yunus cengel-Property Tables Booklet Cengel Thermodynamics 6th ed.
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Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)
Table A–1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6 Superheated water Table A–7 Compressed liquid water Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Pressure table Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
Table A–20
Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4 Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4 Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A – 1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Substance
Formula
Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n-Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene Sulfur dioxide Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) Water Xenon
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe
Critical-point properties
Molar mass, M kg/kmol
Gas constant, R kJ/kg · K*
Temperature, K
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30
0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976 0.1298 0.08149 0.06052 0.4615 0.06332
132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365 430.7 374.2 471.2 647.1 289.8
Pressure, MPa
Volume, m3/kmol
3.77 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62 7.88 4.059 4.38 22.06 5.88
0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810 0.1217 0.1993 0.2478 0.0560 0.1186
*The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K. The gas constant is calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K and M is the molar mass. Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
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Appendix 1
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TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a) At 300 K Gas
Formula
Air Argon Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Octane Oxygen Propane Steam
— Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O
Gas constant, R kJ/kg · K 0.2870 0.2081 0.1433 0.1889 0.2968 0.2765 0.2964 2.0769 4.1240 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.0729 0.2598 0.1885 0.4615
cp kJ/kg · K
cv kJ/kg · K
k
1.005 0.5203 1.7164 0.846 1.040 1.7662 1.5482 5.1926 14.307 2.2537 1.0299 1.039 1.7113 0.918 1.6794 1.8723
0.718 0.3122 1.5734 0.657 0.744 1.4897 1.2518 3.1156 10.183 1.7354 0.6179 0.743 1.6385 0.658 1.4909 1.4108
1.400 1.667 1.091 1.289 1.400 1.186 1.237 1.667 1.405 1.299 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.126 1.327
Note: The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kJ/kg · °C. Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
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TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued) (b) At various temperatures
Temperature, K 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
cp kJ/kg · K
cv kJ/kg · K
k
Air 1.003 1.005 1.008 1.013 1.020 1.029 1.040 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.099 1.121 1.142
0.716 0.718 0.721 0.726 0.733 0.742 0.753 0.764 0.776 0.788 0.800 0.812 0.834 0.855
cp kJ/kg · K
14.051 14.307 14.427 14.476 14.501 14.513 14.530 14.546 14.571 14.604 14.645 14.695 14.822 14.983
9.927 10.183 10.302 10.352 10.377 10.389 10.405 10.422 10.447 10.480 10.521 10.570 10.698 10.859
k
Carbon dioxide, CO2 1.401 1.400 1.398 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.381 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.359 1.354 1.344 1.336
0.791 0.846 0.895 0.939 0.978 1.014 1.046 1.075 1.102 1.126 1.148 1.169 1.204 1.234
Hydrogen, H2 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
cv kJ/kg · K
1.416 1.405 1.400 1.398 1.398 1.397 1.396 1.396 1.395 1.394 1.392 1.390 1.385 1.380
0.602 0.657 0.706 0.750 0.790 0.825 0.857 0.886 0.913 0.937 0.959 0.980 1.015 1.045
1.314 1.288 1.268 1.252 1.239 1.229 1.220 1.213 1.207 1.202 1.197 1.193 1.186 1.181
cp kJ/kg · K
0.742 0.743 0.744 0.747 0.752 0.759 0.768 0.778 0.789 0.801 0.813 0.825 0.849 0.870
k
Carbon monoxide, CO 1.039 1.040 1.043 1.047 1.054 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.100 1.113 1.126 1.139 1.163 1.185
Nitrogen, N2 1.039 1.039 1.041 1.044 1.049 1.056 1.065 1.075 1.086 1.098 1.110 1.121 1.145 1.167
cv kJ/kg · K
0.743 0.744 0.746 0.751 0.757 0.767 0.778 0.790 0.803 0.816 0.829 0.842 0.866 0.888
1.400 1.399 1.398 1.395 1.392 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.358 1.353 1.343 1.335
Oxygen, O2 1.400 1.400 1.399 1.397 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.371 1.365 1.360 1.349 1.341
0.913 0.918 0.928 0.941 0.956 0.972 0.988 1.003 1.017 1.031 1.043 1.054 1.074 1.090
0.653 0.658 0.668 0.681 0.696 0.712 0.728 0.743 0.758 0.771 0.783 0.794 0.814 0.830
1.398 1.395 1.389 1.382 1.373 1.365 1.358 1.350 1.343 1.337 1.332 1.327 1.319 1.313
Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Table A–4M. Originally published in Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.
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TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded) (c) As a function of temperature _ cp a bT cT 2 dT 3 (T in K, cp in kJ/kmol · K)
Substance Nitrogen Oxygen Air Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Sulfur Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Acetylene Benzene Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen chloride Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane i-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane Ethylene Propylene
Formula
a
b 0.1571 1.520 0.1967 0.1916
c 102
102 102 102
N2 O2 — H2
28.90 25.48 28.11 29.11
CO
28.16
CO2 H2O NO N2O
22.26 5.981 32.24 0.1923 29.34 0.09395 24.11 5.8632
NO2 NH3 S2
22.9 27.568 27.21
SO2
25.78
SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O HCl CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C2H4 C3H6
0.8081 0.7155 0.4802 0.4003
% error Temperature range, K Max. Avg.
d 105
105 105 105
2.873 1.312 1.966 0.8704
109 109 109 109
273–1800 273–1800 273–1800 273–1800
0.59 1.19 0.72 1.01
0.34 0.28 0.33 0.26
0.1675 102
0.5372 105
2.222 109
273–1800
0.89
0.37
102 102 102 102
3.501 105 1.055 105 0.9747 105 3.562 105
7.469 3.595 4.187 10.58
109 109 109 109
273–1800 273–1800 273–1500 273–1500
0.67 0.53 0.97 0.59
0.22 0.24 0.36 0.26
5.715 102 2.5630 102 2.218 102
3.52 105 0.99072 105 1.628 105
7.87 109 6.6909 109 3.986 109
273–1500 273–1500 273–1800
0.46 0.91 0.99
0.18 0.36 0.38
5.795 102
3.812 105
8.612 109
273–1800
0.45
0.24
102 102 102 102 102
11.20 6.527 31.57 1.22 10.38
105 105 105 105 105
32.42 18.21 77.62 8.039 20.05
109 109 109 109 109
273–1300 273–1500 273–1500 273–1000 273–1500
0.29 1.46 0.34 0.18 0.40
0.13 0.59 0.20 0.08 0.22
30.33 0.7620 102 19.89 5.024 102 6.900 17.27 102 4.04 30.48 102 3.96 37.15 102 7.913 41.60 102 6.774 45.43 102 6.938 55.22 102 3.95 15.64 102 3.15 23.83 102
1.327 1.269 6.406 15.72 18.34 23.01 22.46 28.65 8.344 12.18
105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
4.338 11.01 7.285 31.74 35.00 49.91 42.29 57.69 17.67 24.62
109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109
273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500
0.22 1.33 0.83 0.40 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.72 0.54 0.73
0.08 0.57 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.17
16.40 21.8 36.22 19.0 19.9
14.58 9.2143 48.475 9.152 20.96
Source: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984). Used with permission.
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TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm
Substance
Normal boiling point, °C
Ammonia
33.3
185.9 80.2
Latent heat of vaporization hfg , kJ/kg 1357
Freezing point, °C 77.7
189.3 5.5
Latent heat of fusion hif , kJ/kg 322.4
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane
103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5
— 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4
17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2
109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4
Methanol Nitrogen
64.5 195.8
1100 198.6
97.7 210
99.2 25.3
124.8
306.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
187.7
80.0
Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane
183 — 42.1
Refrigerant-134a
26.1
Water
100
161.6 394
Freezing data
212.7 230–384 427.8
217.0
2257
96.6
0.0
28 126 — 80.3
—
333.7
Liquid properties Temperature, °C
Density r, kg/m3
Specific heat cp, kJ/kg · K
33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20
682 665 639 602 1394 879
4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72
20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100
1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958
3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22
* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5°C.)
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TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Concluded ) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Density, r kg/m3
Substance
Specific heat, cp kJ/kg · K
Metals
Density, r kg/m3
Substance
Specific heat, cp kJ/kg · K
Nonmetals
Aluminum 200 K 250 K 300 K 350 K 400 K 450 K 500 K Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 2% Al) Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) Copper 173°C 100°C 50°C 0°C 27°C 100°C 200°C Iron Lead Magnesium Nickel Silver Steel, mild Tungsten
8,280
0.797 0.859 0.902 0.929 0.949 0.973 0.997 0.400
8,310
0.400
2,700
Asphalt Brick, common Brick, fireclay (500°C) Concrete Clay Diamond Glass, window Glass, pyrex Graphite Granite Gypsum or plaster board Ice 200 K 220 K 240 K 260 K 273 K Limestone Marble Plywood (Douglas Fir) Rubber (soft) Rubber (hard) Sand Stone Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.)
0.254 0.342 0.367 0.381 0.386 0.393 0.403 0.45 0.128 1.000 0.440 0.235 0.500 0.130
8,900
7,840 11,310 1,730 8,890 10,470 7,830 19,400
2110 1922 2300 2300 1000 2420 2700 2230 2500 2700 800
0.920 0.79 0.960 0.653 0.920 0.616 0.800 0.840 0.711 1.017 1.09
921 1650 2600 545 1100 1150 1520 1500 721 513
1.56 1.71 1.86 2.01 2.11 0.909 0.880 1.21 1.840 2.009 0.800 0.800 1.26 1.38
(c) Foods Specific heat, kJ/kg · K
Food Apples Bananas Beef round Broccoli Butter Cheese, swiss Cherries Chicken Corn, sweet Eggs, whole Ice cream
Water content, % (mass) 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63
Latent heat of Freezing Above Below fusion, point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg 1.1 0.8 — 0.6 — 10.0 1.8 2.8 0.6 0.6 5.6
3.65 3.35 3.08 3.86 — 2.15 3.52 3.32 3.32 3.32 2.95
1.90 1.78 1.68 1.97 1.04 1.33 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.63
281 251 224 301 53 130 267 247 247 247 210
Specific heat, kJ/kg · K
Food Lettuce Milk, whole Oranges Potatoes Salmon fish Shrimp Spinach Strawberries Tomatoes, ripe Turkey Watermelon
Water content, % (mass) 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93
Freezing point, °C
Above freezing
Below freezing
Latent heat of fusion, kJ/kg
0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 2.2 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 — 0.4
4.02 3.79 3.75 3.45 2.98 3.62 3.96 3.86 3.99 2.98 3.96
2.04 1.95 1.94 1.82 1.65 1.89 2.01 1.97 2.02 1.65 2.01
317 294 291 261 214 277 311 301 314 214 311
Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.
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TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Specific volume, m3/kg Temp., T °C
Sat. press., Psat kPa
0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, sf sfg sg
0.6117 0.8725 1.2281 1.7057 2.3392
0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001001 0.001002
206.00 147.03 106.32 77.885 57.762
0.000 21.019 42.020 62.980 83.913
2374.9 2360.8 2346.6 2332.5 2318.4
2374.9 2381.8 2388.7 2395.5 2402.3
0.001 21.020 42.022 62.982 83.915
2500.9 2489.1 2477.2 2465.4 2453.5
2500.9 2510.1 2519.2 2528.3 2537.4
0.0000 0.0763 0.1511 0.2245 0.2965
9.1556 8.9487 8.7488 8.5559 8.3696
9.1556 9.0249 8.8999 8.7803 8.6661
3.1698 4.2469 5.6291 7.3851 9.5953
0.001003 0.001004 0.001006 0.001008 0.001010
43.340 32.879 25.205 19.515 15.251
104.83 125.73 146.63 167.53 188.43
2304.3 2290.2 2276.0 2261.9 2247.7
2409.1 2415.9 2422.7 2429.4 2436.1
104.83 125.74 146.64 167.53 188.44
2441.7 2429.8 2417.9 2406.0 2394.0
2546.5 2555.6 2564.6 2573.5 2582.4
0.3672 0.4368 0.5051 0.5724 0.6386
8.1895 8.0152 7.8466 7.6832 7.5247
8.5567 8.4520 8.3517 8.2556 8.1633
50 55 60 65 70
12.352 15.763 19.947 25.043 31.202
0.001012 0.001015 0.001017 0.001020 0.001023
12.026 9.5639 7.6670 6.1935 5.0396
209.33 230.24 251.16 272.09 293.04
2233.4 2219.1 2204.7 2190.3 2175.8
2442.7 2449.3 2455.9 2462.4 2468.9
209.34 230.26 251.18 272.12 293.07
2382.0 2369.8 2357.7 2345.4 2333.0
2591.3 2600.1 2608.8 2617.5 2626.1
0.7038 0.7680 0.8313 0.8937 0.9551
7.3710 7.2218 7.0769 6.9360 6.7989
8.0748 7.9898 7.9082 7.8296 7.7540
75 80 85 90 95
38.597 47.416 57.868 70.183 84.609
0.001026 0.001029 0.001032 0.001036 0.001040
4.1291 3.4053 2.8261 2.3593 1.9808
313.99 334.97 355.96 376.97 398.00
2161.3 2146.6 2131.9 2117.0 2102.0
2475.3 2481.6 2487.8 2494.0 2500.1
314.03 335.02 356.02 377.04 398.09
2320.6 2308.0 2295.3 2282.5 2269.6
2634.6 2643.0 2651.4 2659.6 2667.6
1.0158 1.0756 1.1346 1.1929 1.2504
6.6655 6.5355 6.4089 6.2853 6.1647
7.6812 7.6111 7.5435 7.4782 7.4151
100 105 110 115 120
101.42 120.90 143.38 169.18 198.67
0.001043 0.001047 0.001052 0.001056 0.001060
1.6720 1.4186 1.2094 1.0360 0.89133
419.06 440.15 461.27 482.42 503.60
2087.0 2071.8 2056.4 2040.9 2025.3
2506.0 2511.9 2517.7 2523.3 2528.9
419.17 440.28 461.42 482.59 503.81
2256.4 2243.1 2229.7 2216.0 2202.1
2675.6 2683.4 2691.1 2698.6 2706.0
1.3072 1.3634 1.4188 1.4737 1.5279
6.0470 5.9319 5.8193 5.7092 5.6013
7.3542 7.2952 7.2382 7.1829 7.1292
125 130 135 140 145
232.23 270.28 313.22 361.53 415.68
0.001065 0.001070 0.001075 0.001080 0.001085
0.77012 0.66808 0.58179 0.50850 0.44600
524.83 546.10 567.41 588.77 610.19
2009.5 1993.4 1977.3 1960.9 1944.2
2534.3 2539.5 2544.7 2549.6 2554.4
525.07 546.38 567.75 589.16 610.64
2188.1 2173.7 2159.1 2144.3 2129.2
2713.1 2720.1 2726.9 2733.5 2739.8
1.5816 1.6346 1.6872 1.7392 1.7908
5.4956 5.3919 5.2901 5.1901 5.0919
7.0771 7.0265 6.9773 6.9294 6.8827
150 155 160 165 170
476.16 543.49 618.23 700.93 792.18
0.001091 0.001096 0.001102 0.001108 0.001114
0.39248 0.34648 0.30680 0.27244 0.24260
631.66 653.19 674.79 696.46 718.20
1927.4 1910.3 1893.0 1875.4 1857.5
2559.1 2563.5 2567.8 2571.9 2575.7
632.18 653.79 675.47 697.24 719.08
2113.8 2098.0 2082.0 2065.6 2048.8
2745.9 2751.8 2757.5 2762.8 2767.9
1.8418 1.8924 1.9426 1.9923 2.0417
4.9953 4.9002 4.8066 4.7143 4.6233
6.8371 6.7927 6.7492 6.7067 6.6650
175 180 185 190 195 200
892.60 1002.8 1123.5 1255.2 1398.8 1554.9
0.001121 0.001127 0.001134 0.001141 0.001149 0.001157
0.21659 0.19384 0.17390 0.15636 0.14089 0.12721
740.02 761.92 783.91 806.00 828.18 850.46
1839.4 1820.9 1802.1 1783.0 1763.6 1743.7
2579.4 2582.8 2586.0 2589.0 2591.7 2594.2
741.02 763.05 785.19 807.43 829.78 852.26
2031.7 2014.2 1996.2 1977.9 1959.0 1939.8
2772.7 2777.2 2781.4 2785.3 2788.8 2792.0
2.0906 2.1392 2.1875 2.2355 2.2831 2.3305
4.5335 4.4448 4.3572 4.2705 4.1847 4.0997
6.6242 6.5841 6.5447 6.5059 6.4678 6.4302
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Appendix 1
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917
TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table (Continued) Specific volume, m3/kg Temp., T °C
Sat. press., Psat kPa
205 210 215 220 225
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
1724.3 1907.7 2105.9 2319.6 2549.7
0.001164 0.001173 0.001181 0.001190 0.001199
0.11508 0.10429 0.094680 0.086094 0.078405
872.86 895.38 918.02 940.79 963.70
1723.5 1702.9 1681.9 1660.5 1638.6
2596.4 2598.3 2599.9 2601.3 2602.3
874.87 897.61 920.50 943.55 966.76
230 235 240 245 250
2797.1 3062.6 3347.0 3651.2 3976.2
0.001209 0.001219 0.001229 0.001240 0.001252
0.071505 0.065300 0.059707 0.054656 0.050085
986.76 1010.0 1033.4 1056.9 1080.7
1616.1 1593.2 1569.8 1545.7 1521.1
2602.9 2603.2 2603.1 2602.7 2601.8
255 260 265 270 275
4322.9 4692.3 5085.3 5503.0 5946.4
0.001263 0.001276 0.001289 0.001303 0.001317
0.045941 0.042175 0.038748 0.035622 0.032767
1104.7 1128.8 1153.3 1177.9 1202.9
1495.8 1469.9 1443.2 1415.7 1387.4
280 285 290 295 300
6416.6 6914.6 7441.8 7999.0 8587.9
0.001333 0.001349 0.001366 0.001384 0.001404
0.030153 0.027756 0.025554 0.023528 0.021659
1228.2 1253.7 1279.7 1306.0 1332.7
305 310 315 320 325
9209.4 9865.0 10,556 11,284 12,051
0.001425 0.001447 0.001472 0.001499 0.001528
0.019932 0.018333 0.016849 0.015470 0.014183
330 335 340 345 350
12,858 13,707 14,601 15,541 16,529
0.001560 0.001597 0.001638 0.001685 0.001741
355 360 365 370 373.95
17,570 18,666 19,822 21,044 22,064
0.001808 0.001895 0.002015 0.002217 0.003106
Entropy, kJ/kg · K Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, sf sfg sg
1920.0 1899.7 1878.8 1857.4 1835.4
2794.8 2797.3 2799.3 2801.0 2802.2
2.3776 2.4245 2.4712 2.5176 2.5639
4.0154 3.9318 3.8489 3.7664 3.6844
6.3930 6.3563 6.3200 6.2840 6.2483
990.14 1013.7 1037.5 1061.5 1085.7
1812.8 1789.5 1765.5 1740.8 1715.3
2802.9 2803.2 2803.0 2802.2 2801.0
2.6100 2.6560 2.7018 2.7476 2.7933
3.6028 3.5216 3.4405 3.3596 3.2788
6.2128 6.1775 6.1424 6.1072 6.0721
2600.5 2598.7 2596.5 2593.7 2590.3
1110.1 1134.8 1159.8 1185.1 1210.7
1689.0 1661.8 1633.7 1604.6 1574.5
2799.1 2796.6 2793.5 2789.7 2785.2
2.8390 2.8847 2.9304 2.9762 3.0221
3.1979 3.1169 3.0358 2.9542 2.8723
6.0369 6.0017 5.9662 5.9305 5.8944
1358.2 1328.1 1296.9 1264.5 1230.9
2586.4 2581.8 2576.5 2570.5 2563.6
1236.7 1263.1 1289.8 1317.1 1344.8
1543.2 1510.7 1476.9 1441.6 1404.8
2779.9 2773.7 2766.7 2758.7 2749.6
3.0681 3.1144 3.1608 3.2076 3.2548
2.7898 2.7066 2.6225 2.5374 2.4511
5.8579 5.8210 5.7834 5.7450 5.7059
1360.0 1387.7 1416.1 1445.1 1475.0
1195.9 1159.3 1121.1 1080.9 1038.5
2555.8 2547.1 2537.2 2526.0 2513.4
1373.1 1402.0 1431.6 1462.0 1493.4
1366.3 1325.9 1283.4 1238.5 1191.0
2739.4 2727.9 2715.0 2700.6 2684.3
3.3024 3.3506 3.3994 3.4491 3.4998
2.3633 2.2737 2.1821 2.0881 1.9911
5.6657 5.6243 5.5816 5.5372 5.4908
0.012979 0.011848 0.010783 0.009772 0.008806
1505.7 1537.5 1570.7 1605.5 1642.4
993.5 945.5 893.8 837.7 775.9
2499.2 2483.0 2464.5 2443.2 2418.3
1525.8 1559.4 1594.6 1631.7 1671.2
1140.3 1086.0 1027.4 963.4 892.7
2666.0 2645.4 2622.0 2595.1 2563.9
3.5516 3.6050 3.6602 3.7179 3.7788
1.8906 1.7857 1.6756 1.5585 1.4326
5.4422 5.3907 5.3358 5.2765 5.2114
0.007872 0.006950 0.006009 0.004953 0.003106
1682.2 1726.2 1777.2 1844.5 2015.7
706.4 625.7 526.4 385.6 0
2388.6 2351.9 2303.6 2230.1 2015.7
1714.0 1761.5 1817.2 1891.2 2084.3
812.9 720.1 605.5 443.1 0
2526.9 2481.6 2422.7 2334.3 2084.3
3.8442 3.9165 4.0004 4.1119 4.4070
1.2942 1.1373 0.9489 0.6890 0
5.1384 5.0537 4.9493 4.8009 4.4070
Evap., hfg
Source: Tables A–4 through A–8 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifications to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, “Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.
