 40 60 5 8 60 100 10 15 120 200

2611.81 2661.00 2671.83 2680.34 2680.43 2841.72 2852.81 2853.01 2893.62 2904.92 2917.52 2919.05 2919.85 2920.95 2923.49 2951.24 2952.40 2977.13 2979.66 2980.63 2984.19 3124.42 3135.48 3137.86 3149.28 3163.74 3179.06 3189.79 3212.19 3257.96 3285.60 3301.35 3302.37 3302.98 3304.96 3318.04 3426.86 3533.05 3631.27 4238.99 4242.08 4249.41 4252.52 4273.64 4276.79 4287.84 4291.01 4321.40 4324.62 4341.49 4344.74 4390.03 4393.34 4419.88 4423.25 4494.18 4497.66 4541.63 4545.19 4664.811 4668.560

Section 10.indb 73

II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-73 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 30 200 400 40 80 280 70 560 80000 40000 120 240 130 130 130 20 10 50 25 4400 800 8800 100 60 25 40 60 80 20 60 200 80 120 35 50 400 1000 400 60 100 60 100 400 50 25 60 100

4747.941 4751.822 4978.541 4982.813 5148.838 5153.402 5682.633 5688.193 5688.205 5889.950 5895.924 6154.225 6160.747 6530.70 6544.04 6545.75 7373.23 7373.49 7809.78 7810.24 8183.256 8194.790 8194.824 8649.92 8650.89 8942.96 9153.88 9465.94 9961.28 10566.00 10572.28 10746.44 10749.29 10834.87 11190.19 11197.21 11381.45 11403.78 12679.17 14767.48 14779.73 16373.85 16388.85 18465.25 22056.44 22083.67 23348.41 23379.13

Strontium Sr Z = 38 15 298.12 15 300.12 125 330.67 500 351.62 75 358.80 250 363.49 150 371.21 20 378.53 75 392.44 50 393.00 50 396.22 1000 437.24

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1875 1250 3750 10 2500 25 30 25 50 25 200 35 100 12 50 35 50 1400 1400 100 100 50 160 100 40 40 100 200 10 100 50 50 100 400 650 50 950 600 1300 46000 32000 9 340 65000 9 3200 2200 1400 4800 3600 3000 2000 1000 8000 1300 800 h 1400 2000 2000 2800 4800

491.79 507.04 514.38 517.28 562.75 578.01 624.93 642.23 649.21 660.94 664.43 686.23 710.35 747.82 1025.23 1125.49 1236.23 2152.84 2165.96 2273.71 2340.13 2346.97 2428.10 2486.52 2555.60 2571.04 3002.61 3012.32 3019.29 3021.73 3061.43 3182.61 3235.39 3351.25 3380.71 3430.76 3464.46 3969.26 4030.38 4077.71 4215.52 4298.57 4305.45 4607.33 4685.08 4722.28 4741.92 4784.32 4811.88 4832.08 4872.49 4876.32 4891.98 4962.26 4967.94 5156.07 5222.20 5225.11 5229.27 5238.55 5256.90

III III III V III V V V V V IV V IV V III III III II II III III IV I III IV IV III III IV III III III III I II III II I I II II IV II I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 40 1500 7000 3500 2600 2000 2000 1000 900 h 600 h 9000 5500 1000 1700 3000 1800 4800 1200 5500 2500 500 400 h 200 h 120 200 100 400 h 600 300 100 100 h 300 1000 200 700 100 60 40 75 100 50 230 120 30

5257.71 5443.48 5450.84 5480.84 5504.17 5521.83 5534.81 5540.05 6380.75 6386.50 6388.24 6408.47 6504.00 6546.79 6550.26 6617.26 6791.05 6878.38 6892.59 7070.10 7309.41 7621.50 7673.06 8422.80 8505.69 8688.91 9294.10 9448.95 9596.00 9624.70 9638.10 9647.70 10036.66 10327.31 10914.88 11241.25 12014.76 12445.90 12495.00 12974.70 13123.80 17447.40 20261.40 20700.70 26023.60

Sulfur S Z = 16 5 437.4 5 438.2 5 439.6 20 519.3 20 520.1 40 520.8 20 522.0 20 522.5 20 551.2 40 652.5 40 653.0 70 653.6 40 654.0 70 655.6 20 655.9

III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

5/4/05 8:06:20 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-74 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 40 70 40 160 110 40 40 70 20 40 110 40 20 70 110 70 70 110 110 110 110 285 70 70 70 70 70 110 70 70 160 110 220 110 110 40 40 40 40 40 160 160 70 285 40 70 70 40 40 110 110 275 250 280 275 235 235 245 260 265

657.3 658.3 659.8 660.9 661.4 663.2 663.7 664.8 666.1 678.1 680.3 680.9 681.6 693.5 729.5 732.42 735.2 738.5 744.9 748.4 750.2 753.8 786.5 789.0 796.7 800.5 804.0 809.7 816.0 824.9 836.3 849.2 852.2 854.8 857.9 860.5 906.9 910.5 912.7 937.4 937.7 1062.7 1073.0 1073.5 1077.1 1102.3 1194.0 1201.0 1234.1 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 1270.782 1277.216 1295.653 1302.337 1302.863 1303.110 1303.430 1305.883 1310.194

Section 10.indb 74

IV V V IV IV V IV IV IV V V V V V III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III IV IV IV IV III III V V V V V II II II II II IV IV IV III II III III II II II II I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

355 290 375 355 775 710 960 640 775 1000 300 510 425 300 300 425 550 300 355 485 300 330 390 20 20 680 640 710 680 640 710 550 20 40 110 110 160 160 220 70 220 110 110 220 110 220 220 110 285 110 160 110 160 160 110 110 160 110 160 160 285

1316.542 1316.618 1323.515 1326.643 1381.552 1385.510 1388.435 1389.154 1392.588 1396.112 1409.337 1425.030 1433.280 1436.968 1448.229 1472.972 1473.995 1474.380 1481.665 1483.039 1483.233 1485.622 1487.150 1624.0 1629.2 1666.688 1687.530 1807.311 1820.343 1826.245 1900.286 1914.698 2387.0 2398.9 2460.5 2489.6 2496.2 2499.1 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2741.0 2756.9 2775.2 2785.5 2863.5 2904.3 2986.0 3097.5 3497.3 3632.0 3709.4 3717.8 3838.3 3867.6

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV III III III III III I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

285 160 360 450 280 360 450 450 360 450 285 160 280 450 360 450 285 360 650 1000 1000 1000 280 1000 450 450 280 650 450 160 450 450 280 450 450 450 280 280 280 360 160 285 450 450 450 285 450 1000 160 285 450 450 450 450 450 450 285 450 360 110 220

3902.0 3928.6 3933.3 4120.8 4142.3 4145.1 4153.1 4162.7 4253.6 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 4716.2 4815.5 4924.1 4925.3 4993.5 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5564.9 5606.1 5640.0 5640.3 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5706.1 5819.2 6052.7 6286.4 6287.1 6305.5 6312.7 6384.9 6397.3 6398.0 6413.7 6743.6 6748.8 6757.2 7579.0 7629.8 7686.1 7696.7 7924.0 7928.8 7930.3 7931.7 7967.4 7967.4 8314.7 8314.7 8585.6 8680.5 8694.7 8874.5 8882.5 8884.2

I III II I II II II II III I I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 450 450 450 285 285 285 650 450 450 450 285 285 285 285 285 285 285

9035.9 9212.9 9228.1 9237.5 9413.5 9421.9 9437.1 9649.9 9672.3 9680.8 9693.7 9697.3 9739.7 9932.3 9949.8 9958.9 10455.5 10459.5

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Tantalum Ta Z = 73 60 493.07 1000 890.87 500 947.30 67 999.34 79 1116.10 78 1136.17 85 1175.51 80 1189.28 80 1192.67 85 1213.09 500 1213.42 85 1215.53 90 1223.73 88 1238.12 95 1240.06 87 1258.34 94 1264.91 98 1272.42 94 1275.48 86 1275.94 92 1308.51 87 1315.58 92 1332.38 86 1343.30 92 1365.88 5000 1392.56 91 1398.78 93 1413.40 91 1454.32 92 1464.41 93 1469.82 90 1495.25 95 1514.19 85 1607.70 7000 1709.10 85 1712.16 85 1716.13 85 2055.75 1100 2140.13 1500 2146.87 1200 2182.71 1100 2193.88

V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II II

5/4/05 8:06:23 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 90 1500 90 1400 d 1400 1200 840 990 990 790 600 990 440 440 440 420 690 550 250 260 600 320 1400 2400 320 360 360 480 380 600 500 600 500 600 600 1200 d 600 1200 460 600 600 1400 1200 860 2400 2600 1900 1500 770 1500 470 1000 1200 2600 470 1200 860 410 1000 430

2196.03 2199.58 2199.67 2207.64 2210.03 2239.48 2250.76 2261.42 2262.30 2272.59 2285.25 2286.59 2289.16 2302.24 2302.93 2312.60 2315.46 2331.98 2332.19 2357.30 2361.09 2364.24 2371.58 2387.06 2400.63 2416.89 2427.64 2429.71 2432.70 2470.90 2474.62 2484.95 2488.70 2490.46 2504.45 2507.45 2526.35 2532.12 2559.43 2562.10 2577.37 2603.49 2608.63 2635.58 2636.90 2647.47 2653.27 2656.61 2661.34 2675.90 2685.17 2694.52 2698.30 2710.13 2714.67 2727.44 2748.78 2749.83 2752.49 2758.31 2761.68

Section 10.indb 75

II IV II IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II I II II II I I II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I II II II I I I II I I II I II

10-75 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 680 680 510 640 560 1500 1900 360 470 380 770 560 310 410 310 1700 470 1200 510 340 1500 770 770 340 430 1800 290 d 530 530 360 560 380 380 270 320 270 600 300 1100 680 330 d 640 360 450 490 380 490 750 980 500 210 210 210 410 310 300 360 c 340 260 450

2775.88 2796.34 2797.76 2806.58 2844.25 2848.52 2850.49 2850.98 2861.98 2871.42 2880.02 2891.84 2902.05 2915.49 2925.19 2932.70 2933.55 2940.06 2940.22 2951.92 2953.56 2963.32 2965.13 2965.54 2969.47 2975.56 3012.54 3027.48 3049.56 3069.24 3077.24 3103.25 3124.97 3130.58 3132.64 3170.29 3173.59 3180.95 3223.83 3311.16 3318.84 3330.99 3371.54 3385.05 3406.94 3480.52 3497.85 3511.04 3607.41 3626.62 3642.06 3918.51 3970.10 3996.17 4061.40 4067.91 4205.88 4510.98 4574.31 4619.51 4681.88

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 110 100 100 330 110 110 d 140 200 130 90 150 130 130 90 130 240 130 90 90 130 240 190 c 100 250 100 100 65 130 150 150 150 75 65 75 65 90 65 250 200 380 65 100 100 100 110 75 100 180 75 c 75 160 c 210 180 150 140 140 65 180 110 d

5037.37 5067.87 5115.84 5141.62 5143.69 5156.56 5212.74 5218.45 5341.05 5402.51 5419.19 5518.91 5645.91 5664.90 5776.77 5780.71 5811.10 5877.36 5882.30 5901.91 5918.95 5939.76 5944.02 5997.23 6020.72 6045.39 6047.25 6101.58 6144.56 6154.50 6256.68 6268.70 6309.58 6325.08 6341.17 6356.16 6360.84 6389.45 6428.60 6430.79 6450.36 6485.37 6505.52 6514.39 6516.10 6574.84 6611.95 6621.30 6673.73 6675.53 6740.73 6771.74 6813.25 6866.23 6875.27 6902.10 6927.38 6928.54 6951.26 6966.13 6995.22

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

75 150 110 140 160 140 c 100 90 cw 160 100 75 75

7006.96 7148.63 7172.90 7301.74 7346.41 7352.86 7356.96 7369.09 7407.89 7882.37 8026.50 8281.62

I I I I I I I I I I I I

Technetium Tc Z = 43 10000 c 3636.07 20000 c 4031.63 15000 4095.67 20000 4262.27 30000 4297.06 20000 4853.59

I I I I I I

Tellurium Te Z = 52 8 802.28 8 1059.51 8 1077.66 10 1161.42 10 1174.34 12 1175.79 9 1208.54 9 1220.98 9 1253.62 9 1270.52 10 1324.92 9 1363.24 8 1366.73 10 1374.80 10 1608.41 10 1613.15 5 1655.4 5 1688.5 6 1700.0 5 1708.0 10 1822.4 26000 2002.02 6500 2081.16 18000 2142.81 3200 2147.25 500 2259.02 1200 2383.26 1500 2385.78 50 2438.69 120 2530.72 100 2649.66 80 2661.10 110 2677.13 100 2858.29 150 2895.41 70 2967.29 70 3047.00 100 3175.14 60 3256.80 60 3329.22

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II II II II I II II

5/4/05 8:06:25 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-76 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 50 50 50 100 50 50 70 100 80 100 60 80 150 75 170 80 100 70 100 180 200 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 130 200 8 50 50 150 150 100 200 150 100 50 10 h 20 h 20 h 15 h 20 h 12 15 15 15 10 30 h 10 20 15 15 10 205 81 5660 532

3406.79 3442.25 3521.11 3552.19 3611.78 3617.57 4006.52 4127.32 4169.77 4225.73 4261.11 4273.43 4285.85 4364.00 4385.10 4478.63 4537.07 4557.78 4630.62 4641.12 4654.37 4686.91 4696.38 4706.53 4766.05 4784.87 4827.14 4831.28 4842.90 4865.12 4866.24 5083.0 5449.84 5487.95 5576.35 5649.26 5666.20 5708.12 5755.85 5974.68 6367.13 6790.0 6837.6 6854.7 7191.1 7263.5 7460.98 7468.75 7921.69 7943.14 7950.34 8061.4 8122.44 8186.44 8273.53 8672.95 8733.81 8758.18 9004.37 9722.74 9868.92

Section 10.indb 76

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

689 325 5950 4097 381 397 745 1880 10200 508 6620 1580 1050 1480 2430 3760 1960 2780 1020 464 74 38

9956.30 9977.13 10051.41 10091.01 10118.08 10300.56 10493.57 10918.34 11089.56 11163.74 11487.23 13247.75 14513.51 15452.45 15546.23 16403.90 17303.54 18291.59 21043.73 21602.50 22555.29 26539.17

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Terbium Tb 1000 1000 1000 5000 2000 2000 1000 1000 110 110 130 140 190 270 320 250 230 230 460 460 670 480 480 480 440 480 480 1100 1200 480 760 760 1000 1500 3800 760 760 810

Z = 65 1259.40 1327.67 1373.86 1595.39 1633.19 2027.79 2089.98 2332.54 2584.61 2608.57 2628.69 2669.29 2704.07 2769.53 2897.44 2956.21 3010.59 3016.18 3053.55 3070.05 3078.86 3082.36 3089.58 3102.96 3139.64 3187.26 3199.56 3218.93 3219.98 3252.32 3280.31 3281.40 3285.04 3293.07 3324.40 3349.42 3364.93 3454.06

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

810 d 810 5700 1300 1100 810 3200 810 4200 1600 1100 710 810 1600 810 2300 810 2000 3800 810 450 450 4700 2400 1000 d 650 870 870 1100 650 1700 2100 600 410 760 d 1500 540 920 d 3700 3500 w 480 490 2400 1600 480 650 760 810 d 2200 d 1800 970 1900 760 870 2100 430 410 1300 650 1100 350

3472.79 3500.84 3509.17 3523.66 3540.24 3543.89 3561.74 3567.35 3568.52 3568.98 3579.20 3585.03 3596.38 3600.44 3625.54 3650.40 3654.88 3658.88 3676.35 3682.26 3693.58 3700.12 3702.86 3703.92 3711.76 3745.04 3747.17 3747.34 3755.24 3759.35 3765.14 3776.49 3783.53 3789.92 3806.85 3830.26 3833.42 3842.50 3848.73 3874.17 3888.22 3894.64 3899.20 3901.33 3908.06 3915.43 3925.45 3939.52 3976.84 3981.87 4002.59 4005.47 4012.75 4032.28 4033.03 4054.12 4060.37 4061.58 4105.37 4144.41 4158.53

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II I II I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

390 650 600 480 480 650 760 cw 450 2200 600 600 3000 600 870 600 1700 700 870 330 300 260 350 240 240 430 75 110 110 110 110 210 65 65 75 d 95 65 65 h 85 210 260 cw 80 80 80 70 c 80 80 200 110 80 70 410 cw 180 100 80 80 95 65 85 110 75 85

4196.74 4203.74 4206.49 4215.09 4232.82 4266.34 4278.52 4310.42 4318.83 4322.23 4325.83 4326.43 4332.12 4336.43 4337.64 4338.41 4340.62 4356.81 4382.45 4388.23 4390.91 4423.10 4436.12 4448.04 4493.07 4514.31 4549.07 4550.45 4556.46 4563.69 4578.69 4584.84 4591.56 4626.32 4626.94 4632.07 4636.59 4641.00 4641.98 4645.31 4647.23 4662.79 4676.90 4681.87 4688.63 4693.11 4702.41 4707.94 4739.93 4747.80 4752.53 4786.78 4813.77 4875.57 4881.15 4915.90 4931.79 4993.82 5078.25 5089.12 5186.13

I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II II II II II I I II II II I I I I II II II II I I II I I II II I I II I II I

5/4/05 8:06:28 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 75 75 w 75 65 110 65 w 160 75 75 50 55 55 50 65 85 c 75 75 65 65 65 65 c 75 35 35 cw 35 90 40 cw 130 55 45 h 40 65 40 45 45 27 h 45 65 30 30 30 27 30 30 65 95 40 30 h 45 30 65

5228.12 5248.71 5262.11 5281.05 5304.72 5319.23 5337.90 5354.88 5369.72 5375.98 5424.10 5459.81 5509.61 5514.54 5524.12 5747.58 5795.64 5803.13 5815.36 5851.07 5870.62 5920.78 5967.34 6331.68 6518.68 6581.82 6677.94 6702.61 6794.58 6896.37 6899.95 6901.98 7204.28 7257.73 7348.88 7496.12 7582.03 7590.24 7596.44 7627.81 7737.63 7855.79 7927.90 8025.42 8085.06 8194.82 8212.57 8450.06 8511.80 8583.45 8603.40 8765.74

I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I II I II II I I I I II I II I I I I II II II II II I II I II I II

Thallium Tl 10 5r 15 r 5r 10 r 5r 8r 30

Z = 81 570.49 670.87 696.30 709.23 817.18 836.34 1018.85 1028.69

IV II II II II II II IV

Section 10.indb 77

10-77 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 20 10 r 8r 5r 30 10 r 15 r 10 r 10 r 12 r 5r 10 15 r 8r 25 r 8r 10 r 10 8r 10 r 10 r 15 r 10 r 7r 5h 5 10 r 12 r 25 r 100 r 100 r 30 140 900 h 20 700 420 4400 d 10 2800 20 15 15 15 1200 15 15 9 20000 5000 8 9 12000 w 10 10 7 6 20 40 20

1034.73 1036.61 1049.73 1050.30 1074.97 1079.68 1130.17 1162.55 1167.43 1183.41 1194.84 1246.00 1266.33 1307.50 1310.20 1321.71 1330.40 1373.52 1477.14 1489.65 1499.30 1507.82 1561.58 1568.57 1593.26 1616. 1685.40 1792.76 1814.85 1908.64 2007.56 2210.71 2298.04 2315.98 2379.69 2530.86 2580.14 2709.23 2767.87 2849.80 2918.32 3091.56 3185.51 3186.56 3187.74 3229.75 3291.01 3369.15 3456.34 3519.24 3529.43 3540.08 3560.68 3775.72 3832.30 3887.15 4109.85 4269.81 4274.98 4306.80 4737.05

IV IV II II II IV II II II II II II III II II II II II III I II II II II II I I II II II I I II I I II I I I II I II II II II I II II III I I II II I II II III III II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 25 25 18000 15 d 10 25 10 10 16 h 10 10 20 10 10 20 20 40 20 30 40 1000 150 700

4981.35 5078.54 5152.14 5350.46 5384.85 5410.97 5949.48 6179.98 6378.32 6549.84 6966.5 7815.80 8373.6 8474.27 8664.1 9130. 9130.5 9509.4 9930.4 10011.9 10488.80 11512.82 12736.4 13013.2

II II II I II II II II II I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I

Thorium Th 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 500 480 520 410 800 1200 100 550 100 100 420 450 670 480 510 100 510 510 480 100 420 420 420 1100 770 560 560 480 590

Z = 90 1707.37 1959.02 2002.34 2413.50 2427.94 2431.68 2441.24 2565.593 2692.415 2747.156 2752.166 2832.315 2837.295 2848.084 2870.406 2936.086 2943.729 3049.092 3067.729 3078.828 3080.217 3108.296 3116.263 3119.526 3122.963 3125.507 3136.216 3139.306 3142.835 3175.726 3180.193 3188.233 3221.292 3229.009 3235.84 3238.116

IV IV IV III III III III II II II II II II I II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

910 180 910 620 910 620 240 480 510 840 250 620 620 310 980 620 250 1300 200 250 200 250 390 270 980 770 1300 170 200 670 180 170 200 530 200 270 270 980 200 480 270 210 170 220 280 700 150 170 180 340 590 770 1300 310 650 180 590 450 840 450 210

3256.274 3257.366 3262.668 3287.789 3291.739 3292.520 3301.650 3304.238 3321.450 3325.120 3330.476 3334.604 3337.870 3348.768 3351.228 3358.602 3374.974 3392.035 3396.727 3398.544 3405.558 3413.012 3421.210 3423.989 3433.998 3435.976 3469.920 3471.218 3486.552 3539.587 3544.018 3549.595 3555.013 3559.451 3576.557 3592.780 3598.120 3609.445 3612.427 3615.133 3635.943 3642.248 3649.735 3663.202 3669.968 3675.567 3682.486 3692.566 3698.105 3706.767 3719.435 3721.825 3741.183 3747.539 3752.569 3770.056 3803.075 3828.384 3839.746 3863.405 3875.374

II I II II II II I I II II I II II I II II I II I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I II II I II I I I II II I

5/4/05 8:06:30 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-78 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

340 590 200 390 200 150 530 220 220 280 4200 250 250 250 700 700 150 840 240 280 1100 200 200 450 620 620 110 110 480 700 130 1300 1100 110 280 90 50 280 260 110 120 95 110 95 60 60 95 70 85 60 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 h 55 30 30 30

3895.419 3929.669 3932.911 3967.392 3972.155 3980.089 3994.549 4008.210 4009.056 4012.495 4019.129 4030.842 4036.047 4063.407 4086.520 4094.747 4100.341 4108.421 4112.754 4115.758 4116.713 4127.411 4134.067 4149.986 4178.060 4208.890 4253.538 4260.333 4277.313 4282.042 4337.277 4381.860 4391.110 4498.940 4510.527 4723.438 4840.843 4863.163 5017.255 5067.974 5148.211 5216.596 5231.160 5247.654 5343.581 5587.026 5707.103 5760.551 5989.044 6169.822 6182.622 6274.116 6274.117 6355.911 6457.283 6462.614 6531.342 6989.656 7045.795 7084.171 7168.896

Section 10.indb 78

I II I I I I II I I I II I I I II II I II I I II I I II II II I I II II I II II I II I I II II I II II I II I I II I II I I II II II I I I I II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 35 50 30 30 40 20 20 20 30 20 20 15 10

7191.132 7208.006 7525.508 7647.380 8330.451 8967.641 9833.42 10726.93 10942.24 11230.259 11984.67 17208.22 18811.88 22264.35

II I II I I I I I II I II II I II

Thulium Tm 5000 360 20000 5000 20000 5000 5000 6000 6000 3000 3000 4000 450 450 770 30000 2000 1300 3000 130 10000 360 540 430 170 h 810 730 5000 2000 3000 540 3000 4000 680 730 2000 580 200 1600 1000 490 1000 1500 360 7400 2300

Z = 69 2185.94 2284.79 2296.21 2305.03 2311.16 2312.72 2326.19 2328.50 2329.29 2331.80 2357.05 2406.63 2409.02 2426.17 2480.13 2489.44 2504.71 2509.08 2519.78 2527.02 2552.46 2552.76 2561.65 2588.27 2596.49 2607.06 2624.33 2682.32 2707.03 2719.47 2721.19 2724.44 2727.56 2794.60 2797.27 2806.77 2827.92 2854.17 2869.23 2947.72 2973.22 2998.28 3015.30 3081.12 3131.26 3133.89

III II III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III I III I II II I II II III III III II III III II II III II I II III I III II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1900 1500 450 2300 1200 1600 2300 320 1900 1600 1200 1100 1200 1200 2300 2000 1200 230 4000 1700 850 340 340 6400 340 4900 4900 8500 210 340 340 420 340 250 1700 420 210 340 420 1300 420 280 2100 1000 380 1100 4800 3800 7700 2400 5000 1700 6000 4800 7100 770 600 290 1300 290 8900

3151.04 3157.34 3172.65 3172.83 3236.81 3240.23 3241.54 3246.96 3258.05 3266.64 3267.40 3276.81 3283.40 3285.61 3291.00 3302.46 3309.80 3349.99 3362.61 3397.50 3410.05 3412.59 3416.59 3425.08 3429.33 3441.50 3453.66 3462.20 3467.51 3476.69 3480.98 3487.38 3499.95 3517.60 3535.52 3537.91 3555.82 3560.92 3563.88 3566.47 3567.36 3586.07 3608.77 3629.09 3638.41 3668.09 3700.26 3701.36 3717.91 3734.12 3744.06 3751.81 3761.33 3761.91 3795.75 3798.54 3807.72 3826.39 3838.20 3840.87 3848.02

II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I II III I II II II I II I I II II II I I I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

6800 1800 5400 440 3500 1500 1500 1800 220 380 10000 9500 1100 8800 6000 380 3000 270 150 2700 1400 200 140 120 540 150 260 110 270 300 80 95 110 120 160 120 110 680 70 80 140 160 160 150 95 80 650 80 270 520 40 35 190 35 240 140 200 95 110 120 80

3883.13 3883.44 3887.35 3896.62 3916.48 3949.27 3958.10 3996.52 4024.23 4044.47 4094.19 4105.84 4138.33 4187.62 4203.73 4222.67 4242.15 4271.71 4298.36 4359.93 4386.43 4394.42 4396.50 4454.03 4481.26 4519.60 4522.57 4548.60 4599.02 4615.94 4626.33 4626.56 4634.26 4655.09 4681.92 4691.11 4724.26 4733.34 4759.90 4831.20 4957.18 5009.77 5034.22 5060.90 5113.97 5213.38 5307.12 5346.49 5631.41 5675.84 5684.76 5709.97 5764.29 5838.76 5895.63 5971.26 6460.26 6604.96 6779.77 6844.26 6845.76

I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II I I II II II II I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:33 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 10 12 10 17 14 14 75 75 140 80 40 55 110 95 27

6937.37 7017.90 7034.34 7106.14 7272.62 7310.51 7432.18 7481.08 7490.20 7558.33 7731.53 7856.08 7927.51 7930.84 8017.90 8472.01

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

Tin Sn Z = 50 7 169.47 150 361.01 100 753.01 200 910.92 500 956.25 7 985.13 500 1019.72 1000 1044.49 1000 1073.41 200 1089.35 8 1108.19 1000 1119.34 1000 1139.29 1000 1158.33 200 1160.74 10 1161.43 1000 1184.25 2000 1210.52 9 1219.07 13 1223.70 11 1243.00 2000 1251.38 1000 1259.92 20 1290.86 200 1294.36 1000 1305.97 1000 1314.55 20 1316.59 1000 1327.34 1000 1347.65 1000 1386.74 25 1400.52 1000 1437.52 20 1475.15 9 1489.22 1000 1570.36 10 r 1737.21 15 r 1751.46 20 r 1764.98 30 r 1790.75 80 r 1804.60 15 1811.34 500 1811.71 40 r 1815.74

II V III III IV II IV IV IV V II IV III III V II III III II II II V III II V III IV II III III III II IV II II III I I I I I II III I

Section 10.indb 79

10-79 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 r 9 50 r 200 r 80 100 12 50 80 500 150 50 h 80 50 50 70 80 100 100 200 100 100 r 50 40 r 20 r 30 80 150 r 300 r 400 r 80 r 400 r 60 400 r 200 r 600 r 300 r 1000 r 22 100 800 r 1000 r 15 300 13 10 200 400 500 r 200 200 r 700 r 150 1400 r 1000 r 700 r 850 r 12 550 r 550 r 50

1823.00 1831.89 1848.75 1860.32 1886.05 1891.40 1899.91 1909.30 1925.31 1941.86 1952.15 1977.6 1984.20 2040.66 2054.03 2058.31 2068.58 2072.89 2073.08 2096.39 2100.93 2113.93 2121.26 2148.73 2151.43 2151.54 2171.32 2194.49 2199.34 2209.65 2231.72 2246.05 2251.17 2268.91 2286.68 2317.23 2334.80 2354.84 2368.33 2408.15 2421.70 2429.49 2448.98 2483.39 2483.48 2486.99 2495.70 2546.55 2571.58 2594.42 2661.24 2706.51 2779.81 2839.99 2863.32 3009.14 3034.12 3047.50 3175.05 3262.34 3283.21

I II I I I I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 60 10 11 280 r 10 20 25 500 15 50 100 150 250 100 400 200 150 100 70 25 20 10 13 100 100 h 200 80 300 400 50 h 50 h 80 h 150 50 100 h 300 h 500 54 70 56 200 200 258 96 106 254 48 111 42 42 89 187 187 68 378 144 40 4

3330.62 3351.97 3472.46 3575.45 3801.02 5332.36 5561.95 5588.92 5631.71 5799.18 5925.44 5970.30 6037.70 6069.00 6073.46 6149.71 6154.60 6171.50 6310.78 6453.50 6844.05 7191.40 7387.79 7741.80 7754.97 8030.5 8114.09 8357.04 8422.72 8552.60 8681.7 9410.86 9415.37 9616.40 9741.1 9742.8 9805.38 9850.52 10894.00 11191.85 11277.66 11454.59 11616.26 11739.78 11825.18 11835.82 11932.99 12009.50 12313.24 12530.87 12536.5 12888.5 12981.7 13018.5 13081.5 13460.2 13608.2 20861.7 24738.2

Titanium Ti Z = 22 17 252.96

I II II II I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 14 13 18 20 20 23 20 11 10 20 18 180 190 190 22 25 360 24 210 190 190 130 23 24 23 22 270 340 510 300 640 800 950 250 250 190 180 280 450 340 1100 1300 1600 22 1300 d 1100 1600 2300 3600 720 500 780 1000 1600 2400 1000 3100 3800 780 1100

498.26 502.08 526.57 779.07 1298.66 1298.97 1455.19 1467.34 1717.40 1841.49 2067.56 2103.16 2273.28 2279.96 2305.67 2413.99 2516.05 2525.60 2527.84 2529.85 2531.25 2534.62 2535.87 2540.06 2563.44 2565.42 2567.56 2599.92 2605.15 2611.28 2619.94 2641.10 2644.26 2646.64 2742.32 2802.50 2841.94 2877.44 2884.11 2912.08 2928.34 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2984.75 3066.22 3072.97 3075.22 3078.64 3088.02 3119.72 3161.20 3161.77 3162.57 3168.52 3186.45 3190.87 3191.99 3199.92 3202.54 3217.06

V V V IV III III III IV V V IV IV I I I III III II III I II II II III III III III I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I III II II II II II I II II II II I II I I II II

5/4/05 8:06:36 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-80 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1300 6600 5200 4100 2600 1200 1200 1200 1200 840 2900 2100 1800 1100 5700 4300 12000 4100 7200 1100 4300 5700 2900 d 1400 5700 1400 1400 1100 890 600 600 480 890 600 17 600 4800 6600 7200 600 3100 600 2900 3300 330 5200 3300 2900 840 500 530 2600 500 500 15 1100 890 1100 4500 4500 5200

3222.84 3234.52 3236.57 3239.04 3241.99 3248.60 3252.91 3254.25 3261.60 3314.42 3322.94 3329.46 3335.20 3340.34 3341.88 3349.04 3349.41 3354.64 3361.21 3370.44 3371.45 3372.80 3377.48 3380.28 3383.76 3385.95 3387.84 3394.58 3444.31 3461.50 3477.18 3491.05 3504.89 3510.84 3576.44 3610.16 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3671.67 3685.20 3689.91 3729.82 3741.06 3741.64 3752.86 3759.30 3761.32 3786.04 3882.89 3900.54 3904.78 3913.46 3914.34 3915.47 3924.53 3929.88 3947.78 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21

Section 10.indb 80

II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II I II I I II I II II I II II II II II II II II IV I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I II I II I III I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

950 950 4800 570 5700 7800 950 1200 840 890 840 950 840 840 2000 200 2900 4100 6000 1200 330 890 230 840 550 840 950 1100 240 530 780 1000 1000 780 6000 240 3600 2400 1200 1200 720 950 240 15 950 720 240 15 d 950 480 720 840 950 470 400 380 5800 4600 4000 3600 3200 d

3962.85 3964.27 3981.76 3982.48 3989.76 3998.64 4008.93 4024.57 4078.47 4286.01 4287.40 4289.07 4290.94 4295.76 4298.66 4300.05 4300.56 4301.09 4305.92 4314.80 4395.04 4427.10 4443.80 4449.15 4450.90 4453.32 4455.33 4457.43 4468.50 4481.26 4512.74 4518.03 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4533.97 4534.78 4535.58 4535.92 4536.05 4544.69 4548.77 4549.63 4549.84 4552.46 4555.49 4571.98 4572.20 4617.27 4623.09 4656.47 4667.59 4681.92 4840.87 4885.08 4899.91 4981.73 4991.07 4999.51 5007.21 5014.19

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I II III I I II III I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

840 840 1200 840 740 1200 1400 1100 1300 1400 17 20 340 270 320 250 130 95 95 85 400 230 120 150 120 300 200 270 340 110 120 120 120 17 380 380 300 55 65 75 18 18 80 20 18 260 130 130 120 90 60 60 55 75 100 100 75 120 170 490 240

5020.03 5022.87 5035.91 5036.47 5038.40 5039.95 5064.66 5173.75 5192.98 5210.39 5278.12 5398.93 5512.53 5514.35 5514.54 5644.14 5675.44 5689.47 5715.13 5739.51 5866.46 5899.32 5918.55 5922.12 5941.76 5953.17 5965.84 5978.56 5999.04 6064.63 6085.23 6091.17 6126.22 6246.65 6258.10 6258.70 6261.10 6546.28 6554.23 6556.07 6621.58 6667.99 6743.12 7072.64 7084.57 7209.44 7244.86 7251.72 7344.72 7357.74 7364.11 7978.88 8024.84 8364.24 8377.85 8382.54 8396.87 8412.36 8426.52 8434.94 8435.70

I I I I I I I I I I III IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 90

8466.87 8675.39

III I

Tungsten W 5800 13000 5100 4100 4100 7300 15000 5300 9700 6100 2100 2400 1500 1300 460 510 530 d 340 440 460 390 d 320 580 850 510 670 730 560 560 1700 d 610 870 1800 580 780 870 630 780 780 1100 1400 480 1200 870 1500 480 d 580 390 390 630 680 75 310 780 270 780 430 780

Z = 74 2001.71 2008.07 2009.98 2010.23 2014.23 2026.08 2029.98 2049.63 2079.11 2094.75 2118.87 2121.59 2166.32 2204.48 2249.80 2277.58 2294.49 2309.02 2313.17 2321.63 2326.56 2354.61 2360.44 2363.07 2374.47 2384.82 2397.09 2397.73 2397.98 2405.58 2415.68 2424.21 2435.96 2444.06 2451.48 2452.00 2454.98 2455.51 2456.53 2459.30 2466.85 2472.51 2474.15 2480.13 2481.44 2482.10 2484.74 2487.50 2489.23 2495.26 2504.70 2510.47 2520.46 2521.32 2522.04 2523.41 2527.76 2533.64

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I II I I I

5/4/05 8:06:39 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 780 2700 730 870 390 390 370 680 370 970 480 400 400 400 400 400 810 400 d 650 400 1600 810 810 650 2100 650 650 400 400 400 400 d 400 2100 2600 400 650 400 400 400 810 810 810 810 400 810 1600 810 810 1500 690 2400 2400 730 d 360 520 770 210 310 d 440 d 270

2547.14 2550.38 2551.35 2561.97 2580.49 2584.39 2589.17 2601.96 2606.39 2608.32 2613.08 2613.82 2620.25 2622.21 2625.22 2632.48 2632.70 2633.13 2638.62 2646.18 2646.73 2656.54 2662.84 2671.47 2677.28 2681.42 2695.67 2699.59 2700.01 2706.58 2708.59 2708.80 2715.50 2718.91 2724.35 2725.03 2748.84 2762.34 2764.27 2769.74 2770.88 2774.00 2774.48 2792.70 2799.93 2818.06 2831.38 2833.63 2848.02 2896.44 2935.00 2944.40 2946.99 2979.71 3013.79 3016.47 3017.44 3024.93 3026.67 3041.73 3043.80

Section 10.indb 81

I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

10-81 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

440 810 180 180 d 370 240 240 230 260 290 320 190 390 390 520 1000 190 210 210 210 d 730 440 440 440 390 230 240 400 650 240 1900 650 400 570 810 510 680 1000 340 1000 290 190 260 1400 1100 730 1800 730 8600 540 910 730 5000 1000 540 450 220 250 540 1400 4100

3046.44 3049.69 3073.28 3084.83 3093.50 3107.23 3108.02 3117.57 3120.18 3163.42 3176.60 3181.82 3191.57 3198.84 3207.25 3215.56 3232.49 3254.36 3259.66 3266.62 3300.82 3311.38 3326.20 3331.69 3373.75 3429.59 3443.00 3495.24 3545.22 3570.65 3617.52 3682.08 3683.30 3688.06 3707.92 3757.92 3760.13 3768.45 3773.71 3780.77 3809.22 3810.38 3810.79 3817.48 3835.06 3846.22 3867.99 3881.41 4008.75 4015.22 4045.59 4069.95 4074.36 4102.70 4137.46 4171.17 4207.05 4219.37 4244.36 4269.38 4294.61

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2200 200 180 200 640 170 640 640 790 380 220 820 770 220 65 55 45 40 55 55 55 40 45 35 40 17 13 15 13 15 9 11 10 15 15 10 17 17 13 11 22 22 13 10 27 10 13

4302.11 4378.48 4384.85 4408.28 4484.19 4588.73 4659.87 4680.51 4843.81 4886.90 4982.59 5053.28 5224.66 5514.68 5648.37 5735.09 5804.85 5902.64 5947.57 5965.86 6012.78 6021.52 6292.02 6404.21 6445.12 6611.62 6678.42 6693.08 6984.27 7140.52 7162.64 7200.16 7278.24 7285.81 7296.55 7509.00 7569.92 7614.15 7688.97 7784.15 8017.19 8055.64 8123.82 8338.08 8585.11 8594.42 8865.53

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Uranium U 440 610 830 870 630 630 870 680 920 970 1200 780 780

Z = 92 2565.41 2635.53 2793.94 2802.56 2807.05 2817.96 2821.12 2828.90 2832.06 2865.68 2889.62 2906.80 2908.28

II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

580 530 p 1300 830 580 580 580 530 630 630 580 630 630 580 580 580 970 530 680 530 680 530 730 680 730 1100 730 580 580 630 680 1600 530 630 780 1600 630 530 1200 680 1200 2300 530 630 3200 840 2800 1100 600 680 950 600 1900 570 1900 750 2000 1200 2400 4900 1900

2931.41 2940.37 2941.92 2943.90 2956.06 2967.94 2971.06 2984.61 3022.21 3031.99 3050.20 3057.91 3062.54 3072.78 3093.01 3102.39 3111.62 3119.35 3124.95 3139.61 3149.24 3153.11 3229.50 3232.16 3291.33 3305.89 3390.38 3424.56 3435.49 3466.30 3482.49 3489.37 3496.41 3500.08 3507.34 3514.61 3533.57 3540.47 3550.82 3555.32 3561.80 3566.59 3569.08 3578.72 3584.88 3638.20 3670.07 3701.52 3738.04 3746.42 3748.68 3751.17 3782.84 3793.10 3811.99 3826.51 3831.46 3839.63 3854.64 3859.57 3865.92

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I II I II I I I II II II I I I I II I I II II II II II I II II I II II I II II II

5/4/05 8:06:41 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-82 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 1000 2200 2000 1200 1200 1000 1600 880 2200 810 880 1400 1000 600 620 170 150 110 170 80 70 80 70 70 160 70 70 230 100 90 55 90 110 90 45 50 35 75 30 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 75 75

3871.03 3881.45 3890.36 3932.02 3943.82 3985.79 4042.75 4050.04 4062.54 4090.13 4116.10 4153.97 4171.59 4241.67 4472.33 4543.63 4689.07 4756.81 5008.21 5027.38 5160.32 5280.38 5475.70 5480.26 5481.20 5492.95 5780.59 5798.53 5915.39 5976.32 6077.29 6372.46 6395.42 6449.16 6826.92 7533.93 7881.94 8445.39 8607.95 8757.76 10554.93 11167.84 11384.13 11859.42 11908.83 12250.46 13185.16 13306.23 13961.58 18634.43 21910.22

Vanadium V Z = 23 20 225.46 20 251.66 20 286.84 35 483.01 50 633.94 200 677.34 500 684.37 400 737.85 100 864.27

Section 10.indb 82

I II II II I II I II II II II I II II II II II I II I II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V III IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 500 100 1000 1000 100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 300 500 400 500 2100 500 1000 2500 2500 1000 240 410 210 80 h 230 250 250 80 h 180 1100 680 530 640 180 240 900 900 1400 900 2400 710 2400 1700 900 1100 410 600 1200 1400 2400 3800 3000 2600 2000 1500 3200 5300 3800 410 530

1006.46 1149.94 1426.65 1643.03 1650.14 1680.20 1694.78 1760.07 1788.26 1794.60 1812.19 1861.56 1939.06 1951.43 1997.72 2092.44 2268.30 2292.86 2330.42 2371.06 2382.46 2507.78 2526.22 2527.90 2570.72 2574.02 2593.05 2595.10 2645.54 2661.42 2687.96 2700.94 2706.17 2715.69 2731.35 2864.36 2891.64 2892.66 2893.32 2906.46 2908.82 2923.62 2924.02 2924.64 2941.37 2944.57 2962.77 2968.38 3056.33 3060.46 3066.38 3093.11 3102.30 3110.71 3118.38 3125.28 3183.41 3183.98 3185.40 3187.71 3188.51

III III IV III III V III III III III III IV IV IV IV I IV III III III III I I II IV I III III IV I II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II II I II I I I II II II II II I I I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

750 1100 900 750 80 h 560 560 560 560 560 490 560 100 1300 1000 1500 1000 3800 1800 320 250 280 520 1100 570 570 1000 1300 1700 2600 1200 3000 1300 1500 700 2400 700 540 430 170 1100 1800 890 2800 590 2800 2300 8900 4300 1800 2000 3100 3100 2300 20 360 560 460 460 430 460

3190.68 3267.70 3271.12 3276.12 3514.25 3517.30 3533.68 3545.20 3556.80 3589.76 3592.02 3592.53 3679.86 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.86 3703.58 3704.70 3715.47 3727.34 3732.76 3790.32 3794.96 3799.91 3803.47 3813.49 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.37 3855.84 3864.86 3875.08 3890.18 3902.25 3909.89 3990.57 3998.73 4005.71 4090.58 4092.69 4095.49 4099.80 4102.16 4105.17 4109.79 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4123.57 4128.07 4132.02 4134.49 4200.32 4232.46 4268.64 4271.55 4276.96 4284.06 4330.02

II II II II IV II I II II II II I III I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

510 760 1000 12000 7000 4800 3600 1400 2300 2800 3600 4600 640 640 640 830 640 610 1000 2000 610 510 640 830 1300 230 100 130 160 130 110 130 130 130 150 120 320 480 620 740 110 110 110 110 110 110 100 140 140 100 200 400 110 110 310 1200 920 570 850 230 230

4332.82 4341.01 4352.87 4379.24 4384.72 4389.97 4395.23 4400.58 4406.64 4407.64 4408.20 4408.51 4416.47 4421.57 4437.84 4441.68 4444.21 4452.01 4459.76 4460.29 4462.36 4577.17 4580.40 4586.36 4594.11 4619.77 4635.18 4646.40 4670.49 4776.36 4786.51 4796.92 4807.53 4827.45 4831.64 4832.43 4851.48 4864.74 4875.48 4881.56 5128.53 5138.42 5192.99 5194.83 5234.07 5240.87 5401.93 5415.26 5584.50 5592.42 5624.60 5627.64 5657.44 5668.36 5670.85 5698.52 5703.56 5706.98 5727.03 5731.25 5737.06

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:44 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 480 1300 600 450 450 430 710 280 130 170 200 200 170 110 65 c 50 c 40 40 35 29 c 120 w 70 c 60 c

6039.73 6081.44 6090.22 6119.52 6199.19 6216.37 6230.74 6243.10 6251.82 6268.82 6274.65 6285.16 6292.83 6296.49 6531.43 6753.00 6766.49 6784.98 7338.92 7356.54 8027.39 8116.80 8161.07 8919.85

Xenon Xe Z = 54 8 657.8 8 660.1 9 673.8 9 674.0 9 676.6 10 694.0 20 698.5 12 705.1 10 721.2 15 731.0 10 733.3 350 740.41 15 742.6 10 756.0 10 761.5 10 769.1 25 779.1 15 792.9 12 796.1 15 802.0 350 803.07 25 823.2 30 824.9 25 853.0 600 880.80 350 885.54 15 889.3 20 894.0 20 896.0 600 925.87 250 935.40 10 965.5 800 972.77 700 976.68 35 1003.4 35 1017.7

Section 10.indb 83

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III II III III III II II III III III II II III II II III III

10-83 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 700 1100 10 1000 1200 12 2000 600 1200 30 600 250 800 p 250 25 600 250 1000 600 80 100 30 40 30 40 30 200 80 w 60 w 30 150 h 30 50 40 80 w 40 60 40 40 80 w 400 40 30 100 h 100 40 50 30 300 100 w 80 c 40 100 80 30 80 w 40 30 200 h 80

1032.44 1037.68 1041.31 1047.8 1048.27 1051.92 1066.4 1074.48 1083.86 1100.43 1130.3 1158.47 1169.63 1183.05 1192.04 1232.1 1244.76 1250.20 1295.59 1469.61 2668.98 2717.33 2814.45 2815.91 2827.45 2847.65 2862.40 2864.73 2871.10 2871.24 2871.7 2895.22 2896.62 2906.6 2911.89 2912.36 2940.2 2945.2 2947.5 2948.1 2970.47 2979.32 2992.87 3004.25 3017.43 3023.81 3083.5 3091.1 3106.46 3128.87 3138.3 3150.82 3185.2 3242.86 3268.98 3287.82 3301.55 3331.6 3358.0 3366.72 3384.12

II II II III II II III II II II III II II II I III II I I I III III III III III III III II III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III III II III III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2 2 2 3 60 70 100 w 100 h 40 4 4 5 80 50 10 50 10 40 100 80 100 w 100 40 15 8 100 w 40 600 6 10 50 40 40 40 300 100 200 60 100 l 500 300 100 200 200 l 60 100 h 100 100 200 l 1000 h 500 h 300 h 100 h 300 h 100 300 h 400 h 500 h 100 l 30 500 h

3400.07 3418.37 3420.00 3442.66 3444.2 3454.2 3458.7 3461.26 3468.22 3469.81 3472.36 3506.74 3522.83 3542.3 3549.86 3552.1 3554.04 3561.4 3579.7 3583.6 3595.4 3606.06 3607.0 3610.32 3613.06 3615.9 3623.1 3624.08 3633.06 3669.91 3676.67 3685.90 3693.49 3776.3 3781.02 3841.5 3877.8 3880.5 3907.91 3922.55 3950.59 4037.59 4050.07 4057.46 4060.4 4098.89 4109.1 4145.7 4158.04 4180.10 4193.15 4208.48 4209.47 4213.72 4215.60 4223.00 4238.25 4245.38 4251.57 4285.9 4296.40

I I I I III III III II III I I I III III I III I III III III III III III I I III III III I I III I I III III III III III II III III II III II III II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 h 1000 l 200 h 100 l 500 h 500 l 200 l 150 l 50 500 h 100 w 1000 h 500 l 100 l 100 w 100 w 100 w 30 60 30 600 100 w 150 500 400 300 40 500 500 200 l 400 300 100 l 200 200 1000 300 100 100 300 400 100 60 500 500 2000 300 1000 2000 200 30 200 500 100 50 3000 800 300 200 400 1000

4310.51 4330.52 4369.20 4373.78 4393.20 4395.77 4406.88 4416.07 4434.2 4448.13 4462.1 4462.19 4480.86 4521.86 4569.1 4570.1 4641.4 4673.7 4683.57 4723.60 4734.152 4757.3 4792.619 4807.02 4829.71 4843.29 4869.5 4916.51 4923.152 4971.71 4972.71 4988.77 4991.17 5028.280 5044.92 5080.62 5122.42 5125.70 5178.82 5188.04 5191.37 5192.10 5239.0 5260.44 5261.95 5292.22 5309.27 5313.87 5339.33 5363.20 5367.1 5368.07 5372.39 5392.80 5401.0 5419.15 5438.96 5445.45 5450.45 5460.39 5472.61

II II II II II II II II III II III II II II III III III III III III I III I I I I III I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II I III II II II II II II

5/4/05 8:06:47 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-84 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 l 40 200 600 100 300 300 600 150 100 200 200 500 500 300 300 100 300 150 100 300 100 200 100 500 300 2000 200 1000 2000 600 1500 400 100 100 150 120 300 500 100 60 100 25 60 60 500 400 100 100 250 500 400 600 200 100 300 150 120 100 200 h 300

5494.86 5524.4 5525.53 5531.07 5566.62 5616.67 5659.38 5667.56 5670.91 5695.75 5699.61 5716.10 5726.91 5751.03 5758.65 5776.39 5815.96 5823.89 5824.80 5875.02 5893.29 5894.99 5905.13 5934.17 5945.53 5971.13 5976.46 6008.92 6036.20 6051.15 6093.50 6097.59 6101.43 6115.08 6146.45 6178.30 6179.66 6182.42 6194.07 6198.26 6205.97 6220.02 6221.7 6238.2 6259.05 6270.82 6277.54 6284.41 6286.01 6300.86 6318.06 6343.96 6356.35 6375.28 6397.99 6469.70 6472.84 6487.76 6498.72 6504.18 6512.83

Section 10.indb 84

II III II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I III II III III III II II II I II I II II II II I I I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 1000 100 400 100 150 300 200 150 100 1000 200 100 300 80 100 800 h 100 2000 150 500 50 s 200 500 100 200 200 100 150 300 200 80 500 100 200 60 100 100 300 500 100 200 150 100 150 h 100 700 10000 500 7000 2000 100 2000 50 h 200 50 h 250 100 200 50 h

6528.65 6533.16 6595.01 6595.56 6597.25 6598.84 6668.92 6694.32 6728.01 6788.71 6790.37 6805.74 6827.32 6872.11 6882.16 6910.22 6925.53 6942.11 6976.18 6990.88 7082.15 7119.60 7147.50 7149.03 7164.83 7284.34 7301.80 7339.30 7386.00 7393.79 7548.45 7584.68 7618.57 7642.02 7643.91 7670.66 7787.04 7802.65 7881.32 7887.40 7967.34 8029.67 8057.26 8061.34 8101.98 8151.80 8171.02 8206.34 8231.635 8266.52 8280.116 8346.82 8347.24 8409.19 8515.19 8576.01 8604.23 8648.54 8692.20 8696.86 8716.19

II I II I II II I II I II II II I I I II I II I II II I II II II II II II I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I II I II I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 100 5000 300 200 200 1000 100 200 400 500 100 100 200 50 h 150 50 l 100 2000 3000 100 90 375 100 300 2500 250 2000 1250 800 375 140 3000 100 2500 150 250 100 1000 125 1500 1500 350 150 3000 250 1250 110 1800 175 2000 2500 250 750 300 150 100 100 600 1500 100

8739.39 8758.20 8819.41 8862.32 8908.73 8930.83 8952.25 8981.05 8987.57 9045.45 9162.65 9167.52 9374.76 9513.38 9591.35 9685.32 9698.68 9718.16 9799.70 9923.19 10838.37 11742.01 12235.24 12257.76 12590.20 12623.391 13544.15 13657.055 14142.444 14240.96 14364.99 14660.81 14732.806 15099.72 15418.394 15557.13 15979.54 16039.90 16053.28 16554.49 16728.15 17325.77 18788.13 20187.19 20262.242 21470.09 23193.33 23279.54 24824.71 25145.84 26269.08 26510.86 28381.54 28582.25 29384.41 29448.06 29649.58 29813.62 30253.14 30475.46 30504.12

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 6000 125 550 100 1800 3500 150 450 170 5000 110 250 150 450 850 140 175 270 120

30794.18 31069.23 31336.01 31607.91 32293.08 32739.26 33666.69 34014.67 34335.27 34744.00 35070.25 35246.92 36209.21 36231.74 36508.36 36788.83 38685.98 38737.82 38939.60 39955.14

Ytterbium Yb Z = 70 1000 1050.24 1000 1054.46 5000 1134.43 900 1316.04 800 1326.36 900 1350.26 80 1561.42 80 h 1765.21 800 1791.06 100 1863.32 800 1873.91 500 1898.25 500 1998.82 900 2116.65 2500 2116.67 800 2123.32 3000 2126.74 800 2139.99 20000 2144.77 15000 2154.18 370 2161.60 850 2185.71 640 2224.46 300 2240.11 300 2305.32 140 2320.81 170 2390.74 460 2464.50 140 2512.06 270 2538.67 2000 2567.61 1000 2579.57 800 2599.14 600 2621.11 1000 2642.56 1000 2651.74 700 2652.25 990 2653.75 200 2665.04 2000 2666.13

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III III III III IV II IV II IV IV IV II II II III III II II I II II III III III III III III III II II III

5/4/05 8:06:49 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 390 390 170 230 1300 170 600 1000 600 1000 140 190 230 h 360 430 140 200 45 200 3600 600 1000 170 140 280 35 140 2000 200 170 800 310 160 160 2000 920 3000 28 170 190 4000 1000 230 28 800 390 240 2000 35 18000 130 140 80 2000 240 280 d 240 2000 140 50

2666.99 2671.96 2672.66 2718.35 2748.66 2750.48 2776.28 2795.60 2803.43 2816.92 2818.72 2821.15 2830.99 2847.18 2851.13 2859.80 2861.21 2867.06 2873.49 2888.04 2891.38 2898.30 2906.31 2914.21 2915.28 2919.35 2934.36 2945.91 2970.56 2983.99 2994.80 2998.00 3005.77 3017.56 3026.67 3029.49 3031.11 3092.50 3100.74 3107.90 3117.81 3126.01 3138.58 3140.94 3162.29 3191.35 3192.88 3201.16 3228.58 3239.58 3289.37 3305.25 3305.73 3319.41 3325.51 3337.17 3342.93 3375.48 3384.01 3387.50 3412.45

Section 10.indb 85

III I II II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II I II II III III II II II I II II II II III II II II III II III I II II III III II I III II II III I II I II I III II II II III I I

10-85 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 360 240 85 500 190 d 360 2400 500 500 50 230 35 200 170 360 200 240 70 90 240 140 32000 70 400 180 550 80 60 h 170 340 340 140 500 32000 930 50 2000 70 440 470 120 340 300 150 d 120 70 120 60 h 60 h 440 85 h 100 85 h 640 200 70 140 40 190 170 h

3418.39 3426.04 3431.11 3452.40 3454.08 3458.29 3460.27 3464.37 3476.30 3478.84 3517.00 3520.29 3559.03 3560.33 3560.70 3585.47 3619.80 3637.76 3648.15 3655.73 3669.69 3675.08 3694.19 3700.58 3711.91 3734.69 3770.10 3774.32 3791.74 3839.91 3872.85 3900.85 3911.27 3931.23 3987.99 3990.88 4007.36 4028.14 4052.28 4089.68 4149.07 4174.56 4180.81 4213.64 4218.56 4231.97 4277.74 4305.97 4393.69 4430.21 4439.19 4482.42 4517.58 4563.95 4576.21 4582.36 4589.21 4590.83 4684.27 4726.08 4781.87

I I I I II II I I II II I II I II II II II II I I II II II I III I I I I I I I I III I I I III I I I I II III II I I I I I I I III I I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 35 40 40 h 27 710 140 30 70 220 50 60 85 100 150 h 170 30 h 150 30 40 60 40 17 85 h 2400 60 220 27 35 35 27 17 40 60 60 200 35 h 35 h 340 180 25 690 9h 8h 10 h 16 h 25 30 h 750 100 70 h 200 100

4786.61 4816.43 4837.46 4894.60 4912.36 4935.50 4966.90 5067.80 5069.14 5074.34 5076.74 5196.08 5211.60 5244.11 5277.04 5335.15 5351.29 5352.95 5363.66 5449.27 5481.92 5505.49 5524.54 5539.05 5556.47 5651.98 5719.99 5771.66 5833.99 5837.14 5854.51 5989.33 5991.51 6152.57 6274.78 6328.52 6400.35 6417.91 6489.06 6667.82 6727.61 6799.60 7244.41 7305.22 7313.05 7350.04 7448.28 7527.46 7699.48 7971.46 8922.56 10110.60 10830.36

Yttrium Y Z = 39 150 264.64 150 273.03 900 333.09 500 333.80 400 335.14 500 336.62 500 339.02

II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II III I I I I II I I I I I I I I III II III III IV IV V V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 900 300 300 400 500 300 300 600 300 4000 2000 5000 7000 15000 25000 5000 4000 4000 10000 16000 350 10000 10000 50 50000 40000 560 60 95 70 140 90000 45 70 95 160 99000 390 350 480 750 140 130 190 95 110 220 70 2300 2200 2200 3900 6200 4700 85 85 170 1700 3900 130

344.59 355.86 370.42 372.05 379.96 386.82 403.45 420.74 425.03 473.10 584.98 630.97 805.20 809.92 989.21 996.37 1314.51 1334.04 2068.98 2127.98 2191.16 2243.06 2284.34 2327.31 2354.20 2367.23 2414.64 2422.20 2694.21 2723.00 2742.53 2760.10 2817.04 2822.56 2854.43 2886.48 2919.05 2946.01 2948.40 2964.96 2974.59 2984.26 2996.94 3021.73 3045.37 3095.88 3173.06 3179.41 3191.31 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3327.89 3388.59 3412.47 3485.73 3496.09 3549.01 3551.80

V IV IV V V IV V V IV IV V V III III III III III III III III III II III III I III III II I I I I III I II I I III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I II II I

5/4/05 8:06:52 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-86 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

540 170 190 260 3300 300 100 2800 10000 6200 7800 4300 1900 7800 3000 170 13000 1200 10000 1400 7400 1300 4000 80 480 4400 3600 940 2400 9400 2000 9900 8900 7500 100 h 2400 2000 8000 160 280 h 600 2200 300 360 h 2800 110 440 h 120 800 120 12000 150 h 100 1800 890 100 130 170 180 160 110

3552.69 3558.76 3571.43 3576.05 3584.52 3587.75 3589.69 3592.92 3600.73 3601.92 3611.05 3620.94 3628.71 3633.12 3664.61 3692.53 3710.30 3747.55 3774.33 3776.56 3788.70 3818.35 3832.88 3876.82 3878.28 3950.36 3982.60 4039.83 4047.64 4077.38 4083.71 4102.38 4128.31 4142.85 4157.63 4167.52 4174.14 4177.54 4217.80 4220.63 4235.73 4235.94 4251.20 4302.30 4309.63 4330.78 4348.79 4357.73 4358.73 4366.03 4374.94 4375.61 4387.74 4398.02 4422.59 4443.66 4446.63 4475.72 4476.96 4477.45 4487.28

Section 10.indb 86

I I I I II I I I II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II I II II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 500 890 440 100 100 130 95 2000 200 h 2000 180 170 160 410 120 170 180 140 120 770 550 410 120 890 330 1900 95 1100 100 150 120 100 75 75 1100 180 960 1500 10000 180 75 220 90 190 710 100 240 300 250 120 740 120 180 620 120 560 120 120 740 90

4487.47 4505.95 4527.25 4527.80 4544.32 4559.37 4596.55 4604.80 4643.70 4658.32 4674.84 4696.81 4728.53 4752.79 4760.98 4781.04 4786.89 4799.30 4819.64 4822.13 4839.87 4845.68 4852.69 4854.25 4854.87 4859.84 4883.69 4893.44 4900.12 4906.11 4921.87 4974.30 5006.97 5070.21 5072.19 5087.42 5135.20 5200.41 5205.72 5238.10 5240.81 5380.62 5402.78 5424.37 5438.24 5466.46 5468.47 5497.41 5503.45 5509.90 5521.63 5527.54 5544.50 5577.42 5581.87 5606.33 5630.13 5644.69 5648.47 5662.94 5675.27

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I II I II II III I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 90 75 100 120 120 120 150 1200 300 1000 90 70 95 40 150 70 190 21 45 29 24 h 24 29 35 35 50 29 9000 35 29 110 10000 24 10000 95 19 h

5706.73 5743.85 5765.64 5781.69 6009.19 6023.41 6135.04 6138.43 6191.73 6222.59 6435.00 6538.60 6557.39 6613.75 6650.61 6687.58 6700.71 6793.71 6815.16 6845.24 6887.22 6950.31 6979.88 7052.94 7191.66 7264.17 7346.46 7450.30 7558.71 7563.13 7855.52 7881.90 7991.43 8344.43 8796.21 8800.62 8835.85

I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I II III I I II III I III I II

Zinc Zn Z = 30 200 425.90 200 428.54 200 430.59 1000 677.63 750 677.96 200 713.90 60 1193.23 50 1239.12 50 1249.69 500 1265.74 500 1306.66 200 1456.72 200 1459.98 300 1499.42 300 1500.42 300 1505.92 300 1515.85 300 1552.30 90 1572.99 200 1629.19 200 1639.33 200 1673.05 80 d 1735.61

IV IV IV III III III II IV IV IV IV III IV III III III III III II III III III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 500 500 200 120 300 200 800 r 1000 150 1000 300 200 300 200 300 300 200 300 300 400 100 200 200 300 500 r 800 700 r 800 500 50 300 400 400 800 500 200 500 500 500 500 1000 h 300 300 100 100 100 100 20 20

1767.69 1797.64 1811.05 1833.57 1864.12 1866.08 1872.13 1918.96 1929.67 1969.40 1982.11 1986.99 2025.48 2062.00 2064.23 2079.08 2099.94 2102.18 2138.56 2501.99 2515.81 2557.95 2582.49 2608.56 2608.64 2670.53 2684.16 2712.49 2756.45 2770.86 2770.98 2800.87 2801.06 3035.78 3072.06 3196.31 3282.33 3302.58 3302.94 3345.02 3345.57 3883.34 4680.14 4722.15 4810.53 4911.62 4924.03 5181.98 5894.33 6021.18 6102.49 6214.61 6362.34 7588.5 7732.5 11054.25 13053.63 13150.59 14038.70 16483.45 16491.98

III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I I I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:54 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 10

16505.23 24375.02

I I

Zirconium Zr Z = 40 500 304.01 60 480.66 60 497.23 60 500.22 600 628.66 500 633.56 50 690.39 2000 740.61 10000 800.00 10000 806.89 10000 812.05 3000 841.40 300 863.65 500 864.59 9000 1183.97 9000 1201.77 10000 1219.86 500 1303.93 500 p 1323.81 1000 1469.47 10000 1546.17 10000 1598.95 5000 1607.95 100 1612.38 700 1725.02 200 1790.19 150 1793.56 125 1798.13 600 1860.86 200 1940.25 600 2028.54 125 2070.43 200 2086.78 10000 2091.49 10000 2092.36 600 2132.42 10000 2163.68 100 2175.80 100 2191.15 10000 2286.67 100 2301.60 90 2539.65 570 2567.64 1600 2568.87 2100 2571.39 250 2620.56 200 2643.79 150 2664.26 1800 2678.63 90 2687.75 750 2700.13 1300 2722.61 800 2726.49 1400 2734.86 1100 2742.56 660 2745.86 660 2752.21 530 2758.81

V IV IV IV IV IV III V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV V V IV IV IV IV III V III III III V III V III III IV IV V IV III III IV III I II II II III III III II I II II II II II II II II

Section 10.indb 87

10-87 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

620 390 530 710 660 350 350 340 490 300 270 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 820 320 820 350 500 880 350 d 690 690 350 500 500 350 690 540 880 880 540 540 760 630 630 760 1000 1300 880 540 880 380 380 380 760 380 760 540 380 570 760 5700 570 570 760 380

2814.90 2818.74 2825.56 2837.23 2844.58 2848.52 2851.97 2869.81 2875.98 2915.99 2918.24 2926.99 2948.94 2955.78 2960.87 2962.68 2968.96 2978.05 2985.39 3003.74 3011.75 3020.47 3028.04 3029.52 3036.39 3054.84 3106.58 3120.74 3129.18 3129.76 3132.07 3138.68 3164.31 3165.97 3182.86 3191.21 3212.01 3214.19 3231.69 3234.12 3241.05 3273.05 3279.26 3284.71 3305.15 3306.28 3322.99 3326.80 3334.25 3340.56 3344.79 3356.09 3357.26 3374.73 3387.87 3388.30 3391.98 3393.12 3404.83 3410.25 3414.66

I II II I II I II II I II II II II II I II II II I II I II II I II II II I II II I II II II II I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 4700 600 410 820 600 1200 1300 4100 820 1000 2000 440 440 630 1800 630 1800 2100 1100 2100 1100 1300 880 3500 690 1100 1100 1100 1100 390 800 390 960 720 560 880 480 480 340 720 560 560 2200 1300 550 550 550 2900 770 990 1500 2900 2000 610 1200 940 490 990 660 770

3430.53 3438.23 3447.36 3457.56 3463.02 3471.19 3479.39 3481.15 3496.21 3505.67 3509.32 3519.60 3525.81 3533.22 3542.62 3547.68 3550.46 3551.95 3556.60 3566.10 3572.47 3575.79 3576.85 3586.29 3601.19 3611.89 3613.10 3614.77 3623.86 3663.65 3671.27 3674.72 3697.46 3698.17 3709.26 3745.98 3751.60 3764.39 3766.72 3766.82 3780.54 3791.40 3822.41 3835.96 3836.76 3843.02 3847.01 3849.25 3863.87 3864.34 3877.60 3885.42 3890.32 3891.38 3921.79 3929.53 3958.22 3966.66 3968.26 3973.50 3991.13

II II I II II I II II II II I I II I II I I II II I II I II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 400 770 990 400 490 400 610 490 400 610 770 600 1500 2000 240 2000 400 1200 400 400 660 400 610 610 610 400 2000 2000 770 770 1200 550 550 550 1000 290 310 350 550 610 490 490 350 700 2300 510 1900 1400 870 700 250 360 470 300 200 100 270 160 160 340

3998.97 4023.98 4024.92 4027.20 4029.68 4030.04 4035.89 4043.58 4044.56 4045.61 4048.67 4055.03 4055.71 4064.16 4072.70 4078.31 4081.22 4121.46 4149.20 4161.21 4166.36 4187.56 4194.76 4199.09 4201.46 4208.98 4213.86 4227.76 4239.31 4240.34 4241.20 4241.69 4282.20 4294.79 4341.13 4347.89 4359.74 4360.81 4366.45 4507.12 4535.75 4542.22 4575.52 4602.57 4633.98 4687.80 4688.45 4710.08 4739.48 4772.31 4815.63 5046.58 5064.91 5078.25 5155.45 5158.00 5191.60 5385.14 5664.51 5797.74 5879.80

II I I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I

5/4/05 8:06:57 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-88 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 170 680 340 440

6045.85 6121.91 6127.44 6134.55 6143.20

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 150 150 540 280

6313.02 6953.84 6990.84 7097.70 7102.91

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 590 160 160 150

7103.72 7169.09 7944.61 8005.27 8063.09

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

790 390 280

8070.08 8132.99 8212.53

I I I

Sources of Data for Each Element Numbers following the element name refer to the references on the following pages. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282 Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421 Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279 Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361 Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399 Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239 Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324 Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333 Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226 Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281 Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425 Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214 Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1 Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309 Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401 Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433 Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242

Section 10.indb 88

Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420 Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413, 430 Neptunium: 93 Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318 Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424 Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91 Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254 Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396 Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1 Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320 Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313 Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35 Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356 Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423 Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303 Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311 Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418

5/4/05 8:06:58 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

References 1. Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Monogr., 145, Washington, D.C., 1975. 2. Aksenov, V. P. and Ryabtsev, A. N., Opt. Spectrosc., 37, 860, 1970. 3. Andersen, N., Bickel, W. S., Carriveau, G. W., Jensen, K., and Veje, E., Phys. Scr., 4, 113, 1971. 4. Andersson, E. and Johannesson, G. A., Phys. Scr., 3, 203, 1971. 5. Andrew, K. L. and Meissner, K. W., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 49, 146, 1959. 6. Artru, M. C. and Brillet, W. U. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1063, 1974. 7. Artru, M. C. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 949, 1972. 8. Artru, M. C. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 594, 1975. 9. Badami, J. S. and Rao, K. R., Proc. R. Soc. London, 140(A), 387, 1933. 10. Baird, K. M. and Smith, D. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 48, 300, 1958. 11. Bashkin, S. and Martinson, I., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 1686, 1971. 12. Beacham, J. R., Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University, 1970. 13. Benschop, H., Joshi, Y. N., and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 53, 700, 1975. 14. Berry, H. G., Bromander, J., and Buchta, R., Phys. Scr., 1, 181, 1970. 15. Berry, H. G., Bromander, J., Martinson, I., and Buchta, R., Phys. Scr., 3, 63, 1971. 16. Berry, H. G., Desesquelles, J., and Dufay, M., Phys. Rev. Sect A., 6, 600, 1972. 17. Berry, H. G., Desesquelles, J., and Dufay, M., Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 110, 43, 1973. 18. Berry, H. G., Pinnington, E. H., and Subtil, J. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 767, 1972. 19. Bidelman, W. P. and Corliss, C. H., Astrophys. J., 135, 968, 1962. 20. Bloch, L. and Bloch, E., Ann. Phys. (Paris), 10(11), 141, 1929. 21. Bloch, L., Bloch, E., and Felici, N., J. Phys. Radium, 8, 355, 1937. 22. Bockasten, K., Ark. Fys., 9, 457, 1955. 23. Bockasten, K., Hallin, R., Johansson, K. B., and Tsui, P., Phys. Lett. (Netherlands), 8, 181, 1964. 24. Bockasten, K. and Johansson, K. B., Ark. Fys., 38, 563, 1969. 25. Borgstrom, A., Ark. Fys., 38, 243, 1968. 26. Borgstrom, A., Phys. Scr., 3, 157, 1971. 27. Bowen, I. S., Phys. Rev., 29, 231, 1927. 28. Bowen, I. S., Phys. Rev., 31, 34, 1928. 29. Bowen, I. S., Phys. Rev., 39, 8, 1932. 30. Bowen, I. S., Phys. Rev., 45, 401, 1934. 31. Bowen, I. S., Phys. Rev., 46, 377, 1934. 32. Bowen, I. S., Phys. Rev., 46, 791, 1934. 33. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 49, 730, 1936. 34. Boyce, J. C. and Robinson, H. A., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 26, 133, 1936. 35. Bozman, W. R., Meggers, W. F., and Corliss, C. H., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 71, 547, 1967. 36. Bromander, J., Ark. Fys., 40, 257, 1969. 37. Bromander, J. and Buchta, R., Phys. Scr., 1, 184, 1970. 38. Brown, C. M. and Ginter, M. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 68, 243, 1978. 39. Brown, C. M., Tilford, S. G., and Ginter, M. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 1404, 1975. 40. Bryant, B. W., Johns Hopkins Spectroscopic Report No. 21, 1961. 41. Buchet, J. P., Buchet-Poulizac, M. C., Berry, H. G., and Drake, G. W. F., Phys. Rev. Sect. A, 7, 922, 1973. 42. Budhiraja, C. J. and Joshi, Y. N., Can. J. Phys., 49, 391, 1971. 43. Burns, K. and Adams, K. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 42, 56, 1952. 44. Burns, K. and Adams, K. B., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 46, 94, 1956. 45. Burns, K., Adams, K. B., and Longwell, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 40, 339, 1950. 46. Callahan, W. R., Ph.D. thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1962. 47. Charles, G. W., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 56, 1292, 1966. 48. Charles, G. W., Hunt, D. J., Pish, G., and Timma, D. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 45, 869, 1955. 49. Codling, K., Proc. Phys. Soc., 77, 797, 1961. 50. Comite Consulatif Pour La Definition du Metre, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 852, 1974. 51. Conway, J. G., Blaise, J., and Verges, J., Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 31, 31, 1976. 52. Conway, J. G., Worden, E. F., Blaise, J., and Verges, J., Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 32, 97, 1977.

