1.1 Bonding and the Shape of Organic Molecules

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The Nature of Organic Molecules Organic Chemistry: The study of carbon compounds. •

Carbon is tetravalent. It has four outer-shell electrons and forms four bonds.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 23/1

The Nature of Organic Molecules •

Organic molecules have covalent bonds. In ethane, for instance, all bonds result from the sharing of two electrons.

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Chapter 23/2

The Nature of Organic Molecules •

Organic molecules have polar covalent bonds when carbon bonds to an element on the right or left side of the periodic table.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 23/3

The Nature of Organic Molecules •

Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds by sharing more than two electrons with a neighboring atom.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 23/4

The Nature of Organic Molecules •

Organic molecules have specific three-dimensional shapes, which can be predicted by the VSEPR model.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 23/5

The Nature of Organic Molecules •

Organic molecules have specific three-dimensional shapes, which can be predicted by the VSEPR model.

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Chapter 23/6

Alkanes and Their Isomers Hydrocarbons: Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes: Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Space-filling models:

Structural formulas: Molecular formulas: Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Chapter 23/7

Alkanes and Their Isomers Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different chemical structures.

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Chapter 23/9

Drawing Organic Structures Structural Formula

Condensed Formula

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Chapter 23/10

The Shapes of Organic Molecules

Determining Polarity of Molecules Step 1: Does the molecule have polar bonds? If no, the molecule is not polar. If yes, go to step 2. Step 2: Is there more than one polar bond? If no, the molecule is polar. If yes, go to step 3. Step 3: Do the bond dipoles cancel each other out? If no, the molecule is polar. If yes the molecule is not polar.

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Note: C—I, C—Br, C—Cl, C—F, C—O, O—H, N—H, and C—N are all common polar bonds.