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918
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, m3/kg Press., P kPa
Sat. temp., Tsat °C
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
6.97 13.02 17.50 21.08 24.08
0.001000 129.19 0.001001 87.964 0.001001 66.990 0.001002 54.242 0.001003 45.654
29.302 54.686 73.431 88.422 100.98
2355.2 2338.1 2325.5 2315.4 2306.9
2384.5 2392.8 2398.9 2403.8 2407.9
29.303 54.688 73.433 88.424 100.98
2484.4 2470.1 2459.5 2451.0 2443.9
2513.7 2524.7 2532.9 2539.4 2544.8
0.1059 0.1956 0.2606 0.3118 0.3543
8.8690 8.6314 8.4621 8.3302 8.2222
8.9749 8.8270 8.7227 8.6421 8.5765
4.0 5.0 7.5 10 15
28.96 32.87 40.29 45.81 53.97
0.001004 0.001005 0.001008 0.001010 0.001014
121.39 137.75 168.74 191.79 225.93
2293.1 2282.1 2261.1 2245.4 2222.1
2414.5 2419.8 2429.8 2437.2 2448.0
121.39 137.75 168.75 191.81 225.94
2432.3 2423.0 2405.3 2392.1 2372.3
2553.7 2560.7 2574.0 2583.9 2598.3
0.4224 0.4762 0.5763 0.6492 0.7549
8.0510 7.9176 7.6738 7.4996 7.2522
8.4734 8.3938 8.2501 8.1488 8.0071
20 25 30 40 50
60.06 64.96 69.09 75.86 81.32
0.001017 0.001020 0.001022 0.001026 0.001030
7.6481 6.2034 5.2287 3.9933 3.2403
251.40 271.93 289.24 317.58 340.49
2204.6 2190.4 2178.5 2158.8 2142.7
2456.0 2462.4 2467.7 2476.3 2483.2
251.42 271.96 289.27 317.62 340.54
2357.5 2345.5 2335.3 2318.4 2304.7
2608.9 2617.5 2624.6 2636.1 2645.2
0.8320 0.8932 0.9441 1.0261 1.0912
7.0752 6.9370 6.8234 6.6430 6.5019
7.9073 7.8302 7.7675 7.6691 7.5931
75 100 101.325 125 150
91.76 99.61 99.97 105.97 111.35
0.001037 0.001043 0.001043 0.001048 0.001053
2.2172 1.6941 1.6734 1.3750 1.1594
384.36 417.40 418.95 444.23 466.97
2111.8 2088.2 2087.0 2068.8 2052.3
2496.1 2505.6 2506.0 2513.0 2519.2
384.44 417.51 419.06 444.36 467.13
2278.0 2257.5 2256.5 2240.6 2226.0
2662.4 2675.0 2675.6 2684.9 2693.1
1.2132 1.3028 1.3069 1.3741 1.4337
6.2426 6.0562 6.0476 5.9100 5.7894
7.4558 7.3589 7.3545 7.2841 7.2231
175 200 225 250 275
116.04 120.21 123.97 127.41 130.58
0.001057 0.001061 0.001064 0.001067 0.001070
1.0037 0.88578 0.79329 0.71873 0.65732
486.82 504.50 520.47 535.08 548.57
2037.7 2024.6 2012.7 2001.8 1991.6
2524.5 2529.1 2533.2 2536.8 2540.1
487.01 504.71 520.71 535.35 548.86
2213.1 2201.6 2191.0 2181.2 2172.0
2700.2 2706.3 2711.7 2716.5 2720.9
1.4850 1.5302 1.5706 1.6072 1.6408
5.6865 5.5968 5.5171 5.4453 5.3800
7.1716 7.1270 7.0877 7.0525 7.0207
300 325 350 375 400
133.52 136.27 138.86 141.30 143.61
0.001073 0.001076 0.001079 0.001081 0.001084
0.60582 0.56199 0.52422 0.49133 0.46242
561.11 572.84 583.89 594.32 604.22
1982.1 1973.1 1964.6 1956.6 1948.9
2543.2 2545.9 2548.5 2550.9 2553.1
561.43 573.19 584.26 594.73 604.66
2163.5 2155.4 2147.7 2140.4 2133.4
2724.9 2728.6 2732.0 2735.1 2738.1
1.6717 1.7005 1.7274 1.7526 1.7765
5.3200 5.2645 5.2128 5.1645 5.1191
6.9917 6.9650 6.9402 6.9171 6.8955
450 500 550 600 650
147.90 151.83 155.46 158.83 161.98
0.001088 0.001093 0.001097 0.001101 0.001104
0.41392 0.37483 0.34261 0.31560 0.29260
622.65 639.54 655.16 669.72 683.37
1934.5 1921.2 1908.8 1897.1 1886.1
2557.1 2560.7 2563.9 2566.8 2569.4
623.14 640.09 655.77 670.38 684.08
2120.3 2108.0 2096.6 2085.8 2075.5
2743.4 2748.1 2752.4 2756.2 2759.6
1.8205 1.8604 1.8970 1.9308 1.9623
5.0356 4.9603 4.8916 4.8285 4.7699
6.8561 6.8207 6.7886 6.7593 6.7322
700 750
164.95 167.75
0.001108 0.001111
0.27278 696.23 0.25552 708.40
1875.6 1865.6
2571.8 2574.0
697.00 709.24
2065.8 2762.8 1.9918 4.7153 6.7071 2056.4 2765.7 2.0195 4.6642 6.6837
34.791 28.185 19.233 14.670 10.020
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 919
Appendix 1
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919
TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table (Continued) Specific volume, m3/kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Press., P kPa
Sat. temp., Tsat °C
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
800 850 900 950 1000
170.41 172.94 175.35 177.66 179.88
0.001115 0.001118 0.001121 0.001124 0.001127
0.24035 0.22690 0.21489 0.20411 0.19436
719.97 731.00 741.55 751.67 761.39
1856.1 1846.9 1838.1 1829.6 1821.4
2576.0 2577.9 2579.6 2581.3 2582.8
720.87 731.95 742.56 752.74 762.51
2047.5 2038.8 2030.5 2022.4 2014.6
2768.3 2770.8 2773.0 2775.2 2777.1
2.0457 2.0705 2.0941 2.1166 2.1381
4.6160 4.5705 4.5273 4.4862 4.4470
6.6616 6.6409 6.6213 6.6027 6.5850
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
184.06 187.96 191.60 195.04 198.29
0.001133 0.001138 0.001144 0.001149 0.001154
0.17745 0.16326 0.15119 0.14078 0.13171
779.78 796.96 813.10 828.35 842.82
1805.7 1790.9 1776.8 1763.4 1750.6
2585.5 2587.8 2589.9 2591.8 2593.4
781.03 798.33 814.59 829.96 844.55
1999.6 1985.4 1971.9 1958.9 1946.4
2780.7 2783.8 2786.5 2788.9 2791.0
2.1785 2.2159 2.2508 2.2835 2.3143
4.3735 4.3058 4.2428 4.1840 4.1287
6.5520 6.5217 6.4936 6.4675 6.4430
1750 2000 2250 2500 3000
205.72 212.38 218.41 223.95 233.85
0.001166 0.001177 0.001187 0.001197 0.001217
0.11344 876.12 0.099587 906.12 0.088717 933.54 0.079952 958.87 0.066667 1004.6
1720.6 1693.0 1667.3 1643.2 1598.5
2596.7 878.16 2599.1 908.47 2600.9 936.21 2602.1 961.87 2603.2 1008.3
1917.1 1889.8 1864.3 1840.1 1794.9
2795.2 2798.3 2800.5 2801.9 2803.2
2.3844 2.4467 2.5029 2.5542 2.6454
4.0033 3.8923 3.7926 3.7016 3.5402
6.3877 6.3390 6.2954 6.2558 6.1856
3500 4000 5000 6000 7000
242.56 250.35 263.94 275.59 285.83
0.001235 0.001252 0.001286 0.001319 0.001352
0.057061 0.049779 0.039448 0.032449 0.027378
1045.4 1082.4 1148.1 1205.8 1258.0
1557.6 1519.3 1448.9 1384.1 1323.0
2603.0 2601.7 2597.0 2589.9 2581.0
1049.7 1087.4 1154.5 1213.8 1267.5
1753.0 1713.5 1639.7 1570.9 1505.2
2802.7 2800.8 2794.2 2784.6 2772.6
2.7253 2.7966 2.9207 3.0275 3.1220
3.3991 3.2731 3.0530 2.8627 2.6927
6.1244 6.0696 5.9737 5.8902 5.8148
8000 9000 10,000 11,000 12,000
295.01 303.35 311.00 318.08 324.68
0.001384 0.001418 0.001452 0.001488 0.001526
0.023525 0.020489 0.018028 0.015988 0.014264
1306.0 1350.9 1393.3 1433.9 1473.0
1264.5 1207.6 1151.8 1096.6 1041.3
2570.5 2558.5 2545.2 2530.4 2514.3
1317.1 1363.7 1407.8 1450.2 1491.3
1441.6 1379.3 1317.6 1256.1 1194.1
2758.7 2742.9 2725.5 2706.3 2685.4
3.2077 3.2866 3.3603 3.4299 3.4964
2.5373 2.3925 2.2556 2.1245 1.9975
5.7450 5.6791 5.6159 5.5544 5.4939
13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000
330.85 336.67 342.16 347.36 352.29
0.001566 0.001610 0.001657 0.001710 0.001770
0.012781 0.011487 0.010341 0.009312 0.008374
1511.0 1548.4 1585.5 1622.6 1660.2
985.5 928.7 870.3 809.4 745.1
2496.6 2477.1 2455.7 2432.0 2405.4
1531.4 1571.0 1610.3 1649.9 1690.3
1131.3 1067.0 1000.5 931.1 857.4
2662.7 2637.9 2610.8 2581.0 2547.7
3.5606 3.6232 3.6848 3.7461 3.8082
1.8730 1.7497 1.6261 1.5005 1.3709
5.4336 5.3728 5.3108 5.2466 5.1791
18,000 19,000 20,000 21,000 22,000 22,064
356.99 361.47 365.75 369.83 373.71 373.95
0.001840 0.001926 0.002038 0.002207 0.002703 0.003106
0.007504 0.006677 0.005862 0.004994 0.003644 0.003106
1699.1 1740.3 1785.8 1841.6 1951.7 2015.7
675.9 598.9 509.0 391.9 140.8 0
2375.0 2339.2 2294.8 2233.5 2092.4 2015.7
1732.2 1776.8 1826.6 1888.0 2011.1 2084.3
777.8 689.2 585.5 450.4 161.5 0
2510.0 2466.0 2412.1 2338.4 2172.6 2084.3
3.8720 3.9396 4.0146 4.1071 4.2942 4.4070
1.2343 1.0860 0.9164 0.7005 0.2496 0
5.1064 5.0256 4.9310 4.8076 4.5439 4.4070
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6 Superheated water T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat.† 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
14.670 14.867 17.196 19.513 21.826 24.136 26.446 31.063 35.680 40.296 44.911 49.527 54.143 58.758 63.373 67.989 72.604
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.01 MPa (45.81°C)* 2437.2 2443.3 2515.5 2587.9 2661.4 2736.1 2812.3 2969.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4 3856.9 4055.3 4260.0 4470.9 4687.4
2583.9 2592.0 2687.5 2783.0 2879.6 2977.5 3076.7 3280.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6 4398.3 4642.8 4893.8 5150.8 5413.4
8.1488 8.1741 8.4489 8.6893 8.9049 9.1015 9.2827 9.6094 9.8998 10.1631 10.4056 10.6312 10.8429 11.0429 11.2326 11.4132 11.5857
P 0.20 MPa (120.21°C) Sat. 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.88578 0.95986 1.08049 1.19890 1.31623 1.54934 1.78142 2.01302 2.24434 2.47550 2.70656 2.93755 3.16848 3.39938 3.63026
2529.1 2577.1 2654.6 2731.4 2808.8 2967.2 3131.4 3302.2 3479.9 3664.7 3856.3 4054.8 4259.6 4470.5 4687.1
2706.3 7.1270 2769.1 7.2810 2870.7 7.5081 2971.2 7.7100 3072.1 7.8941 3277.0 8.2236 3487.7 8.5153 3704.8 8.7793 3928.8 9.0221 4159.8 9.2479 4397.7 9.4598 4642.3 9.6599 4893.3 9.8497 5150.4 10.0304 5413.1 10.2029
P 0.50 MPa (151.83°C) Sat. 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.37483 0.42503 0.47443 0.52261 0.57015 0.61731 0.71095 0.80409 0.89696 0.98966 1.08227 1.17480 1.26728 1.35972 1.45214
2560.7 2643.3 2723.8 2803.3 2883.0 2963.7 3129.0 3300.4 3478.6 3663.6 3855.4 4054.0 4259.0 4470.0 4686.6
2748.1 2855.8 2961.0 3064.6 3168.1 3272.4 3484.5 3702.5 3927.0 4158.4 4396.6 4641.4 4892.6 5149.8 5412.6
6.8207 7.0610 7.2725 7.4614 7.6346 7.7956 8.0893 8.3544 8.5978 8.8240 9.0362 9.2364 9.4263 9.6071 9.7797
u kJ/kg
v m3/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.05 MPa (81.32°C) 2483.2
2645.2
7.5931
3.4187 3.8897 4.3562 4.8206 5.2841 6.2094 7.1338 8.0577 8.9813 9.9047 10.8280 11.7513 12.6745 13.5977 14.5209
2511.5 2585.7 2660.0 2735.1 2811.6 2968.9 3132.6 3303.1 3480.6 3665.2 3856.8 4055.2 4259.9 4470.8 4687.3
2682.4 2780.2 2877.8 2976.2 3075.8 3279.3 3489.3 3706.0 3929.7 4160.4 4398.2 4642.7 4893.7 5150.7 5413.3
7.6953 7.9413 8.1592 8.3568 8.5387 8.8659 9.1566 9.4201 9.6626 9.8883 10.1000 10.3000 10.4897 10.6704 10.8429
P 0.30 MPa (133.52°C) 0.60582 0.63402 0.71643 0.79645 0.87535 1.03155 1.18672 1.34139 1.49580 1.65004 1.80417 1.95824 2.11226 2.26624 2.42019
2543.2 2571.0 2651.0 2728.9 2807.0 2966.0 3130.6 3301.6 3479.5 3664.3 3856.0 4054.5 4259.4 4470.3 4686.9
2724.9 6.9917 2761.2 7.0792 2865.9 7.3132 2967.9 7.5180 3069.6 7.7037 3275.5 8.0347 3486.6 8.3271 3704.0 8.5915 3928.2 8.8345 4159.3 9.0605 4397.3 9.2725 4642.0 9.4726 4893.1 9.6624 5150.2 9.8431 5413.0 10.0157
P 0.60 MPa (158.83°C) 0.31560 0.35212 0.39390 0.43442 0.47428 0.51374 0.59200 0.66976 0.74725 0.82457 0.90179 0.97893 1.05603 1.13309 1.21012
2566.8 2639.4 2721.2 2801.4 2881.6 2962.5 3128.2 3299.8 3478.1 3663.2 3855.1 4053.8 4258.8 4469.8 4686.4
2756.2 2850.6 2957.6 3062.0 3166.1 3270.8 3483.4 3701.7 3926.4 4157.9 4396.2 4641.1 4892.4 5149.6 5412.5
Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.10 MPa (99.61°C)
3.2403
*The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. †
s kJ/kg K
6.7593 6.9683 7.1833 7.3740 7.5481 7.7097 8.0041 8.2695 8.5132 8.7395 8.9518 9.1521 9.3420 9.5229 9.6955
1.6941 2505.6
2675.0
1.6959 1.9367 2.1724 2.4062 2.6389 3.1027 3.5655 4.0279 4.4900 4.9519 5.4137 5.8755 6.3372 6.7988 7.2605
2675.8 7.3611 2776.6 7.6148 2875.5 7.8356 2974.5 8.0346 3074.5 8.2172 3278.6 8.5452 3488.7 8.8362 3705.6 9.0999 3929.4 9.3424 4160.2 9.5682 4398.0 9.7800 4642.6 9.9800 4893.6 10.1698 5150.6 10.3504 5413.3 10.5229
2506.2 2582.9 2658.2 2733.9 2810.7 2968.3 3132.2 3302.8 3480.4 3665.0 3856.7 4055.0 4259.8 4470.7 4687.2
7.3589
P 0.40 MPa (143.61°C) 0.46242 0.47088 0.53434 0.59520 0.65489 0.77265 0.88936 1.00558 1.12152 1.23730 1.35298 1.46859 1.58414 1.69966 1.81516
2553.1 2564.4 2647.2 2726.4 2805.1 2964.9 3129.8 3301.0 3479.0 3663.9 3855.7 4054.3 4259.2 4470.2 4686.7
2738.1 2752.8 2860.9 2964.5 3067.1 3273.9 3485.5 3703.3 3927.6 4158.9 4396.9 4641.7 4892.9 5150.0 5412.8
6.8955 6.9306 7.1723 7.3804 7.5677 7.9003 8.1933 8.4580 8.7012 8.9274 9.1394 9.3396 9.5295 9.7102 9.8828
P 0.80 MPa (170.41°C) 0.24035 0.26088 0.29321 0.32416 0.35442 0.38429 0.44332 0.50186 0.56011 0.61820 0.67619 0.73411 0.79197 0.84980 0.90761
2576.0 2631.1 2715.9 2797.5 2878.6 2960.2 3126.6 3298.7 3477.2 3662.5 3854.5 4053.3 4258.3 4469.4 4686.1
2768.3 2839.8 2950.4 3056.9 3162.2 3267.7 3481.3 3700.1 3925.3 4157.0 4395.5 4640.5 4891.9 5149.3 5412.2
6.6616 6.8177 7.0402 7.2345 7.4107 7.5735 7.8692 8.1354 8.3794 8.6061 8.8185 9.0189 9.2090 9.3898 9.5625
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Appendix 1
|
921
TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Continued) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat. 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.19437 0.20602 0.23275 0.25799 0.28250 0.30661 0.35411 0.40111 0.44783 0.49438 0.54083 0.58721 0.63354 0.67983 0.72610
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 1.00 MPa (179.88 C) 2582.8 2622.3 2710.4 2793.7 2875.7 2957.9 3125.0 3297.5 3476.3 3661.7 3853.9 4052.7 4257.9 4469.0 4685.8
2777.1 2828.3 2943.1 3051.6 3158.2 3264.5 3479.1 3698.6 3924.1 4156.1 4394.8 4640.0 4891.4 5148.9 5411.9
6.5850 6.6956 6.9265 7.1246 7.3029 7.4670 7.7642 8.0311 8.2755 8.5024 8.7150 8.9155 9.1057 9.2866 9.4593
P 1.60 MPa (201.37 C) Sat. 225 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.12374 0.13293 0.14190 0.15866 0.17459 0.19007 0.22029 0.24999 0.27941 0.30865 0.33780 0.36687 0.39589 0.42488 0.45383
2594.8 2792.8 2645.1 2857.8 2692.9 2919.9 2781.6 3035.4 2866.6 3146.0 2950.8 3254.9 3120.1 3472.6 3293.9 3693.9 3473.5 3920.5 3659.5 4153.4 3852.1 4392.6 4051.2 4638.2 4256.6 4890.0 4467.9 5147.7 4684.8 5410.9
6.4200 6.5537 6.6753 6.8864 7.0713 7.2394 7.5410 7.8101 8.0558 8.2834 8.4965 8.6974 8.8878 9.0689 9.2418
P 2.50 MPa (223.95 C) Sat. 225 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.07995 0.08026 0.08705 0.09894 0.10979 0.12012 0.13015 0.13999 0.15931 0.17835 0.19722 0.21597 0.23466 0.25330 0.27190 0.29048
2602.1 2604.8 2663.3 2762.2 2852.5 2939.8 3026.2 3112.8 3288.5 3469.3 3656.2 3849.4 4049.0 4254.7 4466.3 4683.4
2801.9 6.2558 2805.5 6.2629 2880.9 6.4107 3009.6 6.6459 3127.0 6.8424 3240.1 7.0170 3351.6 7.1768 3462.8 7.3254 3686.8 7.5979 3915.2 7.8455 4149.2 8.0744 4389.3 8.2882 4635.6 8.4897 4887.9 8.6804 5146.0 8.8618 5409.5 9.0349
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 1.20 MPa (187.96 C) 0.16326 0.16934 0.19241 0.21386 0.23455 0.25482 0.29464 0.33395 0.37297 0.41184 0.45059 0.48928 0.52792 0.56652 0.60509
2587.8 2612.9 2704.7 2789.7 2872.7 2955.5 3123.4 3296.3 3475.3 3661.0 3853.3 4052.2 4257.5 4468.7 4685.5
2783.8 2816.1 2935.6 3046.3 3154.2 3261.3 3477.0 3697.0 3922.9 4155.2 4394.0 4639.4 4891.0 5148.5 5411.6
6.5217 6.5909 6.8313 7.0335 7.2139 7.3793 7.6779 7.9456 8.1904 8.4176 8.6303 8.8310 9.0212 9.2022 9.3750
P 1.80 MPa (207.11 C) 0.11037 0.11678 0.12502 0.14025 0.15460 0.16849 0.19551 0.22200 0.24822 0.27426 0.30020 0.32606 0.35188 0.37766 0.40341
2597.3 2637.0 2686.7 2777.4 2863.6 2948.3 3118.5 3292.7 3472.6 3658.8 3851.5 4050.7 4256.2 4467.6 4684.5
2795.9 2847.2 2911.7 3029.9 3141.9 3251.6 3470.4 3692.3 3919.4 4152.4 4391.9 4637.6 4889.6 5147.3 5410.6
6.3775 6.4825 6.6088 6.8246 7.0120 7.1814 7.4845 7.7543 8.0005 8.2284 8.4417 8.6427 8.8331 9.0143 9.1872
P 3.00 MPa (233.85 C)
u kJ/kg
v m3/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 1.40 MPa (195.04 C) 0.14078 0.14303 0.16356 0.18233 0.20029 0.21782 0.25216 0.28597 0.31951 0.35288 0.38614 0.41933 0.45247 0.48558 0.51866
2591.8 2602.7 2698.9 2785.7 2869.7 2953.1 3121.8 3295.1 3474.4 3660.3 3852.7 4051.7 4257.0 4468.3 4685.1
2788.9 2803.0 2927.9 3040.9 3150.1 3258.1 3474.8 3695.5 3921.7 4154.3 4393.3 4638.8 4890.5 5148.1 5411.3
6.4675 6.4975 6.7488 6.9553 7.1379 7.3046 7.6047 7.8730 8.1183 8.3458 8.5587 8.7595 8.9497 9.1308 9.3036
P 2.00 MPa (212.38 C) 0.09959 0.10381 0.11150 0.12551 0.13860 0.15122 0.17568 0.19962 0.22326 0.24674 0.27012 0.29342 0.31667 0.33989 0.36308
2599.1 2798.3 6.3390 2628.5 2836.1 6.4160 2680.3 2903.3 6.5475 2773.2 3024.2 6.7684 2860.5 3137.7 6.9583 2945.9 3248.4 7.1292 3116.9 3468.3 7.4337 3291.5 3690.7 7.7043 3471.7 3918.2 7.9509 3658.0 4151.5 8.1791 3850.9 4391.1 8.3925 4050.2 4637.1 8.5936 4255.7 4889.1 8.7842 4467.2 5147.0 8.9654 4684.2 5410.3 9.1384
P 3.50 MPa (242.56 C)
0.06667
2603.2
2803.2
6.1856
0.05706
2603.0
2802.7 6.1244
0.07063 0.08118 0.09056 0.09938 0.10789 0.11620 0.13245 0.14841 0.16420 0.17988 0.19549 0.21105 0.22658 0.24207
2644.7 2750.8 2844.4 2933.6 3021.2 3108.6 3285.5 3467.0 3654.3 3847.9 4047.7 4253.6 4465.3 4682.6
2856.5 2994.3 3116.1 3231.7 3344.9 3457.2 3682.8 3912.2 4146.9 4387.5 4634.2 4886.7 5145.1 5408.8
6.2893 6.5412 6.7450 6.9235 7.0856 7.2359 7.5103 7.7590 7.9885 8.2028 8.4045 8.5955 8.7771 8.9502
0.05876 0.06845 0.07680 0.08456 0.09198 0.09919 0.11325 0.12702 0.14061 0.15410 0.16751 0.18087 0.19420 0.20750
2624.0 2829.7 2738.8 2978.4 2836.0 3104.9 2927.2 3223.2 3016.1 3338.1 3104.5 3451.7 3282.5 3678.9 3464.7 3909.3 3652.5 4144.6 3846.4 4385.7 4046.4 4632.7 4252.5 4885.6 4464.4 5144.1 4681.8 5408.0
6.1764 6.4484 6.6601 6.8428 7.0074 7.1593 7.4357 7.6855 7.9156 8.1304 8.3324 8.5236 8.7053 8.8786
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 922
922
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Continued) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat. 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.04978 0.05461 0.05887 0.06647 0.07343 0.08004 0.08644 0.09886 0.11098 0.12292 0.13476 0.14653 0.15824 0.16992 0.18157
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 4.0 MPa (250.35 C) 2601.7 2668.9 2726.2 2827.4 2920.8 3011.0 3100.3 3279.4 3462.4 3650.6 3844.8 4045.1 4251.4 4463.5 4680.9
2800.8 2887.3 2961.7 3093.3 3214.5 3331.2 3446.0 3674.9 3906.3 4142.3 4383.9 4631.2 4884.4 5143.2 5407.2
6.0696 6.2312 6.3639 6.5843 6.7714 6.9386 7.0922 7.3706 7.6214 7.8523 8.0675 8.2698 8.4612 8.6430 8.8164
P 6.0 MPa (275.59 C) Sat. 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.03245 0.03619 0.04225 0.04742 0.05217 0.05667 0.06102 0.06527 0.07355 0.08165 0.08964 0.09756 0.10543 0.11326 0.12107
2589.9 2668.4 2790.4 2893.7 2989.9 3083.1 3175.2 3267.2 3453.0 3643.2 3838.8 4040.1 4247.1 4459.8 4677.7
2784.6 2885.6 3043.9 3178.3 3302.9 3423.1 3541.3 3658.8 3894.3 4133.1 4376.6 4625.4 4879.7 5139.4 5404.1
5.8902 6.0703 6.3357 6.5432 6.7219 6.8826 7.0308 7.1693 7.4247 7.6582 7.8751 8.0786 8.2709 8.4534 8.6273
P 9.0 MPa (303.35 C) Sat. 325 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.020489 0.023284 0.025816 0.029960 0.033524 0.036793 0.039885 0.042861 0.045755 0.048589 0.054132 0.059562 0.064919 0.070224 0.075492 0.080733
2558.5 2647.6 2725.0 2849.2 2956.3 3056.3 3153.0 3248.4 3343.4 3438.8 3632.0 3829.6 4032.4 4240.7 4454.2 4672.9
2742.9 2857.1 2957.3 3118.8 3258.0 3387.4 3512.0 3634.1 3755.2 3876.1 4119.2 4365.7 4616.7 4872.7 5133.6 5399.5
5.6791 5.8738 6.0380 6.2876 6.4872 6.6603 6.8164 6.9605 7.0954 7.2229 7.4606 7.6802 7.8855 8.0791 8.2625 8.4371
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 4.5 MPa (257.44 C) 0.04406 0.04733 0.05138 0.05842 0.06477 0.07076 0.07652 0.08766 0.09850 0.10916 0.11972 0.13020 0.14064 0.15103 0.16140
2599.7 2651.4 2713.0 2818.6 2914.2 3005.8 3096.0 3276.4 3460.0 3648.8 3843.3 4043.9 4250.4 4462.6 4680.1
2798.0 2864.4 2944.2 3081.5 3205.7 3324.2 3440.4 3670.9 3903.3 4140.0 4382.1 4629.8 4883.2 5142.2 5406.5
6.0198 6.1429 6.2854 6.5153 6.7071 6.8770 7.0323 7.3127 7.5647 7.7962 8.0118 8.2144 8.4060 8.5880 8.7616
P 7.0 MPa (285.83 C) 0.027378 0.029492 0.035262 0.039958 0.044187 0.048157 0.051966 0.055665 0.062850 0.069856 0.076750 0.083571 0.090341 0.097075 0.103781
2581.0 2633.5 2770.1 2879.5 2979.0 3074.3 3167.9 3261.0 3448.3 3639.5 3835.7 4037.5 4245.0 4457.9 4676.1
2772.6 2839.9 3016.9 3159.2 3288.3 3411.4 3531.6 3650.6 3888.3 4128.5 4373.0 4622.5 4877.4 5137.4 5402.6
5.8148 5.9337 6.2305 6.4502 6.6353 6.8000 6.9507 7.0910 7.3487 7.5836 7.8014 8.0055 8.1982 8.3810 8.5551
P 10.0 MPa (311.00 C) 0.018028 0.019877 0.022440 0.026436 0.029782 0.032811 0.035655 0.038378 0.041018 0.043597 0.048629 0.053547 0.058391 0.063183 0.067938 0.072667
2545.2 2611.6 2699.6 2833.1 2944.5 3047.0 3145.4 3242.0 3338.0 3434.0 3628.2 3826.5 4029.9 4238.5 4452.4 4671.3
2725.5 2810.3 2924.0 3097.5 3242.4 3375.1 3502.0 3625.8 3748.1 3870.0 4114.5 4362.0 4613.8 4870.3 5131.7 5398.0
5.6159 5.7596 5.9460 6.2141 6.4219 6.5995 6.7585 6.9045 7.0408 7.1693 7.4085 7.6290 7.8349 8.0289 8.2126 8.3874
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 5.0 MPa (263.94 C) 0.03945 0.04144 0.04535 0.05197 0.05784 0.06332 0.06858 0.07870 0.08852 0.09816 0.10769 0.11715 0.12655 0.13592 0.14527
2597.0 2632.3 2699.0 2809.5 2907.5 3000.6 3091.8 3273.3 3457.7 3646.9 3841.8 4042.6 4249.3 4461.6 4679.3
2794.2 2839.5 2925.7 3069.3 3196.7 3317.2 3434.7 3666.9 3900.3 4137.7 4380.2 4628.3 4882.1 5141.3 5405.7
5.9737 6.0571 6.2111 6.4516 6.6483 6.8210 6.9781 7.2605 7.5136 7.7458 7.9619 8.1648 8.3566 8.5388 8.7124