Section 10.indb 89

10-89 53. Conway, J. G., Worden, E. F., Blaise, J., Camus, P., and Verges, J., Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 32, 101, 1977. 54. Crooker, A. M., Can. J. Res. Sect. A, 14, 115, 1936. 55. Crooker, A. M. and Dick, K. A., Can. J. Phys., 46, 1241, 1968. 56. Crosswhite, H. M., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 79, 17, 1975. 58. Crosswhite, H. M. and Dieke, G. H., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Section 7, 1972. 59. de Bruin, T. L., Z. Phys., 38, 94, 1926. 60. de Bruin, T. L., Z. Phys., 53, 658, 1929. 61. de Bruin, T. L., Humphreys, C. J., and Meggers, W. F., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 11, 409, 1933. 62. Dick, K. A., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 702, 1973. 63. Dobbie, J. C., Ann. Solar Phys. Observ. (Cambridge), 5, 1, 1938. 64. Earls, L. T. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 47, 115, 1935. 65. Edlen, B., Z. Phys., 85, 85, 1933. 66. Edlen, B., Nova Acta Reglae Soc. Sci. Ups., (IV) 9, No. 6, 1934. 67. Edlen, B., Z. Phys., 93, 726, 1935. 68. Edlen, B., Z. Phys., 94, 47, 1935. 69. Edlen, B., Rep. Prog. Phys., 26, 181, 1963. 70. Edlen, B. and Risberg, P., Ark. Fys., 10, 553, 1956. 71. Edlen, B. and Swings, P., Astrophys. J., 95, 532, 1942. 72. Ehrhardt, J. C. and Davis, S. P., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 1342, 1971. 73. Eidelsberg, M., J. Phys. B, 5, 1031, 1972. 74. Eidelsberg, M., J. Phys. B, 7, 1476, 1974. 75. Ekberg, J. O. and Svensson, L. A., Phys. Scr., 2, 283, 1970. 76. Ekefors, E., Z. Phys., 71, 53, 1931. 77. Epstein, G. L. and Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 310, 1975. 78. Epstein, G. L. and Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 590, 1976. 79. Epstein, G. L. and Reader, J., unpublished. 80. Eriksson, K. B. S., Phys. Lett. A., 41, 97, 1972. 81. Eriksson, K. B. S. and Isberg, H. B. S., Ark. Fys., 23, 527, 1963. 82. Eriksson, K. B. S. and Wenaker, I., Phys. Scr., 1, 21, 1970. 83. Esteva, J. M. and Mehlman, G., Astrophys. J., 193, 747, 1974. 84. Even-Zohar, M. and Fraenkel, B. S., J. Phys. B, 5, 1596, 1972. 85. Fawcett, B. C., J. Phys. B, 3, 1732, 1970. 86. Fawcett, B. C., Culham Laboratory Report ARU-R4, 1971. 87. Ferner, E., Ark. Mat. Astron. Fys., 28(A), 4, 1941. 88. Fischer, R. A., Knopf, W. C., and Kinney, F. E., Astrophys. J., 130, 683, 1959. 89. Fowler, A., Report on Series in Line Spectra, Fleetway Press, London, 1922. 90. Fowles, G. R., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 44, 760, 1954. 91. Fred, M., Argonne Natl. Lab., unpublished, 1977. 92. Fred, M. and Tomkins, F. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 47, 1076, 1957. 93. Fred, M., Tomkins, F. S., Blaise, J. E., Camus, P., and Verges, J., Argonne National Laboratory Report No. 76–68, 1976. 94. Garcia, J. D. and Mack, J. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 654, 1965. 96. Giacchetti, A., Argonne Natl. Lab., unpublished, 1975. 97. Giacchetti, A., Blaise, J., Corliss, C. H., and Zalubas, R., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 78, 247, 1974. 98. Giacchetti, A., Stanley, R. W., and Zalubas, R., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 474, 1970. 99. Gilbert, W. P., Phys. Rev., 47, 847, 1935. 100. Gilroy, H. T., Phys. Rev., 38, 2217, 1931. 101. Glad, S., Ark. Fys., 10, 291, 1956. 102. Goldsmith, S., J. Phys. B, 2, 1075, 1969. 103. Goorvitch, D., Mehlmam-Balloffet, G., and Valero, F. P. J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 1458, 1970. 104. Goorvitch, D. and Valero, F. P. J., Astrophys. J., 171, 643, 1972. 105. Green, L. C., Phys. Rev., 55, 1209, 1939. 106. Gutman, F., Diss. Abstr. Int. B, 31, 363, 1970. 107. Hallin, R., Ark. Fys., 31, 511, 1966. 108. Hallin, R., Ark. Fys., 32, 201, 1966. 109. Hansen, J. E. and Persson, W., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 696, 1974. 110. Hansen, J. E. and Persson, W., Phys. Scr., 13, 166, 1976. 111. Hellintin, P., Phys. Scr., 13, 155, 1976. 112. Herzberg, G. and Moore, H. R., Can. J. Phys., 37, 1293, 1959. 113. Hetzler, C. W., Boreman, R. W., and Burns, K., Phys. Rev., 48, 656, 1935. 114. Holmstrom, J. E. and Johansson, L., Ark. Fys., 40, 133, 1969.

5/4/05 8:06:59 AM

10-90 115. Hontzeas, S., Martinson, I., Erman, P., and Buchta, R., Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 110, 51, 1973. 116. Humphreys, C. J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 22, 19, 1939. 117. Humphreys, C. J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 43, 1027, 1953. 118. Humphreys, C. J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 519, 1973. 119. Humphreys, C. J. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 54, 1134, 1964. 120. Humphreys, C. J. and Meggers, W. F., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 10, 139, 1933. 121. Humphreys, C. J. and Paul, E., Jr., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 200, 1970. 122. Humphreys, C. J. and Paul, E., Jr., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 432, 1972. 123. Humphreys, C. J., Paul, E., Jr., Cowan, R. D., and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 855, 1967. 124. Humphreys, C. J., Paul, E., Jr., and Minnhagen, L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 110, 1971. 125. Iglesias, L., Inst. of Optics, Madrid, unpublished, 1977. 126. Iglesias, L. and Velasco, R., Publ. Inst. Opt. Madrid, No. 23, 1964. 127. Isberg, B., Ark. Fys., 35, 551, 1967. 128. Johannesson, G. A., Lundstrom, T., and Minnhagen, L., Phys. Scr., 6, 129, 1972. 129. Johannesson, G. A. and Lundstrom, T., Phys. Scr., 8, 53, 1973. 130. Johansson, I. Ark. Fys., 20, 135, 1961. 131. Johansson, I. and Contreras, R., Ark. Fys., 37, 513, 1968. 132. Johansson, I. and Litzen, U., Ark. Fys., 34, 573, 1967. 133. Johansson, I. and Svensson, K. F., Ark. Fys., 16, 353, 1960. 134. Johansson, L., Ark. Fys., 20, 489, 1961. 135. Johansson, L., Ark. Fys., 23, 119, 1963. 136. Johansson, S. and Litzen, U., Phys. Scr., 6, 139, 1972. 137. Johansson, S. and Litzen, U., Phys. Scr., 8, 43, 1973. 138. Johansson, S. and Litzen, U., Phys. Scr., 10, 121, 1974. 139. Joshi, Y. N., St. Francis Xavier Univ., Nova Scotia, unpublished. 140. Joshi, Y. N., Bhatia, K. S., and Jones, W. E., Sci. Light Tokyo, 21, 113, 1972. 141. Joshi, Y. N., Bhatia, K. S., and Jones, W. E., Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 28, 149, 1973. 142. Joshi, Y. N. and Budhiraja, C. J., Can. J. Phys., 49, 670, 1971. 143. Joshi, Y. N. and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 52, 1891, 1974. 144. Kaufman, V., Natl. Bur. Stand., unpublished. 145. Kaufman, V., J, Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 866, 1962. 146. Kaufman, V., Artru, M. C., and Brillet, W. U. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 197, 1974. 147. Kaufman, V. and Humphreys, C. J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 1614, 1969. 148. Kaufman, V. and Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 1693, 1971. 149. Kaufman, V. and Sugar, J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 71, 583, 1967. 150. Kelly, R. L. and Palumbo, L. J., Naval Research Laboratory Report 7599, Washington, DC., 1973. 151. Kielkopf, J. F., Univ. of Louisville, unpublished. 1975. 152. Kielkopf, J. F., Univ. of Louisville, unpublished, 1976. 153. Kiess, C. C. and Corliss, C. H., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 63, 1, 1959. 154. Kleiman, H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 441, 1962. 155. Eriksson, K. B., Johansson, I., and Norlen, G., Ark. Fys., 28, 233, 1964. 156. Klinkenberg, P. F. A., Physica, 15, 774, 1949. 157. Klinkenberg, P. F. A., Physica, 16, 618, 1950. 158. Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 48, 277, 1936. 159. Kruger, P. G. and Gilroy, H. T., Phys. Rev., 48, 720, 1935. 160. Kruger, P. G. and Pattin, H. S., Phys. Rev., 52, 621, 1937. 161. Lacroute, P., Ann. Phys. (Paris), 3, 5, 1935. 162. Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 30, 762, 1927. 163. Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 32, 737, 1928. 164. Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 35, 445, 1930. 165. Lang, R. J., Can. J. Res. Sect. A, 14, 43, 1936. 166. Lang, R. J., Can. J. Res. Sect. A, 14, 127, 1936. 167. Lang, R. J. and Vestine, E. H., Phys. Rev., 42, 233, 1932. 168. Li, H. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 96, 1971. 169. Liden, K., Ark. Fys., 1, 229, 1949. 170. Litzen, U., Ark. Fys., 28, 239, 1965. 171. Litzen, U., Phys. Scr., 1, 251, 1970. 172. Litzen, U., Phys. Scr., 1, 253, 1970. 173. Litzen, U., Phys. Scr., 2, 103, 1970. 174. Litzen, U. and Verges, I., Phys. Scr., 13, 240, 1976.

Section 10.indb 90

Line Spectra of the Elements 175. Lofstrand, B., Phys. Scr., 8, 57, 1973. 176. Luc-Koenig, E., Morillon, C., and Verges, J., Phys. Scr., 12, 199, 1975. 177. Lundstrom, T., Phys. Scr., 7, 62, 1973. 178. Lundstrom, T. and Minnhagen, L., Phys. Scr., 5, 243, 1972. 179. Magnusson, C. E. and Zetterberg, P. O., Phys. Scr., 10, 177, 1974. 180. Magnusson, C. E., and Zetterberg, P. O., Phys. Scr., 15, 237, 1977. 181. Martin, D. C., Phys. Rev., 48. 938, 1935. 182. Svendenius, N., Phys. Scr., 22, 240, 1980. 183. Martin, W. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 64, 19, 1960. 184. Martin, W. C. and Corliss, C. H., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 64, 443, 1960. 185. Martin, W. C. and Kaufman, V., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 74, 11, 1970. 186. Martin, W. C. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 1096, 1970. 187. McCormick, W. W. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 54, 71, 1938. 188. McLaughlin, R., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 54, 965, 1964. 189. McLennan, J. C., McLay, A. B., and Crawford, M. F., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 134, 41, 1931. 190. Meissner, K. W., Z. Phys., 39, 172, 1926. 191. Meggers, W. F., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 24, 153, 1940. 192. Meggers, W. F. and Corliss, C. H., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 70, 63, 1966. 193. Meggers, W. F., Fred, M., and Tomkins, F. S., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 58, 297, 1957. 194. Meggers, W. F. and Humphreys, C. J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 28, 463, 1942. 195. Meggers, W. F. and Murphy, R. J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 48, 334, 1952. 196. Meggers, W. F., Scribner, B. F., and Bozman, W. R., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 46, 85, 1951. 197. Meggers, W. F., Shenstone, A. G., and Moore, C. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 45, 346, 1950. 198. Mehlman, G. and Esteva, J. M., Astrophys. J., 188, 191, 1974. 199. Meinders, E., Physica, 84(C), 117, 1976. 200. Sansonetti, C. J., Dissertation, Purdue University, 1981. 201. Sansonetti, C. J., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), unpublished. 202. Millikan, R. A. and Bowen, I. S., Phys. Rev., 25, 600, 1925. 203. Minnhagen, L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 1257, 1925. 204. Minnhagen, L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 1185, 1973. 205. Minnhagen, L., Phys. Scr., 11, 38, 1975. 206. Minnhagen, L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 659, 1976. 207. Minnhagen, L. and Nietsche, H., Phys. Scr., 5, 237, 1972. 208. Minnhagen. L., Strihed, H., and Petersson, B., Ark. Fys., 39, 471, 1969. 209. Moore, C. E., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Circ., 488, 1950. 210. Moore, C. E., Revised Multiplet Table, Princeton University Observatory No. 20, 1945. 211. Moore, C. E., National Standard Reference Data Series - National Bureau of Standards 3, Sect. 3, 1970. 212. Moore, C. E., National Standard Reference Data Series - National Bureau of Standards 3, Sect. 4, 1971. 213. Moore, C. E., National Standard Reference Data Series - National Bureau of Standards 3, Sect. 5, 1975. 214. Moore, C. E., National Standard Reference Data Series - National Bureau of Standards 3, Sect. 6, 1972. 215. Moore, C. E., National Standard Reference Data Series - National Bureau of Standards 3, Sect. 7, 1975. 216. Morillon, C. and Verges, J., Phys. Scr., 10, 227, 1974. 217. Newsom, G. H., Astrophys. J., 166, 243, 1971. 218. Newsom, G. H., O’Connor, S., and Learner, R. C. M., J. Phys. B, 6, 2162, 1973. 219. Norlen, G., Phys. Scr., 8, 249, 1973. 220. Odabasi, H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 1459, 1967. 221. Olme, A., Ark. Fys., 40, 35, 1969. 222. Olme, A., Phys. Scr., 1, 256, 1970. 223. Johansson, S., and Litzen, U., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 1427, 1971. 224. Palenius, H. P., Ark. Fys., 39, 15, 1969. 225. Palenius, H. P., Phys. Scr., 1, 113, 1970. 226. Palenius, H. P., Univ. of Lund, Sweden, unpublished. 227. Paschen, F., Ann. Phys., Series 5, 12, 509, 1932. 228. Paschen, F. and Ritschl, R., Ann. Phys., Series 5, 18, 867, 1933.

5/4/05 8:07:00 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements 229. Peck, E. R., Khanna, B. N., and Anderholm, N. C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 53, 1962. 230. Persson, W., Phys. Scr., 3, 133, 1971. 231. Persson, W. and Valind, S., Phys. Scr., 5, 187, 1972. 232. Petersson, B., Ark. Fys., 27, 317, 1964. 233. Phillips, L. W. and Parker, W. L., Phys. Rev., 60, 301, 1941. 234. Platt, J. R. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 60, 866, 1941. 235. Plyer, E. K., Blaine, L. R., and Tidwell, E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 279, 1955. 236. Poppe, R., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Raassen, A. J. J., Physica, 77, 165, 1974. 237. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 474, 1965. 238. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 424, 1969. 239. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 366, 1974. 240. Ramanadham, R. and Rao, K. R., Indian J. Phys., 18, 317, 1944. 241. Ramb, R., Ann. Phys., 10, 311, 1931. 242. Rank, D. H., Bennett, J. M., and Bennett, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 40, 477, 1950. 243. Rao, A. S. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 46, 531, 1943. 244. Rao, K. R., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 134, 604, 1932. 245. Rao, K. R. and Badami, J. S., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 131, 154, 1931. 246. Rao, K. R. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 161, 38, 1937. 247. Rao, K. R. and Murti, S. G. K., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 145, 681, 1934. 248. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 32, 497, 1958. 249. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 33, 546, 1959. 250. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 35, 386, 1961. 251. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 80, 726, 1933. 252. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 83, 404, 1933. 253. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 86, 24, 1934. 254. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 87, 607, 1934. 255. Rasmussen, E., Phys. Rev., 57, 840, 1940. 256. Rau, A. S. and Narayan, A. L., Z. Phys., 59, 687, 1930. 257. Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 286, 1975. 258. Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 988, 1975. 259. Reader, J., J. Opt Soc. Am., 73, 349, 1983. 260. Reader, J. and Davis, S., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 71, 587, 1967, and unpublished. 261. Reader, J. and Ekberg, J. O., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 464, 1972. 262. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 1467, 1972. 263. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 638, 1975. 264. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., Natl. Bur. Stand., unpublished. 265. Reader, J., Epstein, G. L., and Ekberg, J. O., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 273, 1972. 266. Kaufman, V., Phys. Scr., 26, 439, 1982. 267. Ricard, R., Givord, M., and George, F., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 205, 1229, 1937. 268. Risberg, P., Ark. Fys., 10, 583, 1956. 269. Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 28, 381, 1965. 270. Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 37, 231, 1968. 271. Robinson, H. A., Phys. Rev., 49, 297, 1936. 272. Robinson, H. A., Phys. Rev., 50, 99, 1936. 273. Ross, C. B., Jr., Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1969. 274. Ross, C. B., Wood, D. R., and Scholl, P. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 36, 1976. 275. Ruedy, J. E. and Gibbs, R. C., Phys. Rev., 46, 880, 1934. 276. Russell, H. N., King, R. B., and Moore, C. E., Phys. Rev., 58, 407, 1940. 277. Russell, H. N. and Moore, C. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 299, 1955. 278. Russell, H. N., Moore, C. E., and Weeks, D. W., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 34(2), 111, 1944. 279. Saunders, F., Schneider, E., and Buckingham, E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 20, 291, 1934. 280. Sawyer, R. A. and Humphreys, C. J., Phys. Rev., 32, 583, 1928. 281. Sawyer, R. A. and Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 34, 712, 1929. 282. Sawyer, R. A. and Paschen, F., Ann. Phys., 84(4),1, 1927. 283. Scholl, P. S., M.S. thesis, Wright State Univ., 1975.

Section 10.indb 91

10-91 284. Schurmann, D., Z. Phys., 17, 4, 1975. 285. Seguier, J., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 256, 1703, 1963. 286. Shenstone, A. G., Phys. Rev., 31, 317, 1928. 287. Shenstone, A. G., Phys. Rev., 32, 30, 1928. 288. Shenstone, A. G., Trans. R. Soc. London, 237(A), 57, 1938. 289. Shenstone, A. G., Phys. Rev., 57, 894, 1940. 290. Shenstone, A. G. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 241, 297, 1948. 291. Shenstone, A. G., Can. J. Phys., 38, 677, 1960. 292. Shenstone, A. G., Proc. R. Soc. London, 261(A), 153, 1961. 293. Shenstone, A. G., Proc. R. Soc. London, 276(A), 293, 1963. 294. Shenstone, A. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 74, 801, 1970. 295. Shenstone, A. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 79, 497, 1975. 296. Shenstone, A. G. and Pittenger, J. T., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 39, 219, 1949. 297. Smith, S., Phys. Rev., 36, 1, 1930. 298. Smitt, R., Phys. Scr., 8, 292, 1973. 299. Soderqvist, J., Ark. Mat. Astronom. Fys., 32(A), 1, 1946. 300. Sommer, L. A., Ann. Phys., 75, 163, 1924. 301. Spector, N., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 358, 1973. 302. Spector, N. and Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 436, 1976. 303. Steinhaus, D. W., Radziemski, L. J., Jr., and Blaise, J., Los Alamos Sci. Lab., unpublished, 1975. 304. Subbaraya, T. S., Z. Phys., 78, 541, 1932. 305. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 33, 1965. 306. Sugar, J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 73, 333, 1969. 307. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 454, 1970. 308. Sugar, J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 78, 555, 1974. 309. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1283, 1965. 310. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 562, 1972. 311. Sugar, J., Kaufman, V., and Spector, N., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., Sect. A, 83, 233, 1978. 312. Sugar, J. and Spector, N., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1484, 1974. 313. Sullivan, F. J. Univ. Pittsburgh Bull., 35, 1, 1938. 314. Svensson, L. A. and Ekberg, J. O., Ark. Fys., 37, 65, 1968. 315. Swensson, J. W. and Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 31, 237, 1966. 316. Tech, J. L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 67, 505, 1963. 317. Tech, J. L. and Ward, J. F., Phys. Rev. Lett., 27, 367, 1971. 318. Tilford, S. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 53, 1051, 1963. 319. Toresson, Y. G., Ark. Fys., 17, 179, 1960. 320. Toresson, Y. G., Ark. Fys., 18, 389, 1960. 321. Toresson, Y. G. and Edlen, B., Ark. Fys., 23, 117, 1963. 322. Tsien, W. Z., Chin. J. Phys., Peiping, 3, 117, 1939. 323. van Deurzen, C. H. H., Conway, J., and Davis, S. P., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 63, 158, 1973. 324. van Kleef, T. A. M., Raassen, A. J. J., and Joshi, Y. N., Physica, 84(C), 401, 1976. 325. Sansonetti, C. J., Andrew, K. L., and Verges, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 71, 423, 1981. 326. Wheatley, M. A. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 61, 591, 1942. 327. Wilkinson, P. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 45, 862, 1955. 328. Wilkinson, P. G. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 53, 710, 1963. 329. Wood, D. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 58, 818, 1968. 330. Wood, D. R., Ron, C. B., Scholl, P. S., and Hoke, M., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1159, 1974. 331. Worden, E. F. and Conway, J. G., Lawrence Livermore Lab., unpublished, 1977. 332. Worden, E. F., Hulet, E. K., Gutmacher, R. G., Conway, J. G., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 18, 459, 1976. 333. Worden, E. F., Lougheed, R. W., Gutmacher, R. G., and Conway, J. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 77, 1974. 334. Wu, C. M., Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1971. 335. Zaidel, A. N., Prokofev, V. K., Raiskii, S. M., Slavnyi, V. A., and Schreider, E. Y., Tables of Spectral Lines, 3rd ed., Plenum, New York, 1970. 336. Zetterberg, P. O. and Magnusson, C. E., Phys. Scr., 15, 189, 1977. 337. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 1058, 1965. 338. Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 61, 727, 1971. 339. Worden, E. F., and Conway, J. G., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 22, 329, 1978. 340. Kaufman, V. and Edlen, B., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3, 825, 1974. 341. Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 34, 697, 1929. 342. Ryabtsev, A. N., Opt. Spectros., 39, 455, 1975.

5/4/05 8:07:01 AM

10-92 343. Foster, E. W., Proc. R. Soc. London, 200(A), 429, 1950. 344. Morillon, C. and Verges, J., Phys. Scr., 12, 129, 1975. 345. Ruedy, J. E., Phys. Rev., 41, 588, 1932. 346. McLennan, J. C., McLay, A. B., and McLeod, J. H., Philos. Mag., 4 ,486, 1927. 347. Handrup, M. B. and Mack, J. E., Physica, 30, 1245, 1964. 348. Clearman, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 42, 373, 1952. 349. Paschen, F., Ann. Physik, 424, 148, 1938. 350. Paschen, F. and Campbell, J. S., Ann. Phys., 31(5), 29, 1938. 351. Nodwell, R., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, unpublished, 1955. 352. Gibbs, R. C. and White, H. E., Phys. Rev., 31, 776, 1928. 353. Green, M., Phys. Rev., 60, 117, 1941. 354. Ellis, C. B. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 49, 145, 1936. 355. McLennan, J. C., McLay, A. B., and Crawford, M. F., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 125, 50, 1929. 356. Mack, J. E. and Fromer, M., Phys. Rev., 48, 346, 1935. 357. Humphreys, C. J. and Paul, E., U.S. Nav. Ord. Lab., Navord Rep. 4589, 25, 1956. 358. Walters, F. M., Sci. Pap. Bur. Stand., 17, 161, 1921. 359. Crawford, M. F. and McLay, A. B., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 143, 540, 1934. 360. McLay, A. D. and Crawford, M. F., Phys. Rev., 44, 986, 1933. 361. Schoepfle, G. K., Phys. Rev., 47, 232, 1935. 362. Acquista, N., and Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 70, 789, 1980. 363. Benschop, H., Joshi, Y. N., and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 53, 498, 1975. 364. Bockasten, K., Hallin, R., and Hughes, T. P., Proc. Phys. Soc., 81, 522, 1963. 365. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 46, 378, 1934. 366. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 47, 718, 1935. 367. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 48, 396, 1935. 368. Boyce, J. C., Phys. Rev., 49, 351, 1936. 369. Corliss, C. H. and Meggers, W. F., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 61, 269, 1958. 370. Crooker, A. M. and Dick, K. A., Can. J. Phys., 42, 766, 1964. 371. De Bruin, T. L., Z. Physik, 77, 505, 1932. 372. De Bruin, T. L., Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 36, 727, 1933. 373. De Bruin, T. L., Zeeman Verhandelingen, (The Hague), 1935, p. 415. 374. De Bruin, T. L., Physica, 3, 809, 1936. 375. De Bruin, T. L., Proc. Roy. Acad. Amsterdam, 40, 339, 1937. 376. Dick, K. A., Can. J. Phys., 46, 1291, 1968. 377. Dick, K. A., unpublished, 1978. 378. Edlen, B. and Swensson, J. W., Phys. Scr., 12, 21, 1975. 379. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 7, 55, 1973. 380. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 7, 59, 1973. 381. Ekberg, J. O., Phys. Scr., 12, 42, 1975. 382. Ekberg, J. O. and Edlen, B., Phys. Scr., 18, 107, 1978. 383. Eliason, A. Y., Phys. Rev., 43, 745, 1933. 384. Gallardo, M., Massone, C. A., Tagliaferri, A. A., Garavaglia, M., and Persson, W., Phys. Scr., 19, 538, 1979. 385. Garcia-Riquelme, O., Optica Pura Y Aplicada, 1, 53, 1968. 386. Gibbs, R. C., Vieweg, A. M., and Gartlein, C. W., Phys. Rev., 34, 406, 1929. 387. Gilbert, W. P., Phys. Rev., 48, 338, 1935. 388. Goldsmith, S. and Kaufman, A. S., Proc. Phys. Soc., 81, 544, 1963.

Section 10.indb 92

Line Spectra of the Elements 389. Hermansdorfer, H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 1149, 1972. 390. Humphreys, C. J., Phys. Rev., 47, 712, 1935. 391. Humphreys, C. J., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 16, 639, 1936. 392. Iglesias, L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 45, 856, 1955. 393. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 64A, 481, 1960. 394. Iglesias, L., Anales Fisica Y Quimica, 58A, 191, 1962. 395. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 70A, 465, 1966. 396. Iglesias, L., Can. J. Phys., 44, 895, 1966. 397. Iglesias, L., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 72A, 295, 1968. 398. Joshi, Y. N., Can. Spectrosc., 15, 96, 1970. 399. Joshi, Y. N. and van Kleef, T. A. M., Can. J. Phys., 55, 714, 1977. 400. Kaufman, A. S., Hughes, T. P., and Williams, R. V., Proc. Phys. Soc., 76, 17, 1960. 401. Kaufman, V. and Sugar, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 68, 1529, 1978. 402. Keussler, V., Z. Physik, 85, 1, 1933. 403. Kiess, C. C., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 56, 167, 1956. 404. Klinkenberg, P. F. A., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Noorman, P. E., Physica, 27, 1177, 1961. 405. Kovalev, V. I., Romanos, A. A., and Ryabtsev, A. N., Opt. Spectrosc., 43, 10, 1977. 406. Lang, R. J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 13, 341, 1927. 407. Lang, R. J., Zeeman Verhandelingen, (The Hague), 44, 1935. 408. Liberman, S., et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 286, 253, 1978. 409. Livingston, A. E., J. Phys., B9, L215, 1976. 410. Meijer, F. G., Physica, 72, 431, 1974. 411. Meijer, F. G. and Metsch, B. C., Physica, 94C, 259, 1978. 412. Moore, F. L., thesis, Princeton, 1949. 413. Paul, F. W. and Polster, H. D., Phys. Rev., 59, 424, 1941. 414. Phillips, L. W. and Parker, W. L., Phys. Rev., 60, 301, 1941. 415. Poppe, R., Physica, 81C, 351, 1976. 416. Raassen, A. J. J., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Metsch, B. C., Physica, 84C, 133, 1976. 417. Rao, A. B. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London), 51, 772, 1939. 418. Reader, J. and Acquista, N., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 69, 239, 1979. 419. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 619, 1972. 420. Rico, F. R., Anales, Real Soc. Esp. Fis. Quim., 61, 103, 1965. 421. Schonheit, E., Optik, 23, 409, 1966. 422. Shenstone, A. G., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 44, 749, 1954. 423. Shenstone, A. G., unpublished, 1958. 424. Shenstone, A. G., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 67A, 87, 1963. 425. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 1656, 1974. 426. Sugar, J. and Kaufman, V., Phys. Rev., C12, 1336, 1975. 427. Svensson, L. A., Phys. Scr., 13, 235, 1976. 428. Swensson, J. W. and Edlen, B., Phys. Scr., 9, 335, 1974. 429. Tagliaferri, A. A., Gallego Lluesma, E., Garavaglia, M., Gallardo, M., and Massone, C. A., Optica Pura Y Aplica, 7, 89. 430. Tilford, S. G. and Giddings, L. E., Astrophys. J., 141, 1222, 1965. 431. Trawick, M. W., Phys. Rev., 46, 63, 1934. 432. Van Deurzen, C. H. H., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 67, 476, 1977. 433. Yarosewick, S. L. and Moore, F. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 57, 1381, 1967. 434. Zalubas, R., unpublished, 1979. 435. Bhatia, K. S., Jones, W. E., and Crooker, A. M., Can. J. Phys., 50, 2421, 1972. 436. van Kleef, T. A. M. and Joshi, Y. N., Phys. Scr., 24, 557, 1981.

5/4/05 8:07:01 AM

NIST ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITIES J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese For the 2005 edition of this Handbook, we include new, more accurate data for Fe I and Fe II,1 and Ba I and Ba II.2 The new tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for over 10500 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The material is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes a number of prominent lines of more highly charged ions of important elements. Many of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Specifically, data have been taken from three recent comprehensive critical compilations on C, N and O,3 on Sc through Mn4 and Fe through Ni,5 and special compilations on neutral and singly ionized iron and barium. Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne6 and Na through Ca7 was supplemented by more recent material taken directly from the original literature. For the highly charged ions, some of the data were derived from studies of the systematic behavior of transition probabilities.8-10 Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies;11,12 for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent near infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric dipole — including intercombination — lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties in the 10% to 50% range. With the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkali metals, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s-1 and is listed to as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. The power of 10 is indicated by the E notation (i.e., E-02 means 10-2). Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are ±25 to 50% for two-digit numbers, ±10 to 25% for three-digit numbers and ±1% or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength λ in ångströms (1 Å = 10-10 m); and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower (i) and upper (k) states [the product gkA (or gi f) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only an average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from recent compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center13,14 at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements,” which appears elsewhere in this Handbook. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electricdipole transitions):

gi f = 1.499∙10-8 λ2gkA = 303.8 λ-1 S where λ is in ångströms, A is in 108 s-1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188∙10-59 m2 C2. The table for hydrogen is presented first, followed by the tables for other elements in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “transition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers; therefore, the hydrogen table gives weighted average A-values. For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold: AZ = Z 4AHydrogen fZ = fHydrogen SZ = Z -2SHydrogen λZ = Z -2λHydrogen For very highly charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z>25, relativistic corrections15 must be applied.

References 1. J. R. Fuhr and W. L. Wiese, A Critical Compilation of Atomic Transition Probabilities for Neutral and Singly-Ionized Iron, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, to be published, 2005. 2. J. Z. Klose, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Critically Evaluated Atomic Transition Probabilities for Ba I and Ba II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 31, 217 (2002). 3. W. L. Wiese, J. R. Fuhr and T. M. Deters, Atomic Transition Probabilities for Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 4. G. A. Martin, J. R. Fuhr, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Scandium through Manganese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 3, 1988. 5. J. R. Fuhr, G. A. Martin, and W. L. Wiese, Atomic Transition Probabilities — Iron through Nickel, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 4, 1988. 6. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Glennon, Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 7. W. L. Wiese, M. W. Smith, and B. M. Miles, Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca — A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 8. W. L. Wiese and A. W. Weiss, Phys. Rev., 175, 50, 1968. 9. M. W. Smith and W. L Wiese, Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser., 23, No. 196, 103, 1971. 10. G. A. Martin and W. L. Wiese, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 537, 1976. 11. J. R. Fuhr, H. R. Felrice, K. Olsen, J. Hwang, and S. Kotochigova, Atomic Transition Probability Bibliographic Database, . 12. W. L. Wiese, Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union, 18A, 116-123, 1982; 19A, 122-138, 1985; 20A, 117-123, 1988; 21A, 111-

10-93

Section 10.indb 93

5/4/05 8:07:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-94

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; R. Zalubas and A. Albright, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; A. Musgrove and R. Zalubas, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985. 15. S. M. Younger and A. Weiss, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 79A, 629, 1975.

116, 1991; 22A, 109-114, 1994; 23A, 13-17, 1997; 24A, 2-9, 1999; 25A, 383-391, 2003, D. Reidel, Kluwer, Dordrecht, Holland. 13. C. E. Moore, Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306 — Section 1, 1968; Sections 2-4, 1969. 14. L. Hagan and W. C. Martin, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; L. Hagan, Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975),

λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

Hydrogen HI 912.768 912.839 912.918 913.006 913.104 913.215 913.339 913.480 913.641 913.826 914.039 914.286 914.576 914.919 915.329 915.824 916.429 917.181 918.129 919.351 920.963 923.150 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.26 3663.40 3664.68 3666.10 3667.68 3669.46 3671.48 3673.76 3676.36 3679.35 3682.81 3686.83 3691.55 3697.15 3703.85 3711.97

Section 10.indb 94

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450

5.167E-06 6.122E-06 7.297E-06 8.753E-06 1.057E-05 1.286E-05 1.578E-05 1.952E-05 2.438E-05 3.077E-05 3.928E-05 5.077E-05 6.654E-05 8.858E-05 1.200E-04 1.657E-04 2.341E-04 3.393E-04 5.066E-04 7.834E-04 1.263E-03 2.143E-03 3.869E-03 7.568E-03 1.644E-02 4.125E-02 1.278E-01 5.575E-01 4.699E+00 2.847E-06 3.374E-06 4.022E-06 4.826E-06 5.830E-06 7.096E-06 8.707E-06 1.078E-05 1.347E-05 1.700E-05 2.172E-05 2.809E-05 3.685E-05 4.910E-05 6.658E-05 9.210E-05

Å 3721.94 3734.37 3750.15 3770.63 3797.90 3835.38 3889.05 3970.07 4101.73 4340.46 4861.32 6562.80 8392.40 8413.32 8437.96 8467.26 8502.49 8545.39 8598.40 8665.02 8750.48 8862.79 9014.91 9229.02 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16407.2 16806.5 17362.1 18174.1 18751.0 19445.6 21655.3 26251.5 27575 28722 30384 32961 37395 40511.5 43753 46525 46712 51273 59066 74578

gi

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50

Weights

A

gk

10 s

392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72

8

λ –1

1.303E-04 1.893E-04 2.834E-04 4.397E-04 7.122E-04 1.216E-03 2.215E-03 4.389E-03 9.732E-03 2.530E-02 8.419E-02 4.410E-01 1.517E-05 1.964E-05 2.580E-05 3.444E-05 4.680E-05 6.490E-05 9.211E-05 1.343E-04 2.021E-04 3.156E-04 5.156E-04 8.905E-04 1.651E-03 3.358E-03 7.783E-03 2.201E-02 1.620E-04 2.556E-04 4.235E-04 7.459E-04 8.986E-02 1.424E-03 3.041E-03 7.711E-03 1.402E-04 2.246E-04 3.800E-04 6.908E-04 1.388E-03 2.699E-02 1.288E-04 3.253E-03 2.110E-04 3.688E-04 7.065E-04 1.025E-02

Weights

Å 75004 123680

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

72 72

128 98

1.561E-03 4.561E-03

Al I 2263.5 2269.1 2269.2 2367.1 2373.1 2373.4 2568.0 2575.1 2575.4 2652.5 2660.4 3082.2 3092.7 3092.8 3944.0 3961.5 6696.0 6698.7 7835.3 7836.1

2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.6E-01 7.9E-01 1.3E-01 7.2E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.8E-01 4.4E-02 1.33E-01 2.64E-01 6.3E-01 7.4E-01 1.2E-01 4.93E-01 9.8E-01 1.69E-02 1.69E-02 5.7E-02 6.2E-02

Al II 1047.9 1048.6 1539.8 1670.8 1719.4 1764.0 1772.8 1777.0 *1819.0 1855.9 1858.0 1862.3 1931.0 1990.5 2816.2 4663.1 6226.2 6231.8 6243.4 6335.7 6823.4 6837.1

1 3 3 1 1 5 1 5 15 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5

3 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 15 3 3 3 1 5 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 3

3.6E-01 4.8E-01 8.8E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 9.8E+00 9.5E+00 1.7E+01 5.6E+00 8.32E-01 2.48E+00 4.12E+00 1.08E+01 1.47E+01 3.83E+00 5.3E-01 6.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 5.7E-01

Aluminum

5/4/05 8:07:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

A

gk

10 s

1 5 3 7

8

λ –1

6920.3 7042.1 7056.7 7471.4 Al III *560.36 695.83 696.22 *1352.8 1379.7 1384.1 1605.8 1611.8 1611.9 1854.7 1862.8 *1935.9 3601.6 3601.9 3612.4

2 2 2 10 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 10 6 4 4

6 4 2 14 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 14 4 4 2

4.0E-01 7.4E-01 7.2E-01 4.40E+00 4.59E+00 9.1E+00 1.22E+01 2.42E+00 1.45E+01 5.40E+00 5.33E+00 1.22E+01 1.34E+00 1.49E-01 1.5E+00

A1 X 39.925 51.979 55.227 55.272 55.376 59.107 332.78 394.83 395.36 397.76 400.43 401.12 403.55 406.31 670.06 2535

1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

2.22E+03 4.8E+03 5.2E+03 7.2E+03 9.5E+03 4.6E+03 5.6E+01 8.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.7E+01 1.3E+01 3.6E+01 4.9E+01 1.9E+01 9.8E+00 3.8E-01

Al XI *36.675 39.091 39.180 39.530 39.623 48.298 48.338 52.299 52.446 52.458 54.217 54.388 *99.083 103.6 103.8 *141.6 150.31 150.61 157.0 157.4 *205.0

2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2

6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 6

1.5E+03 2.6E+03 3.1E+03 1.8E+02 3.7E+02 3.09E+03 3.08E+03 8.1E+03 9.6E+03 1.6E+03 4.8E+02 9.6E+02 2.2E+02 4.2E+02 5.0E+02 4.07E+02 8.5E+02 9.9E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 6.3E+01

Section 10.indb 95

3 3 3 5

gi

Weights

10-95

9.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.8E-01 9.4E-01

Å *308.6 *341.3 550.05 568.12 1997 2069 *4761 5172 5551 5687

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 2 4 2 4 2 6 4 6 4

8

λ –1

9.9E+01 1.3E+02 8.55E+00 7.73E+00 1.07E+00 9.7E-01 2.55E-01 3.95E-02 3.85E-02 6.0E-03

Argon Ar I 1048.22 1066.66 3406.18 3461.08 3554.30 3563.29 3567.66 3572.30 3606.52 3632.68 3634.46 3643.12 3649.83 3659.53 3670.67 3675.23 3770.37 3834.68 3894.66 3947.50 3948.98 4044.42 4045.96 4054.53 4158.59 4164.18 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4251.18 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4345.17 4363.79 4424.00 4510.73 4522.32 4544.75 4554.32 4584.96 4586.61

1 1 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 1 5 5 3 7 1 1 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3

5.36E+00 1.29E+00 3.9E-03 6.7E-04 2.7E-03 1.2E-03 1.1E-03 5.1E-03 7.6E-03 6.6E-04 1.3E-03 2.4E-04 8.0E-03 4.4E-04 3.1E-04 4.9E-04 7.0E-04 7.5E-03 5.7E-04 5.6E-04 4.55E-03 3.33E-03 4.1E-04 2.7E-04 1.40E-02 2.88E-03 5.61E-03 2.80E-03 5.39E-03 2.57E-02 9.67E-03 1.11E-03 3.98E-02 3.12E-03 7.97E-03 3.77E-03 5.68E-03 3.87E-03 2.97E-03 1.2E-04 7.3E-05 1.18E-02 8.98E-04 8.3E-04 3.8E-04 1.6E-03 2.3E-03

Weights

Å 4587.21 4589.29 4596.10 4628.44 4642.15 4647.49 4702.32 4746.82 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4836.70 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4921.04 4937.72 4956.75 4989.95 5032.03 5048.81 5054.18 5056.53 5060.08 5070.99 5073.08 5078.03 5087.09 5104.74 5118.21 5127.80 5151.39 5152.30 5162.29 5177.54 5192.72 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5216.28 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5249.20 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5290.00 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5393.27 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 5

gi

1 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 5 9 3 1 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 1 9 3 5 7 7 5 7 5 1 5 3 5 7 1 7 3 3 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.9E-03 6.2E-05 9.47E-04 3.83E-04 9.6E-04 1.2E-03 1.09E-03 3.6E-03 4.5E-03 8.6E-03 8.8E-04 9.3E-04 1.02E-03 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 5.9E-04 3.6E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-03 8.2E-04 4.6E-03 4.5E-03 5.7E-03 3.7E-03 2.6E-03 5.9E-04 4.7E-04 1.6E-03 8.7E-04 2.7E-03 3.3E-04 2.39E-02 1.1E-03 1.90E-02 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 7.8E-03 1.1E-03 2.1E-03 1.3E-03 8.8E-03 1.3E-03 1.2E-03 7.9E-04 5.4E-03 3.6E-03 9.6E-04 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 2.6E-03 2.7E-03 9.6E-04 2.0E-03 6.0E-03 1.9E-03 9.3E-04 4.7E-03 3.6E-03

5/4/05 8:07:09 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-96 λ Å 5459.65 5467.16 5473.46 5490.12 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5528.97 5534.49 5540.87 5552.77 5558.70 5559.66 5572.54 5574.22 5581.87 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5620.92 5623.78 5635.58 5637.33 5639.12 5641.39 5648.69 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5712.51 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5783.54 5789.48 5790.40 5802.08 5843.77 5882.62 5888.58 5916.58 5927.11 5928.81 5940.86 5942.67 5943.89 5949.26 5964.48 5968.32 5971.60 5981.90 5987.30 5988.13 5994.66 5999.00 6005.73

Section 10.indb 96

7 5 5 5 3 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 1 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 1 9 7 7 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 7 7 5 5 5 3

8

λ –1

3.8E-04 7.6E-04 2.0E-03 8.5E-04 5.6E-03 1.69E-02 3.6E-03 1.7E-03 1.2E-03 2.7E-03 4.1E-04 7.9E-04 1.42E-02 2.2E-03 6.6E-03 4.6E-04 5.6E-04 1.5E-03 4.2E-03 2.20E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 1.4E-03 9.6E-04 9.1E-04 2.1E-03 8.7E-04 1.2E-03 3.20E-02 2.6E-03 2.0E-03 2.0E-03 5.9E-03 8.7E-04 8.7E-03 2.0E-03 1.1E-03 8.1E-04 4.6E-04 3.4E-04 4.2E-03 3.3E-04 1.23E-02 1.29E-02 5.9E-04 3.7E-04 1.1E-02 1.2E-03 1.8E-03 3.6E-04 1.5E-03 7.7E-04 1.8E-03 1.1E-02 1.2E-04 1.2E-03 6.1E-04 2.6E-04 1.4E-03 1.4E-03

Å 6013.68 6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6081.25 6085.86 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6104.58 6105.64 6113.46 6119.66 6121.86 6127.42 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6179.41 6212.50 6215.94 6230.93 6243.40 6244.73 6248.41 6278.65 6296.87 6307.66 6309.14 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6431.56 6466.55 6481.14 6513.85 6538.11 6596.12 6598.68 6604.02 6604.85 6632.09 6656.88 6660.68 6664.05 6677.28 6684.73 6698.47 6698.88 6719.22 6722.88 6752.84 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61

7 5 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 1 3 7 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3

8

λ –1

1.4E-03 9.0E-03 1.47E-02 1.9E-03 5.8E-04 7.5E-04 9.0E-05 3.0E-03 5.2E-03 3.3E-03 3.4E-03 1.21E-02 4.7E-04 5.1E-04 1.3E-04 1.1E-03 8.6E-04 7.6E-03 5.1E-03 9.89E-04 5.0E-03 6.7E-03 6.6E-04 3.9E-03 5.7E-03 1.2E-04 1.3E-03 2.0E-04 6.8E-04 2.0E-04 9.0E-03 6.0E-03 7.6E-04 5.6E-03 4.2E-03 4.21E-03 1.16E-02 5.1E-04 1.5E-03 9.4E-04 5.4E-04 1.1E-03 2.3E-04 3.6E-04 2.8E-03 1.3E-04 5.3E-04 3.1E-04 7.8E-03 1.5E-03 2.36E-03 3.9E-04 2.5E-04 1.6E-03 2.4E-03 3.2E-04 1.93E-02 2.1E-03 3.6E-03 4.0E-03

Weights

Å 6779.93 6818.29 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7162.57 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7471.17 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16 8014.79

1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3 5

gi

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 5

gk

A 108 s–1 1.21E-03 2.0E-03 2.4E-03 6.7E-04 2.78E-02 1.8E-03 1.3E-03 2.5E-03 1.2E-03 3.08E-02 2.2E-03 2.4E-03 6.39E-02 7.5E-03 2.67E-02 3.80E-02 2.0E-02 1.5E-03 4.5E-03 6.0E-03 6.25E-03 2.1E-02 5.8E-04 2.48E-02 6.6E-04 1.7E-03 1.1E-03 1.83E-02 1.2E-03 1.7E-02 9.6E-03 1.2E-02 9.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.47E-02 7.2E-03 3.9E-03 6.6E-04 3.1E-03 9.0E-03 2.7E-03 2.2E-04 3.4E-03 4.45E-01 4.5E-03 4.02E-01 2.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.45E-01 2.8E-03 6.3E-04 5.18E-02 1.17E-01 8.7E-04 3.50E-03 9.5E-03 1.2E-03 1.86E-01 4.90E-02 9.28E-02

5/4/05 8:07:11 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2 13622.4 13678.5

Section 10.indb 97

1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5 5 5

8

10-97 λ

–1

3.59E-03 1.12E-02 8.6E-03 1.4E-03 2.5E-01 3.31E-01 1.53E-01 2.4E-03 2.23E-01 2.15E-01 9.6E-04 1.39E-01 1.04E-02 9.2E-03 2.43E-02 9.5E-03 2.4E-03 4.6E-03 1.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.89E-01 1.76E-02 5.03E-02 3.26E-02 1.06E-02 5.43E-02 1.47E-02 9.8E-03 2.44E-02 3.96E-03 8.3E-03 2.22E-02 1.39E-02 3.69E-03 1.9E-03 3.76E-02 9.52E-03 4.2E-03 3.1E-02 4.5E-02 2.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.9E-02 8.9E-02 1.1E-01 1.2E-03 7.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.0E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 7.4E-02 8.9E-02 8.1E-02 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.1E-01 2.2E-02 7.3E-02 6.2E-02

Å 14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5

1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3

Ar II 2317.7 2891.6 2942.9 2979.1 3033.5 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3212.5 3221.6 3226.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3430.4 3454.1 3466.3 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3550.0 3556.9 3559.5 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6

6 4 4 2 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6 2 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 6 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 4 8 4

8

λ –1

4.3E-02 8.8E-04 5.2E-02 1.3E-02 1.2E-03 9.8E-05 2.9E-04 8.7E-04 1.9E-02 3.9E-04 1.2E-03 3.0E-04 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 7.6E-04 3.2E-04 1.1E-03 1.2E-03 1.4E-03 1.7E-03 1.1E-02 3.6E-03 1.4E-01 1.82E-01 5.3E-01 4.16E-01 9.9E-02 5.2E-01 4.9E-01 3.7E-01 5.2E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 1.06E+00 6.3E-01 1.55E-01 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 3.14E-01 3.0E-02 1.25E+00 1.79E+00 2.31E+00 2.55E+00 1.36E+00 5.2E-01 2.27E-01 5.7E-01 8.7E-01 2.6E-02 5.0E-02 2.88E+00 5.5E-01 2.75E+00 1.76E+00

Weights

Å 3582.4 3588.4 3605.9 3656.0 3682.5 3709.9 3717.2 3729.3 3746.9 3763.5 3766.1 3777.5 3780.8 3786.4 3799.4 3808.6 3826.8 3841.5 3844.7 3845.4 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3875.3 3880.3 3891.4 3892.0 3900.6 3911.6 3914.8 3928.6 3931.2 3932.5 3944.3 3952.7 3958.4 3968.4 3979.4 3988.2 3992.1 4013.9 4031.4 4035.5 4038.8 4042.9 4045.7 4052.9 4065.1 4072.0 4079.6 4082.4 4112.8 4128.6 4131.7 4178.4 4202.0 4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5

4 8 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 8 8 6 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 4 4 6 6

gi

6 10 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 6 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 6 8 2 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.53E+00 3.03E+00 4.4E-02 7.6E-02 1.7E-02 4.7E-02 5.2E-02 4.80E-01 2.1E-02 1.78E-01 7.4E-02 1.1E-02 7.7E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-01 1.0E-02 2.81E-01 2.69E-01 4.8E-02 1.6E-02 3.87E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-01 8.2E-02 2.32E-01 4.3E-02 6.3E-02 7.2E-02 7.7E-02 3.7E-02 2.44E-01 2.0E-02 9.3E-01 4.1E-02 2.08E-01 3.8E-02 4.8E-02 9.8E-01 4.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.05E-01 7.5E-02 4.4E-02 1.2E-02 4.06E-01 1.6E-02 6.7E-01 1.1E-02 5.8E-01 1.19E-01 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.4E-02 8.5E-01 1.2E-02 2.1E-02 1.31E-01 1.12E-01 1.64E-01 8.0E-01

5/4/05 8:07:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-98 λ Å 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4383.8 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4420.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4460.6 4474.8 4481.8 4491.0 4530.5 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2 5017.6 5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 5176.2 6103.5 6114.9 6138.7 6172.3 6243.1 6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4

Section 10.indb 98

gi

4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 8 6 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 10 6 8 8 4 6 4 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 2 8 4 6 6 2 4 2 8 2

8

λ –1

1.32E-01 5.7E-02 5.74E-01 1.92E-01 1.17E+00 2.12E-01 5.5E-02 6.6E-01 2.21E-01 2.05E-01 1.00E+00 1.1E-02 1.60E-01 3.04E-01 6.1E-02 3.1E-02 8.17E-01 5.69E-01 1.09E-01 1.5E-02 2.90E-01 4.55E-01 4.6E-02 2.1E-02 4.71E-01 8.0E-01 6.64E-01 6.7E-02 7.89E-01 7.1E-02 8.92E-01 5.88E-01 6.7E-02 5.80E-01 6.4E-01 7.80E-01 8.49E-01 8.23E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-02 1.44E-01 3.94E-01 9.7E-02 1.51E-01 2.07E-01 1.1E-02 2.23E-01 8.1E-02 1.06E-01 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 2.00E-01 1.2E-02 2.00E-01 3.0E-02 1.06E-01 1.37E-01 1.69E-01 1.47E-01 8.8E-02

Å 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3

8 4 6 2 4 6

Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7

5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7

Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60 Ar VI 292.15 294.05

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 4 6 4 4 4 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5

8

λ –1

1.07E-01 2.0E-02 2.5E-02 3.7E-02 5.6E-02 1.07E-01 6.0E+00 1.59E+00 3.74E+00 2.79E+00 9.2E-01 1.22E+00 9.0E-01 2.6E+00 6.4E-01 1.9E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E-01 1.6E+00 3.0E-01 2.0E-01 1.6E+00 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 4.3E-01 1.2E+00 2.6E-01

4 4 4

2 4 6

2.73E+00 2.70E+00 2.63E+00

2 4

2 2

6.9E+01 1.36E+02

Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75 *637.30

9 9 1 9

3 15 3 9

2.78E+02 9.92E+01 7.83E+01 6.7E+01

Ar VIII 158.92 159.18 229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4

1.1E+02 1.11E+02 1.12E+02 2.21E+02 1.2E+01 1.0E+02 1.1E+02 6.3E+01 7.2E+01 1.2E+01 2.55E+01

Weights

Å 713.81 Ar IX 48.739

2

gi

2

gk

A 108 s–1 2.4E+01

1

3

1.69E+03

Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10

5 9 5 1 9 9

3 3 5 3 9 15

3.4E+02 5.3E+02 1.66E+02 8.8E+01 9.5E+01 3.7E+01

Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

4.5E+01 1.69E+02 1.97E+02 7.5E+01 4.6E+01 7.8E+01

Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3

1 1 9

3 3 9

1.7E+04 9.55E+01 8.1E+01

Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.43E+04 4.4E+04 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 9.0E-02 6.5E-02

4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4

6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 2.8E+00 3.5E-01 3.1E+00 6.0E-01 4.2E-01 7.2E-02 1.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.8E-01 5.5E-01 9.9E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2.62E-04 2.44E-04 2.55E-04 2.57E-04 2.50E-04 2.91E-04 3.15E-04 3.41E-04

Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7 2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2 2860.4 2898.7 Barium Ba I 2380.66 2380.75 2380.86 2380.97 2381.08 2381.21 2381.34 2381.48

5/4/05 8:07:16 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2381.63 2381.79 2381.97 2382.15 2382.36 2382.57 2382.80 2383.06 2383.34 2383.63 2383.96 2384.32 2384.71 2385.15 2385.62 2386.15 2386.74 2387.40 2388.13 2388.96 2399.39 2402.07 2405.30 2409.23 2414.08 2420.11 2427.41 2438.81 2452.33 2472.74 3071.58 3501.11 3889.33 4132.43 4175.69 4175.91 4176.12 4176.36 4176.60 4176.86 4177.15 4177.44 4177.74 4178.07 4178.43 4178.80 4179.20 4179.64 4180.09 4180.57 4181.09 4181.66 4182.27 4182.94 4183.64 4184.40 4185.25 4186.16 4187.15 4188.25

Section 10.indb 99

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

8

10-99 λ

–1

3.22E-04 3.44E-04 3.39E-04 3.63E-04 3.64E-04 3.14E-04 3.69E-04 3.57E-04 3.37E-04 3.70E-04 3.20E-04 2.97E-04 3.00E-04 2.50E-04 2.30E-04 2.03E-04 1.87E-04 1.37E-04 9.66E-05 8.37E-05 1.10E-04 4.60E-04 4.90E-04 8.60E-04 1.50E-03 2.30E-03 5.60E-03 1.40E-03 8.10E-04 4.60E-03 4.20E-01 3.50E-01 1.10E-02 1.50E-02 1.97E-04 1.98E-04 2.08E-04 2.19E-04 2.26E-04 2.48E-04 2.77E-04 3.03E-04 3.14E-04 3.07E-04 3.64E-04 4.01E-04 4.31E-04 4.46E-04 4.53E-04 4.55E-04 4.99E-04 5.42E-04 6.11E-04 6.65E-04 6.70E-04 7.93E-04 8.43E-04 9.24E-04 9.90E-04 1.03E-03

Å 4189.44 4190.76 4192.20 4193.81 4195.59 4323.00 4402.54 4488.98 4493.64 4573.85 4579.64 4599.72 4619.92 4700.42 4726.43 4801.30 4902.85 5169.53 5519.04 5535.48 5777.62 5784.04 5800.23 5826.27 5971.70 5997.09 6019.47 6063.11 6083.39 6129.23 6309.36 6341.68 6450.85 6498.76 6527.31 6527.40 6595.33 6675.27 6693.84 6986.80 7059.94 7120.33 7195.23 7213.60 7280.30 7392.41 7417.54 7488.08 7528.18 7610.48 7644.90 7672.09 7780.48 7877.80 7905.75 8147.70 8560.00 8654.08 9370.12 9645.60

gi

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 15 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 1 3 7 5 7 5 15 3 3 5 3 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 5 5

8

λ –1

1.13E-03 1.28E-03 1.36E-03 1.58E-03 1.78E-03 8.80E-02 2.70E-01 2.80E-01 1.95E-01 1.21E+00 7.00E-01 4.07E-01 2.70E-02 6.10E-02 3.30E-01 1.39E-01 5.40E-02 9.00E-04 5.70E-01 1.19E+00 8.00E-01 2.10E-01 2.39E-01 4.50E-01 1.62E-01 2.80E-01 8.10E-01 5.60E-01 1.10E-01 6.00E-02 2.00E-04 1.16E-01 1.10E-01 5.40E-01 3.30E-01 6.15E-01 3.80E-01 1.89E-01 1.46E-01 5.20E-03 5.00E-01 1.10E-01 5.60E-02 6.50E-04 3.20E-01 1.81E-01 7.70E-03 7.30E-02 2.70E-02 1.10E-02 5.03E-01 1.52E-01 7.60E-02 1.60E-02 2.65E-01 6.30E-02 2.00E-01 3.10E-03 7.60E-02 1.10E-01

Weights

Å 9704.31 9821.48 10370.30 10540.10 10649.10 11075.70 11303.00 11373.70 12342.30 14723.10 14999.90 17186.90 18202.80 21567.70 30685.30

3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5

Ba II 1622.43 1630.36 1761.74 1771.10 1786.95 1892.49 1954.28 1955.05 1985.75 1999.55 2009.28 2024.06 2052.75 2054.09 2079.98 2153.93 2200.89 2214.76 2232.79 2235.38 2245.69 2254.78 2285.99 2528.41 2634.78 2641.37 2647.26 2771.35 3390.18 3412.44 3413.95 3552.45 3576.28 3578.57 3891.78 4130.65 4166.00 4216.07 4267.92 4309.26 4325.75 4329.56 4524.93

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 8 4 4 2

gi

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 8 10 6 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1 1.60E-01 5.50E-02 1.30E-02 1.80E-02 2.70E-02 3.10E-05 1.10E-03 1.30E-01 9.00E-04 8.60E-03 2.50E-03 2.70E-02 1.20E-02 2.60E-03 6.50E-03 2.46E-02 2.42E-02 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 9.00E-02 1.30E-01 1.40E-01 2.40E-02 2.00E-01 7.12E-02 6.51E-02 6.86E-02 2.20E-01 3.70E-02 1.17E-01 3.43E-01 1.13E-01 1.60E-02 3.69E-01 6.13E-02 1.60E-01 1.40E-01 2.03E-01 6.91E-01 7.33E-01 1.21E-01 2.26E-01 3.95E-01 4.54E-03 4.77E-03 3.18E-04 3.87E-03 4.07E-03 2.71E-04 2.17E+00 2.18E+00 3.54E-01 5.09E-02 3.10E-01 3.10E-01 5.65E-02 9.39E-03 6.63E-01

5/4/05 8:07:18 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-100 λ Å 4554.03 4708.90 4843.48 4847.19 4850.92 4899.93 4934.08 4957.09 4997.79 5012.95 5185.06 5267.01 5361.35 5391.59 5413.57 5421.06 5428.84 5480.25 5784.15 5853.67 5981.26 5999.91 6135.60 6141.71 6378.92 6496.90 6769.48 6874.08 6995.14 7115.03 8496.80 8591.43 8661.90 8703.69 8710.77 8719.12 8737.75 8760.61 8897.46 9603.12 10115.00 10212.80 10709.80 10768.00 10769.70 10993.40 11088.50 11127.50 11519.50 11577.10 11931.90 12475.00 13057.80 14211.50 17738.90 18530.70 18729.70 19642.60 19845.10 22994.70

Section 10.indb 100

2 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 2 4 6 6 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 2 6 6 4 6 4 4 8 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 8 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 8 2 10 4 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 8 10 4 6 4 2

8

λ –1

1.11E+00 8.47E-02 9.34E-02 3.49E-02 1.55E-02 1.04E+00 9.53E-01 5.13E-01 6.37E-02 5.15E-01 1.10E-02 1.00E-02 4.01E-02 4.22E-02 9.21E-05 2.77E-03 1.92E-03 1.78E-03 1.59E-01 6.00E-02 1.73E-01 2.86E-02 6.64E-02 4.12E-01 1.18E-01 3.10E-01 9.35E-01 9.26E-01 8.90E-03 8.80E-03 3.31E-02 6.19E-04 1.27E-02 3.69E-02 7.88E-01 6.12E-03 7.29E-01 1.17E-02 4.93E-02 4.16E-01 4.27E-01 6.92E-02 9.90E-05 5.56E-02 2.04E-03 1.83E-03 6.11E-02 1.01E-02 2.47E-02 1.75E-01 4.44E-02 2.80E-01 2.14E-01 1.66E-01 2.16E-01 1.96E-01 1.23E-01 1.28E-01 2.07E-02 6.18E-02

Å 24612.50 24699.00 25923.20 27687.20 29058.90 30196.00 42934.70 43294.30 47520.80

4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 4 2 2 8 6 6

8

λ –1

4.75E-03 9.98E-02 3.66E-02 6.10E-02 2.89E-02 4.70E-02 4.82E-03 4.39E-03 2.37E-04

Beryllium Be I 1491.8 1661.5 2348.6 *2494.7 *2650.6 4572.7 Be II 1197.1 1197.2 1512.3 1512.4 1776.1 1776.3 *2453.8 3046.5 3046.7 3130.4 3131.1 3241.6 3241.8 3274.6 3274.7 4360.7 4361.0 *5255.9 5270.3 5270.8 6279.4 6279.7 6756.7 6757.1 7401.2 7401.4

1 1 1 9 9 3

3 3 3 15 9 5

1.3E-02 2.0E-01 5.55E+00 1.6E+00 4.24E+00 7.9E-01

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

4.7E-01 9.4E-01 9.2E+00 1.1E+01 1.4E+00 2.9E+00 1.42E-01 4.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.14E+00 1.15E+00 1.41E-01 2.8E-01 1.9E-01 1.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.1E+00 2.56E-02 3.30E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E-01 1.43E-01 5.1E-02 1.02E-01 3.0E-02 3.0E-02

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2

1.2E+00 6.0E-02 9.9E-01 9.1E-01 2.6E-02 8.9E-01 2.6E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 4.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.09E-01

Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2 2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5

Weights

Å 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8

6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

gi

6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.6E-02 1.53E+00 1.23E+00 5.5E-01 1.6E-01 8.8E-01 2.07E+00 3.5E-02 1.81E-01 1.6E-02 6.8E-02 1.98E-01 6.9E-02 1.64E-01 1.6E-02 1.5E-02 1.17E-01 1.8E-02

Boron BI 1378.6 1378.9 1378.9 1379.2 1465.5 1465.7 1465.8 1825.9 1826.4 2088.9 2089.6 2496.8 2497.7

2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 2

3.50E+00 1.40E+01 1.75E+01 7.0E+00 3.34E+00 6.7E+00 1.00E+01 1.76E+00 2.11E+00 2.8E-01 3.3E-01 8.64E-01 1.73E+00

4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2

4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2

1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.0E-01 2.1E-02 8.1E-02 7.5E-03 4.2E-03 7.5E-03 9.3E-03 1.3E-02 2.8E-03 7.2E-03 1.6E-02 5.4E-03 2.6E-03 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-01 3.8E-02 2.2E-01

Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4 4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7

5/4/05 8:07:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 8446.6 8638.7 Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7

4 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4

8

λ –1

1.2E-01 9.7E-02

5 5 5

7 5 3

1.1E+00 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5

1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3

3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5

5.3E+00 2.8E-01 4.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.5E-01 4.06E-03 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.3E+00 3.5E-01 4.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.1E-01 5.6E-01 5.9E-01

Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6

2 2 2 4 4

4 2 2 2 6

2.8E+00 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 2.8E+00 1.4E-02

Cadmium

Calcium Ca I 2275.5 2995.0 2997.3 2999.6 3000.9 3006.9 3009.2 3344.5 3350.2 3361.9 3624.1 3630.8 3631.0 3644.4 3644.8 3870.5 3957.1 3973.7 4092.6 4094.9 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0

Section 10.indb 101

1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 1 3

3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 3 5

10-101

3.01E-01 3.67E-01 2.41E-01 2.79E-01 1.58E+00 7.5E-01 4.30E-01 1.51E-01 1.78E-01 2.23E-01 2.12E-01 2.97E-01 1.53E-01 3.55E-01 9.4E-02 7.2E-02 9.8E-02 1.75E-01 1.1E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E-01 9.0E-01 2.18E+00 4.34E-01

Å 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6 4581.4 4585.9 4685.3 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6161.3 6162.2 6163.8 6166.4 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7 6493.8 6499.7

1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 3 5

Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7

2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 9 5 7 7 5 5 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2

8

λ –1

6.0E-01 4.66E-01 1.36E+00 1.99E+00 7.4E-01 1.9E-01 4.98E-01 6.7E-01 3.42E-01 8.7E-01 2.0E-01 4.1E-01 1.76E-01 2.09E-01 2.29E-01 8.0E-02 1.88E-01 3.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 6.0E-01 9.1E-02 4.4E-01 5.0E-01 6.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.3E-02 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-02 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 9.6E-02 2.87E-01 3.3E-02 3.54E-01 5.6E-02 2.2E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 5.3E-01 9.0E-02 4.7E-01 5.9E-02 4.4E-01 8.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.5E-02 3.2E-03 3.1E-03 2.24E-01 2.65E-01 4.41E-02 3.54E-01 4.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E-01 3.08E-01

Weights

Å

gi

4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5

2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2

8.2E-01 9.7E-01 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 3.1E+00 3.6E+00 5.8E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E+00 1.47E+00 1.4E+00

Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55

1 1 1

3 3 3

8.8E+02 1.9E-01 1.6E-02

Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

2.2E+01 3.9E+00 9.1E+00 6.9E+00 2.3E+00 2.9E+00 2.1E+00

Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41

5 1 3 3 5 5

5 3 5 3 7 5

1.8E+01 3.3E+00 4.5E+00 2.2E+00 5.7E+00 1.3E+00

Ca VIII 182.71 184.16

2 4

2 2

1.6E+02 3.2E+02

Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81 378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57

5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3

3.76E+02 8.8E+01 1.16E+02 1.5E+02 2.2E+02 1.12E+02 2.49E+01 7.2E+01 3.75E+01

Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

2.9E+02 2.92E+02 2.3E+02 4.5E+02 2.9E+01 2.6E+02 2.8E+02 8.3E+01 9.5E+01 1.6E+01 3.50E+01 3.2E+01

5/4/05 8:07:22 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-102 λ Å Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212 Ca XII 140.05 147.27

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

1 1 1

3 3 3

6.2E+03 4.9E+04 2.0E+03

4 2

2 2

3.7E+02 1.6E+02

Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00

5 9 5

3 3 5

4.08E+02 6.3E+02 1.9E+02

Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3

3.8E+04 4.9E+04 1.21E+02 2.76E+01 3.44E+01 2.37E+01 6.5E+01 3.28E+01

Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76

2 6 2 2

6 10 4 2

2.31E+04 7.0E+04 2.0E+01 1.3E+01

1 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 7 5

3.79E+00 1.14E+01 1.89E+01 1.22E+00 5.32E-01 1.70E+00 4.42E-01 3.71E-01 7.06E-01 1.27E+00 1.03E-02 1.27E+00 1.73E+00 9.12E-01 2.31E+00 6.35E-01 5.56E-02 1.10E-01 3.08E-01 3.11E-01 5.77E-01 1.73E-01 8.22E-01 3.33E-01 7.95E-01 2.41E+00 1.79E+00 1.00E+00 1.04E+00 1.57E-01

Carbon CI 945.191 945.338 945.579 1193.24 1260.74 1260.93 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.23 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.58 1329.60 1355.84 1364.16

Section 10.indb 102

Å 1431.60 1432.10 1432.53 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1468.41 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1561.34 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1765.37 1930.90 2478.56 2902.23 2903.27 2905.00 4371.37 4762.31 4762.53 4766.67 4770.03 4771.74 4775.90 4812.92 4817.37 4826.80 4932.05 5023.84 5039.06 5041.48 5041.79 5052.17 5380.34 5545.05 5668.94 5793.12 5794.47 5800.23 5800.60 5805.20 6001.12 6006.02 6007.18 6010.68 6013.17 6013.21 6014.83 6016.45 6587.61

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 7 7 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 1 9 9 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 9 3 7 3

8

λ –1

2.11E+00 2.01E+00 2.11E+00 4.76E-01 1.88E+00 5.49E-01 3.90E-02 1.37E-02 8.01E-03 3.92E-01 6.57E-01 2.94E-01 1.18E+00 8.58E-01 1.13E+00 2.52E+00 8.64E-01 3.43E+00 1.44E+00 9.07E-01 3.59E-02 1.04E-02 3.51E+00 3.40E-01 4.32E-03 1.29E-02 2.15E-02 1.27E-02 3.37E-03 2.72E-03 2.36E-03 1.07E-02 7.97E-03 4.84E-03 4.03E-04 8.76E-04 6.28E-04 6.02E-02 1.81E-03 4.73E-03 5.25E-03 3.28E-03 2.60E-02 1.86E-02 3.04E-03 2.35E-02 3.44E-03 6.44E-04 1.04E-03 3.04E-03 4.12E-03 3.22E-03 1.79E-02 5.34E-03 2.13E-02 1.79E-02 4.35E-03 1.60E-02 3.86E-03 5.09E-02

Weights

Å 6655.52 6828.12 7111.47 7113.18 7115.17 7115.18 7116.99 7119.66 7860.88 8058.62 8335.15 9061.44 9062.49 9078.29 9088.51 9094.83 9111.81 9405.73 9603.03 9620.78 9658.43

3 3 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5

C II 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34 1037.02 1323.91 1323.95 1334.53 1335.71 2091.14 2091.19 2091.65 2093.16 2173.85 2174.17 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2727.31 2728.72 2729.21 2730.63 5132.95 5133.28 5137.26 5139.17 5143.49 5145.16 5151.08 5640.55

4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 2

gi

3 5 5 9 7 1 5 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 5.03E-03 9.89E-03 2.17E-02 2.47E-02 2.19E-02 4.43E-02 3.26E-02 3.12E-02 1.53E-02 1.09E-02 3.51E-01 7.31E-02 9.48E-02 7.07E-02 3.00E-01 2.28E-01 1.35E-01 2.91E-01 3.06E-02 8.62E-02 1.25E-01 2.84E+01 1.18E+00 2.35E+00 6.85E+00 2.74E+01 3.42E+01 1.37E+01 5.71E+00 1.14E+01 1.71E+01 7.61E+00 1.52E+01 4.33E+00 4.49E+00 2.37E+00 2.84E+00 1.00E-01 1.69E-01 2.41E-01 7.20E-02 2.31E-01 2.31E-01 4.53E-01 9.04E-02 5.42E-01 6.63E-02 3.31E-01 2.65E-01 1.32E-01 3.89E-01 2.80E-01 1.55E-01 1.24E-01 7.73E-01 6.49E-01 4.16E-01 9.89E-02

5/4/05 8:07:24 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5648.07 5662.46 5818.31 5822.98 5823.18 5827.85 5836.37 5843.62 5856.06 6095.29 6098.51 6102.56 6578.05 6582.88 6724.56 6727.07 6727.26 6731.07 6733.58 6734.00 6738.61 6742.43 6750.54 6755.16 6779.94 6780.59 6783.91 6787.21 6791.47 6798.10 6800.69 6812.28 7046.25 7053.09 7063.68 7112.48 7113.04 7115.63 7119.76 7119.91 7125.72 7132.47 7134.10 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17 8028.85 8037.73 8039.40 8048.31 8062.10 8062.80 8076.64 9238.30 9251.01 9863.06 9870.78 9882.68

4 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6

C III 310.170

1

Section 10.indb 103

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 3

8

10-103 λ

–1

1.97E-01 2.93E-01 3.38E-02 3.38E-03 3.38E-02 2.16E-02 4.22E-02 1.20E-02 5.31E-02 4.20E-01 5.03E-01 8.37E-02 3.63E-01 3.62E-01 3.17E-02 6.34E-02 2.96E-02 5.06E-02 6.32E-02 1.80E-02 7.23E-02 4.41E-02 1.08E-01 2.38E-02 2.56E-01 1.52E-01 3.65E-01 3.04E-01 1.94E-01 6.04E-02 1.09E-01 1.80E-02 3.20E-01 3.19E-01 3.17E-01 2.94E-01 3.15E-01 3.60E-01 1.17E-01 4.19E-01 1.02E-01 8.33E-03 5.93E-02 3.52E-01 4.22E-01 7.03E-02 1.71E-02 4.26E-02 8.51E-02 1.36E-02 3.04E-02 4.56E-02 7.05E-02 3.34E-02 2.77E-02 5.56E-02 9.31E-02 1.33E-01 6.56E+00

Å 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52 5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00 8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10

1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 7 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 9 3

8

λ –1

3.46E+01 5.91E+01 7.97E+01 1.06E+02 6.24E+01 1.767E+01 3.293E+00 4.385E+00 3.287E+00 9.856E+00 1.313E+01 5.468E+00 2.082E+01 1.376E+00 1.95E-01 5.90E-01 1.24E-01 7.26E-01 7.25E-01 2.28E-01 7.24E-01 3.04E-01 2.27E-01 9.05E-01 6.78E-01 3.75E-01 5.30E-02 1.58E-01 2.61E-01 4.27E-01 1.34E-01 3.35E-02 1.00E-01 1.99E-02 1.11E-01 1.12E-01 1.50E-01 8.32E-02 1.99E-01 4.95E-02 5.47E-03 7.60E-03 5.64E-03 3.79E-02 3.51E-02 1.26E-02 4.46E-02 7.80E-03 3.09E-02 1.30E-01 1.77E-01 1.76E-01 1.75E-01 1.01E-01 5.32E-03 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 7.12E-03 8.47E-03 4.40E-02

Weights

Å

gi

5 3 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79

3 3 5 5 5

5.93E-02 3.29E-02 7.88E-02 1.97E-02 2.19E-03

C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

4.63E+01 1.76E+02 2.65E+00 2.64E+00 3.17E-01 3.16E-01

CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12 8449.19

1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1 3

2.554E+03 8.873E+03 1.363E+02 1.278E+02 4.247E+02 6.680E+01 3.947E+02 5.646E-01 1.663E-01 6.898E-02 6.868E-02 6.832E-02 6.829E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

7.6E-06 7.9E-06 8.5E-06 9.4E-06 1.19E-05 1.49E-05 1.7E-05 1.07E-07 2.0E-05 1.43E-07 2.5E-05 1.97E-07 2.8E-05 2.63E-07 3.45E-05 3.7E-07 4.25E-05 7.0E-07 5.6E-05 9.8E-07 1.0E-04 2.7E-06 1.6E-04 5.2E-06 2.2E-04 1.1E-05 4.0E-04 2.4E-05 6.6E-04 6.6E-05

Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6 3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0

5/4/05 8:07:26 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-104 λ Å 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

8

λ –1

1.5E-03 2.5E-04 3.8E-03 9.7E-04 1.88E-02 8.0E-03 3.276E-01 2.87E-01

Chlorine Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2 7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9

4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4

6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4

2.33E+00 2.71E-01 2.39E+00 1.74E+00 4.19E+00 3.23E+00 7.5E-01 1.1E-02 6.8E-03 1.4E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.5E-01 4.7E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E-02 6.3E-02 6.0E-02 9.8E-02 9.7E-02 1.8E-02 5.1E-02 2.1E-02 3.9E-02 2.1E-02

Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6 3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8

5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5

7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7

1.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 8.2E-01 8.4E-01 1.6E+00 7.6E-01 7.7E-01 1.0E+00 1.04E+00 9.9E-01 1.00E+00 8.1E-01

Section 10.indb 104

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7

8

λ –1

4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1

3 7 3 5

7.5E-01 7.7E-01 8.6E-01 1.0E+00

Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5 3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5

4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4

4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 6

4.2E+00 4.2E+00 2.8E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 4.3E+00 4.7E+00 4.6E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.6E+00 3.4E+00 4.8E+00 3.5E+00 3.5E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 1.7E+00 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 1.7E+00

9 9 3 9 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 7 7 9 5 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 5 7

9 11 5 7 5 5 3 7 9 9 5 3 9 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 11 7 5 3 3 5 3 7

1.4E+00 4.1E-01 2.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-01 4.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.6E-01 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 2.1E-01 3.8E-01 5.3E-01 4.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.4E-01 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 7.8E-01 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.8E-01 6.8E-01 3.7E-01

Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2383.30 2389.21 2408.60 2408.72 2492.57 2495.08 2496.30 2502.55 2504.31 2508.11 2508.97 2527.11 2549.55 2560.70 2571.74 2577.66 2591.84 2620.48 2673.64 2701.99 2726.50 2731.90 2736.46 2752.85 2757.09 2761.74 2764.36

Å 2769.90 2780.70 2879.27 2887.00 2889.22 2893.25 2894.17 2896.76 2905.48 2909.05 2910.89 2911.15 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2980.78 2988.64 2991.88 2994.06 2995.09 2996.57 2998.78 3000.88 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58 3024.36 3029.17 3030.25 3031.35 3034.19 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3238.09 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48

Weights gi

7 9 5 3 9 7 1 5 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 9 3 1 3 9 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 11 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13

5 7 7 5 9 7 3 5 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 11 5 3 7 3 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 11 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.6E-01 5.2E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E+00 6.8E-01 3.4E-01 2.6E-01 3.9E-01 7.1E-01 8.9E-01 5.10E-01 5.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.5E-01 4.3E-01 2.0E+00 4.07E-01 1.6E+00 9.2E-01 8.3E-01 1.63E+00 1.5E+00 2.91E+00 1.27E+00 3.8E-01 1.1E+00 3.1E-01 3.5E-01 5.4E-01 7.4E-01 7.97E-01 5.6E-01 5.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.48E+00 1.50E+00 1.62E+00 1.8E+00 7.61E-01 4.13E-01 5.10E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 6.8E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.7E-01 3.5E-01 7.5E-01 3.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:28 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 4254.33 4263.15 4274.81 4275.98 4280.42 4289.73 4291.97 4297.75 4298.05 4300.52 4301.19 4302.78 4319.66 4337.25 4373.65 4376.80 4413.86 4422.70 4424.29 4429.93 4432.16 4432.77 4443.72 4482.88 4490.55 4492.31 4495.28 4500.29 4506.84 4540.72 4564.17 4595.60 4622.47 4663.33 4665.90 4689.38 4698.46 4708.02 4718.43 4730.69 4737.33 4741.09 4752.07 4756.09 4792.49 4801.02 4816.13 4870.79 4887.01 4922.28 4966.80 5204.51 5206.02 5208.42 5243.38 5297.37 5297.99 5328.36 5329.17 5783.11

Section 10.indb 105

gi

7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 5 9 13 7 5 9 3 1 15 3 3 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 3 7 9 11 13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 3 7 9 13 5 5 7 3 3 15 1 3 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 3 5 7 9 11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3

8

10-105 λ

–1

3.15E-01 6.4E-01 3.07E-01 2.2E-01 4.7E-01 3.16E-01 2.4E-01 4.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.7E-01 2.1E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 4.9E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 3.9E-01 4.47E-01 2.0E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 3.14E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.2E-01 4.31E-01 3.4E-01 3.83E-01 3.38E-01 2.2E-01 6.2E-01 4.0E-01 2.6E-01 3.06E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 4.0E-01 3.0E-01 5.09E-01 5.14E-01 5.06E-01 2.19E-01 3.88E-01 3.0E-01 6.2E-01 2.25E-01 2.1E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7

8

λ –1

5783.89 5787.97

5 5

2.02E-01 2.35E-01

Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77 2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22

4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2 4 12 4 6 8

6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6 8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4 6 12 4 6 6

3.5E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 5.5E-01 8.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.3E+00 2.0E+00 2.7E+00 6.4E-01 9.2E-01 2.2E+00 4.3E-01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 6.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 8.8E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 5.4E-01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.7E+00 1.5E+00 4.4E-01 8.1E-01 6.4E-01 1.2E-01

Cr V 434.306 436.351 436.601 437.420 437.655 441.056 456.357 456.637 456.743 457.028 457.504 464.015 469.634 1106.25 1121.07

9 9 7 7 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 9 9

1.5E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 9.5E+00 3.3E+01 9.1E+00 2.7E+01 1.2E+01 3.6E+01 2.3E+01 1.2E+01 2.1E+01

Weights

Å

gi

11 3 1 7 9

gk

A 108 s–1

1127.63 1465.86 1481.65 1519.03 1579.70

9 5 3 5 7

3.5E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01 9.5E+00 8.6E+00

Cr VI 161.687 168.088 201.007 201.224 201.388 201.606 202.442 202.739 226.241 227.202

6 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4

6 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 8 6

1.7E+02 2.0E+02 2.5E+03 1.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.6E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 7.2E+02 6.6E+02

Cr X 216.72 223.86 224.74 226.24 227.42 227.50 228.63 228.71 231.21 232.96 242.20 244.19 395.984 398.150

6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6

8 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 6

9.0E+02 7.7E+02 7.6E+02 7.3E+02 5.2E+02 1.8E+01 8.1E+01 4.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.4E+02 5.0E+01 5.8E+01 2.4E+01 2.1E+01

Cr XI 214.31 226.45 232 235.53 240.76 250.28 366.491 366.942 374.927 422.083

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3

7 7 1 7 3 7 3 1 5 5

1.4E+01 6.0E+02 4.1E+02 5.5E+02 4.8E+02 1.0E+01 1.2E+01 3.0E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+01

Cr XII 216 218 239 244.70 247 247 248 250 250 251.52 252 256 259 269 300.32

4 6 2 2 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 2 2

6 8 2 4 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 2

2.4E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 3.0E+02 2.4E+02 3.3E+02 1.4E+02 3.5E+02 2.2E+02 3.4E+02 2.0E+02 1.5E+02 3.2E+02 2.1E+02 1.4E+02

5/4/05 8:07:30 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-106 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

305.81 309 309 311.55 324 327 332.06

4 4 6 4 4 6 6

Cr XIII 49.59 67.01 228 267.73 270 276.4 277 279.32 286 328.29 345

1 1 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7

3 3 7 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9

9.9E+02 1.67E+03 1.8E+02 1.9E+02 1.7E+02 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 1.86E+02 1.74E+02

Cr XIV *38.036 39.796 40.018 40.782 40.800 41.556 41.788 44.597 44.869 46.125 46.468 46.527 48.300 48.338 50.821 51.172 51.180 52.321 52.363 53.760 54.164 60.699 60.756 63.324 63.539 68.594 69.213 69.247 86.060 86.169 86.185 101.05 101.42 104.4 104.5 109.8 110.4 118.3 125.2

2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 4

6 4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 6

2.47E+02 3.05E+02 3.6E+02 3.9E+02 3.9E+02 4.5E+02 5.3E+02 7.1E+02 8.3E+02 3.1E+02 6.6E+02 6.7E+02 5.9E+02 6.3E+02 1.2E+03 1.4E+03 2.3E+02 1.0E+03 1.1E+03 3.0E+02 5.9E+02 2.05E+03 2.19E+03 1.07E+03 1.13E+03 1.98E+03 2.31E+03 3.8E+02 5.3E+03 5.9E+03 3.9E+02 4.4E+02 4.83E+02 3.0E+02 3.1E+02 2.3E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 5.0E+02

Section 10.indb 106

4 2 6 2 6 8 4

8

2.76E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02 1.6E+02 2.2E+02 2.2E+02 1.4E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2 2 6 8

8

λ –1

125.3 148.5 149.1 157.1 158.4 187.02 187.30 189.1 191.0 222.9 346.3 346.5

6 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 6

5.4E+02 2.18E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 3.7E+02 9.3E+02 9.6E+02 2.13E+02 4.11E+02 2.2E+02 2.4E+02 2.5E+02

Cr XV 18.497 18.782 19.015 20.863 21.153 102 102.18 103 105 111.27

1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3

1.62E+05 2.8E+04 6.3E+02 6.0E+03 5.6E+03 1.6E+02 7.0E+02 3.8E+02 5.3E+02 1.7E+02

Cr XVI 17.073 17.242 17.299 17.372 17.438 17.514 17.587 17.656 19.442 19.714

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

1.2E+04 8.6E+04 2.5E+04 1.4E+05 1.1E+05 1.1E+05 2.0E+04 2.0E+04 9.9E+03 1.1E+04

Cr XVII 16.31 16.32 16.37 16.44 16.59 16.65 16.66 16.68 16.80 16.97 16.97 17.968 18.336 18.336 18.389

5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 5 1

3 7 1 7 1 5 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5 3

9.6E+03 3.2E+04 9.7E+04 1.3E+05 5.7E+04 1.1E+04 1.8E+05 6.8E+04 4.4E+04 2.63E+04 1.5E+04 8.6E+03 1.7E+04 1.6E+04 9.2E+03

Cr XVIII 95.77 102.32 104.98 106.84 110.41 112.27 119.62

4 4 6 4 4 4 2

2 4 4 2 2 2 2

3.08E+02 1.54E+02 8.7E+02 3.4E+02 7.9E+02 4.24E+02 3.2E+02

Weights

Å

gi

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

123.87 125.51 128.10 136.52 139.87 140.82 155.46 157.40

6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4

3.9E+02 3.4E+02 2.8E+02 1.66E+02 1.49E+02 2.66E+02 2.84E+02 2.83E+02

Cr XIX 14.73 14.80 14.81 14.84 109.64 110.37 113.97 118.31 118.67 118.83 126.30 126.33 130.99 134.89 138.15 138.45 140.92 143.57 163.94 179.18

3 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 1

7.1E+04 1.3E+05 3.4E+04 1.3E+05 2.46E+02 6.0E+02 5.5E+02 3.29E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 1.56E+02 4.35E+02 2.9E+02 1.98E+02 1.75E+02 1.71E+02 1.38E+02 7.2E+02 3.1E+02 1.45E+02

Cr XX 14.13 14.26 128.42 131.31 133.82 135.26 140.75 148.99 156.00 167.97 180.85

2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 6 4

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.1E+05 1.3E+05 3.8E+02 1.27E+02 8.3E+01 2.41E+02 1.35E+02 1.75E+02 8.4E+01 1.12E+02 1.6E+02

Cr XXI 12.97 12.98 13.02 13.02 13.08 13.22 13.34 13.49 13.53 13.55 13.65 13.66 13.67 13.68 13.75 13.75

3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5

1 5 5 7 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5

4.8E+04 3.9E+04 3.8E+04 3.9E+04 5.2E+04 4.6E+04 5.2E+04 9.0E+04 6.6E+04 1.2E+05 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 3.9E+04 8.2E+04 4.5E+04 9.5E+04

5/4/05 8:07:33 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 7 5 5 7 5 5 3

8

λ –1

13.76 13.78 13.84 13.87 13.92 13.93 13.95 14.04 14.24

1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

Cr XXII 2.190 2.191 2.198 2.199 2.202 2.203 13.149 13.292

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 6 2 4 6

1.7E+06 2.5E+06 4.5E+06 2.3E+06 1.6E+06 1.3E+06 1.29E+05 1.54E+05

Cr XXIII 1.7632 1.8557 2.095 2.101 2.101 2.102 2.103 2.104 2.105 2.106 2.107 2.107 2.109 2.113 2.119 2.129 2.1818 2.1923

1 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

3.68E+05 8.97E+05 3.5E+06 2.0E+06 7.9E+05 2.1E+06 1.2E+06 1.4E+06 9.6E+05 2.0E+06 2.3E+06 3.3E+06 1.7E+06 5.9E+05 2.7E+05 5.1E+05 3.37E+06 2.34E+05

1.51E+05 1.7E+05 2.59E+05 8.5E+04 8.5E+04 4.2E+04 3.8E+04 1.2E+05 1.41E+05

8 10 10 8 6 6 4 8 6 4 10 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 4

8 8 10 8 8 6 4 10 8 6 10 8 8 6 6 12 6 8 6

8.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.1E-01 5.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.5E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 1.3E-01 7.3E-02 2.4E-01 4.0E-01 5.1E-01 3.6E+00 6.5E-01 3.4E+00 3.6E+00

Cobalt Co I 2287.80 2295.22 2309.03 2323.13 2325.53 2335.98 2338.66 2353.36 2355.48 2358.18 2365.06 2371.85 2384.86 2392.03 2402.06 2407.25 2412.76 2414.46 2415.29

Section 10.indb 107

10-107

Å 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2460.80 2467.69 2470.27 2476.64 2504.52 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2530.13 2535.96 2536.50 2544.25 2562.12 2567.34 2574.35 2685.34 3017.55 3044.00 3048.89 3061.82 3072.34 3086.78 3354.37 3367.11 3385.22 3388.16 3395.37 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3412.63 3414.74 3417.15 3431.58 3433.05 3442.92 3443.64 3449.17 3449.44 3453.51 3455.24 3462.80 3465.79 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3491.32 3495.68 3502.28 3502.63 3506.32 3509.84 3512.64 3513.48 3518.34 3521.58

gi

10 8 6 4 4 6 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 10 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 10 4 4 10 6 8 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 6 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 6 8 12 8 8 10 8 6 6 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 4 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 10 12 2 6 12 8 10 6 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 10 4 8

8

λ –1

3.2E+00 2.6E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 1.2E-01 7.0E-02 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 1.8E-01 9.2E-01 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 7.1E-02 1.9E+00 3.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.9E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E-01 5.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.9E-01 7.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.1E-01 6.0E-02 1.1E-01 2.4E-01 2.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.2E-01 6.1E-01 1.2E-01 8.8E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.0E+00 1.2E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.9E-01 7.9E-01 9.2E-02 5.6E-01 5.5E-02 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 4.9E-01 8.0E-01 5.2E-02 8.2E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E+00 1.8E-01

Å

Weights gi

3523.42 3526.85 3529.03 3529.82 3533.36 3560.89 3564.95 3569.37 3574.97 3575.36 3585.15 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3704.06 3745.49 3842.05 3845.47 3861.16 3873.12 3873.95 3881.87 3894.07 3894.98 3935.96 3995.31 3997.90 4092.39 4110.53 4118.77 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5265.79 5280.63 5352.05 5477.09 5483.96 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79

4 10 6 8 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 10 6 10 12 6 8 10 8 8 12 10

2 10 8 10 6 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 10 4 8 6 4 8 2 10 10 8 8 6 8 10 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66

11 9 7 5 3 5 3 7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9

13 11 9 7 5 3 3 7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9

gk

A 108 s–1 9.8E-01 1.3E-01 8.8E-02 4.6E-01 9.1E-02 2.3E-01 7.0E-02 1.6E+00 1.5E-01 9.6E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E+00 9.2E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E-01 7.5E-02 1.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.0E-01 8.2E-02 6.9E-01 8.8E-02 6.2E-02 2.5E-01 7.0E-02 5.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 1.5E-01 1.9E-01 5.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 6.8E-02 7.3E-02 5.4E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-01 8.7E-02 3.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 2.7E+00 1.32E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.5E-01

5/4/05 8:07:35 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-108 λ Å

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Copper Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4

6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2

9.8E-02 5.1E-01 9.13E-01 1.0E+00 4.6E-01 1.19E-02 2.0E-02 3.11E-02 3.07E-01 9.6E-02 7.8E-02 3.76E-02 1.55E-02 1.55E-02 1.39E+00 1.37E+00 3.8E-03 1.90E-01 2.10E-01 1.95E-01 3.45E-01 3.0E-02 2.75E-01 8.4E-02 2.12E-01 3.20E-01 3.80E-01 5.5E-02 2.0E-02 6.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.50E-01 1.09E-01 2.4E-03 1.65E-02

Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5

5 9 7 5 3 5

5 7 7 5 3 5

1.5E-02 1.1E+00 4.1E-01 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 6.8E-01

17 17 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 13 17

15 17 17 13 13 13 19 17 19 15 11 17

6.5E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.4E-01 3.1E-01 2.0E-01 3.0E+00 3.1E+00 8.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.32E+00

Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7 2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1 3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8

Section 10.indb 108

Å 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4

gi

17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17

Weights

A

gk

10 s

17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15

8

λ –1

7.2E-01 2.08E+00 1.85E+00 1.52E+00 4.5E+00 3.6E-02 7.3E-01 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 8.2E-02 5.7E-03 1.1E-02 2.7E-03 4.7E-03 4.0E-03 5.3E-03 2.6E-02 3.5E-02 2.5E-02 8.5E-03 7.5E-03

Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1

Å 3212.8 3213.8 3235.1 3241.4 3246.0 3247.6 3322.3 3334.3 3350.4 3353.7 3457.1 3467.9 3589.3 4594.0 4627.2 4661.9 5645.8 5765.2 6018.2 6291.3 6864.5 7106.5

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

gi

8 6 10 8 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 10 8

gk

A 108 s–1 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.0E-02 2.3E-02 1.4E-02 2.3E-02 3.5E-02 3.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.8E-03 8.4E-03 1.0E-02 6.9E-03 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 8.5E-03 1.8E-03 5.8E-03 2.6E-03

Fluorine 13 13 13

13 15 11

2.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.8E+00

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 8 10 10 8 10 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 6 8 6 10 8 6 10 6 8 10 10 10 10 10 8

1.9E-01 2.0E-01 2.0E-01 7.0E-03 6.6E-03 1.2E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-01 1.2E-01 3.1E-02 3.7E-02 4.7E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-01 5.0E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E-01 6.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.8E-02 9.1E-03 5.5E-02 3.0E-01 6.9E-02 5.8E-03 1.1E-01

Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2619.3 2643.8 2659.4 2682.6 2710.0 2724.0 2731.4 2732.6 2735.3 2738.6 2743.3 2745.6 2747.8 2772.9 2878.9 2892.5 2893.0 2909.0 2958.9 3059.0 3067.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3185.5 3210.6

Weights

FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7 7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2

4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4

3.3E+00 2.8E+00 2.6E+00 5.77E+00 5.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 1.4E-02 1.0E-01 5.2E-02 2.1E-01 4.94E-01 3.8E-01 3.2E-01 2.2E-01 1.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 3.9E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.85E-01 3.4E-01 5.6E-02 1.1E-01 5.2E-02 7.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.0E-02 3.82E-01 2.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:37 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

Weights

A

gk

10 s

gi

8

λ –1

Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7 2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0

2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

1.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 3.1E-02 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 5.8E-02 9.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.8E-01 3.4E-01 1.2E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E+00 1.4E+00 2.7E-01 4.9E-01 9.2E-01

Ga II 829.60 1414.4

1 1

3 3

2.2E-01 1.88E+01

Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6 2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1

1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3

7.0E-01 2.8E-01 2.5E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E+00 8.5E-01 1.2E+00 4.0E-01 9.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 9.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.1E-02 7.1E-01 2.0E+00 8.5E-01 6.1E-01 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.8E+00 3.1E-02 2.9E-01 2.1E-01 9.5E-02

Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0

2 4 4 2

4 6 4 2

1.9E+00 2.1E+00 3.5E-01 6.9E-01

Section 10.indb 109

10-109

Å 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4 6484.2

4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2 2

8

λ –1

1.3E+00 1.9E+01 2.2E+01 3.5E+00 3.4E+00 6.5E+00 4.6E-01 5.1E-01 8.6E-02 1.9E+00 1.3E-01 2.0E+00 9.2E-01 8.4E-01 4.4E-01 8.5E-01

Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30

2 2 6 4

4 2 4 2

1.99E+00 1.64E+00 1.90E-01 3.4E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15 3 15 3 15 15 5 3 5 9 5 1 3 5

4.622E-01 7.317E-01 1.258E+00 2.436E+00 5.663E+00 1.799E+01 4.417E-03 6.023E-03 8.500E-03 1.251E-02 1.939E-02 3.201E-02 5.636E-02 5.102E-03 6.963E-03 9.843E-03 1.454E-02 2.269E-02 7.597E-03 4.836E-03 1.811E-02 3.802E-02 2.606E-02 9.744E-03 3.953E-02 6.435E-02 9.647E-03 2.447E-02 1.339E-02 9.475E-02 1.937E-02 7.448E-03 6.951E-02 2.961E-02

Helium He I 510.00 512.10 515.62 522.21 537.03 584.33 *2677.1 *2696.1 *2723.2 *2763.8 *2829.1 *2945.1 *3187.7 3231.3 3258.3 3296.8 3354.6 3447.6 *3554.4 *3563.0 *3587.3 3613.6 *3634.2 *3652.0 *3705.0 *3819.6 3833.6 *3867.5 3871.8 *3888.7 3926.5 3935.9 3964.7 4009.3

Weights

Å 4024.0 *4026.2 *4120.8 4143.8 4169.0 4387.9 4437.6 *4471.5 *4713.2 4921.9 5015.7 5047.7 *5875.7 6678.2 *7065.2 7281.4 *8361.7 *9463.6 9603.4 *9702.6 *10311 *10668 *10830 *10913 10917 *10997 11013 11045 11226 *11969 *12528 12756 *12785 12791 *12846 12968 *12985

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3 9 9 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 1 9 9 9 3 15 5 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 15 5 9 3 15

1 15 3 5 1 5 1 15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 3 3 15 3 9 21 7 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 21 7 3 5 9

1.128E-02 1.160E-01 4.453E-02 4.881E-02 1.830E-02 8.989E-02 3.269E-02 2.458E-01 9.521E-02 1.986E-01 1.337E-01 6.771E-02 7.070E-01 6.371E-01 2.785E-01 1.830E-01 3.813E-03 5.687E-03 5.829E-03 8.651E-03 1.995E-02 1.447E-02 1.022E-01 1.980E-02 1.608E-02 1.425E-03 9.250E-03 1.846E-02 1.117E-02 3.478E-02 7.093E-03 1.275E-03 4.134E-02 3.248E-02 2.732E-02 3.362E-02 2.729E-03

In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1 4101.8 4511.3

2 4 2 4 2 4

4 6 4 6 2 2

4.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 5.6E-01 1.02E+00

In II 2941.1

3

1

1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

2.71E+00 1.6E-01

10 10 10 10

10 12 10 10

2.1E-01 3.2E-01 4.7E-01 2.5E-01

Indium

Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4 Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98

5/4/05 8:07:39 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-110 λ Å 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2853.31 2882.64 2924.79 2934.64 2951.22 3003.63 3168.88 3220.78 3558.99 3573.72 3617.21 3628.67 3661.71 3734.77 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35 4939.24

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 10 6 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 12 10

8 12 10 10 8 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 10 8 12 12

9 9 7 9 7 5 3 9 5 3 1 5 3 1 3 9 7 9 7 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 1 3 3 5 7 7 5 11 13 11

7 7 5 9 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 11 9 7 5 3 9 1 7 9 5 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 13 11

8

λ –1

4.0E-01 4.8E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-03 7.2E-02 1.42E-01 2.0E-01 2.8E-02 5.9E-02 5.47E-02 2.4E-01 1.5E-02 5.4E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 4.0E-02 2.7E-02 2.7E-02 3.6E-02 3.3E-02 2.5E-03

Iron Fe I 1934.54 1937.27 1940.66 2132.02 2145.19 2153.01 2161.58 2166.77 2171.30 2173.21 2176.84 2191.84 2196.04 2200.39 2200.72 2259.51 2272.07 2276.03 2284.09 2287.25 2292.52 2294.41 2297.79 2298.17 2299.22 2300.14 2301.68 2303.58 2309.00 2313.10 2320.36 2373.62 2389.97 2438.18 2439.74 2442.57

Section 10.indb 110

2.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 6.9E-02 5.0E-02 2.7E+00 5.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.0E-01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 8.9E-01 2.8E-01 5.66E-02 2.92E-02 1.25E-01 1.29E-01 2.23E-01 2.96E-02 3.61E-01 1.44E-01 3.09E-01 7.03E-02 4.99E-02 8.68E-02 4.83E-02 1.02E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01 6.53E-02 4.47E-02 7.09E-02 3.46E+00 3.12E+00

Å 2443.87 2453.48 2453.57 2457.60 2462.18 2462.65 2463.73 2465.15 2468.88 2470.97 2472.34 2472.87 2472.89 2473.16 2474.81 2476.66 2479.48 2479.78 2483.27 2483.53 2484.19 2485.99 2486.69 2487.07 2488.14 2489.75 2489.91 2490.64 2491.16 2491.99 2494.00 2496.53 2501.13 2501.69 2505.01 2506.57 2507.90 2510.83 2517.66 2518.10 2519.63 2522.85 2524.29 2527.27 2527.44 2529.14 2529.31 2529.84 2533.14 2535.61 2537.17 2537.46 2540.97 2542.10 2543.92 2545.98 2549.61 2576.69 2584.54 2599.57

gi

11 9 11 11 7 9 7 9 11 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 9 5 3 9 7 3 7 1 3 5 3 9 3 9 9 11 9 7 7 7 5 5 3 9 3 13 7 5 5 3 11 1 13 9 3 11 9 5 7 11 11 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 13 11 5 9 5 9 11 11 13 3 7 9 7 3 5 5 11 5 3 9 9 3 9 3 5 7 5 9 5 11 7 9 11 9 9 5 7 3 5 9 1 13 7 5 7 3 11 3 15 11 5 13 11 7 9 11 13 9

8

λ –1

5.89E-02 1.89E-01 1.23E-01 4.81E-01 1.10E-01 5.85E-01 1.64E-01 4.35E-01 2.40E-01 2.36E-02 7.21E-02 2.10E-01 1.30E+00 2.75E-02 6.13E-01 3.05E-01 2.10E-01 1.74E+00 4.80E+00 2.09E-01 2.26E+00 2.94E-02 1.47E-01 6.40E-01 4.20E+00 2.31E+00 8.72E-02 3.44E+00 2.91E+00 3.25E-01 8.89E-02 2.15E-01 6.75E-01 3.69E-02 2.56E-01 2.04E-01 1.93E-01 1.29E+00 1.58E-01 1.93E+00 1.34E-01 2.13E+00 3.23E+00 3.46E-01 1.93E+00 9.91E-01 4.86E+00 3.83E-01 2.07E-01 9.59E-01 3.70E+00 3.19E-02 9.59E-01 4.47E+00 4.70E+00 7.16E-01 2.31E-01 1.13E-01 3.15E-01 1.47E-01

Å 2606.83 2609.22 2618.02 2623.53 2632.24 2635.72 2635.81 2641.03 2641.64 2644.00 2656.15 2662.06 2666.81 2666.97 2669.49 2679.02 2679.06 2689.21 2689.83 2697.02 2699.11 2701.91 2702.45 2706.01 2706.58 2708.57 2710.54 2711.66 2716.26 2716.42 2718.44 2719.03 2719.06 2719.42 2720.90 2723.58 2724.95 2726.06 2728.02 2728.82 2731.28 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2737.64 2742.25 2742.41 2743.57 2744.07 2744.53 2750.14 2753.69 2754.03 2755.18 2756.33 2757.32 2761.78 2762.03 2767.52 2769.30

Weights gi

9 7 7 7 5 11 5 9 9 3 13 7 11 9 11 9 11 9 7 7 9 9 13 13 7 9 5 9 9 11 5 9 7 11 7 5 7 3 9 9 5 11 9 3 13 7 5 7 1 5 7 3 5 11 3 3 5 7 9 13

11 7 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 5 15 5 9 11 13 11 11 7 9 9 9 7 11 13 5 9 7 11 9 9 3 7 7 11 5 3 9 1 9 9 7 9 7 3 11 5 5 7 3 3 7 1 5 9 5 3 5 7 9 13

gk

A 108 s–1 2.43E-01 4.60E-01 1.50E-01 2.13E-01 1.21E-01 4.29E-02 2.11E-01 7.71E-02 6.47E-02 2.34E-01 1.63E-01 4.64E-02 8.91E-02 5.16E-02 1.34E-01 1.10E-01 1.50E-01 1.68E-01 3.04E-02 3.51E-02 5.59E-02 1.05E-01 4.23E-02 2.28E-01 2.69E-01 6.49E-01 5.99E-02 4.99E-02 3.70E-02 4.96E-02 3.79E-01 1.42E+00 7.40E-01 3.20E-01 1.04E+00 5.69E-01 4.76E-02 5.52E-01 3.45E-02 2.98E-01 6.84E-02 7.10E-01 5.03E-01 7.25E-01 1.14E-01 3.41E-01 4.70E-01 4.84E-02 3.09E-01 2.53E-01 2.74E-01 4.00E-01 7.29E-02 5.13E-02 1.41E-01 2.85E-01 1.94E-01 1.76E-01 1.48E-01 1.80E-01

5/4/05 8:07:41 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2772.07 2772.11 2778.22 2780.70 2784.34 2787.93 2788.10 2789.80 2797.78 2803.61 2804.52 2804.86 2806.98 2812.04 2813.29 2823.28 2825.56 2832.44 2834.75 2838.12 2843.63 2843.98 2845.59 2851.80 2853.77 2863.43 2868.45 2877.30 2883.75 2887.81 2892.48 2894.50 2895.03 2899.41 2901.91 2907.52 2908.86 2918.02 2919.84 2920.69 2923.29 2923.85 2925.36 2929.01 2929.12 2936.90 2947.36 2947.88 2948.43 2953.49 2953.94 2954.65 2957.36 2957.48 2959.99 2960.66 2965.25 2966.90 2968.48 2970.10

Section 10.indb 111

gi

11 5 11 9 11 9 11 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 3 7 9 5 9 11 11 9 5 7 5 11 9 7 13 9 5 11 11 7 7 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 5 3 5 11 11 1 9 3 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 7 11 9 11 11 13 9 9 9 9 7 11 9 11 7 9 9 11 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 3 9 11 13 9 5 7 3 11 11 9 13 11 5 11 11 9 5 9 9 5 7 9 7 5 7 3 3 13 9 3 11 3 5

8

10-111 λ

–1

2.34E-02 4.12E-02 9.08E-02 9.01E-02 2.30E-02 2.27E-02 5.92E-01 2.36E-01 4.52E-02 1.04E-01 1.05E-01 2.40E-01 1.15E-01 5.00E-02 3.42E-01 1.51E-01 1.32E-01 2.38E-01 5.41E-02 1.28E-01 6.96E-02 3.17E-01 7.86E-02 3.37E-01 5.91E-02 4.13E-02 1.45E-01 4.61E-02 2.91E-02 7.98E-02 8.78E-02 4.83E-01 4.24E-02 4.68E-01 1.78E-01 1.61E-01 8.98E-02 1.18E+00 7.44E-02 6.38E-02 1.39E+00 2.97E-01 1.69E-01 5.10E-02 1.53E+00 1.40E-01 9.30E-02 1.83E-01 3.32E-01 3.64E-01 1.89E-01 1.06E-01 1.77E-01 1.31E-01 5.02E-01 8.48E-02 1.16E-01 2.72E-01 8.26E-02 1.08E-01

Å 2973.13 2973.24 2976.13 2980.53 2981.45 2981.85 2982.23 2983.57 2987.29 2990.39 2994.43 2996.39 2999.51 3000.45 3000.95 3003.03 3004.11 3005.30 3007.15 3008.14 3009.09 3009.57 3011.48 3015.92 3016.18 3018.98 3019.29 3020.49 3020.64 3021.07 3024.03 3025.64 3025.84 3026.46 3030.15 3031.64 3037.39 3040.43 3041.64 3041.74 3042.02 3042.66 3047.60 3053.07 3055.26 3057.45 3059.09 3060.54 3066.48 3067.00 3067.12 3067.24 3068.17 3073.98 3075.72 3078.43 3079.99 3083.74 3091.58 3098.19

gi

5 7 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 7 3 11 9 5 7 11 13 9 3 13 9 7 11 5 7 9 5 9 7 3 13 1 5 11 3 3 9 7 7 3 5 5 3 7 11 7 9 9 11 5 9 5 11 7 1 9 5 3 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 7 7 5 9 7 7 7 11 5 5 11 11 3 5 11 15 7 1 11 9 9 9 3 7 11 5 9 7 5 13 3 5 11 3 5 11 9 9 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 7 7 13 7 7 3 9 5 3 11 3 1 11

8

λ –1

1.35E-01 1.83E-01 9.70E-02 1.66E-01 6.53E-02 1.86E-01 3.47E-02 2.79E-01 5.25E-02 3.5E-01 4.39E-01 1.70E-01 1.70E-01 5.41E-02 6.42E-01 7.50E-02 2.79E-02 2.94E-02 7.34E-02 1.07E+00 7.77E-02 1.43E-01 3.79E-01 6.3E-02 8.85E-02 1.03E-01 2.33E-02 1.94E-01 7.59E-01 4.55E-01 4.87E-02 5.86E-01 3.48E-01 1.10E-01 5.04E-01 1.38E-01 2.91E-01 2.45E-02 4.24E-02 5.20E-02 4.70E-02 5.20E-02 2.84E-01 1.53E-01 9.48E-02 3.13E-01 1.63E-01 6.75E-02 9.11E-02 1.71E-01 3.89E-02 3.12E-01 1.11E-01 3.83E-02 3.14E-01 1.52E-01 8.35E-02 3.08E-01 5.53E-01 7.52E-02

Å 3099.89 3099.97 3100.30 3100.67 3100.84 3101.00 3112.08 3119.49 3120.44 3125.68 3132.52 3142.45 3142.89 3143.99 3145.06 3147.79 3153.20 3154.50 3156.27 3157.04 3157.89 3160.66 3161.95 3165.86 3166.44 3171.35 3175.44 3178.01 3180.22 3181.52 3182.06 3182.97 3188.57 3188.82 3190.65 3190.82 3192.80 3193.30 3194.42 3196.12 3196.93 3199.53 3202.56 3205.40 3210.23 3210.83 3211.61 3211.99 3214.01 3214.06 3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3219.80 3221.92 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99

Weights gi

3 9 5 7 13 9 11 11 9 13 9 7 5 9 9 7 7 5 7 9 5 9 11 7 9 9 11 11 7 7 9 5 11 3 9 9 3 5 5 11 9 9 9 3 9 5 9 11 7 7 5 11 7 9 3 11 11 9 5 9

3 9 5 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 7 7 5 9 9 7 9 7 7 11 7 9 13 9 7 7 11 9 9 5 9 7 11 5 11 9 5 7 3 9 11 9 7 3 11 3 9 9 7 5 5 9 9 7 3 11 13 7 3 11

gk

A 108 s–1 1.93E-01 8.23E-02 1.87E-01 1.35E-01 2.73E-02 5.53E-02 5.24E-02 8.28E-02 7.26E-02 8.46E-02 3.39E-01 3.93E-02 5.65E-02 6.10E-01 4.65E-02 7.59E-02 7.91E-02 4.64E-02 6.36E-01 1.26E-01 1.61E-01 1.93E-01 4.65E-02 5.35E-02 1.14E-01 1.85E-01 1.44E-01 1.28E-01 4.42E-01 1.84E-01 3.23E-02 1.42E-01 5.00E-02 2.53E-01 5.75E-02 5.55E-02 5.01E-01 3.07E-01 1.08E-01 1.40E-01 5.97E-01 2.23E-01 6.18E-02 9.77E-01 1.15E-01 9.24E-01 3.07E-02 4.64E-01 8.38E-01 1.18E+00 6.19E-01 1.50E-01 4.64E-01 3.61E-01 1.22E-01 8.65E-01 1.18E+00 4.96E-01 3.72E-01 1.06E-01

5/4/05 8:07:43 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-112 λ Å 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3239.43 3244.19 3246.96 3248.20 3250.76 3252.91 3253.60 3254.36 3257.23 3257.59 3259.99 3264.51 3265.62 3271.00 3271.48 3280.26 3282.89 3284.59 3286.75 3290.99 3292.02 3292.59 3298.13 3305.97 3306.34 3306.35 3307.23 3310.34 3310.49 3314.74 3319.25 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3335.77 3336.26 3337.67 3340.56 3341.91 3342.29 3347.93 3354.06 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3383.69 3383.98 3392.30 3392.65 3394.58 3399.33 3402.26 3403.29 3404.35 3406.44

Section 10.indb 112

gi

5 7 13 9 9 9 5 7 11 9 7 11 9 7 7 5 7 5 7 9 3 5 7 3 7 3 3 5 9 3 13 11 7 5 9 9 5 11 3 9 11 5 11 3 5 1 9 9 11 7 5 7 5 7 5 5 13 5 5 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 5 15 9 9 11 3 7 11 11 9 13 9 5 9 3 5 3 7 11 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 7 9 5 13 11 9 7 9 11 5 11 5 9 9 5 11 3 5 3 9 9 11 7 3 7 5 7 3 5 13 7 7 5

8

λ –1

2.06E-01 3.7E-01 4.19E-01 2.08E-01 2.95E-01 3.06E-01 1.09E-01 1.92E-01 2.85E-02 2.20E-02 1.62E-01 4.24E-01 4.76E-02 8.94E-02 2.99E-02 1.01E-01 3.06E-01 6.4E-01 8.47E-02 4.21E-01 3.42E-01 5.64E-02 5.99E-01 7.58E-02 5.77E-01 3.0E-01 9.01E-02 4.05E-01 5.74E-01 4.84E-01 1.97E-01 3.78E-02 6.17E-02 7.25E-01 3.73E-02 8.21E-02 2.8E-01 2.21E-01 7.48E-02 4.91E-02 6.06E-02 4.95E-02 3.02E-02 9.42E-02 4.91E-02 1.34E-01 2.59E-01 2.15E-01 2.89E-01 1.66E-01 8.33E-02 6.52E-02 9.93E-02 1.88E-01 8.70E-02 2.76E-01 2.19E-01 3.98E-02 1.09E-01 2.7E-01

Å 3406.80 3407.46 3410.17 3411.35 3413.13 3415.53 3417.84 3418.51 3422.66 3424.28 3425.01 3426.63 3426.67 3427.12 3428.19 3431.81 3440.61 3440.99 3443.88 3445.15 3447.28 3450.33 3451.91 3458.30 3459.91 3465.86 3468.84 3469.01 3475.45 3475.65 3476.34 3476.85 3485.34 3489.67 3490.57 3495.29 3497.10 3500.56 3505.06 3506.50 3508.47 3513.82 3516.41 3516.56 3521.26 3522.27 3522.90 3523.31 3524.07 3524.24 3526.17 3526.24 3526.38 3526.47 3526.67 3527.79 3529.82 3530.39 3533.01 3533.20

gi

3 7 3 9 5 3 3 3 3 7 9 5 11 7 5 5 9 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 9 5 7 7 7 5 11 7 9 7 7 5 5 9 11 7 7 9 11 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 5 5 9 3 13 1 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 9 5 9 7 5 3 1 5 7 7 3 11 9 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 3 11 9 5 5 7 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 3 5 11 11 9 5 9 11 7 3 5 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 3 13 3 5

8

λ –1

2.08E-01 6.09E-01 5.07E-01 6.0E-02 3.23E-01 4.64E-02 4.01E-01 9.88E-01 1.38E-01 1.61E-01 2.57E-01 1.94E-01 1.07E-01 5.04E-01 1.71E-01 5.53E-02 1.71E-01 1.24E-01 7.92E-02 2.34E-01 1.07E-01 2.34E-01 1.13E-01 2.92E-01 2.17E-01 1.19E-01 2.61E-02 8.58E-02 9.75E-02 8.61E-02 2.70E-01 3.21E-02 1.30E-01 7.47E-02 6.14E-02 9.46E-02 9.02E-02 5.28E-02 1.77E-01 7.35E-02 6.46E-02 3.40E-02 3.6E-02 6.82E-02 6.14E-02 5.03E-02 3.51E-02 1.06E-01 9.9E-02 5.04E-02 4.14E-02 1.70E-01 4.13E-01 1.29E-01 5.26E-01 2.17E-01 7.75E-01 4.65E-02 8.52E-01 8.25E-01

Å 3534.53 3536.56 3537.73 3537.89 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3545.64 3547.19 3552.11 3552.83 3553.74 3554.50 3554.92 3556.88 3558.52 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.82 3568.97 3570.10 3572.00 3572.59 3573.39 3573.83 3573.89 3575.11 3575.25 3575.37 3576.76 3578.38 3581.19 3581.65 3581.81 3582.20 3584.66 3584.79 3584.96 3585.19 3585.32 3585.71 3586.11 3586.74 3586.98 3587.24 3588.53 3588.61 3588.92 3589.45 3594.63 3595.30 3597.02 3599.63 3602.46 3602.53 3603.20 3603.82

Weights gi

11 5 5 11 7 9 7 3 9 9 3 5 11 3 11 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 11 9 11 9 5 13 9 3 11 5 11 1 11 11 3 13 11 7 11 11 7 9 13 13 5 7 9 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 7 7 11 3

11 7 3 11 9 11 9 5 9 9 5 5 9 5 13 11 7 3 9 9 7 9 9 11 11 9 7 13 7 3 9 5 9 3 13 9 5 11 11 5 9 9 7 9 11 13 5 9 7 11 3 7 9 5 3 9 7 5 11 3

gk

A 108 s–1 2.20E-02 9.95E-01 1.33E-01 8.0E-02 9.48E-02 8.65E-01 9.51E-01 1.6E-01 2.05E-01 7.13E-02 4.8E-02 1.74E-01 1.09E+00 9.87E-02 1.40E+00 4.1E-01 1.77E-01 2.2E-01 7.4E-02 4.29E-01 8.34E-02 6.72E-02 4.64E-02 6.76E-01 2.89E-01 3.31E-02 1.05E-01 2.41E-02 5.73E-01 1.60E-01 7.43E-02 3.06E-01 8.8E-02 7.82E-02 1.02E+00 3.21E-02 8.68E-02 2.35E-01 3.29E-01 1.56E-01 6.74E-01 3.19E-02 1.17E-01 3.75E-02 7.02E-01 3.62E-02 1.66E-01 7.73E-02 7.21E-02 1.19E-01 2.15E-01 1.05E-01 3.14E-01 8.21E-02 1.8E-01 2.33E-01 1.02E-01 2.12E-01 2.59E-01 1.70E-01

5/4/05 8:07:45 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3605.45 3605.50 3606.68 3608.14 3608.86 3610.16 3610.69 3612.07 3613.44 3617.79 3618.30 3618.39 3618.77 3621.46 3621.72 3622.00 3623.19 3625.14 3630.35 3631.10 3631.46 3632.04 3632.56 3633.07 3634.33 3636.22 3637.87 3638.30 3640.39 3644.80 3645.07 3645.82 3647.42 3647.84 3649.51 3650.03 3650.28 3651.47 3655.46 3659.52 3664.54 3666.24 3667.25 3668.21 3669.15 3669.52 3670.02 3670.09 3674.76 3676.31 3677.31 3677.63 3682.17 3682.24 3684.11 3684.14 3686.00 3687.46 3687.66 3688.46

Section 10.indb 113

gi

9 13 11 9 3 13 5 11 7 5 11 9 5 9 11 7 13 11 9 11 7 3 11 9 9 5 9 7 9 7 9 1 3 9 11 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 9 9 3 11 5 9 5 7 7 5 9 9 9 11 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 13 11 5 13 3 13 7 7 9 9 7 11 9 7 13 9 7 11 9 5 9 11 7 7 9 9 11 5 9 3 3 11 9 7 11 9 5 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 5 13 3 11 7 5 5 5 7 7 11 9 9 9

8

10-113 λ

–1

4.66E-01 2.12E-01 8.29E-01 6.22E-02 8.13E-01 5.90E-01 1.05E-01 1.11E-01 7.0E-02 7.09E-01 4.89E-02 8.88E-02 7.22E-01 4.45E-01 1.07E-01 5.14E-01 6.68E-02 8.15E-02 1.04E-01 2.15E-01 5.17E-01 6.74E-01 5.69E-02 3.54E-02 1.05E-01 2.20E-01 5.9E-02 2.36E-01 3.57E-01 8.3E-02 2.91E-02 4.87E-01 3.38E-01 2.91E-01 3.94E-01 2.26E-01 6.15E-02 5.83E-01 1.18E-01 6.31E-02 4.68E-02 3.87E-02 1.3E-01 3.2E-02 8.03E-02 2.34E-01 8.60E-02 7.20E-02 7.91E-02 4.63E-02 2.28E-01 6.08E-01 1.04E-01 1.5E+00 2.97E-01 9.29E-02 3.34E-01 8.00E-02 7.38E-02 7.3E-02

Å 3689.46 3690.45 3690.73 3694.01 3695.05 3697.43 3698.60 3699.14 3701.09 3702.03 3703.55 3703.69 3703.82 3704.46 3707.92 3709.25 3711.22 3711.41 3716.44 3718.41 3719.93 3721.50 3722.56 3724.38 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3727.81 3730.39 3730.46 3730.95 3732.40 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3743.47 3744.10 3745.56 3746.93 3748.26 3748.96 3749.49 3753.61 3756.94 3757.45 3758.23 3759.15 3760.05 3760.53 3762.20 3763.79 3765.54 3765.70 3767.19 3778.51 3779.45

gi

9 1 11 5 7 7 5 5 7 3 7 9 1 11 7 9 7 3 9 7 9 5 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 7 5 5 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 11 5 5 7 3 9 9 7 11 5 7 13 13 3 9 5 13 11 3 7 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 3 11 7 9 7 7 7 9 1 7 11 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 7 11 5 5 7 5 7 5 5 11 9 7 5 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 11 3 7 7 5 11 9 5 11 3 7 11 15 5 11 5 15 11 3 5 3

8

λ –1

3.70E-01 1.22E-01 2.99E-01 8.35E-01 2.01E-01 1.94E-01 3.6E-02 4.9E-02 6.35E-01 3.7E-01 3.84E-02 6.31E-02 1.02E-01 1.42E-01 3.32E-01 1.56E-01 3.62E-02 1.28E-01 3.49E-01 5.17E-02 1.62E-01 1.94E-01 4.97E-02 1.04E-01 4.57E-01 1.71E-01 2.24E-01 1.91E-01 9.73E-02 3.09E-02 3.50E-02 2.69E-01 9.01E-01 2.70E-01 1.41E-01 3.44E-01 1.3E-01 6.75E-02 2.60E-01 6.05E-01 3.17E-01 1.15E-01 2.33E-01 9.15E-02 1.48E-01 7.63E-01 1.22E-01 2.2E-01 8.26E-02 6.34E-01 4.55E-02 4.47E-02 5.50E-02 2.4E-02 5.44E-01 9.51E-01 2.36E-02 6.39E-01 1.17E-01 1.05E-01

Å 3781.94 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3789.18 3789.82 3793.48 3794.34 3795.00 3797.51 3798.51 3799.55 3801.68 3801.98 3802.28 3804.01 3805.34 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3808.73 3810.76 3812.96 3813.06 3813.88 3815.84 3816.34 3817.64 3819.49 3820.43 3821.18 3821.83 3825.88 3827.82 3829.45 3833.31 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3845.70 3845.99 3846.41 3846.80 3849.97 3852.57 3854.37 3856.37 3859.21 3859.91 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.67

Weights gi

5 11 5 5 3 9 9 7 9 5 13 9 7 5 11 5 11 9 3 11 3 9 5 7 7 13 9 5 11 7 11 11 5 9 7 3 9 7 5 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 7 3 7 9 7 13 9 3 5 11 5 11 7 9

7 13 5 5 5 11 7 7 11 7 13 11 9 7 13 5 9 11 3 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 7 7 11 5 9 13 5 7 5 3 9 5 5 9 3 3 7 7 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 11 5 9 7 7

gk

A 108 s–1 3.8E-02 4.14E-02 1.3E-01 9.9E-02 1.29E-01 2.16E-02 4.1E-02 7.92E-02 4.15E-02 1.15E-01 4.57E-01 3.23E-02 7.31E-02 6.26E-02 3.7E-02 5.63E-02 4.6E-02 8.60E-01 2.5E-01 4.35E-01 9.37E-02 3.54E-02 1.94E-01 7.91E-02 5.52E-02 6.62E-02 1.12E+00 4.16E-02 7.7E-02 4.9E-02 6.67E-01 5.54E-01 7.30E-02 5.97E-01 1.05E+00 1.32E-01 4.68E-02 4.52E-01 3.29E-01 2.35E-01 4.70E-01 1.36E+00 3.70E-01 5.89E-02 4.5E-02 1.68E-01 6.20E-01 6.05E-01 3.26E-02 5.07E-02 4.64E-02 7.25E-02 9.69E-02 1.55E-01 3.16E-01 5.83E-02 1.05E-01 6.57E-02 7.72E-02 7.02E-02

5/4/05 8:07:47 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-114 λ Å 3878.73 3883.28 3884.36 3885.51 3886.28 3887.05 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3894.01 3897.89 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3907.93 3909.66 3911.00 3916.73 3918.42 3918.64 3919.07 3925.64 3925.94 3926.01 3928.08 3931.12 3932.63 3933.60 3935.81 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3947.53 3948.10 3948.77 3949.95 3951.16 3952.60 3953.15 3955.34 3956.46 3956.68 3957.02 3960.28 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3970.39 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3977.74 3981.77 3983.96 3985.39 3989.86 3996.96

Section 10.indb 114

gi

3 7 11 3 7 9 5 5 3 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 3 9 13 3 7 9 5 1 7 9 5 9 3 5 5 3 9 5 7 11 7 3 11 7 3 13 11 5 5 3 9 7 9 3 11 5 3 5 9 9 5 5 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 5 7 9 5 3 3 11 5 13 7 7 9 7 5 5 9 11 1 7 9 5 3 7 9 7 11 5 5 5 5 11 5 9 9 5 5 11 9 3 11 13 7 7 5 7 9 7 1 9 7 5 5 9 7 5 7 9

8

λ –1

5.34E-01 1.28E-01 3.99E-02 7.26E-02 5.29E-02 3.52E-02 2.50E-01 1.95E-01 2.71E-01 1.00E-01 1.03E-01 6.20E-02 7.9E-02 2.14E-01 7.61E-02 7.05E-02 6.67E-02 5.7E-02 2.68E-02 9.83E-02 4.22E-01 1.17E-01 3.72E-02 8.04E-02 1.67E-01 7.26E-02 5.64E-02 4.8E-02 2.70E-02 5.92E-02 1.14E-01 9.1E-02 9.62E-02 3.91E-02 5.12E-02 1.31E-01 2.08E-01 4.79E-02 4.29E-01 2.97E-02 2.97E-02 1.5E-01 1.76E-01 1.22E-01 1.67E-01 4.10E-02 1.5E-01 1.52E-01 6.09E-02 2.26E-01 3.9E-01 4.97E-02 5.81E-02 1.20E-01 6.41E-02 3.57E-02 5.72E-02 8.53E-02 5.3E-02 7.95E-02

Å 3997.39 3998.05 4005.24 4006.31 4009.71 4014.53 4017.15 4018.27 4021.87 4024.73 4030.49 4030.89 4031.96 4040.64 4043.90 4044.61 4045.59 4045.81 4054.87 4058.22 4062.44 4063.59 4067.98 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4074.79 4076.63 4076.80 4079.17 4080.21 4084.49 4085.00 4085.30 4085.98 4098.18 4107.49 4109.80 4112.96 4118.55 4125.62 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4142.59 4143.41 4143.87 4149.37 4153.90 4154.50 4154.81 4156.80 4157.78 4158.79 4170.90 4172.12 4172.64

gi

9 11 7 11 3 9 9 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 9 9 5 9 3 7 9 7 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 11 3 7 7 7 5 3 11 11 9 11 1 5 3 5 3 3 9 7 11 7 5 9 5 5 3 5 7 11

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 5 9 5 7 11 7 9 9 11 7 5 7 7 3 7 9 3 7 3 7 9 5 5 3 9 9 7 5 1 9 5 7 5 7 3 3 13 13 11 11 3 7 5 7 5 5 9 9 13 9 3 11 5 7 5 5 5 11

8

λ –1

1.26E-01 5.70E-02 2.04E-01 5.1E-02 4.64E-02 1.53E-01 3.25E-02 3.44E-02 8.55E-02 8.09E-02 1.04E-01 5.02E-02 7.6E-02 4.8E-02 8.69E-02 8.17E-02 7.39E-02 8.62E-01 9.61E-02 4.47E-02 1.85E-01 6.65E-01 1.51E-01 1.1E-01 7.64E-01 1.68E-01 3.43E-02 1.32E-01 3.81E-02 5.4E-02 2.3E-01 8.66E-02 4.7E-02 8.92E-02 5.1E-02 7.49E-02 1.74E-01 1.51E-01 1.1E-01 4.96E-01 9.9E-02 4.2E-02 1.43E-01 1.18E-01 7.70E-02 1.25E-01 2.75E-01 7.5E-02 2.70E-01 1.33E-01 4.23E-02 2.05E-01 2.64E-01 1.40E-01 1.20E-01 2.18E-01 1.6E-01 6.29E-02 9.80E-02 2.24E-02

Å 4175.64 4181.75 4182.38 4184.89 4187.04 4187.80 4191.43 4195.33 4196.21 4198.25 4198.30 4198.63 4199.10 4200.92 4202.03 4203.94 4203.98 4210.34 4217.55 4219.36 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4227.43 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4245.26 4246.09 4247.43 4250.12 4250.79 4260.47 4267.83 4271.15 4271.76 4276.68 4282.40 4294.12 4299.23 4307.90 4309.03 4315.08 4325.76 4327.10 4369.77 4383.55 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4422.57 4433.22 4443.19 4455.03 4466.55 4469.38 4476.02 4484.22

Weights gi

3 5 5 5 7 9 5 11 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 3 3 3 11 7 9 3 5 11 3 9 7 1 7 9 5 7 11 1 7 9 9 7 9 9 7 13 5 5 5 9 9 7 7 7 5 3 5 1 9 5 5 3 7

5 7 5 5 5 7 3 11 7 9 9 5 11 9 9 13 5 3 5 13 7 11 5 7 13 5 9 9 3 5 11 7 7 11 3 9 11 9 5 9 11 9 13 5 7 5 9 11 7 7 9 7 3 3 3 7 7 7 5 9

gk

A 108 s–1 1.14E-01 2.32E-01 5.04E-02 1.03E-01 2.15E-01 1.52E-01 2.73E-01 1.11E-01 1.09E-01 1.47E-01 8.03E-02 1.25E-01 4.92E-01 6.25E-02 8.22E-02 2.97E-02 7.37E-02 1.48E-01 2.46E-01 2.88E-01 5.76E-02 1.06E-01 6.81E-02 1.65E-01 5.29E-01 1.85E-01 1.88E-01 2.41E-01 9.0E-02 5.85E-02 1.94E-01 2.07E-01 1.02E-01 3.99E-01 8.17E-02 1.82E-01 2.28E-01 2.6E-02 1.21E-01 3.12E-02 1.29E-01 3.38E-01 1.96E-02 7.76E-02 5.16E-01 1.12E-01 6.09E-02 5.00E-01 1.03E-01 6.4E-02 2.75E-01 1.19E-01 8.72E-02 2.1E-01 1.02E-01 4.1E-02 1.20E-01 1.59E-01 1.01E-01 5.04E-02

5/4/05 8:07:49 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 4485.68 4494.56 4528.61 4547.85 4556.13 4619.29 4638.01 4654.61 4667.45 4673.16 4678.85 4736.77 4789.65 4800.65 4859.74 4871.32 4872.14 4878.21 4890.76 4891.49 4903.31 4918.99 4920.50 4957.30 4957.60 4966.09 4973.10 4978.60 4985.25 4988.95 5001.86 5006.12 5014.94 5021.59 5022.24 5048.44 5068.77 5074.75 5090.77 5121.64 5137.38 5139.25 5139.46 5184.27 5191.46 5192.34 5208.59 5215.18 5226.86 5232.94 5235.39 5242.49 5263.31 5266.56 5273.16 5281.79 5283.62 5302.30 5324.18 5339.93

Section 10.indb 115

gi

3 5 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 7 11 9 13 11 3 5 5 7 9 11 7 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 11 7 9 5 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 13 5 7 1 5 7 3 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 9 7 5 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 7 9 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 11 11 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 5 5 9 5 9 7 3 7 5 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 3 7 7 5 9 7

8

10-115 λ

–1

1.1E-01 3.45E-02 5.44E-02 4.48E-02 1.05E-01 5.2E-02 3.37E-02 3.68E-02 6.03E-02 3.81E-02 4.97E-02 4.78E-02 4.57E-02 3.01E-02 1.62E-01 2.44E-01 2.54E-01 1.21E-01 2.25E-01 3.08E-01 6.58E-02 1.79E-01 3.58E-01 1.18E-01 4.22E-01 3.31E-02 1.1E-01 1.19E-01 1.48E-01 5.2E-02 3.7E-01 5.87E-02 2.64E-01 6.18E-02 2.4E-01 4.88E-02 3.37E-02 1.4E-01 1.9E-01 7.9E-02 1.0E-01 9.16E-02 8.69E-02 3.8E-02 2.32E-01 1.34E-01 6.23E-02 1.10E-01 1.36E-01 1.94E-01 3.75E-02 2.38E-02 6.36E-02 1.10E-01 8.12E-02 5.00E-02 1.02E-01 9.04E-02 2.06E-01 6.36E-02

Å 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5393.17 5398.28 5404.15 5410.91 5415.20 5463.28 5473.90 5476.29 5476.56 5563.60 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5594.66 5602.95 5615.64 5624.54 5633.95 5638.26 5649.99 5655.18 5658.82 5662.52 5679.02 5686.53 5705.99 5753.12 5762.99 5816.37 5905.67 6301.50 6400.00 6411.65 6419.95 6469.19 6496.47 6569.22 6633.75 6841.34 6855.16 7187.32 7511.02 8220.38 8699.45 9012.07 9401.11 9414.04 9443.80 9569.91 9626.50 9738.57 9763.38 9861.74 9889.04

gi

5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 9 9 3 11 5 11 9 3 7 7 11 5 9 7 3 5 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 7 5 7 9 11 13 7 11 9 7 5 11 9 11 3 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 11 9 13 9 5 11 9 13 9 7 9 9 7 3 5 1 7 9 3 9 5 13 7 5 9 7 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 3 5 9 7 7 3 5 9 7 7 9 11 11 11 9 9 11 9 7 11 9 13 5 9 11

8

λ –1

5.59E-01 7.13E-01 7.22E-01 3.7E-02 7.81E-01 4.91E-02 9.0E-02 6.92E-01 6.33E-01 7.67E-01 2.9E-01 5.2E-02 2.87E-02 8.70E-02 3.4E-02 2.34E-01 2.28E-01 2.5E-01 2.19E-01 5.20E-02 1.00E-01 2.64E-01 7.41E-02 7.7E-02 4.4E-02 5.1E-02 4.7E-02 4.34E-02 6.18E-02 3.7E-02 6.71E-02 6.1E-02 8.26E-02 9.6E-02 4.49E-02 1.1E-01 6.43E-02 9.27E-02 4.43E-02 1.2E-01 8.3E-02 7.8E-02 6.0E-02 3.44E-02 3.4E-02 2.86E-02 8.36E-02 1.35E-01 1.69E-01 4.08E-02 4.46E-02 2.64E-02 3.98E-02 6.39E-02 2.50E-02 4.51E-02 7.64E-02 5.42E-02 5.49E-02 2.22E-02

Å

Weights gi

22473.28 23566.67 24547.95 24729.10

11 9 11 13

11 11 9 11

Fe II 1055.26 1063.97 1068.35 1071.58 1096.88 1112.05 1121.97 1122.84 1125.45 1127.10 1128.05 1130.44 1133.40 1133.67 1138.63 1142.37 1143.23 1144.94 1147.41 1148.28 1151.15 1267.42 1272.61 1272.65 1371.02 1563.79 1580.63 1588.69 1608.45 1608.54 1610.92 1611.20 1618.47 1621.25 1621.69 1623.09 1625.52 1625.91 1629.16 1631.13 1633.91 1634.35 1635.40 1636.33 1637.40 1639.40 1641.76 1647.16 1661.32 1663.70 1670.75 1676.86 1688.40 1702.04

10 10 8 6 10 10 10 8 10 10 2 6 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 14 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 10 2 6 6 10 6 10 8 6 10

8 8 8 8 8 12 8 6 8 10 4 8 10 8 8 8 10 12 8 10 8 6 4 4 12 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 8 8 8 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 3.32E-02 2.21E-02 3.72E-02 5.08E-02 4.6E-01 3.5E-01 1.59E+00 1.14E+00 2.26E+00 2.0E-01 1.92E+00 1.81E+00 1.03E+00 5.9E-02 1.40E+00 3.1E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E-01 5.5E-01 2.6E-01 9.8E-01 3.52E+00 1.24E+00 3.35E+00 2.23E+00 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 2.2E-01 1.74E+00 1.33E+00 5.8E-01 4.9E-03 1.91E+00 2.1E-02 1.94E-01 4.40E-02 5.53E-01 1.3E-02 1.32E+00 1.99E-01 4.04E-01 1.02E-01 8.66E-01 6.93E-01 3.85E-01 3.21E-01 2.28E+00 9.63E-01 3.57E-01 6.85E-01 1.76E+00 4.98E-01 1.2E-02 9.9E-03 1.06E+00 6.75E-02 2.53E-02 1.02E+00

5/4/05 8:07:51 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-116 λ Å 1761.37 1785.27 1786.75 1788.08 1796.98 1818.52 1833.08 1863.11 2020.75 2057.33 2074.19 2078.16 2097.02 2122.45 2146.37 2162.02 2182.36 2187.68 2189.03 2191.98 2201.59 2208.41 2209.03 2213.66 2218.26 2220.38 2228.73 2249.18 2250.18 2250.94 2251.56 2253.13 2254.41 2255.77 2260.08 2260.24 2260.86 2262.69 2266.00 2267.59 2268.56 2268.82 2279.92 2292.42 2296.88 2312.22 2327.40 2327.88 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2338.54 2343.50 2343.96 2344.28 2345.34 2348.12 2348.30 2351.20 2351.67

Section 10.indb 116

gi

8 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 6 6 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 6 10 10 14 8 12 6 10 4 6 8 8 4 6 10 2 4 4 6 6 2 8 8 12 6 10 6 10 10 8 4 10 10 8 2 14 10 6 12 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 8 10 8 14 10 12 8 8 4 6 6 8 2 4 10 2 6 4 6 8 4 8 10 10 8 8 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 10 6

8

λ –1

1.42E+00 1.2E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 3.0E-03 5.70E-02 2.2E-02 2.4E-03 1.83E-01 2.80E-02 2.30E-02 2.84E-02 1.07E-02 4.8E-03 7.1E-03 2.54E-01 8.6E-02 2.87E-02 1.97E-02 7.54E-01 7.77E-01 1.59E+00 1.27E+00 3.26E-01 1.57E+00 4.19E-01 1.59E+00 3.00E-02 1.67E-02 3.19E-02 9.8E-03 4.41E-02 5.5E-03 4.75E-01 3.18E-02 3.4E-02 2.16E-02 1.98E-02 1.0E-02 3.69E-02 6.0E-03 3.97E-03 4.49E-02 8.42E-03 1.82E-02 9.3E-03 6.55E-01 1.08E+00 3.17E-01 1.31E+00 1.13E+00 5.6E-02 1.73E+00 3.13E-01 9.27E-01 7.3E-01 6.50E-01 1.15E+00 7.19E-01 1.80E+00

Å 2352.31 2353.47 2353.68 2354.48 2354.89 2356.21 2359.11 2359.60 2360.00 2360.29 2360.53 2361.73 2362.02 2363.86 2364.83 2365.76 2366.59 2366.88 2368.60 2369.95 2370.50 2372.36 2373.74 2375.19 2376.43 2378.55 2378.70 2379.28 2379.42 2380.76 2382.04 2382.36 2382.90 2383.06 2383.24 2384.39 2385.01 2388.39 2388.63 2390.10 2390.76 2391.48 2394.00 2395.42 2395.63 2396.72 2399.24 2400.05 2401.29 2402.45 2402.60 2402.63 2404.43 2404.89 2406.09 2406.66 2410.27 2410.52 2411.07 2411.81

gi

2 12 8 10 6 6 4 10 10 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 10 4 12 8 8 8 10 6 10 4 12 8 6 4 6 10 8 14 6 8 12 6 8 10 6 12 6 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4 2 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 14 8 8 4 8 6 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 4 12 4 8 10 2 14 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 6 6 4 8 12 8 16 6 10 10 4 10 12 6 14 8 10 8 8 2 8 8 4 8 6 2 12

8

λ –1

4.38E+00 4.98E+00 1.30E+00 8.13E-01 2.67E-01 7.1E-03 5.0E-01 2.25E-01 3.59E-01 6.23E-01 2.22E-01 2.40E-01 1.41E-01 5.3E+00 5.90E-01 2.16E+00 1.01E-01 3.51E-02 6.06E-01 5.9E+00 1.73E-01 6.6E-03 4.25E-01 9.81E-01 6.4E+00 1.70E-01 1.49E-01 2.73E-01 3.68E-01 3.10E-01 3.13E+00 3.19E-02 1.62E-01 1.0E-01 3.59E-01 3.22E-01 3.60E-02 2.02E-01 1.05E+00 5.5E+00 1.17E+00 3.77E-02 9.4E-02 2.67E-01 2.59E+00 2.15E-01 1.39E+00 4.57E+00 1.89E+00 5.8E-01 2.17E-02 8.19E-01 6.44E-01 1.96E+00 2.05E-02 1.61E+00 7.65E-01 1.55E+00 2.37E+00 4.33E+00

Å 2412.01 2413.31 2414.10 2414.51 2416.45 2417.87 2418.17 2418.44 2419.89 2422.69 2422.93 2423.21 2424.15 2424.39 2424.50 2424.59 2424.65 2428.08 2428.36 2428.80 2429.04 2429.39 2429.86 2430.08 2432.26 2432.87 2433.50 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2434.95 2435.00 2436.62 2439.30 2440.42 2441.13 2442.38 2443.71 2444.52 2445.11 2445.57 2445.80 2446.11 2446.47 2447.21 2447.33 2447.76 2449.96 2450.21 2453.98 2454.58 2455.71 2455.90 2457.10 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2463.28