P 8.0 MPa (295.01 C) 0.023525 0.024279 0.029975 0.034344 0.038194 0.041767 0.045172 0.048463 0.054829 0.061011 0.067082 0.073079 0.079025 0.084934 0.090817
2570.5 2592.3 2748.3 2864.6 2967.8 3065.4 3160.5 3254.7 3443.6 3635.7 3832.7 4035.0 4242.8 4456.1 4674.5
2758.7 2786.5 2988.1 3139.4 3273.3 3399.5 3521.8 3642.4 3882.2 4123.8 4369.3 4619.6 4875.0 5135.5 5401.0
5.7450 5.7937 6.1321 6.3658 6.5579 6.7266 6.8800 7.0221 7.2822 7.5185 7.7372 7.9419 8.1350 8.3181 8.4925
P 12.5 MPa (327.81 C) 0.013496 2505.6
2674.3 5.4638
0.016138 0.020030 0.023019 0.025630 0.028033 0.030306 0.032491 0.034612 0.038724 0.042720 0.046641 0.050510 0.054342 0.058147
2826.6 3040.0 3201.5 3343.6 3476.5 3604.6 3730.2 3854.6 4102.8 4352.9 4606.5 4864.5 5127.0 5394.1
2624.9 2789.6 2913.7 3023.2 3126.1 3225.8 3324.1 3422.0 3618.8 3818.9 4023.5 4233.1 4447.7 4667.3
5.7130 6.0433 6.2749 6.4651 6.6317 6.7828 6.9227 7.0540 7.2967 7.5195 7.7269 7.9220 8.1065 8.2819
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 923
Appendix 1
|
923
u kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Concluded) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat. 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.010341 0.011481 0.015671 0.018477 0.020828 0.022945 0.024921 0.026804 0.028621 0.032121 0.035503 0.038808 0.042062 0.045279 0.048469
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 15.0 MPa (342.16 C) 2455.7 2520.9 2740.6 2880.8 2998.4 3106.2 3209.3 3310.1 3409.8 3609.3 3811.2 4017.1 4227.7 4443.1 4663.3
2610.8 2693.1 2975.7 3157.9 3310.8 3450.4 3583.1 3712.1 3839.1 4091.1 4343.7 4599.2 4858.6 5122.3 5390.3
5.3108 5.4438 5.8819 6.1434 6.3480 6.5230 6.6796 6.8233 6.9573 7.2037 7.4288 7.6378 7.8339 8.0192 8.1952
v m3/kg
0.001978 0.006005 0.007886 0.009176 0.011143 0.012736 0.014140 0.015430 0.016643 0.018922 0.021075 0.023150 0.025172 0.027157 0.029115
1799.9 2428.5 2607.8 2721.2 2887.3 3020.8 3140.0 3251.9 3359.9 3570.7 3780.2 3991.5 4206.1 4424.6 4647.2
1849.4 2578.7 2805.0 2950.6 3165.9 3339.2 3493.5 3637.7 3776.0 4043.8 4307.1 4570.2 4835.4 5103.5 5375.1
0.001641 0.001911 0.002538 0.003692 0.005623 0.006985 0.008089 0.009053 0.009930 0.011521 0.012980 0.014360 0.015686 0.016976 0.018239
1677.0 1855.0 2097.5 2364.2 2681.6 2875.1 3026.8 3159.5 3282.0 3511.8 3733.3 3952.9 4173.7 4396.9 4623.3
1742.6 1931.4 2199.0 2511.8 2906.5 3154.4 3350.4 3521.6 3679.2 3972.6 4252.5 4527.3 4801.1 5075.9 5352.8
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 17.5 MPa (354.67 C)
P 20.0 MPa (365.75 C) 4.9310
0.012463 0.015204 0.017385 0.019305 0.021073 0.022742 0.024342 0.027405 0.030348 0.033215 0.036029 0.038806 0.041556
0.009950 0.012721 0.014793 0.016571 0.018185 0.019695 0.021134 0.023870 0.026484 0.029020 0.031504 0.033952 0.036371
5.5526 5.9043 6.1446 6.3390 6.5075 6.6593 6.7991 7.0531 7.2829 7.4950 7.6933 7.8802 8.0574
2684.3 2845.4 2972.4 3085.8 3192.5 3295.8 3397.5 3599.7 3803.5 4010.7 4222.3 4438.5 4659.2
2902.4 3111.4 3276.7 3423.6 3561.3 3693.8 3823.5 4079.3 4334.6 4592.0 4852.8 5117.6 5386.5
5.7211 6.0212 6.2424 6.4266 6.5890 6.7366 6.8735 7.1237 7.3511 7.5616 7.7588 7.9449 8.1215
P 30.0 MPa 4.0345 5.1400 5.4708 5.6759 5.9643 6.1816 6.3637 6.5243 6.6702 6.9322 7.1668 7.3821 7.5825 7.7710 7.9494
0.001792 0.002798 0.005299 0.006737 0.008691 0.010175 0.011445 0.012590 0.013654 0.015628 0.017473 0.019240 0.020954 0.022630 0.024279
1738.1 2068.9 2452.9 2618.9 2824.0 2974.5 3103.4 3221.7 3334.3 3551.2 3764.6 3978.6 4195.2 4415.3 4639.2
1791.9 2152.8 2611.8 2821.0 3084.8 3279.7 3446.8 3599.4 3743.9 4020.0 4288.8 4555.8 4823.9 5094.2 5367.6
0.001560 0.001731 0.002009 0.002487 0.003890 0.005118 0.006108 0.006957 0.007717 0.009073 0.010296 0.011441 0.012534 0.013590 0.014620
1638.6 1787.8 1960.3 2160.3 2528.1 2769.5 2947.1 3095.6 3228.7 3472.2 3702.0 3927.4 4152.2 4378.6 4607.5
1716.6 1874.4 2060.7 2284.7 2722.6 3025.4 3252.6 3443.5 3614.6 3925.8 4216.8 4499.4 4778.9 5058.1 5338.5
2617.9 2807.3 2945.3 3064.7 3175.3 3281.4 3385.1 3590.1 3795.7 4004.3 4216.9 4433.8 4655.2
2816.9 3061.7 3241.2 3396.2 3539.0 3675.3 3807.8 4067.5 4325.4 4584.7 4847.0 5112.9 5382.7
P 35.0 MPa 3.9313 4.4758 5.1473 5.4422 5.7956 6.0403 6.2373 6.4074 6.5599 6.8301 7.0695 7.2880 7.4906 7.6807 7.8602
0.001701 0.002105 0.003434 0.004957 0.006933 0.008348 0.009523 0.010565 0.011523 0.013278 0.014904 0.016450 0.017942 0.019398 0.020827
P 50.0 MPa 3.8290 4.1145 4.5044 4.9449 5.4744 5.7857 6.0170 6.2078 6.3740 6.6613 6.9107 7.1355 7.3425 7.5357 7.7175
h kJ/kg
0.005862 2294.8 2412.1
P 40.0 MPa 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
h kJ/kg
0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435
P 25.0 MPa 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
u kJ/kg
1702.8 1914.9 2253.3 2497.5 2755.3 2925.8 3065.6 3190.9 3308.3 3531.6 3749.0 3965.8 4184.4 4406.1 4631.2
1762.4 1988.6 2373.5 2671.0 2997.9 3218.0 3399.0 3560.7 3711.6 3996.3 4270.6 4541.5 4812.4 5085.0 5360.2
3.8724 4.2144 4.7751 5.1946 5.6331 5.9093 6.1229 6.3030 6.4623 6.7409 6.9853 7.2069 7.4118 7.6034 7.7841
P 60.0 MPa 3.7642 4.0029 4.2746 4.5896 5.1762 5.5563 5.8245 6.0373 6.2179 6.5225 6.7819 7.0131 7.2244 7.4207 7.6048
0.001503 0.001633 0.001816 0.002086 0.002952 0.003955 0.004833 0.005591 0.006265 0.007456 0.008519 0.009504 0.010439 0.011339 0.012213
1609.7 1745.2 1892.9 2055.1 2393.2 2664.6 2866.8 3031.3 3175.4 3432.6 3670.9 3902.0 4130.9 4360.5 4591.8
1699.9 1843.2 2001.8 2180.2 2570.3 2901.9 3156.8 3366.8 3551.3 3880.0 4182.1 4472.2 4757.3 5040.8 5324.5
3.7149 3.9317 4.1630 4.4140 4.9356 5.3517 5.6527 5.8867 6.0814 6.4033 6.6725 6.9099 7.1255 7.3248 7.5111
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924
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–7 Compressed liquid water T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
Sat. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
0.0012862 1148.1 1154.5 0.0009977 0.04 5.03 0.0009996 83.61 88.61 0.0010057 166.92 171.95 0.0010149 250.29 255.36 0.0010267 333.82 338.96 0.0010410 417.65 422.85 0.0010576 501.91 507.19 0.0010769 586.80 592.18 0.0010988 672.55 678.04 0.0011240 759.47 765.09 0.0011531 847.92 853.68 0.0011868 938.39 944.32 0.0012268 1031.6 1037.7 0.0012755 1128.5 1134.9
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 5 MPa (263.94 C)
u kJ/kg
0.0020378 0.0009904 0.0009929 0.0009992 0.0010084 0.0010199 0.0010337 0.0010496 0.0010679 0.0010886 0.0011122 0.0011390 0.0011697 0.0012053 0.0012472 0.0012978 0.0013611 0.0014450 0.0015693 0.0018248
1785.8 0.23 82.71 165.17 247.75 330.50 413.50 496.85 580.71 665.28 750.78 837.49 925.77 1016.1 1109.0 1205.6 1307.2 1416.6 1540.2 1703.6
1826.6 20.03 102.57 185.16 267.92 350.90 434.17 517.84 602.07 687.05 773.02 860.27 949.16 1040.2 1134.0 1231.5 1334.4 1445.5 1571.6 1740.1
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 10 MPa (311.00 C) 2.9207 0.0001 0.2954 0.5705 0.8287 1.0723 1.3034 1.5236 1.7344 1.9374 2.1338 2.3251 2.5127 2.6983 2.8841
0.0014522 0.0009952 0.0009973 0.0010035 0.0010127 0.0010244 0.0010385 0.0010549 0.0010738 0.0010954 0.0011200 0.0011482 0.0011809 0.0012192 0.0012653 0.0013226 0.0013980
P 20 MPa (365.75 C) Sat. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
h kJ/kg
1393.3 0.12 83.31 166.33 249.43 332.69 416.23 500.18 584.72 670.06 756.48 844.32 934.01 1026.2 1121.6 1221.8 1329.4
1407.9 10.07 93.28 176.37 259.55 342.94 426.62 510.73 595.45 681.01 767.68 855.80 945.82 1038.3 1134.3 1235.0 1343.3
u kJ/kg
0.0009857 0.0009886 0.0009951 0.0010042 0.0010155 0.0010290 0.0010445 0.0010623 0.0010823 0.0011049 0.0011304 0.0011595 0.0011927 0.0012314 0.0012770 0.0013322 0.0014014 0.0014932 0.0016276 0.0018729
0.29 82.11 164.05 246.14 328.40 410.87 493.66 576.90 660.74 745.40 831.11 918.15 1006.9 1097.8 1191.5 1288.9 1391.7 1502.4 1626.8 1782.0
29.86 111.77 193.90 276.26 358.86 441.74 525.00 608.76 693.21 778.55 865.02 952.93 1042.7 1134.7 1229.8 1328.9 1433.7 1547.1 1675.6 1838.2
s kJ/kg K
P 15 MPa (342.16 C) 3.3603 0.0003 0.2943 0.5685 0.8260 1.0691 1.2996 1.5191 1.7293 1.9316 2.1271 2.3174 2.5037 2.6876 2.8710 3.0565 3.2488
0.0016572 0.0009928 0.0009951 0.0010013 0.0010105 0.0010221 0.0010361 0.0010522 0.0010708 0.0010920 0.0011160 0.0011435 0.0011752 0.0012121 0.0012560 0.0013096 0.0013783 0.0014733 0.0016311
P 30 MPa 4.0146 0.0005 0.2921 0.5646 0.8208 1.0627 1.2920 1.5105 1.7194 1.9203 2.1143 2.3027 2.4867 2.6676 2.8469 3.0265 3.2091 3.3996 3.6086 3.8787
h kJ/kg
1585.5 0.18 83.01 165.75 248.58 331.59 414.85 498.50 582.69 667.63 753.58 840.84 929.81 1021.0 1115.1 1213.4 1317.6 1431.9 1567.9
1610.3 15.07 97.93 180.77 263.74 346.92 430.39 514.28 598.75 684.01 770.32 858.00 947.43 1039.2 1134.0 1233.0 1338.3 1454.0 1592.4
3.6848 0.0004 0.2932 0.5666 0.8234 1.0659 1.2958 1.5148 1.7243 1.9259 2.1206 2.3100 2.4951 2.6774 2.8586 3.0410 3.2279 3.4263 3.6555
P 50 MPa 0.0003 0.2897 0.5607 0.8156 1.0564 1.2847 1.5020 1.7098 1.9094 2.1020 2.2888 2.4707 2.6491 2.8250 3.0001 3.1761 3.3558 3.5438 3.7499 4.0026
0.0009767 0.0009805 0.0009872 0.0009962 0.0010072 0.0010201 0.0010349 0.0010517 0.0010704 0.0010914 0.0011149 0.0011412 0.0011708 0.0012044 0.0012430 0.0012879 0.0013409 0.0014049 0.0014848 0.0015884
0.29 80.93 161.90 243.08 324.42 405.94 487.69 569.77 652.33 735.49 819.45 904.39 990.55 1078.2 1167.7 1259.6 1354.3 1452.9 1556.5 1667.1
49.13 0.0010 129.95 0.2845 211.25 0.5528 292.88 0.8055 374.78 1.0442 456.94 1.2705 539.43 1.4859 622.36 1.6916 705.85 1.8889 790.06 2.0790 875.19 2.2628 961.45 2.4414 1049.1 2.6156 1138.4 2.7864 1229.9 2.9547 1324.0 3.1218 1421.4 3.2888 1523.1 3.4575 1630.7 3.6301 1746.5 3.8102
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 925
Appendix 1
|
925
TABLE A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Specific volume, m3/kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Temp., T °C
Sat. press., Psat kPa
Sat. ice, vi
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. ice, ui
Subl., uig
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. ice, hi
Subl., hig
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. ice, si
Subl., sig
Sat. vapor, sg
0.01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0.61169 0.61115 0.51772 0.43748 0.36873 0.30998 0.25990 0.21732 0.18121 0.15068 0.12492 0.10326 0.08510 0.06991 0.05725 0.04673 0.03802 0.03082 0.02490 0.02004 0.01608 0.01285
0.001091 0.001091 0.001091 0.001090 0.001090 0.001090 0.001089 0.001089 0.001088 0.001088 0.001088 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001084
205.99 206.17 241.62 283.84 334.27 394.66 467.17 554.47 659.88 787.51 942.51 1131.3 1362.0 1644.7 1992.2 2421.0 2951.7 3610.9 4432.4 5460.1 6750.5 8376.7
333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.94 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70
2707.9 2707.9 2709.4 2710.8 2712.2 2713.5 2714.8 2716.1 2717.3 2718.6 2719.7 2720.9 2722.0 2723.1 2724.2 2725.2 2726.2 2727.2 2728.1 2729.0 2729.9 2730.7
2374.5 2374.5 2371.8 2369.0 2366.2 2363.5 2360.7 2357.9 2355.2 2352.4 2349.6 2346.8 2344.1 2341.3 2338.5 2335.7 2332.9 2330.2 2327.4 2324.6 2321.8 2319.0
333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.93 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70
2833.9 2833.9 2834.5 2835.0 2835.4 2835.8 2836.2 2836.6 2836.9 2837.2 2837.5 2837.7 2837.9 2838.1 2838.2 2838.3 2838.4 2838.4 2838.5 2838.4 2838.4 2838.3
2500.5 2500.5 2496.8 2493.2 2489.5 2485.8 2482.1 2478.4 2474.7 2471.0 2467.3 2463.6 2459.9 2456.2 2452.5 2448.8 2445.1 2441.4 2437.7 2434.0 2430.3 2426.6
1.2202 1.2204 1.2358 1.2513 1.2667 1.2821 1.2976 1.3130 1.3284 1.3439 1.3593 1.3748 1.3903 1.4057 1.4212 1.4367 1.4521 1.4676 1.4831 1.4986 1.5141 1.5296
10.374 10.375 10.453 10.533 10.613 10.695 10.778 10.862 10.947 11.033 11.121 11.209 11.300 11.391 11.484 11.578 11.673 11.770 11.869 11.969 12.071 12.174
9.154 9.154 9.218 9.282 9.347 9.413 9.480 9.549 9.618 9.689 9.761 9.835 9.909 9.985 10.063 10.141 10.221 10.303 10.386 10.470 10.557 10.644
0 100 % 10
60 0
3
1800
kJ/ 2200 kg h= 0 0 0 2
2400
0 60
4
2600
00
328200
3000
50%
5
20
00
3200
3400
4000 3800 3600
4500
6
h = 4200 kJ/ kg
22
00
Sa tu
ra
0k
6
00
or
24
va p
%
70
te d
h=
0 10 80 0 6
0 80 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 35 00 3 0 25 0 20 0 15
5 Entropy, kJ/kg · K
18
0
80 0
J/ k g
20 0
26
00
k J/k
g
7
8
9
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
h = 5000 kJ/kg
80%
7
Qu
a lit
y=
90 %
8
9
2650 h = 2600 2650 kJ/kg 2550
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
0 10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
10 1200
Copyright © 1984. From NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Reproduced by permission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
2
4
60%
FIGURE A–9 T-s diagram for water.
1
h = 40
0 0
1 00 0 % 20
1600
id iqu dl
0 140
ate tur Sa
0 120
3
1 20
= ty ali Qu
2
00
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Temperature, °C
kg/m 3 Den sity =
50 00
10 00
1100
1
14
30 %
550 0 P= 300 20 00 b 15 000 ar 100 000 80000 0 50 4 00 6000 30000 0 20 0 15 00 00
1
40%
300 k g/m 3
|
100 k 40 g/m 3 30 20 15 30 kg 8 /m 3 10 6 4 10 kg /m 3 3 2 1.5 3 kg/m 3 0.8 1 0.6 . 0 0.4 1 kg/m 3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 kg/m 3 0.0 5 0.08 0. 1 6 0.1 0. kg/m 3 0 0.04 3 0.0 0.02 1 5 0.0 3k De n 0. g/m 3 0 s i 0 t y= 8 0.01 kg/m 3
926
0. 0 006 0. .004 0 0. 03 00 2
0 1200
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 926
Thermodynamics
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 927
Appendix 1 5000
2
3
4
5
6
7
C 1100°°C
T
8
9
|
10 5000
C 0° 10 =1
C 1000°°C
/m 3
0°C 400°
98% 96% Qu 94% a lit y = 92% 90 % 88 86% % 84% 82% 80% 78 76 % 74 % 72 % 70 % 68 % %
0°C T = 300°
2000
De
3000
0. 0. 3 0 0. .08 0.12 0 0. 6 0.1 5 04 0.0 0.0 5 0. 3 01 0. 5 01
0 0. .8 0.4 6
8 6 4
3 2 1.5 1.0
5
nsi ty =
0.0 1
0.1 kg
k g/ m 3
/m 3
1 kg
150 00
200 00
250 00
300 00 bar
C 800°°C
P=
4000
C 700°°C
0°C 600°
3000 0°C 500°
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
De n s 100 it y = 1 00 000 kg 800 /m 3 0 600 0 500 40000 3000 20 15 00 800 10 00 00 6 40000 5 00 30 2000 1 00 k g/ m 3 80 1150 00 60 40 50 30 20 15 10 k 10 g/ m 3
C 900°°C
4000
02 0.
P
=
r ba 08 0.0
2000
% 66 % 64 % 62 % 60 % 58 56% 54% 52% 50% 48% 46% 44% 42% 40%
1000
2
3
4
5
6 Entropy, kJ/kg · K
7
8
9
1000 10
FIGURE A-10 Mollier diagram for water. Copyright © 1984. From NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Reproduced by permission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
927
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928
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Specific volume, m3/kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, T °C Psat kPa vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, Evap., hf hfg
40 38 36 34 32
51.25 56.86 62.95 69.56 76.71
0.0007054 0.0007083 0.0007112 0.0007142 0.0007172
0.36081 0.32732 0.29751 0.27090 0.24711
0.036 2.475 4.992 7.517 10.05
207.40 206.04 204.67 203.29 201.91
207.37 0.000 208.51 2.515 209.66 5.037 210.81 7.566 211.96 10.10
225.86 224.61 223.35 222.09 220.81
30 28 26 24 22
84.43 92.76 101.73 111.37 121.72
0.0007203 0.0007234 0.0007265 0.0007297 0.0007329
0.22580 0.20666 0.18946 0.17395 0.15995
12.59 15.13 17.69 20.25 22.82
200.52 199.12 197.72 196.30 194.88
213.11 214.25 215.40 216.55 217.70
20 18 16 14 12
132.82 144.69 157.38 170.93 185.37
0.0007362 0.0007396 0.0007430 0.0007464 0.0007499
0.14729 0.13583 0.12542 0.11597 0.10736
25.39 27.98 30.57 33.17 35.78
193.45 192.01 190.56 189.09 187.62
10 8 6 4 2
200.74 217.08 234.44 252.85 272.36
0.0007535 0.0007571 0.0007608 0.0007646 0.0007684
0.099516 0.092352 0.085802 0.079804 0.074304
38.40 41.03 43.66 46.31 48.96
0 2 4 6 8
293.01 314.84 337.90 362.23 387.88
0.0007723 0.0007763 0.0007804 0.0007845 0.0007887
0.069255 0.064612 0.060338 0.056398 0.052762
10 12 14 16 18
414.89 443.31 473.19 504.58 537.52
0.0007930 0.0007975 0.0008020 0.0008066 0.0008113
0.049403 0.046295 0.043417 0.040748 0.038271
Entropy, kJ/kg · K Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
225.86 227.12 228.39 229.65 230.91
0.00000 0.01072 0.02138 0.03199 0.04253
0.96866 0.95511 0.94176 0.92859 0.91560
0.96866 0.96584 0.96315 0.96058 0.95813
12.65 15.20 17.76 20.33 22.91
219.52 232.17 218.22 233.43 216.92 234.68 215.59 235.92 214.26 s237.17
0.05301 0.06344 0.07382 0.08414 0.09441
0.90278 0.89012 0.87762 0.86527 0.85307
0.95579 0.95356 0.95144 0.94941 0.94748
218.84 219.98 221.13 222.27 223.40
25.49 28.09 30.69 33.30 35.92
212.91 211.55 210.18 208.79 207.38
238.41 239.64 240.87 242.09 243.30
0.10463 0.11481 0.12493 0.13501 0.14504
0.84101 0.82908 0.81729 0.80561 0.79406
0.94564 0.94389 0.94222 0.94063 0.93911
186.14 184.64 183.13 181.61 180.08
224.54 225.67 226.80 227.92 229.04
38.55 41.19 43.84 46.50 49.17
205.96 204.52 203.07 201.60 200.11
244.51 245.72 246.91 248.10 249.28
0.15504 0.16498 0.17489 0.18476 0.19459
0.78263 0.77130 0.76008 0.74896 0.73794
0.93766 0.93629 0.93497 0.93372 0.93253
51.63 54.30 56.99 59.68 62.39
178.53 176.97 175.39 173.80 172.19
230.16 231.27 232.38 233.48 234.58
51.86 54.55 57.25 59.97 62.69
198.60 197.07 195.51 193.94 192.35
250.45 251.61 252.77 253.91 255.04
0.20439 0.21415 0.22387 0.23356 0.24323
0.72701 0.71616 0.70540 0.69471 0.68410
0.93139 0.93031 0.92927 0.92828 0.92733
65.10 67.83 70.57 73.32 76.08
170.56 168.92 167.26 165.58 163.88
235.67 236.75 237.83 238.90 239.96
65.43 68.18 70.95 73.73 76.52
190.73 189.09 187.42 185.73 184.01
256.16 257.27 258.37 259.46 260.53
0.25286 0.26246 0.27204 0.28159 0.29112
0.67356 0.66308 0.65266 0.64230 0.63198
0.92641 0.92554 0.92470 0.92389 0.92310
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 929
Appendix 1
|
929
TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table (Continued) Specific volume, m3/kg Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, T °C Psat kPa vf
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, uf ufg ug
Sat. liquid, Evap., hf hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
20 22 24 26 28
572.07 608.27 646.18 685.84 727.31
0.0008161 0.0008210 0.0008261 0.0008313 0.0008366
0.035969 0.033828 0.031834 0.029976 0.028242
78.86 81.64 84.44 87.26 90.09
162.16 160.42 158.65 156.87 155.05
241.02 242.06 243.10 244.12 245.14
79.32 82.14 84.98 87.83 90.69
182.27 180.49 178.69 176.85 174.99
261.59 262.64 263.67 264.68 265.68
0.30063 0.31011 0.31958 0.32903 0.33846
0.62172 0.61149 0.60130 0.59115 0.58102
0.92234 0.92160 0.92088 0.92018 0.91948
30 32 34 36 38
770.64 815.89 863.11 912.35 963.68
0.0008421 0.0008478 0.0008536 0.0008595 0.0008657
0.026622 0.025108 0.023691 0.022364 0.021119
92.93 95.79 98.66 101.55 104.45
153.22 151.35 149.46 147.54 145.58
246.14 247.14 248.12 249.08 250.04
93.58 96.48 99.40 102.33 105.29
173.08 171.14 169.17 167.16 165.10
266.66 267.62 268.57 269.49 270.39
0.34789 0.35730 0.36670 0.37609 0.38548
0.57091 0.56082 0.55074 0.54066 0.53058
0.91879 0.91811 0.91743 0.91675 0.91606
40 42 44 46 48
1017.1 1072.8 1130.7 1191.0 1253.6
0.0008720 0.0008786 0.0008854 0.0008924 0.0008996
0.019952 0.018855 0.017824 0.016853 0.015939
107.38 110.32 113.28 116.26 119.26
143.60 141.58 139.52 137.42 135.29
250.97 251.89 252.80 253.68 254.55
108.26 111.26 114.28 117.32 120.39
163.00 160.86 158.67 156.43 154.14
271.27 272.12 272.95 273.75 274.53
0.39486 0.40425 0.41363 0.42302 0.43242
0.52049 0.51039 0.50027 0.49012 0.47993
0.91536 0.91464 0.91391 0.91315 0.91236
52 56 60 65 70 75
1386.2 1529.1 1682.8 1891.0 2118.2 2365.8
0.0009150 0.0009317 0.0009498 0.0009750 0.0010037 0.0010372
0.014265 0.012771 0.011434 0.009950 0.008642 0.007480
125.33 131.49 137.76 145.77 154.01 162.53
130.88 126.28 121.46 115.05 108.14 100.60
256.21 257.77 259.22 260.82 262.15 263.13
126.59 132.91 139.36 147.62 156.13 164.98
149.39 144.38 139.10 132.02 124.32 115.85
275.98 277.30 278.46 279.64 280.46 280.82
0.45126 0.47018 0.48920 0.51320 0.53755 0.56241
0.45941 0.43863 0.41749 0.39039 0.36227 0.33272
0.91067 0.90880 0.90669 0.90359 0.89982 0.89512
80 85 90 95 100
2635.3 2928.2 3246.9 3594.1 3975.1
0.0010772 0.0011270 0.0011932 0.0012933 0.0015269
0.006436 0.005486 0.004599 0.003726 0.002630
171.40 180.77 190.89 202.40 218.72
92.23 82.67 71.29 56.47 29.19
263.63 263.44 262.18 258.87 247.91
174.24 184.07 194.76 207.05 224.79
106.35 95.44 82.35 65.21 33.58
280.59 279.51 277.11 272.26 258.37
0.58800 0.61473 0.64336 0.67578 0.72217
0.30111 0.26644 0.22674 0.17711 0.08999
0.88912 0.88117 0.87010 0.85289 0.81215
Source: Tables A–11 through A–13 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at 40°C (and 40°F).