Weights gi

6 2 14 10 8 12 6 6 10 6 10 4 10 6 8 6 8 12 8 4 2 4 8 8 6 14 10 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 6 10 10 8 6 12 4 4 8 12 6 4 12 4 2 8 14 8 4 6 10 6 10 6 8 12

8 4 12 8 10 12 8 8 10 8 8 6 12 8 8 6 8 10 10 4 4 4 8 10 8 14 12 6 10 12 6 8 8 14 8 10 12 10 8 12 6 6 8 14 6 2 10 4 4 10 12 8 6 4 12 4 12 8 10 10

gk

A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 1.02E+00 1.05E-02 4.2E-03 2.38E+00 9.5E-01 2.0E-02 2.28E+00 2.2E-02 1.46E+00 2.94E-02 1.40E+00 2.21E+00 1.61E-01 2.9E-03 1.24E+00 6.55E-02 7.0E-03 2.68E+00 1.38E+00 1.23E+00 6.9E-01 1.51E+00 1.91E+00 1.57E+00 2.86E+00 1.30E-01 7.2E-01 2.01E+00 2.79E+00 1.39E+00 2.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.25E+00 1.18E+00 8.95E-01 2.75E+00 1.44E+00 2.78E+00 2.03E+00 2.07E+00 1.23E+00 1.06E+00 2.99E-01 1.15E+00 2.56E+00 1.97E+00 1.24E+00 1.26E+00 1.31E+00 1.16E+00 1.01E+00 1.73E+00 4.71E-01 2.31E+00 2.51E+00 5.39E+00 2.34E+00 2.43E+00 7.1E-01

5/4/05 8:07:54 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2464.01 2464.91 2465.91 2466.50 2466.67 2466.82 2468.30 2469.37 2469.52 2470.41 2470.67 2470.85 2471.28 2472.61 2473.32 2475.12 2475.54 2476.27 2477.35 2478.57 2480.16 2481.05 2482.12 2482.33 2482.66 2482.87 2483.72 2484.24 2484.44 2489.11 2489.48 2489.83 2490.71 2490.86 2491.40 2492.34 2493.26 2493.88 2494.12 2497.68 2497.82 2500.92 2501.35 2502.39 2503.33 2503.54 2503.57 2503.88 2506.09 2506.80 2508.34 2510.57 2511.76 2513.15 2514.38 2517.14 2519.05 2521.09 2521.82 2525.39

Section 10.indb 117

gi

10 6 8 2 4 6 10 10 8 6 8 8 10 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 12 14 4 12 6 8 4 8 4 12 12 10 8 10 10 14 6 12 10 6 6 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 2 8 6 8 14

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 2 4 10 8 6 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 14 4 10 4 10 6 8 4 12 12 12 8 8 12 16 6 10 12 6 8 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 4 6 4 8 14

8

10-117 λ

–1

1.32E+00 2.22E+00 1.62E+00 2.40E+00 2.64E+00 1.77E+00 9.8E-02 2.23E-02 2.58E+00 6.0E-01 1.54E+00 5.4E-03 4.15E-01 3.22E+00 2.74E+00 3.72E+00 3.18E+00 9.7E-02 1.70E-01 9.1E-01 1.55E+00 1.46E-01 6.5E-01 2.23E+00 1.25E+00 1.69E+00 5.4E-01 8.3E-02 2.16E+00 2.6E-02 5.1E-01 1.94E+00 1.44E+00 8.8E-01 1.01E+00 2.30E-01 3.04E+00 1.74E+00 2.97E-02 8.4E-03 1.68E+00 2.41E+00 1.48E+00 1.43E+00 7.3E-01 3.32E-01 2.53E-01 2.23E+00 9.9E-01 1.98E+00 3.79E-01 1.54E-01 2.30E+00 2.49E-01 2.11E+00 9.2E-01 2.10E+00 2.05E+00 2.36E+00 1.91E+00

Å 2525.92 2526.08 2526.29 2527.10 2527.71 2528.68 2529.08 2529.23 2529.55 2530.10 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36 2535.49 2536.67 2536.81 2536.84 2537.14 2538.21 2538.40 2538.50 2538.68 2538.91 2538.99 2539.81 2540.52 2540.66 2541.10 2541.84 2542.32 2542.74 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2545.53 2546.67 2547.34 2548.16 2548.32 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.57 2550.68 2551.20 2554.94 2555.07 2555.45 2557.08 2557.51 2559.24 2559.77

gi

8 10 6 12 10 10 4 12 10 4 12 8 6 10 12 10 12 10 14 6 8 6 10 14 8 2 6 8 8 4 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 8 6 4 8 10 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 8 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 12 8 4 8 12 10 14 10 12 8 6 8 8 12 8 2 8 6 6 2 2 12 4 6 10 10 10 8 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 6 10 8 8 8

8

λ –1

7.4E-01 3.52E-01 2.47E+00 3.67E-01 9.1E-01 2.3E-02 1.80E+00 3.27E-01 2.20E+00 6.6E-01 1.92E+00 1.83E+00 2.46E+00 7.47E-01 5.7E-01 1.69E+00 6.8E-01 1.44E+00 1.26E+00 3.7E-02 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 1.28E+00 1.93E+00 5.6E-02 1.26E+00 1.70E+00 9.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.9E-03 1.61E+00 6.7E-01 8.3E-01 3.93E-01 5.3E-01 1.52E-01 1.2E-02 7.98E-01 2.28E-01 8.0E-03 2.69E-01 2.67E-01 2.43E+00 6.0E-01 1.89E+00 1.65E+00 1.12E+00 2.35E-01 1.74E+00 3.91E-01 1.6E-02 1.07E+00 2.48E-01 2.6E-02 1.96E-01 2.49E-01 2.8E-02 1.53E-01 6.4E-02 2.42E-01

Å 2559.93 2560.28 2561.59 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.62 2566.91 2568.41 2568.89 2569.78 2570.55 2570.85 2571.55 2572.97 2573.21 2573.76 2574.37 2576.86 2577.43 2577.92 2580.72 2581.11 2582.41 2582.58 2583.05 2583.35 2585.62 2585.88 2586.06 2587.95 2588.19 2588.80 2590.55 2591.54 2592.79 2593.73 2594.96 2595.28 2595.30 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2604.67 2605.04 2605.31 2605.43 2605.90 2606.52 2607.09 2608.85 2609.13 2609.44 2609.87 2611.07 2611.34 2611.87 2613.57

Weights gi

6 4 10 4 8 6 8 8 10 4 2 8 2 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 10 6 2 8 6 6 4 8 8 10 10 6 8 2 8 4 6 14 2 8 12 10 8 10 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 10 8 6 8 4 8 8 10

8 4 10 2 6 4 10 6 12 2 4 8 4 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 12 8 2 6 6 8 4 10 10 10 8 4 10 2 8 6 6 16 4 8 10 8 6 10 8 10 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 12

gk

A 108 s–1 2.47E-01 1.77E+00 1.1E-02 1.62E+00 1.79E+00 1.51E+00 2.61E+00 2.29E+00 7.1E-02 1.15E+00 4.77E-01 2.8E-02 1.11E+00 1.1E-03 1.84E+00 2.89E-02 7.89E-02 1.42E-01 2.3E-02 2.43E+00 1.32E+00 7.8E-03 1.24E+00 2.2E-02 7.61E-02 2.22E-01 8.80E-01 2.16E-02 9.0E-03 3.09E-01 8.94E-01 5.8E-02 1.69E+00 1.5E-01 8.4E-02 7.9E-02 5.72E-01 2.74E+00 1.63E-01 1.0E-01 1.67E-03 1.2E-02 1.43E+00 2.35E+00 1.49E-01 1.2E-02 2.34E+00 1.99E+00 3.40E-01 1.27E+00 2.31E+00 1.73E+00 5.0E-02 2.77E-01 6.0E-02 1.34E-01 7.28E-02 1.4E-02 1.20E+00 2.0E-02

5/4/05 8:07:56 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-118 λ Å 2613.82 2614.19 2614.59 2614.87 2617.62 2619.08 2620.17 2620.41 2620.70 2621.67 2623.13 2623.72 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2626.70 2628.29 2628.58 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.70 2637.50 2637.64 2639.57 2641.12 2642.01 2646.21 2649.47 2650.48 2651.30 2652.57 2654.63 2657.92 2658.25 2659.06 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2670.38 2671.39 2680.23 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2684.96 2686.11 2686.39 2691.74 2692.60 2692.83 2693.86 2697.33 2697.46 2697.73

Section 10.indb 118

gi

4 8 10 8 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 8 2 6 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 12 6 6 12 10 4 10 8 10 2 8 6 4 2 6 2 6 8 4 8 12 6 6 10 10 8 8 4 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 8 6 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 10 8 8 12 8 4 10 8 10 2 10 8 6 4 8 4 8 10 6 10 12 6 4 8 12 6 6 4 2 8

8

λ –1

2.12E+00 3.3E-02 3.37E-02 3.5E-02 4.88E-01 2.48E-01 1.1E-01 4.30E-02 3.43E-01 5.60E-01 8.8E-02 1.92E-01 2.55E+00 3.52E-01 3.48E-01 1.94E-02 8.74E-01 3.4E-02 7.2E-01 5.1E-01 8.16E-01 6.29E-01 6.6E-01 1.21E+00 8.8E-02 6.2E-01 6.6E-01 8.0E-01 3.7E-02 2.29E-01 1.44E-02 1.98E+00 1.60E+00 4.0E-03 4.45E-02 8.1E-01 3.2E-02 2.12E-01 2.5E-03 1.33E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+00 1.02E+00 5.2E-01 6.0E-02 6.5E-01 1.10E-01 9.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.57E+00 6.4E-03 9.4E-03 1.6E-02 5.04E-02 1.40E+00 1.64E-02 4.2E-02 2.48E-01 1.65E+00 2.6E-02

Å 2699.20 2703.99 2704.58 2707.13 2709.06 2709.38 2709.99 2711.84 2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.44 2716.57 2716.70 2717.88 2718.64 2719.30 2721.81 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2726.52 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.01 2732.45 2732.94 2736.49 2736.97 2739.55 2741.39 2743.20 2744.90 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2750.01 2751.13 2752.15 2753.29 2754.89 2755.74 2756.51 2757.03 2759.33 2761.81 2762.33 2762.45 2763.66 2763.91 2764.79 2765.13 2767.50 2768.93 2769.15 2769.35

gi

4 8 8 4 4 6 6 12 10 8 6 6 14 8 16 10 6 12 8 6 6 6 12 6 8 4 10 10 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 6 2 10 4 4 10 8 8 6 10 8 2 6 6 14 8 12 10 12 4 8 12

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 8 8 6 6 4 8 14 12 6 6 6 12 8 14 8 8 10 8 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 8 10 6 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 10 4 4 12 6 10 8 8 8 4 6 4 12 6 12 8 14 6 10 14

8

λ –1

6.2E-01 1.38E+00 1.66E-02 8.3E-01 3.88E-01 2.78E-03 8.7E-03 4.36E-01 1.29E-01 5.70E-01 1.15E+00 2.8E-02 1.35E+00 1.02E-03 1.51E+00 1.18E+00 4.44E-01 5.1E-02 1.42E-01 8.2E-01 9.58E-02 5.0E-02 3.12E-01 9.38E-01 1.25E-01 2.79E-01 7.05E-02 9.8E-04 9.5E-01 1.5E-02 1.22E+00 2.21E+00 2.03E-01 1.97E+00 3.62E-02 2.05E+00 1.69E+00 1.21E+00 2.16E+00 1.16E+00 1.8E-02 2.92E-01 7.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.21E+00 2.15E+00 7.3E-02 8.07E-02 2.7E-04 1.38E-01 6.0E-01 3.3E-02 1.34E+00 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 1.47E+00 1.58E+00 4.75E-02 6.6E-02 2.07E-01

Å 2770.50 2771.19 2771.56 2772.73 2774.69 2775.34 2776.18 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.05 2783.69 2784.28 2785.19 2787.24 2790.56 2793.89 2796.63 2797.92 2799.29 2799.72 2804.02 2805.32 2805.79 2809.78 2811.27 2812.49 2813.61 2817.09 2819.34 2826.03 2827.43 2828.63 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2836.19 2836.51 2837.30 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.34 2840.65 2840.76 2841.36 2842.08 2843.32 2843.48 2844.96 2845.60 2847.21 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2848.91 2849.61 2852.87 2853.21 2855.67

Weights gi

12 10 6 6 2 6 6 8 10 2 2 12 2 12 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 8 12 12 4 6 4 4 2 10 4 10 8 12 2 10 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 6 6 12 10 2 6 8

10 12 4 8 4 6 8 8 8 4 2 10 4 10 6 10 12 10 10 8 10 6 6 8 8 10 4 10 4 12 6 14 10 6 6 6 4 4 12 2 8 10 12 4 12 10 8 10 6 2 6 6 4 6 4 10 12 4 6 10

gk

A 108 s–1 4.08E-02 4.3E-02 1.9E-02 1.1E-03 2.73E-01 1.5E-04 2.66E-02 4.08E-01 1.00E+00 2.56E-01 3.3E-01 1.06E+00 3.4E-02 1.53E+00 1.83E-01 2.1E-02 1.26E-01 2.0E-01 3.2E-02 1.55E-01 5.0E-03 1.6E-02 2.5E-02 3.22E-02 3.10E-01 1.2E-02 2.9E-02 3.40E-02 3.37E-01 9.7E-03 4.5E-02 2.4E-02 6.9E-02 7.6E-01 4.55E-01 5.1E-01 5.4E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-02 8.6E-01 1.47E+00 5.8E-01 7.7E-02 7.6E-01 1.49E-01 4.3E-03 1.5E-02 1.40E-02 9.6E-02 5.5E-01 1.57E+00 1.7E-04 5.1E-01 9.9E-01 1.59E+00 5.3E-02 4.6E-02 1.65E-02 2.3E-02 9.2E-02

5/4/05 8:07:58 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2856.15 2856.38 2856.91 2857.17 2857.42 2858.34 2861.17 2864.97 2868.87 2869.16 2869.31 2869.70 2870.61 2871.06 2871.13 2872.38 2873.40 2875.35 2876.80 2879.25 2880.76 2883.71 2884.76 2885.93 2886.24 2887.31 2888.10 2892.83 2894.78 2895.22 2897.27 2902.32 2902.46 2906.12 2907.86 2910.76 2916.15 2917.08 2917.47 2922.02 2926.59 2934.49 2939.51 2944.40 2945.26 2947.65 2949.18 2953.77 2954.05 2959.60 2959.84 2961.28 2964.13 2964.62 2965.03 2965.41 2968.74 2969.94 2970.52 2970.69

Section 10.indb 119

gi

10 6 8 6 6 10 4 8 6 8 4 8 8 10 12 10 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 12 6 4 4 10 8 6 6 10 2 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 8 8 8 4 8 2 4 6 8 8 4 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 8 8 6 12 4 8 6 10 6 6 10 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 14 8 12 10 4 6 6 12 10 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 4 2 6 4 8 8 8 6 6 2 6 2 4 4 10 6 6 8

8

10-119 λ

–1

5.0E-02 4.42E-01 1.32E+00 1.22E-01 2.0E-02 4.85E-01 1.7E-03 4.3E-02 7.3E-03 1.4E-02 4.04E-01 1.1E-02 7.5E-03 2.2E-02 3.0E-02 1.70E-01 4.56E-01 1.35E-01 9.56E-02 3.6E-02 2.21E-02 1.48E-01 2.46E-01 3.8E-02 6.9E-03 1.9E-02 6.1E-02 1.8E-03 5.7E-02 1.09E-01 1.8E-01 8.81E-03 3.2E-02 4.4E-02 1.3E-03 1.5E-02 4.8E-04 2.7E-02 1.4E-03 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.6E-03 4.0E-03 3.5E-01 5.6E-04 2.01E-01 2.45E-01 5.2E-02 1.2E-02 9.7E-02 1.36E-01 8.9E-03 4.6E-02 6.5E-02 9.43E-02 1.1E-02 2.4E-03 2.28E-01 2.70E-02 4.15E-02

Å 2975.94 2978.85 2979.35 2980.96 2982.06 2984.82 2985.54 2997.30 2998.85 3000.06 3002.32 3002.65 3004.26 3020.01 3021.42 3036.96 3044.84 3048.99 3056.80 3062.24 3065.32 3070.69 3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3089.38 3096.29 3101.89 3105.17 3105.55 3106.57 3114.30 3114.69 3116.58 3129.01 3131.72 3133.05 3135.36 3144.75 3146.75 3154.20 3155.95 3162.80 3163.09 3166.67 3167.86 3170.34 3177.53 3179.50 3180.15 3183.11 3185.32 3186.74 3187.30 3192.07 3192.91 3193.80 3193.86 3196.07

gi

2 10 2 6 4 6 2 6 6 8 6 4 8 12 8 6 8 4 14 12 6 10 2 4 14 6 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 2 6 8 12 4 6 8 10 10 10 8 6 6 8 4 8 6 4 4 2 4 10 8 6 2 8 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 10 4 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 8 6 8 10 6 6 10 4 12 10 6 8 4 6 12 8 8 8 8 2 2 8 4 4 4 10 10 6 6 6 10 10 8 8 6 4 8 2 8 8 6 6 4 4 10 10 6 2 8 8

8

λ –1

9.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.61E-02 1.1E-02 2.41E-01 4.29E-01 2.39E-01 8.6E-02 4.2E-03 3.0E-02 2.0E-02 1.79E-01 8.6E-03 6.4E-04 3.8E-03 2.22E-01 1.2E-02 3.84E-01 1.7E-02 1.36E-01 2.9E-02 1.28E-02 2.59E-01 3.75E-01 1.35E-01 5.5E-01 2.2E-02 1.9E-02 9.1E-03 7.5E-02 7.0E-02 1.88E-02 6.4E-02 2.5E-02 5.5E-02 2.3E-03 6.6E-03 1.5E-02 8.8E-02 2.7E-02 4.9E-06 2.06E-01 4.17E-03 5.5E-02 1.92E-03 1.4E-03 1.59E-01 8.2E-03 1.74E-01 1.11E-01 7.7E-02 9.80E-03 3.00E-03 3.85E-02 5.0E-02 5.2E-03 1.27E-02 5.4E-02 3.86E-02 1.61E-02

Å 3210.44 3211.08 3213.31 3227.74 3231.71 3232.78 3237.40 3237.82 3241.69 3243.72 3247.17 3247.39 3255.89 3257.36 3258.77 3259.05 3266.94 3267.04 3268.51 3269.77 3273.49 3276.60 3277.35 3279.64 3281.29 3285.41 3289.35 3295.23 3295.82 3297.88 3302.86 3303.46 3304.43 3313.99 3323.06 3325.01 3360.11 3366.97 3381.01 3388.14 3395.33 3398.36 3416.02 3425.57 3436.11 3442.22 3453.62 3456.92 3463.96 3464.50 3468.68 3475.74 3487.99 3493.47 3494.67 3495.62 3499.88 3503.47 3507.40 3508.20

Weights gi

2 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 8 10 4 8 8 8 6 8 10 8 8 10 8 6 8 10 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 2 6 2 8 8 12 8 6 8 8 14 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 4 10 8 2 2 2

4 8 6 8 8 6 4 4 8 8 6 8 8 6 8 10 10 10 6 8 8 8 10 10 6 2 8 8 4 4 8 2 8 4 10 8 12 6 4 10 8 14 2 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 8 8 6 10 6 8 8 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.63E-02 2.1E-03 6.12E-02 8.9E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-02 1.8E-02 6.8E-02 1.9E-03 5.1E-02 7.1E-02 6.0E-03 2.78E-03 1.5E-03 9.39E-02 6.7E-02 4.5E-03 2.0E-04 6.8E-03 5.2E-03 8.5E-03 1.0E-02 3.31E-03 5.8E-03 2.31E-03 4.5E-04 2.1E-02 3.6E-03 2.04E-03 1.0E-02 2.78E-04 6.5E-04 2.0E-03 1.4E-04 1.4E-02 3.35E-03 2.1E-03 2.2E-02 3.0E-02 3.8E-04 3.66E-03 2.5E-03 2.6E-03 2.1E-04 5.7E-03 3.2E-03 8.5E-03 7.1E-03 7.6E-05 2.2E-03 2.0E-02 1.7E-04 1.7E-04 3.2E-02 7.1E-04 2.62E-03 4.29E-03 2.6E-04 4.1E-04 1.2E-04

5/4/05 8:08:00 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-120 λ Å 3614.88 3621.27 3624.89 3632.29 3711.98 3748.48 3759.46 3814.12 3824.93 3827.08 3906.04 3914.50 3935.96 3938.29 3938.97 3945.21 3974.17 4024.55 4075.95 4087.28 4122.67 4124.79 4128.75 4173.46 4178.86 4180.98 4233.17 4258.15 4273.33 4296.57 4303.18 4351.77 4369.41 4384.32 4385.39 4413.60 4416.83 4472.93 4489.18 4491.41 4508.29 4515.34 4520.22 4522.63 4534.17 4541.52 4549.19 4549.47 4555.89 4576.34 4582.84 4583.84 4620.52 4629.34 4635.32 4656.98 4666.76 4670.18 4720.15 4731.45

Section 10.indb 120

gi

8 2 2 10 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 2 12 2 10 2 6 8 4 4 6 10 6 4 4 4 8 8 6 6 10 8 10 6 6 8 6 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 2 10 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 8 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 4 10 2 10 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 10 8 6 10 8 6 8

8

λ –1

4.2E-03 2.2E-02 2.4E-02 1.2E-03 1.5E-03 3.4E-02 3.2E-02 4.9E-03 3.2E-05 2.5E-03 1.1E-02 4.6E-05 8.3E-03 6.1E-05 8.4E-03 3.9E-05 6.3E-05 2.5E-03 1.6E-05 3.0E-05 3.3E-04 3.4E-05 2.6E-04 4.43E-03 1.72E-03 2.2E-04 7.22E-03 3.1E-04 9.1E-04 7.0E-04 2.20E-03 4.86E-03 2.3E-04 7.2E-05 4.5E-03 2.2E-05 2.1E-03 2.5E-04 5.9E-04 1.89E-03 7.3E-03 2.37E-03 9.8E-04 8.4E-03 2.3E-04 8.6E-04 9.2E-03 1.00E-02 2.26E-03 6.4E-04 3.44E-04 7.22E-03 2.53E-04 1.72E-03 1.0E-02 1.37E-04 1.3E-04 3.2E-05 7.5E-06 2.8E-04

Å 4833.20 4840.00 4893.82 4923.93 4990.51 4993.36 5000.74 5001.96 5018.44 5030.63 5035.71 5100.66 5132.67 5136.80 5144.35 5149.47 5169.03 5197.58 5227.48 5234.62 5247.95 5251.23 5262.48 5264.18 5264.81 5272.40 5276.00 5284.11 5306.18 5316.22 5316.62 5316.78 5325.55 5387.06 5395.86 5402.06 5414.07 5425.26 5427.83 5429.99 5465.93 5482.31 5493.83 5506.19 5510.78 5525.12 5529.05 5534.85 5544.76 5607.14 5627.50 5725.96 5783.63 5813.68 5823.15 5824.41 5885.01 5902.83 5955.70 5961.71

gi

12 10 8 6 6 10 2 12 6 10 10 10 10 6 4 8 6 6 12 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 10 6 6 14 12 8 8 12 6 10 8 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 10 6 12 12 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

10 8 6 4 8 8 4 14 6 10 12 8 10 4 6 10 8 4 14 6 6 8 6 10 4 6 8 8 8 14 10 6 8 14 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 12 10 14 12 8 6 10 12 8 6 6 10 4 10 6 6 10 8 12

8

λ –1

4.6E-06 4.0E-06 2.5E-05 4.28E-02 5.2E-01 6.9E-05 1.8E-05 1.57E+00 2.0E-02 7.1E-01 9.4E-01 2.0E-05 2.0E-05 2.8E-05 8.5E-01 9.0E-01 4.22E-02 5.4E-03 1.22E+00 2.5E-03 1.43E+00 8.0E-01 8.0E-07 4.76E-01 3.52E-04 3.9E-03 3.76E-03 1.9E-04 3.28E-01 3.69E-01 3.89E-03 6.5E-04 8.0E-04 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 5.6E-01 9.4E-05 9.2E-05 5.9E-03 6.0E-01 6.2E-01 4.78E-01 4.01E-01 1.14E+00 2.28E-01 3.17E-05 2.01E-01 3.0E-04 2.49E-01 4.63E-05 2.93E-05 5.1E-06 4.62E-01 8.8E-04 2.0E-04 8.3E-07 6.4E-01 4.98E-01 4.19E-01 7.4E-01

Weights

Å

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5965.62 5991.38 6084.11 6113.32 6129.70 6147.74 6149.26 6175.15 6179.38 6238.39 6239.95 6247.56 6305.30 6331.95 6369.46 6383.72 6416.92 6432.68 6446.41 6456.38 6516.08 7222.39 7224.49 7301.56 7320.65 7449.33 7462.41 7479.69 7515.83 7711.72

10 12 10 8 10 4 2 8 8 4 2 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 6 6 4 6 6 8 8

10 10 8 6 10 2 2 8 6 4 4 4 10 8 4 6 6 6 10 6 8 2 2 6 4 6 6 8 6 8

2.19E-01 4.2E-05 3.0E-05 1.7E-05 3.2E-06 1.3E-03 1.3E-03 1.8E-03 4.6E-04 7.5E-04 1.1E-04 1.6E-03 1.4E-03 1.8E-03 1.40E-04 1.1E-03 3.6E-04 8.5E-05 1.3E-03 1.7E-03 8.3E-05 2.5E-04 2.8E-04 2.1E-05 1.4E-04 1.68E-04 2.7E-04 3.5E-05 8.1E-05 4.94E-04

Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32 1987.50

9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7 13

7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7 13

4.8E+00 4.9E+00 5.5E+00 5.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 5.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.1E+00 5.3E+00 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 5.5E+00 5.3E+00 4.9E+00 5.1E+00 4.9E+00

Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512

5 7 9 7 9 5 5

7 9 11 7 9 7 5

1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.6E+03 2.2E+02 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 5.3E+02

5/4/05 8:08:02 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379

7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9

Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601

4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6

3.6E+02 4.3E+02 4.5E+02 3.8E+02 3.0E+03 3.1E+03 2.0E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 9.4E+02

Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534 175.266

2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4 2

2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6 4

1.8E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 1.8E+03 1.7E+03 2.9E+03 2.9E+03 2.1E+03 2.6E+03 1.7E+03 2.1E+03 1.8E+03 1.72E+03

Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733

5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9

7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11

2.9E+03 1.5E+03 1.6E+03 2.6E+03 2.5E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 2.8E+03 4.1E+03

Section 10.indb 121

7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7

8

10-121

3.9E+02 2.4E+02 8.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.2E+02 3.5E+02 8.8E+02 7.7E+02 9.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.0E+03 1.8E+03 2.3E+02 6.9E+02 2.8E+03 2.9E+03 3.6E+03 2.7E+03 2.4E+03 1.5E+03 1.7E+02 1.3E+02 2.1E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762

9 11 9 5

11 13 11 7

3.7E+03 3.9E+03 3.2E+03 1.67E+03

Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119

4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6

2.0E+03 1.7E+03 1.6E+03 1.1E+03 1.4E+03 1.7E+03 8.7E+02 1.4E+03 1.9E+03 4.5E+03 4.9E+03 5.2E+03 4.0E+03 2.3E+03 3.4E+03 4.6E+03 1.0E+03 9.0E+02 9.1E+02 8.6E+02

Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384

1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5

2.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.3E+03 3.9E+03 2.1E+03 1.0E+03 7.7E+02 2.1E+03 6.3E+03 5.5E+03 1.8E+03

Fe XIV 58.963 59.579 69.176 69.386 69.66 69.66 70.251 70.613 72.80 76.022 76.152 91.009 91.273 188 190 207 211.316 213 214 216

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 4 10 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6

4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 12 6 8 4 2 6 8 2 4 2 2 8

2.7E+03 3.1E+03 5.6E+02 7.6E+02 8.9E+02 1.3E+03 8.1E+02 1.7E+03 7.9E+03 6.6E+03 7.0E+03 5.1E+02 5.6E+02 2.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.1E+02 3.6E+02 2.8E+02 4.0E+02 1.7E+02

Weights

Å

gi

8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 8 4

gk

A 108 s–1

217 217 219 219 219.123 220 221 226 234 264.787 265 266 268 268 270.524 274.203 280 283 288.45

6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

4.0E+02 2.6E+02 4.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.9E+02 3.2E+02 5.9E+02 3.9E+02 2.8E+02 3.38E+02 1.5E+02 1.7E+02 2.1E+02 3.3E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.8E+02 2.7E+02 1.6E+02

Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790 248 284.160

1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 3 1

3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5 1 3

1.69E+03 2.94E+03 3.4E+03 1.6E+03 3.2E+02 9.8E+02 1.6E+03 9.2E+03 1.9E+03 7.4E+03 7.9E+03 8.8E+03 4.13E+03 2.6E+02 1.7E+03 8.8E+03 6.2E+03 2.2E+02 2.5E+02 2.4E+02 2.3E+02 4.2E+02 5.4E+02 2.28E+02

Fe XVI 31.041 31.242 32.166 32.192 32.433 32.652 34.857 35.106 35.333 35.368 36.01 36.749 36.803 37.096

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 2 4 2 6

5.2E+02 6.1E+02 6.8E+02 6.7E+02 7.7E+02 9.1E+02 1.23E+03 1.44E+03 6.4E+02 6.8E+02 5.0E+02 1.1E+03 1.2E+03 1.0E+03

5/4/05 8:08:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-122 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

37.138 39.827 40.153 40.161 40.199 40.245 41.91 42.30 46.661 46.718 50.350 50.555 54.142 54.728 54.769 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256 96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0

6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6

Fe XVII 11.023 12.123 12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11

2.1E+04 8.0E+04 5.9E+04 3.0E+03 3.5E+03 3.3E+04 3.4E+03 2.28E+05 6.0E+04 8.29E+03 9.33E+03 4.8E+03 4.0E+03 6.0E+03 1.2E+04

Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56

5 5 3 5 3

3 7 1 7 5

1.3E+04 4.8E+04 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 1.0E+04

Section 10.indb 122

8 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8

8

1.07E+03 2.1E+03 2.5E+03 4.1E+02 1.7E+03 1.8E+03 4.72E+02 9.2E+02 3.46E+03 3.7E+03 1.86E+03 1.98E+03 3.41E+03 4.16E+03 6.97E+02 1.05E+03 2.18E+03 9.39E+03 1.00E+04 6.69E+02 6.7E+02 7.72E+02 5.2E+02 5.4E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 8.7E+02 9.3E+02 3.93E+02 3.9E+02 5.9E+02 7.0E+02 1.6E+03 1.6E+03 6.5E+02 3.9E+02 4.3E+02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1

8

λ –1

13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668

3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3

8.0E+04 2.3E+04 2.7E+05 2.2E+04 1.0E+04 7.0E+04 1.4E+04 4.51E+04 2.0E+04 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 1.2E+04 2.5E+04 2.2E+04 1.4E+04 1.1E+04

Fe XX 12.67 12.69 12.73 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.90 12.92 12.93 12.93 12.98 12.99 13.00 13.01 13.03 13.07 13.13 13.24 13.28 13.70 13.71 13.78 13.79 13.83 13.90 13.98 13.99 14.05 14.23

6 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2

6 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2

1.0E+04 1.2E+04 4.0E+04 2.1E+05 6.9E+04 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.1E+05 2.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.2E+03 1.4E+05 1.7E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+04 6.7E+04 5.1E+04 1.1E+04 3.0E+04 8.6E+04 8.2E+03 8.9E+04 1.2E+04 6.1E+03 1.1E+04 9.9E+03 1.0E+04 1.2E+04 9.8E+03 1.2E+04 1.6E+04 2.2E+04 1.7E+04 6.3E+03

Fe XXI 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.64

3 3 3 5 1 5 5

1 5 3 7 3 3 7

1.8E+04 6.1E+03 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.1E+04 6.5E+03 1.5E+04

Weights

Å 8.65 8.66 8.74 9.42 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.52 9.58 9.59 9.67 9.68 9.74 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.19 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.00 13.03 13.14 13.41

5 5 1 3 3 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 1

Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922

4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4

gi

7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1 3.9E+04 4.4E+03 2.5E+04 4.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.7E+04 5.2E+04 1.5E+04 4.9E+04 6.1E+03 8.1E+03 5.2E+03 1.0E+04 5.7E+04 4.0E+03 5.3E+03 1.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.2E+04 6.4E+03 1.5E+05 1.2E+05 2.1E+05 5.2E+04 2.1E+05 3.6E+04 3.1E+05 6.9E+03 5.8E+04 1.3E+04 1.3E+04 1.5E+04 7.2E+04 8.2E+03 6.2E+03 7.2E+03 1.3E+04 2.0E+04 7.3E+03 5.5E+04 5.7E+04 5.3E+04 6.9E+04 8.3E+04 5.1E+04 1.2E+05 1.6E+05 1.8E+05 1.6E+05 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 1.7E+05 7.9E+04 2.3E+05 1.7E+05 1.3E+05 8.2E+04 1.8E+05

5/4/05 8:08:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053 12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325

6 2 6 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 2

Fe XXIII 7.733 7.849 8.307 8.529 8.550 8.552 8.614 8.664 8.669 8.672 8.752 8.764 8.814 10.902 10.910 10.927 10.934 10.979 11.018 11.086 11.165 11.255 11.298 11.325 11.338 11.429 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.491 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.615 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898

5 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 1

7 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 7 5 5 1 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 7 7 5 3 7 5 5 3

3.0E+04 4.9E+04 4.8E+04 4.3E+04 6.0E+04 3.2E+04 7.7E+04 4.4E+04 6.1E+04 6.8E+04 1.2E+05 4.6E+04 6.2E+04 5.3E+04 6.7E+04 6.0E+04 5.4E+04 7.9E+04 4.9E+04 6.5E+04 6.7E+04 3.7E+04 1.3E+05 1.7E+05 9.3E+04 1.7E+05 1.2E+05 2.2E+05 5.6E+04 1.40E+05 5.9E+04 1.16E+05 2.16E+05 2.3E+05 3.58E+05 1.0E+05 4.4E+04 7.7E+04 7.3E+04 1.8E+05 2.03E+05

Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858

2 2 4 2 2

2 4 2 2 4

1.0E+05 4.82E+06 2.43E+06 3.06E+06 1.2E+05

Section 10.indb 123

8 4 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2

8

10-123

5.9E+04 6.9E+04 2.4E+05 9.7E+04 6.1E+04 1.0E+05 2.4E+05 7.8E+04 7.2E+04 9.9E+04 1.5E+05

Å 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171

4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4

Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730 1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038

1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3

8

λ –1

6.24E+06 3.16E+06 5.47E+06 1.91E+06 2.14E+06 1.63E+06 3.5E+05 3.2E+05 2.0E+05 1.5E+05 8.3E+04 9.7E+04 9.8E+04 6.10E+04 7.07E+04 7.28E+04 7.51E+04 1.84E+05 2.18E+05 2.54E+05 5.05E+05 1.24E+06 1.5E+05 8.7E+04 4.69E+06 2.57E+06 1.19E+06 2.68E+06 1.63E+06 1.78E+06 1.23E+06 4.10E+06 2.59E+06 4.92E+06 2.81E+06 2.67E+06 2.22E+06 8.8E+05 1.0E+05 8.6E+04 4.1E+05 5.9E+05 4.57E+06 4.42E+05 8.08E+04

Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5

3.16E+00 3.12E+00 2.6E-02 3.2E-02 8.4E-03 5.6E-02 2.0E-02 4.4E-03 9.7E-03 7.8E-03

Weights

Å

gi

3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

2.3E-02 9.2E-03 2.8E-03 2.1E-02 3.7E-03 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.4E-02 5.1E-01 3.1E-01 4.9E-01 5.6E-02 2.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 3.7E-01

Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3 4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0

4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6

4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

1.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.6E-01 7.6E-01 5.4E-01 8.1E-01 7.1E-01 6.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.2E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 7.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.4E-02 7.0E-02

1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5

3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5

5.2E-02 1.2E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.8E-01 5.0E-01 2.7E-01 1.9E+00 3.1E-02 9.8E-04 7.1E-01

Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2

5/4/05 8:08:09 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-124 λ Å 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0

5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3

8

λ –1

1.6E+00 2.6E-01 5.8E-01 3.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.4E-01 4.4E-01 1.5E+00 7.3E-01 3.5E-02 8.9E-01 9.2E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-01 1.9E-01 8.9E-03

Lithium Li I *2741.2 *3232.7 *4602.9 *6103.6 *6707.8

2 2 6 6 2

6 6 10 10 6

1.3E-02 1.17E-02 2.23E-01 6.860E-01 3.691E-01

4 4 6 6 4

4 6 4 6 4

2.23E+00 5.9E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.1E-01

Mg I 2025.8 *2779.8 *2850.0 2852.1 *3094.9 3329.9 3332.2 3336.7 *3835.3 4703.0 5167.3 5172.7 5183.6 5528.4

1 9 9 1 9 1 3 5 9 3 1 3 5 3

3 9 15 3 15 3 3 3 15 5 3 3 3 5

8.4E-01 5.2E+00 2.3E-01 4.95E+00 5.2E-01 3.3E-02 9.7E-02 1.6E-01 1.68E+00 2.55E-01 1.16E-01 3.46E-01 5.75E-01 1.99E-01

Mg II 1239.9 1240.4 *2660.8 2790.8 2795.5 2797.9 2798.1 2802.7 2928.8 2936.5

2 2 10 2 2 4 4 2 2 4

4 2 14 4 4 4 6 2 2 2

1.4E-02 1.4E-02 3.8E-01 4.0E+00 2.6E+00 7.9E-01 4.8E+00 2.6E+00 1.2E+00 2.3E+00

Lutetium Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3 3841.2 4518.6 Magnesium

Section 10.indb 124

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

*3104.8 3848.2 3848.3 3850.4 *4481.2 9218.3 9244.3

10 6 4 4 10 2 2

14 4 4 2 14 4 2

8.1E-01 2.8E-02 3.0E-03 3.0E-02 2.23E+00 3.6E-01 3.6E-01

Mg IV 320.99 323.31 1219.0 1375.5 1459.6 1495.5 1510.7 1683.0 1698.8 1893.9

4 2 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6

2 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

1.2E+02 5.9E+01 5.9E+00 4.5E+00 4.6E+00 6.4E+00 6.7E+00 5.8E+00 3.9E+00 2.8E+00

Mg VI *269.92 *292.53 *314.64 *349.15 *387.94 399.29 400.68 403.32

10 6 6 10 6 4 4 4

6 6 2 10 10 2 4 6

3.1E+02 9.0E+01 1.8E+02 6.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.8E+01 2.8E+01 2.7E+01

Mg VII 277.01 278.41 280.74 319.02 *366.42 *433.04 1334.3 1410.0 1487.0 1487.9

3 5 5 5 9 9 5 5 3 5

3 3 3 5 9 15 5 5 5 7

9.5E+01 1.5E+02 2.0E+02 8.9E+01 4.4E+01 1.6E+01 5.3E+00 2.57E+00 3.02E+00 3.66E+00

Mg VIII *74.976 315.02 *342.29 353.86 356.00 *428.52 *434.62 *489.33 *686.92

6 4 10 4 6 10 6 6 6

10 4 6 4 4 10 10 6 10

4.3E+03 1.2E+02 6.3E+01 3.89E+01 5.7E+01 3.24E+01 1.6E+01 3.9E+01 9.4E+00

Mg IX 62.751 *67.189 *71.965 72.312 77.737 368.07 438.69 *443.74 749.55

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 9 3

3 15 3 5 1 3 1 9 5

2.87E+03 6.20E+03 1.22E+03 4.43E+03 3.92E+02 5.27E+01 7.9E+01 4.19E+01 8.2E+00

Weights

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

1639.8 2814.2

3 1

2.1E+00 3.35E-01

Mg X 57.876 57.920 63.152 63.295 609.79 624.94 2212.5 2278.7 5918.7 6229.6

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

2.09E+03 2.09E+03 5.6E+03 6.7E+03 7.53E+00 7.01E+00 9.64E-01 8.82E-01 3.20E-02 3.30E-02

Mg XI 7.310 7.473 7.850 9.169

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

1.15E+04 2.27E+04 5.50E+04 1.97E+05

6 6 6 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 12 8 6 4 14 6 12 4 10 8 10 8 8 4 10 10 8 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 14 6 12 10

8 6 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 10 12 6 6 4 14 8 10 6 10 6 10 8 10 6 12 12 8 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 14 8 12 10

3.7E+00 3.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.8E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 5.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.7E-01 6.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 2.9E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E-01 2.2E-01 6.4E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 5.0E-01 9.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.5E-01 3.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.7E-01

Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08 3007.65 3011.38 3016.45 3043.36 3044.57 3045.59 3045.80 3047.03 3054.36 3070.27 3073.18 3082.71 3110.68 3113.80 3118.10 3122.88 3126.85 3132.28 3132.79 3175.58 3201.11 3228.09 3230.23 3230.72 3240.88 3243.78 3251.13 3252.95 3256.14 3258.41 3260.24 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02

5/4/05 8:08:11 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3298.23 3303.28 3463.66 3470.01 3511.83 3535.30 3559.81 3577.87 3595.11 3601.27 3607.53 3608.49 3610.30 3635.70 3660.40 3675.67 3676.96 3680.15 3682.09 3684.87 3706.08 3718.92 3731.94 3771.44 3773.86 3800.55 3806.72 3823.51 3823.89 3833.87 3834.37 3839.78 3841.07 3843.99 3889.46 3898.37 3899.34 3924.08 3926.48 3951.98 3952.84 3975.88 3982.16 3982.58 3982.90 3991.60 4011.91 4018.11 4030.76 4033.07 4034.49 4041.36 4048.75 4052.48 4055.55 4058.94 4061.74 4063.53 4065.08 4066.24

Section 10.indb 125

gi

6 4 8 6 12 10 6 10 6 12 8 6 4 10 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14 12 6 10 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 12 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 8 10 6 6 6 10 6 6 8 4 8 6 12 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 8 8 12 10 6 8 4 10 8 6 4 8 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14 12 8 12 10 6 4 8 2 6 4 14 8 6 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 2 8 8 8 6 4 10 4 8 8 2 6 6 14 8

8

10-125 λ

–1

2.8E-01 1.9E-01 3.2E-01 2.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.4E-01 1.8E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-01 4.2E-01 2.1E-01 9.1E-01 2.2E-01 7.3E-01 1.9E-01 7.6E-01 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.9E-01 2.5E-01 2.7E-01 5.9E-01 5.21E-01 2.31E-01 3.14E-01 4.29E-01 4.64E-01 3.3E-01 2.11E-01 3.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-01 9.4E-01 5.4E-01 3.1E-01 4.1E-01 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E-01 5.5E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 2.54E-01 1.7E-01 1.65E-01 1.58E-01 7.87E-01 7.5E-01 3.8E-01 4.31E-01 7.25E-01 1.9E-01 1.69E-01 2.5E-01 2.2E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4070.28 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30 4239.74 4257.67 4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01 4455.82 4457.04 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4472.79 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79

2 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 4 2 4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 2 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8

2 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2 6 4 6 8 8 10 6 4 2 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6

Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13

7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5

7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3

8

λ –1

2.3E-01 3.8E-01 2.95E-01 2.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.7E-01 3.0E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 2.0E-01 2.3E-01 9.17E-01 3.9E-01 3.7E-01 4.92E-01 2.3E-01 2.6E-01 2.93E-01 2.1E-01 4.37E-01 7.98E-01 5.44E-01 1.7E-01 2.34E-01 4.27E-01 4.62E-01 1.7E-01 7.00E-01 4.39E-01 3.00E-01 4.35E-01 3.4E-01 2.49E-01 2.49E-01 1.86E-01 3.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.72E-01 1.7E-01 2.40E-01 3.03E-01 5.35E-01 7.83E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.01E-01 4.99E-01 1.72E-01 3.32E-01 2.6E+00 2.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.9E+00 1.9E+00 4.3E-01 3.2E-01 1.5E-01

Weights

Å

gi

5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

3482.90 3488.68

5 3

2.0E-01 2.5E-01

Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146 328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77 1285.10 1333.87

9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 3 5 7

9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 7 9

3.7E+01 5.7E+01 4.4E+01 3.4E+01 2.8E+01 5.7E+01 1.5E+01 2.2E+01 7.8E+01 2.2E+01 6.0E+01 2.7E+01 1.3E+02 4.4E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 1.0E+01

1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3

3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1

8.00E-02 3.88E-01 1.1E-01 6.10E-02 1.1E-02 1.6E-01 7.7E-02 4.5E-01 5.09E-01 9.4E-02 2.0E-02 6.56E-01 1.68E-01 1.3E+00 1.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.0E-02 3.0E-02 2.88E-02 8.4E-02 5.57E-01 5.8E-02 2.7E-04 4.87E-01 2.36E-01 5.3E-03 4.3E-03 2.8E-02 9.7E-03 2.71E-01

5

7.34E-01

Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79

Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79

3

5/4/05 8:08:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-126 λ Å 2621.06 2628.96 2629.85 2631.50 2638.30 2640.98 2644.36 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2665.09 2679.85 2684.16 2706.11 2710.74 2725.15 2728.71 2733.39 2743.71 2745.38 2751.47 2756.26 2761.53 2763.02 2766.25 2787.83 2792.96 2798.02 2801.47 2825.68 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60 2906.06 2913.52 2915.38 2918.84 2930.39 2936.50 2945.43 2945.66 2946.01 2951.45 2959.48 2972.96 2977.27 2978.28 2983.04 2987.92 2988.23 2988.68 2989.80 3000.24 3000.44 3000.85 3001.43 3007.71 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00

Section 10.indb 126

gi

7 3 5 1 5 7 5 7 9 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 1 13 7 5 9 3 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 3 5 5 5 1 11 7 3 5 9 9 5 9 7 1 3 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 7 7 9 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 7 7 9 11 9 5 3 5 3 7 3 11 9 3 11 1 5 7 3 5 7 7 7 9 11 3 3 3 3 3 11 7 3 5 9 11 3 7 5 3 5 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 5 5 9 5

8

λ –1

1.16E-01 2.81E-01 7.75E-01 2.54E-01 7.57E-01 1.20E+00 1.96E-01 9.84E-01 4.08E-01 6.43E-01 1.32E-01 1.31E+00 4.18E-01 2.03E-01 1.57E-01 2.79E-01 1.26E-01 2.95E-01 2.47E-01 1.29E-01 2.54E-01 1.18E-01 2.06E-01 4.44E-01 1.17E-01 2.85E-01 1.53E-01 1.22E-01 1.24E-01 2.53E-01 4.23E-01 2.84E-01 4.74E-01 8.04E-01 1.38E-01 7.31E-01 3.79E-01 1.91E-01 2.33E-01 3.66E-01 4.08E-01 1.68E-01 1.43E-01 1.75E-01 2.69E-01 3.28E-01 1.50E-01 2.82E-01 8.43E-01 4.28E-01 1.61E-01 9.27E-01 1.40E-01 1.25E-01 2.58E-01 2.31E-01 1.90E-01 6.06E-01 2.75E-01 8.49E-01

Å 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3057.56 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.51 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3081.16 3085.62 3089.13 3089.71 3094.66 3099.92 3100.88 3101.34 3106.34 3117.54 3123.03 3125.03 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3197.18 3198.85 3200.89 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73

gi

3 13 13 11 9 7 7 13 13 5 11 9 11 9 7 3 9 11 5 7 9 7 5 7 13 3 5 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 1 15 3 1 9 9 7 7 9 3 15 3

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 11 11 9 7 5 5 13 13 5 11 11 11 11 9 5 9 9 7 7 7 9 5 5 13 3 3 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 3 13 5 3 11 9 5 5 7 5 13 1

8

λ –1

5.81E-01 5.94E-01 1.63E-01 5.01E-01 4.29E-01 2.64E-01 4.41E-01 8.46E-01 3.08E-01 1.52E-01 2.72E-01 1.87E-01 1.42E+00 9.55E-01 3.61E-01 2.35E-01 1.63E+00 1.53E-01 2.34E-01 1.63E+00 1.45E-01 1.20E+00 1.92E+00 2.21E-01 1.89E-01 2.81E-01 1.98E-01 1.79E+00 3.68E-01 1.57E-01 4.10E-01 2.41E-01 2.75E-01 4.63E-01 1.37E+00 2.03E-01 8.40E-01 2.33E-01 3.98E-01 2.77E-01 2.54E-01 6.10E-01 3.45E-01 4.40E-01 1.88E-01 1.53E+00 1.75E-01 4.10E-01 1.47E-01 7.22E-01 1.82E-01 4.27E-01 2.55E-01 5.35E-01 2.77E-01 6.94E-01 2.01E-01 4.20E-01 2.10E-01 1.41E+00

Å 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3244.47 3247.61 3249.93 3251.65 3256.21 3256.72 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3276.07 3285.03 3285.35 3287.38 3289.01 3290.82 3305.56 3305.91 3307.13 3312.33 3323.95 3325.13 3325.67 3327.30 3336.56 3340.16 3344.73 3346.83 3347.00 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3363.87 3373.81 3375.22 3375.65 3378.19 3378.46 3379.96 3382.48 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3418.52 3419.69 3420.04 3422.31

Weights gi

5 9 13 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 11 7 11 5 9 7 11 1 9 5 9 7 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 1 9 5 3 11 3 5 9 5 5 3 7 7 3 13 5 3 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 7 5 9

7 11 13 9 3 5 3 5 3 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 9 3 7 5 9 5 3 9 9 5 7 3 5 3 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 7 7 3 7 9 1 13 5 3 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 3 7 5 9

gk

A 108 s–1 3.85E-01 1.44E-01 6.33E-01 2.95E-01 2.80E-01 1.71E-01 1.87E-01 3.05E-01 6.89E-01 1.31E-01 1.62E-01 3.62E-01 5.42E-01 2.60E-01 1.95E-01 3.59E-01 1.18E-01 1.41E-01 4.49E-01 1.38E-01 5.08E-01 5.44E-01 1.74E-01 3.06E-01 1.25E-01 1.62E-01 2.82E-01 2.26E-01 1.72E-01 2.88E-01 1.64E-01 1.20E-01 6.04E-01 1.13E-01 2.72E-01 7.59E-01 1.38E-01 2.74E-01 1.39E-01 2.03E-01 1.38E-01 1.56E-01 1.88E-01 3.75E-01 4.11E-01 2.66E-01 7.32E-01 3.30E-01 1.85E-01 1.97E-01 2.08E-01 2.10E-01 1.25E-01 1.83E-01 1.29E-01 2.45E-01 1.41E-01 1.15E-01 3.28E-01 2.52E-01

5/4/05 8:08:16 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3425.13 3427.90 3434.79 3435.45 3437.21 3438.87 3441.87 3442.66 3445.03 3445.26 3445.80 3447.12 3447.29 3449.07 3449.85 3452.60 3456.15 3456.52 3460.22 3460.78 3465.84 3466.19 3466.96 3467.85 3469.22 3469.63 3470.92 3475.03 3479.42 3483.67 3483.83 3489.43 3504.41 3505.31 3508.11 3510.77 3517.55 3518.21 3521.38 3521.41 3524.65 3524.98 3538.92 3540.57 3542.17 3552.71 3555.64 3558.09 3563.75 3566.05 3566.74 3570.64 3573.88 3580.54 3581.88 3584.25 3585.57 3588.95 3590.74 3595.55

Section 10.indb 127

gi

11 11 7 15 11 1 5 3 7 7 9 9 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 13 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 5 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 1 9 7 15 3 13 11 3 7 7 7 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 7 15 9 3 3 3 9 5 9 11 3 9 7 7 5 3 3 7 1 7 7 7 3 15 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 3 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 3 9 7 15 5 11 13 3 5 7 9 5

8

10-127 λ

–1

2.29E-01 4.09E-01 1.75E-01 1.50E+00 8.06E-01 2.34E-01 1.34E-01 2.94E-01 1.53E-01 2.96E-01 1.14E-01 8.75E-01 1.79E-01 1.52E-01 1.65E-01 2.48E-01 3.60E-01 2.96E-01 2.77E-01 6.03E-01 9.99E-01 2.11E-01 1.52E-01 2.63E-01 6.96E-01 1.51E-01 2.91E-01 4.68E-01 2.26E-01 1.13E-01 1.41E-01 3.27E-01 8.06E-01 2.25E-01 1.59E-01 4.75E-01 5.41E-01 3.64E-01 1.39E-01 6.06E-01 3.10E-01 2.25E-01 2.24E-01 4.46E-01 4.93E-01 3.64E-01 3.46E-01 5.43E-01 1.53E-01 2.67E-01 1.43E-01 7.18E-01 3.58E-01 5.49E-01 3.81E-01 1.73E-01 3.95E-01 1.18E-01 2.23E-01 2.32E-01

Å 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3610.61 3611.99 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3648.70 3654.58 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3660.92 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3664.88 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3676.23 3680.68 3681.72 3683.01 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3698.07 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.30 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.10 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99

gi

13 9 7 5 9 5 7 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 3 5 9 7 3 7 11 7 11 1 9 9 9 3 11 9 3 5 11 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 3 9 9 9 9 9 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 9 9 7 7 3 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 5 9 11 5 13 3 7 11 9 1 11 7 5 7 9 9 7 11 5 9 7 7 9 7 11 5 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 5 9 9 7 9 9 9

8

λ –1

5.67E-01 2.07E-01 1.15E-01 2.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.78E-01 1.16E-01 1.96E-01 5.58E-01 5.27E-01 1.37E-01 3.51E-01 3.33E-01 1.94E-01 2.11E-01 1.15E-01 1.80E-01 2.03E-01 1.86E-01 6.70E-01 1.34E-01 1.45E-01 3.48E-01 2.30E-01 9.54E-01 1.92E-01 2.16E-01 1.95E-01 1.13E-01 5.22E-01 2.96E-01 1.68E-01 1.20E-01 2.12E-01 3.26E-01 2.07E-01 6.36E-01 3.59E-01 1.48E-01 1.28E-01 2.38E-01 1.34E-01 2.86E-01 1.60E-01 1.51E-01 1.55E-01 2.20E-01 1.45E-01 2.80E-01 1.66E-01 1.56E-01 3.07E-01 3.95E-01 1.41E-01 2.48E-01 1.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.16E-01 2.88E-01 2.46E-01

Å 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3797.47 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75 3834.64 3846.18 3847.25 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3867.67 3869.08 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3911.94 3915.43 3916.43 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4102.15 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56 4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91

Weights gi

13 7 9 7 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9 3 7 3 9 11 7 3 5 5 7 7 9 5 5 5 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 5 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11 9 5 11 13 7 11 7

11 9 9 5 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9 5 7 1 9 9 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 3 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11 11 5 13 11 9 11 9

gk

A 108 s–1 1.66E-01 2.87E-01 1.22E-01 1.48E-01 6.90E-01 3.16E-01 2.44E-01 1.47E-01 1.40E-01 1.94E-01 1.35E-01 1.83E-01 1.20E-01 3.05E-01 1.70E-01 1.20E-01 1.26E-01 2.41E-01 1.26E-01 1.78E-01 6.24E-01 1.74E-01 2.22E-01 1.35E-01 1.67E-01 6.17E-01 1.13E-01 1.15E-01 1.40E-01 1.78E-01 2.24E-01 1.71E-01 4.39E-01 1.35E-01 2.70E-01 1.29E-01 4.38E-01 2.65E-01 1.36E-01 1.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.16E-01 1.94E-01 1.22E-01 2.02E-01 6.05E-01 1.56E-01 1.56E-01 2.17E-01 1.60E-01 3.82E-01 3.32E-01 2.70E-01 3.17E-01 1.68E-01 2.00E-01 1.76E-01 2.01E-01 1.36E-01 2.85E-01

5/4/05 8:08:18 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-128 λ Å 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65 4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4649.06 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5047.70 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93

Section 10.indb 128

gi

9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 13 1 9 3 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 3 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 5 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 15 3 9 5 1 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 1 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7

8

λ –1

1.35E-01 1.28E-01 1.84E-01 2.56E-01 1.23E-01 2.93E-01 3.83E-01 1.38E-01 2.63E-01 2.51E-01 1.90E-01 1.28E-01 2.10E-01 2.09E-01 5.03E-01 1.47E-01 1.32E-01 2.35E-01 1.25E-01 1.55E-01 1.72E-01 1.54E-01 3.63E-01 2.17E-01 1.23E-01 4.49E-01 3.01E-01 4.67E-01 2.16E-01 4.36E-01 2.71E-01 4.07E-01 1.24E-01 3.11E-01 1.14E-01 1.31E-01 2.61E-01 2.03E-01 1.84E-01 4.11E-01 5.83E-01 1.62E-01 3.74E-01 3.89E-01 2.01E-01 1.13E-01 1.28E-01 1.21E-01 2.11E-01 6.19E-01 2.26E-01 3.46E-01 2.13E-01 3.61E-01 3.72E-01 3.30E-01 3.02E-01 1.55E-01 2.60E-01 3.12E-01

Å 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11

7 7 9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 9

8

λ –1

1.63E-01 5.32E-01 3.45E-01

Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3 3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9

16 14 10 8 10 12 18 10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12

18 16 12 10 10 12 18 12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10

1.4E-01 6.9E-01 4.9E-02 1.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.0E-01 6.3E-01 2.7E-01 5.2E-01 5.5E-01 4.4E-01 6.8E-02 3.7E-01 1.5E-01 3.4E-01 1.8E-01 8.5E-02 4.7E-01 1.6E-01 1.5E-01 4.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.5E-01 6.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 1.7E-01 1.8E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.6E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 5.7E-02 7.0E-02 1.3E-01 5.9E-02 8.7E-02 5.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.6E-02 1.3E-02 1.1E-02

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

3.8E-01 9.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.4E-01 4.8E-01

Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74

Weights

Å 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5 6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6

1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1

gi

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 6.11E+00 4.86E-01 1.0E-03 7.6E-03 2.2E-03 9.2E-03 2.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-02 4.9E-03 3.7E-02 7.0E-03 6.7E-03 1.3E-02 1.7E-02 5.1E-03 1.2E-02 2.2E-03 6.9E-03 9.3E-02 9.9E-03 6.6E-03 4.3E-03 1.1E-02 1.6E-03 3.9E-03 2.2E-03 5.0E-03 2.1E-03 4.2E-02 3.3E-03 1.0E-02 5.6E-03 1.9E-02 1.3E-02 6.8E-03 5.3E-03 1.1E-01 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 2.83E-03 8.9E-03 6.9E-03 6.82E-01 1.4E-02 1.15E-01 4.8E-02 2.00E-03 1.13E-01 3.3E-02 3.51E-02 5.61E-02 2.26E-03 6.03E-01 1.81E-01 6.09E-03 6.7E-03 2.82E-01 1.5E-02 1.46E-01

5/4/05 8:08:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1 6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525 11767 12459

5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73

6 6 6 6 4

Section 10.indb 129

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 2 10 6 2

8

10-129 λ

–1

6.37E-02 2.49E-01 9.7E-03 6.39E-03 4.16E-02 3.39E-02 2.3E-02 1.61E-01 3.45E-03 3.21E-01 1.39E-02 5.14E-01 3.00E-01 1.08E-01 2.32E-01 5.9E-03 2.9E-03 2.33E-01 2.17E-01 4.9E-04 1.74E-01 1.89E-02 2.53E-01 3.0E-02 6.8E-02 2.87E-02 9.35E-02 2.55E-03 2.31E-02 4.0E-02 4.3E-01 7.8E-03 1.2E-03 4.9E-02 7.2E-03 2.03E-02 5.5E-02 1.00E-02 3.91E-02 2.1E-01 1.1E-03 1.6E-01 3.13E-01 9.4E-03 9.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-02 2.4E-03 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.5E-02 3.8E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E+01 4.07E+01 4.7E+01

Å 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7 3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4

2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2 4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4

8

λ –1

2.3E+01 2.8E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 1.3E-01 7.9E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-01 6.9E-02 7.0E-02 6.1E-02 5.2E-02 5.5E-01 1.7E+00 5.9E-01 9.6E-02 5.6E-01 6.9E-02 1.2E+00 8.7E-01 3.5E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 4.7E-01 3.1E+00 2.1E+00 2.5E+00 1.8E+00 9.4E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 4.2E-02 2.6E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-02 1.8E-02 1.6E-01 1.2E-01 4.5E-02 6.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 2.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.7E+00 2.2E+00 3.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.3E-01 3.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.6E+00

Weights

Å 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7 3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1 3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2

6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6

gi

6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 3.9E-01 5.1E-01 5.7E-02 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 9.1E-01 8.8E-01 3.9E-02 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E+00 1.4E+00 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 5.0E-01 8.6E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-01 2.2E-01 3.0E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E-01 5.5E-02 2.2E+00 7.7E-02 4.4E-01 1.9E+00 2.3E+00 6.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.8E-02 6.4E-01 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 4.6E-01 1.6E+00 9.6E-01 9.9E-02 1.6E+00 1.2E-02 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 2.0E+00 2.3E-02 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:22 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-130 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8 3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3

4 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4

Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6 2265.7

9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3 5

9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5 7

6.7E+02 1.2E+03 1.5E+03 3.38E+02 7.0E+02 1.5E+02 2.1E+02 1.35E+02 3.01E+01 1.0E+01 1.9E+00 2.4E+00

Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95

1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 5 3

1.07E+03 4.8E+02 1.6E+03 1.9E+02 4.09E+01 8.11E+00 1.07E+01

Section 10.indb 130

6 4 4 2 6 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6

8

1.2E+00 6.3E-02 3.7E-02 1.9E-01 2.1E-01 6.2E-01 1.4E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 3.6E-02 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.0E-01 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 9.9E-01 6.7E-02 7.0E-01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 9.8E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 2.9E-01 4.2E-01 3.7E-01 6.1E-01 8.4E-01 1.0E-02

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 1 3

8

λ –1

561.38 561.73 562.99 564.53

3 5 3 5

7.99E+00 2.39E+01 3.17E+01 1.31E+01

Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

8.4E+02 2.77E+03 5.90E+00 5.69E+00 7.20E-01 6.88E-01

7 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 9 7 9 5 7 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 9 3 9 5 7 3

7 9 5 7 5 7 5 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 5 7 5 7 3

1.1E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E-01 8.3E-01 1.7E-01 9.0E-02 9.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.8E-01 9.7E-02 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 2.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 9.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.7E-02 2.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.7E-01 4.1E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 8.9E-01 1.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.8E-01 7.3E-01 2.2E-01 3.8E-01 1.9E-01 9.6E-02 1.7E-01 2.0E-01 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E+00 3.8E-01 7.5E-01 4.5E-01

Nickel Ni I 1963.85 1976.87 1981.61 1990.25 2007.01 2007.69 2014.25 2025.40 2026.62 2047.35 2052.04 2055.50 2059.92 2060.20 2064.39 2069.52 2085.57 2089.09 2095.13 2114.43 2121.40 2124.80 2147.80 2157.83 2158.31 2161.04 2173.54 2174.48 2182.38 2183.91 2190.22 2197.35 2201.59 2221.94 2244.46 2253.57 2254.81 2258.15 2259.56 2261.42 2287.32 2289.98 2293.11 2300.77 2302.97

Å 2307.35 2312.34 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2324.65 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 2347.51 2348.73 2419.31 2943.91 2981.65 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3064.62 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3225.02 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3483.77 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3597.70 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78

Weights gi

5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 9 7 9 7 7 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7

7 7 5 5 11 7 9 9 3 7 5 9 7 5 5 3 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 7 5 3 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 3 3 1 7 5 5 3 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.6E-01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 3.8E+00 6.9E+00 5.6E+00 1.8E-01 3.5E+00 5.3E+00 2.2E+00 5.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 8.0E-01 6.9E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01 6.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-01 6.3E-01 4.9E-01 7.3E-01 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.4E-01 5.5E-01 3.3E-01 1.7E-01 4.4E-01 9.8E-02 6.1E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-01 1.4E-01 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 1.0E+00 5.6E-01 1.4E-01 6.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 1.7E-01 1.9E-01 2.6E-01 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 2.4E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 4.6E-01 2.0E-01

5/4/05 8:08:25 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4732.47 4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4812.00 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29 6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66

7 3 9 11 3 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 9 7 7

9 3 9 11 1 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 11 5 7

Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46

10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6

10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8

Section 10.indb 131

8

10-131 λ

–1

9.3E-02 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 1.6E-01 2.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.2E-01 1.5E-01 2.2E-01 2.3E-01 2.4E-01 1.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.9E-01 1.4E-01 1.1E-01 2.0E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E-01 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 5.7E-01 2.5E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 2.2E-01 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 2.9E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 9.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.1E-01 9.7E-02 1.8E-01 1.1E-01 2.4E+00 1.58E+00 1.43E+00 1.77E+00 2.90E+00 1.3E+00 1.66E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 9.8E-01 1.55E+00 1.3E+00 1.98E+00 1.43E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87

8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8

10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10

1.56E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00 1.98E+00 2.70E+00 3.0E+00 2.8E+00 2.9E+00 2.88E+00 8.0E-01 6.6E-01 1.70E+00 2.1E+00 5.4E-01 5.8E-01

Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06

11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9

13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9

7.9E+00 6.3E+00 6.0E+00 5.9E+00 6.7E+00 5.7E+00 5.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.2E+00 5.6E+00

Ni XIV 164.13 168 168.12 169.69 170.50 171.37 172.16 172.80 177.28 178 181 182.14 196 288.894 292.399

6 2 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 6

8 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 6

1.2E+03 2.4E+02 8.5E+02 9.8E+02 7.1E+02 9.4E+02 4.7E+02 1.4E+02 5.6E+02 8.9E+01 7.4E+01 1.5E+02 3.8E+01 4.6E+01 3.6E+01

Ni XV 50.249 60.890 64.635 163.64 173.73 175 179.28 181 269 278.386

5 9 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 5

7 11 9 7 7 1 7 3 1 5

6.8E+03 1.0E+04 9.6E+03 5.6E+01 7.6E+02 5.7E+02 7.5E+02 6.8E+02 5.3E+01 4.3E+01

Ni XVI 166 168 182 185.23

4 6 2 2

6 8 2 4

3.1E+02 3.2E+02 2.5E+02 4.2E+02

Weights

Å

gi

6 2 2 8 8 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 4 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

187 187 188 190 192 192 194 194 194 194 194.04 195.27 196 197 197 199 206 217 218.391 223.119 231 232.475 233 235 235 236 237.875 238 239.550 245 245 249 249 250 254

4 4 2 6 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 6

1.2E+02 3.3E+02 4.7E+02 2.0E+02 4.54E+02 3.1E+02 2.8E+02 5.5E+02 1.1E+02 3.5E+02 4.6E+02 9.5E+01 6.7E+02 1.5E+02 1.2E+02 4.9E+02 3.7E+02 1.1E+02 9.5E+01 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 4.07E+02 2.4E+02 3.8E+02 2.5E+02 1.2E+02 2.6E+02 1.3E+02 2.6E+02 1.4E+02 3.2E+02 3.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.6E+02 1.8E+02

Ni XVII 30.919 42.855 54.451 55.361 57.348 197.39 199.87 204 205 206 207.50 215.89 216 217 227 249.180 281.50 282 284 292

1 1 9 1 7 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5

3 3 11 3 9 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 3 7

2.77E+03 4.75E+03 1.5E+04 6.7E+03 1.4E+04 1.6E+02 2.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.4E+02 3.0E+02 2.5E+02 4.8E+02 2.7E+02 2.4E+02 1.6E+02 2.75E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 1.5E+02 2.2E+02

Ni XVIII 24.881 25.070

2 4

4 6

8.6E+02 9.9E+02

5/4/05 8:08:27 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-132 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

26.02 26.020 26.046 26.218 27.98 27.982 28.018 28.220 29.383 29.422 29.779 29.829 31.845 31.890 32.034 32.340 36.990 37.049 41.015 41.218 43.814 44.365 44.405 52.615 52.720 52.745 59.950 60.212 63.512 63.589 69.075 76.254 76.359 99.275 100.4 114.46 114.74

2 2 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6

Ni XIX 9.140 9.153 9.977 10.110 10.283 10.433 11.539 11.599 12.435 12.656 13.779 14.043 40.7 40.7 41.132

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9

3.1E+04 5.2E+03 1.1E+05 9.4E+04 4.7E+03 5.1E+03 4.8E+04 6.3E+03 3.66E+05 1.0E+05 1.23E+04 1.31E+04 6.4E+03 8.4E+03 9.4E+03

Ni XXI 11.13 11.23 11.239 11.28 11.318

3 5 5 3 5

3 3 7 1 7

1.7E+04 1.7E+04 5.7E+04 2.2E+05 2.8E+05

Section 10.indb 132

4 4 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 8 4 2 6 8 4 6 6 8 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 6 8

8

1.26E+03 1.1E+03 1.1E+03 1.5E+03 1.0E+03 2.0E+03 1.1E+03 2.33E+03 1.58E+03 1.69E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 2.7E+03 3.0E+03 3.4E+03 4.0E+03 5.5E+03 5.9E+03 2.97E+03 3.2E+03 5.5E+03 6.8E+03 1.14E+03 1.5E+04 1.6E+04 1.06E+03 9.6E+02 1.1E+03 7.9E+02 8.5E+02 8.0E+02 1.38E+03 1.47E+03 1.0E+03 1.2E+03 2.5E+03 2.7E+03

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 5

8

λ –1

11.48 11.48 11.517 11.539 11.67 11.72 12.454 12.472 12.502

3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 5

1.1E+05 4.0E+05 1.4E+05 1.2E+05 8.0E+04 2.3E+04 3.3E+04 1.8E+04 2.8E+04

Ni XXII 72.52 84.06 84.24 85.86 88.00 95.95 98.16 98.58 100.60 101.31 103.31 106.04 106.16 124.31 126.32

4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 4

2.84E+02 1.2E+03 5.6E+02 4.9E+02 1.2E+03 4.4E+02 5.2E+02 2.45E+02 3.9E+02 4.83E+02 2.66E+02 2.36E+02 5.1E+02 3.7E+02 3.3E+02

Ni XXIII 87.66 88.11 90.49 90.96 91.83 92.32 100.42 102.08 103.23 103.67 104.70 106.02 108.27 111.23 111.78 111.86 112.55 128.87 133.54 137.55

3 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 1

2.8E+02 8.3E+02 1.77E+02 2.5E+02 7.5E+02 4.39E+02 2.1E+02 5.3E+02 2.4E+02 1.78E+02 2.94E+02 2.87E+02 3.32E+02 2.26E+02 2.19E+02 1.7E+02 1.0E+03 4.02E+02 1.86E+02 2.53E+02

Ni XXIV 101.13 102.11 103.43 103.53 104.64 106.68 113.14 118.52 122.72 134.73 135.47

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 6 4

4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 4

1.63E+02 5.4E+02 1.3E+02 4.17E+02 4.7E+02 3.67E+02 1.65E+02 1.5E+02 2.17E+02 1.44E+02 8.0E+01

Weights

Å

gi

4 6 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1

137.01 138.80 153.47 159.69

4 4 2 2

2.6E+02 7.2E+01 1.27E+02 8.9E+01

Ni XXV 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.34 9.42 9.49 9.60 9.63 9.64 9.71 9.71 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.76 9.78 9.86 9.87 9.92 9.94 9.97 10.08

3 5 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 1

1 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 5 7 5 3

9.3E+04 8.2E+04 7.8E+04 1.1E+05 9.0E+04 8.9E+04 1.8E+05 2.4E+05 1.3E+05 2.3E+05 1.8E+05 3.0E+05 1.3E+05 3.03E+05 7.5E+04 2.9E+05 4.8E+05 2.03E+05 1.3E+05 1.29E+05 2.5E+05 2.80E+05

Ni XXVI 1.5930 1.5935 1.5973 1.5977 1.5982 1.5996 1.6005 1.6036 9.390 9.535

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6

3.4E+06 4.0E+06 8.1E+06 4.4E+06 7.3E+06 2.7E+06 2.7E+06 2.1E+06 2.59E+05 2.96E+05

Ni XXVII 1.2534 1.2824 1.3500 1.3516 1.531 1.534 1.537 1.537 1.538 1.539 1.539 1.540 1.541 1.542 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.547 1.549

1 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3

3.35E+05 6.38E+05 1.63E+06 2.4E+05 2.0E+05 6.9E+06 2.3E+06 3.7E+06 3.9E+06 2.6E+06 2.6E+06 1.7E+06 5.5E+06 3.6E+06 3.5E+06 3.2E+06 1.6E+06 2.1E+05 2.0E+05

5/4/05 8:12:37 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 1.551 1.558 1.5883 1.5963

3 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 1 3 3

8

λ –1

8.2E+05 6.5E+05 6.02E+06 7.70E+05

Nitrogen NI 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1167.45 1168.42 1168.54 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1310.54 1316.29 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 3822.03 3830.43 3834.22 4099.94 4109.95 4113.97 4137.64 4143.43 4151.48 4249.87 4264.00 4356.29 4385.54 4392.41 4435.43 4442.45 4669.89 4914.94 4935.12 5199.84 5201.61 5281.20 5344.05 5356.62 5367.01 5372.61 5378.27 6606.18 6622.54 6626.99 6636.94 6644.96 6646.50 6653.46 6656.51

Section 10.indb 133

6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4

6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2

10-133

7.52E-01 1.27E-02 5.17E-02 6.94E-01 1.29E+00 4.24E-02 1.24E+00 9.22E-01 1.02E-01 1.02E+00 4.01E+00 3.99E+00 3.98E+00 8.42E-01 1.42E-02 3.13E+00 3.51E-01 3.72E+00 3.70E-02 4.67E-02 1.89E-02 3.48E-02 3.90E-02 6.62E-03 2.80E-03 6.09E-03 1.01E-02 2.59E-02 2.26E-02 5.10E-02 8.84E-03 1.76E-02 7.51E-03 3.81E-02 7.49E-03 8.08E-03 1.76E-02 1.87E-02 1.87E-02 2.45E-03 6.10E-04 1.41E-03 1.07E-03 8.34E-04 1.66E-03 8.87E-04 7.93E-03 2.20E-03 1.40E-02 3.49E-02 2.18E-02 2.74E-02 2.17E-02

Å 6926.67 6945.18 6951.60 6960.50 6973.07 6979.18 6982.03 7423.64 7442.30 7468.31 7898.98 7899.28 7915.42 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 9028.92 9045.88 9049.49 9049.89 9060.48 9187.45 9187.86 9207.59 9208.00 9386.81 9392.79 9460.68 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56 9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9947.07 9965.75

4 6 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 8 6

8

λ –1

7.75E-03 1.83E-02 1.03E-02 4.67E-03 3.83E-03 9.83E-03 2.04E-02 5.95E-02 1.24E-01 1.93E-01 2.82E-01 3.28E-02 3.13E-01 8.58E-02 1.27E-01 4.95E-02 4.84E-02 2.23E-01 2.64E-01 1.36E-01 4.92E-02 2.09E-01 2.66E-01 1.05E-01 2.46E-01 1.80E-01 1.09E-01 2.10E-01 1.28E-01 6.75E-02 3.76E-02 1.04E-02 3.02E-01 2.80E-01 1.88E-02 2.60E-01 2.95E-01 2.44E-01 1.76E-02 2.70E-02 2.33E-01 2.24E-01 2.63E-01 3.98E-02 1.18E-02 1.13E-02 2.99E-02 2.75E-02 5.30E-02 6.56E-03 4.95E-02 4.50E-02 9.62E-02 2.97E-02 2.93E-02 3.11E-03 7.58E-03 3.64E-02 1.08E-02 7.60E-03

Weights

Å 9968.51 9980.42 9997.73

6 4 8

N II 474.891 475.647 475.698 475.757 475.803 475.884 508.697 510.758 513.849 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 547.818 559.762 574.650 582.156 635.197 644.634 644.837 645.178 660.286 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 745.841 746.984 748.369 775.965 915.612 915.962 1083.99 1085.55 1085.70 3408.13 3437.14 3593.60 3609.10 3615.86 3829.80 3838.37 3842.19 3847.40 3855.10 3856.06

5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5

gi

4 6 8 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.50E-03 8.10E-03 9.20E-03 9.66E+00 1.17E+01 1.58E+01 8.75E+00 2.10E+01 5.25E+00 1.91E+00 1.87E+01 1.24E+01 7.23E+00 2.43E+01 6.75E+00 4.92E+00 1.03E+01 1.94E+01 2.39E+01 3.20E+01 1.66E+01 4.13E+01 9.19E+00 2.16E+00 1.14E+01 3.60E+01 2.85E+01 2.33E+01 1.21E+01 3.64E+01 6.07E+01 3.69E+01 2.47E+00 7.40E+00 3.04E+00 2.27E+00 9.85E+00 3.87E+00 1.25E+01 3.85E+01 3.83E+00 3.08E+01 4.38E+00 1.32E+01 2.18E+00 9.47E-01 3.87E+00 2.19E-01 2.07E+00 1.21E-01 1.41E-01 1.53E-01 2.42E-01 6.98E-01 3.06E-01 2.22E-01 8.82E-01 3.71E-01

5/4/05 8:12:51 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-134 λ Å 3919.00 3955.85 3995.00 4114.33 4124.08 4133.67 4145.77 4374.99 4447.03 4459.94 4465.53 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4694.27 4695.90 4697.64 4698.55 4700.03 4702.50 4704.25 4706.40 4709.58 4712.07 4718.38 4721.58 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4987.38 4991.24 4994.36 4994.37 4997.22 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5005.30 5007.33 5010.62 5011.31 5012.04 5016.38 5023.05

Section 10.indb 134

3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 9 5 5 3 3 7 5 5

8

λ –1

6.76E-01 1.31E-01 1.35E+00 1.42E-03 3.20E-01 5.30E-01 7.36E-01 5.55E-03 1.14E+00 1.12E-01 2.36E-02 8.85E-02 1.30E-02 1.00E-01 1.41E-02 2.35E-01 3.26E-01 2.26E-01 9.55E-01 7.72E-01 4.51E-01 2.43E-02 2.99E-02 1.05E-01 1.23E-01 1.29E-01 3.06E-02 3.67E-01 1.05E-01 9.15E-02 2.13E-01 6.09E-02 1.82E-01 1.46E-01 3.02E-01 7.75E-02 3.24E-02 2.52E-01 2.05E-02 2.52E-01 7.77E-02 3.18E-01 4.75E-02 1.61E-02 7.48E-01 3.54E-01 2.62E-01 7.60E-01 1.96E-01 9.76E-01 1.05E+00 8.45E-02 1.16E+00 6.51E-02 7.89E-01 2.19E-01 5.84E-01 5.19E-01 1.62E-01 3.61E-01

Å 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5168.05 5170.16 5171.27 5171.47 5172.34 5172.97 5173.39 5174.46 5175.89 5176.57 5177.06 5179.34 5179.52 5180.36 5183.20 5184.96 5185.09 5186.21 5190.38 5191.96 5199.50 5313.42 5320.20 5320.96 5327.76 5338.73 5340.21 5351.23 5383.72 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5495.65 5526.23 5530.24 5535.35 5535.38 5540.06 5543.47 5551.92 5552.68 5565.26 5666.63 5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5893.15 5897.25 5899.83 5927.81

7 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 7 5 3 7 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 5 3 3 5 3 1 7 5 3 7 5 9 3 3 9 11 5 7 7 3 5 9 5 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3

8

λ –1

1.07E-01 3.78E-03 3.42E-01 2.59E-02 3.06E-01 6.54E-01 8.71E-01 5.81E-01 6.01E-01 5.01E-01 7.36E-01 5.07E-01 8.93E-01 2.17E-01 5.00E-01 8.67E-01 1.07E+00 4.28E-01 2.88E-01 3.20E-01 7.11E-02 5.76E-02 1.77E-01 4.25E-02 1.51E-02 1.41E-01 4.20E-01 2.52E-01 4.65E-02 1.85E-01 2.59E-01 3.67E-01 3.31E-03 8.89E-02 3.34E-01 1.00E-01 4.75E-02 1.30E-01 2.40E-01 2.13E-01 4.04E-01 6.04E-01 4.53E-01 6.03E-01 3.51E-01 2.00E-01 1.50E-01 3.97E-02 3.74E-01 2.96E-01 5.25E-01 1.94E-01 1.24E-01 1.34E-02 3.40E-02 2.44E-02 2.88E-01 2.16E-01 1.60E-01 3.22E-01

Weights

Å 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6284.32 6379.62 6482.05 6610.56 6857.03 6869.58 6887.83 7762.24 8438.74 8831.75 8855.30 8893.29

3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 5

N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33 2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03

2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6

gi

5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 4.27E-01 2.26E-01 5.54E-01 1.27E-01 1.34E-02 2.21E-03 7.74E-02 6.11E-02 3.01E-01 6.34E-01 2.53E-01 2.51E-01 2.49E-01 8.74E-02 2.24E-01 8.42E-03 2.51E-02 4.12E-02 9.89E+01 1.03E+01 2.05E+01 9.63E+00 3.83E+01 4.54E+01 1.95E+01 9.58E+00 1.85E+01 8.19E+00 1.64E+01 2.45E+01 2.09E+01 2.34E+01 8.84E+00 9.21E+00 4.18E+00 8.17E-01 4.97E+00 1.28E+00 2.48E-01 1.51E+00 6.67E-01 3.32E-01 1.66E-01 8.24E-01 3.80E-01 7.66E-01 5.51E-01 7.51E-01 3.05E-01 2.44E-01 1.52E+00 1.27E+00 8.13E-01 1.90E-01 6.67E-02 3.78E-01 4.24E-02 5.59E-01

5/4/05 8:12:59 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3771.36 3792.97 3934.50 3938.51 3942.88 4097.36 4103.39 4195.74 4200.07 4215.77 4318.78 4321.22 4321.39 4325.43 4327.69 4327.88 4332.95 4337.01 4345.81 4351.11 4510.88 4510.96 4514.85 4518.14 4523.56 4530.86 4534.58 4547.30 4634.13 4640.64 4641.85 4858.70 4858.98 4861.27 4867.12 4867.17 4873.60 4881.78 4884.14 4896.58 5260.86 5270.57 5272.68 5282.43 5297.75 5298.95 5314.36 5320.87 5327.19 5352.46 6365.84 6394.75 6445.34 6450.79 6454.08 6463.09 6467.02 6468.57 6478.76 6487.84

Section 10.indb 135

6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4

8

10-135 λ

–1

8.28E-02 1.03E-01 7.49E-01 8.96E-01 1.49E-01 8.70E-01 8.67E-01 9.37E-01 1.12E+00 1.85E-01 5.40E-02 1.08E-01 5.03E-02 8.60E-02 3.06E-02 1.07E-01 1.23E-01 7.47E-02 1.82E-01 4.01E-02 2.84E-01 4.77E-01 6.80E-01 5.65E-01 3.61E-01 1.12E-01 2.01E-01 3.33E-02 6.36E-01 7.60E-01 1.26E-01 4.35E-01 4.66E-01 5.32E-01 1.73E-01 6.18E-01 1.50E-01 1.22E-02 8.71E-02 5.86E-03 2.80E-02 6.95E-02 1.39E-01 2.21E-02 4.93E-02 7.38E-02 1.14E-01 5.68E-01 5.29E-01 3.72E-02 2.18E-01 2.15E-01 8.89E-02 1.77E-01 1.49E-01 1.13E-01 2.11E-01 3.52E-02 6.31E-02 1.05E-02

Å 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56

4 6 2 2 4 4

N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49 4762.09 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75

1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

8

λ –1

3.53E-02 3.61E-02 1.65E-02 6.52E-02 8.03E-02 3.17E-02 1.19E+02 3.05E+02 8.99E+01 1.845E+02 2.55E+01 2.320E+01 1.759E+01 2.919E+01 2.321E+00 1.07E+00 1.33E-01 3.95E-01 6.48E-01 3.46E-01 4.60E-01 3.42E-01 1.36E+00 1.02E+00 5.61E-01 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 1.06E+00 9.10E-02 2.27E-02 6.73E-02 1.34E-02 7.37E-02 9.92E-01 6.62E-01 1.53E-02 7.60E-02 1.13E-02 6.99E-02 2.50E-02 8.79E-02 1.53E-02 2.67E-01 3.55E-01 1.97E-01 1.46E-01 8.66E-02 9.48E-03 3.22E-02 1.84E-01 1.85E-02 5.51E-02 1.37E-02 1.36E-02 2.25E-02 4.01E-02 1.42E-01

Weights

Å

gi

3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7

gk

A 108 s–1

7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55

1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7

6.28E-02 8.46E-02 4.70E-02 1.12E-01 1.12E-01 2.80E-02 3.11E-03 4.23E-02 4.45E-02 4.95E-02 7.66E-03 5.36E-03

NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

1.21E+02 4.26E+02 3.40E+00 3.37E+00 4.14E-01 4.10E-01

N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

5.158E+03 1.809E+04 2.859E+02 2.697E+02 8.756E+02 8.205E+02 6.780E-01 2.079E-01 8.384E-02 3.276E-02

5 1 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3

5 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5

4.94E+00 2.19E+00 1.64E+00 2.85E+00 5.12E+00 1.23E+00 1.33E+00 4.22E-01 5.28E+00 2.06E+00 3.41E+00 2.03E+00 6.76E-01 6.63E-03 1.87E-03 5.19E-03 5.59E-03 8.31E-04 1.63E-02 4.91E-03 4.88E-03 4.87E-03 3.10E-03 1.29E-03 1.03E-03 7.73E-04

Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879 922.008 935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52

5/4/05 8:13:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-136 λ Å 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81

Section 10.indb 136

5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1

8

λ –1

2.32E-03 2.41E-02 5.44E-03 2.26E-03 1.81E-03 4.04E-03 7.56E-03 7.59E-03 4.43E-03 8.44E-03 1.27E-02 7.13E-03 9.98E-03 9.48E-03 1.81E-02 2.71E-02 7.74E-03 1.29E-02 1.80E-02 2.69E-03 3.58E-03 5.83E-03 9.71E-03 6.80E-03 9.06E-03 1.05E-02 1.75E-02 3.50E-03 2.67E-02 5.08E-02 7.62E-02 3.76E-05 1.65E-02 2.75E-02 3.85E-02 1.18E-05 6.44E-06 2.65E-02 3.53E-02 2.24E-02 3.73E-02 7.45E-03 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 3.69E-01 2.33E-04 3.09E-04 4.19E-04 1.41E-04 5.63E-04 2.89E-01 8.13E-02 2.26E-01 2.43E-01 4.86E-02 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 3.22E-01 2.93E-01 4.46E-01

Å 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06

3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5

O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13 2418.46 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81

4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3 2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4

8

λ –1

3.34E-01 1.56E-01 1.11E-01 2.60E-01 2.97E-01 2.97E-02 1.48E-01 4.45E-01 2.34E-01 5.22E-04 1.57E-03 3.25E-04 1.85E-03 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.54E-04 4.25E+01 4.13E+01 4.36E+01 2.05E+01 1.80E+01 3.22E+00 2.60E+01 1.20E+00 1.93E+01 7.41E-02 3.25E-01 4.17E-01 1.67E-01 1.52E-01 1.35E-01 1.85E-01 2.25E-01 2.05E-01 1.10E-01 2.20E-01 2.30E-01 1.77E-01 4.21E-01 1.69E-01 7.56E-02 4.98E-01 7.72E-02 9.63E-02 1.20E-01 8.16E-02 1.15E-01 1.37E-01 1.23E+00 9.99E-01 1.27E+00 1.22E+00 1.02E+00 2.84E-01 5.81E-01 9.31E-01 1.02E-02 7.45E-02

Weights

Å 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00 4104.72 4104.99 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27

4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4

gi

6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1 3.55E-02 1.95E-01 6.00E-03 1.59E-01 2.72E-02 2.28E-01 6.59E-02 6.49E-02 9.12E-02 2.15E-01 1.80E-01 3.26E-02 3.38E-02 5.50E-01 8.94E-02 1.13E-01 1.89E-02 8.64E-02 1.09E+00 1.41E-01 1.22E+00 2.05E-01 8.57E-01 1.04E+00 4.27E-01 1.52E+00 1.53E+00 1.98E+00 2.11E+00 5.52E-01 7.28E-02 4.55E-01 2.65E-01 4.70E-02 1.73E-01 3.62E-01 5.09E-01 3.14E-01 9.14E-01 1.70E-02 1.21E-02 2.54E-01 7.70E-01 1.81E-01 2.41E-01 1.33E+00 2.15E-01 2.60E-01 5.60E-01 1.79E-01 9.13E-01 4.09E-02 7.91E-01 2.11E-01 2.71E-01 1.91E+00 7.06E-02 1.98E+00 3.21E-01 3.56E-02

5/4/05 8:13:09 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 4196.70 4317.14 4319.63 4319.87 4325.76 4327.46 4327.85 4328.59 4331.47 4331.86 4336.86 4345.56 4347.22 4347.41 4349.43 4351.26 4351.46 4359.40 4366.89 4369.27 4395.93 4405.98 4414.90 4416.97 4443.01 4443.52 4447.68 4448.19 4452.38 4466.24 4467.46 4563.18 4590.97 4595.96 4596.18 4638.86 4641.81 4649.13 4650.84 4661.63 4673.73 4676.23 4690.89 4691.42 4696.35 4698.44 4699.01 4699.22 4701.18 4701.71 4703.16 4705.35 4710.01 4741.70 4751.28 4752.69 4844.92 4856.39 4856.76 4860.97

Section 10.indb 137

4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4

8

10-137 λ

–1

3.56E-01 3.70E-01 2.55E-01 5.62E-01 1.47E-01 6.76E-01 7.24E-02 1.12E+00 4.82E-02 6.50E-01 1.57E-01 8.31E-01 1.19E-01 9.32E-01 6.91E-01 9.89E-01 5.82E-02 1.44E-02 3.98E-01 3.57E-01 3.91E-01 4.30E-02 8.34E-01 7.13E-01 5.05E-01 1.89E-02 2.52E-02 5.10E-01 1.37E-01 9.00E-01 9.00E-01 7.18E-03 8.85E-01 4.87E-02 8.34E-01 3.71E-01 5.96E-01 7.81E-01 6.86E-01 4.10E-01 1.35E-01 2.05E-01 1.86E-01 7.43E-01 3.25E-02 6.59E-02 9.88E-01 9.36E-01 9.23E-01 3.69E-01 9.20E-01 1.10E+00 2.98E-01 4.71E-02 6.39E-02 1.45E-02 1.02E-02 5.58E-02 1.00E-01 4.70E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6

2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4

O III 263.694 263.727 263.773 263.817 263.861 277.386 279.788 295.942 303.413 303.461 303.517 303.622 303.695 303.800 305.596 305.656 305.702 305.767 305.836 320.978 328.448 345.312 374.073 395.557 507.388 507.680 508.178 525.794

1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3

8

λ –1

8.07E-02 5.60E-01 9.34E-02 4.80E-01 4.54E-01 5.43E-01 5.87E-01 7.78E-01 1.82E-01 3.29E-01 1.49E-01 1.26E-01 3.58E-01 2.17E-02 2.14E-02 1.73E-01 9.88E-02 6.78E-02 3.37E-02 1.33E-01 1.81E-01 1.64E-03 2.97E-03 3.17E-02 5.35E-02 6.12E-02 2.72E-01 2.48E-01 3.03E-01 2.43E-01 3.32E+01 4.48E+01 2.49E+01 5.97E+01 1.49E+01 9.43E+01 4.25E+01 5.56E+01 4.29E+01 1.29E+02 3.21E+01 3.21E+01 5.34E+01 9.61E+01 1.20E+02 1.62E+02 9.01E+01 2.16E+02 5.40E+01 2.17E+02 1.04E+02 1.35E+02 2.85E+01 2.80E+01 1.61E+01 4.82E+01 8.04E+01 9.60E+01

Weights

Å 597.814 599.590 702.337 702.838 832.929 835.092 835.289 1679.03 1686.73 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2794.14 2798.93 2809.66 2818.70 2836.31 2959.69 2983.78 2992.08 2996.48 2997.69 3004.34 3008.78 3017.62 3023.43 3024.36 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.26 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3198.18 3201.14 3202.51

1 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 5

gi

3 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 5 3 7

gk

A 108 s–1 1.49E+01 5.41E+01 6.06E+00 1.83E+01 3.41E+00 1.44E+00 5.99E+00 6.57E-01 6.48E-01 8.38E-01 2.50E+00 1.11E+00 3.29E+00 1.37E+00 1.62E+00 3.43E+00 6.75E-01 1.11E+00 1.85E+00 1.54E+00 1.84E+00 1.82E+00 1.82E-01 4.52E-02 1.34E-01 2.66E-02 1.46E-01 1.83E+00 2.15E+00 9.32E-02 4.64E-01 6.88E-02 4.27E-01 1.53E-01 5.38E-01 4.79E-01 9.39E-02 6.16E-01 4.59E-01 1.94E+00 1.49E+00 8.72E-01 2.17E-01 6.49E-01 5.41E-02 2.27E-01 1.84E-01 3.76E-01 1.61E-01 1.07E-01 3.20E-01 2.55E-01 5.30E-01 1.35E-01 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.37E+00 9.57E-02 4.77E-01 7.08E-02

5/4/05 8:13:14 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-138 λ Å 3207.61 3210.58 3216.07 3221.21 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3336.69 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.48 3459.94 3466.13 3466.85 3475.24 3520.94 3531.22 3533.38 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38

Section 10.indb 138

5 5 7 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 5 7 9 7 9 1 3 3 3 5 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 3 7 9 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 5

8

λ –1

4.40E-01 1.58E-01 5.58E-01 9.75E-02 1.68E+00 1.88E+00 1.58E+00 2.89E-01 2.06E-01 1.64E-01 4.60E-01 2.65E-01 6.81E-01 4.76E-01 7.92E-01 5.04E-01 3.76E-01 8.77E-02 6.57E-01 1.25E-01 3.48E-01 4.86E-01 1.12E+00 9.91E-01 6.89E-01 6.87E-01 1.49E+00 1.12E+00 5.20E-01 9.86E-01 3.70E-01 8.62E-01 1.48E+00 4.88E-01 9.75E-02 1.93E-01 5.79E-01 1.44E-01 1.42E-01 2.37E-01 4.21E-01 9.71E-01 8.09E-01 1.19E+00 1.44E+00 8.06E-01 6.89E-01 1.72E+00 1.14E-01 5.14E-01 2.84E-01 6.82E-02 2.42E-02 1.50E-01 4.45E-01 1.11E-01 1.11E-01 1.82E-01 3.26E-01 4.01E-01

Å 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3732.13 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3810.98 3816.75 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98 4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4118.60 4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25

5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3

O IV 238.360 238.570 238.579 279.631 279.933 553.329 554.076 554.513 555.263 608.397 609.829 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.619

2 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4

8

λ –1

7.62E-01 1.14E+00 8.53E-01 7.34E-01 1.13E+00 6.59E-01 4.06E-01 9.73E-01 3.74E-01 2.80E-01 2.41E-01 1.29E+00 1.45E+00 1.22E+00 2.67E-02 7.40E-02 2.24E-01 1.59E-01 7.53E-01 5.56E-01 9.79E-01 3.91E-01 2.24E-01 2.37E-02 9.63E-02 1.25E+00 3.37E-01 4.54E-01 6.02E-01 2.49E-01 1.48E-01 1.63E-02 4.42E-01 4.40E-01 4.36E-01 3.38E-01 1.40E-01 8.40E-02 2.49E-01 8.27E-02 3.50E-01 1.06E-01 3.27E-01 2.96E+02 3.54E+02 5.90E+01 2.68E+01 5.34E+01 1.22E+01 4.86E+01 6.06E+01 2.41E+01 1.21E+01 2.40E+01 2.60E+01 2.89E+00 2.89E+01 1.07E+01

Weights

Å 625.127 625.853 779.736 779.820 779.912 779.997 787.710 790.112 790.199 921.296 921.365 923.367 923.436 1338.61 1342.99 1343.51 2120.58 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2493.99 2499.27 2501.81 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2781.22 2803.57 2805.87 2812.50 2816.53 2829.17 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 2926.18 3063.43 3071.60 3177.89 3180.77 3180.99 3185.74 3188.22 3188.64 3194.78 3199.58 3209.65 3216.31 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80

4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4

gi

4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4

gk

A 108 s–1 2.13E+01 3.19E+01 1.46E+00 1.31E+01 1.36E+01 9.70E-01 5.95E+00 1.18E+00 7.08E+00 2.21E+00 8.83E+00 1.10E+01 4.39E+00 2.17E+00 4.29E-01 2.57E+00 1.05E+00 1.29E+00 1.18E+00 8.48E-01 6.09E-01 4.68E-01 3.73E-01 2.32E+00 1.94E+00 1.19E+00 1.24E+00 1.03E-01 1.26E-01 2.90E-01 3.58E-02 5.74E-01 1.56E-01 8.43E-01 1.06E+00 1.27E+00 2.11E-01 1.30E+00 1.29E+00 7.59E-02 1.51E-01 7.06E-02 1.21E-01 4.28E-02 1.50E-01 1.71E-01 1.04E-01 2.53E-01 5.56E-02 8.51E-01 1.02E+00 7.71E-01 7.65E-01 7.56E-01 1.66E-01 7.19E-01 4.28E-01 1.02E+00 8.49E-01 5.40E-01

5/4/05 8:13:20 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3405.77 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3425.55 3489.89 3492.21 3493.43 3560.39 3563.33 3593.08 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03 3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3930.68 3942.06 3945.31 3956.77 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18 4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6876.49 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30

4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 8 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4

OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5

Section 10.indb 139

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3

8

10-139 λ

–1

1.67E-01 3.00E-01 1.69E-01 1.02E+00 4.94E-02 7.29E-01 6.06E-01 1.21E-01 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 7.15E-02 5.61E-01 6.01E-01 6.86E-01 2.23E-01 7.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.11E-01 3.80E-02 9.42E-02 1.88E-01 2.98E-02 6.62E-02 9.91E-02 1.52E-01 2.79E-01 1.23E-01 2.45E-01 2.06E-01 1.56E-01 2.91E-01 8.65E-02 6.10E-02 6.12E-02 1.88E-02 7.35E-02 8.90E-02 3.48E-02 2.94E+02 6.90E+02 1.83E+02 4.292E+02 5.59E+01 2.872E+01 5.547E+00 7.373E+00 5.514E+00 1.652E+01 2.197E+01 9.125E+00 3.804E+01 3.336E+00 4.52E-01 5.90E-01 4.38E-01 1.82E+00 1.37E+00 7.88E-01

Å 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63 3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5

O VI *150.10

2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 6

8

λ –1

1.40E+00 1.40E+00 1.39E+00 1.38E+00 1.39E+00 8.86E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 3.38E-02 3.28E-01 1.18E-01 1.86E-02 4.76E-01 1.30E-01 1.97E-02 1.03E-01 1.41E-02 9.63E-02 2.91E-02 1.18E-01 1.61E-02 3.66E-01 3.33E-01 4.81E-01 2.70E-01 3.34E-01 1.92E-01 3.39E-01 1.12E-01 1.19E-02 1.02E-02 2.41E-01 1.80E-01 1.85E-02 7.04E-02 1.42E-02 9.29E-03 2.68E-02 4.86E-02 8.33E-02 1.11E-01 6.20E-02 1.49E-01 1.48E-01 3.68E-02 4.08E-03 1.21E-01 9.37E-02 1.01E-01 1.11E-01 1.64E-02 1.14E-02 4.37E-02 5.79E-02 3.00E-02 7.35E-02 1.65E-02 2.62E+02

Weights

Å

gi

10 4 2 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

*173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24

6 2 2 2 2

8.78E+02 4.16E+00 4.09E+00 5.14E-01 5.05E-01

O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

9.365E+03 3.309E+04 5.334E+02 8.982E+02 1.615E+03 1.523E+03 7.935E-01 2.514E-01 1.002E-01 3.864E-02

PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2 2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4

2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2

3.9E-01 4.0E-01 3.9E-01 2.17E+00 2.14E+00 2.13E+00 2.11E-01 2.83E+00 3.18E+00 4.85E-01 1.73E-01 5.8E-01 2.00E-01 9.5E-01 7.1E-01 3.00E-01

P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7

5.0E-01 1.5E+00 3.7E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 1.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 9.6E-01 1.7E+00 1.6E+00 1.9E+00 6.3E-01 1.0E+00 6.9E-01 5.1E-01 6.8E-01

P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8

2 4 4

4 6 4

5.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.1E-01

Phosphorus

5/4/05 8:13:23 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-140 λ Å 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1

4 6 4

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 4 2

8

λ –1

1.0E-01 9.0E-01 9.9E-01

Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4 5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0

2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2

1.24E-02 1.24E-02 3.50E-03 7.0E-03 6.3E-03 1.26E-02 4.0E-03 4.6E-03 1.23E-02 2.46E-02 2.8E-03 3.2E-03 2.72E-02 5.4E-02 3.87E-01 3.82E-01

K II 607.93

1

3

1.3E-02

K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8

6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2

4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4

2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.5E+00 1.7E+00 1.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00

K XVI 206.27

1

3

9.4E+01

K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76

2 4 4 2 4

4 6 4 2 2

4.7E+04 5.6E+04 9.3E+03 2.5E+03 4.7E+03

15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17

1.87E-01 1.00E+00 8.4E-01 5.8E-01 5.2E-01 3.91E-01 2.30E-01 1.1E-01 9.0E-02 2.28E-01 1.24E-01 1.54E-01 1.16E-01 4.9E-02

Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2

Section 10.indb 140

15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15

Å 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7 5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 17 15 15 13 11

13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13 13 19 15 17 15 13

8 6 6 10 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 8 6 6

6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 4 8 8 4 10 2 6 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 4 8 6 8 4

8

λ –1

2.5E-02 1.8E-02 1.3E-02 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 2.78E-01 1.25E-01 3.18E-01 9.5E-02 2.35E-01 1.1E-02 2.24E-01 9.3E-02 2.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.8E-02 2.6E-02 1.9E-02

Rhodium Rh I 3083.96 3114.91 3121.76 3123.70 3137.71 3189.05 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3323.09 3331.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3484.04 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3620.46 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70

4.8E-02 4.45E-02 1.1E-01 4.6E-02 3.3E-02 3.03E-01 4.35E-02 1.3E-01 2.0E-01 2.36E-01 4.4E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 5.40E-02 3.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E-01 6.5E-01 1.2E-01 6.2E-01 8.5E-01 3.32E-01 9.3E-03 2.12E-01 4.3E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 4.65E-01 2.22E-01 1.82E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 5.9E-01 8.90E-01 8.5E-02 6.0E-02 8.8E-01 8.4E-02 3.23E-01

Å 3692.36 3700.91 3713.02 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3872.39 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 3995.61 4053.44 4056.34 4082.78 4097.52 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4244.44 4278.60 4288.71 4373.04 4374.80 4379.92 4492.47 4528.72 4548.73 4551.64 4565.19 4569.00 4608.12 4675.03 4721.00 4745.11 4755.58 4842.43 4963.71 4977.75 4979.18 5090.63 5120.69 5130.76 5155.54 5184.19 5212.73 5292.14 5390.44 5424.72

Weights gi

10 8 4 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 4 8 8 4 8 4 6 4 4 2 6 6 2 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 10 4 4

8 10 4 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 6 6 8 2 8 2 8 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 4 6 8 4 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 8 2 8 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 10 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1 9.1E-01 3.9E-01 8.3E-02 1.4E-01 4.2E-01 5.5E-01 6.2E-02 5.8E-01 8.5E-01 6.2E-01 5.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.7E-03 3.7E-02 2.5E-03 6.25E-02 1.58E-01 7.15E-01 5.5E-01 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 2.8E-02 9.5E-03 1.4E-01 7.0E-02 9.8E-02 1.73E-01 1.0E-01 3.9E-02 1.62E-01 6.5E-03 9.2E-03 6.1E-02 1.8E-02 1.64E-01 2.48E-02 4.5E-03 1.35E-02 5.5E-03 4.00E-02 1.1E-02 1.0E-02 2.1E-02 6.4E-03 3.43E-03 5.2E-03 6.0E-03 1.6E-03 3.0E-02 9.8E-03 1.0E-02 5.0E-03 3.1E-03 4.35E-03 9.8E-03 1.6E-03 5.95E-03 3.7E-03 9.5E-03 5.0E-03

5/4/05 8:13:28 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 5599.42 5983.60

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

6 10

8 10

1.3E-02 2.1E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

4.13E-05 4.93E-05 8.2E-05 1.05E-04 1.49E-04 2.5E-04 1.3E-04 3.38E-04 2.0E-04 6.4E-04 3.8E-04 1.37E-03 8.9E-04 3.97E-03 2.9E-03 1.8E-02 1.5E-02 3.70E-01 3.40E-01

4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4

4 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 4 6

2.0E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-02 4.8E-01 4.6E-01 2.8E-01 4.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.1E-02 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.3E-01 2.8E-01 2.1E-01 4.9E-02 1.61E-01 2.4E-02 3.1E-01 1.49E-01 3.2E-01 7.5E-02 5.5E-01 5.4E-01 6.9E-02 7.8E-01 8.7E-01 1.00E-01 3.2E-01 3.13E+00 2.81E+00 1.66E+00

Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6 Scandium Sc I 2116.7 2120.4 2262.3 2266.6 2270.9 2280.8 2289.6 2311.29 2315.69 2320.32 2324.75 2328.19 2334.67 2346.03 2429.19 2438.63 2468.40 2692.78 2699.02 2706.74 2707.93 2711.34 2965.88 2974.01 2980.76 2988.97 3015.37 3019.35 3030.76 3255.68 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48

Section 10.indb 141

10-141

Å 3911.81 3933.38 3996.60 4020.39 4023.22 4023.68 4031.38 4036.86 4043.80 4047.80 4051.83 4054.54 4067.00 4067.63 4074.96 4078.56 4080.57 4082.39 4086.66 4087.47 4093.12 4094.86 4098.36 4132.98 4140.27 4147.38 4161.85 4171.53 4186.42 4187.61 4193.53 4204.52 4205.20 4212.32 4212.48 4216.08 4218.23 4225.54 4225.69 4231.64 4233.59 4238.05 4239.55 4246.14 4542.55 4544.67 4706.94 4709.31 4711.72 4714.30 4719.31 4728.77 4729.20 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36

gi

6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 10 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 10 4 6

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 6 6 4 4 6 6 4 8 4 6 2 8 8 6 4 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 8 4 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 4 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4

8

λ –1

1.79E+00 1.62E-01 1.65E-01 1.63E+00 3.0E-01 1.65E+00 2.9E-01 7.9E-02 3.11E-01 1.54E-01 7.7E-02 1.67E-01 1.91E-01 4.1E-02 3.7E-01 4.3E-01 6.6E-02 2.73E-01 3.7E-01 1.12E-01 1.23E-01 1.44E-01 8.7E-02 1.19E+00 1.17E+00 1.74E-01 1.77E-01 1.36E-01 8.4E-02 1.28E-01 6.1E-02 3.5E-02 1.12E-01 1.58E-01 8.6E-02 2.36E-01 2.26E-01 9.5E-02 7.6E-02 1.31E-01 4.0E-01 7.1E-01 2.27E-01 1.15E-01 1.28E-01 1.33E-01 2.81E-01 4.0E-01 1.81E-01 2.14E-01 1.04E-01 1.16E-01 2.20E-01 1.93E-01 1.10E+00 8.8E-01 9.1E-01 9.8E-01 8.4E-01 5.6E-01

Å 4983.43 4991.91 4995.00 5018.41 5021.52 5064.31 5066.38 5070.17 5072.71 5075.82 5080.22 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5096.72 5099.27 5101.12 5331.79 5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5350.28 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5416.16 5416.41 5425.55 5429.42 5432.98 5433.25 5438.28 5439.04 5442.62 5446.20 5451.37 5455.24 5464.95 5468.40 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5526.10 5541.07 5631.04 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5708.64 5711.79 5717.31 5724.13 5988.43 6026.16 6146.20 6198.43

Weights gi

4 6 4 6 4 8 6 6 2 4 4 10 8 6 4 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 8 10 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 10 8 6 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 4 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 8 6 6 8 4 4 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 6 4 12 10 8 10 6 8 6 6 4 8 6

gk

A 108 s–1 2.58E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-02 2.09E-01 2.30E-01 7.3E-02 3.6E-02 1.16E-01 2.0E-02 1.15E-01 4.1E-02 7.6E-01 6.2E-01 5.7E-01 6.6E-01 1.69E-01 1.50E-01 8.8E-02 1.11E-01 1.06E-01 3.8E-01 5.9E-01 6.8E-02 3.0E-01 5.7E-01 3.4E-01 4.2E-01 4.4E-02 2.0E-02 4.5E-02 9.0E-02 5.4E-02 9.7E-02 3.4E-02 1.74E-01 2.15E-01 2.8E-01 1.50E-01 6.6E-02 3.2E-02 9.7E-02 9.7E-02 5.2E-01 5.2E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 3.0E-02 5.4E-01 4.9E-01 4.6E-01 4.7E-02 4.5E-01 7.5E-02 7.4E-02 6.6E-02 7.2E-02 4.2E-02 3.5E-02

5/4/05 8:13:30 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-142 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

6249.96 6262.22 6280.16 6284.16 6284.73 6293.02 7741.16 7800.42

6 4 2 6 4 2 10 8

8 6 4 6 4 2 10 8

Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63

5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5

3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5 7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3

Section 10.indb 142

8

λ –1

3.2E-02 8.4E-02 4.0E-02 3.9E-02 7.1E-02 1.04E-01 3.8E-02 5.1E-02 5.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 7.7E+00 4.0E-01 2.21E+00 6.9E-01 2.01E+00 2.70E+00 2.2E+00 1.5E+00 3.9E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 2.3E+00 2.5E+00 2.8E+00 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 2.9E+00 3.5E+00 3.68E+00 3.92E+00 3.0E-01 4.00E+00 2.5E-01 1.9E+00 1.8E+00 2.1E+00 1.1E+00 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 1.1E+00 1.51E+00 2.16E-01 3.4E-01 1.17E+00 8.3E-01 9.9E-01 2.5E+00 6.1E-01 3.0E-01 3.5E-01 1.38E+00 1.06E+00 1.23E+00 4.6E-01

Å 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81 5526.79 5657.91 5669.06

7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1 9 5 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3 7 5 1

8

λ –1

2.9E-01 1.48E+00 1.20E+00 1.13E+00 2.74E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.29E+00 4.1E-01 4.0E-01 4.3E-01 1.48E-01 1.43E-01 1.47E-01 1.16E-01 3.5E-01 1.39E-01 3.3E-01 1.04E-01 1.31E-01

Silicon Si I 1977.6 1979.2 1980.6 1983.2 1986.4 1989.0 2208.0 2210.9 2211.7 2216.7 2218.1 2506.9 2514.3 2516.1 2519.2 2524.1 2528.5 2532.4 2631.3 2881.6 3905.5 4738.8 4783.0 4792.3 4818.1 4821.2 4947.6 5006.1 5622.2 5690.4 5708.4 5754.2 5772.1 5948.5 7226.2 7405.8 7409.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 5 5 7

1.8E-01 5.1E-01 1.3E-01 1.4E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 3.11E-01 4.16E-01 2.32E-01 5.5E-01 1.38E-01 4.66E-01 6.1E-01 1.21E+00 4.56E-01 1.81E+00 7.7E-01 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 1.89E+00 1.18E-01 1.0E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 8.0E-03 4.2E-02 2.8E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.5E-02 3.6E-02 2.2E-02 7.9E-03 3.7E-02 2.3E-02

Weights

Å

gi

5 5 7 9 5

gk

A 108 s–1

7680.3 7918.4 7932.3 7944.0 7970.3

3 3 5 7 5

4.6E-02 5.2E-02 5.1E-02 5.8E-02 7.1E-03

Si II 989.87 992.68 1020.7 1190.4 1193.3 1194.5 1197.4 1248.4 1251.2 1260.4 1264.7 1304.4 1309.3 1526.7 1533.5 1808.0 2904.3 2905.7 3210.0 4128.1 4130.9 5041.0 5056.0 5957.6 5978.9 6347.1 6371.4 7848.8 7849.7

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

4 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 6 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 8

6.7E+00 8.0E+00 1.3E+00 6.9E+00 2.8E+01 3.6E+01 1.4E+01 1.3E+01 1.9E+01 2.0E+01 2.3E+01 3.6E+00 7.0E+00 3.73E+00 7.4E+00 3.7E-02 6.7E-01 7.1E-01 4.6E-01 1.32E+00 1.42E+00 9.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-01 8.1E-01 7.0E-01 6.9E-01 3.9E-01 4.2E-01

Si III 883.40 994.79 997.39 1141.6 1144.3 1161.6 1206.5 1206.5 1207.5 1294.5 1296.7 1298.9 1299.0 1301.2 1303.3 1328.8 1417.2 1435.8 1589.0 1778.7 1783.1 3241.6 *3486.9

5 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 15

7 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 9 7 3 21

6.3E+01 7.89E+00 1.31E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 1.6E+01 2.59E+01 4.89E+01 1.9E+01 5.42E+00 7.19E+00 5.36E+00 1.61E+01 2.13E+01 8.85E+00 2.7E+01 2.60E+01 2.1E+01 1.1E+01 4.4E+00 3.8E+00 2.3E+00 1.8E+00

5/4/05 8:13:35 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

3590.5 4552.6 4554.0 4567.8 4683.0 4716.7 5451.5 5473.1 5716.3 5739.7 7462.6 7466.3 7612.4

3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 9 1 5 7 3

Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 *560.50 *749.94 815.05 818.13 *860.74 *1066.6 1122.5 1128.3 1128.3 1393.8 1402.8 *1724.1

2 2 2 4 6 10 2 4 10 10 2 4 4 2 2 10

4 2 2 2 10 14 2 2 6 14 4 4 6 4 2 6

3.6E+00 3.6E+00 4.1E+00 8.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.45E+01 1.23E+01 2.44E+01 1.8E+00 3.91E+01 2.05E+01 4.03E+00 2.42E+01 7.73E+00 7.58E+00 5.5E+00

Si V 96.439 97.143 117.86

1 1 1

3 3 3

4.8E+02 2.0E+03 3.0E+02

Si VI 246.00 249.12

4 2

2 2

1.7E+02 8.5E+01

Si VII 217.83 272.64 274.18 275.35 275.67 276.84 278.45

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

4.3E+02 5.1E+01 1.2E+02 8.9E+01 3.0E+01 3.9E+01 2.9E+01

Si VIII 214.76 216.92 232.86 235.56 250.45 250.79 314.31 316.20 319.83

4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 4

2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6

4.1E+02 3.6E+02 8.0E+01 9.7E+01 7.7E+01 1.6E+02 5.2E+01 5.0E+01 4.9E+01

Si IX 223.73

1

3

4.2E+01

Section 10.indb 143

5 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 7 3 3 5 5

8

10-143

3.9E+00 1.26E+00 7.6E-01 1.25E+00 9.5E-01 2.8E+00 6.0E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E-01 4.7E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 5 9 15

8

λ –1

225.03 227.01 227.30 258.10 *294.37 *347.36

3 5 5 5 9 9

1.2E+02 2.0E+02 2.3E+02 1.04E+02 5.9E+01 2.2E+01

Si X 253.77 256.57 258.35 261.05 272.00 277.26 287.08 289.19 292.22 *347.73 *353.09

2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 10 6

4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 10 10

2.9E+01 1.1E+02 1.4E+02 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 5.7E+01 2.6E+01 5.0E+01 7.3E+01 4.3E+01 2.1E+01

Si XI 43.763 *49.116 49.222 52.296 303.30 358.29 358.63 361.41 364.50 365.42 368.28 371.48 604.14 2300.8

1 9 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 3

6.11E+03 2.45E+03 8.9E+03 7.6E+02 6.42E+01 1.03E+02 1.38E+01 1.80E+01 1.32E+01 3.90E+01 5.1E+01 2.07E+01 1.12E+01 4.34E-01

Si XII *40.924 *44.118 499.43 520.72 1862 1949 4620 4942

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

4.42E+03 1.4E+04 9.56E+00 8.47E+00 1.15E+00 1.0E+00 4.6E-02 4.5E-02

2 2 2 2 2 4 4

4 2 4 2 4 6 4

3.1E-02 1.5E-02 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 7.5E-01 8.6E-01 1.4E-01

2 2 2

4 2 4

2.81E-02 2.81E-02 7.7E-03

Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6 Sodium Na I 3302.4 3303.0 4390.0

Weights

Å

gi

4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 2

gk

A 108 s–1

4393.3 4393.3 4494.2 4497.7 4497.7 4664.8 4668.6 4668.6 4747.9 4751.8 4978.5 4982.8 4982.8 5148.8 5153.4 5682.6 5688.2 5688.2 5890.0 5895.9 6154.2 6160.8 8183.3 8194.8 8194.8 11381 11404

4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4

1.6E-03 9.2E-03 1.2E-02 1.4E-02 2.4E-03 2.33E-02 4.1E-03 2.5E-02 6.3E-03 1.27E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-03 4.89E-02 1.17E-02 2.33E-02 1.03E-01 1.2E-01 2.1E-02 6.11E-01 6.10E-01 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 4.53E-01 5.4E-01 9.0E-02 8.9E-02 1.76E-01

Na II 300.15 301.44 372.08

1 1 1

3 3 3

3.0E+01 4.9E+01 3.4E+01

Na III 378.14 380.10 1991.0 2004.2 2011.9 2151.5 2174.5 2230.3 2232.2 2246.7 2459.3 2468.9 2497.0

4 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6

2 2 6 4 8 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 6

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 8.3E+00 4.6E+00 8.4E+00 4.4E+00 5.3E+00 3.7E+00 3.3E+00 2.4E+00 3.0E+00 2.4E+00 1.7E+00

Na V *307.89 *333.46 *369.01 *400.72 *445.14 459.90 461.05 463.26 510.10 511.19

10 6 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 4

6 6 6 10 10 2 4 6 2 4

2.0E+02 5.6E+01 1.2E+02 5.0E+01 7.1E+00 2.3E+01 2.3E+01 2.2E+01 5.6E+01 6.8E+01

Na VI 313.75

5

3

1.3E+02

5/4/05 8:13:38 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-144 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 9 15 5 3 1 5 5 7

8

λ –1

361.25 *416.53 *492.80 1550.6 1567.8 1608.5 1649.4 1741.5 1747.5

5 9 9 5 5 3 5 3 5

7.7E+01 3.7E+01 1.3E+01 4.35E+00 2.68E+00 2.6E+00 2.05E+00 2.59E+00 3.1E+00

Na VII *94.409 *105.27 353.29 381.30 397.49 399.18 *483.28 486.74 491.95 555.80 777.83

6 6 4 4 4 6 10 2 4 4 4

10 2 4 2 4 4 10 4 6 4 6

2.7E+03 4.5E+02 1.0E+02 4.0E+01 3.5E+01 5.2E+01 2.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.3E+01 2.3E+01 6.8E+00

Na VIII *83.34 *89.88 90.536 411.15 1239.4 1802.7 1867.7 2059.1 2558.2 2772.0 3021.0 3108.9 3182.3

9 9 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1

15 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 7 3 3

3.94E+03 8.09E+02 2.86E+03 4.42E+01 3.02E+00 2.70E+00 2.01E+00 1.80E+00 2.26E-02 4.19E-01 4.90E-01 2.58E-01 2.92E-01

Na IX 70.615 70.653 77.764 77.911 681.72 694.17 2487.7 2535.8 6841.8 7103.4

2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.35E+03 1.35E+03 3.6E+03 4.3E+03 6.63E+00 6.30E+00 8.32E-01 7.89E-01 2.59E-02 2.78E-02

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

6.6E-03 8.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 2.3E-02 3.7E-02 6.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.8E-01

Strontium Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3

Section 10.indb 144

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3

8

λ –1

2428.1 2569.5 2931.8 4607.3

1 1 1 1

1.7E-01 5.3E-02 1.9E-02 2.01E+00

Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9 5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6

2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4

2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4

1.2E-01 2.4E-01 8.3E-01 9.1E-01 1.5E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 3.1E+00 5.1E-01 1.42E+00 6.5E-01 1.27E+00 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 7.0E-02 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 3.7E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 5.5E-01 9.7E-02

5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5

5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3

4.9E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E+00 1.6E+00 6.6E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 9.1E-01 5.0E-01 1.6E-01 4.5E+00 1.2E+00 3.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.4E+00 7.3E+00 4.2E-01 1.6E+00 5.0E-01 6.2E-02 1.7E-01 1.2E+00 7.5E-01 8.7E-01 6.3E+00 9.4E-01 1.9E+00 3.8E+00

Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3

Weights

Å

gi

1820.3 1826.2 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7

3 1 5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7

3 3 7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5

S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8

2 4 2 4 4 4 4 8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6

4 4 2 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6

gk

A 108 s–1 2.2E+00 7.2E-01 6.7E-03 6.7E-03 6.5E-03 5.7E-03 9.5E-03 1.3E-02 7.9E-02 1.2E-02 2.0E-02 2.8E-02 1.0E+00 4.6E+00 3.5E+00 1.4E+00 4.6E-01 4.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.3E-01 3.1E-01 6.6E-01 9.3E-02 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 9.0E-02 2.9E-01 8.8E-01 1.7E-01 6.6E-01 2.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 1.5E-01 7.0E-01 8.4E-01 2.6E-01 8.1E-01 3.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.9E-01 7.5E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E-02 8.5E-01 9.2E-01 8.8E-01 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 6.8E-01 8.5E-01 7.3E-01 4.0E-01 8.1E-02 6.6E-02 1.1E-01 1.7E-01 1.1E-01

5/4/05 8:13:45 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

5606.1 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7

10 4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6

8 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4

S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0

7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3

5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5

2.5E+00 2.3E+00 4.5E-01 1.4E+00 6.2E-01 4.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.2E+00 7.7E-01 6.0E-01 1.1E+00 1.4E+00 6.1E-01 5.1E+00 5.7E+00 4.7E+00 3.0E+00 4.0E+00 6.4E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-01 5.6E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 6.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.0E-01

S IV 551.17 554.07 3097.5 3117.7

2 4 2 2

2 2 4 2

2.06E+01 4.08E+01 2.6E+00 2.5E+00

SV 437.37 438.19 439.65 *661.52 *679.01 *690.75 786.48 *854.85

1 3 5 9 9 9 1 9

3 3 3 15 15 9 3 9

1.12E+01 3.33E+01 5.5E+01 6.44E+01 8.6E+01 5.0E+01 5.25E+01 4.18E+01

S VI 248.99 249.27 388.94 390.86

2 2 2 4

4 2 2 2

3.1E+01 3.1E+01 4.5E+01 8.8E+01

Section 10.indb 145

10-145

5.4E-01 1.2E-01 6.6E-01 1.8E-02 5.7E-01 4.6E-01 5.8E-01 8.5E-02 1.8E-01 3.0E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 4 4 2

8

λ –1

706.48 712.68 712.84 933.38 944.52

2 4 4 2 2

4.17E+01 4.85E+01 8.1E+00 1.7E+01 1.6E+01

S VII 60.161 60.804 72.029

1 1 1

3 3 3

9.46E+03 5.1E+02 8.61E+02

S VIII 198.55 202.61

4 2

2 2

2.5E+02 1.2E+02

S XI *189.90 190.37 215.95 217.63 239.81 242.57 242.82 246.90 247.12 *288.49

9 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 9

3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 15

4.3E+02 2.8E+02 1.4E+02 7.2E+01 2.6E+01 1.9E+01 1.9E+01 5.4E+01 3.0E+01 2.9E+01

S XII 212.14 215.18 218.20 221.44 227.50 234.48

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

3.7E+01 1.4E+02 1.7E+02 6.4E+01 3.7E+01 6.8E+01

S XIII 32.236 37.600 256.66 299.89 303.37 307.36 308.91 312.68 316.84 500.42

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3

3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5

1.09E+04 1.3E+03 8.7E+01 1.78E+01 2.28E+01 1.64E+01 4.82E+01 6.3E+01 2.50E+01 1.43E+01

S XIV *30.434 *32.517 417.67 445.71 1550 1663 3967 4153

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

8.28E+03 2.6E+04 1.2E+01 1.0E+01 1.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E-02 5.7E-02

4 4 8 6

6 4 10 8

5.7E-03 6.0E-03 8.5E-02 5.6E-03

Tantalum Ta I 3127.9 3168.3 3170.3 3205.5

Å 3260.2 3337.8 3383.9 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3484.6 3488.8 3497.9 3505.0 3553.4 3607.4 3625.2 3626.6 3642.1 3657.5 3731.0 3754.5 3784.3 3792.1 3826.9 3836.6 3848.1 3858.6 3918.5 3922.8 3996.2 3999.3 4003.7 4006.8 4026.9 4029.9 4030.7 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4067.2 4067.9 4097.2 4105.0 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4378.8 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.0 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4511.5 4514.2 4521.1 4530.9 4547.2 4553.7 4565.9

Weights gi

4 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 10 8 10 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 10 10 4 4 2 4 10 6 4 10 8 10 2 4 6 6 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 8 4 6 2 4 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 4 6 8

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 12 6 6 8 6 4 6 10 8 10 2 4 4 4 8 8 4 10 10 12 4 4 4 8 10 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 6 4 6 8 8 12 8 10 10 6 6 8 8

gk

A 108 s–1 5.8E-03 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 6.8E-02 1.91E-02 2.62E-02 8.5E-03 7.3E-03 4.9E-02 2.72E-02 3.3E-03 4.6E-02 1.0E-02 7.1E-02 5.5E-02 4.3E-03 5.3E-03 6.5E-03 4.3E-02 9.0E-03 5.2E-03 4.0E-03 1.30E-02 2.5E-03 2.5E-02 3.98E-02 3.35E-02 1.8E-02 3.1E-03 7.6E-03 3.60E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-03 7.3E-03 6.5E-02 3.83E-02 6.8E-03 8.4E-03 2.1E-03 1.1E-02 1.82E-02 1.79E-02 2.8E-02 8.9E-03 2.08E-02 4.8E-03 1.0E-02 2.28E-02 2.53E-02 7.5E-03 9.0E-03 1.36E-02 1.56E-02 3.6E-03 3.1E-03 2.3E-03 2.42E-02 5.3E-03 9.5E-03 2.5E-02

5/4/05 8:13:47 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-146 λ Å 4574.3 4580.7 4619.5 4633.1 4669.1 4681.9 4684.9 4685.3 4691.9 4706.1 4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4920.9 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5069.9 5082.3 5087.4 5090.7 5095.3 5136.5 5141.6 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5235.4 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5354.7 5396.0 5402.5 5435.3 5499.4 5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5699.2 5767.9 5780.7 5811.1 5849.7 5877.4 5939.8

Section 10.indb 146

gi

4 8 6 4 6 6 10 6 2 6 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 10 10 6 8 6 2 4 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 10 8 8 6 6 6 6 4 8 10 10 2

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 10 4 4 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 12 12 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 4 4 8 2 6 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 12 4

8

λ –1

1.2E-02 2.1E-03 5.3E-02 1.2E-02 2.85E-02 1.5E-02 2.8E-03 3.4E-03 4.08E-02 1.4E-02 5.0E-02 7.5E-03 2.8E-02 2.16E-02 1.2E-02 2.63E-02 1.7E-02 1.7E-02 1.1E-02 1.95E-02 2.1E-03 1.2E-02 1.5E-02 4.5E-02 1.0E-02 1.9E-02 4.4E-02 2.73E-02 2.92E-02 1.7E-03 1.9E-03 1.5E-02 9.5E-03 5.0E-03 4.5E-02 1.2E-02 1.7E-02 9.0E-03 6.3E-03 8.2E-03 4.7E-03 7.5E-03 5.5E-03 2.2E-02 6.5E-03 2.5E-03 1.4E-02 1.1E-02 6.1E-03 3.8E-02 6.0E-03 4.9E-03 1.43E-02 4.2E-03 2.6E-03 3.3E-03 5.7E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-02 1.6E-02

Å 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9 6966.1 6969.5 7407.9

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ

4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6 8 10 6

6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8 8 10 4

2.13E-02 2.4E-02 1.0E-02 2.6E-02 9.0E-03 3.5E-03 3.3E-03 1.83E-02 4.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.8E-02 2.2E-02 1.25E-02 1.9E-02 9.0E-03 5.8E-03 2.58E-02 1.01E-02 1.69E-02 3.7E-03 8.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.9E-03 2.0E-02

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 2

4.0E-02 2.0E-02 5.8E-02 3.1E-02 9.8E-02 1.9E-01 7.8E-02 4.4E-01 1.1E-02 1.6E-02 1.8E-01 1.0E-01 1.9E-02 5.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.7E-02 1.26E+00 8.0E-02 4.2E-01 7.6E-02 1.73E-01 1.24E+00 2.20E-01 6.25E-01 7.05E-01

8 8 8

10 8 10

6.9E-02 1.7E-01 1.6E-01

Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5 Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5

Weights

Å

–1

2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4 3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2

8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6

gi

6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10 8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 8 10 6

gk

A 108 s–1 1.7E-01 6.1E-02 2.0E-01 2.7E-01 7.7E-02 1.0E-01 2.3E-01 1.8E-01 1.9E-01 5.2E-01 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-02 3.0E-01 5.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.0E-01 5.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.8E-02 4.2E-02 9.5E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 3.9E-01 1.0E+00 3.8E-01 1.5E+00 1.0E+00 4.0E-02 2.9E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 7.0E-01 5.5E-02 6.1E-01 2.5E-01 1.5E-01 1.1E-01 1.3E-01 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 3.4E-02 3.9E-02 3.9E-02 2.3E-02 1.0E-02 1.3E-02 1.3E-02

Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2

1 3 5 1 5 5 5

3 5 5 3 7 5 7

3.6E-02 2.9E-01 5.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.2E+00 3.1E-01 2.0E+00

5/4/05 8:13:50 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8 2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0 6073.5 6171.5

3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3

Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9

4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4

Section 10.indb 147

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6

8

10-147 λ

–1

6.6E-01 1.7E+00 3.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 8.0E-03 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-02 2.1E-01 3.4E-01 4.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.1E-01 1.1E-01 6.6E-01 3.7E-03 1.8E-01 1.4E-01 1.4E-01 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 1.7E+00 3.3E-01 5.4E-01 8.3E-01 3.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.7E-02 1.2E-03 2.7E+00 2.0E-01 4.1E-02 2.8E-01 2.6E-01 2.4E-02 9.6E-02 5.0E-02 4.6E-02 6.3E-02 4.9E-02 4.4E-03 3.7E-01 5.5E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 8.6E-01 1.2E+00 8.5E-01

Å 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1

4 6 6 2 2 2

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

4 6 8 4 2 2

8

λ –1

1.5E-01 2.8E-01 8.1E-01 1.2E+00 3.2E-01 6.6E-01

Titanium Ti I 2276.75 2280.00 2299.86 2302.75 2305.69 2424.26 2520.54 2529.87 2541.92 2599.91 2605.16 2611.29 2611.47 2619.94 2631.55 2632.42 2641.12 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2735.30 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2956.80 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88 3354.63 3370.44 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3725.16 3729.81 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4013.24

7 9 5 7 9 9 5 7 9 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 9 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 9 5 7 9 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 7

5 7 5 7 9 9 3 5 7 5 7 9 5 7 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 7 5 7 9 5 7 9 11 7 9 3 11 5 7 7 9 11 9 3 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 5

1.3E+00 9.4E-01 6.9E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 1.7E-01 3.8E-01 3.8E-01 4.3E-01 6.7E-01 6.4E-01 6.4E-01 3.3E-01 2.1E-01 1.7E-01 2.7E-01 1.8E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E+00 1.9E+00 4.1E+00 1.3E+00 1.0E+00 9.3E-01 9.7E-01 1.8E-01 8.0E-01 8.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.5E-01 6.9E-01 7.6E-01 7.2E-01 6.9E-01 5.0E-01 8.04E-01 7.74E-01 7.54E-01 9.1E-01 7.3E-01 4.27E-01 4.17E-01 5.04E-01 1.4E+00 4.85E-01 3.00E-01 4.05E-01 3.76E-01 3.79E-01 4.08E-01 2.0E-01

Å 4055.01 4060.26 4064.20 4065.09 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4290.93 4295.75 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4534.78 4544.69 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4640.43 4645.19 4650.02 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4840.87 4856.01 4885.08 4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5062.11 5210.39 5222.69 5224.30 5259.98

Weights gi

1 3 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 3 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 3 11 9 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 9 11 13 9 5 5 13 11 7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 5 9 3 11 5

3 5 3 1 9 5 5 5 3 1 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 5 11 9 3 5 7 11 9 7 3 1 1 3 9 11 13 9 7 5 15 13 9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 3 9 3 11 7

gk

A 108 s–1 2.8E-01 2.4E-01 2.4E-01 7.0E-01 2.10E-01 3.1E-01 3.2E-01 3.0E-01 4.5E-01 1.3E+00 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 9.7E-01 9.6E-01 5.98E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.6E-01 3.28E-01 5.7E-01 4.4E-01 1.72E-01 1.9E-01 2.2E-01 8.83E-01 6.87E-01 3.3E-01 2.85E-01 2.1E-01 2.1E-01 8.51E-01 5.74E-01 6.64E-01 5.0E-01 8.57E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 7.13E-01 7.40E-01 2.0E-01 5.8E-01 1.76E-01 5.2E-01 4.90E-01 4.44E-01 6.2E-01 6.60E-01 3.25E-01 5.84E-01 5.27E-01 3.52E-01 4.92E-01 6.8E-01 3.94E-01 3.87E-01 2.98E-01 3.57E-02 1.95E-01 3.6E-01 2.3E-01

5/4/05 8:13:53 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-148 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46

7 11 9 11 13 9 9

7 9 11 13 15 7 7

Ti II 2440.91 2451.18 2525.59 2531.28 2534.63 2535.89 2555.99 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2758.79 2764.28 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2851.11 2856.10 2862.33 2877.47 2884.13 2910.65 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2952.00 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64

4 6 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 2 12 4 8 10 8 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 8 10 8 4 6 12 10

4 6 8 6 4 2 8 4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 4 4 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 4 12 6 8 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 8 12 10 6 8 12 10

Section 10.indb 148

8

λ –1

3.4E-01 2.6E-01 5.5E-01 6.1E-01 6.8E-01 2.5E-01 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 4.5E-01 5.6E-01 4.9E-01 5.4E-01 6.8E-01 3.2E-01 1.9E+00 1.7E+00 1.9E+00 2.7E+00 2.6E+00 3.7E+00 1.1E+00 7.2E-01 9.9E-01 4.4E-01 7.4E-01 4.6E+00 5.1E+00 3.8E+00 6.5E-01 7.9E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E+00 1.2E+00 9.1E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+00 8.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.1E-01 1.5E+00 4.0E-01 5.7E-01 5.2E-01 4.6E-01 8.9E-01 3.2E+00 2.7E+00 2.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 3.0E-01 4.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.2E+00 5.6E-01 3.6E-01 1.2E+00

Å 3023.67 3029.76 3056.75 3058.08 3066.34 3071.25 3072.99 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3097.20 3103.81 3105.10 3106.26 3117.67 3119.83 3127.86 3128.50 3161.23 3161.80 3162.59 3168.55 3181.73 3182.54 3189.49 3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.13 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3251.91 3252.92 3272.07 3278.28 3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3315.32 3321.70 3322.94 3329.46 3332.11 3340.34 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3452.49 3456.40 3465.56 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90

gi

8 10 2 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 4 10 2 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 6 4 12 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 8 2 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 2 4 4 10 8 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 10 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 8 8 6 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 10 2 6 10 4 8 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 4 2 10 4 4 10 8 4 4 10 8 6 2 4 2 8 6 10

8

λ –1

1.0E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 5.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.6E-01 1.6E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.1E+00 1.25E+00 1.3E+00 4.4E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 5.9E-01 4.6E-01 3.9E-01 4.1E-01 4.6E-01 4.3E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+00 1.1E+00 7.0E-01 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 1.38E+00 7.0E-01 1.11E+00 9.87E-01 9.4E-01 1.16E+00 3.38E-01 3.9E-01 3.2E-01 9.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 7.2E-01 3.96E-01 3.25E-01 1.1E+00 3.6E-01 1.1E+00 1.11E+00 1.09E+00 7.7E-01 8.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.7E-01 9.8E-01 8.2E-01

Weights

Å

gi

3510.86 3520.27 3535.41 3641.33 3706.23 3741.64 3757.70 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18

8 2 4 4 4 6 4 8 6 6

Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35 2331.66 2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14

5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3 3 5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5

8 4 6 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1 3 3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5

gk

A 108 s–1 9.3E-01 4.8E-01 5.5E-01 4.9E-01 3.1E-01 6.2E-01 4.1E-01 9.4E-01 9.9E-01 3.2E-01 6.6E+01 7.6E+00 4.3E+01 1.3E+01 3.8E+01 5.1E+01 2.0E+00 2.2E+00 2.4E+00 1.0E+00 4.9E+00 3.2E+00 1.2E+00 4.0E+00 3.0E+00 1.6E+00 6.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.4E+00 1.2E+00 5.4E+00 3.3E+00 2.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.7E+00 5.7E+00 2.4E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.0E+00 3.3E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+00 3.4E+00 2.3E+00 1.9E+00 2.5E+00 1.5E+00 3.4E+00 2.8E+00 3.7E+00 3.7E+00 4.4E+00 1.8E+00 1.8E+00 1.9E+00 2.1E+00 9.9E-01

5/4/05 8:13:56 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s 8

λ –1

4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87

9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11

11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13

Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88 2862.60 3576.44

4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 4

6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8 2 6

4.9E+01 5.3E+01 5.5E+00 5.0E+00 5.7E+00 6.9E+00 1.4E+01 1.8E+01 2.1E+01 5.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.9E+00 7.4E+00 4.1E+00 4.6E+00

Ti VIII 249 258.610 269.533 272.037 272.843 276.701 277.813 289.375 478.971 480.376

6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 6

4 8 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 6

1.0E+01 7.5E+02 6.0E+02 4.3E+02 6.2E+01 9.3E+01 3.8E+02 3.6E+01 1.7E+01 1.5E+01

Ti IX 267.941 278.713 281.446 285.128 433.567

5 5 3 1 1

7 7 1 3 3

5.1E+02 4.7E+02 3.2E+02 4.1E+02 6.9E+00

Section 10.indb 149

10-149

2.2E+00 2.2E+00 1.1E+00 2.3E+00 9.5E-01 9.4E-01 1.7E+00 3.0E+00 1.1E+00 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.0E+00 1.6E+00 1.8E+00 1.2E+00 1.5E+00 1.3E+00 1.5E+00 2.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+00 2.1E+00 9.7E-01 9.4E-01 1.1E+00

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 1 5 3 5 7

8

λ –1

439.513 439.745 447.484 447.701 507.174 516.215

3 3 5 5 3 5

7.5E+00 2.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 6.5E+00 6.9E+00

Ti X 253 254 281 289.579 290.294 291 291 292 293.684 293.798 295.584 296 297 298 302 305 317 355.815 360.133 363 363 365.628 382 385 389.99

4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6 6

6 8 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 8 4

2.1E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.5E+02 1.1E+02 1.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.1E+02 2.97E+02 1.7E+02 2.9E+02 1.4E+02 9.9E+01 4.3E+02 1.6E+02 2.5E+02 1.5E+02 1.3E+02 2.19E+02 2.1E+02 1.3E+02 1.2E+02 1.8E+02 1.8E+02 1.1E+02

Ti XI 65.403 87.725 266 308.250 313.229 318 322.75 323 327.192 332 386.140 408 425.74 446.69 453

1 1 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 3 3 5

3 3 7 5 7 1 7 3 5 1 3 9 1 1 7

5.1E+02 8.5E+02 1.8E+02 1.3E+02 1.6E+02 1.4E+02 1.99E+02 1.8E+02 2.9E+02 3.25E+02 1.48E+02 1.37E+02 1.2E+02 1.2E+02 1.3E+02

Ti XII 52.896 53.140 53.433 53.457 55.181 55.443 59.133 59.435 60.701

2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2

4 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4

1.61E+02 1.9E+02 2.1E+02 2.1E+02 2.4E+02 2.81E+02 3.72E+02 4.41E+02 3.4E+02

Weights

Å

gi

2 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2 2 4 6 2 8 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 8 2

gk

A 108 s–1

60.762 61.286 62.433 62.470 65.540 65.577 67.171 67.555 70.986 71.031 71.545 71.987 82.121 82.307 82.344 82.368 89.844 90.512 90.547 116.497 116.597 116.62 139.884 140.361 141.6 141.7 169.7 169.8 207.2 208.5 252.8 253.1 257.5

2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 4

3.5E+02 1.8E+02 2.08E+02 2.22E+02 3.2E+02 3.5E+02 6.2E+02 7.2E+02 5.7E+02 6.1E+02 1.8E+02 3.48E+02 5.9E+02 1.13E+03 5.8E+02 1.2E+03 9.9E+02 1.16E+03 1.9E+02 3.0E+03 3.2E+03 2.1E+02 2.6E+02 2.9E+02 1.7E+02 1.7E+02 2.8E+02 2.9E+02 1.5E+02 1.8E+02 4.8E+02 5.2E+02 2.4E+02

Ti XIII 23.356 23.698 23.991 26.641 26.960 117.1 117.3 120.2 120.2 128.7

1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 7 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 3

1.02E+05 1.2E+04 3.4E+02 4.06E+03 3.06E+03 1.3E+02 2.8E+02 5.4E+02 4.4E+02 1.2E+02

Ti XIV 21.341 21.522 21.657 21.733 21.82 21.883 21.958 22.05 24.592 24.891

4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2

9.8E+03 4.5E+04 1.3E+04 8.8E+04 6.4E+04 7.0E+04 1.2E+04 1.4E+04 6.1E+03 7.5E+03

Ti XV 20.19 20.234

5 5

7 7

6.9E+03 1.9E+04

5/4/05 8:13:58 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-150 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

λ –1

20.234 20.246 20.250 20.29 20.30 20.30 20.313 20.418 20.538 20.54 20.551 20.689 20.698 20.771 20.897 20.928 21.065 21.079 21.102 22.482 22.936 22.966 23.034

3 1 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 1

Ti XVI 110.561 116.198 118.215 121.382 124.805 129.075 134.724 138.800 143.459 145.665 157.812 161.168 163.610 169.740 176.267 178.240

4 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4

2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 4

3.36E+02 1.45E+02 7.4E+02 2.4E+02 6.1E+02 3.81E+02 2.6E+02 3.5E+02 2.8E+02 2.3E+02 1.32E+02 1.2E+02 1.92E+02 1.0E+02 2.45E+02 2.52E+02

Ti XVII 18.05 18.13 18.13 18.176 123.654 124.553 127.782 135.202 136.160 136.393 141.948 142.589 144.405 146.067 154.133 156.54 158.469 159.62

3 5 1 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 7 3 3 5 5

3 3 3 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 1 5 3

4.5E+04 2.4E+04 8.1E+04 9.2E+04 2.3E+02 5.2E+02 4.6E+02 2.93E+02 1.95E+02 1.14E+02 3.87E+02 1.35E+02 9.4E+01 2.6E+02 1.63E+02 1.44E+02 1.4E+02 1.03E+02