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Specific volume, m3/kg Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, P kPa Tsat °C vf
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, uf ufg ug
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Sat. liquid, hf
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. Evap., vapor, hfg hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
60 70 80 90 100
36.95 33.87 31.13 28.65 26.37
0.0007098 0.0007144 0.0007185 0.0007223 0.0007259
0.31121 0.26929 0.23753 0.21263 0.19254
3.798 7.680 11.15 14.31 17.21
205.32 203.20 201.30 199.57 197.98
209.12 210.88 212.46 213.88 215.19
3.841 7.730 11.21 14.37 17.28
223.95 222.00 220.25 218.65 217.16
227.79 229.73 231.46 233.02 234.44
0.01634 0.03267 0.04711 0.06008 0.07188
0.94807 0.92775 0.90999 0.89419 0.87995
0.96441 0.96042 0.95710 0.95427 0.95183
120 140 160 180 200
22.32 18.77 15.60 12.73 10.09
0.0007324 0.0007383 0.0007437 0.0007487 0.0007533
0.16212 0.14014 0.12348 0.11041 0.099867
22.40 26.98 31.09 34.83 38.28
195.11 192.57 190.27 188.16 186.21
217.51 219.54 221.35 222.99 224.48
22.49 27.08 31.21 34.97 38.43
214.48 212.08 209.90 207.90 206.03
236.97 239.16 241.11 242.86 244.46
0.09275 0.11087 0.12693 0.14139 0.15457
0.85503 0.83368 0.81496 0.79826 0.78316
0.94779 0.94456 0.94190 0.93965 0.93773
240 280 320 360 400
5.38 1.25 2.46 5.82 8.91
0.0007620 0.0007699 0.0007772 0.0007841 0.0007907
0.083897 0.072352 0.063604 0.056738 0.051201
44.48 49.97 54.92 59.44 63.62
182.67 179.50 176.61 173.94 171.45
227.14 229.46 231.52 233.38 235.07
44.66 50.18 55.16 59.72 63.94
202.62 199.54 196.71 194.08 191.62
247.28 249.72 251.88 253.81 255.55
0.17794 0.19829 0.21637 0.23270 0.24761
0.75664 0.73381 0.71369 0.69566 0.67929
0.93458 0.93210 0.93006 0.92836 0.92691
450 500 550 600 650
12.46 15.71 18.73 21.55 24.20
0.0007985 0.0008059 0.0008130 0.0008199 0.0008266
0.045619 0.041118 0.037408 0.034295 0.031646
68.45 72.93 77.10 81.02 84.72
168.54 165.82 163.25 160.81 158.48
237.00 238.75 240.35 241.83 243.20
68.81 73.33 77.54 81.51 85.26
188.71 185.98 183.38 180.90 178.51
257.53 259.30 260.92 262.40 263.77
0.26465 0.28023 0.29461 0.30799 0.32051
0.66069 0.64377 0.62821 0.61378 0.60030
0.92535 0.92400 0.92282 0.92177 0.92081
700 750 800 850
26.69 29.06 31.31 33.45
0.0008331 0.0008395 0.0008458 0.0008520
0.029361 0.027371 0.025621 0.024069
88.24 91.59 94.79 97.87
156.24 154.08 152.00 149.98
244.48 245.67 246.79 247.85
88.82 92.22 95.47 98.60
176.21 173.98 171.82 169.71
265.03 266.20 267.29 268.31
0.33230 0.34345 0.35404 0.36413
0.58763 0.57567 0.56431 0.55349
0.91994 0.91912 0.91835 0.91762
900 950 1000 1200 1400
35.51 37.48 39.37 46.29 52.40
0.0008580 0.0008641 0.0008700 0.0008934 0.0009166
0.022683 0.021438 0.020313 0.016715 0.014107
100.83 103.69 106.45 116.70 125.94
148.01 146.10 144.23 137.11 130.43
248.85 249.79 250.68 253.81 256.37
101.61 104.51 107.32 117.77 127.22
167.66 165.64 163.67 156.10 148.90
269.26 270.15 270.99 273.87 276.12
0.37377 0.38301 0.39189 0.42441 0.45315
0.54315 0.53323 0.52368 0.48863 0.45734
0.91692 0.91624 0.91558 0.91303 0.91050
1600 1800 2000 2500 3000
57.88 62.87 67.45 77.54 86.16
0.0009400 0.0009639 0.0009886 0.0010566 0.0011406
0.012123 0.010559 0.009288 0.006936 0.005275
134.43 142.33 149.78 166.99 183.04
124.04 117.83 111.73 96.47 80.22
258.47 260.17 261.51 263.45 263.26
135.93 144.07 151.76 169.63 186.46
141.93 135.11 128.33 111.16 92.63
277.86 279.17 280.09 280.79 279.09
0.47911 0.50294 0.52509 0.57531 0.62118
0.42873 0.40204 0.37675 0.31695 0.25776
0.90784 0.90498 0.90184 0.89226 0.87894
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Appendix 1
|
931
u kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
TABLE A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a T °C
v m3/kg
Sat. 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.31121 0.33608 0.35048 0.36476 0.37893 0.39302 0.40705 0.42102 0.43495 0.44883 0.46269 0.47651 0.49032 0.50410
Sat. 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.11041 0.11189 0.11722 0.12240 0.12748 0.13248 0.13741 0.14230 0.14715 0.15196 0.15673 0.16149 0.16622
Sat. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
0.07235 0.07282 0.07646 0.07997 0.08338 0.08672 0.09000 0.09324 0.09644 0.09961 0.10275 0.10587 0.10897 0.11205 0.11512 0.11818
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.06 MPa (Tsat 36.95°C) 209.12 220.60 227.55 234.66 241.92 249.35 256.95 264.71 272.64 280.73 288.99 297.41 306.00 314.74
227.79 240.76 248.58 256.54 264.66 272.94 281.37 289.97 298.74 307.66 316.75 326.00 335.42 344.99
0.9644 1.0174 1.0477 1.0774 1.1066 1.1353 1.1636 1.1915 1.2191 1.2463 1.2732 1.2997 1.3260 1.3520
P 0.18 MPa (Tsat 12.73°C) 222.99 225.02 232.48 240.00 247.64 255.41 263.31 271.36 279.56 287.91 296.42 305.07 313.88
242.86 245.16 253.58 262.04 270.59 279.25 288.05 296.98 306.05 315.27 324.63 334.14 343.80
0.9397 0.9484 0.9798 1.0102 1.0399 1.0690 1.0975 1.1256 1.1532 1.1805 1.2074 1.2339 1.2602
P 0.28 MPa (Tsat 1.25°C) 229.46 230.44 238.27 246.13 254.06 262.10 270.27 278.56 286.99 295.57 304.29 313.15 322.16 331.32 340.63 350.09
249.72 250.83 259.68 268.52 277.41 286.38 295.47 304.67 314.00 323.46 333.06 342.80 352.68 362.70 372.87 383.18
0.9321 0.9362 0.9680 0.9987 1.0285 1.0576 1.0862 1.1142 1.1418 1.1690 1.1958 1.2222 1.2483 1.2742 1.2997 1.3250
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.10 MPa (Tsat 26.37°C) 0.19254 0.19841 0.20743 0.21630 0.22506 0.23373 0.24233 0.25088 0.25937 0.26783 0.27626 0.28465 0.29303 0.30138
215.19 219.66 226.75 233.95 241.30 248.79 256.44 264.25 272.22 280.35 288.64 297.08 305.69 314.46
234.44 239.50 247.49 255.58 263.81 272.17 280.68 289.34 298.16 307.13 316.26 325.55 334.99 344.60
0.9518 0.9721 1.0030 1.0332 1.0628 1.0918 1.1203 1.1484 1.1762 1.2035 1.2305 1.2572 1.2836 1.3096
P 0.20 MPa (Tsat 10.09°C) 0.09987 0.09991 0.10481 0.10955 0.11418 0.11874 0.12322 0.12766 0.13206 0.13641 0.14074 0.14504 0.14933
224.48 224.55 232.09 239.67 247.35 255.14 263.08 271.15 279.37 287.73 296.25 304.92 313.74
244.46 244.54 253.05 261.58 270.18 278.89 287.72 296.68 305.78 315.01 324.40 333.93 343.60
0.9377 0.9380 0.9698 1.0004 1.0303 1.0595 1.0882 1.1163 1.1441 1.1714 1.1983 1.2249 1.2512
P 0.32 MPa (Tsat 2.46°C)
v m3/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.14 MPa (Tsat 18.77°C) 0.14014
219.54
239.16
0.9446
0.14605 0.15263 0.15908 0.16544 0.17172 0.17794 0.18412 0.19025 0.19635 0.20242 0.20847 0.21449
225.91 233.23 240.66 248.22 255.93 263.79 271.79 279.96 288.28 296.75 305.38 314.17
246.36 254.60 262.93 271.38 279.97 288.70 297.57 306.59 315.77 325.09 334.57 344.20
0.9724 1.0031 1.0331 1.0624 1.0912 1.1195 1.1474 1.1749 1.2020 1.2288 1.2553 1.2814
P 0.24 MPa (Tsat 5.38°C) 0.08390
227.14
247.28
0.9346
0.08617 0.09026 0.09423 0.09812 0.10193 0.10570 0.10942 0.11310 0.11675 0.12038 0.12398
231.29 238.98 246.74 254.61 262.59 270.71 278.97 287.36 295.91 304.60 313.44
251.97 260.65 269.36 278.16 287.06 296.08 305.23 314.51 323.93 333.49 343.20
0.9519 0.9831 1.0134 1.0429 1.0718 1.1001 1.1280 1.1554 1.1825 1.2092 1.2356
P 0.40 MPa (Tsat 8.91°C)
0.06360
231.52
251.88
0.9301
0.051201
235.07
255.55 0.9269
0.06609 0.06925 0.07231 0.07530 0.07823 0.08111 0.08395 0.08675 0.08953 0.09229 0.09503 0.09775 0.10045 0.10314
237.54 245.50 253.50 261.60 269.82 278.15 286.62 295.22 303.97 312.86 321.89 331.07 340.39 349.86
258.69 267.66 276.65 285.70 294.85 304.11 313.48 322.98 332.62 342.39 352.30 362.35 372.54 382.87
0.9544 0.9856 1.0157 1.0451 1.0739 1.1021 1.1298 1.1571 1.1840 1.2105 1.2367 1.2626 1.2882 1.3135
0.051506 0.054213 0.056796 0.059292 0.061724 0.064104 0.066443 0.068747 0.071023 0.073274 0.075504 0.077717 0.079913 0.082096
235.97 244.18 252.36 260.58 268.90 277.32 285.86 294.53 303.32 312.26 321.33 330.55 339.90 349.41
256.58 265.86 275.07 284.30 293.59 302.96 312.44 322.02 331.73 341.57 351.53 361.63 371.87 382.24
0.9305 0.9628 0.9937 1.0236 1.0528 1.0814 1.1094 1.1369 1.1640 1.1907 1.2171 1.2431 1.2688 1.2942
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a (Continued) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.50 MPa (Tsat 15.71°C) Sat. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
0.041118 0.042115 0.044338 0.046456 0.048499 0.050485 0.052427 0.054331 0.056205 0.058053 0.059880 0.061687 0.063479 0.065256 0.067021 0.068775
238.75 242.40 250.84 259.26 267.72 276.25 284.89 293.64 302.51 311.50 320.63 329.89 339.29 348.83 358.51 368.33
259.30 263.46 273.01 282.48 291.96 301.50 311.10 320.80 330.61 340.53 350.57 360.73 371.03 381.46 392.02 402.72
0.9240 0.9383 0.9703 1.0011 1.0309 1.0599 1.0883 1.1162 1.1436 1.1705 1.1971 1.2233 1.2491 1.2747 1.2999 1.3249
P 0.80 MPa (Tsat 31.31°C) Sat. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0.025621 0.027035 0.028547 0.029973 0.031340 0.032659 0.033941 0.035193 0.036420 0.037625 0.038813 0.039985 0.041143 0.042290 0.043427 0.044554
246.79 254.82 263.86 272.83 281.81 290.84 299.95 309.15 318.45 327.87 337.40 347.06 356.85 366.76 376.81 386.99
267.29 276.45 286.69 296.81 306.88 316.97 327.10 337.30 347.59 357.97 368.45 379.05 389.76 400.59 411.55 422.64
0.9183 0.9480 0.9802 1.0110 1.0408 1.0698 1.0981 1.1258 1.1530 1.1798 1.2061 1.2321 1.2577 1.2830 1.3080 1.3327
P 1.20 MPa (Tsat 46.29°C) Sat. 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0.016715 0.017201 0.018404 0.019502 0.020529 0.021506 0.022442 0.023348 0.024228 0.025086 0.025927 0.026753 0.027566 0.028367 0.029158
253.81 257.63 267.56 277.21 286.75 296.26 305.80 315.38 325.03 334.77 344.61 354.56 364.61 374.78 385.08
273.87 278.27 289.64 300.61 311.39 322.07 332.73 343.40 354.11 364.88 375.72 386.66 397.69 408.82 420.07
0.9130 0.9267 0.9614 0.9938 1.0248 1.0546 1.0836 1.1118 1.1394 1.1664 1.1930 1.2192 1.2449 1.2703 1.2954
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.60 MPa (Tsat 21.55°C)
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h s kJ/kg kJ/kg K
P 0.70 MPa (Tsat 26.69°C)
0.034295
241.83
262.40
0.9218
0.029361
244.48
265.03
0.9199
0.035984 0.037865 0.039659 0.041389 0.043069 0.044710 0.046318 0.047900 0.049458 0.050997 0.052519 0.054027 0.055522 0.057006
249.22 257.86 266.48 275.15 283.89 292.73 301.67 310.73 319.91 329.23 338.67 348.25 357.96 367.81
270.81 280.58 290.28 299.98 309.73 319.55 329.46 339.47 349.59 359.82 370.18 380.66 391.27 402.01
0.9499 0.9816 1.0121 1.0417 1.0705 1.0987 1.1264 1.1536 1.1803 1.2067 1.2327 1.2584 1.2838 1.3088
0.029966 0.031696 0.033322 0.034875 0.036373 0.037829 0.039250 0.040642 0.042010 0.043358 0.044688 0.046004 0.047306 0.048597
247.48 256.39 265.20 274.01 282.87 291.80 300.82 309.95 319.19 328.55 338.04 347.66 357.41 367.29
268.45 278.57 288.53 298.42 308.33 318.28 328.29 338.40 348.60 358.90 369.32 379.86 390.52 401.31
0.9313 0.9641 0.9954 1.0256 1.0549 1.0835 1.1114 1.1389 1.1658 1.1924 1.2186 1.2444 1.2699 1.2951
P 0.90 MPa (Tsat 35.51°C) 0.022683 0.023375 0.024809 0.026146 0.027413 0.028630 0.029806 0.030951 0.032068 0.033164 0.034241 0.035302 0.036349 0.037384 0.038408 0.039423
248.85 253.13 262.44 271.60 280.72 289.86 299.06 308.34 317.70 327.18 336.76 346.46 356.28 366.23 376.31 386.52
269.26 274.17 284.77 295.13 305.39 315.63 325.89 336.19 346.56 357.02 367.58 378.23 389.00 399.88 410.88 422.00
0.9169 0.9327 0.9660 0.9976 1.0280 1.0574 1.0860 1.1140 1.1414 1.1684 1.1949 1.2210 1.2467 1.2721 1.2972 1.3221
P 1.40 MPa (Tsat 52.40°C)
P 1.00 MPa (Tsat 39.37°C) 0.020313 0.020406 0.021796 0.023068 0.024261 0.025398 0.026492 0.027552 0.028584 0.029592 0.030581 0.031554 0.032512 0.033457 0.034392 0.035317
250.68 251.30 260.94 270.32 279.59 288.86 298.15 307.51 316.94 326.47 336.11 345.85 355.71 365.70 375.81 386.04
270.99 271.71 282.74 293.38 303.85 314.25 324.64 335.06 345.53 356.06 366.69 377.40 388.22 399.15 410.20 421.36
0.9156 0.9179 0.9525 0.9850 1.0160 1.0458 1.0748 1.1031 1.1308 1.1580 1.1846 1.2109 1.2368 1.2623 1.2875 1.3124
P 1.60 MPa (Tsat 57.88°C)
0.014107
256.37
276.12
0.9105
0.012123
258.47
277.86
0.9078
0.015005 0.016060 0.017023 0.017923 0.018778 0.019597 0.020388 0.021155 0.021904 0.022636 0.023355 0.024061 0.024757
264.46 274.62 284.51 294.28 304.01 313.76 323.55 333.41 343.34 353.37 363.51 373.75 384.10
285.47 297.10 308.34 319.37 330.30 341.19 352.09 363.02 374.01 385.07 396.20 407.43 418.76
0.9389 0.9733 1.0056 1.0364 1.0661 1.0949 1.1230 1.1504 1.1773 1.2038 1.2298 1.2554 1.2807
0.012372 0.013430 0.014362 0.015215 0.016014 0.016773 0.017500 0.018201 0.018882 0.019545 0.020194 0.020830 0.021456
260.89 271.76 282.09 292.17 302.14 312.07 322.02 332.00 342.05 352.17 362.38 372.69 383.11
280.69 293.25 305.07 316.52 327.76 338.91 350.02 361.12 372.26 383.44 394.69 406.02 417.44
0.9163 0.9535 0.9875 1.0194 1.0500 1.0795 1.1081 1.1360 1.1632 1.1900 1.2163 1.2421 1.2676
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 933
Appendix 1 350
400
kg/m 3 115 0 110 0 105 0 10 00 95 0 90 0 85 0 80 0
300
1200
1250
250
1300
1350
200
1400
1450
10
150
1500
100 20
450
500
550
600
650
700
10
100
120
2
2
32 24
20
1
16 12
0.4
8
0.4
2.4 8
2.4 0
2.3 2
2.2 4
s=
2.0 8
1.92
2.00
1.76
1.84
1.68
1.60
1.52
1.44
1.36
1.28
1.12
1.20
0.96
0.80
0.72
300
0.1
350
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
T = 160°C 160°C 160°
140
120
100
500
550
0.04
0.6
600
650
2.7 2
2.6 4
2.5 6 s=
2.4 8
80
60
40
20
0
–20 –20
400 450 Enthalpy, kJ/kg
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.8
satura ted va por –40 –40
250
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
––60 60
200
X=0 .5
0.64
2.4
1.2
0.02
150
0.2
1.6
satur ated liquid s
0.04
0.01 100
4 3.2
––40 40
0.1
1.04
–20 –20
0.2
2.1 6k J/k gK
6
0.88
Pressure, MPa
40
T = 0° 0°C 0°C
1
4
90 70 60 50 40
60
R-134a
750 20
/m33 kg/m 2000kg tyh==20 ensisity DDen 160
0 60 500
80
4
933
300
400
0 70
|
700
0.02
0.3
0.01 750
FIGURE A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a. Note: The reference point used for the chart is different than that used in the R-134a tables. Therefore, problems should be solved using all property data either from the tables or from the chart, but not from both. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 934
Thermodynamics (a) Low pressures, 0 < PR < 1.0 TR = 5.00 3.00
1.0
8.0 0 5 070 0.7 . 5 0.6 0.60
0.9
6.0 0
5.0 0
2.00
4.0 0 3.5 0
3.0 0 2 .6 0 2 .4 0 .2 0 2 2.0 0 1.8 0
0. 80
1.60
1.40 1 .6 0 .5 0 1 1.4 0 1.3 0
0.8 5 0. 9
0
1.30
1.2 0
1.20 1.15
1 .1 0
Pv RT
1.00
0.90
TR = 2.5 Z ≈1.00 TR = 15 ≈ TR = 3.00
NOTE
0.7
0.9 5
v R=
30
REDUCED PRESSURE, P = —– R
T Tcr
TR = —– v vR = ––—––– RTcr / Pcr
20 15
0.4
0.90 0.00
10
0.80
vRr
0.05
0.75 0.10
PR
1953
0.3 0.0
0.85 12
0 0.7
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME,
0.95
5 0.6
REDUCED TEMPERATURE,
Z
CHART No. 1
00..60
0.5
T
2.00 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90
1.0
P Pcr
1.00
0 .7
=
NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
0.6
1.10 0.80 1.0 5
---DEVIATION > 1.0%
R
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, Z = —–
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
REDUCED PRESSURE, P
R
(b) Intermediate pressures, 0 < PR < 7 3.50
1.10 TR = 5.00 00
2.50 2.00
00 60 1.40 1. 20 1.
1.80
2.
00
3.
53.
1.00
0
0.90
Pv RT
|
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, Z = —–
934
0 1 .0 0 0 .8 0 0 . 7 0 9 .
0 .6
0.80
1.60
0
.5 0 =0 v R 0.45
0 0.4
1.50 1.40 0 0.3 1.30 0.25
0 .3
0.70
5
=0 vR
0.60
.2 0
1.20 0.50
NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
1.15 1.10
0.40
P Pcr
REDUCED PRESSURE, P = —– R
T Tcr v vR = —– RTcr / Pcr
REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T = —– R
1.05
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME,
0.30 1953
TR = 1.00 0.20 0.0
0.5
1.0
CHART No. 2
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
REDUCED PRESSURE, P
R
FIGURE A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart. Used with permission of Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin.
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
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Appendix 1
|
935
TABLE A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, m
Temperature, °C
Pressure, kPa
Gravity g, m/s2
Speed of Sound, m/s
Density, kg/m3
Viscosity m, kg/m · s
Thermal Conductivity, W/m · K
0 200 400 600 800
15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80
101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08
9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804
340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2
1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134
1.789 1.783 1.777 1.771 1.764
105 105 105 105 105
0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30
89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49
9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801
336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3
1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027
1.758 1.752 1.745 1.739 1.732
105 105 105 105 105
0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19
79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92
9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798
332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4
1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928
1.726 1.720 1.713 1.707 1.700
105 105 105 105 105
0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239
3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69
70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28
9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795
328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4
0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837
1.694 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.668
105 105 105 105 105
0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234
4000 4200 4400 4600 4800
10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2
61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51
9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792
324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4
0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752
1.661 1.655 1.648 1.642 1.635
105 105 105 105 105
0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7
54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52
9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785
320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3
0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675
1.628 1.622 1.615 1.608 1.602
105 105 105 105 105
0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223
6000 6200 6400 6600 6800
24.0 25.3 26.6 27.9 29.2
47.22 45.94 44.69 43.47 42.27
9.788 9.788 9.787 9.786 9.785
316.5 315.6 314.8 314.0 313.1
0.660 0.646 0.631 0.617 0.604
1.595 1.588 1.582 1.575 1.568
105 105 105 105 105
0.0222 0.0221 0.0220 0.0219 0.0218
7000 8000 9000
30.5 36.9 43.4
41.11 35.65 30.80
9.785 9.782 9.779
312.3 308.1 303.8
0.590 0.526 0.467
1.561 105 1.527 105 1.493 105
0.0217 0.0212 0.0206
10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000
49.9 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5
26.50 19.40 14.17 10.53 7.57
9.776 9.770 9.764 9.758 9.751
299.5 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1
0.414 0.312 0.228 0.166 0.122
1.458 1.422 1.422 1.422 1.422
105 105 105 105 105
0.0201 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45° latitude and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 101.325 kPa, T 15°C, r 1.2250 kg/m3, g 9.80665 m2/s.
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936
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air T K
h kJ/kg
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
s° kJ/kg · K
T K
h kJ/kg
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
s° kJ/kg · K
200 210 220 230 240
199.97 209.97 219.97 230.02 240.02
0.3363 0.3987 0.4690 0.5477 0.6355
142.56 149.69 156.82 164.00 171.13
1707.0 1512.0 1346.0 1205.0 1084.0
1.29559 1.34444 1.39105 1.43557 1.47824
580 590 600 610 620
586.04 596.52 607.02 617.53 628.07
14.38 15.31 16.28 17.30 18.36
419.55 427.15 434.78 442.42 450.09
115.7 110.6 105.8 101.2 96.92
2.37348 2.39140 2.40902 2.42644 2.44356
250 260 270 280 285
250.05 260.09 270.11 280.13 285.14
0.7329 0.8405 0.9590 1.0889 1.1584
178.28 185.45 192.60 199.75 203.33
979.0 887.8 808.0 738.0 706.1
1.51917 1.55848 1.59634 1.63279 1.65055
630 640 650 660 670
638.63 649.22 659.84 670.47 681.14
19.84 20.64 21.86 23.13 24.46
457.78 465.50 473.25 481.01 488.81
92.84 88.99 85.34 81.89 78.61
2.46048 2.47716 2.49364 2.50985 2.52589
290 295 298 300 305
290.16 295.17 298.18 300.19 305.22
1.2311 1.3068 1.3543 1.3860 1.4686
206.91 210.49 212.64 214.07 217.67
676.1 647.9 631.9 621.2 596.0
1.66802 1.68515 1.69528 1.70203 1.71865
680 690 700 710 720
691.82 702.52 713.27 724.04 734.82
25.85 27.29 28.80 30.38 32.02
496.62 504.45 512.33 520.23 528.14
75.50 72.56 69.76 67.07 64.53
2.54175 2.55731 2.57277 2.58810 2.60319
310 315 320 325 330
310.24 315.27 320.29 325.31 330.34
1.5546 1.6442 1.7375 1.8345 1.9352
221.25 224.85 228.42 232.02 235.61
572.3 549.8 528.6 508.4 489.4
1.73498 1.75106 1.76690 1.78249 1.79783
730 740 750 760 780
745.62 756.44 767.29 778.18 800.03
33.72 35.50 37.35 39.27 43.35
536.07 544.02 551.99 560.01 576.12
62.13 59.82 57.63 55.54 51.64
2.61803 2.63280 2.64737 2.66176 2.69013
340 350 360 370 380
340.42 350.49 360.58 370.67 380.77
2.149 2.379 2.626 2.892 3.176
242.82 250.02 257.24 264.46 271.69
454.1 422.2 393.4 367.2 343.4
1.82790 1.85708 1.88543 1.91313 1.94001
800 820 840 860 880
821.95 843.98 866.08 888.27 910.56
47.75 52.59 57.60 63.09 68.98
592.30 608.59 624.95 641.40 657.95
48.08 44.84 41.85 39.12 36.61
2.71787 2.74504 2.77170 2.79783 2.82344
390 400 410 420 430
390.88 400.98 411.12 421.26 431.43
3.481 3.806 4.153 4.522 4.915
278.93 286.16 293.43 300.69 307.99
321.5 301.6 283.3 266.6 251.1
1.96633 1.99194 2.01699 2.04142 2.06533
900 920 940 960 980
932.93 955.38 977.92 1000.55 1023.25
75.29 82.05 89.28 97.00 105.2
674.58 691.28 708.08 725.02 741.98
34.31 32.18 30.22 28.40 26.73
2.84856 2.87324 2.89748 2.92128 2.94468
440 450 460 470 480
441.61 451.80 462.02 472.24 482.49
5.332 5.775 6.245 6.742 7.268
315.30 322.62 329.97 337.32 344.70
236.8 223.6 211.4 200.1 189.5
2.08870 2.11161 2.13407 2.15604 2.17760
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
1046.04 1068.89 1091.85 1114.86 1137.89
114.0 123.4 133.3 143.9 155.2
758.94 776.10 793.36 810.62 827.88
25.17 23.72 23.29 21.14 19.98
2.96770 2.99034 3.01260 3.03449 3.05608
490 500 510 520 530
492.74 503.02 513.32 523.63 533.98
7.824 8.411 9.031 9.684 10.37
352.08 359.49 366.92 374.36 381.84
179.7 170.6 162.1 154.1 146.7
2.19876 2.21952 2.23993 2.25997 2.27967
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
1161.07 1184.28 1207.57 1230.92 1254.34
167.1 179.7 193.1 207.2 222.2
845.33 862.79 880.35 897.91 915.57
18.896 17.886 16.946 16.064 15.241
3.07732 3.09825 3.11883 3.13916 3.15916
540 550 560 570
544.35 555.74 565.17 575.59
11.10 11.86 12.66 13.50
389.34 396.86 404.42 411.97
139.7 133.1 127.0 121.2
2.29906 2.31809 2.33685 2.35531
1200 1220 1240
1277.79 1301.31 1324.93
238.0 254.7 272.3
933.33 951.09 968.95
14.470 13.747 13.069
3.17888 3.19834 3.21751
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Appendix 1
|
937
TABLE A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air (Concluded) T K
h kJ/kg
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
s° kJ/kg · K
T K
h kJ/kg
1260 1280
1348.55 1372.24
290.8 310.4
986.90 1004.76
12.435 3.23638 11.835 3.25510
1600 1757.57 1620 1782.00
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
1395.97 1419.76 1443.60 1467.49 1491.44
330.9 352.5 375.3 399.1 424.2
1022.82 1040.88 1058.94 1077.10 1095.26
11.275 10.747 10.247 9.780 9.337
3.27345 3.29160 3.30959 3.32724 3.34474
1640 1660 1680 1700 1750
1806.46 878.9 1830.96 925.6 1855.50 974.2 1880.1 1025 1941.6 1161
1335.72 1354.48 1373.24 1392.7 1439.8
5.355 5.147 4.949 4.761 4.328
3.55381 3.56867 3.58335 3.5979 3.6336
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
1515.42 1539.44 1563.51 1587.63 1611.79
450.5 478.0 506.9 537.1 568.8
1113.52 1131.77 1150.13 1168.49 1186.95
8.919 8.526 8.153 7.801 7.468
3.36200 3.37901 3.39586 3.41247 3.42892
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
2003.3 2065.3 2127.4 2189.7 2252.1
1310 1475 1655 1852 2068
1487.2 1534.9 1582.6 1630.6 1678.7
3.994 3.601 3.295 3.022 2.776
3.6684 3.7023 3.7354 3.7677 3.7994
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
1635.97 1660.23 1684.51 1708.82 1733.17
601.9 636.5 672.8 710.5 750.0
1205.41 1223.87 1242.43 1260.99 1279.65
7.152 6.854 6.569 6.301 6.046
3.44516 3.46120 3.47712 3.49276 3.50829
2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
2314.6 2377.7 2440.3 2503.2 2566.4
2303 2559 2837 3138 3464
1726.8 1775.3 1823.8 1872.4 1921.3
2.555 2.356 2.175 2.012 1.864
3.8303 3.8605 3.8901 3.9191 3.9474
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
791.2 1298.30 5.804 834.1 1316.96 5.574
s° kJ/kg · K 3.52364 3.53879
Note: The properties Pr (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume. Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 785–86, table A–5. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948).