Section 10.indb 150

3 3 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3

8

4.9E+04 4.2E+04 6.5E+03 1.1E+04 3.4E+04 5.8E+04 7.5E+04 8.0E+04 3.8E+04 4.1E+04 1.3E+04 4.3E+04 1.1E+05 1.1E+04 2.85E+04 8.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.58E+04 1.3E+04 6.4E+03 1.1E+04 1.1E+04 6.3E+03

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

1 5 1

8

λ –1

163.049 186.863 207.73

3 5 3

6.2E+02 2.66E+02 1.07E+02

Ti XVIII 17.22 17.365 17.39 133.852 144.759 150.15 153.15 153.23 159.00 166.225 179.902 189.663 191.23 197.838 208.07

2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4 4

4 6 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4

7.3E+04 8.6E+04 1.4E+04 5.2E+01 3.2E+02 1.15E+02 1.97E+02 6.7E+01 1.16E+02 1.54E+02 6.3E+01 9.6E+01 6.6E+01 4.56E+01 1.2E+02

Ti XIX 15.67 15.68 15.74 15.75 15.83 15.86 16.02 16.18 16.41 16.43 16.46 16.51 16.55 16.61 16.64 16.69 16.71 16.72 16.72 16.74 16.77 16.80 16.85 17.08 17.36

3 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 1

1 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 7 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 7 5 5 3

3.3E+04 2.7E+04 2.7E+04 2.4E+04 3.2E+04 2.9E+04 3.1E+04 3.8E+04 6.1E+04 8.2E+04 4.4E+04 1.0E+05 2.7E+04 8.0E+04 5.3E+04 1.02E+05 7.3E+04 3.3E+04 7.3E+04 1.2E+05 2.6E+04 1.81E+05 4.4E+04 8.3E+04 9.5E+04

Ti XX 2.629 2.6295 2.631 2.6319 2.632 2.6355 8.621 9.788 10.046 10.109 *10.278 10.620

2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2

4 4 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 6 6 4

4.9E+04 3.2E+06 6.1E+05 1.5E+06 2.7E+06 1.2E+06 1.1E+06 5.26E+03 7.29E+03 8.6E+03 8.4E+03 1.34E+04

Weights

Å

gi

6 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1

10.690 *11.452 11.872 11.958 11.958 15.211 15.253 15.907 16.049 16.067 31.586 45.650 45.996

4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4

1.58E+04 1.7E+04 2.8E+04 3.4E+04 5.6E+03 3.50E+04 3.58E+04 8.84E+04 1.05E+05 1.8E+04 5.49E+03 9.6E+03 1.1E+04

Ti XXI 2.0633 2.1108 2.2211 2.497 2.505 2.505 2.507 2.508 2.510 2.510 2.511 2.512 2.512 2.513 2.513 2.514 2.520 2.527 2.539 2.6102 2.6227

1 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 1

3 3 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 1 1 3 3

1.32E+05 2.60E+05 6.35E+05 2.4E+06 3.5E+05 1.4E+06 1.4E+06 7.9E+05 6.9E+05 9.6E+05 1.4E+06 1.8E+06 1.4E+06 2.7E+06 2.4E+06 1.2E+06 2.6E+05 1.2E+05 4.1E+05 2.40E+06 1.12E+05

1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1

3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3

2.4E-01 7.7E-02 1.54E-02 1.5E-01 6.4E-02 9.27E-02 1.21E-01 1.4E-01 5.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E-02 1.3E-02 4.4E-02 2.33E-02 1.58E-02 4.8E-03 6.0E-03 2.12E-02 2.64E-03 2.3E-02 3.2E-02

Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6

5/4/05 8:14:02 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3198.8 3207.3 3208.3 3215.6 3221.9 3223.1 3232.5 3235.1 3259.7 3300.8 3311.4 3363.3 3371.0 3371.4 3386.1 3413.0 3459.5 3510.0 3545.2 3570.6 3606.1 3617.5 3631.9 3675.6 3682.1 3707.9 3757.9 3760.1 3768.5 3780.8 3809.2 3817.5 3829.1 3835.1 3846.3 3847.5 3864.3 3868.0 3881.4 3968.5 3975.5 4001.4 4008.8 4019.3 4028.8 4045.6 4055.2 4070.0 4070.6 4074.4 4088.3 4102.7 4115.6 4137.5 4171.2 4203.8 4219.4 4244.4 4269.4 4283.8

Section 10.indb 151

gi

7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 3 5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3 5 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7

8

10-151 λ

–1

4.6E-02 3.0E-02 4.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.61E-02 3.53E-03 2.4E-02 2.68E-03 1.3E-02 8.1E-02 5.6E-02 6.6E-03 1.0E-02 6.7E-03 2.64E-03 9.7E-03 2.04E-03 5.2E-03 3.2E-02 6.7E-03 9.6E-03 1.1E-01 1.3E-02 1.20E-02 2.0E-02 2.9E-02 1.38E-02 1.99E-02 3.47E-02 4.2E-02 9.0E-03 3.1E-02 3.83E-03 5.2E-02 2.14E-02 8.3E-03 5.6E-03 4.6E-02 3.6E-02 5.07E-03 4.1E-03 5.6E-03 1.63E-01 6.7E-03 2.0E-02 2.88E-02 1.79E-03 3.60E-02 5.6E-03 1.0E-01 4.13E-03 4.9E-02 4.8E-03 8.4E-03 8.6E-03 4.9E-03 6.1E-03 1.38E-02 3.04E-02 1.69E-03

Å 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9 4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6 4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5

gi

7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9 13 7 9 9 1 11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11 11 5 11 11 3 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7

8

λ –1

1.2E-01 3.6E-02 5.1E-03 1.64E-03 3.48E-03 4.2E-03 1.5E-02 1.55E-03 5.6E-03 3.6E-03 3.3E-03 7.0E-03 1.42E-03 4.20E-03 3.4E-03 1.42E-02 2.9E-03 8.8E-03 1.0E-02 1.4E-02 3.22E-03 7.8E-03 5.20E-03 2.72E-03 4.1E-03 2.6E-03 1.9E-02 8.1E-03 1.75E-03 1.0E-02 1.36E-03 3.9E-03 4.17E-03 6.3E-03 1.2E-02 5.4E-03 5.2E-03 1.9E-02 3.4E-03 1.61E-03 4.0E-03 1.12E-03 1.2E-02 1.1E-02 3.86E-03 1.4E-03 6.9E-03 7.3E-03 2.2E-03 1.47E-03 1.43E-03 6.8E-03 2.20E-03 2.21E-03 1.47E-03 2.40E-03 1.0E-02 8.7E-03 4.7E-03 3.0E-03

Å 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4

Weights gi

7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9

5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7

13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13 13 11 9 7 9 15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11

13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11 13 13 7 9 7 13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9

gk

A 108 s–1 6.6E-03 2.26E-03 1.84E-03 1.50E-03 1.29E-03 6.4E-03 4.6E-03 2.7E-03 2.04E-03 1.46E-03 1.47E-03 3.73E-03 3.80E-03 1.6E-03 1.89E-03 1.53E-03

Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9 3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3 3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2

2.0E-02 1.4E-02 2.2E-02 8.4E-03 7.9E-03 2.7E-02 4.1E-03 7.5E-03 2.9E-02 1.6E-02 3.9E-02 1.5E-02 6.4E-02 5.5E-02 2.5E-02 5.7E-02 2.9E-02 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 1.7E-02 2.4E-01 3.8E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-03 2.7E-02 1.2E-02 6.3E-03 1.3E-01 1.5E-02 4.0E-02 3.5E-02 1.9E-02 4.3E-02 7.8E-03 8.3E-03 2.3E-02 2.0E-02 1.2E-02 2.9E-02

5/4/05 8:14:04 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-152 λ Å 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11

13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11

6 10 4 6 8 10 6 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 4 6 2

8 8 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 8 2 6 4 6 4 2 8 10 6 12 6 8 10 10 12 6 8 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 8 4

8

λ –1

7.5E-03 2.1E-02 2.9E-02 2.4E-02 1.8E-01 1.9E-02 2.8E-02 1.3E-02 1.8E-02 2.1E-02 5.9E-02 2.2E-02 5.3E-02 1.4E-02 4.2E-02 7.2E-02

Vanadium VI 3043.12 3050.39 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3066.53 3075.93 3080.33 3083.54 3087.06 3088.11 3089.13 3093.79 3094.69 3112.92 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3198.01 3202.39 3205.58 3207.41 3212.43 3218.87 3233.19 3273.03 3284.36 3309.18 3329.85 3356.35 3365.55 3376.05 3377.39 3377.62 3397.58 3400.39 3529.73 3533.68 3533.76

Section 10.indb 152

2.3E-01 5.3E-01 1.3E+00 1.3E+00 1.4E+00 2.1E+00 3.2E-01 2.8E-01 2.7E-01 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 4.9E-01 5.3E-01 4.1E-01 4.3E-01 5.0E-01 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 2.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.9E-01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E-01 1.4E+00 3.5E-01 3.2E-01 2.7E-01 2.8E-01 3.2E-01 7.7E-01 3.1E-01 4.8E-01 3.2E-01 9.0E-01 6.0E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 4.1E-01 5.2E-01 3.7E-01

Å 3543.49 3545.33 3553.27 3555.14 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3705.04 3706.03 3708.71 3790.46 3794.96 3806.79 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.36 3855.85 3863.86 3864.86 3871.07 3875.07 3902.26 3921.86 3922.43 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4116.59 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46

gi

2 4 6 4 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 2 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 12 10 10 10 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 4 6 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 10

Weights

A

gk

10 s

2 4 6 2 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 4 6 16 4 8 6 4 10 12 8 10 10 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 10 2 6 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 2 4 6 8 10

8

λ –1

6.7E-01 3.7E-01 2.2E-01 2.6E-01 3.1E+00 2.7E+00 9.2E-01 2.7E+00 1.3E+00 2.2E+00 2.3E-01 2.9E+00 3.5E-01 4.5E-01 5.4E-01 2.8E+00 6.6E-01 9.2E-01 6.6E-01 3.6E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.3E-01 2.3E-01 2.5E-01 6.73E-01 5.33E-01 5.48E-01 3.30E-01 5.78E-01 3.1E-01 2.70E-01 2.8E-01 2.36E-01 2.68E-01 2.7E-01 2.6E-01 3.3E-01 6.2E-01 1.2E+00 1.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.3E+00 8.5E-01 2.30E-01 7.2E-01 4.10E-01 7.1E-01 2.1E+00 4.9E-01 5.00E-01 1.01E+00 5.80E-01 3.2E-01 2.90E-01 1.00E+00 7.70E-01 5.5E-01 2.90E-01 9.8E-01

Å

Weights gi

4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4400.57 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20 4416.47 4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71 4474.04 4496.06 4514.18 4524.21 4525.17 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4706.16 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21

8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 2 10 8 6 4 14 10 10 12 8 10 10 8 6 12 4 10 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8

8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 16 12 8 14 10 12 8 6 4 10 2 8 12 10 8 6 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6

V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09

13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1

13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 9.6E-01 9.4E-01 1.2E+00 8.8E-01 7.7E-01 7.0E-01 7.8E-01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.9E-01 5.5E-01 3.4E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 6.0E-01 2.6E-01 9.2E-01 2.7E-01 3.0E-01 7.6E-01 2.3E-01 6.2E-01 4.7E-01 4.0E-01 3.3E-01 3.0E-01 4.1E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 7.0E-01 6.0E-01 6.8E-01 2.4E-01 7.6E-01 5.6E-01 5.1E-01 4.7E-01 4.8E-01 5.8E-01 4.0E-01 2.3E-01 4.9E-01 4.3E-01 3.1E-01 2.9E-01 3.5E-01 2.60E-01 6.1E-01 5.2E-01 5.3E-01 5.4E-01 7.7E-01 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 3.4E-01 3.4E-01

5/4/05 8:14:07 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 2687.96 2689.88 2690.25 2690.79 2700.94 2706.17 2734.22 2753.41 2784.20 2787.91 2825.86 2843.82 2847.57 2854.34 2862.31 2868.11 2869.13 2882.49 2884.78 2889.61 2891.64 2892.43 2892.65 2893.31 2903.07 2906.45 2908.81 2910.01 2910.38 2911.05 2912.46 2915.88 2924.02 2924.63 2930.80 2941.37 2944.57 2948.08 2952.07 2955.58 2968.37 2972.26 2973.98 2985.18 3001.20 3014.82 3016.78 3020.21 3048.21 3063.25 3100.94 3113.56 3122.89 3134.93 3136.50 3139.73 3151.32 3190.69 3250.78 3251.87

Section 10.indb 153

gi

9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5 9 7 9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3 9 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7

8

10-153 λ

–1

7.6E-01 9.2E-01 3.4E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 3.4E-01 6.2E-01 4.2E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+00 9.9E-01 4.6E-01 5.0E-01 3.6E-01 2.1E+00 4.8E-01 4.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.3E+00 1.2E+00 3.4E-01 7.8E-01 1.6E+00 1.1E+00 1.2E+00 3.7E-01 5.0E-01 4.9E-01 1.7E+00 1.2E+00 5.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.6E-01 4.0E-01 7.2E-01 3.3E-01 7.0E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01 4.4E-01 7.5E-01 8.9E-01 5.0E-01 5.0E-01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.8E-01 5.0E-01 7.6E-01 5.9E-01 5.3E-01 5.2E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01 5.2E-01 3.5E-01

Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5

8

λ –1

3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92

7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3

6.9E-01 5.2E-01 5.8E-01 7.5E-01 5.3E-01 3.8E-01 4.5E-01 4.3E-01 5.1E-01 4.4E-01 3.3E-01

V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73 2366.31 2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10

8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6 8 10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8

10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8 10 12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8

4.6E+00 3.8E+00 3.2E+00 2.5E+00 2.2E+00 2.7E+00 3.6E+00 4.2E+00 4.2E+00 5.2E+00 2.9E+00 5.0E+00 4.3E+00 2.5E+00 3.7E+00 3.5E+00 2.0E+00 1.2E+00 2.8E+00 2.8E+00

V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42

9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5

9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7

6.7E+00 1.2E+01 1.1E+01 6.5E+00 6.9E+00 7.7E+00 1.1E+01 1.5E+01 1.1E+01 5.6E+00 2.4E+01 1.0E+01 4.7E+00 6.1E+00 5.0E+00 6.3E+00 5.0E+00 8.9E+00 9.4E+00 1.0E+01 1.5E+01 9.4E+00 4.7E+00 2.7E+01 1.5E+01 7.0E+00

Weights

Å 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25

gi

7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9

9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5 7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11

1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1 7.9E+00 8.7E+00 8.6E+00 8.7E+00 9.9E+00 4.0E+00 1.5E+01 4.8E+00 6.0E+00 1.7E+01 7.5E+00 8.3E+00 2.5E+01 4.9E+00 1.4E+01 7.5E+00 8.4E+00 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 4.6E+00 5.2E+00 1.3E+01 7.1E+00 2.2E+01 5.0E+00 5.4E+00 7.0E+00 1.1E+01 7.2E+00 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 5.2E+00 7.3E+00 7.2E+00 4.8E+00 5.3E+00 6.6E+00 5.8E+00 5.0E+00 4.8E+00 4.7E+00 4.0E+00 8.1E+00 7.0E+00 6.6E+00 5.1E+00 4.3E+00 1.2E+01 5.3E+00 7.6E+00 5.3E+00 4.4E+00 4.7E+00

Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1

5.9E-01 1.3E+00 8.5E-02 2.45E+00

5/4/05 8:14:10 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-154 λ Å

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3

8

λ –1

1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5

1.9E-01 3.99E+00 4.10E-01 4.34E-01 1.5E+00 4.4E-02 1.6E+00 6.2E+00 1.4E-01 2.46E+00 2.81E+00 6.2E-03 2.1E-03 7.2E-03 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 6.6E-02 3.0E-03 1.0E-02

Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9

4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10

4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8

2.2E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E+00 8.2E-01 1.1E+00 6.3E-01 2.2E-01 8.5E-01 8.9E-01 7.1E-01 6.2E-01 7.4E-01 9.9E-02 8.8E-02 6.1E-02 2.8E-01 7.5E-02 1.7E-01 2.6E-01 1.8E-01 3.6E-02 6.1E-02 2.7E-01

Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

9.1E-01 1.18E-01 6.2E-01 1.76E+00 1.14E-02

Yb II 3289.4 3694.2

2 2

4 2

1.8E+00 1.4E+00

4 4

4 6

3.5E-01 3.5E-01

Ytterbium

Yttrium YI 2948.41 2974.59

Section 10.indb 154

Å 2984.25 2995.26 2996.94 3005.26 3022.28 3045.36 3053.95 3155.65 3172.84 3185.96 3209.38 3227.16 3484.05 3549.66 3552.69 4077.36 4083.71 4102.36 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4352.40 4379.33 4385.47 4394.01 4409.70 4417.43 4437.34 4443.65 4459.01 4476.95 4491.74 4514.01 4527.78 4534.09 4544.31 4559.36 4581.33 4613.00 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4725.84 4762.96 4780.16 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31 4804.80 4821.63 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 4950.01 4963.49

gi

6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 10 6 10 4 8 10 4 8 6 6 2 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 8 4

Weights

A

gk

10 s

8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 8 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 8 6 8 6 8 6 6 10 6 6 8 6 4 4 4 6 6 8 4 4 4 10 8 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 6 4

8

λ –1

4.8E-01 5.1E-02 8.4E-02 4.8E-02 6.6E-02 1.07E-01 1.9E-03 2.7E-03 9.9E-03 1.2E-03 3.0E-03 1.10E-03 1.2E-02 1.0E-03 2.3E-01 1.1E+00 2.5E-01 1.3E+00 1.6E+00 1.6E+00 2.38E-01 3.0E-01 6.7E-03 7.83E-01 6.9E-02 1.9E-02 2.7E-03 3.2E-02 8.64E-02 1.1E-01 1.8E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 3.34E-01 8.33E-01 4.4E-02 4.10E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E-01 1.8E-01 1.8E-01 1.6E-01 1.3E-01 1.5E-01 4.2E-02 8.9E-02 1.0E-01 1.6E-01 2.6E-01 3.84E-01 1.0E-01 6.8E-01 6.2E-01 2.0E-01 7.26E-01 2.2E-01 2.0E-01 1.2E-01 2.0E-02 1.4E-02

Weights

Å

gi

4981.97 5004.44 5205.01 5258.47 5271.82 5380.63 5381.24 5388.39 5390.81 5401.88 5424.36 5466.24 5466.47 5469.10 5513.65 5519.88 5526.43 5527.56 5541.63 5551.00 5573.03 5594.12 5606.34 5619.96 5630.14 5641.78 5675.27 5675.64 5693.63 5714.94 5729.25 5732.09 5740.22 5757.59 5788.36 5844.13 5879.93 5902.91 6087.94 6191.72 6222.58 6402.01 6435.02 6437.17 6538.57 6622.48 6815.15 7009.89 7035.15

4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 6 6 4 10 4 6 4 6 8 8 4 6 6 10 6 4 2 6 4 4 8 6 6 8 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 10 10 8 2 2 4

6 4 4 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 4 4 12 6 6 6 4 10 8 4 4 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3448.81 3467.88

1 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5

3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1 4.7E-03 1.2E-02 8.4E-03 2.9E-03 1.1E-02 3.2E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E-02 2.9E-02 6.0E-03 3.47E-01 1.0E-01 6.3E-01 3.6E-03 2.39E-01 1.2E-02 3.9E-03 5.4E-01 5.2E-02 6.9E-02 1.8E-02 5.0E-02 5.84E-02 2.0E-02 4.9E-01 1.9E-02 9.3E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.0E-02 2.2E-03 7.5E-02 4.0E-02 7.6E-03 9.4E-03 5.6E-03 8.5E-02 4.0E-02 1.1E-01 4.7E-02 5.9E-03 2.7E-03 4.0E-02 4.8E-02 1.5E-01 4.5E-03 7.18E-02 4.4E-02 6.3E-02 1.3E-02 3.8E-02 8.23E-01 4.8E-01 2.77E+00 2.0E+00 2.0E+00 4.1E-02 2.7E-02

5/4/05 8:14:13 AM

NIST Atomic Transition Probabilities λ Å 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73

Section 10.indb 155

1 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3

8

10-155 λ

–1

3.49E-01 3.97E-01 4.02E-01 1.4E+00 1.13E+00 1.04E+00 3.3E-01 3.7E-01 1.5E+00 1.9E-01 1.1E+00 2.42E-01 8.1E-01 9.70E-02 3.0E-01 2.9E-02 2.1E-02 2.80E-01 1.5E-02 2.7E-01 1.8E-02 5.27E-01 5.36E-03 2.20E-02 2.3E-02 1.29E-01 5.55E-02

Å 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42 5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16

5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 7 9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5

gi

Weights

A

gk

10 s

5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3

8

λ –1

9.97E-01 1.16E-01 1.83E-01 1.9E-02 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 3.9E-01 1.5E-03 4.7E-01 4.51E-01 1.5E-02 2.0E-01 1.6E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 6.7E-03 3.9E-03 4.3E-02 7.62E-02 1.2E-01 4.24E-02 1.8E-01 5.8E-02 3.0E-02 1.7E-02 3.3E-03 1.3E-02

Weights

Å

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

Zinc Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1

6.0E-02 7.6E-02 5.7E-02 1.8E-01 2.6E-01 3.05E-01 7.09E+00 3.29E-04 9.0E-01 1.2E+00 6.7E-01 1.7E+00 4.0E-01 4.5E-02 4.74E-01 2.43E-01

Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6

2 2 4 4 4

4 4 6 4 6

3.3E+00 4.6E+00 5.6E+00 9.3E-01 1.6E+00

5/4/05 8:14:15 AM

Electron Affinities Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical reviews of Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 28, 1511, 1999; Hotop, H. and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 731, 1985; and Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity that was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. The development of cluster-ion pho-

todetachment apparatuses has brought an explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higherorder clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988 and on the NIST WebBook at the Internet address http:// webbook.nist.gov/. For the present tabulation the 2002 CODATA value e/hc = 8065.54445 ± 0.00069 cm-1 eV-1 (http://physics.nist.gov) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm-1, into eV for these tables. The 86 ppb uncertainty in e/hc is insignificant compared to uncertainties in the electron affinity measurements. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; attach = electron attachment/detachment equilibrium; e-scat = electron scattering; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud=Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.

TABLE 1. Atomic Electron Affinities Atomic number Atom  1 H

 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

10-156

D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn

Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420812 0.754593 0.75465624 0.75480540 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611096 3.4011895 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.3895220 0.7465 2.077103 3.612724 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable

Uncertainty in eV 0.000019 — 0.000074 — — — 0.000020 — 0.000025 0.000020 — 0.0000007 0.0000025 — 0.000025 — 0.00005 0.0000024 0.0003 0.000001 0.000027 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 —

Method LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc

Ref. 89 205 89 deuterium 205 deuterium 205 tritium 1 185 1 191 28 1 4 227 1 1 1 208 227 1 1 52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1

Electron Affinities

10-157 Atomic number 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 63 69 70 71 72 73 74 75   76   77   78   79   80   81   82   83   84   85   86   87   88   89 118 121

Electron affinity in eV Fe 0.151 Co 0.662 Ni 1.156 Cu 1.235 Zn not stable Ga 0.43 Ge 1.232712 As 0.814 Se 2.020670 Br 3.363588 Kr not stable Rb 0.48592 Sr 0.048 Y 0.307 Zr 0.426 Nb 0.893 Mo 0.748 Tc 0.55 Ru 1.05 Rh 1.137 Pd 0.562 Ag 1.302 Cd not stable In 0.3 Sn 1.112067 Sb 1.046 Te 1.970876 I 3.059037 Xe not stable Cs 0.471626 Ba 0.14462 La 0.47 Ce 0.955 Pr 0.962 Eu 0.864 Tm 1.029 Yb -0.020 Lu 0.34 Hf »0 Ta 0.322 W 0.815 Re 0.15 Os 1.1 Ir 1.5638 Pt 2.128 Au 2.30863 Hg not stable Tl 0.2 Pb 0.364 Bi 0.942362 Po 1.9 At 2.8 Rn not stable Fr 0.46 Ra 0.10 Ac 0.35 ekaradon 0.056 ekaactinium 0.57 Atom

Uncertainty in eV 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.03 0.000015 0.008 0.000025 0.000002 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.025 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.000007 0.000010 — 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.022 — 0.01 — 0.012 0.002 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 — 0.2 0.008 0.000013 0.3 0.2 — — — — 0.01 —

Method LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPT calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat PT LPES LPT calc calc calc calc calc calc calc calc

Ref. 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 200 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 261 92 1 1 195 184 269 225 268 264 196 223 1 1 37 1 1 141 1 1 1 1 1 262 1 1 1 82 273 207 140 207

Electron Affinities

10-158 TABLE 2. Electron Affinities for Diatomic Molecules Molecule

Ag2 AgO Al2 AlO AlP AlS As2 AsH AsO Au2 AuO AuPd AuS BN BO BeH Bi2 Br2 BrO C2 CH CN CRh CS CaH Cl2 ClO Co2 CoD CoH Cr2 CrD CrH CrO Cs2 CsCl CsO Cu2 CuO F2 FO Fe2 FeD FeH FeO GaAs GaO GaP Ge2 I2 IBr IO InP K2 KBr KCl KCs KI KRb LiCl LiD LiH MgCl MgH MgI MgO MnD

Electron affinity in eV

1.023 1.654 1.10 2.60 2.043 2.60 0.739 1.0 1.286 1.938 2.374 1.88 2.469 3.160 2.508 0.7 1.271 2.55 2.353 3.269 1.238 3.862 1.46 0.205 0.93 2.38 2.275 1.110 0.680 0.671 0.505 0.568 0.563 1.221 0.469 0.455 0.273 0.836 1.777 3.08 2.272 0.902 0.932 0.934 1.493 1.949 2.612 1.988 2.035 2.524 2.55 2.378 1.845 0.497 0.642 0.582 0.471 0.728 0.486 0.593 0.337 0.342 1.589 1.05 1.899 1.630 0.866

Uncertainty in eV

0.007 0.002 0.15 0.02 0.020 0.03 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.007 0.007 — 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.1 0.008 0.10 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.02 0.021 0.05 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.10 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.005 0.020 0.008 0.020 0.001 0.015 0.10 0.006 0.020 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.06 0.018 0.025 0.010

Method

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES

Ref.

37 233 68 143 218 129 200 2 198 37 282 220 282 189 6 2 119 2 88 87 2 111 206 2 2 2 88 27 29 29 114 29 29 5 104 30 133 37 118 2 88 27 9 9 45 218 279 218 123 305 2 88 218 104 30 30 104 30 104 30 102 102 31 2 31 178 9

Molecule

MnH MnO MoO NH NO NRh NS Na2 NaBr NaCl NaF NaI NaK NbO Ni2 NiCu NiAg NiD NiH NiO O2 OD OH ORh P2 PH PO Pb2 PbO PbS Pd2 PdCO PdO Pt2 PtN Rb2 RbCl RbCs Re2 S2 SD SF SH SO Sb2 ScO Se2 SeH SeO Si2 SiF SiH SiN Sn2 SnO SnPb Te2 TeH TeO TiO VO YO ZnF ZnH ZnO ZrO

Electron affinity in eV

0.869 1.375 1.290 0.370 0.026 1.51 1.194 0.430 0.788 0.727 0.520 0.865 0.465 1.29 0.926 0.889 0.979 0.477 0.481 1.470 0.450 1.825533 1.8276487 1.58 0.589 1.027 1.092 1.366 0.722 1.049 1.685 0.604 1.570 1.898 1.240 0.498 0.544 0.478 1.571 1.670 2.315 2.285 2.314343 1.125 1.282 1.35 1.94 2.212519 1.456 2.201 0.81 1.277 2.949 1.962 0.598 1.569 1.92 2.102 1.697 1.30 1.229 1.35 1.974 2.5 1.464 1.474 0.9 2.413 1.5 0.864 2.11 1.466 4.35 4.35 0.301 0.330 1.077 1.912 1.43 1.9782 1.157 1.038 1.049 2.358 0.564 1.60 1.894 1.666 2.428 2.506

Uncertainty in eV Method 0.05 LPES 0.010 LPES 0.15 LPES 0.02 0.007 0.008 0.020 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.3 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.03 — 0.2 0.005 0.02 0.03 0.020 0.07 0.07 0.006 0.005 0.020 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.17 0.07 1.617 0.006 0.025 0.018 — 0.05 0.020 0.013 0.014 — 0.005 0.005 0.1 0.008 0.06 0.030 0.05 0.010 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.015 0.005 0.015 0.06 0.0006 0.005 0.013 0.014 0.030 0.019 0.02 0.033 0.041 0.020 0.008

LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES PT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES CT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES 0.015 LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES

Ref. 37 163 68 143 217 297 217 129 200 2 37 294 294 294 276 220 98 193 221 119 11 235 235 12 95 235 12 95 95 95 95 235 271 87 243 180 272 278 147 34 34 34 107 107 306 144 OCrO 241 Cr(O2) 18 37 163 177 177 35 14 15 53 149 254 103 34 34 130 254 152 192 192 192 302

Molecule Ga2P Ge3 GeH2 HCO HCl2 HNO HO2 HS2 I3 InP2 In2P K3 MnD2 MnH2 MnO2 N3 N3 NCN NCO NCS NH2 N2O NO2 (NO)R Na3 NaCS2 Na2CS2 Nb3 Ni3 NiCN NiCO NiD2 NiH2 NiO2 NiO2 O3 O2Ar OClO OIO PH2 P2H PO2 Pd3 PdCN PdCO Pt3 PtCN PtCO Rb3 ReO2 S3 SO2 S2O Sb3 SeO2 SiF2 Si2F SiH2 Si2H Si3 Sn3 SnCN Ta3 TiO2 V3 VO2 WO2

Electron affinity in eV 2.481 2.23 1.097 0.313 4.896 0.338 1.078 1.907 4.226 1.61 2.36 0.956 0.465 0.444 2.06 2.70 2.68 2.484 3.609 3.537 0.771 -0.03 2.273 R=Ar,Kr,Xe 1.019 0.80 0.25 1.032 1.41 1.771 0.804 1.926 1.934 3.05 0.82 2.1028 0.52 2.140 2.577 1.263 1.514 3.42 720 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 619 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

Z �SM with standard couplings Mass m > 825 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 1500 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) ZLR of SU(2) L ×SU(2) R×U(1) (with g L = g R) Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 860 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zχ of SO(10) SU(5)× U(1) χ (with gχ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 690 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 781 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit) Zψ of E6 → SO(10)×U(1)ψ (with gψ = e cos θW ) Mass m > 675 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp direct search) Mass m > 366 GeV, CL = 95% (electroweak fit)

The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta decay with Majoron emission is > 7.2 × 1024 years (CL = 90%).

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] Theoretical value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be precluded. [b] � indicates each type of lepton (e, μ, and τ ), not sum over them. [c] This represents the width for the decay of the W boson into a charged particle with momentum below detectability, p < 200 MeV. [d] The Z-boson mass listed here corresponds to a Breit–Wigner resonance parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the position of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z-boson propagator. [e] This partial width takes into account Z decays into νν and any other possible undetected modes. [f] This ratio has not been corrected for the τ mass. [g] Here A ≡ 2gV g A/(g 2V + g 2A). [h] The value is for the sum of the charge states or particle/ antiparticle states indicated. [i] See the Z Particle Listings for the γ energy range used in this measurement. [j] For mγ γ = (60 ± 5) GeV. [k] The limits assume no invisible decays.

LEPTON SUMMARY TABLE

Weak anomalous magnetic dipole moment Re(ατw ) < 1.1 × 10−3 , CL = 95% Im(ατw ) < 2.7 × 10−3 , CL = 95%

Decay parameters

LEPTONS

e

J =

1 2

Mass m = (548.57990945 ± 0.00000024)×10−6 u Mass m = 0.51099892 ± 0.00000004 MeV |m e + − m e − |/m < 8 × 10−9 , CL = 90% |qe + + qe − |/e < 4 × 10−8 Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011596521859±0.0000000000038 μB (g e + − g e − ) / gaverage = (−0.5 ± 2.1)×10−12 Electric dipole moment d = (0.07 ± 0.07)×10−26 e cm Mean life τ > 4.6 × 1026 yr, CL = 90%[a]

μ

J =

τ + modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. “h± ” stands for π ± or K ± . “�” stands for e or μ. “Neutrals” stands for γ ’s and/or π 0 ’s.

1 2

Mass m = 0.1134289264 ± 0.0000000030 u Mass m = 105.658369 ± 0.000009 MeV Mean life τ = (2.19703 ± 0.00004)×10−6 s τ μ+ /τ μ− = 1.00002 ± 0.00008 cτ = 658.654 m Magnetic moment μ = 1.0011659208 ± 0.0000000006 e¯h/2m μ (g μ+ − g μ− ) / g average = (−2.6 ± 1.6)×10−8 Electric dipole moment d = (3.7 ± 3.4)×10−19 e cm Decay parameters[b] ρ = 0.7509 ± 0.0010 η = 0.001 ± 0.024 (S = 2.0) δ = 0.7495 ± 0.0012 ξ Pμ = 1.003 ± 0.008[c] ξ Pμ δ/ρ > 0.99682, CL = 90%[c] ξ � = 1.00 ± 0.04 ξ �� = 0.7 ± 0.4 α/A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 α � /A = (0 ± 4)×10−3 β/A = (4 ± 6)×10−3 β � /A = (1 ± 5)×10−3 η = 0.02 ± 0.08 μ+ modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. μ− DECAY MODES e − ν e νμ e − ν e νμ γ e − ν e νμ e + e − e− ve v¯ μ e− γ e− e + e − e− 2γ

τ

p Confidence level (MeV/c)

Fraction (�i /�)

≈ 100% [d] (1.4 ± 0.4) % [e] (3.4 ± 0.4) × 10−5 Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes LF [f] < 1.2 % 90% LF < 1.2 ×10−11 90% LF < 1.0 ×10−12 90% LF < 7.2 ×10−11 90%

J =

See the τ Particle Listings for a note concerning τ -decay parameters. ρ τ (e or μ) = 0.745 ± 0.008 ρ τ (e) = 0.747 ± 0.010 ρ τ (μ) = 0.763 ± 0.020 ξ τ (e or μ) = 0.985 ± 0.030 ξ τ (e) = 0.994 ± 0.040 ξ τ (μ) = 1.030 ± 0.059 ητ (e or μ) = 0.013 ± 0.020 ητ (μ) = 0.094 ± 0.073 (δξ )τ (e or μ) = 0.746 ± 0.021 (δξ )τ (e) = 0.734 ± 0.028 (δξ )τ (μ) = 0.778 ± 0.037 ξ τ (π ) = 0.993 ± 0.022 ξ τ (ρ) = 0.994 ± 0.008 ξ τ (a1 ) = 1.001 ± 0.027 ξ τ (all hadronic modes) = 0.995 ± 0.007

1 2

Mass m = 1776.99+0.29 −0.26 MeV (mτ + − mτ − )/maverage < 3.0 × 10−3 , CL = 90% Mean life τ = (290.6 ± 1.0)×10−15 s cτ = 87.11 μm Magnetic moment anomaly > −0.052 and < 0.013, CL = 95% Re(dτ ) = −0.22 to 0.45 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Im(dτ ) = −0.25 to 0.008 × 10−16 e cm, CL = 95% Weak dipole moment −17 e cm, CL = 95% Re(dw τ ) < 0.50 × 10 w −17 e cm, CL = 95% Im(dτ ) < 1.1 × 10

53 53 53 53 53 53 53

τ − DECAY MODES

Scale factor/ Confidence level

Fraction (�i /�)

p (MeV/c)

Modes with one charged particle particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0 ντ (“1-prong”) particle− ≥ 0 neutrals ≥ 0K 0L ντ μ− ν μ ντ μ− ν μ ντ γ e− ν e ντ e− ν e ντ γ h− ≥ 0K 0L ντ h− ντ π − ντ K − ντ h− ≥1 neutralsντ h− ≥ 1π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− π 0 ντ π − π 0 ντ π − π 0 non-ρ(770) ντ K − π 0 ντ h− ≥ 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ h− 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), scalar π − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ), vector K − 2π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− ≥ 3π 0 ντ h− ≥ 3π 0 ντ (ex. K 0 ) h− 3π 0 ντ π − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) K − 3π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 , η) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ) h− 4π 0 ντ (ex.K 0 ,η) K − ≥ 0π 0 ≥0K 0 ≥0γ ντ K − ≥1 (π 0 or K 0 or γ ) ντ

(85.33 ± 0.08) (84.69 ± 0.09) [g] (17.36 ± 0.05) [e] (3.6 ± 0.4) [g] (17.84 ± 0.05) [e] (1.75 ± 0.18) (12.14 ± 0.07) (11.59 ± 0.06) [g] (10.90 ± 0.07) [g] (6.91 ± 0.23) (37.05 ± 0.12) (36.51 ± 0.12) (25.95 ± 0.10) [g] (25.50 ± 0.10) (3.0 ± 3.2) [g] (4.52 ± 0.27) (10.81 ± 0.14) (9.47 ± 0.12) (9.31 ± 0.12) [g] (9.25 ± 0.12) 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (reactor) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 7 × 109 s/eV (solar) Mean life/mass, τ/m > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90% (accelerator) Magnetic moment μ < 0.9×10−10 μ B , CL = 90% (reactor) Number of Neutrino Types Number N = 2.994 ± 0.012 (Standard Model fits to LEP data) Number N = 2.92 ± 0.06 (Direct measurement of invisible Z width) Neutrino Mixing The following values are obtained through data analyses based on the 3-neutrino mixing scheme described in the review “Neutrino mass, mixing, and flavor change” by B. Kayser in this Review. sin2 (2θ12 )

=

0.86+0.03 −0.04

�m221

=

2 −5 (8.0+0.4 −0.3 ) × 10 eV

The ranges below for sin2 (2θ23 ) and �m 232 correspond to the projections onto the appropriate axes of the 90% CL contours

In this Summary Table:

NOTES

When a quantity has “(S = . . . )” to its right, the error on � the quantity has been enlarged by the “scale factor” S, defined as S = χ 2 /(N − 1), where N is the number of measurements used in calculating the quantity. We do this when S > 1, which often indicates that the measurements are inconsistent. When S > 1.25, we also show in the Particle Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more about S, see the Introduction. A decay momentum p is given for each decay mode. For a 2-body decay, p is the momentum of each decay product in the rest frame of the decaying particle. For a 3-or-more-body decay, p is the largest momentum any of the products can have in this frame. [a] This is the best limit for the mode e− → νγ . The best limit for “electron disappearance” is 6.4 × 1024 yr. [b] See the “Note on Muon Decay Parameters” in the μ Particle Listings for definitions and details. [c] Pμ is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion decay. In standard V −A theory, Pμ = 1 and ρ = δ = 3/4. [d] This only includes events with the γ energy > 10 MeV. Since the e− ν e νμ and e− ν e νμ γ modes cannot be clearly separated, we regard the latter mode as a subset of the former. [e] See the relevant Particle Listings for the energy limits used in this measurement. [f] A test of additive vs. multiplicative lepton family number conservation. [g] Basis mode for the τ . [h] L± mass limit depends on decay assumptions; see the Full Listings. [i] The sign of �m232 is not known at this time. The range quoted is for the absolute value.

QUARK SUMMARY TABLE

b� (4th Generation) Quark, Searches for Mass m > 190 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, quasi-stable b� ) Mass m > 199 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, neutral-current decays) Mass m > 128 GeV, CL = 95% ( pp, charged-current decays) Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95% (e+ e− , all decays)

QUARKS The u-, d -, and s-quark masses are estimates of so-called “current-quark masses,” in a mass-independent subtraction scheme such as MS at a scale μ ≈ 2 GeV. The cand b-quark masses are the “running” masses in the MS scheme. For the b-quark we also quote the 1S mass. These can be different from the heavy quark masses obtained in potential models.

u

I( J P) =

1 2

d

I( J P) =

1 2

2

Iz = + 12

� 1 +� 2

Mass m = 3 to 7 MeV Charge = − 13 e ms /md = 17 to 22 m = (mu + md )/2 = 2.5 to 5.5 MeV [a]

All searches since 1977 have had negative results. NOTES

� 1 +�

Charge = 23 e

Mass m = 1.5 to 3.0 MeV[a] mu /md = 0.3 to 0.6

Free Quark Searches

Iz = − 12

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

s

Mass m = 95±25 MeV[a] Charge = − 13 e Strangeness = −1 (ms (mu + md )/2)/(md − mu ) = 30 to 50 � +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

c

Mass m = 1.25±0.09 GeV

Charge = 23 e

Charm = +1

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

b

Charge = 13 e

Mass m = 4.20 ± 0.07 GeV Mass m = 4.70 ± 0.07 GeV

Bottom = −1 (MS mass) (1S mass)

� +� I ( J P ) = 0 12

t

Charge = 23 e

Top = +1

Mass m = 174.2±3.3 GeV[b] (direct observation of top events) Mass m = 172.3+10.2 −7.6 GeV (Standard Model electroweak fit)

t DECAY MODES Wq(q = b, s, d) Wb �ν� anything τ ντ b γ q(q = u, c)

p Fraction (�i / �) Confidence level (MeV/c)

[c,d] (9.4 ± 2.4) [e] < 5.9×10−3

% 95%

ΔT = 1 weak neutral current (T1) modes Zq(q = u, c) T1 [ f ] < 13.7% 95%

11-6

– – – – – –

[a] The ratios mu /md and ms /md are extracted from pion and kaon masses using chiral symmetry. The estimates of u and d masses are not without controversy and remain under active investigation. Within the literature there are even suggestions that the u quark could be essentially massless. The s-quark mass is estimated from SU(3) splittings in hadron masses. [b] Based on published top mass measurements using data from Tevatron Run-I and Run-II. Including also the most recent unpublished results from Run-II, the Tevatron Electroweak Working Group reports a top mass of 172.5 ± 1.3 ± 1.9 GeV. See the note “The Top Quark” in the Quark Particle Listings of this Review. [c] � means e or μ decay mode, not the sum over them. [d] Assumes lepton universality and W -decay acceptance. [e] This limit is for �(t → γ q)/ �(t → Wb). [f] This limit is for �(t → Zq)/ �(t → Wb).

MESON SUMMARY TABLE

Mass m = 547.51 ± 0.18 MeV [ f ] (S = 5.8) Full width � = 1.30 ± 0.07 keV [g]

LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS (S = C = B = 0) √ For I = 1(π, b, ρ, a) : ud, (uu − dd)/ 2, du; for I = 0(η, η� , h, h� , ω, φ, f, f � ):c1 (uu + dd) + c2 (ss) π±

C-nonconserving decay parameters π + π − π 0 Left–right asymmetry = (0.09 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Sextant asymmetry = (0.18 ± 0.16) × 10−2 π + π − π 0 Quadrant asymmetry = (−0.17 ± 0.17) × 10−2 π +π −γ Left–right asymmetry = (0.9 ± 0.4) × 10−2 + − π π γ β (D-wave) = −0.02 ± 0.07 (S = 1.3)

I G( J P ) = 1− (0− )

Dalitz plot parameter π 0 π 0 π 0 α = −0.031 ± 0.004

Mass m = 139.57018 ± 0.00035 MeV (S = 1.2) Mean life τ = (2.6033 ± 0.0005) × 10−8 s (S = 1.2) cτ = 7.8045 m π ± → �± νγ form factors [a] FV = 0.017 ± 0.008 F A = 0.0115 ± 0.0005 (S = 1.2) R = 0.059+0.009 −0.008 π − modes are charge conjugates of the modes below. For decay limits to particles which are not established, see the appropriate Search sections (Massive Neutrino Peak Search Test, A0 (axion), and Other Light Boson (X 0 ) Searches, etc.). π + DECAY MODES

Fraction (�i / �)

ρ Confidence level (MeV/c)

μ+ νμ μ+ νμ γ e+ ve e + νe γ e+ νe π 0 e+ νe e+ e− e+ νe νν

[b] (99.98770 ± 0.00004) [c] (2.00 ± 0.25) [b] (1.230 ± 0.004) [c] (1.61 ± 0.23) (1.036 ± 0.006) (3.2 ± 0.5) 0.3 μs

28

Ni

58.6934(2)

Ni Ni 50 Ni 51 Ni

48.020 49.0097 49.9959 50.9877

66m1 66

71

72

73

74

75

48 49

487_S11.indb 67

7/22+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +4.822 ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) 3.85 +0.25 ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) +4.72 +0.5 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 +4.04 +0.22 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99 +4.63 +0.41 +4.40 +0.3 0.0586/2.0

~ 2.1 ms 12. ms 12. ms > 0.2 μs

ββ-,n ββ-,n

7/2-

(5+)

+0.44

1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17

0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694

1.26/102 0.97/100 (0.45 – 0.92) 0.566/100 (0.25 – 0.77) 1.096/100 0.845 (0.455 – 1.197) 0.524/100 (0.24 – 0.76) 0.739 1.024

// > 3 // > 6

// > 9 // > 26

2p

p// ~ 25

0+

β+, p β+ /16.0

p//70.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-68 Elem. or Isot.

51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95133 55.94213

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 38. ms 0.05 s 0.10 s 0.20 s 6.08 d

56.939794

35.6 h

β+ /3.264 EC/

57.935343 58.934347 59.930786 60.931056 61.928345 62.929669 63.927966 64.930084

>4 × 1019 y ~ 7.6 × 104 y

EC-EC EC/

Ni Ni Ni

Ni Ni 54 Ni 55 Ni 56 Ni 52

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

53

Ni

57

Ni Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 65 Ni 58 59

66

67m

67

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ni Ni

70m

Ni Ni 72 Ni 73 Ni 74 Ni 75 Ni 76 Ni 77 Ni 78 Ni 71

Cu

65.929139

54.6 h 13.3 μs

β- /0.23 I.T.

0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.

66.931569

21. s

β- /3.56

0.34 μs 0.86 ms

I.T.

(5-)

29. s 0.44 μs

β- /2.06 I.T.

0+ (17/2)

3.5 s 11. s

β- /5.4

0.21 μs

I.T.

(8+)

6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 0.9 s 0.34 s 0.24 s 0.13 s ~ 0.11 s

β- /3.5 β- /6.9 β- /5.2 β- /9. β- /7.

0+

67.931869

68.935610

69.9365 70.9407 71.9421 72.9465 73.9481 74.9529 75.955 76.961 77.963

Cu Cu 54 Cu 55 Cu 56 Cu

51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9661 55.9586

< 0.3 μs < 0.075 μs > 0.2 μs 93. ms

β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3

Cu

56.94921

196. ms

β+ /8.77

57

487_S11.indb 68

0.69

0+ 9/2+ ½-

ann.rad./ 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177)

-0.798

-0.75002

+0.601

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.16

0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23. 0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10–1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033 0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259

0+ 0+

0+

63.546(3)

53

3.8/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

29 52

0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ ½0+ 5/2-

β- /2.137

Ni

70

3/2-

2.517 h

69m1 69

0.712/10. 0.849/76.

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+

0.065/

Ni Ni

Ni Ni

7.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

β- /0.066945

68m1

69m2

β+ /11.7 β+, p/13.3 β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ / 0.3 μs

β- /9.9 β- /7.9

30

Zn

69.409(4)

Zn Zn 56 Zn 57 Zn 58 Zn 59 Zn

53.9930 54.9840 55.9724 56.9648 57.95459 58.94926

~ 3.2 ms > 1.6 μs 0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms

2p

Zn

59.94183

2.40 m

β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/

Zn

60.93951

1.485 m

β+ /5.64

4.38/68.

3/2-

Zn

61.93433

9.22 h

β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/

0.66/7.

0+

Zn

62.933212

38.5 m

β+ /93/3.367 EC/7/

3/2-

-0.28164

+0.29

> 4.3 × 1018 y 244.0 d

EC-β+ β+ /98/1.3514 EC/1.5/

1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.

0+ 5/2-

+0.7690

-0.023

+0.8755

+0.15

72 73

74 75

75.94528 76.9479 77.9520 78.9546 79.961

54 55

60

61

62

63

β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09

48.268(321)

63.929142 64.929241

Zn Zn 68 Zn 69m Zn 69 Zn 70 Zn 71m Zn

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123)

65.926033 66.927127 67.924844

0.631(9)

68.926550 69.925319

13.76 h 56. m > 1.3 × 1016 y 3.97 h

I.T./99+/0.439 β- /0.906 β-ββ- /

Zn

70.92772

2.4 m

β- /2.81

Zn

71.92686

46.5 h

β- /0.46

Zn Zn

72.92978

6. s 24. s

Zn

73.92946

1.60 m

65

66 67

71

72

73m 73

74

487_S11.indb 70

(1+)

β- /11. β- / ~ 10. β- /12. β- /11.

Zn Zn

64

5.8/43 6.25/42

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559

p//87

0+

8.1/

0+ (7/2-) 0+ 3/2-

ann.rad./

0+

0.325/

0.905/99.9 1.45/

0+ 5/20+ 9/2+ ½0+ 9/2+

½-

0.25/14. 0.30/86.

0+

β- /4.29

I.T./0.196 4.7/

(7/2+) (1/2-)

β- /2.3

2.1/

0+

ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1) ann.rad./ 1.1155/49.8

0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/ 0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/

4/17/06 10:58:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-71 Atomic Mass or Weight

Zn Zn 77m Zn 77 Zn 78m Zn 78 Zn 79 Zn 80 Zn

74.9329 75.9333

Zn Zn 83 Zn

75 76

82

Ga

β- /6.0 β- /4.2 β- / β- /7.3

77.9384 78.9427 79.9443 80.9505 81.9544 82.9610

0.29 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /11.9

31

69.723(1)

Ga Ga 58 Ga 59 Ga 60 Ga

55.9949 56.9829 57.9743 58.9634 59.9571

< 0.043 μs 0.07 s

Ga Ga

60.9495 61.94418

0.17 s 116.0 ms

Ga

62.939294

32. s

Ga Ga

63.936839

0.022 ms 2.63 m

Ga

64.932735

Ga

56 57

61 62

63

64m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.6/ 4.8/

β- /6.4 β- /8.6 β- /7.3

β+ β+, p β+, α β+ /9.0 β+ /9.17 EC/ β+ /5.5 EC/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+ 0+

// ~ 1.6 // ~ 0.02 8.3/

3/20+

4.5/

0+

15.2 m

β+ /86/3.255 EC/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.

3/2-

65.931589

9.5 h

β+ /56/5.175 EC/43/

0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.

0+

Ga

66.928202

3.261 d

EC/1.001

Ga

67.927980

1.130 h

β+ /90/2.921 EC/10/

68.925574 69.926022

21.1 m

70.924701 71.926366

> 2.4 × 1026 y 14.10 h

EC/0.2/0.655 β- /99.8/1.656 ββ- /4.001

66

67

68

Ga Ga

60.108(9)

Ga Ga

39.892(9)

69 70

71 72

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/

0+

2.79/ 6.05/

65

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+ (1/2-)

β+ /7.165

64

487_S11.indb 71

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s > 0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s

76.9370

81

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.83/

1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8.

3/2-

+1.8507

0.20

1+

0.01175

0.028

3/21+

+2.01659

+0.17

3/23-

+2.56227 -0.13224

+0.11 +0.5

1.004 3.848 1.555–2.559 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./ 0.954/0.0012 ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/ 0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48 0.8340/95.53 2.202/26.9 0.630/26.2

4/17/06 10:58:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-72 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.15/11.

Spin (h/2 π)

Ga

72.925175

74.87 h

β- /1.59

Ga Ga

73.926946

10. s 8.1 m

I.T./ β- /5.4

2.6/

1+ 3-

Ga

74.926500

2.10 m

β- /3.39

3.3/

3/2-

Ga

75.928828

29. s

β- /7.0

Ga

76.929154

13.0 s

β- /5.3

78

Ga

77.931608

5.09 s

β- /8.2

Ga Ga 81 Ga 82 Ga 83 Ga 84 Ga 85 Ga 86 Ga

78.9329 79.9365 80.9378 81.9430 82.9470 83.9527 84.9570 85.963

2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ~ 0.085 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /7.0 β- /10.4 β- /8.3 β- /12.6 β- /~ 11.5 β- /14

73

74m 74

75

76

77

79 80

32

Ge

72.64(1)

Ge Ge 60 Ge 61 Ge 62 Ge 63 Ge 64 Ge

57.9910 58.9818 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.94165

> 0.11 μs 0.04 s 0.13 s 0.15 s 1.06 m

Ge

64.9394

31. s

Ge

65.93384

2.26 h

Ge

66.932734

19.0 m

β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/

Ge Ge

67.92809 68.927965

270.8 d 1.63 d

EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/

58 59

65

66

67

68 69

Ge Ge 71 Ge 72 Ge 70

71m

487_S11.indb 72

20.38(18)

69.924247

27.31(26)

70.924951 71.922076

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3/2-

3-

5.2/ 3+ 4.6/ 10./ 5.1/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/

0+

20.4 ms 11.2 d

0+

β+ /13.6 β- /9.8 β+ /4.4 EC/ β+, p β+ /6.2 EC/ EC, p β+, p β+ /27/2.10 EC/73/

EC/0.229

0+ 3.0/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011

1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/

I.T./0.0234

0+

0+

½-

0+ 5/2-

0+ 9/2+ ½0+

0.735

+0.547

0.02

ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749

4/17/06 10:58:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ge Ge 75m Ge 75 Ge 73 74

Ge Ge

76

77m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 7.76(8) 36.72(15)

11-73 Atomic Mass or Weight

72.923459 73.921178 74.922859

7.83(7)

75.921403

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) > 1.8 × 1023 y β48. s 1.380 h

I.T./ β- /1.177

1.6 × 1021 y 53. s

β-βI.T./20/ β- /80/2.861

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.19/

2.9/

Spin (h/2 π) 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ ½-

76.923549

11.25 h

β- /2.702

0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.

7/2+

Ge

77.922853

1.45 h

β- /0.95

0.70/

0+

Ge Ge

78.9254

39. s 19.1 s

β- /IT β- /4.2

Ge

79.92537

29.5 s

β- /2.67

2.4/

0+

~ 7.6 s

β- /

3.75/

½+

78

79m 79

80

81m

Ge

4.0/20. 4.3/80.

Ge

80.9288

~ 7.6 s

β- /6.2

3.44/

9/2+

Ge Ge 84 Ge 85 Ge 86 Ge 87 Ge 88 Ge 89 Ge

81.9296 82.9346 83.9375 84.9430 85.9465 86.9525 87.957 88.964

4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /4.7 β- /8.9 β- /7.7 β- /10.

1.093/80

0+

82 83

As

33

1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.

7/2+ ½-

81

0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/

0+ 0+ 0+

74.92160(2)

As As 62 As 63 As 64 As 65 As 66m2 As 66m1 As 66 As 67 As

59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9496

65.945 66.9392

< 0.043 μs 0.02 s 0.13 s 8. μs 1.1 μs 95.8 ms 42. s

As

67.93677

2.53 m

β+ /8.1

As

68.93227

15.2 m

β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/

2.95/

5/2-

+ 1.623

As

69.93092

52.6 m

1.44/

4+

+2.1061

+0.09

As

70.927112

2.72 d

β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013

5/2-

+1.6735

-0.02

60 61

68

69

70

71

487_S11.indb 73

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2

+0.510

0+ ½-

Ge

77

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.879467 -0.17

β+ /9.4

β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/

5.0/

5/2-

3+

0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:58:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-74 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/68/

As

71.926752

26.0 h

β+ /77/4.356

As

72.923825

80.3 d

EC/0.341

As

73.923829

17.78 d

72

73

74

As As 76 As 75m 75

100.

74.921597 75.922394

β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β- /1.353

0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.

2-

-1.597

26.3 h

β- /2.962

0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.

3/22-

+1.43947 -0.903

3/2-

+1.295

0.017 s

38.8 h

β- /0.683

As

77.92183

1.512 h

β- /4.21

1.21 μs

I.T.

79m

As

-2.1566

-0.08

3/2-

3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.

2-

9/2+

+0.31

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.

0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/77. 0.344/65. (0.561 – 1.894)

As

78.92095

9.0 m

β- /2.28

1.80/95.

3/2-

As

79.92253

16. s

β- /5.64

3.38/

1+

As

80.92213

33. s

β- /3.856

13.7 s

β- /

3.6/

5-

7.2/80.

(2-)

0.6544(1)/54. (0.755 – 3.667) 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/

79

80

81

82m

As

3/2-

As

81.9245

19. s

β- /7.4

As

82.9250

13.4 s

β- /5.5

As As

83.9291

0.6 s 4. s

ββ-, n/7.2

1-

85

As

84.9320

2.03 s

β-, n/8.9

3/2-

As As 88 As 89 As 90 As 91 As 92 As

85.9365 86.9399 87.9449 88.9494 89.956 90.960 91.967

0.95 s 0.49 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-, n/11.4 β-, n/10.

82

83

84m 84

86 87

Se

78.96(3)

Se Se

64.965

34 64 65

487_S11.indb 74

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2-

76.920647

78

Spin (h/2 π)

0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.

As

77

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

> 0.18 μs 0.011 s

β+ /60/14.

0+

4/17/06 10:58:36 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-75 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.55/

Spin (h/2 π)

Se 67 Se

65.9552 66.9501

0.03 s 0.13 s

Se

67.94180

36. s

Se

68.93956

27.4 s

Se

69.9334

41.1 m

Se

70.93224

4.7 m

β+ /4.4 EC/

Se Se

71.92711

8.5 d 40. m

EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77

Se

72.92677

7.1 h

β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/

119.78 d

EC/0.864

17.4 s

I.T./

3.92 m 2.9 × 105 y

I.T./ β- /0.151

57.3 m

I.T./99/0.1031

80.917993

18.5 m

β- /1.585

81.916699

~ 1 × 1020 y 1.17 m

β-ββ- /3.96

Se

82.919118

22.3 m

β- /3.668

0.93/ 1.51/

9/2+

Se Se

83.91846 84.92225

3.3 m 32. s

β- /1.83 β- /6.18

1.41/100. 5.9/

0+ 5/2+

Se

85.92427

15. s

β- /5.10

0+

Se

86.92852

5.4 s

5/2+

Se

87.93142

1.5 s

β- /7.28 n/ β-, n/6.85

66

68

69

70

71

72

73m

73

Se Se

0.89(4)

73.922476 74.922523

Se Se 77 Se 78 Se 79m Se 79 Se 80 Se 81m Se

9.37(29)

75.919214

7.63(16) 23.77(28)

76.919914 77.917309

49.61(41)

78.918499 79.916521

74 75

76

77m

Se

81

Se Se

82

83m

83

84 85

86

87

88

487_S11.indb 75

8.73(22)

β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ β+ /4.7 β+ /6.78 EC/ β+, p β+ /2.4

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)

0+ 5.006/ // ~ 0.045

3.4/36.

0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.

0+

5/2-

0+ 3/2-

9/2+

0.86

0+ 5/2+

0.67

0+ 7/2+ ½0+ 7/2+ 0+ 7/2+

1.6/98.

2.88/ 3.92/

½-

0+ ½-

0+

1.0

0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.

+0.53506

-1.018

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.8

0.09573(3)/9.5

0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/

4/17/06 10:58:38 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-76 Elem. or Isot. Se Se 91 Se 92 Se 93 Se 94 Se 89

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

90

Br

88.9365 89.9400 90.9460 91.950 92.956 93.960

Br Br 69 Br 70m Br 70 Br 71 Br 72 Br 73 Br

66.9648 67.9585 68.9501

67 68

69.9446 70.939 71.9366 72.93169

Br

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

< 1.5 μs < 0.024 μs 2.2 s ~ 0.08 s 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m

β+ /9.6

9+

β+ /10.0 β+ /6.9 β+ /8.7 β+ /4.7

/0.75

3.7/

3 3/2-

~ 0.55

46. m

β+ /

4.5/

4-

1.82

+0.75

25.4 m

β+ /6.91

Br

74.92578

1.62 h

β+ /76/3.03

3/2-

1.4 s

I.T./5.05

4+

75

Br

Br

75.92454

16.0 h

β+ /57/4.96

Br Br

76.921379

4.3 m 2.376 d

I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365

Br

77.921146

6.45 m

β+ /92/3.574 EC/8/

4.86 s

I.T./0.207

4.42 h

I.T./0.04885

17.66 m

β- /92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/

6.1 m

76

77m 77

78

Br Br 80m Br 79m 79

50.69(7)

Br

Br Br

78.918337

79.918529

80

81

49.31(7)

80.916291

Br

81.916804

1.471 d

I.T./98/0.046 β- /2 /3.139 β- /3.093

Br

82.915180

2.40 h

β- /0.972

82m

82

83

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

73.92989

76m

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

Br

74

487_S11.indb 76

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 0.41 s β-, n/9.0 > 0.3 μs 0.27 s β-, n/8. > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

79.904(1)

35

74m

Atomic Mass or Weight

1.9/ 3.68/

1-

0.54821

0.270

9/2+ 3/2-

0.973

+0.53

1+

0.13

9/2+ 3/25-

+2.106400 +1.3177

+0.331 +0.75

1+

0.5140

0.196

3/22-

+2.270562

+0.276

0.444/

5-

+1.6270

0.751

0.395/1 0.925/99

3/2-

1.2/ 2.5/

1.38 β-/7.6 1.99 β-/82 0.85 β+ /2.8

0.4547–1.3167 ann.rad 0.065–0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2–4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1–1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4–4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08–1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 0.2072 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64–1.45) 0.046/0.24 (0.62–2.66) 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013–1.96) 0.52964 (0.12–0.68)

4/17/06 10:58:39 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 84m

Br

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-77 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 6.0 m β- /4.97

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.2/100 (6-)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57

2-

2.

Br

83.91648

31.8 m

β- /4.65

Br

84.91561

2.87 m

β- /2.87

Br

85.91880

55.5 s

β- /7.63

3.3 7.4

(2-)

Br

86.92071

55.6 s

β- /6.85 n/

6.1/

3/2-

Br Br

87.92407

5.1 μs 16.3 s

Br

88.92640

4.35 s

Br

89.9306

1.91 s

Br

90.9340

0.54 s

Br

91.93926

0.31 s

Br

92.9431

0.10 s

Br Br 96 Br 97 Br

93.9487 94.9529 95.959 96.963

0.07 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

84

85

86

87

88m 88

89

90

91

92

93

94 95

Kr

β- /8.96 n/

1-

β- /8.16 n/ β- /10.4 n/

3/2-

β- /90 /9.80 β- n/10 / β- /12.20 β- n/ β- /11 β- n β- n/

36

83.798(2)

Kr Kr 71 Kr 72 Kr

68.9652 69.9553 70.950 71.94209

0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17.1 s

β+, (p)

Kr

72.93929

28. s

Kr

73.933084

11.5 m

β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/

Kr

74.93095

4.3 m

β+ /4.90 EC/

Kr

75.925910

14.8 h

EC/1.31

69 70

73

74

75

76

487_S11.indb 77

3/2-

8.3/ 9.8/

0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1–6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740

2-

0.117 (0.237–3.606)

//11

4.07/

β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/

0+ 0+

5/2/0.25

3.2/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23–4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09–2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 1.41983 1.4762 (0.2–6.1)

0+

5/2+

0+

-0.531

+1.1

(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3099/15.3 0.4150/12.8 (0.305 – 3.305) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07)

4/17/06 10:58:40 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-78 Elem. or Isot. Kr

77

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 76.924670

Kr Kr 79 Kr

0.355(3)

Kr Kr 81 Kr

2.286(10)

Kr Kr

11.593(31)

81.913484

Kr Kr 85m Kr

11.500(19) 56.987(15)

82.914136 83.911507

17.279(41)

84.912527 85.9106107 86.9133549

Kr

78

79m

80

81m

82

83m

83 84

77.920365 78.920082

79.916379 80.916592

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.24 h β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/

> 2.3 × 1020 y 53. s 1.455 d

EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /

13.1 s 2.1 × 105 y

1.86 h

1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/

Spin (h/2 π) 5/2+

-0.786 +0.536

I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807

0+ ½7/2+

+0.586 -0.908

I.T./0.0416

0+ ½-

+0.591

9/2+ 0+ ½-

0.83/79

10.73 y 1.27 h

β- /3.887

87.91445

2.84 h

β- /2.91

1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30

Kr

88.9176

3.15 m

β- /4.99

3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/

5/2+

Kr

89.91952

32.3 s

β- /4.39

2.6/77 2.8/6

0+

Kr

90.9235

8.6 s

β- /6.4

4.33/ 4.59/

5/2+

Kr

91.92616

1.84 s

Kr

92.9313

1.29 s

β- /5.99 n/ β- /8.6 n/

Kr

93.9344

0.21 s

β- /7.3 n

n//1.0

Kr Kr 97 Kr 98 Kr 99 Kr 100 Kr

94.9398 95.9431 96.9486 97.952 98.958 99.9611

0.10 s ~ 80 ms 0.06 s 0.05 s 0.04 s > 0.34 μs

β- /9.7 β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n

n//2.9 n//3.7 n//7. n//7. n// ~ 11.

Kr Kr 87 Kr 86

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95 96

487_S11.indb 78

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.583 +0.9 ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3)

0+ 7/2+ ½-

β- /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β- /0.687

85

4.48 h

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.15/0.4

9/2+ 0+ 5/2+

-0.970699

+0.63

+0.259

+ 0.633 1.005

+0.43

-1.023

-0.30

-0.330

+0.16

-0.583

+0.30

0+

0+ 7.1/

+0.40

½+

-0.413

0+

0+

- 0.410

Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216

0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7) 0.12182/32.9 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1–4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14–3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057–4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098–0.985)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:42 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Rb

11-79 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

37

85.4678(3)

Rb Rb 73 Rb 74 Rb

70.9653 71.9591 72.9506 73.944265

< 1.5 μs < 0.03 μs 64.8 ms

β+ /10.4

Rb

74.93857

19. s

β+ /7.02

2.31/

Rb

75.935072

39. s

β+ /8.50

4.7/

1-

-0.372623

+0.4

Rb

76.93041

3.8 m

β+ /5.34

3.86/

3/2-

+0.654468

+0.70

5.7 m

I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/

4-

+2.549

+0.81

5/2+

+0.3358

-0.10

4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4

1+

-0.0836

+0.35

9/2+

+5.598

-0.74

1.05/

3/2-

+2.060

+0.40

71 72

75

76

77

78m

Rb

Rb

77.92814

17.7 m

Rb

78.92399

23. m

β+ /84/3.65 EC/16 /

Rb

79.92252

34. s

β+ /5.72

30.5 m

I.T./0.85 β+, EC/ β+ /27/2.24 EC/73

78

79

80

81m

Rb

Rb

80.91900

81

82m

Rb

0+

6.47 h

β+/26/ EC/74/

0.80/

5-

+1.5100

+1.0

3.3/

1+

+0.554508

+0.19

Rb

81.918209

1.258 m

β+/96/4.40 EC/4/

Rb

82.91511

86.2 d

EC/0.91

5/2-

+1.425

+0.20

20.3 m

I.T./0.216

6-

+0.2129

+0.6

32.9 d

β+/22/2.681 EC/75 / β-/3/0.894

0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/

2-

-1.32412

-0.015

I.T./0.5560 β-/1.775 β-/0.283 β-/5.316

1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31

5/2623/22-

+1.353 +1.815 -1.6920 +2.7512 0.508

+0.23 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13

β-/4.50

3/2-

+2.304

+0.14

82

83

84m

Rb

Rb

83.914385

84

Rb Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 88 Rb 85

86m

Rb

89

487_S11.indb 79

4.57 h

3.4

72.17(2)

84.91178974

27.83(2)

85.9111674 86.90918053 87.9113156

1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88 × 1010 y 17.7 m

88.91228

15.4 m

1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0.456/0.0025 (0.053 – 4.244) ann.rad 0.179 ann.rad 0.4240/92. (0.064–1.68) ann.rad 0.0665/59 (0.04–2.82) ann.rad 0.4553/81. (0.103–4.01) ann.rad 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092–2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03–0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14.4 1.8360/22.8 (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09)

4/17/06 10:58:43 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-80 Elem. or Isot. 90m

Rb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 4.3 m β-/4.50

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.7/ 46.5/

Rb

89.91480

2.6 m

β-/6.59

6.6

1-

Rb

90.91654

58.0 s

β-/5.861

5.9

3/2-

Rb

91.91073

4.48 s

β-/8.11

8.1/94

1-

Rb

92.92204

5.85 s

β-/7.46 n/1

7.4/

5/2-

Rb

93.92641

2.71 s

β-/10.31 n/10

9.5/

3

Rb

94.92930

0.377 s

β-/9.30 n/8

8.6/

5/2-

β-/11.76 n/13/ β-/10.42 n/27/

10.8/

2+

10.0

3/2+

0.144/

90

91

92

93

94

95

96m

Rb

1.7 μs

Rb

95.93427

0.199 s

Rb

96.93735

0.169 s

98

Rb

97.94179

0.107 s

Rb 100 Rb

98.9454 99.9499

59. ms 53. ms

β-/12.34 n/13 β-/11.3 β- /13.5

Rb Rb

100.9532 101.9589

0.03 s 0.09 s

β- /11.8 β-

38

Sr

87.62(1)

Sr Sr 75 Sr 76 Sr 77 Sr

72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.94177 76.93795

> 25 ms > 1.5 μs 88. ms 7.9 s 9.0 s

Sr Sr

77.93218 78.92971

2.7 m 2.1 m

β+ ,p β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32

Sr

79.92452

1.77 h

β+ /1.87

Sr

80.92321

22.3 m

β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/

Sr

81.91840

25.36 d

EC/0.18

96

97

99

101 102

73 74

78 79

80

81

82

487_S11.indb 80

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.616 +0.20 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) +2.182 +0.15 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) +1.410 +0.18 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) +1.498 +0.16 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) +1.334 +0.21 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369 +1.466 +0.25 0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) +1.841 +0.58 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68) 0.129 (0.058–4.483)

p//5. 5.6 //0.08 4.1

0+ 0+

0+ 3/2-

0.144/4.5 -0.35

+1.4

-0.474

+0.74

0+

2.43/ 2.68/

1/2-

0+

+0.544

0.147 (0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray

4/17/06 10:58:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Sr Sr

83m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Sr Sr

85m

Sr Sr 87m Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 91 Sr

0.56(1)

83.913425

9.86(1)

84.912933 85.909260

85 86

Atomic Mass or Weight 82.91756

83

84

11-81

7.00(1) 82.58(1)

86.908877 87.905612 88.907451 89.907738 90.910203

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 5.0 s I.T./0.2591 1.350 d β+/24/2.28 EC/76/

1.127 h 64.85 d

I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065

2.81 h

I.T./0.3884

50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h

β-/1.497 β-/0.546 β-/2.70

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/

Spin (h/2 π) ½7/2+

0+ ½-

1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65

9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Sr

91.911038

2.71 h

β-/1.91

Sr

92.91403

7.4 m

β-/4.08

Sr

93.91536

1.25 m

β-/3.511

Sr

94.91936

25.1 s

β-/6.08

Sr

95.92170

1.06 s

β-/5.37

4.2/

0+

Sr

96.92615

0.42 s

β-/7.47

5.3

(1/2+)

98

Sr

97.92845

0.65 s

β-/5.83

5.1

0+

Sr Sr 101 Sr 102 Sr 103 Sr 104 Sr 105 Sr

98.9332 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952 104.959

0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-/8.0 β-/7.1 β-/9.5 β-/8.8

92

93

94

95

96

97

99

100

487_S11.indb 81

2.1/ 3.3/

6.1/50

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.582 0.2591/87.5 -0.898 +0.79 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15) +0.601 -1.001

+0.30

+0.63 -1.093

+0.34

-1.149

-0.3

0.9092

-0.887

+0.044

-0.794

+0.26

0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636

0+ 5/2+

0+

½+

0+

0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3

-0.5379

-0.500

-0.26

0.8

0.3884(IT)

0+ 0+

4/17/06 10:58:46 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-82 Elem. or Isot.