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938
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266
0 4,562 4,770 4,979 5,188
0 182.639 183.938 185.180 186.370
600 610 620 630 640
17,563 17,864 18,166 18,468 18,772
12,574 12,792 13,011 13,230 13,450
212.066 212.564 213.055 213.541 214.018
260 270 280 290 298
7,558 7,849 8,141 8,432 8,669
5,396 5,604 5,813 6,021 6,190
187.514 188.614 189.673 190.695 191.502
650 660 670 680 690
19,075 19,380 19,685 19,991 20,297
13,671 13,892 14,114 14,337 14,560
214.489 214.954 215.413 215.866 216.314
300 310 320 330 340
8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,888
6,229 6,437 6,645 6,853 7,061
191.682 192.638 193.562 194.459 195.328
700 710 720 730 740
20,604 20,912 21,220 21,529 21,839
14,784 15,008 15,234 15,460 15,686
216.756 217.192 217.624 218.059 218.472
350 360 370 380 390
10,180 10,471 10,763 11,055 11,347
7,270 7,478 7,687 7,895 8,104
196.173 196.995 197.794 198.572 199.331
750 760 770 780 790
22,149 22,460 22,772 23,085 23,398
15,913 16,141 16,370 16,599 16,830
218.889 219.301 219.709 220.113 220.512
400 410 420 430 440
11,640 11,932 12,225 12,518 12,811
8,314 8,523 8,733 8,943 9,153
200.071 200.794 201.499 202.189 202.863
800 810 820 830 840
23,714 24,027 24,342 24,658 24,974
17,061 17,292 17,524 17,757 17,990
220.907 221.298 221.684 222.067 222.447
450 460 470 480 490
13,105 13,399 13,693 13,988 14,285
9,363 9,574 9,786 9,997 10,210
203.523 204.170 204.803 205.424 206.033
850 860 870 880 890
25,292 25,610 25,928 26,248 26,568
18,224 18,459 18,695 18,931 19,168
222.822 223.194 223.562 223.927 224.288
500 510 520 530 540
14,581 14,876 15,172 15,469 15,766
10,423 10,635 10,848 11,062 11,277
206.630 207.216 207.792 208.358 208.914
900 910 920 930 940
26,890 27,210 27,532 27,854 28,178
19,407 19,644 19,883 20,122 20,362
224.647 225.002 225.353 225.701 226.047
550 560 570 580 590
16,064 16,363 16,662 16,962 17,262
11,492 11,707 11,923 12,139 12,356
209.461 209.999 210.528 211.049 211.562
950 960 970 980 990
28,501 28,826 29,151 29,476 29,803
20,603 20,844 21,086 21,328 21,571
226.389 226.728 227.064 227.398 227.728
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Appendix 1
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939
TABLE A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
30,129 30,784 31,442 32,101 32,762
21,815 22,304 22,795 23,288 23,782
228.057 228.706 229.344 229.973 230.591
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
56,227 56,938 57,651 58,363 59,075
41,594 42,139 42,685 43,231 43,777
247.396 247.798 248.195 248.589 248.979
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
33,426 34,092 34,760 35,430 36,104
24,280 24,780 25,282 25,786 26,291
231.199 231.799 232.391 232.973 233.549
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
59,790 60,504 61,220 61,936 62,654
44,324 44,873 45,423 45,973 46,524
249.365 249.748 250.128 250.502 250.874
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
36,777 37,452 38,129 38,807 39,488
26,799 27,308 27,819 28,331 28,845
234.115 234.673 235.223 235.766 236.302
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
63,381 64,090 64,810 66,612 68,417
47,075 47,627 48,181 49,567 50,957
251.242 251.607 251.969 252.858 253.726
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
40,170 40,853 41,539 42,227 42,915
29,361 29,378 30,398 30,919 31,441
236.831 237.353 237.867 238.376 238.878
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
70,226 72,040 73,856 75,676 77,496
52,351 53,749 55,149 56,553 57,958
254.578 255.412 256.227 257.027 257.810
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
43,605 44,295 44,988 45,682 46,377
31,964 32,489 33,014 33,543 34,071
239.375 239.865 240.350 240.827 241.301
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
79,320 81,149 82,981 84,814 86,650
59,366 60,779 62,195 63,613 65,033
258.580 259.332 260.073 260.799 261.512
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
47,073 47,771 48,470 49,168 49,869
34,601 35,133 35,665 36,197 36,732
241.768 242.228 242.685 243.137 243.585
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
88,488 90,328 92,171 94,014 95,859
66,455 67,880 69,306 70,734 72,163
262.213 262.902 263.577 264.241 264.895
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
50,571 51,275 51,980 52,686 53,393
37,268 37,806 38,344 38,884 39,424
244.028 244.464 244.896 245.324 245.747
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
97,705 99,556 101,407 103,260 105,115
73,593 75,028 76,464 77,902 79,341
265.538 266.170 266.793 267.404 268.007
1700 1720 1740
54,099 54,807 55,516
39,965 40,507 41,049
246.166 246.580 246.990
3150 3200 3250
106,972 108,830 110,690
80,782 82,224 83,668
268.601 269.186 269.763
Source: Tables A–18 through A–25 are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 787–98. Originally published in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971.
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940
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,404 6,694 6,984 7,275
0 4,575 4,782 4,989 5,197
0 196.171 197.461 198.696 199.885
600 610 620 630 640
17,929 18,250 18,572 18,895 19,219
12,940 13,178 13,417 13,657 13,898
226.346 226.877 227.400 227.918 228.429
260 270 280 290 298
7,566 7,858 8,150 8,443 8,682
5,405 5,613 5,822 6,032 6,203
201.027 202.128 203.191 204.218 205.033
650 660 670 680 690
19,544 19,870 20,197 20,524 20,854
14,140 14,383 14,626 14,871 15,116
228.932 229.430 229.920 230.405 230.885
300 310 320 330 340
8,736 9,030 9,325 9,620 9,916
6,242 6,453 6,664 6,877 7,090
205.213 206.177 207.112 208.020 208.904
700 710 720 730 740
21,184 21,514 21,845 22,177 22,510
15,364 15,611 15,859 16,107 16,357
231.358 231.827 232.291 232.748 233.201
350 360 370 380 390
10,213 10,511 10,809 11,109 11,409
7,303 7,518 7,733 7,949 8,166
209.765 210.604 211.423 212.222 213.002
750 760 770 780 790
22,844 23,178 23,513 23,850 24,186
16,607 16,859 17,111 17,364 17,618
233.649 234.091 234.528 234.960 235.387
400 410 420 430 440
11,711 12,012 12,314 12,618 12,923
8,384 8,603 8,822 9,043 9,264
213.765 214.510 215.241 215.955 216.656
800 810 820 830 840
24,523 24,861 25,199 25,537 25,877
17,872 18,126 18,382 18,637 18,893
235.810 236.230 236.644 237.055 237.462
450 460 470 480 490
13,228 13,525 13,842 14,151 14,460
9,487 9,710 9,935 10,160 10,386
217.342 218.016 218.676 219.326 219.963
850 860 870 880 890
26,218 26,559 26,899 27,242 27,584
19,150 19,408 19,666 19,925 20,185
237.864 238.264 238.660 239.051 239.439
500 510 520 530 540
14,770 15,082 15,395 15,708 16,022
10,614 10,842 11,071 11,301 11,533
220.589 221.206 221.812 222.409 222.997
900 910 920 930 940
27,928 28,272 28,616 28,960 29,306
20,445 20,706 20,967 21,228 21,491
239.823 240.203 240.580 240.953 241.323
550 560 570 580 590
16,338 16,654 16,971 17,290 17,609
11,765 11,998 12,232 12,467 12,703
223.576 224.146 224.708 225.262 225.808
950 960 970 980 990
29,652 29,999 30,345 30,692 31,041
21,754 22,017 22,280 22,544 22,809
241.689 242.052 242.411 242.768 242.120
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941
TABLE A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 (Concluded ) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
31,389 32,088 32,789 33,490 34,194
23,075 23,607 24,142 24,677 25,214
243.471 244.164 244.844 245.513 246.171
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
58,880 59,624 60,371 61,118 61,866
44,247 44,825 45,405 45,986 46,568
263.861 264.283 264.701 265.113 265.521
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
34,899 35,606 36,314 37,023 37,734
25,753 26,294 26,836 27,379 27,923
246.818 247.454 248.081 248.698 249.307
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
62,616 63,365 64,116 64,868 65,620
47,151 47,734 48,319 48,904 49,490
265.925 266.326 266.722 267.115 267.505
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
38,447 39,162 39,877 40,594 41,312
28,469 29,018 29,568 30,118 30,670
249.906 250.497 251.079 251.653 252.219
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
66,374 67,127 67,881 69,772 71,668
50,078 50,665 51,253 52,727 54,208
267.891 268.275 268.655 269.588 270.504
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
42,033 42,753 43,475 44,198 44,923
31,224 31,778 32,334 32,891 33,449
252.776 253.325 253.868 254.404 254.932
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
73,573 75,484 77,397 79,316 81,243
55,697 57,192 58,690 60,193 61,704
271.399 272.278 273.136 273.891 274.809
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
45,648 46,374 47,102 47,831 48,561
34,008 34,567 35,129 35,692 36,256
255.454 255.968 256.475 256.978 257.474
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
83,174 85,112 87,057 89,004 90,956
63,219 64,742 66,271 67,802 69,339
275.625 276.424 277.207 277.979 278.738
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
49,292 50,024 50,756 51,490 52,224
36,821 37,387 37,952 38,520 39,088
257.965 258.450 258.928 259.402 259.870
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
92,916 94,881 96,852 98,826 100,808
70,883 72,433 73,987 75,546 77,112
279.485 280.219 280.942 281.654 282.357
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
52,961 53,696 54,434 55,172 55,912
39,658 40,227 40,799 41,370 41,944
260.333 260.791 261.242 261.690 262.132
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
102,793 104,785 106,780 108,778 110,784
78,682 80,258 81,837 83,419 85,009
283.048 283.728 284.399 285.060 285.713
1700 1720 1740
56,652 57,394 58,136
42,517 43,093 43,669
262.571 263.005 263.435
3150 3200 3250
112,795 114,809 116,827
86,601 88,203 89,804
286.355 286.989 287.614
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,601 6,938 7,280 7,627
0 4,772 5,026 5,285 5,548
0 202.966 204.464 205.920 207.337
600 610 620 630 640
22,280 22,754 23,231 23,709 24,190
17,291 17,683 18,076 18,471 18,869
243.199 243.983 244.758 245.524 246.282
260 270 280 290 298
7,979 8,335 8,697 9,063 9,364
5,817 6,091 6,369 6,651 6,885
208.717 210.062 211.376 212.660 213.685
650 660 670 680 690
24,674 25,160 25,648 26,138 26,631
19,270 19,672 20,078 20,484 20,894
247.032 247.773 248.507 249.233 249.952
300 310 320 330 340
9,431 9,807 10,186 10,570 10,959
6,939 7,230 7,526 7,826 8,131
213.915 215.146 216.351 217.534 218.694
700 710 720 730 740
27,125 27,622 28,121 28,622 29,124
21,305 21,719 22,134 22,522 22,972
250.663 251.368 252.065 252.755 253.439
350 360 370 380 390
11,351 11,748 12,148 12,552 12,960
8,439 8,752 9,068 9,392 9,718
219.831 220.948 222.044 223.122 224.182
750 760 770 780 790
29,629 30,135 30,644 31,154 31,665
23,393 23,817 24,242 24,669 25,097
254.117 254.787 255.452 256.110 256.762
400 410 420 430 440
13,372 13,787 14,206 14,628 15,054
10,046 10,378 10,714 11,053 11,393
225.225 226.250 227.258 228.252 229.230
800 810 820 830 840
32,179 32,694 33,212 33,730 34,251
25,527 25,959 26,394 26,829 27,267
257.408 258.048 258.682 259.311 259.934
450 460 470 480 490
15,483 15,916 16,351 16,791 17,232
11,742 12,091 12,444 12,800 13,158
230.194 231.144 232.080 233.004 233.916
850 860 870 880 890
34,773 35,296 35,821 36,347 36,876
27,706 28,125 28,588 29,031 29,476
260.551 261.164 261.770 262.371 262.968
500 510 520 530 540
17,678 18,126 18,576 19,029 19,485
13,521 13,885 14,253 14,622 14,996
234.814 235.700 236.575 237.439 238.292
900 910 920 930 940
37,405 37,935 38,467 39,000 39,535
29,922 30,369 30,818 31,268 31,719
263.559 264.146 264.728 265.304 265.877
550 560 570 580 590
19,945 20,407 20,870 21,337 21,807
15,372 15,751 16,131 16,515 16,902
239.135 239.962 240.789 241.602 242.405
950 960 970 980 990
40,070 40,607 41,145 41,685 42,226
32,171 32,625 33,081 33,537 33,995
266.444 267.007 267.566 268.119 268.670
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943
TABLE A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
42,769 43,859 44,953 46,051 47,153
34,455 35,378 36,306 37,238 38,174
269.215 270.293 271.354 272.400 273.430
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
86,420 87,612 88,806 90,000 91,196
71,787 72,812 73,840 74,868 75,897
301.543 302.217 302.884 303.544 304.198
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
48,258 49,369 50,484 51,602 52,724
39,112 40,057 41,006 41,957 42,913
274.445 275.444 276.430 277.403 278.361
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
92,394 93,593 94,793 95,995 97,197
76,929 77,962 78,996 80,031 81,067
304.845 305.487 306.122 306.751 307.374
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
53,848 54,977 56,108 57,244 58,381
43,871 44,834 45,799 46,768 47,739
297.307 280.238 281.158 282.066 282.962
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
98,401 99,606 100,804 103,835 106,864
82,105 83,144 84,185 86,791 89,404
307.992 308.604 309.210 310.701 312.160
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
59,522 60,666 61,813 62,963 64,116
48,713 49,691 50,672 51,656 52,643
283.847 284.722 285.586 286.439 287.283
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
109,898 112,939 115,984 119,035 122,091
92,023 94,648 97,277 99,912 102,552
313.589 314.988 316.356 317.695 319.011
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
65,271 66,427 67,586 68,748 66,911
53,631 54,621 55,614 56,609 57,606
288.106 288.934 289.743 290.542 291.333
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
125,152 128,219 131,290 134,368 137,449
105,197 107,849 110,504 113,166 115,832
320.302 321.566 322.808 324.026 325.222
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
71,078 72,246 73,417 74,590 76,767
58,606 59,609 60,613 61,620 62,630
292.114 292.888 292.654 294.411 295.161
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
140,533 143,620 146,713 149,808 152,908
118,500 121,172 123,849 126,528 129,212
326.396 327.549 328.684 329.800 330.896
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
76,944 78,123 79,303 80,486 81,670
63,741 64,653 65,668 66,592 67,702
295.901 296.632 297.356 298.072 298.781
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
156,009 159,117 162,226 165,341 168,456
131,898 134,589 137,283 139,982 142,681
331.975 333.037 334.084 335.114 336.126
1700 1720 1740
82,856 84,043 85,231
68,721 69,742 70,764
299.482 300.177 300.863
3150 3200 3250
171,576 174,695 177,822
145,385 148,089 150,801
337.124 338.109 339.069
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A – 21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266
0 4,562 4,771 4,979 5,188
0 188.683 189.980 191.221 192.411
600 610 620 630 640
17,611 17,915 18,221 18,527 18,833
12,622 12,843 13,066 13,289 13,512
218.204 218.708 219.205 219.695 220.179
260 270 280 290 298
7,558 7,849 8,140 8,432 8,669
5,396 5,604 5,812 6,020 6,190
193.554 194.654 195.713 196.735 197.543
650 660 670 680 690
19,141 19,449 19,758 20,068 20,378
13,736 13,962 14,187 14,414 14,641
220.656 221.127 221.592 222.052 222.505
300 310 320 330 340
8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,889
6,229 6,437 6,645 6,854 7,062
197.723 198.678 199.603 200.500 201.371
700 710 720 730 740
20,690 21,002 21,315 21,628 21,943
14,870 15,099 15,328 15,558 15,789
222.953 223.396 223.833 224.265 224.692
350 360 370 380 390
10,181 10,473 10,765 11,058 11,351
7,271 7,480 7,689 7,899 8,108
202.217 203.040 203.842 204.622 205.383
750 760 770 780 790
22,258 22,573 22,890 23,208 23,526
16,022 16,255 16,488 16,723 16,957
225.115 225.533 225.947 226.357 226.762
400 410 420 430 440
11,644 11,938 12,232 12,526 12,821
8,319 8,529 8,740 8,951 9,163
206.125 206.850 207.549 208.252 208.929
800 810 820 830 840
23,844 24,164 24,483 24,803 25,124
17,193 17,429 17,665 17,902 18,140
227.162 227.559 227.952 228.339 228.724
450 460 470 480 490
13,116 13,412 13,708 14,005 14,302
9,375 9,587 9,800 10,014 10,228
209.593 210.243 210.880 211.504 212.117
850 860 870 880 890
25,446 25,768 26,091 26,415 26,740
18,379 18,617 18,858 19,099 19,341
229.106 229.482 229.856 230.227 230.593
500 510 520 530 540
14,600 14,898 15,197 15,497 15,797
10,443 10,658 10,874 11,090 11,307
212.719 213.310 213.890 214.460 215.020
900 910 920 930 940
27,066 27,392 27,719 28,046 28,375
19,583 19,826 20,070 20,314 20,559
230.957 231.317 231.674 232.028 232.379
550 560 570 580 590
16,097 16,399 16,701 17,003 17,307
11,524 11,743 11,961 12,181 12,401
215.572 216.115 216.649 217.175 217.693
950 960 970 980 990
28,703 29,033 29,362 29,693 30,024
20,805 21,051 21,298 21,545 21,793
232.727 233.072 233.413 233.752 234.088
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945
TABLE A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
30,355 31,020 31,688 32,357 33,029
22,041 22,540 23,041 23,544 24,049
234.421 235.079 235.728 236.364 236.992
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
56,756 57,473 58,191 58,910 59,629
42,123 42,673 43,225 43,778 44,331
253.991 254.398 254.797 255.194 255.587
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
33,702 34,377 35,054 35,733 36,406
24,557 25,065 25,575 26,088 26,602
237.609 238.217 238.817 239.407 239.989
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
60,351 61,072 61,794 62,516 63,238
44,886 45,441 45,997 46,552 47,108
255.976 256.361 256.743 257.122 257.497
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
37,095 37,780 38,466 39,154 39,844
27,118 27,637 28,426 28,678 29,201
240.663 241.128 241.686 242.236 242.780
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
63,961 64,684 65,408 67,224 69,044
47,665 48,221 48,780 50,179 51,584
257.868 258.236 258.600 259.494 260.370
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
40,534 41,226 41,919 42,613 43,309
29,725 30,251 30,778 31,306 31,836
243.316 243.844 244.366 244.880 245.388
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
70,864 72,688 74,516 76,345 78,178
52,988 54,396 55,809 57,222 58,640
261.226 262.065 262.887 263.692 264.480
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
44,007 44,707 45,408 46,110 46,813
32,367 32,900 33,434 33,971 34,508
245.889 246.385 246.876 247.360 247.839
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
80,015 81,852 83,692 85,537 87,383
60,060 61,482 62,906 64,335 65,766
265.253 266.012 266.755 267.485 268.202
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
47,517 48,222 48,928 49,635 50,344
35,046 35,584 36,124 36,665 37,207
248.312 248.778 249.240 249.695 250.147
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
89,230 91,077 92,930 94,784 96,639
67,197 68,628 70,066 71,504 72,945
268.905 269.596 270.285 270.943 271.602
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
51,053 51,763 52,472 53,184 53,895
37,750 38,293 38,837 39,382 39,927
250.592 251.033 251.470 251.901 252.329
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
98,495 100,352 102,210 104,073 105,939
74,383 75,825 77,267 78,715 80,164
272.249 272.884 273.508 274.123 274.730
1700 1720 1740
54,609 55,323 56,039
40,474 41,023 41,572
252.751 253.169 253.582
3150 3200 3250
107,802 109,667 111,534
81,612 83,061 84,513
275.326 275.914 276.494
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 260 270 280 290
0 7,370 7,657 7,945 8,233
0 5,209 5,412 5,617 5,822
0 126.636 127.719 128.765 129.775
1440 1480 1520 1560 1600
42,808 44,091 45,384 46,683 47,990
30,835 31,786 32,746 33,713 34,687
177.410 178.291 179.153 179.995 180.820
298 300 320 340 360
8,468 8,522 9,100 9,680 10,262
5,989 6,027 6,440 6,853 7,268
130.574 130.754 132.621 134.378 136.039
1640 1680 1720 1760 1800
49,303 50,622 51,947 53,279 54,618
35,668 36,654 37,646 38,645 39,652
181.632 182.428 183.208 183.973 184.724
380 400 420 440 460
10,843 11,426 12,010 12,594 13,179
7,684 8,100 8,518 8,936 9,355
137.612 139.106 140.529 141.888 143.187
1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
55,962 57,311 58,668 60,031 61,400
40,663 41,680 42,705 43,735 44,771
185.463 186.190 186.904 187.607 188.297
480 500 520 560 600
13,764 14,350 14,935 16,107 17,280
9,773 10,193 10,611 11,451 12,291
144.432 145.628 146.775 148.945 150.968
2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
63,119 64,847 66,584 68,328 70,080
46,074 47,386 48,708 50,037 51,373
189.148 189.979 190.796 191.598 192.385
640 680 720 760 800
18,453 19,630 20,807 21,988 23,171
13,133 13,976 14,821 15,669 16,520
152.863 154.645 156.328 157.923 159.440
2300 2350 2400 2450 2500
71,839 73,608 75,383 77,168 78,960
52,716 54,069 55,429 56,798 58,175
193.159 193.921 194.669 195.403 196.125
840 880 920 960 1000
24,359 25,551 26,747 27,948 29,154
17,375 18,235 19,098 19,966 20,839
160.891 162.277 163.607 164.884 166.114
2550 2600 2650 2700 2750
80,755 82,558 84,368 86,186 88,008
59,554 60,941 62,335 63,737 65,144
196.837 197.539 198.229 198.907 199.575
1040 1080 1120 1160 1200
30,364 31,580 32,802 34,028 35,262
21,717 22,601 23,490 24,384 25,284
167.300 168.449 169.560 170.636 171.682
2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
89,838 91,671 93,512 95,358 97,211
66,558 67,976 69,401 70,831 72,268
200.234 200.885 201.527 202.157 202.778
1240 1280 1320 1360 1400
36,502 37,749 39,002 40,263 41,530
26,192 27,106 28,027 28,955 29,889
172.698 173.687 174.652 175.593 176.510
3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
99,065 100,926 102,793 104,667 106,545
73,707 75,152 76,604 78,061 79,523
203.391 203.995 204.592 205.181 205.765
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947
TABLE A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 7,295 7,628 7,961 8,294
0 5,466 5,715 5,965 6,215
0 178.576 180.054 181.471 182.831
600 610 620 630 640
20,402 20,765 21,130 21,495 21,862
15,413 15,693 15,975 16,257 16,541
212.920 213.529 214.122 214.707 215.285
260 270 280 290 298
8,627 8,961 9,296 9,631 9,904
6,466 6,716 6,968 7,219 7,425
184.139 185.399 186.616 187.791 188.720
650 660 670 680 690
22,230 22,600 22,970 23,342 23,714
16,826 17,112 17,399 17,688 17,978
215.856 216.419 216.976 217.527 218.071
300 310 320 330 340
9,966 10,302 10,639 10,976 11,314
7,472 7,725 7,978 8,232 8,487
188.928 190.030 191.098 192.136 193.144
700 710 720 730 740
24,088 24,464 24,840 25,218 25,597
18,268 18,561 18,854 19,148 19,444
218.610 219.142 219.668 220.189 220.707
350 360 370 380 390
11,652 11,992 12,331 12,672 13,014
8,742 8,998 9,255 9,513 9,771
194.125 195.081 196.012 196.920 197.807
750 760 770 780 790
25,977 26,358 26,741 27,125 27,510
19,741 20,039 20,339 20,639 20,941
221.215 221.720 222.221 222.717 223.207
400 410 420 430 440
13,356 13,699 14,043 14,388 14,734
10,030 10,290 10,551 10,813 11,075
198.673 199.521 200.350 201.160 201.955
800 810 820 830 840
27,896 28,284 28,672 29,062 29,454
21,245 21,549 21,855 22,162 22,470
223.693 224.174 224.651 225.123 225.592
450 460 470 480 490
15,080 15,428 15,777 16,126 16,477
11,339 11,603 11,869 12,135 12,403
202.734 203.497 204.247 204.982 205.705
850 860 870 880 890
29,846 30,240 30,635 31,032 31,429
22,779 23,090 23,402 23,715 24,029
226.057 226.517 226.973 227.426 227.875
500 510 520 530 540
16,828 17,181 17,534 17,889 18,245
12,671 12,940 13,211 13,482 13,755
206.413 207.112 207.799 208.475 209.139
900 910 920 930 940
31,828 32,228 32,629 33,032 33,436
24,345 24,662 24,980 25,300 25,621
228.321 228.763 229.202 229.637 230.070
550 560 570 580 590
18,601 18,959 19,318 19,678 20,039
14,028 14,303 14,579 14,856 15,134
209.795 210.440 211.075 211.702 212.320
950 960 970 980 990
33,841 34,247 34,653 35,061 35,472
25,943 26,265 26,588 26,913 27,240
230.499 230.924 231.347 231.767 232.184
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O (Concluded ) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
35,882 36,709 37,542 38,380 39,223
27,568 28,228 28,895 29,567 30,243
232.597 233.415 234.223 235.020 235.806
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
70,535 71,523 72,513 73,507 74,506
55,902 56,723 57,547 58,375 59,207
258.151 258.708 259.262 259.811 260.357
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
40,071 40,923 41,780 42,642 43,509
30,925 31,611 32,301 32,997 33,698
236.584 237.352 238.110 238.859 239.600
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
75,506 76,511 77,517 78,527 79,540
60,042 60,880 61,720 62,564 63,411
260.898 261.436 261.969 262.497 263.022
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
44,380 45,256 46,137 47,022 47,912
34,403 35,112 35,827 36,546 37,270
240.333 241.057 241.773 242.482 243.183
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
80,555 81,573 82,593 85,156 87,735
64,259 65,111 65,965 68,111 70,275
263.542 264.059 264.571 265.838 267.081
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
48,807 49,707 50,612 51,521 52,434
38,000 38,732 39,470 40,213 40,960
243.877 244.564 245.243 245.915 246.582
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
90,330 92,940 95,562 98,199 100,846
72,454 74,649 76,855 79,076 81,308
268.301 269.500 270.679 271.839 272.978
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
53,351 54,273 55,198 56,128 57,062
41,711 42,466 43,226 43,989 44,756
247.241 247.895 248.543 249.185 249.820
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
103,508 106,183 108,868 111,565 114,273
83,553 85,811 88,082 90,364 92,656
274.098 275.201 276.286 277.354 278.407
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
57,999 58,942 59,888 60,838 61,792
45,528 46,304 47,084 47,868 48,655
250.450 251.074 251.693 252.305 252.912
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
116,991 119,717 122,453 125,198 127,952
94,958 97,269 99,588 101,917 104,256
279.441 280.462 281.464 282.453 283.429
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
62,748 63,709 64,675 65,643 66,614
49,445 50,240 51,039 51,841 52,646
253.513 254.111 254.703 255.290 255.873
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
130,717 133,486 136,264 139,051 141,846
106,605 108,959 111,321 113,692 116,072
284.390 285.338 286.273 287.194 288.102
1700 1720 1740
67,589 68,567 69,550
53,455 54,267 55,083
256.450 257.022 257.589
3150 3200 3250
144,648 147,457 150,272
118,458 120,851 123,250
288.999 289.884 290.756
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949
TABLE A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0 160.944 161.079 172.088 186.678 195.143 196.488 197.751 198.941 200.067 201.135 201.649 202.151 202.641 203.119 203.588 204.045 204.493
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
50,894 51,936 52,979 54,021 55,064 56,108 57,152 58,196 59,241 60,286 61,332 62,378 63,425 65,520 67,619 69,720 71,824 73,932
30,940 31,566 32,193 32,820 33,447 34,075 34,703 35,332 35,961 36,590 37,220 37,851 38,482 39,746 41,013 42,283 43,556 44,832
204.932 205.362 205.783 206.196 206.601 206.999 207.389 207.772 208.148 208.518 208.882 209.240 209.592 210.279 210.945 211.592 212.220 212.831
Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0 183.594 183.779 198.955 219.624 232.506 234.642 236.672 238.606 240.453 242.221 243.077 243.917 244.740 245.547 246.338 247.116 247.879
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
77,015 78,801 80,592 82,388 84,189 85,995 87,806 89,622 91,442 93,266 95,095 96,927 98,763 102,447 106,145 109,855 113,578 117,312
57,061 58,431 59,806 61,186 62,572 63,962 65,358 66,757 68,162 69,570 70,983 72,400 73,820 76,673 79,539 82,418 85,309 88,212
248.628 249.364 250.088 250.799 251.499 252.187 252.864 253.530 254.186 254.832 255.468 256.094 256.712 257.919 259.093 260.235 261.347 262.429
0 6,852 6,892 11,197 21,713 32,150 34,234 36,317 38,400 40,482 42,564 43,605 44,646 45,687 46,728 47,769 48,811 49,852
0 4,373 4,398 7,040 13,398 19,679 20,931 22,183 23,434 24,685 25,935 26,560 27,186 27,811 28,436 29,062 29,688 30,314
TABLE A–25
0 9,188 9,244 15,181 30,123 46,046 49,358 52,706 56,089 59,505 62,952 64,687 66,428 68,177 69,932 71,694 73,462 75,236
0 6,709 6,749 11,024 21,809 33,575 36,055 38,571 41,123 43,708 46,323 47,642 48,968 50,301 51,641 52,987 54,339 55,697
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Thermodynamics TABLE A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm _ _ _ gf° s° hf° Substance Formula kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Water Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane n-Butane n-Octane n-Octane n-Dodecane Benzene Methyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Hydroxyl
C(s) H2(g) N2(g) O2(g) CO(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) H2O() H2O2(g) NH3(g) CH4(g) C2H2(g) C2H4(g) C2H6(g) C3H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C8H18(g) C8H18() C12H26(g) C6H6(g) CH3OH(g) CH3OH() C2H5OH(g) C2H5OH() O(g) H(g) N(g) OH(g)
0 0 0 0 110,530 393,520 241,820 285,830 136,310 46,190 74,850 +226,730 +52,280 84,680 +20,410 103,850 126,150 208,450 249,950 291,010 +82,930 200,670 238,660 235,310 277,690 +249,190 +218,000 +472,650 +39,460
0 0 0 0 137,150 394,360 228,590 237,180 105,600 16,590 50,790 +209,170 +68,120 32,890 +62,720 23,490 15,710 +16,530 +6,610 +50,150 +129,660 162,000 166,360 168,570 174,890 +231,770 +203,290 +455,510 +34,280
5.74 130.68 191.61 205.04 197.65 213.80 188.83 69.92 232.63 192.33 186.16 200.85 219.83 229.49 266.94 269.91 310.12 466.73 360.79 622.83 269.20 239.70 126.80 282.59 160.70 161.06 114.72 153.30 183.70
Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971); Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953).
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|
951
TABLE A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
Fuel (phase)
Formula
Molar mass, kg/kmol
Carbon (s) Hydrogen (g) Carbon monoxide (g) Methane (g) Methanol () Acetylene (g) Ethane (g) Ethanol () Propane () Butane () 1-Pentene () Isopentane () Benzene () Hexene () Hexane () Toluene () Heptane () Octane () Decane () Gasoline () Light diesel () Heavy diesel () Natural gas (g)
C H2 CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 CnH1.87n CnH1.8n CnH1.7n CnH3.8nN0.1n
12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18
Density,1 kg/L 2 — — — 0.790 — — 0.790 0.500 0.579 0.641 0.626 0.877 0.673 0.660 0.867 0.684 0.703 0.730 0.72–0.78 0.78–0.84 0.82–0.88 —
1At
1 atm and 20°C.
2At
25°C for liquid fuels, and 1 atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels.
3At
25°C. Multiply by molar mass to obtain heating values in kJ/kmol.
Enthalpy of vaporization,2 kJ/kg
Specific heat,1 cp kJ/kg · K
Higher heating value,3 kJ/kg
Lower heating value,3 kJ/kg
— — — 509 1168 — 172 919 335 362 363 — 433 392 366 412 365 363 361 350 270 230 —
0.708 14.4 1.05 2.20 2.53 1.69 1.75 2.44 2.77 2.42 2.20 2.32 1.72 1.84 2.27 1.71 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.4 2.2 1.9 2
32,800 141,800 10,100 55,530 22,660 49,970 51,900 29,670 50,330 49,150 47,760 48,570 41,800 47,500 48,310 42,400 48,100 47,890 47,640 47,300 46,100 45,500 50,000
32,800 120,000 10,100 50,050 19,920 48,280 47,520 26,810 46,340 45,370 44,630 44,910 40,100 44,400 44,740 40,500 44,600 44,430 44,240 44,000 43,200 42,800 45,000
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction nA A + nB B ∆ nC C + nD D is defined as Kp ≡
PCnC PDnD PAnA PBnB
Temp., K
H2 ∆ 2H
O2 ∆ 2O
N2 ∆ 2N
298 164.005 500 92.827 1000 39.803 1200 30.874 1400 24.463 1600 19.637 1800 15.866 2000 12.840 2200 10.353 2400 8.276 2600 6.517 2800 5.002 3000 3.685 3200 2.534 3400 1.516 3600 0.609 3800 0.202 4000 0.934 4500 2.486 5000 3.725 5500 4.743 6000 5.590
186.975 105.630 45.150 35.005 27.742 22.285 18.030 14.622 11.827 9.497 7.521 5.826 4.357 3.072 1.935 0.926 0.019 0.796 2.513 3.895 5.023 5.963
367.480 213.372 99.127 80.011 66.329 56.055 48.051 41.645 36.391 32.011 28.304 25.117 22.359 19.937 17.800 15.898 14.199 12.660 9.414 6.807 4.666 2.865
H2O ∆ H2 + 1/2O2
H2O ∆ 1/2H2 + OH
CO2 ∆ CO + 1/2O2
92.208 52.691 23.163 18.182 14.609 11.921 9.826 8.145 6.768 5.619 4.648 3.812 3.086 2.451 1.891 1.392 0.945 0.542 0.312 0.996 1.560 2.032
106.208 60.281 26.034 20.283 16.099 13.066 10.657 8.728 7.148 5.832 4.719 3.763 2.937 2.212 1.576 1.088 0.501 0.044 0.920 1.689 2.318 2.843
103.762 57.616 23.529 17.871 13.842 10.830 8.497 6.635 5.120 3.860 2.801 1.894 1.111 0.429 0.169 0.701 1.176 1.599 2.490 3.197 3.771 4.245
1/ N 2 2
+ 1/2O2 ∆ NO 35.052 20.295 9.388 7.569 6.270 5.294 4.536 3.931 3.433 3.019 2.671 2.372 2.114 1.888 1.690 1.513 1.356 1.216 0.921 0.686 0.497 0.341
Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 723, table A.14. Based on thermodynamic data given in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Thermal Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 1971).
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Appendix 1 7.5
|
953
0.50
7.0
0.55 T
0.60
R
6.5 0.65 0.70
6.0 Sa tur ate d
5.5
0.75 0.80
liq uid
0.90
5.0
0.94 0.92 0.98 0.96 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.75
4.5 0.85 0.90
1.10 1.15
0.92
3.5
0.94
1.20
0.96
1.25
3.0 1.30 0.98
2.5
1.40
2.0
1.50 1.60
1.5
ted ura Sat .90 0
0.5
1.1 1.2 0 0
or vap 5 0.9
1.90 2.00 2.20
0 .3
1
1.
1.0
00
1.70 1.80
2.40 2.60
0
1.5
2.80 3.00
2.00
4.00
0
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0 4.0 5.0
10
20
30
Reduced pressure, PR
0.500
0.400
=
TR
0 0.9 0 9
=
0.
0. 80
TR
0.300
0 1.0
SSa attuu rraa tteed dv vaap poo urr
0.1
–– –– hideal – h hideal – h = ————– Enthalpy departure Zh = ————– RuTcr RTcr
–– –– hideal – h hideal – h = ————– Enthalpy departure Zh = ————– RuTcr RTcr
0.80
4.0
0.85
0.200
1.10 1.20 1.40 1.60
0.100
FIGURE A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart.
2.00 0.000 0
0.05
0.10
0.15 P
R
0.20
0.25
0.30
Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 558, fig. C.2, and p. 561, fig. C.5.
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Thermodynamics
Entropy departure
10.0
9.0
TRr
8.0
0.500
rr poou .90 vaap ddv =0 e e t t aa T r R r u ttu SSaa 0 1.0
0.400 0.300
0. 80
|
sideal – s sideal – s = ————– Zs = ————– Ru R
954
0.200 0.100 0.000 0
1.10 1.20 1.40 1.60 2.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 PR
7.0 0.55 0.60 sid igqau dedl artaet tautru SSa
sideal – s sideal – s = ————– Entropy departure Zs = ————– Ru R
0.50
6.0
0.65 0.70
5.0
0.75
0.75
0.80
0.80 0.85
4.0
0.90 0.90
0.94
0.92 0.98
0.92 0.96
0.94
1.00
1.02
0.96
0.85
3.0
0.94 0.98
1.04
1.02
1.06 1.08
0.98
1.06
1.10 1.15
2.0 1.20
1.30
Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 559, fig. C.3, and p. 561, fig. C.5.
1.0
1.0.95 00
FIGURE A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart.
or ted vap 0 Satura 0.9
0 0.1
0.2
0.3 0.40.5
4 1.0 .10 1 1.20 1.40 1.60
1.0
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.80
2.00 3.00
2.50
2.0
3.0 4.0 5.0
Reduced pressure, P
R
10
20
30
5
10
50
En
a th
10
15
pe
n tio ra
u
t Sa
jo ilo )k (h 60 y lp
es ul
m te
80
4 0.8
% 6
6 0.8
% 50 %
40
Dry bulb temperature °C
20
0%
30%
umid lative h
30
10% re
re °
ity
atu
per
em
lb t
t bu
we
20%
25
8 0.8
2 0.8
0 0.8
8 0.7
C
40
2
4
6
8
50
10
12
14
16
18
20
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0.95 1.0
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
|
m
0 0.9
Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA; used with permission.
20
25
22
24
26
28
30
0.36
Appendix 1
FIGURE A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure.
15
C e° 20
ur
at
r pe
am gr ilo 70 rk
y
dr
r
ai
30
0.9
Prepared by Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho.
10
2.0
5
30
40
Enthalpy ∆h —————— = —— Humidity ratio ∆
2.5
pe dry
0
0
30
ram
20
4.0
0.4
90
100 4 0.9
0
5.0 3 0.
10.0
– 0.2
–• 1.0 1.5 – 5.0 2.0 4.0 – 2.0 ∆HS – • Sensible heat —————– = —— – 24.0 0.0 Total heat ∆HT – .0 1.0 1.0 0.2
3.0
1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
0.1
•
%
Sea Level
.5
%
–0
90
olu 2v eter
80
©1992 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
cm
bi e cu
70
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 Normal Temperature Barometric Pressure: 101.325 kPa
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log r ki air
∆HS Sensible heat —————– = —— Total heat ∆HT Humidity ratio () grams moisture per kilogram dry air
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Thermodynamics
k1 Ma* Ma B 2 (k 1)Ma2 0.5(k1)(k1) A 1 2 k1 ca b a1 Ma2bd A* Ma k 1 2 k(k1) P k1 a1 Ma2b P0 2 1(k1) r k1 a1 Ma2b r0 2 1 T k1 a1 Ma2b T0 2
TABLE A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4 Ma
Ma*
A/A*
P/P0
r/r0
T/T0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 5.0
0 0.1094 0.2182 0.3257 0.4313 0.5345 0.6348 0.7318 0.8251 0.9146 1.0000 1.1583 1.2999 1.4254 1.5360 1.6330 1.7179 1.7922 1.8571 1.9140 1.9640 2.2361 2.2495
5.8218 2.9635 2.0351 1.5901 1.3398 1.1882 1.0944 1.0382 1.0089 1.0000 1.0304 1.1149 1.2502 1.4390 1.6875 2.0050 2.4031 2.8960 3.5001 4.2346 25.000
1.0000 0.9930 0.9725 0.9395 0.8956 0.8430 0.7840 0.7209 0.6560 0.5913 0.5283 0.4124 0.3142 0.2353 0.1740 0.1278 0.0935 0.0684 0.0501 0.0368 0.0272 0.0019 0
1.0000 0.9950 0.9803 0.9564 0.9243 0.8852 0.8405 0.7916 0.7400 0.6870 0.6339 0.5311 0.4374 0.3557 0.2868 0.2300 0.1841 0.1472 0.1179 0.0946 0.0760 0.0113 0
1.0000 0.9980 0.9921 0.9823 0.9690 0.9524 0.9328 0.9107 0.8865 0.8606 0.8333 0.7764 0.7184 0.6614 0.6068 0.5556 0.5081 0.4647 0.4252 0.3894 0.3571 0.1667 0
3.0 A/A*
Compressible flow functions
2.5
2.0 Ma* 1.5
1.0
T/T0
0.5
r/r* P/P0 0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 Ma
2.0
2.5
3.0
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Appendix 1 T01 T02
|
957
TABLE A–33
(k 1)Ma21 2 Ma2 B 2kMa21 k 1
One-dimensional normal shock functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4
P 2 1 kMa21 2kMa21 k 1 P 1 1 kMa22 k1 r 2 P 2P 1 (k V1 r1 T2T1 2 (k 1)Ma21 V2 1)Ma21
T2 2 Ma21(k 1) T1 2 Ma22(k 1) P 02 Ma1 1 Ma22(k 1)2 (k 1)/[2(k 1)] c d P 01 Ma2 1 Ma21(k 1)2 P 02 (1 kMa21)[1 Ma22(k 1)2]k(k1) P1 1 kMa22
Ma1
Ma2
P2/P1
r2/r1
T2/T1
P02/P01
P02/P1
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.0000 0.9118 0.8422 0.7860 0.7397 0.7011 0.6684 0.6405 0.6165 0.5956 0.5774 0.5613 0.5471 0.5344 0.5231 0.5130 0.5039 0.4956 0.4882 0.4814 0.4752 0.4350 0.4152 0.3780
1.0000 1.2450 1.5133 1.8050 2.1200 2.4583 2.8200 3.2050 3.6133 4.0450 4.5000 4.9783 5.4800 6.0050 6.5533 7.1250 7.7200 8.3383 8.9800 9.6450 10.3333 18.5000 29.000
1.0000 1.1691 1.3416 1.5157 1.6897 1.8621 2.0317 2.1977 2.3592 2.5157 2.6667 2.8119 2.9512 3.0845 3.2119 3.3333 3.4490 3.5590 3.6636 3.7629 3.8571 4.5714 5.0000 6.0000
1.0000 1.0649 1.1280 1.1909 1.2547 1.3202 1.3880 1.4583 1.5316 1.6079 1.6875 1.7705 1.8569 1.9468 2.0403 2.1375 2.2383 2.3429 2.4512 2.5632 2.6790 4.0469 5.8000
1.0000 0.9989 0.9928 0.9794 0.9582 0.9298 0.8952 0.8557 0.8127 0.7674 0.7209 0.6742 0.6281 0.5833 0.5401 0.4990 0.4601 0.4236 0.3895 0.3577 0.3283 0.1388 0.0617 0
1.8929 2.1328 2.4075 2.7136 3.0492 3.4133 3.8050 4.2238 4.6695 5.1418 5.6404 6.1654 6.7165 7.2937 7.8969 8.5261 9.1813 9.8624 10.5694 11.3022 12.0610 21.0681 32.6335
5.0 P02 /P1
P2 /P1
Normal shock functions
4.0
r2 /r1
3.0 T2/T1
2.0
1.0 Ma2 P02/P01 0 1.0
1.5
2.0 Ma1
2.5
3.0
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T0 (k 1)Ma2[2 (k 1)Ma2] T 0* (1 kMa2)2
TABLE A–34
P0 2 (k 1)Ma2 k(k1) k1 a b 2 P*0 1 kMa k1
Ma
T0/T 0*
P0/P 0*
T/T*
P/P*
V/V*
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
0.0000 0.0468 0.1736 0.3469 0.5290 0.6914 0.8189 0.9085 0.9639 0.9921 1.0000 0.9787 0.9343 0.8842 0.8363 0.7934 0.7561 0.7242 0.6970 0.6738 0.6540
1.2679 1.2591 1.2346 1.1985 1.1566 1.1141 1.0753 1.0431 1.0193 1.0049 1.0000 1.0194 1.0777 1.1756 1.3159 1.5031 1.7434 2.0451 2.4177 2.8731 3.4245
0.0000 0.0560 0.2066 0.4089 0.6151 0.7901 0.9167 0.9929 1.0255 1.0245 1.0000 0.9118 0.8054 0.7017 0.6089 0.5289 0.4611 0.4038 0.3556 0.3149 0.2803
2.4000 2.3669 2.2727 2.1314 1.9608 1.7778 1.5957 1.4235 1.2658 1.1246 1.0000 0.7958 0.6410 0.5236 0.4335 0.3636 0.3086 0.2648 0.2294 0.2004 0.1765
0.0000 0.0237 0.0909 0.1918 0.3137 0.4444 0.5745 0.6975 0.8101 0.9110 1.0000 1.1459 1.2564 1.3403 1.4046 1.4545 1.4938 1.5252 1.5505 1.5711 1.5882
1k P P* 1 kMa2 r* (1 k)Ma2 V r V* 1 kMa2
3.5 P0 /P0* 3.0
2.5 Rayleigh flow functions
Ma(1 k) 2 T a b T* 1 kMa2
Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4
2.0
V/V * 1.5
1.0 T0 /T 0* 0.5
T/T * P/P*
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 Ma
2.0
2.5
3.0
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Appendix 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS)
Table A–1E Table A–2E Table A–3E Table A–4E Table A–5E Table A–6E Table A–7E Table A–8E Figure A–9E Figure A–10E Table A–11E Table A–12E Table A–13E Figure A–14E
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Saturated water—Temperature table Saturated water—Pressure table Superheated water Compressed liquid water Saturated ice–water vapor T-s diagram for water Mollier diagram for water Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Superheated refrigerant-134a P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
Table A–16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 Table A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77°C, 1 atm Table A–27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Figure A–31E Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure
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TABLE A–1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Substance
Formula
Molar mass, M lbm/lbmol
Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n-Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene Sulfur dioxide Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) Water Xenon
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.020 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.178 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30
Gas constant, R ft3/
Critical-point properties
Btu/ lbm · R*
psia · lbm · R*
Temperature, R
0.06855 0.1166 0.04971 0.02542 0.01243 0.03417 0.04513 0.07090 0.01291 0.02801 0.01664 0.01643 0.01930 0.06616 0.04311 0.07079 0.4961 0.02305 0.9851 0.02370 0.1238 0.06198 0.03934 0.09840 0.07090 0.04512 0.06206 0.04504 0.04719 0.03100 0.01946 0.01446 0.1102 0.01513
0.3704 0.6301 0.2686 0.1374 0.06714 0.1846 0.2438 0.3831 0.06976 0.1517 0.08988 0.08874 0.1043 0.3574 0.2329 0.3825 2.6809 0.1245 5.3224 0.1280 0.6688 0.3349 0.2125 0.5316 0.3830 0.2438 0.3353 0.2433 0.2550 1.1675 0.1052 0.07811 0.5956 0.08172
238.5 729.8 272 1012 1052 765.2 547.5 240 1001.5 751 965.8 692.4 813.0 549.8 929.0 508.3 9.5 914.2 59.9 376.9 343.9 923.7 749.3 80.1 227.1 557.4 278.6 665.9 656.9 775.2 673.6 848.1 1164.8 521.55
Pressure, psia 547 1636 705 714 1500 551 1071 507 661 1120 794 582 749 708 926 742 33.2 439 188.1 798 673 1154 968 395 492 1054 736 617 670 1143 588.7 635 3200 852
Volume, ft3/lbmol 1.41 1.16 1.20 4.17 2.17 4.08 1.51 1.49 4.42 1.99 3.85 3.49 3.16 2.37 2.68 1.99 0.926 5.89 1.04 1.48 1.59 1.89 2.29 0.668 1.44 1.54 1.25 3.20 2.90 1.95 3.19 3.97 0.90 1.90
*Calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 1.98588 Btu/lbmol · R 10.7316 psia · ft3/lbmol · R and M is the molar mass. Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236, and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
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TABLE A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a) At 80°F Gas
Formula
Air Argon Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Octane Oxygen Propane Steam
— Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O
Gas constant, R Btu/lbm · R
cp Btu/lbm · R
cv Btu/lbm · R
0.06855 0.04971 0.03424 0.04513 0.07090 0.06616 0.07079 0.4961 0.9851 0.1238 0.09840 0.07090 0.01742 0.06206 0.04504 0.1102
0.240 0.1253 0.415 0.203 0.249 0.427 0.411 1.25 3.43 0.532 0.246 0.248 0.409 0.219 0.407 0.445
0.171 0.0756 0.381 0.158 0.178 0.361 0.340 0.753 2.44 0.403 0.1477 0.177 0.392 0.157 0.362 0.335
Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 687, Table A–8E.
k 1.400 1.667 1.09 1.285 1.399 1.183 1.208 1.667 1.404 1.32 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.124 1.329
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TABLE A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued) (b) At various temperatures Temp., °F
cp Btu/lbm · R
cv Btu/lbm · R
k
cp Btu/lbm · R
Air 40 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500 2000
0.240 0.240 0.241 0.243 0.245 0.248 0.250 0.254 0.257 0.259 0.263 0.276 0.286
0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.176 0.179 0.182 0.185 0.188 0.191 0.195 0.208 0.217
1.401 1.400 1.397 1.394 1.389 1.383 1.377 1.371 1.365 1.358 1.353 1.330 1.312
0.195 0.205 0.217 0.229 0.239 0.247 0.255 0.262 0.269 0.275 0.280 0.298 0.312
Hydrogen, H2 40 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500 2000
3.397 3.426 3.451 3.461 3.466 3.469 3.473 3.477 3.494 3.502 3.513 3.618 3.758
2.412 2.441 2.466 2.476 2.480 2.484 2.488 2.492 2.509 2.519 2.528 2.633 2.773
cv Btu/lbm · R k
cp cv Btu/lbm · R Btu/lbm · R k
Carbon dioxide, C02
Carbon monoxide, CO
0.150 0.160 0.172 0.184 0.193 0.202 0.210 0.217 0.224 0.230 0.235 0.253 0.267
1.300 1.283 1.262 1.246 1.233 1.223 1.215 1.208 1.202 1.197 1.192 1.178 1.169
0.248 0.249 0.249 0.251 0.253 0.256 0.259 0.262 0.266 0.269 0.273 0.287 0.297
Nitrogen, N2 1.409 1.404 1.399 1.398 1.397 1.397 1.396 1.395 1.393 1.392 1.390 1.374 1.355
0.248 0.248 0.249 0.250 0.251 0.254 0.256 0.260 0.262 0.265 0.269 0.283 0.293
0.177 0.178 0.178 0.179 0.180 0.183 0.185 0.189 0.191 0.194 0.198 0.212 0.222
0.177 0.178 0.179 0.180 0.182 0.185 0.188 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.202 0.216 0.226
1.400 1.399 1.397 1.394 1.389 1.384 1.377 1.371 1.364 1.357 1.351 1.328 1.314
Oxygen, O2 1.400 1.399 1.398 1.396 1.393 1.388 1.383 1.377 1.371 1.364 1.359 1.334 1.319
0.219 0.220 0.223 0.226 0.230 0.235 0.239 0.242 0.246 0.249 0.252 0.263 0.270
0.156 0.158 0.161 0.164 0.168 0.173 0.177 0.181 0.184 0.187 0.190 0.201 0.208
1.397 1.394 1.387 1.378 1.368 1.360 1.352 1.344 1.337 1.331 1.326 1.309 1.298
Note: The unit Btu/lbm · R is equivalent to Btu/lbm · °F. Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 830, Table A–4. Originally published in Tables of Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.