39

Y

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

75.9585 76.9497

Y Y 80 Y

78.9374

81

82

77

77.9436

5.5 5.0/

Y

80.9291

1.21 m

β+/5.5

3.7/ 4.2/

Y

81.9268

9.5 s

β+/7.8

6.3/

1+

2.85 m

β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /

2.9

1/2-

7.1 m

β+/4.47 EC/

3.3

9/2+

4.6 s

β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/

Y

82.92235

Y

84m

Y

83.9204

Y

85m

Y

84.91643

Y

86m

487_S11.indb 82

Y

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(5+)

β+/10.5

β+/7.0

Y

86

> 0.2 μs ~ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms

79.9343

83m

85

Spin (h/2 π)

β+/7.1

80m

84

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

15. s 4.8 s 30. s

79

83

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

88.90585(2)

Y Y 78m Y 78 Y 76

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

85.91489

40. m

(4-)

1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7

5-

4.9 h

β+/70/ EC/30/

9/2+

2.6 h

β+/55/3.26 EC/45/

48. m

I.T./99/ β+/ EC/

8+

4.8

14.74 h

β+/5.24 EC/

4-

0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

40

Zr

91.224(2)

Zr Zr 80 Zr

77.9552 78.9492 79.940

> 0.2 μs 0.06 s ~ 4.5 s

Zr Zr 83m Zr 83 Zr

80.9372 81.9311 82.9287

5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s

β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC

Zr

83.9233

26. m

β+ /2.7 EC/

0+

10.9 s

I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/

½-

99m 99

100m 100

78 79

81 82

84

85m

Zr

/2.5/

β-, n / β-, n/9.3 β-, n/8.6 β-, n/9.9 β-, n

n/1.8/ n/1.5/ n/4.0/ n/8.3/

1/2-

3+ 1+ (5/2+)

0+ β+ /8.0

0+ 6.1 3. 4.8

(3/2-) 0+ (7/2+) (1/2-)

7.9 m

β+ /4.7 EC/

Zr

85.91647

16.5 h

EC/1.47

0+

14.0 s

I.T./0.3362

½-

+ 0.64

β+ /3.67 EC/

9/2+

- 0.895

(8+) 0+ ½-

+ 0.80

87m

Zr

87

Zr

86.91482

1.73 h

Zr Zr 89m Zr

87.91023

1.4 μs 83.4 d 4.18 m

88m 88

EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/

3.1

0.290 0.538

84.9215

86

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242 1.0130

Zr

85

487_S11.indb 84

β- /7.57 n

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2.26

7/2+

+ 0.42

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.077 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507

4/17/06 10:58:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Zr

89

90m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 88.908889

Zr

Zr Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 95 Zr 90 91

Zr

96

Zr Zr 99 Zr 97 98

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

2.80(9)

89.904704 90.905646 91.905041 92.906476 93.906315 94.908043

11-85 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 3.27 d β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ 0.809 s I.T./

1.5 × 106 y >1017 y 64.02 d

β- /0.091 β-ββ- /1.125

96.910953 97.91274 98.91651

3 × 1019 y >1.7 × 1018 y 16.75 h 30.7 s 2.2 s

β-βββ- /2.658 β- /2.26 β- /4.56

95.908273

100

Zr

99.91776

7.1 s

β- /3.34

101

Zr

100.92114

2.1 s

β- /5.49

Zr Zr 104 Zr 105 Zr 106 Zr 107 Zr 108 Zr 109 Zr 110 Zr

101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.9408 107.944 108.9492 109.953

2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ~ 1. s > 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /4.61 β- /7.0 β- /5.9 β- /8.5

102 103

41

Nb

92.90638(2)

Nb Nb 83 Nb 84 Nb

80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336

81 82

Nb Nb 86m Nb 86 Nb 85m 85

87m

Nb

487_S11.indb 85

85.9250

Nb

87

88m

84.9279

Nb

86.92036

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.9/ 9/2+ 5-

0.366/55 0.400/44

1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.05 + 0.28 ann.rad./ 0.9092 6.3 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT) -1.30362

-0.18 0.0304

1.13

+0.29

0+ ½0+ ½+

- 0.937

0.7434

- 0.930

0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028–1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089

0+ 6.2/

3/2-

0+

0.7242 0.7567

- 0.27

+ 0.81

0+ 0+ 0+ 0+

0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

~ 6. ms ~ 3.7 s 3.2 s 19. s 14. s 8.0 m

β+ /5.58 EC/

9/2+

1.2 μs 5.7 h

Mo

Mo Mo

15.5 m

β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/

14.77(31)

91.906811

> 3 × 1017 y 6.9 h

β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425

0+ 21/2+

Mo Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo

9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26)

92.906813 93.905088 94.905842 95.904680 96.906022 97.905408 98.907712

3.5 × 103 y

EC/0.405

5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ ½+

2.7476 d

β- /1.357

2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/ 3.44/94

0.45/14

0.2960–2.184

(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 0.063 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./ 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1–4.2)

+0.5

0+

90.91175

93 94

1.085/

I.T./50/0.653 β+, EC/50 /

Mo

93m

0+

1.08 m

91

92

β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1105–0.810

(0.193–0.590)

½-

89.91394

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5/2+

I.T./0.118

Mo Mo

91m

7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40

Spin (h/2 π)

0.19 s 2.2 m

90

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 4.3/

0+ ½+ 0+

88.91948

90m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β- /4.57 β- / β- /7.21 β- /5.53 β-, n/ β-, n/8.1 β-, n/6.5 β-, n/9.3 β-, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/

β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC

Mo

89

487_S11.indb 87

11-87

½-

9/2-

+9.21

0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304

-0.9142

-0.02

-0.9335

+0.26

0.375

0.144048

4/17/06 10:58:56 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-88 Elem. or Isot.

100 101

Mo Mo

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

9.67(20)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

99.90748 100.91035

~1 × 1019 y 14.6 m

β-ββ- /2.82

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.84/2 1.21/84

2.23/ 0.7/

0+ 1/2+

102

Mo

101.91030

11.3 m

β- /1.01

103

Mo

102.9132

1.13 m

β- /3.8

3/2+

104

Mo

103.9138

1.00 m

β- /2.16

0+

105

Mo

104.9170

36. s

β- /4.95

3/2+

106

Mo

105.91814

8.4 s

β- /3.52

0+

Mo Mo 109 Mo 110 Mo

106.9217 107.9235 108.9278 109.9297

3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.27 s

β- /6.2 β- /5.1 β- /7.2 β- /5.7

Mo Mo 113 Mo 114 Mo 115 Mo 116 Mo 117 Mo

110.9344 111.937 112.942 113.945 114.950

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

Tc Tc 87 Tc 88 Tc 89m Tc 89 Tc 90m Tc

84.9488 85.9429 86.9365 87.9327

< 0.1 ms 0.05 s 2.4 s 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s

Tc

89.9236

107 108

111 112

1.2/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809–2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12.

0+

(0.028–0.636)

0+

Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039–0.599)

0+ 0+ 0+

Tc

43 85 86

90

88.9272

Tc

91m

Tc Tc

91 92

487_S11.indb 88

90.9184 91.91526

β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6 β+ /10.1 β+ /7.5 β+

8.3 s

β+ /8.9

3.3 m

β+ EC

3.14 m 4.4 m

β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC

5.3/

6+

7.0/15 7.9/95.

1+

5.2 4.1

9/2+ 8+

½+

ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293

4/17/06 10:58:58 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Tc

93m

Tc

93

92.910249

Tc

94m

Tc

94

93.909657

Tc

95m

Tc

95

94.90766

Tc

96m

Tc

96

95.90787

Tc

97m

Tc Tc

97 98

96.906365 97.907216

Tc

99m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

I.T./13 EC/20

2.73 h

β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/

52. m

β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/

2+

4.88 h

β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/

7+

61. d

I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96

20.0 h

EC/100/1.691

9/2+

52. m

I.T./90/ β+, EC/2/

4+

4.3 d

EC/2.973

7+

91. d 4.2 × 106 y ~ 6.6 × 106 y

I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β- /1.80

6.01 h

I.T./100/0.142

0.81

0.5/ 0.7/

/3.9 0.40/100

β- /0.294 β- /3.202 EC /1.8(10)-3/

Tc

100.90732

14.2 m

β- /1.61

4.4 m

I.T./2/4.8 β- /98/

1.8/

5.3 s

β- /4.53

3.4/

Tc

102m

102

Tc

101.90922

9/2+

6.26

5.08

1/2-

5.89

+5.04

1/29/2+ 6+ 1/2-

2.13 × 105 y 15.8 s

101

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

½-

98.906255 99.907658

100

Spin (h/2 π)

43. m

Tc Tc

99

487_S11.indb 89

11-89

0.293/100 2.2/ 2.9/ 3.3 1.32/

9/2+ 1+

9/2+

1+

+5.6847

-0.129

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1–3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray 0.7782 0.8125 0.8498 1.12168 Tc k x-ray 0.0965 Mo k x-ray 0.65241 0.74535 Tc k x-ray 0.14049 0.14261 0.5396 0.5908 (0.3 79–2.30) 0.1272 0.1841 0.3068 0.5451 (0.073–0.969) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686

4/17/06 10:58:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-90 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 4.2 2.2/ 2.0/ 5/2+ 2.2/

Tc

102.90918

54. s

β- /2.66

Tc Tc

103.91145

0.005 ms 18.2 m

β- /5.60

5.3/

(3+)

105

Tc

104.9117

7.6 m

β- /3.6

3.4/

5/2+

106

Tc

105.91436

36. s

β- /6.55

107

Tc

106.9151

21.2 s

β- /4.8

108

Tc

107.9185

5.1 s

β- /7.72

Tc Tc 111 Tc

108.9200 109.9238 110.9257

1.4 s 0.83 s 0.30 s

β- /6.3 β- /8.8 β- .n/7.0

p/0.08 p/0.04 n/0.85

Tc Tc

111.9292 112.9316

0.26 s 0.15 s

β, n β-, n/8.

n/2.6 /2.1

113.936 114.939 115.943 116.946 117.951

0.15 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β-, n

/1.3

103

104m 104

109 110

112 113

Tc Tc 116 Tc 117 Tc 118 Tc 114 115

Ru

2+

(3)

Ru Ru 89 Ru 90 Ru

86.949 87.9403 88.9361 89.9299

> 1.5 μs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s

β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9

Ru

90.9263

7.9 s

β+, EC/7.4

9/2+

Ru

91.9201

3.7 m

β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/

0+

91

92

487_S11.indb 90

0.3483 0.3580 0.5305 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3–3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835

0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520

101.07(2)

88

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13–1.0)

0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435

44 87

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+ 0+

ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ (0.205-1.998) ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593

4/17/06 10:59:01 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 93m

Ru

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-91 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 10.8 s I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.3/

Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

Ru

92.9171

1.0 m

β+ /6.3 EC/

9/2+

Ru

93.91136

52. m

EC/100/1.59

0+

Ru

94.91041

1.64 h

EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/

> 3.1 × 1016 y 2.89 d

93

94

95

1.20/ 0.91/

5/2+

0.86

β+β+ EC/1.12

0+ 5/2+

-0.78

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2+

-0.3

Ru Ru

5.54(14)

95.90760 96.90756

Ru Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 103 Ru

1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)

97.90529 98.905939 99.904220 100.905582 101.904349 102.906324

39.27 d

β- /0.763

0.223

Ru Ru

18.62(27)

103.905433 104.907753

4.44 h

β- /1.917

1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49

Ru Ru

105.90733 106.9099

1.020 y 3.8 m

β- /0.0394 β- /2.9

0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/

0+

108

Ru

107.9102

4.5 m

β- /1.4

1.2/

0+

109

Ru

108.9132

34.5 s

β- /4.2

110

Ru

109.9141

15. s

β- /2.81

0+

111

Ru Ru

110.9177 111.9190

1.5 s 4.5 s

β- /5.5 β- /4.5

0+

96 97

98 99

104 105

106 107

112

487_S11.indb 91

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364 0.6268 0.036–2.424 Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606

-0.6413

+0.079

-0.7188

+0.46

0.206

+0.62

0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967

4/17/06 10:59:02 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-92 Elem. or Isot.

112.9225

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.6 s 0.80 s β- /7.

Ru

113.9243

0.57 s

β- /6.1

Ru Ru 117 Ru 118 Ru 119 Ru 120 Ru

114.9287 115.931 116.936 117.938 118.943 119.945

~ 0.74 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /8.

Ru Ru

113m 113

114

115 116

Rh

45

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

88.9488

Rh

93.9217

90m

94

95m

Rh

96m

Rh

487_S11.indb 92

90.9366 91.9320 92.9257

94.9159

Rh

96

97m

89.9429

Rh

95

Rh

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180)

0+ 0+ 0+

102.90550(2)

Rh Rh 90 Rh 91m Rh 91 Rh 92m Rh 92 Rh 93 Rh 94m Rh 89

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

95.91446

> 0.15 μs ~ 12. ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 1.5 s 0.5 s 4.7 s 12. s 25.8 s

β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 β+ /

1.18 m

β+ /9.6

1.96 m

I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/

5.0 m

β+ /5.1

3.2

1.51 m

I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/

4.70/

9.6 m

β+/6.45 EC/

3.3/

5+

46. m

I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/

2.6/

1/2-

IT

8+

6.4/

3+

½+

9/2+

2+

0.387 (0.438-0.973) 0.866 (0.163-0.991) (0.138–1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452

4/17/06 10:59:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Rh

97

98m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

96.91134

Rh

Rh

97.91071

98

99m

Atomic Mass or Weight

Rh

Rh

98.90813

99

Rh

100m

100

Rh

99.90812

Rh

101m

101

Rh

100.90616

Rh

102m

11-93 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 31.0 m β+ /3.52

3.5 m

β+ /

8.7 m

β+ /90/5.06

3.4/

2+

4.7 h

β+ /8/ EC/92/

.74/

9/2+

16. d

β+/4/2.10 EC/97/

0.54/ 0.68/

1/2-

4.7 m

I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/

20.8 h

β+ /3.63 EC/

4.35 d

EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573

9/2+

3.3 y

EC/0.54

1/2-

3.74 y

EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+

6+

> 1.2 × 106 y

102

Rh

Rh Rh 104m Rh

101.906843

103m 103

487_S11.indb 93

100.

102.905504

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 2.1/ 9/2+

207. d

EC/62 β- /19/ β+ /14/

56.12 m

IT

4.36 m

I.T./99+ / β-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5+

5.67

5+

2.62/ 2.07/

1-

+5.51

4.04

/ 0.15 μs

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

46

106.42(1)

Pd Pd 93 Pd

90.949 91.9404 92.9359

> 1.5 μs 1.0 s 1.2 s

β+, p

0+ 9/2+

94

Pd

93.9288

9. s

EC, β+ /~ 6.6

0+

Pd Pd 96 Pd

94.92684 94.9247 95.9182

13.4 s

EC, β+ /10.2

21/2+

2.03 m

EC, β+ /3.5

1.15/

0+

Pd

96.9165

3.1 m

β+, EC/4.8

3.5/

5/2+

Pd

97.91272

17.7 m

β+ /1.87 EC/

Pd

98.91177

21.4 m

β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/

100

Pd

99.90851

3.7 d

EC/0.36

101

Pd

100.90829

8.4 h

β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/

102

Pd Pd

1.02(1)

101.905609 102.906087

16.99 d

EC/0.543

0+ 5/2+

Pd Pd 106 Pd 107m Pd

11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

103.904036 104.905085 105.903486

20.9 s

I.T./0.2149

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-

26.46(9)

106.905133 107.903893

6.5 × 106 y

β- /0.033

4.75 m

I.T./0.1889

13.5 h

β- /1.116

91 92

95m 95

97

98

99

103

104 105

Pd Pd 109m Pd 107 108

109

487_S11.indb 95

Pd

108.905950

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0.240/81 0.382–0.864 0.5582 (0.0546–0.798)

0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904

0+

2.18/

5/2+

0+

0.776/

0.03/

1.028

5/2+

5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0346 0.1317 0.379 0.575 0.370–1.037

-0.66

Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 -0.642

+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)

Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08–1.0)

4/17/06 10:59:08 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-96 Elem. or Isot. 110

Pd Pd

111m

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 11.72(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight 109.905153

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

5.5 h

I.T./73/0.172 β- /27/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.35 0.77

Spin (h/2 π) 0+ 11/2-

Pd

110.90767

23.4 m

β- /2.19

2.2/95

5/2+

Pd Pd 113 Pd

111.90731

β- /0.29 β- / β- /3.34

0.28/

112.91015

21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m

0+ 5/2+

Pd

113.91036

2.48 m

β- /1.45

0+

Pd Pd

114.9137

50. s 25. s

β- /4.58

(9/2-) (3/2+)

Pd

115.9142

12.7 s

β- /2.61

0+

Pd Pd

116.9178

19. ms 4.4 s

β- /5.7

(9/2-) (3/2+)

118

Pd

117.9190

2.4 s

β- /4.1

0+

119

Pd

118.9231

0.9 s

β- /6.5

120

Pd

119.9247

0.5 s

β- /5.0

Pd Pd 123 Pd 124 Pd

120.9289 121.9306 122.935 123.9369

> 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs

111

112

113m

114

115m 115

116

117m 117

121 122

Ag

107.8682(2)

Ag Ag

92.950

Ag

93.9428

0.60 s

Ag Ag

94.9355

2.0 s 4.4 s

Ag

95.9307

7. s

47 93

94m

94

95

96m

96

Ag

97

487_S11.indb 96

96.9240

0.41 s

19. s

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.089 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.203 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566 0.070–0.326 0.1581 0.053–0.595

0+ 0+

β+ β+,p/27. β+ β+,p/20. β+, p/ β+ β+, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β+, p β+ /7.0 EC/

p/0.79/1.9 p/1.01/2.2

/8.

/18.

(0.096-1.092) (0.659-0.905)

8+ 2+

(0.089–2.940)

ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294)

4/17/06 10:59:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ag

98

99m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 97.9216

Ag

Ag

99

98.9176

Ag

100m

100

Ag

99.9161

Ag

101m

101

Ag

100.9128

Ag

102m

102

Ag

101.91169

Ag

103m

103

Ag

102.90897

Ag

104m

104

Ag

Ag

105m

487_S11.indb 97

103.90863

11-97 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 47.6 s β+ /8.4 EC/ β+, p

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) /36. /0.11

Spin (h/2 π) 5+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

11. s

I.T./100/

½-

2.07 m

β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/

9/2+

2.3 m

β+ / EC/

2+

2.0 m

β+/7.1 EC/

3.1 s

I.T./0.23

11.1 m

β+ /69/4.2 EC/31/

2.7/

7.8 m

β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/

13.0 m

β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/

5.7 s

I.T./0.134

1.10 h

β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/

1.7 1.3

7/2+

+4.47

33. m

β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/

2.71/

2+

+3.7

69. m

β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/

0.99/

5+

3.92

7.2 m

I.T./98/0.0255

7/2+

+4.41

4.7/

5+

½-

9/2+

5.7

3.4

2+

+4.14

2.26/

5+

4.6

2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/

1/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:10 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-98 Elem. or Isot.

105

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ag

Atomic Mass or Weight

104.90653

Ag

106m

106

Ag

105.90667

Ag

Ag Ag

108m

108

51.839(8)

Ag

106.905097

107.905956

Ag

109m

109

Ag Ag

110m

110

Ag

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/2 /

41.3 d

EC/1.35

1/2-

0.1014

8.4 d

EC/

6+

3.71

24.0 m

β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093

1+

+2.85

7/2+

+4.40

1.0

1/26+

-0.11357 3.580

+1.3

1+

+2.6884

7/2+

+4.40

+1.0

1/26+

-0.13069 +3.60

+1.4

1+

+2.7271

0.2

44.2 s

107m

107

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

48.161(8)

108.904752

109.906107

Ag

111m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

/1.96

418. y

EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079

2.39 m

β- /97/1.65 EC/2/ β- /1/1.92

39.8 s

I.T./0.088

249.8 d

β- /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164

0.087 0.530

24.6 s

β- /2.892

2.22/5 2.89/95

1.08 m

IT/99/0.0598 β- /1/

1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

7/2+

111

Ag

110.905294

7.47 d

β- /1.037

1.035/

1/2-

-0.146

112

Ag

111.90701

3.13 h

β- /3.96

3.94/ 3.4

2-

0.0547

1.14 m

I.T./80 /0.043 β- /20 /

1.5

Ag

113m

7/2+

113

Ag

112.90657

5.3 h

β- /2.02

2.01/

1/2-

114

Ag

113.90880

4.6 s

β- /5.08

4.9/

1+

18.7 s

β- /

Ag

115m

487_S11.indb 98

7/2+

0.159

+1.1

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887

4/17/06 10:59:12 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 115

Ag

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 114.90876

Ag Ag

116m2 116m

116

Ag

115.91136

Ag

117m

117

Ag

116.91168

Ag

118m

11-99 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 20. m β- /3.10

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

20. s 9.8 s

β-,IT/7 β-/92 /

2.68 m

I.T./8 β- /6.16

IT/0.0479 3.2/ 2.9 IT/.0809 5.3

5.3 s

β- /

3.2/

7/2+

1.22 m

β- /4.18

2.3

1/2-

2.8 s

β- /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277

118

Ag

117.9146

4.0 s

β- /7.1

119

Ag

118.9157

2.1 s

β- /5.35

0.40 s

β- /63. I.T./37.

Ag

120m

120

121

Ag

119.9188

1.23 s

β- /8.2 β-,n

Ag

120.9199

0.78 s

β- /6.4

1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.16 s ~ 46. ms ~ 35 ms

β- / β- /9.2 β- /7.4 β- /10.1 ββββ-

Ag Ag 123 Ag 124 Ag 125 Ag 126 Ag 127 Ag 128 Ag 129m Ag 129 Ag 130 Ag 122m 122

Cd

48

487_S11.indb 99

121.9235 122.9249 123.9286 124.9304 125.9345 126.9368 127.9412 128.9437 129.9505

Spin (h/2 π) 1/2-

5+

2-

7/2+

n// 5.8 × 1017 y 6.52 h

Cd Cd

0.89(3)

107.90418 108.904982

Cd Cd

12.49(18)

109.903002

Cd Cd 113m Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 115m Cd

12.80(12) 24.13(21)

110.904178 111.902758

12.22(12) 28.73(42)

112.904402 113.903359

95 96

99

100

107

108 109

110

111m

111 112

115

Cd

116

Cd Cd

117m

487_S11.indb 100

7.49(18)

β+, (p) β+ /5.4 (p) β+, EC/6.9 β+, EC/3.9

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

/0.025

0+

0+ 4.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090–1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)

-0.81

-0.8

5/2+

-0.7393

+0.43

EC, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /

0+ 5/2+

-0.615055

+0.68

>4.1 × 1017 y 462.0 d

EC EC EC/0.214

0+ 5/2+

Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289

-0.827846

+0.69

48.5 m

I.T./

0+ 11/2-

Ag k x-ray 0.08804

14.1 y 8.2 × 1015 y >6.0 × 1017 y 44.6 d

β- /99.9/0.59 ββ-ββ- /1.629

1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+ 0+ 11/2-

-1.087 -0.622301

-0.71

0.2637

-1.042

-0.54

114.905431

2.228 d

β- /1.446

1/2+

-0.648426

115.904756

3.8 × 1019 y 3.4 h

β-ββ- /2.66

0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780

1.69/

0.59/99.9

0.68/1.6 1.62/97 0.593/42 1.11/58

0.72/

0+ 11/2-

Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454

-0.594886

0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42

4/17/06 10:59:14 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.49 h β- /2.52

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 0.67/51 1/2+ 2.2/10

117

Cd

118

Cd Cd

117.90692

50.3 m 2.20 m

β- /0.52 β- /

119

Cd

118.9099

2.69 m

β- /3.8

~ 3.5/

1/2+

120

Cd Cd

119.90985

50.8 s 8. s

β- /1.76 β- /

1.5/

0+ 11/2-

Cd

120.9130

13.5 s

β- /4.9

(3/2+)

Cd Cd 123 Cd 124 Cd

121.91333

β- /3.0 β- / β- /6.12 β- /4.17

0+

122.91700 123.9177

5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s

124.9213 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9322 129.9339

0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.24 s 0.162 s

β- / β- /7.16 β- /5.49 β- /8.5 β- /7.1 β- /5.9 β- / β-, n

/~ 3.5

β-, n/

/60

119m

121m

121

122

123m

Cd Cd 126 Cd 127 Cd 128 Cd 129 Cd 130 Cd

116.907219

11-101

125m 125

Cd Cd 133 Cd 131 132

In

49

In In 98 In 99 In 100 In 101 In 102 In 97

130.9407 131.9456

96.950

~ 0.03 s 1. s ~ 3.8 s 5.9 s 15. s 23. s

In In

102.91991

34. s 1.1 m

In In

103.9183

16. s 1.84 m

103m

104m 104

487_S11.indb 101

0+ 11/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403

3+ 0+

0.0365 0.0628 0.1799

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+

0.2601 0.247 0.281

0+

0+

114.818(3)

97.9421 98.9342 99.9311 100.9263 101.9241

98m

103

68 ms 0.10 s 0.06 s

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9

(0.297-1.365) (5)

0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)

β+, EC/6.05 EC

4.2 /45

9/2+

IT/0.0935 β+, EC/7.9

4.8

5+

+4.44

+0.7

ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781

4/17/06 10:59:16 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-102 Elem. or Isot. In

105m

105

In

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

104.91467

In

106m

106

In

105.91347

In

107m

107

In

106.91030

In

108m

108

In

107.90970

In

109m

109

In

108.90715

In

110m

110

In

109.90717

In

111m

111

In

110.905103

In

112m

112

In

In

113m

487_S11.indb 102

111.90553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 43. s I.T.

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5.1 m

β+, EC/4.85

3.7

9/2+

5.3 m

β+ /85/ EC/15/

4.90

3+

6.2 m

β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/

2.6

7+

51. s

I.T./0.6786

32.4 m

β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/

2.20/

57. m

β+ /53/ EC/47/

40. m

β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/

1.3 m

I.T./0.650

4.17 h

β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/

4.9 h

EC/

1.15 h

β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/

7.7 m

½-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+5.675

+0.83

+4.92

+0.97

9/2+

+5.59

+0.81

1.3

6+

+4.94

+0.47

3.49/

3+

+4.56

+1.01

9/2+

+5.54

+0.84

7+

+4.72

+1.00

2+

+4.37

+0.35

I.T./0.537

½-

+5.53

2.8049 d

EC/0.866

9/2+

+5.50

+0.80

20.8 m

I.T./0.155

4+

14.4 m

β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β- /0.663 I.T./0.3917

1+

+2.82

+0.09

½-

-0.210

1.658 h

½-

½0.79/

2.22/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917

4/17/06 10:59:18 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 113

In In

114m

114

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 4.29(5)

In

Atomic Mass or Weight 112.904058

113.904914

In

54.1 m

/0.023 1.0

14.1 s

β- /3.274

3.3/99

1+

1.94 h

β- /53/1.769 I.T./47 /

1.77/

½-

44. m

β- /1.455

0.74/

9/2+

In

8.5 s

In

4.40 m

I.T./98/ β- /2/ β- /

5.0 s

17.9 m

In

115.905260

In

116.90451

118m2

(8-) 5+

β- /4.42

4.2/

1+

2.7/

½-

2.3 m

β- /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β- /2.36

1.6/

9/2+

In

47 s

β- /6.1

In

46. s

β- /5.8

2.2/

5+

3.1 s

β- /5.37

5.6/ 3.1/

(1+)

3.8 m

β- /99/ I.T./1/0.313

3.7/

1/2-

23. s

β- /3.36

2.5

9/2+

In

117.90635

In

119m

In

118.90585

120m2

120m1

In

119.90796

In

121m

487_S11.indb 103

5+

1.3 2.0

118m1

121

1+

9/2+ 8-

114.903878

In

120

9/2+ 5+

β- /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β- /

95.71(5)

117m

119

1.984/

Spin (h/2 π)

4.4 × 1014 y 2.16 s

In In In

118

1.198 m

I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β- /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

½-

116m1

117

49.51 d

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

I.T./95/0.336 β- /5 /0.83

116m2

116

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

4.486 h

115m

115

11-103

In

120.90785

8-

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +5.529 +0.80 +4.65 +0.74 In k x-ray 0.19027 +2.82 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 -0.255 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 +5.541 +0.81 +3.22 +0.31 In k x-ray 0.1624 +4.43 +0.80 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 2.788 0.11 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 -0.2517 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 +5.52 +0.83 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 +3.32 +0.44 In k x-ray 0.1382 +4.23 +0.80 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 -0.32 0.3114 0.7631 +5.52 +0.85 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 +3.692 +0.53 1.171 1.023 +4.30 +0.81 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) -0.36 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 +5.50 +0.81 0.2620 0.6573

4/17/06 10:59:19 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-104 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

In

122m

122

In

121.91028

In

123m

123

In

122.91044

In

124m

124

β- /

4.4/

8-

+3.78

+0.59

1.5 s

β- /6.37

5.3/

(1+)

47. s

β- /

4.6/

(1/2-)

-0.40

6.0 s

β- /4.39

3.3/

(9/2+)

+5.49

+0.76

3.4 s

β-

8-

+3.89

+0.66

3+

+4.04

+0.61

In In

124.91360

12.2 s 2.33 s

β- / β- /5.42

5.5/ 4.1/

1/29/2+

-0.43 +5.50

+0.71

4.9/

3+

+4.03

+0.49

+4.06

1.53 s

In

125.91646

1.63 s

β- /8.21

4.2/

8-

3.73 s

β- /

6.4/

(1/2-)

1.14 s

β- /6.51

4.9/

(9/2+)

0.7 s

β- /

5.4/

(8-)

0.80 s

β- /8.98

5.0/

3+

1.23 s

β- /98/ n/2/

~ 7.5/

1/2-

0.63 s

β- /7.66

5.5/

9/2+

In

0.53 s

β- /

8.8/

5+

In

0.51 s

β- /

6.1/

10-

In

126.91735

In

128m

In

127.92017

In

129m

In

130m2

130m1

487_S11.indb 104

10. s

5/

In

129

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

β- /7.36

127m

128

Spin (h/2 π)

3.18 s

In

127

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

123.91318

126m

126

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

In

125m 125

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

128.9217

+5.52

+0.59

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212

4/17/06 10:59:21 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

In In 131m1 In 131 In

129.92497

11-105 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β- /10.25 β- / β- / β- /9.18

10.0/

130.92685

0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s

In

131.9330

~ 0.206 s

β- /13.6

6.0/ 8.8/

In In 135 In

132.9378 133.9442 134.9493

0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s

β-, (n)

β+ /7.3 β+ /9. β+ /5.8 β+ /7.7 β+,p EC β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3

130

131m2

132

133 134

Sn

6.4/

Spin (h/2 π) 1(21/2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)

(0.354–2.005)

118.710(7)

Sn Sn 101 Sn 102 Sn 103 Sn

98.949 99.939 100.9361 101.9303 102.9281

1.0 s 3. s 3.8 s 7. s

Sn Sn

103.9231 104.9214

21. s 28. s

106

Sn

105.91688

2.0 m

β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/

107

Sn

106.9156

2.92 m

EC/5.0 β+ /

1.2/

108

Sn

107.91193

10.3 m

β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/

0.36/

0+

109

Sn

108.91128

18.0 m

β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/

1.52/

7/2+

110

Sn

109.90784

4.17 h

EC/0.64

111

Sn

110.90773

35. m

β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/

112

Sn Sn

21.4 m

I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/

115.1 d

EC/1.036

100

104 105

113m

113

Sn

Sn Sn 116 Sn 114 115

487_S11.indb 105

0.97(1)

111.904818

112.905171

0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)

113.902779 114.903342 115.901741

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.9052

0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406

(7-)

50 99

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3.4/

0+ 0+

p//1.2 / 20.

1.3558 (0.351-2.813)

0+

0+

-1.08

+0.3

+0.61

+0.2

0+ 1.5/

7/2+

0+ 7/2+

½+

-0.879

0+ ½+ 0+

-0.9188

In-x-ray (0.2879–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169

4/17/06 10:59:22 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-106 Elem. or Isot. Sn

117m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Sn Sn 119m Sn

7.68(7) 24.22(9)

116.902952 117.901603

Sn Sn 121m Sn

8.59(4) 32.58(9)

118.903308 119.902195

117 118

119 120

Sn Sn 123m Sn 121 122

123

Sn

124

Sn Sn

125m

4.63(3)

5.79(5)

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 14.0 d I.T./0.3146

293. d

Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

I.T./0.0896

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.396 -0.4 Sn k x-ray 0.15856 -1.0010 -1.4

0.21

Sn k x-ray 0.02387

Sn k x-ray 0.03715

½+ 0+ 11/2-

-1.0473 -1.388

-0.14

0.698

-0.02

1.128 d

I.T./78/0.006 β- /22/ β- /0.388

0.354/ 0.383/100

40.1 m

β- /1.428

1.26/99

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+

122.905721

129.2 d

β- /1.404

1.42/99.4

11/2-

-1.370

+0.03

123.905274

> 2.2 × 1018 y 9.51 m

β-ββ- /2.387

2.03/98

0+ 3/2+

+0.764

+0.8

-1.35

+0.1

120.904236 121.903439

44. y

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

125

Sn

124.907784

9.63 d

β- /2.364

2.35/82

11/2-

126

Sn

125.90765

2.34 × 105 y

β- /0.38

0.25/100

0+

4.15 m

β- /3.21

2.72/

3/2+

+0.757

+0.60

2.42/ 3.2/

11/2-

-1.33

+0.3

Sn

127m

127

Sn

126.91036

2.12 h

β- /3.20

Sn Sn

127.91054

6.5 s 59.1 m

IT/0.091 β- /1.27

128m 128

0.48/ 0.63/

(7-) 0+

Sn Sn 130m Sn

128.91348

6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m

β- / β- /4.0 β- /

Sn

129.91397

3.7 m

β- /2.15

1.10/

0+

1.02 m

β- /

3.4/

129m 129

130

Sn

131m

11/23/2+ (7-)

-1.30 +0.754 -0.381

-0.2 +0.05 -0.4

11/2-

-1.28

+0.02

+0.747

-0.04

Sn Sn

130.91700 131.91782

39. s 40. s

β- /4.69 β- /3.12

3.8/ 1.8/

3/2+ 0+

134

Sn Sn 135 Sn

132.92383 133.9283 134.9347

1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s

7.5/

7/20+

Sn 137 Sn

135.9393 136.946

0.25 s 0.19 s

β- /7.8 β- /6.8 ββ-,n β-, n β-, n

131 132

133

136

487_S11.indb 106

/21. /30. /~ 58

0+

0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985 (0.053-2.417) (0.053-0.830) 0.733–1.855

4/17/06 10:59:24 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 138

Sn

Sb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-107 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.15 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

51

121.760(1)

Sb Sb 105 Sb 106 Sb 107 Sb

102.9397 103.9365 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242

> 1.5 μs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s

Sb Sb

107.9222 108.91813

7.0 s 17.3 s

β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/

110

Sb

109.9168

24. s

β+ /9.0 EC/

111

Sb

110.91316

1.25 m

112

Sb

111.91240

113

Sb

112.90937

103 104

108 109

β+,p β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

p// 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /9.3

52

Te

127.60(3)

Te Te 107 Te

104.9436 105.9375 106.9350

0.07 ms 3.1 ms

Te

107.9294

2.1 s

α/4.3 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 /

134m 134

135

136 137

105 106

108

487_S11.indb 109

8-

7/2+

/100 3.86(1)/

0+

3.314(4)/

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.3 0.2148 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 2.82 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 3.00 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279

(0.090-0.721)

4/17/06 10:59:28 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-110 Elem. or Isot. Te

108.9274

4.6 s

110

Te

109.9224

19. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5

111

Te

110.9211

19.3 s

β+, EC/8.0

(7/2+)

112

Te

111.9170

2.0 m

β+, EC/4.3

0+

113

Te

112.9159

1.7 s

β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/

114

Te

113.91209

15. m

β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/

0+

6.7 m

β+ /45/ EC/55/

(1/2+)

109

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Te

115m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

115

Te

114.91190

5.8 m

β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/

116

Te

115.90846

2.49 h

EC/1.5

117

Te

116.90865

1.03 h

EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/

118

Te Te

117.90583

6.00 d 4.69 d

EC/0.28 EC/

119

Te

118.90640

16.0 h

β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/

120

Te Te

~ 154. d 16.8 d

I.T. (89%) EC (11%) EC/1.04

119.7 d

I.T./0.247

> 9.2 × 1016 y

EC/0.051

119m

121m

0.09(1)

119.90402

121

Te

122

Te Te

2.55(12)

121.903044

Te Te

0.89(3) 4.74(14)

122.904270 123.902818

123m

123 124

487_S11.indb 110

120.90494

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3.107(4)/

4.5/

2.7/

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

(7/2+)

7/2+

0+ 1.78/

0.627/

½+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998

0+ 11/2-

0.89

½+

0.25

0+ 11/2-

0.90

Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731

-0.93

Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1

½+

0+ 11/2½+ 0+

-0.73695

4/17/06 10:59:29 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Te

125m

Te Te 127m Te 125 126

Te Te 129m Te

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

7.07(15) 18.84(25)

124.904431 125.903312

31.74(8)

126.905226 127.904463

127 128

129

Te

130

Te Te

131m

Atomic Mass or Weight

34.08(62)

11-111 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 58. d I.T./0.145

109. d 9.4 h 2.2 × 1024 y 33.6 d

I.T./98/0.088 β- /2/0.77 β- /0.698 β-βI.T./63/0.105 β- /37/

128.906598

1.16 h

β- /1.498

129.906224

8 × 1020 y 1.35 d

β-ββ- /78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

0.696/

0.64

3/2+

0.70

0+ 11/2-

-1.04

1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215

3/2+

0.70

1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89

0.42/

Te

130.908524

25.0 m

β- /2.233

132

Te

131.90855

3.26 d

β- /0.51

55.4 m

β- /82/ I.T./18/0.334

2.4/30

11/2-

Te

0+

133

Te

132.91096

12.4 m

β- /2.94

2.25/25 2.65

3/2+

134

Te

133.91137

42. m

β- /1.51

0+

135

Te

134.9165

19.0 s

β- /6.0

0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0

136

Te

135.92010

17.5 s

β- /5.1

2.5/

0+

137

Te

136.9253

2.5 s

6.8

7/2-

Te Te 140 Te 141 Te 142 Te

137.9292 138.9347 139.9389 140.9447 141.949

1.4 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /98 /6.9 n/2 / β- /6.4

138 139

53

I I

107.9435 108.9382

0.04 s 0.11 ms

α/91/4. p

I

109.9352

0.65 s

I

110.9303

2.5 s

β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/~ 3.6 p/11/ β+, E.C./8.5

110

111

487_S11.indb 111

-1.09

0.06

Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794–0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873–3.235 0.2436

0+

0+

126.90447(3)

109

Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603

0+

I

108

-1.04

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

131

133m

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.99 -0.06 Te k x-ray 0.0355 -0.8885

3.95

3.457(10)/

0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496–1.057 ann.rad./

ann.rad./

4/17/06 10:59:31 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-112 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

112

I

111.9280

3.4 s

β+, EC/10.2

113

I

112.9236

5.9 s

β+, EC/7.6

114

I

113.9219

2.1 s

β+, EC/8.7

115

I

114.9181

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.7

116

I

115.9168

2.9 s

β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/

6.7/

1+

117

I

116.91365

2.22 m

β+, EC/4.7

3.2/

(5/2+)

3.1

8.5 m

β+, EC/ I.T.

4.9/

7-

4.2

2-

2.0

(5/2+)

+2.9

118m

I

5/2+

118

I

117.91307

14. m

β+, EC/7.0

119

I

118.91007

19. m

β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

2.4/

53. m

β+ /80/ EC/20/

3.8

120m

I

4.2

120

I

119.91005

1.35 h

β+ /56/5.62 EC/

4.03 4.60

2-

1.23

121

I

120.90737

2.12 h

β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/

1.2/

5/2+

2.3

122

I

121.90759

3.6 m

β+ /4.234 EC/

3.1/

1+

+0.94

123

I

122.905589

13.2 h

EC/1.242

5/2+

2.82

124

I

123.906210

4.18 d

β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/

2-

1.44

487_S11.indb 112

1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.111–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9

4/17/06 10:59:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-113 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

125

I

124.904630

59.4 d

EC/0.1861

126

I

125.905624

13.0 d

EC/ β+ /2.155 β- /1.258/47

126.904473 127.905809

25.00 m

β- /2.118 EC/1.251

128.904988

1.7 × 107 y

β- /0.194

9.0 m

127 128

129

I I

100.

I

130

I

129.906674

12.36 h

I.T./83/0.048 β- /17/ β- /2.949

131

I

130.906125

8.021 d

β- /0.971

131.90800

1.39 h 2.28 h

IT β- /14/3.58 I.T./86/

9. s

I.T./1.63

20.8 h

β- /1.77

3.7 m

I.T./98/0.316 β- /2/

130m

132m 132

I

133m

133

I

I

I

I

134m

132.907797

I

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5/2+

2.82

2-

1.44

2.13/

5/2+ 1+

+2.8133

-0.79

0.15/

7/2+

+2.621

-0.55

1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/

1.04/ 0.62

5+

3.35

0.606/

7/2+

+2.742

-0.40

84+

3.09

0.09

+2.86

-0.27

0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/

19/2-

1.24/85

7/2+

8-

I

133.90974

52.6 m

β- /4.05

1.2/

4+

135

I

134.91005

6.57 h

β- /2.63

0.9/ 1.3/

7/2+

47. s

β- /

4.7/ 5.2/

6-

1.39 m

β- /6.93

4.3/

2-

136

487_S11.indb 113

I

I

135.91465

-0.89

2+

134

136m

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2.94

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622 Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447

4/17/06 10:59:34 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-114 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.6/

Spin (h/2 π)

137

I

136.91787

24.5 s

β- /5.88

5.0/

(7/2+)

138

I

137.9224

6.5 s

β- /7.8

6.9/ 7.4/

2-

139

I

138.92610

2.30 s

β- /6.81 n/

140

I

139.9310

0.86 s

β- /8.8 n/

I I 143 I 144 I

140.9350 141.9402 142.9446 143.9500

0.45 s ~ 0.2 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /7.8 β-

141 142

Xe

131.293(6)

Xe

109.9443

0.11 s

Xe Xe

110.9416

0.9 s 0.7 s

Xe 113 Xe 114 Xe

111.9356 112.9333 113.92798

3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s

β+ /9.2 α EC, β+ EC, β+ /10.6 α/ EC, β+ /7.2 EC, β+ /9.1 β+, EC/5.9

Xe Xe

114.92629 115.92158

18. s 56. s

β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3

117

Xe

116.92036

1.02 m

β+, EC/6.5

118

Xe

117.91618

~ 4. m

β+, EC/3.

54

110

111m 111

112

115 116

487_S11.indb 114

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(3)

/~ 64

3.58(1)/ α/0.8/

0+

0+ 0+

3.3/

(5/2+) 0+

(5/2+)

2.7/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457

0+

-0.594

+1.16

ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600

4/17/06 10:59:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-115 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

119

Xe

118.91541

5.8 m

β+, EC/5.0

120

Xe

119.91178

40. m

β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/

121

Xe

120.91146

39. m

β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/

122

Xe

121.90837

20.1 h

EC/0.9

123

Xe

122.90848

2.00 h

β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/

124

Xe Xe

123.905893

> 1017 y 57. s

β-βI.T./0.252

124.906395

17.1 h

EC/1.653

1.15 m

125m

125

Xe

126

Xe Xe

127m

127

Xe

128

Xe Xe

0.0952(3)

0.0890(2)

Xe Xe

135m

135

Xe

136

Xe Xe

137

487_S11.indb 115

8.8573(44)

0+

-0.884

36.34 d

EC/0.662

½+

-0.504

8.89 d

I.T./0.236

0+ 11/2-

-0.891

-0.7780

I.T./0.164

½+ 0+ 11/2-

2.19 d

I.T./0.233

132.905911

5.243 d

β- /0.427

133.905394

> 1.1 × 1016 y 15.3 m

β- βI.T./

134.907227

9.10 h

β-/1.15

135.90722 136.91156

> 2.4 × 1021 y 3.82 m

β-ββ- /4.17

126.905184

10.4357(21)

+1.33

0+ (9/2-)

130.905082 131.904153

134

5/2+

I.T./0.297

125.90427

21.2324(30) 26.9086(33)

Xe

2.8/

-0.269

Xe Xe 133m Xe 133

-0.701

0+

½+

128.904779 129.903508

132

+1.31

-0.745

26.4006(82) 4.0710(13)

131

-0.654

0+ (9/2-)

Xe Xe 131m Xe 130

7/2+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

-0.150

127.903531

129

3.5/

Spin (h/2 π)

½+

1.9102(8)

129m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

11.9 d

1.51/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1)

+0.42

Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434

+0.69

Xe k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750

+0.64

Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966

-0.9940

+0.73

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

+0.69186

-0.12

Xe k x-ray 0.16398

-1.082

+0.77

3/2+

+0.813

+0.14

0+ 11/2-

1.103

+0.62

0.91/

3/2+

0.903

+0.21

4.1/

0+ 7/2-

-0.970

-0.49

0.47/

0.346/99

Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549

4/17/06 10:59:37 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-116 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.6/

Spin (h/2 π)

138

Xe

137.91395

14.1 m

β- /2.77

0.8/ 2.4/

139

Xe

138.91879

39.7 s

β- /5.06

4.5/ 5.0/

140

Xe

139.9216

13.6 s

β- /4.1

2.6

0+

141

Xe

140.9266

1.72 s

β- /6.2

6.2/

5/2+

142

Xe

141.9297

1.22 s

β- /5.0

3.7/ 4.2/

0+

Xe Xe 144 Xe 145 Xe 146 Xe 147 Xe

142.9351 143.9385 144.9441 145.9478 146.9536

0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

ββ- /7.3 β- /6.1 β-, (n)

143m 143

55

Cs

132.9054519(2)

Cs Cs 114 Cs

111.9503 112.9445 113.9414

0.5 ms 17. μs 0.58 s

p p β+, EC/11.8

Cs Cs

114.9359

~ 1.4 s 0.7 s

β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/

Cs

115.9334

3.8 s

β+, EC/10.8

6.5 s ~ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.

112 113

115

116m

116

Cs Cs 118m Cs 118 Cs 117m 117

487_S11.indb 116

116.9287 117.92656

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

0+

-0.304

+0.40

+0.010

-0.58

-0.460

+0.93

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448

0+

0.81 0.96

1+

2

ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223

5. +3.88

ann.rad./ +1.4

ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727

4/17/06 10:59:38 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

+0.84 +5.5

+0.9 +2.8

Cs Cs

119.92068

60. s 64. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92

2+

+3.87

+1.45

2.0 m

I.T./60/ β+ /40/

4.4

(9/2+)

+5.41

+2.7

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.40

4.38/

3/2+

+0.77

+0.84

4.4 m 0.36 s

β+, EC IT

8-

+4.77

+3.3

21. s

β+, EC/7.1

(1+)

-0.133

-0.19

1.6 s

I.T./

Cs

120.91723

Cs Cs

122m1

Cs

121.91611

Cs

123m

Cs

122.91300

5.87 m

β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/

Cs Cs

123.91226

6.3 s 30. s

IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /

125

Cs

124.90973

45. m

126

Cs

125.90945

127

Cs

128

129

11/21/2+

+1.38

~ 5.

7+ 1+

+0.673

β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/

2.06/

1/2+

+1.41

1.64 m.

β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/

3.4 3.7/

1+

+0.78

126.90742

6.2 h

β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/

0.65/ 1.06

1/2+

+1.46

Cs

127.90775

3.62 m

β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /

2.44/ 2.88/

1+

+0.97

Cs

128.90606

1.336 d

EC/1.195

1/2+

+1.49

3.5 m

IT, β+, EC

5-

+0.629

Cs

130m

487_S11.indb 117

5.8/

3.0/

124m 124

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3/2 9/2+

122m2

123

Spin (h/2 π)

β+, EC/6.3

Cs

122

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

29. s 43. s

121m

121

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

118.92238

120m 120

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Cs Cs

119m 119

11-117

-0.74

-0.68

-0.57

+1.45

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115

4/17/06 10:59:39 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-118 Elem. or Isot. 130

Cs

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Cs 132 Cs

Cs Cs

134m

134

Cs

129.90671

130.90546 131.906434

131

133

Atomic Mass or Weight

100.

132.90545193

133.90671848

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 29.21 m β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β- /1.6/0.37 9.69 d EC/0.352 6.48 d EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β- / /1.280

2.91 h

I.T./0.139

2.065 y

β- /2.059 EC/1.22

Cs

135m

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.98/ 1+ 0.44/1.6

5/2+ 2-

7/2+ 80.089/27 0.658/70

4+

53. m

I.T./1.627

19/2-

β- /0.269 I.T./ β- /2.548

0.205/100 0.341/

7/2+ 85+

Cs Cs 136 Cs

134.905977 135.907312

2.3 × 106 y 19. s 13.16 d

Cs

136.907089

30.2 y

β- /1.176

0.514/95

7/2+

2.9 m

I.T./75 β- /25 /

/0.080 3.3

6-

135

136m

137

Cs

138m

138

Cs

137.91102

32.2 m

β- /5.37

2.9/

3-

139

Cs

138.913364

9.3 m

β- /4.213

4.21

7/2+

140

Cs

139.91728

1.06 m

β- /6.22

5.7/ 6.21/

1-

141

Cs

140.92005

24.9 s

β- /5.26

5.20/

7/2+

142

Cs

141.92430

1.8 s

β- /7.31

6.9/ 7.28

143

Cs

142.92735

1.78 s

β- /6.24

6.1

(3/2+)

144

Cs

143.93208

1.01 s

β- /8.47

8.46/ 7.9/

1

487_S11.indb 118

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.46 -0.06 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 +3.54 -0.58 Xe k x-ray +2.22 +0.51 Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 +2.582 -0.00355 +1.098 +1.0 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 +2.994 +0.39 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 +2.18 +0.9 0.7869 0.8402 +2.732 +0.05 +1.32 +0.7 +3.71 +0.2 0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 +2.84 +0.05 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 +1.71 -0.40 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 +0.700 +0.12 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 +2.70 -0.07 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) +0.13390 -0.11 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) +2.44 -0.4 Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 +0.87 +0.47 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) -0.546 +0.30 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587

4/17/06 10:59:41 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 145

Cs

Cs Cs 148 Cs 149 Cs 150 Cs 151 Cs 146 147

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-119

144.93553

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 0.59 s β- /7.89

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 7.4/ 3/2+ 7.9/

145.9403 146.9442 147.9492 148.9529 149.9582 150.9622

0.322 s 0.227 s 0.15 s > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms

β-, (n)/9.38 β-, (n)/9.3 β-, (n)/10.5

~ 9.0

2-

p/20 /0.9 p/ 0.15 μs

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.5/

23 ms

p

0.806/

EC, β+ /11. EC, β+/~ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ~ 8.8

(7+)

124.92082

2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

11/2-

La La

125.9195

< 50. s 54. s

β+, EC/7.6

127

La

126.91638

3.8 m

β+, EC/4.7

3/2+

128

La

127.9156

5.0 m

β+ /80/6.7 EC/20/

(5-)

La La

128.91269

0.56 s 11.6 m

IT β+ /58/3.72 EC/42/

130

La

129.91237

8.7 m

β+ /78/5.6 EC/22/

131

La

130.91007

59. m

β+ /76/3.0 EC/24/

24. m

I.T./76/ β+, EC/24/

Ba Ba 149 Ba 150 Ba 151 Ba 152 Ba 153 Ba 147 148

La

57

La La 119 La 120 La 121 La 122 La 123 La 124 La 125m La 125 La 117 118

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-121

146.9349 147.9377 148.9426 149.9457 150.9508 151.9543 151.960

116.9501 117.9467 118.9410 119.9381 120.9330 121.9307 122.9262 123.9246

129m 129

La

132m

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 0+ 0+

2.42/

3/2+

(11/2-) 3/2+

3+

1.42/ 1.94/

3/2+

6-

132

La

131.91010

4.8 h

β+ /40/4.71 EC/60/

2.6/ 3.2 3.7/

2-

133

La

132.90822

3.91 h

β+ /4/2.2 EC/96/

1.2/

5/2+

487_S11.indb 121

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

138.90547(7)

126m 126

Spin (h/2 π)

ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.256 0.455 0.117–3.853 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315–2.212) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965–1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263 La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788

4/17/06 10:59:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-122 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

134

La

133.90851

6.5 m

β+ /63/3.71 EC/37/

135

La

134.90698

19.5 h

EC/1.20

136

La

135.9076

9.87 m

β+ /36/2.9 EC/64/

137

La La

136.90649 137.907112

6 × 104 y 1.06 × 1011 y

EC/0.60

138.906353 139.909478

1.678 d

β- /3.762

La La

140.910962 141.91408

3.90 h 1.54 h

β- /2.502 β- /4.505

La La 145 La 146m La 146 La 147 La 148 La 149 La

142.91606 143.91960 144.9216 145.9258 146.9282 147.9322 148.9347

14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s 1.10 s

β- /3.43 β- /5.5 β- /4.1 β- /6.7 β- /6.6 β- /5.0 β- /7.26 β- /5.5

La

149.9388

0.51 s

La La 153 La 154 La 155 La

150.9417 151.9462 152.950 153.955 154.958

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

138

139 140

141 142

La La

143 144

150

151 152

Ce

0.0888(6) 99.9112(6)

58

140.116(1)

Ce Ce 121 Ce 122 Ce 123 Ce 124 Ce 125 Ce

118.953 119.947 120.943 121.9379 122.9354 123.9304 124.9284

119 120

1.1 s

β+, p

3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s

β+, EC/~ 8.6 EC/~ 5.6 β+, EC/7.

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

2.67/

Spin (h/2 π)

1+

5/2+ 1.8/

1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/

1+

7/2+ 5+

+2.70 +3.7136

+0.2 +0.4

7/2+ 3-

+2.7830 +0.73

+0.20 +0.09

7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 2-

0+ 0+ 7/2-

50. s 29. s

EC/4. β+, EC/6.1

0+

128

Ce

127.91891

4.1 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

129

Ce

128.91810

3.5 m

β+, EC/5.6

130

Ce

129.91474

26. m

β+, EC/2.2

487_S11.indb 122

0.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)

0+

125.92397 126.9227

127

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5–1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35

7/2+ 2-

Ce Ce

126

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329 ann.rad./ (0.058–1.961) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:47 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ce

131m

131

Ce

130.91442

Ce

132m

132

Ce

131.91146

Ce

133m

11-123 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5. m

β+ EC

10. m

β+, EC/4.0

9.4 ms

IT/2.340

3.5 h

EC/1.3

0+

1.6 h

β+, EC/

½+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068 Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472

2.8/

133

Ce

132.91152

5.4 h

β+/8/2.9 EC/92/

134

Ce

133.90892

3.16 d

EC/0.5

0+

20. s

I.T./0.446

11/2-

134.90915

17.7 h

β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /

135.90717

> 0.7 × 1014 y 1.43 d

EC EC I.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /

0+ 11/2-

1.0

136.90781

9.0 h

β+/1.222

3/2+

0.96

0.251(2)

137.90599

> 0.9 × 1014 y 56.4 s

EC EC I.T./0.7542

0+ 11/2-

88.450(51)

138.90665 139.905439 140.908276

137.6 d

EC/0.28

32.50 d

β-/0.581

3/2+ 0+ 7/2-

141.909244 142.912386

> 1.6 × 1017 y 1.38 d

β- ββ-/1.462

Ce

135m

135

Ce

136

Ce Ce

137m

137

Ce

138

Ce Ce

139m

Ce Ce 141 Ce

0.185(2)

139 140

142 143

Ce Ce

11.114(51)

1.3/

0.8/

0.436/69 0.581/31 1.404/ 1.110/47

9/2-

1/2+

0+ 3/2-

144

Ce

143.913647

284.6 d

β-/0.319

0.185/20 0.318/

0+

145

Ce

144.91723

3.00 m

β-/2.54

1.7/24 1.3

3/2-

146

Ce

145.9188

13.5 m

β-/1.04

0.7/90

0+

487_S11.indb 123

1.06 1.1

0.43

Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585 Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0 Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray

4/17/06 10:59:48 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-124 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Ce Ce

146.92267 147.92443

56. s 56. s

β-/3.29 β-/2.1

Ce

148.9284

5.2 s

β-/4.2

Ce Ce 152 Ce

149.93041 150.9340 151.9365

4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s

β-/3.0 β-/5.3 β-/4.4

Ce Ce 155 Ce 156 Ce 157 Ce

152.9406 153.9434 154.948 155.951 156.956

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

147 148

149

150 151

153 154

Pr

Pr Pr 123 Pr 124 Pr 125 Pr

120.955 121.9518 122.946 123.943 124.9378

0.01 s

p

1.2 s ~ 3.3 s

β+, EC/12. β+

126

Pr

125.9353

3.1 s

β+, EC/~ 10.4

127

Pr

126.9308

4.2 s

β+ /~ 7.5

128

Pr

127.92879

3.0 s

β+, EC/~ 9.3

129

Pr

128.92510

32 s

β+, EC/5.8

Pr Pr 131 Pr

129.9236

β+, EC/8.1

130.9203

40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m

Pr

131.9193

1.6 m

β+, EC/7.1

1.1 s

IT/0.192

6.5 m

β+, EC/4.3

~ 11. m

β+, EC/

130

131m

132

Pr

133m

133

Pr

Pr

134m

487_S11.indb 124

132.91633

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

0+ 0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115

0+

140.90765(2)

122

3.3/ 1.66/

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

59

121

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

p/0.882

β+, EC/5.3

~ 5.5

5/2+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460

4/17/06 10:59:50 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-125 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

134

Pr

133.91571

17. m

β+, EC/6.2

135

Pr

134.91311

24. m

β+, EC/3.7

2.5/

3/2+

136

Pr

135.91269

13.1 m

β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43

2.98/

2+

137

Pr

136.91071

1.28 h

β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /

1.68/

5/2+

2.1 h

β+ /24 / EC/76 /

1.65/

7-

Pr

138m

2+

138

Pr

137.91075

1.45 m

β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /

3.42/

1+

139

Pr

138.90894

4.41 h

β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /

1.09/

5/2+

140

Pr

139.90908

3.39 m

β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /

2.37/

1+

14.6 m 19.12 h

I.T./0.004 β- /2.162 EC/0.744 β- /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β- /

c.e. 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/

0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97

0-

2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/

2-

4.0/

(4)

Pr Pr 142 Pr 141

142m

100.

140.907653 141.910045

Pr Pr

142.910817

13.57 d 7.2 m

144

Pr

143.913305

17.28 m

β- /2.998

145

Pr

144.91451

5.98 h

β- /1.81

146

Pr

145.9176

24.2 m

β- /4.2

147

Pr

146.91900

13.4 m

β- /2.69

2.0 m

β- /

143

144m

Pr

148m

487_S11.indb 125

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5/2+ 52-

+4.275 2.2 +0.234

+0.030

7/2+ 3-

+2.70

+0.8

7/2+

3/2+

-0.08

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965

0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247 0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016

4/17/06 10:59:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-126 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

148

Pr

147.92213

2.27 m

β- /4.9

149

Pr

148.9237

2.3 m

β- /3.40

150

Pr

149.92667

6.2 s

β- /5.7

Pr Pr

150.92832 151.9315

22.4 s 3.2 s

β- /4.2 β- /6.7

152.9338 153.9375 154.9401 155.9443 156.9474 157.952 158.956

4.3 s 2.3 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.5 β- /7.9

0.6 s

β+, p

1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s

β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6. β+, EC/8.

151 152

Pr Pr 155 Pr 156 Pr 157 Pr 158 Pr 159 Pr 153 154

60

Nd

144.242(3)

Nd Nd 126 Nd 127 Nd 128 Nd 129 Nd

123.952 124.9489 125.9432 126.9405 127.9354 128.9332

124 125

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.8/ 4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0

~ 5.5

Spin (h/2 π)

1(5/2+)

4+

0+ (5/2)

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6

0+

132

Nd

131.92332

1.5 m

β+, EC/3.7

0+

133

Nd

132.92235

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

134

Nd

133.91879

~ 8.5 m

β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /

Nd Nd

134.91818

5.5 m 12. m

β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /

Nd

135.91498

50.6 m

EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /

1.6 s

I.T./0.5196

38. m

β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /

135

136

Nd

137m

137

487_S11.indb 126

Nd

136.91457

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)

5/2(-)

28. s 0.5 m

135m

0.0726 0.164 0.285

0+

129.92851 130.92725

131

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017 0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527

1-

Nd Nd

130

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

9/2-

1.04/

-0.78

0+

11/2-

1.7/20 2.40/20

1/2+

-0.63

+2.0

ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806

4/17/06 10:59:53 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 138

Nd

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 137.91195

Nd

139m

11-127 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 5.1 h EC/1.1

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5.5 h

I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /

1.17/

11/2-

1.77/

3/2+

139

Nd

138.91198

30. m

β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /

140

Nd Nd

139.90955

3.37 d 1.04 m

EC /0.22 IT/99+/0.756

Nd

140.909610

2.49 h

EC/98 /1.823 β+ /2 /

0.802/

2.1 × 1015 y

α

1.83

10.98 d

β- /0.896

0.805/

1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/

141m

141

Nd Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 147 Nd

27.153(39) 12.173(27) 23.798(18) 8.293(12) 17.189(33)

141.907723 142.909814 143.910087 144.912574 145.913117 146.916100

Nd Nd

5.756(21)

147.916893 148.920149

1.73 h

β- /1.691

Nd Nd

5.638(29)

149.920891 150.923829

1.4 × 1020 y 12.4 m

β-ββ- /2.442

142 143

148 149

150 151

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0.91

+0.3

1.01

+0.3

-1.07

-0.60

0+ 11/2-

1.2/

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/2-

-0.66

-0.31

0.58

0.9

0+ 5/2-

Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686

0.35

1.3

Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.026–1.6)

0+ (3/2+)

Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848

152

Nd

151.92468

11.4 m

β- /1.1

0+

153

Nd Nd

152.92770 153.9295

28.9 s 25.9 s

β- /3.6 β- /2.8

0+

154.9329 155.9350 156.9390 157.9416 158.946 159.949 160.954

8.9 s 5.5 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.0 β- /4.1

0+

Pm Pm 130 Pm

127.9484 128.9432 129.9405

1.0 s ~ 2.4 s 2.5 s

β+, p

ann.rad.

β+, EC/11.

Pm

130.9359

~ 6.3 s

β+

131.9338 132.92978 133.9284

6. s 12. s 24. s

β+, EC/10. β+, EC/~ 7.0 β+, EC/~ 8.9

0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

154

Nd Nd 157 Nd 158 Nd 159 Nd 160 Nd 161 Nd 155 156

0+ 0+

Pm

61

128 129

131

Pm Pm 134 Pm 132 133

487_S11.indb 127

(5+)

4/17/06 10:59:54 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-128 Elem. or Isot.

135 136

137

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Pm Pm

134.9249 135.9236

0.8 m 1.8 m

β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /

11/2(3+)

Pm

136.92048

2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6

(11/2-)

3.2 m

β+ /50 /~ 7.0 EC/50 /

3.9/

3+

10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m

β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /

6.1/ 3.52/

1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)

5.87 m

β+ /70 / EC/30 /

3.2

7/2-

Pm

138m

Pm Pm 139 Pm 138

139m

137.91955 138.91680

Pm

140m

140

Pm

139.91604

9.2 s

β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /

5.07/74

1+

141

Pm

140.91356

20.9 m

β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /

2.71

5/2+

Pm Pm

141.91287

67 μs 40.5 s

β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /

3.8/

1+

143

Pm

142.910933

265. d

144

Pm

143.912591

360. d

145

Pm

144.912749

146

Pm

Pm

142m 142

147

3.

EC/1.041 β+ /< 6 × 10-6/ EC/2.332 β+ /7 × 10-6/

5/2+

3.8

5-

1.7

17.7 y

EC/0.163

5/2+

+3.8

+0.2

145.914696

5.53 y

EC/63 /1.472 β- /37 /1.542

0.795/

146.915139

2.623 y

β- /0.224

0.224/

7/2+

+2.6

+0.7

41.3 d

β- /95 /2.6 I.T./5 /0.137

0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/

6-

1.8

1-

+2.0

0.78/9 1.072/90

7/2+

3.3

Pm

148m

148

Pm

147.91748

5.37 d

β- /2.47

149

Pm

148.918334

2.212 d

β- /1.071

487_S11.indb 128

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3-

+0.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 (0.208-0.882) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594

4/17/06 10:59:56 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 150

Pm

151

Pm

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

11-129

149.92098

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 2.68 h β- /3.45

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.6/ (1-) 2.3/ 1.8/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

150.92121

1.183 d

β- /1.187

0.84/

+1.8

15. m 7.5 m

β-, I.T./ β- /

Pm Pm

152m2 152m1

(>6) (4-)

152

Pm

151.92350

4.1 m

β- /3.5

153

Pm

152.92412

5.4 m

β- /1.90

3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/

2.7 m

β- /

2.0/

1.9/

Pm

154m

Pm

153.92646

1.7 m

β- /4.1

Pm Pm 157 Pm 158 Pm 159 Pm 160 Pm 161 Pm 162 Pm 163 Pm

154.92810 155.93106 156.9330 157.9366 158.9390 159.9430 160.9459 161.950 162.954

48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s

β- /3.2 β- /5.16 β- /4.6 β- /6.3

62

Sm

150.36(2)

Sm Sm 131 Sm 132 Sm 133 Sm

128.954 129.9489 130.9461 131.9407 132.9387

~ 0.55 s

β+, p

1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s

β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/~ 8.4

Sm Sm 136 Sm 137 Sm 138 Sm

133.9340 134.9325 135.92828 136.92697 137.92324

11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/7. β+, EC/4.5 β+, EC/6.1 β+, EC/3.9

10. s

I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /

2.6 m

β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /

154

155 156

129 130

134 135

Sm

139m

139

487_S11.indb 129

Sm

138.92230

5/2+

1+ (5/2-)

(5/2-)

1.9

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)

(0.072-0.261)

0+

ann.rad./

0+ 5/2+

0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+

4.7

4.1/

(11/2-)

1.1

½+

-0.53

ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028

4/17/06 10:59:57 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-130 Elem. or Isot. 140

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Sm

Atomic Mass or Weight 139.91900

Sm

141m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

14.8 m

β+, EC/3.4

1.9/

0+

22.6 m

β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758

1.6/ 2.19/

11/2-

-0.83

-0.74

141

Sm

140.91848

10.2 m

β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /

3.2/

½+

142

Sm

141.91520

1.208 h

β+ /6 /2.10 EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540

1.0/

0+

2.47/

Sm

1.10 m

143m

143

Sm

144

Sm Sm

145

Sm Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 153 Sm

3.083(20)

146 147

154 155

Sm Sm

15.017(75) 11.254(51) 13.830(56) 7.351(36) 26.735(48)

22.730(78)

8.83 m

β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /

143.911999 144.913410

340. d

EC/0.617

1.03 × 108 y 1.06 × 1011 y 7 × 1015 y 1016 y

α/ α/ α/ α/

2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/

90. y

β- /0.0768

0.076/

1.929 d

β- /0.808

0.64/ 0.69/

153.922209 154.924640

22.2 m

β- /1.627

1.52

+1.01

+0.4

0+ 7/2-

-1.12

-0.60

-0.815

-0.26

-0.672

+0.075

-0.363

+0.7

0.02154

-0.0216

+1.3

Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29 0.075–0.714

1.1

Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264 (0.036-0.741)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2-

Sm

155.92553

9.4 h

β- /0.72

0.43/ 0.71/

0+

157

Sm

156.92836

8.0 m

β- /2.7

2.4/

3/2-

158

Sm

157.9300

5.5 m

β- /2.0

0+

Sm Sm 161 Sm 162 Sm 163 Sm 164 Sm 165 Sm

158.9332 159.9351 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953

11.3 s 9.6 s ~ 4.8 s 2.4 s

β- /3.8 β- /3.6

0+

160

Eu

151.964(1)

Eu Eu

129.964 130.9578

63

130 131

487_S11.indb 130

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565

3/2+

156

159

+1.6

11/2-

142.914628

145.913041 146.914898 147.914823 148.917185 149.917276 150.919932 151.919732 152.922097

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924

0+

0.9 ms ~ 26. ms

p β+, p

1.027/ p/0.95

4/17/06 10:59:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Eu Eu 134 Eu 135 Eu 136m Eu 136 Eu 137 Eu 138 Eu 139 Eu 140m Eu 140 Eu 141m Eu 132 133

141

Eu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 131.9544 132.9492 133.9465 134.9418 135.9396 136.9356 137.93371 138.92979 139.9281

140.92493

Eu

142m

11-131 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

0.5 s 1.5 s ~ 3.2 s ~ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s

40. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC, β+ EC, β+ /~ 8.7

Spin (h/2 π)

7+ 1+ 11/27+

EC, β+ /10. EC/~ 7.5 EC, β+ /~ 9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+ EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

5 6

111/2-

5/2+

+3.49

+0.85

1.22 m

β+ /83 / EC/17 /

4.8/

8-

+2.98

+1.4

β- /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/

7.0/

1+

+1.54

+0.12

4.1/ 5.1/

5/2+

+3.67

+0.51

142

Eu

141.92343

2.4 s

143

Eu

142.92030

2.62 m

144

Eu

143.91882

10.2 s

β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /

5.31/

1+

+1.89

+0.10

145

Eu

144.916265

5.93 d

β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71

0.79/

5/2+

+4.00

+0.29

146

Eu

145.91721

4.57 d

β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /

1.47/

4-

+1.42

-0.18

147

Eu

146.916746

24.4 d

EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /

5/2+

+3.72

+0.53

148

Eu

147.91809

54.5 d

EC/3.11

5-

+2.34

+0.35

149

Eu

148.917931

93.1 d

EC/0.692

5/2+

+3.57

+0.75

150

Eu

149.91970

36. y

EC/2.26

5-

+2.71

+1.13

487_S11.indb 131

0.92

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113/20.6 0.19725/24.0 (0.601-1.077) Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770/4.1 0.3275/4.8 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8)

4/17/06 11:00:01 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-132 Elem. or Isot. Eu

150m

151

Eu Eu

152m2

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

47.81(6)

Atomic Mass or Weight

150.919850

Eu

152m1

152

Eu

153

Eu Eu

154m

151.921745

52.19(6)

152.921230

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 12.8 h β- /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /

Particle Energy/ Spin Intensity (h/2 π) (MeV/%) 1.013/ 01.24/ 5/2+ 8-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+3.472

+0.90

3-

-1.941

+2.71

5/2+ 8-

+1.533

+2.41

0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/

3-

-2.01

+2.8

5/2+

+1.52

+2.4

0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41

1+

≈1.1

(5/2+)

+1.50

+2.6

1.60 h

I.T./0.1478

9.30 h

β- /72 / EC/28 /

1.85/ 0.89/

0-

13.5 y

EC/72 /1.874 β- /28 /1.818

0.69/ 1.47/

46.1 m

I.T./~ 0.16

154

Eu

153.922979

8.59 y

β- /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717

155

Eu

154.922893

4.76 y

β- /0.252

156

Eu

155.92475

15.2 d

β- /2.451

157

Eu

156.92542

15.13 h

β- /1.36

158

Eu

157.9279

45.9 m

β- /3.5

2.5/

(1-)

+1.44

+0.7

159

Eu

158.92909

18.1 m

β- /2.51

2.4/ 2.57/

(5/2+)

+1.38

+2.7

160

Eu

159.9320

38. s

β- /4.1

2.7/ 4.1/

(0-)

Eu Eu 163 Eu 164 Eu 165 Eu 166 Eu 167 Eu

160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953

27. s 11. s

β- /3.7 β- /5.6

161 162

Gd

64

487_S11.indb 132

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719

157.25(3)

4/17/06 11:00:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Gd Gd 137 Gd 138 Gd 139m Gd 139 Gd 140 Gd 141m Gd 141 Gd 142 Gd 143m Gd 135

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

136

Atomic Mass or Weight 134.953 135.9473 136.9450 137.9401 138.9382 139.93367 140.93213 141.92812

11-133 Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy Width (MeV) (/MeV) 1.1 s β+ 7. s ~ 4.7 s ~ 4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m

142.9268

39. s

β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /

144

Gd

143.92296

4.5 m

β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /

1.44 m

I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7

Gd

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+ 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

1/2+

3.3/

0+

11/2-

-1.0

-0.74

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.163–0.360) ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)

0+

EC, β+ /~ 7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2 β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./

Gd

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+

143

145m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

145

Gd

144.92171

23.4 m

β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /

2.5/

1/2+

146

Gd

145.918311

48.3 d

EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2

0.35/

0+

147

Gd

146.919094

1.588 d

EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /

0.93/

7/2-

1.0

148

Gd Gd

147.918115 148.919341

71. y 9.3 d

α/3.27 EC/1.32

3.1828/

0+ 7/2-

0.9

Gd Gd

149.91866 150.920348

1.8 × 106 y 124. d

α/2.80 EC/0.464

2.73/

0+ 7/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465

0.8

0.20(1)

151.919791 152.921750

240. d

EC/0.485

0+ 3/2-

Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432

0.4

2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

153.920867 154.922622 155.922123 156.923960

Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318

149

150 151

152 153

Gd Gd

Gd Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 154 155

487_S11.indb 133

0+ 3/20+ 3/2-

-0.259

+1.30

-0.340

+1.36

4/17/06 11:00:04 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-134 Elem. or Isot. 158 159

160 161

Gd Gd

Gd Gd

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 24.84(7)

21.86(19)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

157.924104 158.926389

18.6 h

β- 0.971

159.927054 160.929669

> 1.9 × 1019 y 3.66 m

β- ββ- /1.956

162

Gd

161.930985

8.4 m

β- /1.39

163

Gd

162.9340

1.13 m

β- /3.1

Gd Gd 166 Gd 167 Gd 168 Gd 169 Gd

163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953

45. s 10 s ~ 4.8 s

β- /2.3 β-

164 165

65

Tb

158.92535(2)

Tb Tb 139 Tb

137.9532 138.9483

135 138

0.9 ms

p

2.4 s

β+, EC/11

Tb Tb 142m Tb 142 Tb 143 Tb 144m Tb 144 Tb 145m Tb

140.9415

3.5 s 25 μs 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s

β+, EC/~ 8.3

Tb Tb

144.9293

Tb Tb

145.92725

Tb

146.92405

142m2

145

146m

146

147m

147

Tb

148m

487_S11.indb 134

141.9387 142.9351 143.93305

0+ 3/2-

1.56/85

0+ 5/2-

1.0/

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.44

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685

0+ 0+

(0.040-1.015)

p/1.179

1.6 s

139.946

141

0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12

Spin (h/2 π)

0+

Tb

140

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740

β+, EC/ β+, EC/10. β+, EC/7.4 IT β+, EC/8.4 β+, EC/~ 6.6

40+ 11/251+ 11/2-

β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /

½+ (5-)

~ 8. s 1.8 m

β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /

1+ 11/2-

1.6 h

β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /

5/2+

2.3 m

β+ /25 / EC/75 /

9+

23. s

ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795

+1.70

ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845

4/17/06 11:00:06 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 148

Tb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 147.92427

Tb

149m

149

Tb

148.923246

Tb

150m

150

Tb

149.92366

Tb

151m

151

Tb

150.923103

Tb

152m

11-135 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+, EC/5.69

2-

4.16 m

EC/88 / β+ /12 /

11/2-

4.13 h

β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/

6.0 m

β+ /17 / EC/83 /

3.3 h

β+, EC/4.66

2-

-0.90

25. s

I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /

11/2-

17.61 h

β+/1 /2.565 EC/99 /

4.3 m

I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35

17.5 h

β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /

153

Tb

152.923435

2.34 d

Tb

Tb

154

487_S11.indb 135

Tb

153.92468

-1.75

+1.35

151.92407

1.8/ 3.97/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

½+

Tb

154m1

Spin (h/2 π)

1.00 h

152

154m2

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.70/

1/2+

-0.3

+0.92

(8+)

2.5/ 2.8/

2-

-0.58

+0.3

EC/1.570

5/2+

+3.44

+1.1

23.1 h

EC/98 / I.T./2 /

(7-)

0.9

9. h

β+ /78 / I.T./22 /

(3-)

1.7

21.5 h

EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /

1.86/ 2.45

0-

+3.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872

4/17/06 11:00:07 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-136 Elem. or Isot. 155

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Tb

Atomic Mass or Weight 154.92351

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5.3 d

EC/0.82

3/2+

Tb

1.02 d

I.T./

(7-)

Tb

5.3 h

I.T./0.0884

(0+)

156m2

156m1

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) +2.01

+1.41

156

Tb

155.924747

5.3 d

EC/2.444

3-

~ 1.7

+2.