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Appendix 2
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TABLE A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded ) (c) As a function of temperature cp a bT cT 2 dT 3 (T in R, cp in Btu/lbmol · R)
Substance Nitrogen Oxygen Air Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Sulfur Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Acetylene Benzene Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen chloride Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane i-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane Ethylene Propylene
Formula N2 O2 — H2 CO CO2 H2O NO N2O NO2 NH3 S2 SO2 SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O HCl CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C2H4 C3H6
a 6.903 6.085 6.713 6.952 6.726 5.316 7.700 7.008 5.758 5.48 6.5846 6.499 6.157 3.918 5.21 8.650 4.55 4.75 7.244 4.750 1.648 0.966 0.945 1.890 1.618 1.657 0.944 0.753
b 0.02085 0.2017 0.02609 0.02542 0.02222 0.79361 0.02552 0.01247 0.7780 0.7583 0.34028 0.2943 0.7689 1.935 1.2227 6.4322 1.214 2.781 0.1011 0.6666 2.291 4.044 4.929 5.520 6.028 7.328 2.075 3.162
c
102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102
0.05957 0.05275 0.03540 0.02952 0.03960 0.2581 0.07781 0.07185 0.2596 0.260 0.073034 0.1200 0.2810 0.8256 0.4812 2.327 0.0898 0.7651 0.09783 0.09352 0.4722 1.159 1.352 1.696 1.656 2.112 0.6151 0.8981
% error Temperature range, R Max. Avg.
d 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
0.1176 0.05372 0.08052 0.03565 0.09100 0.3059 0.1472 0.1715 0.4331 0.322 0.27402 0.1632 0.3527 1.328 0.7457 3.179 0.329 0.821 0.1776 0.4510 0.2984 1.300 1.433 2.044 1.732 2.363 0.7326 1.008
109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109
491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-2700 491-2700 491-2700 491-2700 491-3240 491-3240 491-2340 491-2700 491-2700 491-1800 491-2700 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740
0.59 1.19 0.72 1.02 0.89 0.67 0.53 0.97 0.59 0.46 0.91 0.99 0.45 0.29 1.46 0.34 0.18 0.40 0.22 1.33 0.83 0.40 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.72 0.54 0.73
0.34 0.28 0.33 0.26 0.37 0.22 0.24 0.36 0.26 0.18 0.36 0.38 0.24 0.13 0.59 0.20 0.08 0.22 0.08 0.57 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.17
Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
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TABLE A–3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm
Substance
Normal boiling point, °F
Ammonia
27.9
Latent heat of vaporization, hfg Btu/lbm 24.54
Freezing data Freezing point, °F
Latent heat of fusion, hif Btu/lbm
107.9
138.6
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane
302.6 176.4
69.5 169.4
308.7 41.9
12.0 54.2
219.0 31.1 109.2* 172.8 173.5 388.6 355.8 452.1 423.0 10.9 399–559 674.1 258.7
— 165.6 99.6 (at 32°F) 360.5 368 344.0 419 9.80 191.7 157.8 108 126.7 219.6
0.7 217.3 69.8 173.6 248.8 12.6 66.0 — 434.5 255.5 12.8 38.0 296.0
— 34.5 — 46.9 46.4 77.9 86.3 — 25.6 45.5 — 4.90 25.1
Methanol Nitrogen
148.1 320.4
473 85.4
143.9 346.0
42.7 10.9
Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane
256.6 — 297.3 — 43.7
131.7 — 91.5 99–165 184.0
71.5
77.9
361.8
5.9
305.8
34.4
141.9
—
32
143.5
Refrigerant-134a
15.0
Water
212
93.3
970.1
Liquid properties Density, r lbm/ft3
Specific heat, cp Btu/lbm · R
27.9 0 40 80 302.6 68
42.6 41.3 39.5 37.5 87.0 54.9
1.06 1.083 1.103 1.135 0.272 0.411
68 31.1 32 77 68 68 68 452.1 423.0 10.9 68 77 258.7 160 77 320.4 260 68 77 297.3 68 43.7 32 100 40 15 32 90 32 90 150 212
71.8 37.5 57.8 48.9 49.3 69.2 78.7 9.13 4.41 37.1 51.2 847 26.4 20.0 49.1 50.5 38.2 43.9 56.8 71.2 40.0 36.3 33.0 29.4 88.5 86.0 80.9 73.6 62.4 62.1 61.2 59.8
0.743 0.552 0.583 0.588 0.678 0.678 0.554 5.45 2.39 0.545 0.478 0.033 0.834 1.074 0.609 0.492 0.643 0.502 0.430 0.408 0.478 0.538 0.604 0.673 0.283 0.294 0.318 0.348 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.01
Temperature, °F
*Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 75.1 psia, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 69.8°F.)
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TABLE A–3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Continued) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Specific heat, cp Btu/lbm · R
Density, r lbm/ft3
Substance Metals
Substance
Density, r lbm/ft3
Specific heat, cp Btu/lbm · R
132 120 144 144 62.4 151 169 139 156 169 50
0.220 0.189 0.229 0.156 0.220 0.147 0.191 0.200 0.170 0.243 0.260
Nonmetals
Aluminum 100°F 32°F 100°F 200°F 300°F 400°F 500°F Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 2% Al) Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) Copper 60°F 0°F 100°F 200°F 390°F Iron Lead Magnesium Nickel Silver Steel, mild Tungsten
517
0.192 0.212 0.218 0.224 0.229 0.235 0.240 0.0955
519
0.0955
170
Asphalt Brick, common Brick, fireclay (500°C) Concrete Clay Diamond Glass, window Glass, pyrex Graphite Granite Gypsum or plaster board Ice 50°F 0°F 20°F 32°F Limestone Marble Plywood (Douglas fir) Rubber (soft) Rubber (hard) Sand Stone Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.)
0.0862 0.0893 0.0925 0.0938 0.0963 0.107 0.030 0.239 0.105 0.056 0.119 0.031
555
490 705 108 555 655 489 1211
0.424 0.471 0.491 0.502 0.217 0.210
57.5 103 162 34.0 68.7 71.8 94.9 93.6 45.0 32.0
(c) Foods
Food Apples Bananas Beef round Broccoli Butter Cheese, Swiss Cherries Chicken Corn, sweet Eggs, whole Ice cream
Water content, % (mass) 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63
Specific heat, Btu/lbm · R
Freezing point, °F
Above freezing
Below freezing
Latent heat of fusion, Btu/lbm
30 31 — 31 — 14 29 27 31 31 22
0.873 0.801 0.737 0.921 — 0.513 0.841 0.793 0.793 0.793 0.705
0.453 0.426 0.402 0.471 0.249 0.318 0.441 0.423 0.423 0.423 0.390
121 108 96 129 23 56 115 106 106 106 90
Food Lettuce Milk, whole Oranges Potatoes Salmon fish Shrimp Spinach Strawberries Tomatoes, ripe Turkey Watermelon
Water content, % (mass) 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93
Specific heat, Btu/lbm · R Freezing point, Above Below °F freezing freezing 32 31 31 31 28 28 31 31 31 — 31
0.961 0.905 0.897 0.825 0.713 0.865 0.945 0.921 0.953 0.713 0.945
0.487 0.465 0.462 0.435 0.393 0.450 0.481 0.471 0.484 0.393 0.481
Latent heat of fusion, Btu/lbm 136 126 125 112 92 119 134 129 135 92 134
Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, I-P version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.
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TABLE A–4E Saturated water—Temperature table Specific volume, ft3/lbm Sat. press., Psat psia
Temp., T °F
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg 3299.9 2945.7 2443.6 2035.8 1703.1
Internal energy, Btu/lbm Sat. liquid, uf
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
0.000 3.004 8.032 13.05 18.07
1021.0 1019.0 1015.6 1012.2 1008.9
1021.0 1022.0 1023.7 1025.3 1026.9
Sat. liquid, hf
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
0.000 3.004 8.032 13.05 18.07
1075.2 1073.5 1070.7 1067.8 1065.0
1075.2 1076.5 1078.7 1080.9 1083.1
0.00000 0.00609 0.01620 0.02620 0.03609
2.18672 2.17011 2.14271 2.11587 2.08956
2.1867 2.1762 2.1589 2.1421 2.1256
32.018 35 40 45 50
0.08871 0.09998 0.12173 0.14756 0.17812
0.01602 0.01602 0.01602 0.01602 0.01602
55 60 65 70 75
0.21413 0.25638 0.30578 0.36334 0.43016
0.01603 1430.4 0.01604 1206.1 0.01604 1020.8 0.01605 867.18 0.01606 739.27
23.07 28.08 33.08 38.08 43.07
1005.5 1002.1 998.76 995.39 992.02
1028.6 1030.2 1031.8 1033.5 1035.1
23.07 28.08 33.08 38.08 43.07
1062.2 1059.4 1056.5 1053.7 1050.9
1085.3 1087.4 1089.6 1091.8 1093.9
0.04586 0.05554 0.06511 0.07459 0.08398
2.06377 2.03847 2.01366 1.98931 1.96541
2.1096 2.0940 2.0788 2.0639 2.0494
80 85 90 95 100
0.50745 0.59659 0.69904 0.81643 0.95052
0.01607 0.01609 0.01610 0.01612 0.01613
632.41 542.80 467.40 403.74 349.83
48.06 53.06 58.05 63.04 68.03
988.65 985.28 981.90 978.52 975.14
1036.7 1038.3 1040.0 1041.6 1043.2
48.07 53.06 58.05 63.04 68.03
1048.0 1045.2 1042.4 1039.5 1036.7
1096.1 1098.3 1100.4 1102.6 1104.7
0.09328 0.10248 0.11161 0.12065 0.12961
1.94196 1.91892 1.89630 1.87408 1.85225
2.0352 2.0214 2.0079 1.9947 1.9819
110 120 130 140 150
1.2767 1.6951 2.2260 2.8931 3.7234
0.01617 0.01620 0.01625 0.01629 0.01634
264.96 202.94 157.09 122.81 96.929
78.01 88.00 97.99 107.98 117.98
968.36 961.56 954.73 947.87 940.98
1046.4 1049.6 1052.7 1055.9 1059.0
78.02 88.00 97.99 107.99 117.99
1031.0 1025.2 1019.4 1013.6 1007.8
1109.0 1113.2 1117.4 1121.6 1125.7
0.14728 0.16466 0.18174 0.19855 0.21508
1.80970 1.76856 1.72877 1.69024 1.65291
1.9570 1.9332 1.9105 1.8888 1.8680
160 170 180 190 200
4.7474 5.9999 7.5197 9.3497 11.538
0.01639 0.01645 0.01651 0.01657 0.01663
77.185 61.982 50.172 40.920 33.613
127.98 138.00 148.02 158.05 168.10
934.05 927.08 920.06 912.99 905.87
1062.0 1065.1 1068.1 1071.0 1074.0
128.00 138.02 148.04 158.08 168.13
1001.8 995.88 989.85 983.76 977.60
1129.8 1133.9 1137.9 1141.8 1145.7
0.23136 0.24739 0.26318 0.27874 0.29409
1.61670 1.58155 1.54741 1.51421 1.48191
1.8481 1.8289 1.8106 1.7930 1.7760
210 212 220 230 240
14.136 14.709 17.201 20.795 24.985
0.01670 0.01671 0.01677 0.01684 0.01692
27.798 26.782 23.136 19.374 16.316
178.15 180.16 188.22 198.31 208.41
898.68 897.24 891.43 884.10 876.70
1076.8 1077.4 1079.6 1082.4 1085.1
178.20 180.21 188.28 198.37 208.49
971.35 970.09 965.02 958.59 952.06
1149.5 1150.3 1153.3 1157.0 1160.5
0.30922 0.31222 0.32414 0.33887 0.35342
1.45046 1.44427 1.41980 1.38989 1.36069
1.7597 1.7565 1.7439 1.7288 1.7141
250 260 270 280 290
29.844 35.447 41.877 49.222 57.573
0.01700 0.01708 0.01717 0.01726 0.01735
13.816 11.760 10.059 8.6439 7.4607
218.54 228.68 238.85 249.04 259.26
869.21 861.62 853.94 846.16 838.27
1087.7 1090.3 1092.8 1095.2 1097.5
218.63 228.79 238.98 249.20 259.45
945.41 938.65 931.76 924.74 917.57
1164.0 1167.4 1170.7 1173.9 1177.0
0.36779 0.38198 0.39601 0.40989 0.42361
1.33216 1.30425 1.27694 1.25018 1.22393
1.6999 1.6862 1.6730 1.6601 1.6475
300 310 320 330 340
67.028 77.691 89.667 103.07 118.02
0.01745 0.01755 0.01765 0.01776 0.01787
6.4663 5.6266 4.9144 4.3076 3.7885
269.51 279.79 290.11 300.46 310.85
830.25 822.11 813.84 805.43 796.87
1099.8 1101.9 1104.0 1105.9 1107.7
269.73 280.05 290.40 300.80 311.24
910.24 902.75 895.09 887.25 879.22
1180.0 1182.8 1185.5 1188.1 1190.5
0.43720 0.45065 0.46396 0.47716 0.49024
1.19818 1.17289 1.14802 1.12355 1.09945
1.6354 1.6235 1.6120 1.6007 1.5897
350 360 370 380 390
134.63 153.03 173.36 195.74 220.33
0.01799 0.01811 0.01823 0.01836 0.01850
3.3425 2.9580 2.6252 2.3361 2.0842
321.29 331.76 342.29 352.87 363.50
788.16 779.28 770.23 761.00 751.58
1109.4 1111.0 1112.5 1113.9 1115.1
321.73 332.28 342.88 353.53 364.25
870.98 862.53 853.86 844.96 835.81
1192.7 1194.8 1196.7 1198.5 1200.1
0.50321 0.51607 0.52884 0.54152 0.55411
1.07570 1.05227 1.02914 1.00628 0.98366
1.5789 1.5683 1.5580 1.5478 1.5378
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Appendix 2
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967
TABLE A–4E Saturated water—Temperature table (Concluded) Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Temp., T °F
Sat. press., Psat psia
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
400 410 420 430 440
247.26 276.69 308.76 343.64 381.49
0.01864 0.01878 0.01894 0.01910 0.01926
1.8639 1.6706 1.5006 1.3505 1.2178
374.19 384.94 395.76 406.65 417.61
741.97 732.14 722.08 711.80 701.26
1116.2 1117.1 1117.8 1118.4 1118.9
375.04 385.90 396.84 407.86 418.97
826.39 816.71 806.74 796.46 785.87
1201.4 1202.6 1203.6 1204.3 1204.8
0.56663 0.57907 0.59145 0.60377 0.61603
0.96127 0.93908 0.91707 0.89522 0.87349
1.5279 1.5182 1.5085 1.4990 1.4895
450 460 470 480 490
422.47 466.75 514.52 565.96 621.24
0.01944 0.01962 0.01981 0.02001 0.02022
1.0999 0.99510 0.90158 0.81794 0.74296
428.66 439.79 451.01 462.34 473.77
690.47 679.39 668.02 656.34 644.32
1119.1 1119.2 1119.0 1118.7 1118.1
430.18 441.48 452.90 464.43 476.09
774.94 763.65 751.98 739.91 727.40
1205.1 1205.1 1204.9 1204.3 1203.5
0.62826 0.64044 0.65260 0.66474 0.67686
0.85187 0.83033 0.80885 0.78739 0.76594
1.4801 1.4708 1.4615 1.4521 1.4428
500 510 520 530 540
680.56 744.11 812.11 884.74 962.24
0.02044 0.02067 0.02092 0.02118 0.02146
0.67558 0.61489 0.56009 0.51051 0.46553
485.32 496.99 508.80 520.76 532.88
631.94 619.17 605.99 592.35 578.23
1117.3 1116.2 1114.8 1113.1 1111.1
487.89 499.84 511.94 524.23 536.70
714.44 700.99 687.01 672.47 657.31
1202.3 1200.8 1199.0 1196.7 1194.0
0.68899 0.70112 0.71327 0.72546 0.73770
0.74445 0.72290 0.70126 0.67947 0.65751
1.4334 1.4240 1.4145 1.4049 1.3952
550 560 570 580 590
1044.8 1132.7 1226.2 1325.5 1430.8
0.02176 0.02207 0.02242 0.02279 0.02319
0.42465 0.38740 0.35339 0.32225 0.29367
545.18 557.68 570.40 583.37 596.61
563.58 548.33 532.45 515.84 498.43
1108.8 1106.0 1102.8 1099.2 1095.0
549.39 562.31 575.49 588.95 602.75
641.47 624.91 607.55 589.29 570.04
1190.9 1187.2 1183.0 1178.2 1172.8
0.75000 0.76238 0.77486 0.78748 0.80026
0.63532 0.61284 0.59003 0.56679 0.54306
1.3853 1.3752 1.3649 1.3543 1.3433
600 610 620 630 640
1542.5 1660.9 1786.2 1918.9 2059.3
0.02362 0.02411 0.02464 0.02524 0.02593
0.26737 0.24309 0.22061 0.19972 0.18019
610.18 624.11 638.47 653.35 668.86
480.10 460.73 440.14 418.12 394.36
1090.3 1084.8 1078.6 1071.5 1063.2
616.92 631.52 646.62 662.32 678.74
549.67 528.03 504.92 480.07 453.14
1166.6 1159.5 1151.5 1142.4 1131.9
0.81323 0.82645 0.83998 0.85389 0.86828
0.51871 0.49363 0.46765 0.44056 0.41206
1.3319 1.3201 1.3076 1.2944 1.2803
650 660 670 680 690
2207.8 2364.9 2531.2 2707.3 2894.1
0.02673 0.02767 0.02884 0.03035 0.03255
0.16184 0.14444 0.12774 0.11134 0.09451
685.16 702.48 721.23 742.11 766.81
368.44 339.74 307.22 269.00 220.77
1053.6 1042.2 1028.5 1011.1 987.6
696.08 714.59 734.74 757.32 784.24
423.65 390.84 353.54 309.57 253.96
1119.7 1105.4 1088.3 1066.9 1038.2
0.88332 0.89922 0.91636 0.93541 0.95797
0.38177 0.34906 0.31296 0.27163 0.22089
1.2651 1.2483 1.2293 1.2070 1.1789
700 705.10
3093.0 3200.1
0.03670 0.04975
0.07482 801.75 0.04975 866.61
146.50 0
948.3 866.6
822.76 896.07
168.32 0
991.1 896.1
0.99023 1.05257
0.14514 1.1354 0 1.0526
Source: Tables A–4E through A–8E are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifications to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, “Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.
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968
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–5E Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Sat. temp., Tsat °F
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
101.69 126.02 141.41 152.91 162.18
0.01614 0.01623 0.01630 0.01636 0.01641
333.49 173.71 118.70 90.629 73.525
69.72 94.02 109.39 120.89 130.17
973.99 957.45 946.90 938.97 932.53
1043.7 1051.5 1056.3 1059.9 1062.7
69.72 94.02 109.40 120.90 130.18
1035.7 1021.7 1012.8 1006.0 1000.5
1105.4 1115.8 1122.2 1126.9 1130.7
0.13262 0.17499 0.20090 0.21985 0.23488
1.84495 1.74444 1.68489 1.64225 1.60894
1.9776 1.9194 1.8858 1.8621 1.8438
6 8 10 14.696 15
170.00 182.81 193.16 211.95 212.99
0.01645 0.01652 0.01659 0.01671 0.01672
61.982 47.347 38.425 26.805 26.297
138.00 150.83 161.22 180.12 181.16
927.08 918.08 910.75 897.27 896.52
1065.1 1068.9 1072.0 1077.4 1077.7
138.02 150.86 161.25 180.16 181.21
995.88 988.15 981.82 970.12 969.47
1133.9 1139.0 1143.1 1150.3 1150.7
0.24739 0.26757 0.28362 0.31215 0.31370
1.58155 1.53800 1.50391 1.44441 1.44441
1.8289 1.8056 1.7875 1.7566 1.7549
20 25 30 35 40
227.92 240.03 250.30 259.25 267.22
0.01683 0.01692 0.01700 0.01708 0.01715
20.093 16.307 13.749 11.901 10.501
196.21 208.45 218.84 227.92 236.02
885.63 876.67 868.98 862.19 856.09
1081.8 1085.1 1087.8 1090.1 1092.1
196.27 208.52 218.93 228.03 236.14
959.93 952.03 945.21 939.16 933.69
1156.2 1160.6 1164.1 1167.2 1169.8
0.33582 0.35347 0.36821 0.38093 0.39213
1.39606 1.36060 1.33132 1.30632 1.28448
1.7319 1.7141 1.6995 1.6872 1.6766
45 50 55 60 65
274.41 280.99 287.05 292.69 297.95
0.01721 0.01727 0.01732 0.01738 0.01743
9.4028 8.5175 7.7882 7.1766 6.6560
243.34 250.05 256.25 262.01 267.41
850.52 845.39 840.61 836.13 831.90
1093.9 1095.4 1096.9 1098.1 1099.3
243.49 250.21 256.42 262.20 267.62
928.68 924.03 919.70 915.61 911.75
1172.2 1174.2 1176.1 1177.8 1179.4
0.40216 0.41125 0.41958 0.42728 0.43443
1.26506 1.24756 1.23162 1.21697 1.20341
1.6672 1.6588 1.6512 1.6442 1.6378
70 75 80 85 90
302.91 307.59 312.02 316.24 320.26
0.01748 0.01752 0.01757 0.01761 0.01765
6.2075 5.8167 5.4733 5.1689 4.8972
272.50 277.31 281.87 286.22 290.38
827.90 824.09 820.45 816.97 813.62
1100.4 1101.4 1102.3 1103.2 1104.0
272.72 277.55 282.13 286.50 290.67
908.08 904.58 901.22 898.00 894.89
1180.8 1182.1 1183.4 1184.5 1185.6
0.44112 0.44741 0.45335 0.45897 0.46431
1.19078 1.17895 1.16783 1.15732 1.14737
1.6319 1.6264 1.6212 1.6163 1.6117
95 100 110 120 130
324.11 327.81 334.77 341.25 347.32
0.01770 0.01774 0.01781 0.01789 0.01796
4.6532 4.4327 4.0410 3.7289 3.4557
294.36 298.19 305.41 312.16 318.48
810.40 807.29 801.37 795.79 790.51
1104.8 1105.5 1106.8 1107.9 1109.0
294.67 298.51 305.78 312.55 318.92
891.89 888.99 883.44 878.20 873.21
1186.6 1187.5 1189.2 1190.8 1192.1
0.46941 0.47427 0.48341 0.49187 0.49974
1.13791 1.12888 1.11201 1.09646 1.08204
1.6073 1.6032 1.5954 1.5883 1.5818
140 150 160 170 180
353.03 358.42 363.54 368.41 373.07
0.01802 0.01809 0.01815 0.01821 0.01827
3.2202 3.0150 2.8347 2.6749 2.5322
324.45 330.11 335.49 340.62 345.53
785.49 780.69 776.10 771.68 767.42
1109.9 1110.8 1111.6 1112.3 1113.0
324.92 330.61 336.02 341.19 346.14
868.45 863.88 859.49 855.25 851.16
1193.4 1194.5 1195.5 1196.4 1197.3
0.50711 0.51405 0.52061 0.52682 0.53274
1.06858 1.05595 1.04405 1.03279 1.02210
1.5757 1.5700 1.5647 1.5596 1.5548
190 200 250 300 350
377.52 381.80 400.97 417.35 431.74
0.01833 0.01839 0.01865 0.01890 0.01912
2.4040 2.2882 1.8440 1.5435 1.3263
350.24 354.78 375.23 392.89 408.55
763.31 759.32 741.02 724.77 709.98
1113.6 1114.1 1116.3 1117.7 1118.5
350.89 355.46 376.09 393.94 409.79
847.19 843.33 825.47 809.41 794.65
1198.1 1198.8 1201.6 1203.3 1204.4
0.53839 0.54379 0.56784 0.58818 0.60590
1.01191 1.00219 0.95912 0.92289 0.89143
1.5503 1.5460 1.5270 1.5111 1.4973
400 450 500 550 600
444.62 456.31 467.04 476.97 486.24
0.01934 0.01955 0.01975 0.01995 0.02014
1.1617 1.0324 0.92819 0.84228 0.77020
422.70 435.67 447.68 458.90 469.46
696.31 683.52 671.42 659.91 648.88
1119.0 1119.2 1119.1 1118.8 1118.3
424.13 437.30 449.51 460.93 471.70
780.87 767.86 755.48 743.60 732.15
1205.0 1205.2 1205.0 1204.5 1203.9
0.62168 0.63595 0.64900 0.66107 0.67231
0.86350 0.83828 0.81521 0.79388 0.77400
1.4852 1.4742 1.4642 1.4550 1.4463
Press., P psia 1 2 3 4 5
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 969
Appendix 2
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969
TABLE A–5E Saturated water—Pressure table (Concluded) Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Press., P psia
Sat. temp., Tsat °F
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
700 800 900 1000 1200
503.13 518.27 532.02 544.65 567.26
0.02051 0.02087 0.02124 0.02159 0.02232
0.65589 0.56920 0.50107 0.44604 0.36241
488.96 506.74 523.19 538.58 566.89
627.98 608.30 589.54 571.49 536.87
1116.9 1115.0 1112.7 1110.1 1103.8
491.62 509.83 526.73 542.57 571.85
710.29 689.48 669.46 650.03 612.39
1201.9 1199.3 1196.2 1192.6 1184.2
0.69279 0.71117 0.72793 0.74341 0.77143
0.73771 0.70502 0.67505 0.64722 0.59632
1.4305 1.4162 1.4030 1.3906 1.3677
1400 1600 1800 2000 2500
587.14 604.93 621.07 635.85 668.17
0.02307 0.02386 0.02470 0.02563 0.02860
0.30161 0.25516 0.21831 0.18815 0.13076
592.79 616.99 640.03 662.33 717.67
503.50 470.69 437.86 404.46 313.53
1096.3 1087.7 1077.9 1066.8 1031.2
598.76 624.06 648.26 671.82 730.90
575.66 539.18 502.35 464.60 360.79
1174.4 1163.2 1150.6 1136.4 1091.7
0.79658 0.81972 0.84144 0.86224 0.91311
0.54991 0.50645 0.46482 0.42409 0.31988
1.3465 1.3262 1.3063 1.2863 1.2330
3000 3200.1
695.41 705.10
0.03433 0.04975
0.08460 0.04975
783.39 866.61
186.41 0
969.8 866.6
802.45 896.07
214.32 1016.8 0 896.1
0.97321 1.05257
0.18554 1.1587 0 1.0526
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6E Superheated water T °F
u Btu/lbm
v ft3/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 1.0 psia (101.69°F)* Sat.† 333.49 200 392.53 240 416.44 280 440.33 320 464.20 360 488.07 400 511.92 440 535.77 500 571.54 600 631.14 700 690.73 800 750.31 1000 869.47 1200 988.62 1400 1107.8
1043.7 1077.5 1091.2 1105.0 1118.9 1132.9 1147.1 1161.3 1182.8 1219.4 1256.8 1295.1 1374.2 1457.1 1543.7
1105.4 1150.1 1168.3 1186.5 1204.8 1223.3 1241.8 1260.4 1288.6 1336.2 1384.6 1433.9 1535.1 1640.0 1748.7
1.9776 2.0509 2.0777 2.1030 2.1271 2.1502 2.1722 2.1934 2.2237 2.2709 2.3146 2.3553 2.4299 2.4972 2.5590
P 15 psia (212.99°F) Sat. 240 280 320 360 400 440 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
26.297 27.429 29.085 30.722 32.348 33.965 35.576 37.986 41.988 45.981 49.967 57.930 65.885 73.836 81.784
1077.7 1087.8 1102.4 1116.9 1131.3 1145.7 1160.1 1181.9 1218.7 1256.3 1294.6 1374.0 1456.9 1543.6 1634.0
1150.7 1163.9 1183.2 1202.2 1221.1 1239.9 1258.8 1287.3 1335.3 1383.9 1433.3 1534.8 1639.8 1748.5 1861.0
7.1766 7.4863 7.9259 8.3548 8.7766 9.4005 10.4256 11.4401 12.4484 14.4543 16.4525 18.4464 20.438 22.428 24.417
1098.1 1109.6 1125.5 1140.9 1156.1 1178.8 1216.5 1254.5 1293.3 1373.0 1456.2 1543.0 1633.5 1727.6 1825.2
1177.8 1192.7 1213.5 1233.7 1253.6 1283.1 1332.2 1381.6 1431.5 1533.5 1638.9 1747.8 1860.5 1976.6 2096.3
P 5.0 psia (162.18°F) 73.525 78.153 83.009 87.838 92.650 97.452 102.25 107.03 114.21 126.15 138.09 150.02 173.86 197.70 221.54
1062.7 1076.2 1090.3 1104.3 1118.4 1132.5 1146.7 1160.9 1182.6 1219.2 1256.7 1294.9 1374.2 1457.0 1543.7
1130.7 1148.5 1167.1 1185.6 1204.1 1222.6 1241.3 1260.0 1288.2 1335.9 1384.4 1433.7 1535.0 1640.0 1748.7
1.7549 1.7742 1.8010 1.8260 1.8496 1.8721 1.8936 1.9243 1.9718 2.0156 2.0565 2.1312 2.1986 2.2604 2.3178
20.093 20.478 21.739 22.980 24.209 25.429 26.644 28.458 31.467 34.467 37.461 43.438 49.407 55.373 61.335
1081.8 1086.5 1101.4 1116.1 1130.7 1145.1 1159.7 1181.6 1218.5 1256.1 1294.5 1373.8 1456.8 1543.5 1633.9
1156.2 1162.3 1181.9 1201.2 1220.2 1239.3 1258.3 1286.9 1334.9 1383.7 1433.1 1534.6 1639.7 1748.4 1860.9
1.8438 1.8716 1.8989 1.9246 1.9490 1.9722 1.9944 2.0156 2.0461 2.0933 2.1371 2.1778 2.2524 2.3198 2.3816
1.7319 1.7406 1.7679 1.7933 1.8171 1.8398 1.8614 1.8922 1.9398 1.9837 2.0247 2.0994 2.1668 2.2287 2.2861
P 80 psia (312.02°F) 1.6442 1.6636 1.6897 1.7138 1.7364 1.7682 1.8168 1.8613 1.9026 1.9777 2.0454 2.1073 2.1648 2.2187 2.2694
5.4733 5.5440 5.8876 6.2187 6.5420 7.0177 7.7951 8.5616 9.3218 10.8313 12.3331 13.8306 15.3257 16.8192 18.3117
1102.3 1105.9 1122.7 1138.7 1154.3 1177.3 1215.4 1253.8 1292.6 1372.6 1455.9 1542.8 1633.3 1727.5 1825.0
1183.4 1187.9 1209.9 1230.8 1251.2 1281.2 1330.8 1380.5 1430.6 1532.9 1638.5 1747.5 1860.2 1976.5 2096.1
*The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. †
s Btu/ lbm · R
h Btu/lbm
P 20 psia (227.92°F)
P 60 psia (292.69°F) Sat. 320 360 400 440 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
u Btu/lbm
v ft3/lbm
Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.