157

Tb

156.924025

1.1 × 102 y

EC/0.0601

3/2+

+2.01

+1.4

10.5 s

I.T./0.11

0-

157.925413

1.8 × 102 y

EC/80 /1.220 β- /20 /0.937

3-

+1.76

+2.7

158.925347 159.927168

72.3 d

β- /1.835

0.57/47 0.86/27

3/2+ 3-

+2.014 +1.79

+1.43 3.8

2.2

+1.2

Tb

158m

158

Tb

159

Tb Tb

160

100.

161

Tb

160.927570

6.91 d

β- /0.593

0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10

3/2+

162

Tb

161.92949

7.6 m

β- /2.51

1.4

(1/2-)

163

Tb

162.930648

19.5 m

β- /1.785

0.80/

3/2+

164

Tb

163.9334

3.0 m

β- /3.9

1.7/

(5+)

165

Tb

164.9349

2.1 m

β- /3.0

166

Tb Tb

165.9380 166.9401

26 s 19 s

β-/

167.944 168.946 169.950 170.953

8s

167

Tb Tb 170 Tb 171 Tb 168 169

Dy

162.500(1)

Dy

138.960

66

139

487_S11.indb 136

0.6 s

3/2+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 0.075–0.227

β+, p

4/17/06 11:00:09 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Dy Dy 142 Dy 143 Dy 144 Dy 145m Dy 146m Dy 146 Dy 147m Dy 140

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

141

Atomic Mass or Weight 139.954 140.9514 141.9464 142.9438 143.93925 144.9365 145.93285

11-137 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s

EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+ /~ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /

147

Dy

146.93109

75. s

EC, β+ /6.37

148

Dy

147.92715

3.1 m

β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /

149

Dy

148.92731

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.81

150

Dy

149.925585

7.18 m

Dy

150.926185

17. m

β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 /

151

152

153

154 155

156 157

158 159

Dy

151.92472

2.37 h

Dy

152.925765

6.3 h

Dy Dy

3. × 106 y 9.9 h

α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

1.2/

0+ 11/210+ 0+ (11/2-)

-0.66

½+

-0.92

0+

(7/2-)

4.233/

+0.7

-0.12

-0.62

-0.95

-0.30

(7/2-)

-0.78

~-0.15

0+ 3/2-

-0.385

+1.04

Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269

0+ 7/2-

4.067/

3.63/ 0.89/

0+

3.46/

2.87/ 0.845/

Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)

0.056(3)

155.92428 156.92547

8.1 h

EC/1.34

0+ 3/2-

-0.301

+1.30

Dy Dy

0.095(3)

157.924409 158.925739

144. d

EC/0.366

0+ 3/2-

Tb k x-ray (0.0609–1.319)

-0.354

+1.37

2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)

159.925198 160.926933 161.926798 162.928731 163.929175

Tb k x-ray 0.3262

-0.480

+2.51

+0.673

+2.65

Dy Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165m Dy 161

487_S11.indb 137

153.92442 154.92575

Spin (h/2 π)

Dy Dy

160

165

EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Dy

164.931703

1.26 m

I.T./98 /0.108 β- /2 /

2.33 h

β- /1.286

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-

1.29/

7/2+

-0.52

+3.5

Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:10 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-138 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

166

Dy

165.932807

3.400 d

β- /0.486

0.40/

0+

167

Dy

166.9357

6.2 m

β- /~ 2.35

1.78

(1/2-)

168

Dy

167.9371

8.5 m

β- /1.6

Dy Dy 171 Dy 172 Dy 173 Dy

168.9403 169.9424 170.9462 171.9488 172.953

~ 39. s

β- /3.2

169 170

Ho

67

Ho Ho 141 Ho 142 Ho 143 Ho 144 Ho 145 Ho 146 Ho 147 Ho 148m Ho 148 Ho 140

141m

139.969 140.963 141.960 142.9546 143.9515 144.9472 145.9446 146.94006 147.9377

Ho

6 ms 8 μs 4.2 ms 0.4 s > 0.2 μs 0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s

p/ p/ β+, p EC/β+, p

p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71

β+, EC/12 β+ β+, EC/10.7 β+, EC/8.2 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.4

(10+) 11/241+

21. s

β+, EC/

11/2-

1/2+ (9+)

> 30. s 25. s

β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/

Ho

149.93350

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.6

47. s

β+, EC/87 / α/13

4.605/

35.2 s

β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 /

4.519/

50. s

β+, EC/90/ α/10/

4.453/

Ho

Ho

Ho

152m

487_S11.indb 138

0+

148.93378

151m

151

0+

Ho Ho

150m

150

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09468/3.8 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867

164.93032(2)

149m

149

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

150.93169

0.307

(9+)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911

+5.9

-1.

ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474

4/17/06 11:00:11 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 152

Ho

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 151.93171

Ho

153m

153

Ho

152.93020

Ho

154m

11-139 Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

2.4 m

β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/

9.3 m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(3+)

-1.02

β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/ 4.01/

5/2

+1.19

2.0 m

β+, EC/99+/4.13 α/ 3.91/

11/2-

+6.8

-1.1

3.3 m

β+, EC/

(8+)

5.7

-1.0

4.387/

+0.1

154

Ho

153.93060

12. m

β+, EC/5.75

1-

-0.64

+0.2

155

Ho

154.92910

48. m

β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /

(5/2+)

+3.51

+1.5

5.8 m

I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /

+2.99

+2.3

7/2-

+4.35

+3.0

+2.44

+1.6

+3.77

+4.1

Ho

156m

1.8/ 2.9/

156

Ho

155.92984

56. m

β+, EC/4.4

157

Ho

156.92826

12.6 m

β+/5/2.54 EC/95/

Ho

28. m

I.T./44/ EC/56/

2-

Ho

21. m

β+, EC/

(9+)

11.3 m

β+/8/4.24 EC/92/

158m2

158m1

158

487_S11.indb 139

Ho

157.92894

(5+)

1.18/

1.30/

5+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989

4/17/06 11:00:13 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-140 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ho

159m

159

Ho

158.927712

Ho Ho

160m

Ho

159.92873

Ho

161m

161

Ho

160.927855

Ho

162m

162

Ho

161.929096

Ho

163m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

IT/0.206

1/2+

33.0 m

EC/1.838

7/2-

+4.28

+3.2

1+ 2-

+2.52

+1.8

5+

+3.71

+4.0

IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35

25.6 m

β+, EC/3.29

0.57/

6.8 s

IT/0.211

2.48 h

EC/0.859

7/2-

+4.25

+3.2

1.12 h

IT/61/ EC/39/

6-

+3.60

+4.

15. m

EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /

1+

1.09 s

I.T./0.298

(1/2+) +4.23

+3.6

+4.17 3.6

+3.49 -3.

Ho Ho

162.928734

4.57 × 103 y 38. m

EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140

7/2(6-)

164

Ho

163.930234

29. m

EC/58 /0.987 β- /42 /0.963

1+

165

Ho Ho

1.2 × 103 y

β- /

163

164m

166m

100.

164.930322

7/27-

166

Ho

165.932284

1.117 d

β- /1.855

1.776/48 1.855/51

0-

167

Ho

166.93313

3.1 h

β- /1.007

0.31/43 0.61/21

(7/2-)

487_S11.indb 140

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

8.3 s

3. s 5.0 h

160m2

160

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793

4/17/06 11:00:14 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

169

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

2.2 m 3.0 m

I.T./ β- /2.91

Ho

168.93687

4.7 m

β- /2.12

43. s

β- /

1+

6+

Ho

170

Ho

169.93962

2.8 m

β- /3.87

171

Ho Ho

170.941 171.9448

53 s 25. s

β- / β- /

Ho Ho 175 Ho

172.9473 173.951 174.954

173 174

Er

68

143.9604 144.9574 145.9520 146.9495 147.9446 148.94231 149.93791

> 0.2 μs 0.9 s ~ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s

Er Er

150.93745 151.93505

23. s 10.2 s

153

Er

152.935063

37.1 s

154

Er

153.93278

3.7 m

155

Er

154.93321

5.3 m

156

Er

155.93107

20. m

145

152

487_S11.indb 141

2.0/

3+

1.2/ 2.0/

(7/2-)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)

167.259(3)

Er Er 146 Er 147 Er 148 Er 149m Er 149 Er 150 Er 144

151

Spin (h/2 π)

167.93552

170m

172

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.96/15 0.97/15

Ho Ho

168m 168

11-141

0+

β+ β+ E.C, β+ /~ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /

β+, EC/1.7

0+ 0+ 11/2½+ 0+

4.804/ 4.674 4.35/ 4.166/

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./

7/20+ -0.934

-0.42

0.351 (0.0945–1.700) ann.rad./

-0.669

-0.27

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336

0+ (7/2-)

0+

4/17/06 11:00:16 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-142 Elem. or Isot.

156.93192

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 25. m β+, EC/3.5

Er

157.92989

2.2 h

EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /

Er

158.930684

36. m

β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /

3/2-

Er

159.92908

1.191 d

EC/0.33

0+

Er

160.93000

3.21 h

EC/2.00

3/2-

1.25 h

EC/1.210

0+ 5/2-

10.36 h

EC/0.376

2.27 s

I.T./0.208

0+ 5/20+ ½7/2+ 0+ ½-

+0.485

0+ 5/2-

0.66

Er

157

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

158

159

160

161

Atomic Mass or Weight

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.74/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

0+

Er Er

0.139(5)

161.928778 162.93003

Er Er 166 Er 167m Er

1.601(3)

163.929200 164.930726 165.930293

Er Er 169 Er

22.869(9) 26.978(18)

166.932048 167.932370 168.934590

9.40 d

β- /0.351

Er Er

14.910(36)

169.935464 170.938030

7.52 h

β- /1.491

Er

171.939356

2.05 d

β-/0.891

Er

172.9424

1.4 m

β- /2.6

(7/2-)

174

Er

173.9442

3.1 m

β- /1.8

0+

Er Er 177 Er

174.9478 175.9501 176.954

1.2 m

β-

~ 1.9 μs 3.1 μs

p p// ~ 10

162 163

164 165

167 168

170 171

172

173

175 176

33.503(36)

Tm

168.93421(2)

Tm Tm

144.9701

69

144 145

487_S11.indb 142

0.35/~ 100

0.28/48 0.36/46

0+

0+

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -0.412 +0.92 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 -0.304 +1.17 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) -0.37 +1.36 Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74) +0.557

+2.55

Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135

+0.643

+2.71

Ho k x-ray

-0.5639

+3.57

Er k x-ray 0.2078

Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182 2.9

Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.168)

1.70, 1.43 1.73/91

4/17/06 11:00:19 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-143 Atomic Mass or Weight

Tm

146m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.198 s

β+, p

Tm

145.9664

0.08 s

β+/14. p

147

Tm Tm

146.9610

0.4 ms 0.56 s

Tm Tm 149 Tm 150 Tm 151 Tm 152m Tm 152 Tm 153 Tm

147.9578

0.7 s

β+, p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.

148.9527 149.9500 150.94548

0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s

146

147m

148m 148

151.9444 152.94201

Tm

3.3 s

154m

Tm

154.93920

30. s

Tm Tm

155.93898

19. s 1.40 m

α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/

4.46/

Tm

156.93697

3.6 m

β+, EC/4.5 α/

2.6 3.97/

Tm

157.93698

4.0 m

Tm

158.93498

Tm Tm

159.93526

156

157

158

159

160m 160

(0.1007–2.177) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067

4.46/

2-

+0.40

½

+0.48

β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /

(2-)

+0.04

+0.7

9.1 m

β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /

5/2+

+3.42

+1.9

1.24 m 9.4 m

IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /

(5) 1-

+0.16

+0.58

4.23/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./

5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45

8.1 s

156m

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

9+

153.94157

155

Spin (h/2 π)

11/26-

Tm

154

487_S11.indb 143

β+, EC/~ 9.2 β+, EC/~ 11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+, EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.4/9 p/1.118/100 1.01/ 0.89/8 p/1.19/100 1.01/28 0.94/22 p/1.115 ~ 10.7 1.052/

-0.5

ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544

4/17/06 11:00:20 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-144 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Tm

Atomic Mass or Weight

160.93355

161

Tm

162m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

31. m

β+, EC/3.2

7/2+

24. s

I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /

5+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+2.40

+2.9

+0.69

Tm

161.93400

21.7 m

β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /

1-

+0.07

Tm

162.93265

1.81 h

EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /

½+

-0.082

5.1 m

I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /

6-

162

163

Tm

164m

Tm

163.93356

2.0 m

β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /

1+

+2.38

Tm

164.932435

1.253 d

EC/1.593

½+

-0.139

Tm

165.93355

7.70 h

EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /

2+

+0.092

Tm

166.932852

9.24 d

EC/0.748

½+

-0.197

Tm

167.934173

93.1 d

EC/1.679

3+

+0.23

+3.2

168.934213 169.935801

128.6 d

½+ 1-

-0.232 +0.247

-1.2 +0.74

Tm

170.936429

1.92 y

β- /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β- /0.096

½+

-0.230

Tm

171.93840

2.65 d

β- /1.88

Tm

172.939604

8.2 h

β- /1.298

164

165

166

167

168

Tm Tm

169 170

171

172

173

487_S11.indb 144

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

100

2.94/

0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29

0.80/21

2-

½+

+0.71

+2.14

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75) Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595 Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:21 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-145 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86/71

Spin (h/2 π)

Tm Tm

173.94217

2.29 s 5.4 m

β- /3.08

0.70/14 1.20/83

(4-)

Tm

174.94384

15.2 m

β- /2.39

0.9/36 1.9/23

(1/2+)

176

Tm

175.9470

1.9 m

β-/4.2

2.0/ 1.2/

(4+)

Tm Tm 179 Tm

176.9490 177.9526 178.955

1.4 m

β-

70

Yb

173.04(3)

Yb Yb 150 Yb 151 Yb 152 Yb 153 Yb 154 Yb

147.967 148.964 149.9584 150.9554 151.9503 152.9495 153.94639

0.7 s > 0.2 μs 1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s

β+, p

Yb

154.9458

1.7 s

Yb

155.94282

26. s

Yb

156.94263

39. s

Yb

157.93987

1.5 m

β+, EC/1.9

Yb

158.94005

1.4 m

EC, β+/5.1

Yb

159.93755

4.8 m

β+, EC/2.0

0+

Yb

160.93790

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.9

3/2-

Yb

161.93577

18.9 m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

174m 174

175

177 178

148 149

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 145

β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/

p/2.5–6.4/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691

0+

0.647

0+ 0+

5.32/ 5.19/ 4.69/

0+

ann.rad./ -0.8

-1.

0+

ann.rad./ -0.64

4.69/

ann.rad./

0+

-0.37

-.022

-0.33

+1.03

ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188

4/17/06 11:00:23 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-146 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Yb

162.93633

11.1 m

β+ /26 /3.4

Yb

163.93449

1.26 h

EC/1.0

Yb

164.93528

9.9 m

β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /

Yb

165.93388

2.363 d

EC/0.30

Yb

166.934950

17.5 m

β+ /0.5 /1.954 EC/99.5 /

46. s

I.T./0.0242

0+ 1/2-

32.02 d

EC/0.909

7/2+

4.19 d

β- /0.470

0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-

11.4 s

I.T./1.051

175.942572

1026 y 6.41 s

β-βI.T./0.3315

Yb

176.945261

1.9 h

β- /1.399

1.40

9/2+

178

Yb

177.94665

1.23 h

β- /0.65

0.25/

0+

Yb Yb 181 Yb

178.9502 179.9523 180.9562

8. m 2. m

β- /2.4 β-

163

164

165

166

167

Yb Yb

168

169m

0.13(1)

Yb

168.935190

169

Yb Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 175 Yb 170 171

167.933897

3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92)

169.934762 170.936326 171.936382 172.938211 173.938862 174.941277

Yb

176m

Yb Yb

176

177m

177

179 180

Lu

71

487_S11.indb 146

12.76(41)

1.4/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2-

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) -0.37

+1.24

+0.48

+2.48

+0.62

+2.70

0+

1.58/

(5/2-)

0+

0.639/

0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2

5/2-

(8-)

0+ 1/2-

0+

-0.63

+3.5

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06 –1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.2611

+0.49367 -0.67989 0.77

+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.4423

174.967(1)

4/17/06 11:00:25 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

154.95432

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.045 ms 43. ms 16 μs 0.08 s 0.7 s 0.9 s 1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s

155.9530

0.20 s ~ 0.5 s

Lu Lu

156.95010

~ 9.6 s 4.8 s

Lu

157.94931

10.4 s

Lu

158.94663

12.3 s

β+, EC/6.0

Lu

159.9460

36.1 s

β+, EC/7.3

Lu

160.94357

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.3

Lu Lu

161.9433

~ 1.5 m 1.37 m

EC/ β+, EC/6.9

Lu

162.94118

4.1 m

β+, EC/4.6

Lu

163.94134

3.14 m

β+, EC/6.3

1.6/ 3.8/

Lu

164.93941

10.7 m

β+, EC/3.9

2.06/

2.1 m

β+ /35 / EC/65 /

Lu Lu 151m Lu 151 Lu 152 Lu 153 Lu 154 Lu 155m Lu 155 Lu 150m 150

Lu 156 Lu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-147 Atomic Mass or Weight

149.973 150.9676 151.9641 152.9588 153.9575

156m

157m 157

158

159

160

161

162m 162

163

164

165

Lu

166m2

487_S11.indb 147

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) p/1.29 p p/1.31 p/1.231

β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ β+, EC/99 /8.0 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

5.66/90 5.57/

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./

5.45/ 4.925/

ann.rad./

5.00/ 4.67/

41-

1/2+

(0-)

ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562 ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986

4/17/06 11:00:26 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-148 Elem. or Isot. Lu

166m1

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) (3-)

Lu

165.93986

2.8 m

β+ /25 /5.5 EC/75 /

Lu

166.93827

52. m

β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /

6.7 m

β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/ 0.2 μs 2. s 0.9 s 25. ms 0.11 s 2.9 s

0+

Hf

158.95400

5.6 s

Hf

159.95068

~ 12. s

Hf Hf

160.95028 161.94721

17. s 38. s

EC, β+/~ 6.7 EC, β+/8. α/ α/ EC/54 /5.1 α/46 / β+, EC/88 /6.9 α/12 / β+, EC/97 /4.9 α/4.78 α/ β+, EC/3.7

Hf

162.94709

40. s

β+, EC/5.5

178

179

180

181

182

183 184

153 154

159

160

161 162

163

487_S11.indb 149

(7/2+)

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 1.9 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 1.2419 +2.2327 +3.49 +0.318 -1.47 Hf k x-ray 0.088372 +3.169 +4.92 Hf k x-ray 0.20187 0.30691 0.089 2.33 5.4 Lu k x-ray Hf k x-ray 0.11295 0.20836 0.37850 0.41853 +2.239 +3.39 0.11295 0.20836 0.2166 0.3317 Hf k x-ray 0.0932 1.3099 1.3408 (0.09–1.7) 0.2143 0.3377 0.40795/50. (0.07–1.9) 0.0458 0.2059 0.5749 0.0978 0.7208 0.8182

0+

5.27/ 5.09/

4.60/

0+ ann.rad./ 0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ 0.1739 0.1963 0.4101 ann.rad./ 0.0454 0.0621 0.0710

4/17/06 11:00:29 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-150 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Hf Hf 166 Hf

163.94438 164.94457 165.94218

2.8 m 1.32 m 6.8 m

EC, β+/3.0 EC/4.6 EC/93 /2.3 β+ /7 /

0+ 11/20+

Hf

166.94260

2.0 m

β+ /40 /4.0 EC/60 /

(5/2-)

Hf

167.94057

25.9 m

β+, EC/1.8

0+

Hf

168.94126

3.25 m

EC/85 /3.3 β+ /15 /

(5/2-)

Hf

169.93961

16.0 h

EC/1.1

0+

Hf Hf

170.94049

30. s 12.2 h

EC, β+ /2.4

(1/2-) 7/2+

Hf

171.93945

1.87 y

EC/0.35

0+

Hf

172.94051

23.6 h

EC/1.6

½-

2.0 × 1015 y 71. d

EC/0.686

0+ 5/2-

51.4 m

I.T./2.740

0+ 37/2-

1.1 s

I.T./

23/2+

31. y

I.T./

7/216+

4.0 s

I.T./

8-

164 165

167

168

169

170

171m 171

172

173

Hf Hf

0.16(1)

173.940046 174.941509

Hf Hf

5.26(7)

175.941409

174 175

176

177m2

Hf

177m1

Hf Hf

177

178m2

Hf

178m1

487_S11.indb 150

18.60(9)

176.943221

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6882

ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.0788 ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1754 0.3152 ann.rad./ (0.0144–1.311) ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.3695 0.4929 Lu k x-ray 0.0985 0.1202 0.1647 0.5729 0.6207

+0.53 -0.67

+3.46

ann.rad./ Lu k x-ray 0.1221 0.6620 1.0714 Lu k x-ray 0.02399 0.12582 (0.0818–0.123) Lu k x-ray 0.12367 0.13963 0.29697 0.31124 (0.1–2.1)

-0.60

+2.7

Lu k x-ray 0.08936 0.34340

+0.7935 +8.16

+0.337 +6.00

Hf k x-ray 0.2140 0.2951 0.3115 0.3267 Hf k x-ray 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851 Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 0.089–0.574 Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555

4/17/06 11:00:30 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hf Hf

178

179m2

Natural Abundance (Atom %) 27.28(7)

11-151 Atomic Mass or Weight

177.943699

Hf

179m1

Hf Hf

179

180m

Hf Hf 181 Hf 180

181m

13.62(2)

178.945816

35.08(16)

179.946550 180.949101

Hf

182m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

25.1 d

I.T./1.1057

0+ 25/2-

18.7 s

I.T./0.375

½-

5.52 h

I.T./1.1416

9/2+ 8-

1.5 ms 42.4 d

/1.738 β- /1.027

0.408/

0+ 25/21/2-

62. m

β- /54 /1.60 IT/46 /1.173

0.49/43 0.95/10

8-

Hf

181.95055

8.9 × 106 y

β- /0.37

Hf

182.95353

1.07 h

β- /2.01

1.18/68 1.54/25

3/2-

184

Hf

183.95545

4.1 h

β- /1.34

0.74/38 0.85/16 1.10/46

0+

Hf Hf 187 Hf 188 Hf

184.9588 185.9609 186.9646 187.967

~ 3.5 m ~ 2.6 m > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /

p/1.77 β+ /~ 11.6 p/ α/ p/ α/

182

183

185 186

Ta

180.94788(2)

Ta Ta

154.975 155.9723

12 μs 0.11 s

Ta

156.9682

10 ms

Ta

157.9667

37. ms

Ta

158.96302

0.6 s

Ta

159.9615

1.4 s

Ta

160.9584

3.16 s

Ta

161.9573

4. s

73

155 156

157

158

159

160

161

162

487_S11.indb 151

0+

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.42635

7.4

Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141

-0.641 +9.

+3.79 +4.6

Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432

Ta k x-ray 0.13294/54 0.48200/100 0.3459/20 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704/79 (0.098-0.270) Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738

0+

β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/80 / β+, EC/10.1 α β+, EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6

1.02/~ 100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55 5.41/ 5.15

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-152 Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta

163 164

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 162.95433 163.95353

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.62/

Spin (h/2 π)

164.95077 165.95051

31. s 34. s

ECβ+/5.9 β+ /82 /7.7 EC/18 /

Ta Ta

166.94809 167.94805

1.4 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6 β+ /77 /6.7 EC/23 /

Ta

168.94601

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.4

Ta

169.94618

6.8 m

β +/70 /6.0 EC/35 /

(3+)

Ta

170.94448

23.3 m

β+, EC/3.7

(5/2-)

Ta

171.94490

36.8 m

β+ /25 /4.9 EC/75 /

(3-)

Ta

172.94375

3.6 h

β+ /24 /3.7 EC/76 /

(5/2-)

Ta

173.94445

1.12 h

β+ /27 /3.8 EC/73 /

(3+)

Ta

174.94374

10.5 h

EC/2.0

7/2+

Ta

175.94486

8.1 h

EC/3.1

1-

Ta

176.944472

2.356 d

EC/1.166

7/2+

2.4 h

EC/

(7-)

9.29 m

EC/99 /1.9 β+ /1 /

1+

166

167 168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

Ta

178m

Ta

178

177.94578

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3+

Ta Ta

165

487_S11.indb 152

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 10.6 s EC/6.8 14.2 s β+ /8.5 α/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768

3+

1.70

-1.9

2.27

+3.7

2.25

+2.74

+0.65

ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1239 0.2615 0.7502 ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05–1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09 –3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972 0.17219 (0.06 –2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:33 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Ta Ta 180 Ta

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

179

180m

Ta Ta

181

182m

0.0120(2)

99.9880(2)

11-153 Atomic Mass or Weight

178.945930 179.947465

180.947996

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 1.8 y >1.2 × 1015 y 8.15 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC/0.110 EC/87 /0.854 β- /13 /0.708

15.8 m

I.T./0.5198

0.61/3 0.71/10

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

7/2+ (9-) 1+

2.29 4.82

3.37

7/2+ 10-

+2.370

+3.3

+2.6

Ta

181.950152

114.43 d

β- /1.814

0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40

3-

+3.02

Ta

182.951373

5.1 d

β- /1.070

0.45/5 0.62/91

7/2+

+2.36

Ta

183.95401

8.7 h

β- /2.87

1.11/15 1.17/81

(5-)

Ta

184.95556

49. m

β- /1.99

1.21/5 1.77/81

(7/2+)

186

Ta

185.9586

10.5 m

β- /3.9

2.2/

(3-)

Ta Ta 189 Ta

186.9605 187.9637 188.9658

> 0.3 μs 5 μs > 0.3 μs

W

183.84(1)

W W 159 W 160 W 161 W

157.975 158.9729 159.9685 160.9674

0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s

W

161.9635

1.39 s

163

W

162.9625

2.8 s

164

W

163.95895

6. s

W

164.95828

5.1 s

W

165.95503

16. s

W W

166.95482 167.95181

20. s 53. s

182

183

184

185

187 188

74

158m 158

162

165

166

167 168

487_S11.indb 153

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.09316 Hf k x-ray Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340 Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5) 0.292

α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / β+, EC/54 /5.8 α/46 / β+, EC/59 /7.5 α/41 / β+, EC/97 /5.0 α/3 / β+, EC/99 /7.0 α/1 / β+, EC/99 /4.2 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10-5/

8.28(3)/ 6.433/96

0+

5.92/

0+

5.78/ 5.54/ 5.38/ 5.15/ 4.91/ 4.74/

4.40(1)

0+

0+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755

4/17/06 11:00:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-154 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

169

W

168.95178

1.3 m

EC/5.4

170

W

169.94923

2.4 m

EC/2.2

171

W

170.94945

2.4 m

EC/4.6

172

W

171.94729

6.6 m

β+, EC/2.5

173

W

172.94769

6.3 m

EC/4.0

174

W

173.94608

35. m

EC/1.9

0+

175

W W

174.94672 175.94563

35. m 2.5 h

EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8

½0+

177

W

176.94664

2.21 h

EC/2.0

(1/2-)

178

W W

177.94588

21.6 d 6.4 m

0+ (1/2-)

179

W

178.94707

38. m

EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06

180

W W

0.12(1)

179.946704 180.948197

1.8 × 1018 y 121.1 d

α/ EC/0.188

0+ 9/2+

W W

26.50(16)

181.948204

> 7.7 × 1021 y 5.15 s

α/ I.T./

0+ (11/2+)

14.31(4) 30.64(2)

182.950223 183.950931

> 4.1 × 1021 y > 8.9 × 1021 y 1.6 m

α/ α/ I.T./0.1974

½0+ 11/2+

28.43(19)

184.953419 185.954364

74.8 d > 8.2 × 1021 y 1.6 μs 23.9 h

β- /0.433 α/ IT β- /1.311

176

179m

181

182

183m

W W 185m W 183 184

W W 187m W 187 W 185 186

487_S11.indb 154

186.957161

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

0+

(7/2-)

0.433/99.9 0.411 0.624/66

3/20+ 11/2+ 3/2-

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221

+0.1177848

W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605

W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536

0.62

(0.014-0.287) Re k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:36 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-155 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.315/16 0.081–1.18 0.349/99

Spin (h/2 π)

188

W

187.958489

69.78 d

β- /0.349

189

W

188.9619

9.7 m

β- /2.5

(3/2-)

W W

189.9632

~ 0.06 ms 30. m

1.4/ 2.5/

β- /1.3

0.95/

0+

W W

190.9666 191.968

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

Re

186.207(1)

Re

159.9821

0.7 ms

Re

160.9776

14 ms

Re

161.9760

0.10 s

Re

162.97208

0.26 s

Re

163.9703

0.9 s

Re 165 Re

164.96709

~ 2.37 s 2.6 s

Re

165.9658

2.5 s

Re 167 Re

166.9626

6.2 s 3.4 s

Re

167.96157

4.4 s

190m 190

191 192

75

160

161

162

163

164

165m

166

167m

168

Re

169m

8.1 s

β+, EC/9.0 α/ β+, EC/10.7 α/ α/ β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ β+, EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+, EC/7.4 α/ β+, EC/9.1 α/ α

16. s 9.2 s

β+, EC/9.0

Re Re

170.95572

15.2 s 55. s

EC/~ 5.7 β+, EC/

Re

171.9554

15. s

β+, EC/7.3

Re Re

172.95324 173.95312

2.0 m 2.4 m

EC/~ 3.9 β+, EC/5.6

Re Re

174.95138 175.95162

5.8 m 5.3 m

β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6

Re

176.95033

14. m

EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /

171

172m

172

173 174

175 176

177

487_S11.indb 155

p/ α/ α/ p α/

168.95879 169.95822

170

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 0.2604 (0.1262-1.466) (0.0585-0.694) Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621

0+

Re Re

169

0+

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66 5.78/ 5.502/ 5.49/ < 5. 5.50/

5.015/ 4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/

0.1117

0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)

(3+)

(5/2-)

ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:38 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-156 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Re

177.95099

13.2 m

Re Re

178.94999

0.47 ms 19.7 m

Re

179.95079

Re

180.95007

178

179m 179

180

181

Re

182m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1–1.4)

β+ /11 /4.7 EC/89 /

3.3/

(3+)

EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /

0.95/

(5/2+)

2.8

2.45 m

EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /

1.76/

1-

1.6

20. h

EC /1.74

5/2+

3.19

12.7 h

EC/

2+

3.3

+1.8

0.55/ 1.74/

Re

181.9512

2.67 d

EC/2.8

(7+)

2.8

+4.1

Re

182.95082

70. d

EC/0.56

(5/2+)

+3.17

+2.3

165. d

I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /

8+

+2.9

38. d

EC/1.48

3-

+2.53

+2.8

2.0 × 105 y

I.T./0.150

5/2+ 8+

+3.1871

+2.18

185.954986

3.718 d

β- /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582

0.973/21 1.07/71

1-

+1.739

+0.62

186.955753

4.2 × 1010 y 18.6 m

β- /0.00266 I.T./0.172

0.0025/

5/2+ (6-)

+3.2197

+2.07

Re

187.958114

17.00 h

β- /2.120

1.962/20 2.118/79

1-

+1.788

+0.57

Re

188.95923

24. h

β- /1.01

1.01/

(5/2+)

182

183

Re

184m

Re

183.952521

184

Re Re

185

186m

37.40(2)

Re

186

Re Re

187

188m

188

189

487_S11.indb 156

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

62.60(2)

184.952955

Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471

4/17/06 11:00:43 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-157 Atomic Mass or Weight

Re

190m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.0 h

β- /51 / I.T./49 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

(6-)

190

Re

189.9618

3.0 m

β- /3.2

1.8/

Re Re 192 Re 193m Re 193 Re 194 Re

190.96313

9.7 m ~ 0.12 ms 16. s ~ 0.08 ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /2.05

1.8/

β- /4.2

~ 2.5/

76

Os

190.23(3)

Os Os 164 Os 165 Os 166 Os

161.984 162.9827 163.9780 164.9768 165.97269

1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s

6.60 6.51

0+

166.9716

0.7 s

6.27/ 5.98/

0+

Os Os

167.96780

2.2 s

Os

168.96702

3.3 s

α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 /6.3 α/72 / β+, EC/76 /8.2 α/24 / β+, EC/51 /5.7 α/49 / β+, EC/89 /7.7 α/13 /

Os

169.96358

7.1 s

Os

170.96319

8.4 s

Os

171.96002

19. s

Os

172.95981

16. s

Os

173.95706

44. s

Os

174.95695

1.4 m

β+, EC/5.3

Os

175.95481

3.6 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

Os

176.95497

2.8 m

β+, EC/4.5

(1/2-)

Os

177.95325

5.0 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

191

192m

162 163

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

487_S11.indb 157

191.9660 192.9675 193.9704

β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /

5.84/

5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 5.10/ 4.94/ 4.76/

(2-)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051 (0.0606-0.146) (0.2–0.75) (0.061-0.146)

0+ ann. rad./ ann.rad./ 0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

0+

0+

0+

ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138 / 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946

4/17/06 11:00:45 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-158 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Os

178.95382

7. m

β+, EC/3.7

Os

179.95238

21.5 m

β+, EC/1.5

0+

1.75 h

EC/

(1/2-)

179

180

Os

181m

Os

180.95324

2.7 m

EC/2.9

(7/2-)

Os

181.95211

21.5 h

EC/0.9

0+

9.9 h

EC/84 / I.T./16 /

½-

182.95313

13. h

EC/2.1

9/2+

93.6 d

EC/1.013

0+ ½-

2. × 1015 y

α/

5.8 h

I.T./0.0308

0+ ½0+ 9/2-

9.9 m

I.T./1.705

3/2+ 10-

13.1 h

I.T./0.0744

0+ 3/2-

15.4 d

β- /0.314

6.0 s

I.T./2.0154

191.961481 192.964152

30.5 h

β- /1.141

1.04/20

Os

193.965182

6.0 y

β- /0.097

Os Os

194.968 195.96964

6.5 m 34.9 m

β- /2.0 β- /1.16

0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/

181

182

Os

183m

Os

183

Os Os

0.02(1)

183.952489 184.954042

Os Os 188 Os 189m Os

1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)

185.953838 186.955750 187.955838

Os Os

16.15(5)

188.958148

Os Os

26.26(2)

189.958447

184 185

186 187

189

190m

190

191m

Os

190.960930

191

Os

192m

Os Os

192 193

194

195 196

487_S11.indb 158

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

40.78(19)

~ 2.75/

0.140/100

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

-0.79

+3.1

Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805 +0.0646519

+0.65993 -0.6

9/2-

+0.86

+2.5

(10-)

0+ 3/2-

0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818

+0.730

+0.47

Os L x-ray 0.0308 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161 Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9

4/17/06 11:00:47 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Os

197

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-159 Atomic Mass or Weight

Ir

192.217(3)

Ir Ir

163.9922 164.9875

77

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 2.8 m β-

167

Ir

166.98167

32. ms

Ir Ir 169 Ir 170 Ir 171 Ir 172 Ir

167.9799 168.97630 169.9750 170.97163 171.9705

0.16 s 280. ms 353. ms 0.43 s 1.3 s 2.1 s

p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/

Ir

172.96750

3.0 s

α/

5.665/

Ir

173.96686

4. s

α/

5.478/

Ir Ir

174.96411 175.96365

~ 4.5 s 8. s

5.393/

Ir

176.96130

30. s

Ir

177.96108

12. s

α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+, EC/6.3

Ir

178.95912

4. m

EC/4.9

Ir

179.95923

1.5 m

EC/6.4

Ir

180.95763

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.1

Ir

181.95808

15. m

β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /

Ir

182.95685

57. m

β+, EC/3.5

Ir

183.95748

3.0 h

β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /

Ir

184.95670

14. h

β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /

164 165

Ir

14.3 ms

166m

Ir

166

165.9858

Ir

169m

173

174

175 176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

487_S11.indb 159

0.010 s 26. ms

167m

168

0.06 ms 0.3 ms

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.78 1.71 6.72 6.545 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.39/90 1.25/0.42 6.35/48 1.06/39.3

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

6.12/59 5.99/42 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/

0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194)

5.118/ 5.011/

(7/2+)

2.3/ 2.9/

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2239 (0.0412-0.406)

5-

0.70

+2.41

(5/2-)

2.60

-2.1

0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288

4/17/06 11:00:48 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-160 Elem. or Isot.

Ir

185.95795

15.7 h

EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /

(5+)

Ir

186.95736

10.5 h

EC/1.50

3/2+

Ir

187.95885

1.72 d

β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /

Ir

188.95872

13.2 d

EC/0.53

3/2+

3.09 h

(11-)

1.12 h 11.8 d

β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) 0.64 +1.46 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 3.9 -2.55 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) +0.94 Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 0.30 +0.48 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 0.13 +0.88 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376

7+ (4+)

0.04

4.93 s

I.T./0.1714

11/2-

+0.603

241. y 1.44 m

I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580

3/2+ (9+) (1+)

+0.151

+0.82

73.83 d

β- /1.460

(4-)

+1.92

+2.15

10.53 d

I.T./0.0802

11/2-

170. d

β- /

3/2+ 11

+0.164

+0.75

19.3 h

β-/2.247

1.92/9 2.25/86

1-

+0.39

+0.34

3.9 h

β- /

0.41/ 0.97/

(11/2-)

2.8 h

β- /1.120

(3/2+)

1.40 h

β-/

1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/

Ir

186m

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

186

187

188

189

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ir

190m2

Ir

190m1

Ir

190

189.960546

Ir

191m

Ir

191

Ir 192m1 Ir 192m2

37.3(2)

Ir

190.960594

191.962605

192

Ir

193m

Ir Ir

193

194m

Ir

194

62.7(2)

192.962926

193.965078

Ir

195m

Ir

195

Ir

196m

487_S11.indb 160

194.965980

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.7 h EC /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.13/ 1.64/

Spin (h/2 π) (2-)

(2-)

+2.8

Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray

4/17/06 11:00:50 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Ir

196

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-161 Atomic Mass or Weight

195.96840

Ir

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

52. s

β- /3.21

8.9 m

Ir

196.96965

5.8 m

β- / I.T./ β- /2.16

Ir

197.9723

8. s

β- /4.1

Ir

198.97380

78

Pt

195.084(9)

Pt Pt 168 Pt

165.995 166.930 167.9882

0.3 ms 0.9 ms 2.1 ms

Pt Pt

168.9867 169.98250

Pt

197m

2.1/15 3.2/80

Spin (h/2 π)

(11/2-) (3/2+)

α/ α/ α

7.11/ 6.98/ 6.82

0+

7.0 ms 14.0 ms

α α

6.69 6.55

170.9812

0.05 s

α

6.45

Pt Pt

171.97735 172.9764

0.10 s 0.36 s

Pt

173.97282

0.89 s

6.31/94 6.23 6.20/

Pt

174.97242

2.5 s

α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /

Pt

175.96895

6.3 s

β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /

Pt

176.96847

11. s

EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /

Pt

177.96565

21. s

EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /

Pt

178.96536

33. s

Pt

179.96303

52. s

Pt Pt

180.96310 181.96117

51. s 2.7 m

β+, EC/5.7 α/ 5.16/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 0+ α/0.3 / 5.140/ β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9

198

199

166 167

169 170

171

172 173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181 182

Pt

183m

43. s

β+, EC/ I.T./

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0-

1.5/ 2.0/

197

487_S11.indb 161

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

6.040/ 5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6 5.286/0.2 5.442/7

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 see Ir[197] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070

0+

0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62

0+

0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0.4450 (0.1564-1.208)

0+

0+ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128 0+

ann.rad./ 0.2277 0.0908

0+

+0.43

0+

(7/2-)

+0.48

+0.78

+3.4

ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26

4/17/06 11:00:51 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-162 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

182.96160

7. m

β+, EC/4.6

Pt

183.95992

17.3 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

Pt Pt

184.96062

33. m 1.18 h

β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8

½(9/2+)

Pt

185.95935

2.0 h

β+, EC/1.38

0+

Pt

186.96059

2.35 h

β+, EC/3.1

3/2-

Pt

187.95940

10.2 d

EC/0.51

0+

Pt

188.96083

10.9 h

β+, EC/1.97

4.5 × 1011 y 2.86 d

183

184

185m 185

186

187

188

189

Pt Pt

0.014(1)

189.95993 190.961677

Pt Pt

0.782(7)

191.961038

32.967(99)

192.962988 193.962680

33.832(10) 25.242(41)

194.964791 195.964952

190 191

192

193m

Pt Pt 195m Pt 193 194

Pt Pt 197m Pt 195 196

Pt

196.967340

197

Pt Pt

198

199m

Pt

199

487_S11.indb 162

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

7.163(55)

197.967893

198.970593

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

+0.50

+0.5 -0.75

+3.7

-0.41

-1.1

3/2-

-0.43

-1.2

EC/1.02

0+ (3/2-)

-0.50

-0.9

4.33 d

I.T./0.1498

0+ 13/2+

-0.75

60. y

EC/0.0566

4.01 d

I.T./0.2952

(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+

+0.60

1/20+ 13/2+

+0.6095

0.51

1.590 h

I.T./97 / β- /3 /

19.9 h

β- /0.719

1/2-

13.6 s

I.T./0.424

0+ 13/2+

30.8 m

β- /1.70

0.90/18

(5/2-)

-0.61

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919 0.5484 ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47) Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays

+1.4

Pt k x-ray 0.0989

Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688 Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/3.88

4/17/06 11:00:53 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-163 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Spin (h/2 π)

Pt

199.971441

12.5 h

β- /~ 0.66

0+

Pt

200.97451

2.5 m

β- /2.66

(5/2-)

Pt Pt

201.9757

0.3 ms 1.8 d

Au

196.966569(4)

200

201

202m 202

79

Au

0.62 ms

170m

Au

170

169.9961

Au

0.30 ms 1.09 ms

171m

p/58 α/42 p/89 α/11 α/66 p/34 p/100

1.74/ 7.11/ 1.46/ 7.00/ 6.995 1.694 1.437 6.86 6.732 6.672 6.54

Au

170.99188

0.022 ms

Au Au 173 Au 174 Au 175 Au 176 Au

171.9900 172.98624 173.9848 174.98127 175.9801

4 ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s

α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+, EC/10.5 α/

177

Au

176.97687

1.2 s

α/

Au Au 180 Au

177.9760 178.97321 179.97252

2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s

α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/

Au

180.97008

11.4 s

Au

181.96962

21. s

EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/

Au

182.96759

42. s

EC/5.5 α/0.8/

Au Au

183.96745

48 s 21. s

I.T. EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145 β+, EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+, EC/ β+, EC/6.0

172

173m

178 179

181

182

183

184m 184

Au

6.8 m

185m

Au

184.96579

4.3 m

Au Au

185.96595

< 2. m 10.7 m

185

186m 186

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

0+

171

487_S11.indb 163

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.14/14

6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.49375/4.47 0.5430/11.7 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 (0.535-0.719) 0.440

0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597

5.482/

+1.97

ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)

(2+) (5+)

+1.44 +2.07

+1.9 +4.7

(5/2-)

+2.17

-1.1

ann.rad./

3-

-1.26

+3.1

0.1915 ann.rad./

4/17/06 11:00:55 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-164 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/8(10)-4/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790

Au Au

186.96457

2.3 s 8.3 m

IT β+, EC/3.60

9/21/2+

+0.54

Au

187.96532

8.8 m

β+, EC/5.3

(1-)

-0.07

Au Au

188.96395

4.6 m 28.7 m

β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /

11/21/2+

+6.19 +0.49

Au

189.96470

43. m

β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /

1-

-0.07

0.9 s

I.T./0.2663

(11/2-)

6.6

3/2+

+0.137

+0.72

1-

-0.011

-0.23

187m 187

188

189m 189

190

Au

191m

Au

190.96370

3.2 h

EC/1.83

Au

191.96481

4.9 h

β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /

3.9 s

I.T./0.2901

11/2-

6.2

+1.98

3/2+

+0.140

+0.66

1-

+0.076

-0.24

191

192

Au

193m

2.19/ 2.49/

Au

192.96415

17.6 h

EC/1.07

Au

193.96537

1.64 d

β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /

30.5 s

I.T./0.3186

11/2-

6.2

+1.9

186.10 d 9.7 h

EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954

3/2+ 12-

+0.149 5.7

+0.61

8.1 s 6.17 d 7.8 s

I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506 I.T./0.4094 β- /8 /0.686

8+ 211/2-

+0.591 +6.0

0.81 +1.7

2.30 d

I.T./0.812

3/2+ (12-)

+0.14575

+0.55

2.695 d

β- /1.372

2-

+0.5934

+0.64

193

194

Au

195m

Au Au

194.965035

195

196m2

Au Au 197m Au 196m1

195.966570

196

Au Au

197

198m

Au

198

487_S11.indb 164

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

100.

196.966569

197.968242

1.49/

0.290/1 0.961/99

Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794

4/17/06 11:00:57 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Au

199

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-165 Atomic Mass or Weight

198.968765

Au

200m

Au

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 3.14 d β- /0.453

18.7 h

β- /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/

Spin (h/2 π) 3/2+

12-

200

199.97073

48.4 m

β- /2.24

0.7/15 2.2/77

1-

Au Au 203 Au 204 Au

200.971657 201.9738 202.975155 203.9777

26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s

β- /1.28 β- /3.0 β- /2.14 β- /4.5

1.27/82

3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)

Au

204.9799

31. s

β- /

Hg

200.59(2)

Hg Hg 173 Hg 174 Hg 175 Hg 176 Hg 177m Hg 177 Hg 178 Hg

171.0038 171.9988 172.9972 173.99286 174.9914 175.98736 176.9863 177.98248

0.06 ms 0.3 ms 0.8 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 1.5 μs 0.13 s 0.26 s

Hg

178.98183

1.05 s

Hg

179.97827

2.6 s

α α α α α α IT α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/

Hg

180.97782

3.6 s

β+ EC/76 /~ 7.3 α/24 /

Hg

181.97469

10.8 s

β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/

Hg

182.97445

9. s

β+, EC/77/6.3 α/

Hg

183.97171

30.9 s

β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/

21. s

β+, EC, IT, α/

184.97190 185.96936

51. s 1.4 m

186.96981

1.7 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/95/5.8 β+, EC/3.3 α β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.9

201 202

205

80

171 172

179

180

181

182

183

184

Hg

185m

Hg Hg

185 186

Hg 187 Hg 187m

487_S11.indb 165

~ 1.9/

7.49 7.36 7.20 7.07 6.74/94 6.58 6.43/ 6.29/ 6.12/33 5.69/.03

5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 5.83/ 5.91/ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/

5.09/0.02

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.2715 +0.51 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 5.9 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570) (0.027–0.732) 0.4396 (0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)

0+ 0+ 0+

0.246

0+

0+

(1/2-)

+0.507

0+

½-

+0.524

0+

13/2+

-1.02

½0+

+0.509

13/2+ 3/2-

-1.04 -0.594

+0.2

+0.5 -0.8

0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.1565/102 0.2367/100 0.2384/18 (0.018-0.4227) 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg187 0.1034/32

4/17/06 11:00:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-166 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Hg

Atomic Mass or Weight

187.96758

188

Hg

189m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

3.2 m

β+, EC/2.3 α

8.6 m

EC/

13/2+

-1.06

+0.7

-0.6086

-0.8

4.61

0+

Hg

188.96819

7.6 m

EC/4.2

3/2-

Hg

189.96632

20.0 m

EC/1.5

0+

51. m

β+ /6 / EC/94 /

13/2+

-1.07

+0.6

-0.62

-0.8

189

190

Hg

191m

Hg

190.96716

50. m

β+, EC/3.2

(3/2-)

Hg

191.96563

5.0 h

EC/~ 0.5

0+

11.8 h

β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901

13/2+

-1.05843

+0.92

191

192

Hg

193m

Hg

192.96667

3.8 h

EC, B+/2.34

3/2-

-0.6276

-0.7

Hg Hg

193.96544

520. y 1.67 d

EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/

0+ 13/2+

-1.04465

+1.1

Hg

194.96672

10.5 h

EC/1.51

1/2-

+0.541475

195.965833

>2.5 × 1018 y 23.8 h

I.T./(93)/0.2989

0+ 13/2+

-1.02768

196.967213

2.69 d

EC/0.600

1/2-

+0.527374

193

194

195m

195

Hg Hg

196

197m

0.15(1)

Hg

197

Hg

198

487_S11.indb 166

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

9.97(20)

197.9667690

0+

+1.2

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798 Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735

4/17/06 11:01:00 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Hg

199m

Hg Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-167 Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 42.7 m I.T./0.532

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π) 13/2+

16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

198.9682799 199.9683260 200.970302 201.970643 202.972873

46.61 d

β- /0.492

0.213/100

1/20+ 3/20+ 5/2-

6.87(15)

203.9734939 204.976073

5.2 m

β- /1.531

1.33/4

0+ 1/2-

206

205.97751

8.2 m

β- /1.31

0.935/34 1.3/63

Hg Hg 209 Hg 210 Hg

206.9826 207.9859 208.9910 209.9945

2.9 m 41. m 36 s > 0.3 μs

β- /4.8 βββ-

p p/51 α/49 α/73 p/27 α/

199 200

Hg Hg

204 205

Hg

207 208

Tl

204.3833(2)

Tl Tl

176.0006

5 ms 0.23 ms

Tl

176.99643

0.017 s

Tl

177.9949

0.25 s

81

176

177m

177

178

Tl

1.7 ms

Tl Tl

178.99109 179.9899

0.3 s 1.5 s

α α α α//8

Tl Tl 182 Tl

180.98626 181.9857

1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s

α α/ < 10 β+, EC/10.9

53. ms

α

5. s 11. s

β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/

1.8 s 20. s 4. s 28. s

I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5

15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m

I.T./~ 0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/

179m

179 180

181m 181

Tl

183m

Tl Tl

183 184

182.98219 183.98187

Tl

185m

Tl Tl 186 Tl 185

186m

Tl Tl 188m Tl

184.9788 185.9783

187m 187

487_S11.indb 167

186.97591

Nuclear Elect. γ-Energy / Magnetic Quadr. Intensity Mom. (nm) Mom. (b) (MeV/%) -1.014703 +1.2 Hg k x-ray 0.15841 +0.505885 -0.560226

+0.39

+0.8489

+0.34

+0.6010

Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502

0+

(9/2+) 0+

0.474 0.324

0+

1.26/~ 100 1.95 7.48

6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/ 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100

6.33/80 6.38/16 6.46/4

0.351 (0.26–0.41) 0.0618 (0.046-0.0894)

9/2-

½+

0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840

6.16/

6.01

(9/2-)

(9/2+) ½+ (7+)

+3.8 1.6

-2.4

0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129

4/17/06 11:01:02 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-168 Elem. or Isot.

Tl

188

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

187.97601

Tl

189m

Tl

189

188.97359

Tl

190m

Tl

190

189.97388

Tl

191m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

1.2 m

β+, EC/7.8

(2-)

+0.48

+0.13

1.4 m

β+, EC/

(9/2-)

+3.878

-2.29

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.2

(1/2+)

3.7 m

β+, EC/

4.2/

(7+)

+0.495

+0.29

2.6 m

β+, EC/7.0

5.7/

(2-)

+0.25

-0.33

5.2 m

β+, EC/(98)/

(9/2+)

+3.903

-2.3

10.8 m

β+, EC/

(1/2) (7+)

1.59 +0.518

0.46

Tl Tl

190.97179

Tl

191.97223

9.6 m

β+, EC/6.4

(2-)

+0.20

-0.33

Tl Tl

192.9707

2.1 m 22. m

I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6

(9/2-) (1/2+)

+3.948 +1.591

-2.2

32.8 m

β+ /(20)/~ 0.30 EC/(80)/

(7+)

+0.540

+0.61

33.0 m

β+, EC/5.3

2-

0.140

-0.28

3.6 s

I.T./0.483

9/2-

1.16 h

EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.41 h

β+, EC/95/4.9

(7+)

0.55

191

192m

192

193m 193

Tl

194m

Tl

194

193.9712

Tl

195m

Tl

195

Tl

196m

487_S11.indb 168

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

194.96977

+0.76

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5043 0.5921 see Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.4279/75.2 0.6452/10.8 (0.395-1.623) Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353

4/17/06 11:01:03 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Tl

11-169 Atomic Mass or Weight

195.97048

196

Tl

197m

Tl

196.96958

197

Tl

198m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.54 s

IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/

9/2-

2.83 h

β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.87 h

β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347

7+

+0.64

EC, β+ /(1)/3.5

Tl

198.96988

7.4 h

EC/1.4

Tl

199.97096

1.087 d

EC/2.46

Tl

200.97082

3.038 d

Tl

201.97211

201

202

Tl Tl

29.524(14)

202.972344 203.973864

Tl Tl

70.476(14)

204.974428

203 204

205

206m

Tl

206

205.976110

Tl

207m

1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/

1/2-

+1.60

2-

0.04

EC/0.48

1/2+

+1.605

12.47 d

EC/1.36

2-

0.06

3.78 y

β- /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347

1/2+ 2-

+1.622258 0.09

3.76 m

I.T./2.644

1/2+ 12-

+1.638215

4.20 m

β- /1.533

1.3 s

I.T./1.350

1.07/ 1.44/

0.763/97

1.53/99.9

011/2-

206.97742 207.982019

4.77 m 3.053 m

β- /1.423 β- /5.001

1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51

1/2+ (5+)

Tl

208.98536

2.16 m

β-/3.98

1.8 /100

(1/2+)

208

209

+0.072

2-

Tl Tl

207

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

2-

5.3 h

200

Spin (h/2 π)

β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/

197.9405

199

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.84 h

Tl

198

487_S11.indb 169

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

+1.88 +0.29

-0.18

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957 Hg k x-ray

Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray

4/17/06 11:01:05 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-170 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Tl

209.99007

1.30 m

β- /5.48

Tl Tl

210.9935 211.9982

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

ββ-

Pb

207.2(1)

210

211 212

82

Pb Pb 180 Pb 181 Pb 182 Pb 183m Pb

178.00383 179.0022 179.99792 180.9966 181.99267

183

Pb

178 179

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.3/25 1.9/56

~ 0.2 ms α/ α/ α α

182.99187

0.54 s

α/

Pb Pb 185 Pb

183.98814 184.98761

0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s

α/~ 80 α α/

Pb

185.98424

5. s

β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/

15.2 s

β+, EC/ α/12

6.32/ 6.34/ 2 × 1017 y

sf/< 1.6 × 10-15

217

219 220

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

487_S11.indb 187

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 10.16/72 8.306/11 9.55/6 9.69/2 8.337/99 7.873/0.4 7.728/0.3 7.710/0.3 9.54/31 9.61/69

9.08(3) 8.180/50 8.330/20 8.540/30 8.006(10)/55 8.196(10)/45 7.555(10)/75(3) 7.46(1)/25(3) 7.195(10)/30 7.245(10)/70 6.728(10)/0.7 6.823(10)/35 6.863(10)/39 6.357(4)/7 6.376(10)/2.2 6.401(4)/8 6.416(4)/13 6.423(10)/10 6.465(4)/43 5.779/0.23 5.805/0.15 6.078/0.4 6.105/0.25 6.118/0.22

5.536(2)/0.02 5.579(2)/0.09 5.668(2)/0.05 0.51/

4.6781(5)/1.5 4.7102(5)/1.0 4.7343(5)/8.4 4.8513(5)/1.4 4.9339(5)/3 4.9505(5)/22.8 4.9858(5)/1.4 5.0131(5)/25.4 5.0292(5)/20 5.0318(5)/2.5

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4504–0.8208

0.0466–0.634

0.092

0.1945 (0.028–0.412)

(5/2-)

(3+)

0.0649 0.0669 0.1100

+3.5

Th k x-ray 0.409/100 0.4631/222 0.91116/242 0.96464/120 0.96897/149 0.058–1.96 0.04244 (0.024–0.18)

(2-)

2.0

3/2-

2.01

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.4437 0.45477 0.89876 0.91856 0.95199 (0.053–1.07) Ac L x-ray Ac k x-ray 0.01899 0.027396 0.03823 0.04639 0.25586 0.26029 0.28367 0.30007

(5/2+)

-1.7

4/17/06 11:01:32 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-188 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

232.03859

1.31 d

β- /1.34

Pa

233.040247

27.0 d

β-/0.571

1.17 m

β- /99.9/2.29 IT/0.13/

233

Pa

234m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.0587(5)/11

Spin (h/2 π)

0.15/40 0.256/60

3/2-

(0-)

234.043308

6.69 h

β- /2.197

0.51/

(4+)

Pa Pa

235.04544 236.0487

24.4 m 9.1 m

β- /1.41 β- /2.9

1.4/97 1.1/40 2.0/50 3.1/10

(3/2-) (1-)

Pa

237.0512

8.7 m

β- /2.3

1.1/60 1.6/30 2.3/10

(1/2+)

Pa

238.0545

2.3 m

β- /3.5

1.2/ 1.7/

(3-)

Pa

239.0573

1.8 h

U

238.02891(3) α α α α α α/ α/ α/

8.02 10.68 8.61 9.68(4)/

α/7.560

235 236

237

238

239

U U 218 U 219 U 222 U 223 U 224 U 225 U

217.0244 218.02354 219.0249 222.0261 223.0277 224.02761 225.02939

~ 0.2 ms ~ 0.56 ms 0.5 ms ~ 0.08 ms ~ 1.μs 0.02 s ~ 1. ms 84. ms

U

226.02934

0.26 s

217

218m

226

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

(2-)

Pa

234

487_S11.indb 188

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Pa

232

92

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.87/83 7.82/15 7.63/2 7.56/86 7.38/14

+4.0

-3.0

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.30264 0.33007 (0.02–0.61) U k x-ray 0.10900 0.15009 0.89439 0.96934 (0.10–1.17) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.30017 0.31201/38.4 (0.0286-0.456) U k x-ray 0.25818/0.07 0.76641/0.32 1.0009/0.86 (0.06–1.96) U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.1312/0.03 0.5695/0.02 0.9256/0.02 (0.02–1.99) 0.0308–0.65893 U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 1.7630 (0.04–2.18) 0.4986 0.5293 0.5407 0.8536 0.8650 (0.04–1.4) 0.10350 0.1785 0.4484 0.6350 0.6800 1.01446 (0.04–2.5)

0+ 0+ 0+

0+

4/17/06 11:01:34 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. 227 228

U U

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-189 Atomic Mass or Weight

227.03116 228.03137

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.1 m α/7.200 9.1 m α/6.803

229

U

229.03351

58. m

EC/(80)/1.31 α/(20)/6.473

230

U

230.033940

20.8 d > 4 × 1010 y

α/5.992 sf/< 10-10

231

U

231.036294

4.2 d

EC/0.36 α/(10-3)

232

U

232.037156

70. y 2.6 × 1015 y

α/5.414 sf/2.7 × 10-12

233

U

233.039635

1.592 × 105 y > 2.7 × 1017 y

α/4.909 sf/6 × 10-11

234

U

0.0054(5)

234.040952

2.455 × 105 y 1.5 × 1016 y

α/4.856 sf/1.6 × 10-9

U U

0.7204(6)

235.043930

26. m 7.04 × 108 y 1.0 × 1019 y

IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 sf/7 × 10-9

235m 235

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/0.01 5.6624(3)/0.26 5.6663(3)/0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67 5.46/1.6 × 10-3 5.47/1.4 × 10-3 5.40/1. × 10-3 4.9979(1)/0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/13.2 4.8247(8)/84.4 4.510–4.804 4.604(1)/0.24 4.7231(1)/27.5 4.776(1)/72.5 4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/6. 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/19. 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/57. 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/4.8 4.332(8)/0.26 4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74

Spin (h/2 π) 0+

0+

0+

+0.59

3.66

Th L x-ray 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 0.05323/0.156 0.12091

-0.38

4.9

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522–0.681)

0+

1/2+ 7/2-

U

236.045568

2.342 × 107 y 2.5 × 1016 y

α/4.569 sf/9 × 10-8

237

U

237.048730

6.75 d

β- /0.519

0.24/ 0.25/

1/2+

238

U

238.050788

4.47 × 109 y 8.2 × 1015y

α sf/5 × 10-5

0+

239

U

239.054293

23.5 m

β- /1.265

240

U

240.05659

14.1 h

β- /0.39

4.0395/0.23 4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/

242

U

242.0629

16.8 m

β- /~ 1.2

487_S11.indb 189

Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081–0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.08420

(5/2-)

5/2+

0+

5/2+ 0+

0+

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) 0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246

(3/2+)

236

99.2742(10)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760

4/17/06 11:01:35 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-190 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%)

Np

93

Np Np 227 Np

225.0339 226.0352 227.0350

> 2 μs 0.03 s 0.51 s

Np

228.0362

61. s

Np Np

229.0363 230.0378

4.0 m 4.6 m

Np

231.03825

48.8 m

Np

232.0401

14.7 m

EC/99 /2.7

(4-)

Np

233.04074

36.2 m

EC/1.2

(5/2+)

Np

234.04290

4.4 d

β+, EC/1.81

Np

235.044063

1.085 y

EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β- /48 /

5/2+

(6-)

225 226

228

229 230

231

232

233

234

235

Np

22.5 h

236m

EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, sf α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368

Np

236.04657

1.55 × 105 y

EC/91 /0.94 β- /9 /0.49

Np

237.048173

2.14 × 106 y 1 × 1018 y

α/4.957 sf/2.1 × 10-10

Np

238.050946

2.117 d

β- /1.292

Np

239.052939

2.355 d

7.22 m

236

237

238

239

Np

240m

487_S11.indb 190

α/ α/

8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/

6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2

0.79/

5/2

0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray

(0+)

(1-)

4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/

5/2+

β- /0.722

0.341/30 0.438/48

5/2+

β- /99.9 / IT/0.1 /

2.18/

(1+)

2+

+3.14

+3.89

U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735

4/17/06 11:01:37 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot. Np

240

Np

241

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-191 Atomic Mass or Weight

240.05616

Half-life/ Decay Mode/ Resonance Energy (/MeV) Width (MeV) 1.032 h β- /2.20

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.89/

5+

241.0583

13.9 m

β- /1.3

1.3/

5/2+

2.2 m

β- /

β- /2.7

2.7/

6+

7.81(2)/ 7.46/ 7.06/81 7.00/19

0+

Np

242m

Np

242.0616

5.5 m

Np Np

243.06428 244.0679

1.9 m 2.3 m

Pu Pu 230 Pu

228.03874 229.0402 230.03965

~ 1.1 s ~ 1.5 m 1.7 m

α/ α/ α/

Pu

231.04110

8.6 m

Pu

232.04119

34. m

EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/ 2.4 × 10-14 α/4.983 sf/5.5 × 10-4

Pu

243.062003

4.956 h

β- /0.582

Pu

244.064204 245.06775

α/99.9/4.665 sf/0.12 β- /1.21

4.546(1)/19.4 4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11

0+

Pu

8.00 × 107 y 6.6 × 1010 y 10.5 h

Pu

246.07021

10.85 d

β- /0.40

0.150/85 0.35/10

0+

Pu

247.0741

2.3 d

Am Am 234 Am 235 Am

232.0466 233.0464 234.0478 235.0480

0.9 m ~ 3.2 m 2.3 m 10.3 m

Am Am 237 Am

236.0496 237.0500

2.9 m 3.6 m 1.22 h

Am

238.05198

Am

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

-0.683

+6.

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) U L x-ray 0.04524 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 0.14854 0.1600 U L x-ray 0.04491 0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray 0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804 / 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03–1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371

7/2+

(9/2-)

Am

95

232 233

236m

6.78

6.46/0.4

EC EC/99.98 /1.7 α/0.02 /6.20

6.042(5)/0.02

1.63 h

EC/2.26 α/0.0001 /6.04

5.940/0.0001

239.053025

11.9 h

EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924

Am

240.05530

2.12 d

EC/1.38 α/5.592

Am

241.056829

432.7 y 1.2 × 1014 y

α/5.637 sf/3.6 × 10-10

236

238

239

240

241

487_S11.indb 192

EC/~ 5.0 α EC/4.2 EC α

5.734(2)/0.001 5.776(2)/0.008

5.378(1)/16 × 10-4

5.2443(1)/0.002 5.3221(1)/0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/12.8

(1-) (5-) (5/2-)

1+

5/2-

(3-)

5/2-

+1.58

+3.1

Pu K x-ray 0.291/100 (0.170-0.828) (0.583-0.713) (0.158-1.038) Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.88878 0.98764 (0.1–1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 /.024 0.03319/.00126 0.05954/0.359

4/17/06 11:01:40 AM

Table of the Isotopes Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-193 Atomic Mass or Weight

Am

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

141. y

242m

> 3 × 1012 y

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.4857(1)/85.2 5.5116(1)/0.20 5.5442(1)/0.34

IT/99.5/0.048 α/0.5/5.62 sf/< 4.7 × 10-9

5.141(4)/0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4

Spin (h/2 π)

Nuclear Elect. Magnetic Quadr. Mom. (nm) Mom. (b)

γ-Energy / Intensity (MeV/%) (0.03–1.128)

5-

+1.0

+6.5

Am L x-ray 0.04863 0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197 0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04–2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267 / 0.2853 /

Am

242.059549

16.02 h

β- /83 /0.665 EC/17 /0.750

0.63/46 0.67/37

1-

+0.388

-2.4

Am

243.061381

7.37 × 103 y 2. × 1014 y

α/5.438 sf/3.7 × 10-9

5/2-

+1.5

+2.9

Am Am

244.064285

~ 26. m 10.1 h

β- /1.498 β- /1.428

5.1798(5)/1.1 5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/0.16

Am

245.066452

2.05 h

β- /0.894

0.65/19 0.90/77

(5/2+)

25.0 m

β- /

1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7

2-

1.2/

(7-)

7.34/ 7.24/

0+

242

243

244m 244

245

Am

246m

Am

246.06978

39. m

β- /2.38

Am

247.0721

22. m

β- /1.7

~ 51. s

α/ α

246

247

(1-)

Cm

96

Cm Cm 235 Cm 236 Cm 237 Cm 238 Cm 233 234

Cm

239.0550

~ 3. h

EC/1.7 EC/2.5 EC/>90 /0.97 α/94 /3.1 α/50 /3.9 α/98.7 α/