1.6212 1.6271 1.6545 1.6794 1.7026 1.7350 1.7841 1.8289 1.8704 1.9457 2.0135 2.0755 2.1330 2.1869 2.2376
u Btu/lbm
v ft3/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 10 psia (193.16°F) 38.425 38.849 41.326 43.774 46.205 48.624 51.035 53.441 57.041 63.029 69.007 74.980 86.913 98.840 110.762
1072.0 1074.5 1089.1 1103.4 1117.6 1131.9 1146.2 1160.5 1182.2 1219.0 1256.5 1294.8 1374.1 1457.0 1543.6
1143.1 1146.4 1165.5 1184.4 1203.1 1221.8 1240.6 1259.4 1287.8 1335.6 1384.2 1433.5 1534.9 1639.9 1748.6
1.7875 1.7926 1.8207 1.8469 1.8716 1.8950 1.9174 1.9388 1.9693 2.0167 2.0605 2.1013 2.1760 2.2433 2.3052
P 40 psia (267.22°F) 10.501
1092.1
1169.8
1.6766
10.713 11.363 11.999 12.625 13.244 14.165 15.686 17.197 18.702 21.700 24.691 27.678 30.662
1097.3 1112.9 1128.1 1143.1 1157.9 1180.2 1217.5 1255.3 1293.9 1373.4 1456.5 1543.3 1633.7
1176.6 1197.1 1216.9 1236.5 1256.0 1285.0 1333.6 1382.6 1432.3 1534.1 1639.3 1748.1 1860.7
1.6858 1.7128 1.7376 1.7610 1.7831 1.8143 1.8625 1.9067 1.9478 2.0227 2.0902 2.1522 2.2096
P 100 psia (327.81°F) 4.4327 1105.5 4.6628 4.9359 5.2006 5.5876 6.2167 6.8344 7.4457 8.6575 9.8615 11.0612 12.2584 13.4541 14.6487
1119.8 1136.4 1152.4 1175.9 1214.4 1253.0 1292.0 1372.2 1455.6 1542.6 1633.2 1727.3 1824.9
1187.5
1.6032
1206.1 1227.8 1248.7 1279.3 1329.4 1379.5 1429.8 1532.4 1638.1 1747.2 1860.0 1976.3 2096.0
1.6263 1.6521 1.6759 1.7088 1.7586 1.8037 1.8453 1.9208 1.9887 2.0508 2.1083 2.1622 2.2130
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 971
Appendix 2
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971
TABLE A–6E Superheated water (Continued ) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 360 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
3.7289 3.8446 4.0799 4.3613 4.6340 4.9010 5.1642 5.6829 6.1950 7.2083 8.2137 9.2149 10.2135 11.2106 12.2067
u Btu/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 120 psia (341.25°F) 1107.9 1116.7 1134.0 1154.5 1174.4 1193.9 1213.4 1252.2 1291.4 1371.7 1455.3 1542.3 1633.0 1727.2 1824.8
1190.8 1202.1 1224.6 1251.4 1277.3 1302.8 1328.0 1378.4 1429.0 1531.8 1637.7 1746.9 1859.8 1976.1 2095.8
1.5883 1.6023 1.6292 1.6594 1.6872 1.7131 1.7375 1.7829 1.8247 1.9005 1.9684 2.0305 2.0881 2.1420 2.1928
P 180 psia (373.07°F) Sat. 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
2.5322 2.6490 2.8514 3.0433 3.2286 3.4097 3.7635 4.1104 4.4531 4.7929 5.4674 6.1377 6.8054 7.4716 8.1367
Sat. 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1.8440 2.0027 2.1506 2.2910 2.4264 2.5586 2.6883 2.9429 3.1930 3.4403 3.9295 4.4144 4.8969 5.3777 5.8575
1113.0 1126.3 1148.7 1169.8 1190.2 1210.2 1249.8 1289.5 1329.7 1370.5 1454.3 1541.6 1632.4 1726.7 1824.4
1197.3 1214.5 1243.7 1271.2 1297.7 1323.8 1375.2 1426.5 1478.0 1530.1 1636.5 1746.0 1859.1 1975.6 2095.4
1.5548 1.5752 1.6082 1.6376 1.6646 1.6897 1.7361 1.7785 1.8179 1.8549 1.9231 1.9855 2.0432 2.0971 2.1479
P 250 psia (400.97°F) 1116.3 1141.3 1164.1 1185.6 1206.3 1226.8 1247.0 1287.3 1327.9 1369.0 1453.3 1540.8 1631.7 1726.2 1823.9
1201.6 1234.0 1263.6 1291.5 1318.6 1345.1 1371.4 1423.5 1475.6 1528.2 1635.0 1745.0 1858.3 1974.9 2094.9
1.5270 1.5636 1.5953 1.6237 1.6499 1.6743 1.6974 1.7406 1.7804 1.8177 1.8863 1.9488 2.0066 2.0607 2.1116
v ft3/lbm
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 140 psia (353.03°F) 3.2202 3.2584 3.4676 3.7147 3.9525 4.1845 4.4124 4.8604 5.3017 6.1732 7.0367 7.8961 8.7529 9.6082 10.4624
1109.9 1113.4 1131.5 1152.6 1172.9 1192.7 1212.3 1251.4 1290.8 1371.3 1455.0 1542.1 1632.8 1727.0 1824.6
1193.4 1197.8 1221.4 1248.9 1275.3 1301.1 1326.6 1377.3 1428.1 1531.3 1637.3 1746.6 1859.5 1975.9 2095.7
1.5757 1.5811 1.6092 1.6403 1.6686 1.6948 1.7195 1.7652 1.8072 1.8832 1.9512 2.0134 2.0711 2.1250 2.1758
P 200 psia (381.80°F) 2.2882 2.3615 2.5488 2.7247 2.8939 3.0586 3.3796 3.6934 4.0031 4.3099 4.9182 5.5222 6.1238 6.7238 7.3227
1114.1 1123.5 1146.7 1168.2 1188.9 1209.1 1249.0 1288.9 1329.2 1370.1 1454.0 1541.4 1632.2 1726.5 1824.3
1198.8 1210.9 1241.0 1269.0 1296.0 1322.3 1374.1 1425.6 1477.3 1529.6 1636.1 1745.7 1858.8 1975.4 2095.3
1.5460 1.5602 1.5943 1.6243 1.6516 1.6771 1.7238 1.7664 1.8059 1.8430 1.9113 1.9737 2.0315 2.0855 2.1363
P 275 psia (409.45°F) 1.6806 1.8034 1.9415 2.0715 2.1964 2.3179 2.4369 2.6699 2.8984 3.1241 3.5700 4.0116 4.4507 4.8882 5.3247
1117.0 1138.5 1162.0 1183.9 1204.9 1225.6 1246.0 1286.5 1327.3 1368.5 1452.9 1540.5 1631.5 1726.0 1823.8
1202.6 1230.3 1260.8 1289.3 1316.7 1343.5 1370.0 1422.4 1474.8 1527.4 1634.5 1744.6 1858.0 1974.7 2094.7
1.5187 1.5499 1.5825 1.6115 1.6380 1.6627 1.6860 1.7294 1.7694 1.8068 1.8755 1.9381 1.9960 2.0501 2.1010
v ft3/lbm
u Btu/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 160 psia (363.54°F) 2.8347
1111.6
1195.5
1.5647
3.0076 3.2293 3.4412 3.6469 3.8484 4.2434 4.6316 5.3968 6.1540 6.9070 7.6574 8.4063 9.1542
1129.0 1150.7 1171.4 1191.4 1211.3 1250.6 1290.2 1370.9 1454.7 1541.8 1632.6 1726.9 1824.5
1218.0 1246.3 1273.2 1299.4 1325.2 1376.3 1427.3 1530.7 1636.9 1746.3 1859.3 1975.7 2095.5
1.5914 1.6234 1.6522 1.6788 1.7037 1.7498 1.7920 1.8682 1.9363 1.9986 2.0563 2.1102 2.1610
P 225 psia (391.80°F) 2.0423 2.0728 2.2457 2.4059 2.5590 2.7075 2.9956 3.2765 3.5530 3.8268 4.3689 4.9068 5.4422 5.9760 6.5087
1115.3 1119.7 1144.1 1166.2 1187.2 1207.7 1248.0 1288.1 1328.5 1369.5 1453.6 1541.1 1632.0 1726.4 1824.1
1200.3 1206.0 1237.6 1266.3 1293.8 1320.5 1372.7 1424.5 1476.5 1528.9 1635.6 1745.4 1858.6 1975.2 2095.1
1.5360 1.5427 1.5783 1.6091 1.6370 1.6628 1.7099 1.7528 1.7925 1.8296 1.8981 1.9606 2.0184 2.0724 2.1232
P 300 psia (417.35°F) 1.5435 1.6369 1.7670 1.8885 2.0046 2.1172 2.2273 2.4424 2.6529 2.8605 3.2704 3.6759 4.0789 4.4803 4.8807
1117.7 1135.6 1159.8 1182.1 1203.5 1224.4 1244.9 1285.7 1326.6 1367.9 1452.5 1540.2 1631.3 1725.8 1823.6
1203.3 1226.4 1257.9 1287.0 1314.8 1341.9 1368.6 1421.3 1473.9 1526.7 1634.0 1744.2 1857.7 1974.5 2094.6
1.5111 1.5369 1.5706 1.6001 1.6270 1.6520 1.6755 1.7192 1.7593 1.7968 1.8657 1.9284 1.9863 2.0404 2.0913
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 972
972
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6E Superheated water (Continued ) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1.3263 1.3739 1.4921 1.6004 1.7030 1.8018 1.8979 2.0848 2.2671 2.4464 2.7996 3.1484 3.4947 3.8394 4.1830
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 350 psia (431.74°F) 1118.5 1129.3 1155.2 1178.6 1200.6 1221.9 1242.8 1284.1 1325.3 1366.9 1451.7 1539.6 1630.8 1725.4 1823.3
1204.4 1218.3 1251.9 1282.2 1310.9 1338.6 1365.8 1419.1 1472.2 1525.3 1633.0 1743.5 1857.1 1974.0 2094.2
1.4973 1.5128 1.5487 1.5795 1.6073 1.6328 1.6567 1.7009 1.7414 1.7791 1.8483 1.9111 1.9691 2.0233 2.0742
P 500 psia (467.04°F) Sat. 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.92815 0.99304 1.07974 1.15876 1.23312 1.30440 1.44097 1.57252 1.70094 1.82726 1.95211 2.1988 2.4430 2.6856 2.9271
Sat. 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.56920 0.61586 0.67799 0.73279 0.78330 0.83102 0.87678 0.96434 1.04841 1.13024 1.21051 1.36797 1.52283 1.67606 1.82823
1119.1 1140.1 1167.1 1191.4 1214.3 1236.4 1279.2 1321.4 1363.6 1406.2 1449.4 1537.8 1629.4 1724.2 1822.3
1205.0 1231.9 1267.0 1298.6 1328.4 1357.0 1412.5 1466.9 1521.0 1575.3 1630.0 1741.2 1855.4 1972.7 2093.1
1.4642 1.4928 1.5284 1.5590 1.5865 1.6117 1.6576 1.6992 1.7376 1.7735 1.8075 1.8708 1.9291 1.9834 2.0345
P 800 psia (518.27°F) 1115.0 1139.4 1170.5 1197.6 1222.4 1246.0 1268.9 1313.3 1357.0 1400.7 1444.6 1534.2 1626.5 1721.9 1820.4
1199.3 1230.5 1270.9 1306.0 1338.4 1369.1 1398.7 1456.0 1512.2 1568.0 1623.8 1736.7 1851.9 1970.0 2091.0
1.4162 1.4476 1.4866 1.5191 1.5476 1.5735 1.5975 1.6413 1.6812 1.7181 1.7528 1.8170 1.8759 1.9306 1.9819
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 400 psia (444.62°F) 1.1617 1.1747 1.2851 1.3840 1.4765 1.5650 1.6507 1.8166 1.9777 2.1358 2.4465 2.7527 3.0565 3.3586 3.6597
1119.0 1122.5 1150.4 1174.9 1197.6 1219.4 1240.7 1282.5 1324.0 1365.8 1450.9 1539.0 1630.3 1725.0 1823.0
1205.0 1209.4 1245.6 1277.3 1306.9 1335.3 1362.9 1417.0 1470.4 1523.9 1632.0 1742.7 1856.5 1973.6 2093.9
1.4852 1.4901 1.5288 1.5610 1.5897 1.6158 1.6401 1.6849 1.7257 1.7636 1.8331 1.8960 1.9541 2.0084 2.0594
P 600 psia (486.24°F) 0.77020 0.79526 0.87542 0.94605 1.01133 1.07316 1.19038 1.30230 1.41097 1.51749 1.62252 1.82957 2.0340 2.2369 2.4387
1118.3 1128.2 1158.7 1184.9 1209.0 1231.9 1275.8 1318.7 1361.4 1404.4 1447.8 1536.6 1628.4 1723.4 1821.7
1203.9 1216.5 1255.9 1289.9 1321.3 1351.0 1408.0 1463.3 1518.1 1572.9 1627.9 1739.7 1854.2 1971.8 2092.4
1.4463 1.4596 1.4996 1.5325 1.5614 1.5877 1.6348 1.6771 1.7160 1.7522 1.7865 1.8501 1.9085 1.9630 2.0141
P 1000 psia (544.65°F) 0.44604 0.45375 0.51431 0.56411 0.60844 0.64944 0.68821 0.76136 0.83078 0.89783 0.96327 1.09101 1.21610 1.33956 1.46194
1110.1 1115.2 1154.1 1185.1 1212.4 1237.6 1261.7 1307.7 1352.5 1396.9 1441.4 1531.8 1624.6 1720.3 1819.1
1192.6 1199.2 1249.3 1289.5 1325.0 1357.8 1389.0 1448.6 1506.2 1563.1 1619.7 1733.7 1849.6 1968.2 2089.6
1.3906 1.3972 1.4457 1.4827 1.5140 1.5418 1.5670 1.6126 1.6535 1.6911 1.7263 1.7911 1.8504 1.9053 1.9568
v ft3/lbm
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 450 psia (456.31°F) 1.0324
1119.2
1205.2
1.4742
1.1233 1.2152 1.3001 1.3807 1.4584 1.6080 1.7526 1.8942 2.1718 2.4450 2.7157 2.9847 3.2527
1145.4 1171.1 1194.6 1216.9 1238.5 1280.8 1322.7 1364.7 1450.1 1538.4 1629.8 1724.6 1822.6
1238.9 1272.3 1302.8 1331.9 1360.0 1414.7 1468.6 1522.4 1631.0 1742.0 1856.0 1973.2 2093.5
1.5103 1.5441 1.5737 1.6005 1.6253 1.6706 1.7117 1.7499 1.8196 1.8827 1.9409 1.9952 2.0462
P 700 psia (503.13°F) 0.65589
1116.9
1201.9
1.4305
0.72799 0.79332 0.85242 0.90769 1.01125 1.10921 1.20381 1.29621 1.38709 1.56580 1.74192 1.91643 2.08987
1149.5 1177.9 1203.4 1227.2 1272.4 1316.0 1359.2 1402.5 1446.2 1535.4 1627.5 1722.7 1821.0
1243.8 1280.7 1313.8 1344.8 1403.4 1459.7 1515.2 1570.4 1625.9 1738.2 1853.1 1970.9 2091.7
1.4730 1.5087 1.5393 1.5666 1.6150 1.6581 1.6974 1.7341 1.7685 1.8324 1.8911 1.9457 1.9969
P 1250 psia (572.45°F) 0.34549
1102.0
1181.9
1.3623
0.37894 0.42703 0.46735 0.50344 0.53687 0.59876 0.65656 0.71184 0.76545 0.86944 0.97072 1.07036 1.16892
1129.5 1167.5 1198.7 1226.4 1252.2 1300.5 1346.7 1392.2 1437.4 1528.7 1622.2 1718.4 1817.5
1217.2 1266.3 1306.8 1342.9 1376.4 1439.0 1498.6 1556.8 1614.5 1729.8 1846.7 1966.0 2087.9
1.3961 1.4414 1.4771 1.5076 1.5347 1.5826 1.6249 1.6635 1.6993 1.7649 1.8246 1.8799 1.9315
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 973
Appendix 2
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973
TABLE A–6E Superheated water (Concluded) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.27695 0.28189 0.33310 0.37198 0.40535 0.43550 0.46356 0.49015 0.54031 0.58781 0.63355 0.72172 0.80714 0.89090 0.97358
u Btu/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 1500 psia (596.26°F) 1092.1 1097.2 1147.2 1183.6 1214.4 1242.2 1268.2 1293.1 1340.9 1387.3 1433.3 1525.7 1619.8 1716.4 1815.9
1169.0 1175.4 1239.7 1286.9 1326.9 1363.1 1396.9 1429.2 1490.8 1550.5 1609.2 1726.0 1843.8 1963.7 2086.1
1.3362 1.3423 1.4016 1.4433 1.4771 1.5064 1.5328 1.5569 1.6007 1.6402 1.6767 1.7432 1.8033 1.8589 1.9108
P 2500 psia (668.17°F)
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 1750 psia (617.17°F)
v ft3/lbm
P 2000 psia (635.85°F)
0.22681
1080.5
1153.9
1.3112
0.18815
1066.8
1136.4
1.2863
0.26292 0.30252 0.33455 0.36266 0.38835 0.41238 0.45719 0.49917 0.53932 0.61621 0.69031 0.76273 0.83406
1122.8 1166.8 1201.5 1231.7 1259.3 1285.4 1334.9 1382.4 1429.2 1522.6 1617.4 1714.5 1814.2
1207.9 1264.7 1309.8 1349.1 1385.1 1419.0 1482.9 1544.1 1603.9 1722.1 1840.9 1961.5 2084.3
1.3607 1.4108 1.4489 1.4807 1.5088 1.5341 1.5796 1.6201 1.6572 1.7245 1.7852 1.8410 1.8931
0.20586 0.24894 0.28074 0.30763 0.33169 0.35390 0.39479 0.43266 0.46864 0.53708 0.60269 0.66660 0.72942
1091.4 1147.6 1187.4 1220.5 1250.0 1277.5 1328.7 1377.5 1425.1 1519.5 1615.0 1712.5 1812.6
1167.6 1239.8 1291.3 1334.3 1372.8 1408.5 1474.9 1537.6 1598.5 1718.3 1838.0 1959.2 2082.6
1.3146 1.3783 1.4218 1.4567 1.4867 1.5134 1.5606 1.6021 1.6400 1.7081 1.7693 1.8255 1.8778
P 3000 psia (695.41°F)
P 3500 psia
Sat. 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.13076
1031.2
1091.7
1.2330
0.08460
969.8
1016.8
1.1587
0.16849 0.20327 0.22949 0.25174 0.27165 0.29001 0.30726 0.33949 0.36966 0.42631 0.48004 0.53205 0.58295
1098.4 1154.9 1195.9 1230.1 1260.7 1289.1 1316.1 1367.3 1416.6 1513.3 1610.1 1708.6 1809.4
1176.3 1249.0 1302.0 1346.6 1386.4 1423.3 1458.2 1524.4 1587.6 1710.5 1832.2 1954.8 2079.1
1.3072 1.3686 1.4116 1.4463 1.4761 1.5028 1.5271 1.5710 1.6103 1.6802 1.7424 1.7991 1.8518
0.09838 0.14840 0.17601 0.19771 0.21640 0.23321 0.24876 0.27732 0.30367 0.35249 0.39830 0.44237 0.48532
1005.3 1114.1 1167.5 1208.2 1242.8 1273.9 1302.8 1356.8 1408.0 1507.0 1605.3 1704.7 1806.1
1059.9 1196.5 1265.3 1317.9 1362.9 1403.3 1440.9 1510.8 1576.6 1702.7 1826.4 1950.3 2075.6
1.1960 1.3118 1.3676 1.4086 1.4423 1.4716 1.4978 1.5441 1.5850 1.6567 1.7199 1.7773 1.8304
0.02492 0.03065 0.10460 0.13639 0.15847 0.17659 0.19245 0.20687 0.23289 0.25654 0.29978 0.33994 0.37833 0.41561
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.02448 0.02871 0.06370 0.10520 0.12848 0.14647 0.16176 0.17538 0.19957 0.22121 0.24128 0.26028 0.29620 0.33033 0.36335
0.8577 0.9347 1.1410 1.2734 1.3355 1.3799 1.4157 1.4463 1.4983 1.5426 1.5821 1.6182 1.6835 1.7422 1.7961
0.02379 0.02678 0.03373 0.05937 0.08551 0.10390 0.11863 0.13128 0.15298 0.17185 0.18902 0.20508 0.23505 0.26320 0.29023
0.8485 0.9156 1.0054 1.1581 1.2593 1.3198 1.3643 1.4004 1.4590 1.5070 1.5490 1.5868 1.6542 1.7142 1.7689
0.02325 0.02564 0.02981 0.03949 0.05815 0.07584 0.09010 0.10208 0.12211 0.13911 0.15434 0.16841 0.19438 0.21853 0.24155
P 4000 psia 657.9 742.3 962.1 1094.2 1156.7 1202.5 1240.7 1274.6 1335.1 1390.3 1443.0 1494.3 1595.5 1696.8 1799.7
676.1 763.6 1009.2 1172.1 1251.8 1310.9 1360.5 1404.4 1482.8 1554.1 1621.6 1687.0 1814.7 1941.4 2068.6
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 5000 psia 648.3 721.8 821.8 986.9 1092.4 1155.9 1203.9 1244.0 1312.2 1372.1 1427.8 1481.4 1585.6 1689.0 1793.2
670.3 746.6 853.0 1041.8 1171.5 1252.1 1313.6 1365.5 1453.8 1531.1 1602.7 1671.1 1803.1 1932.5 2061.7
663.7 760.0 1057.6 1134.3 1183.8 1223.4 1257.8 1289.0 1346.1 1399.3 1500.7 1600.4 1700.8 1802.9
679.9 779.9 1125.4 1222.6 1286.5 1337.8 1382.4 1423.0 1496.9 1565.4 1694.8 1820.5 1945.8 2072.1
0.8632 0.9511 1.2434 1.3224 1.3721 1.4106 1.4428 1.4711 1.5201 1.5627 1.6364 1.7006 1.7586 1.8121
P 6000 psia 640.3 708.1 788.7 897.1 1018.6 1103.5 1163.7 1211.4 1288.4 1353.4 1412.5 1468.4 1575.7 1681.1 1786.7
666.1 736.5 821.8 941.0 1083.1 1187.7 1263.7 1324.7 1424.0 1507.8 1583.8 1655.4 1791.5 1923.7 2054.9
0.8408 0.9028 0.9747 1.0711 1.1819 1.2603 1.3153 1.3578 1.4237 1.4758 1.5203 1.5598 1.6294 1.6907 1.7463
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–7E Compressed liquid water T °F
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
Sat. 32 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0.019750 0.015994 0.015998 0.016107 0.016317 0.016607 0.016972 0.017417 0.017954 0.018609 0.019425
s v Btu/lbm · R ft3/lbm
P 500 psia (467.04°F) 447.68 0.01 18.03 67.86 117.70 167.70 218.04 268.92 320.64 373.61 428.44
449.51 1.49 19.51 69.35 119.21 169.24 219.61 270.53 322.30 375.33 430.24
0.64900 0.00001 0.03601 0.12930 0.21462 0.29349 0.36708 0.43641 0.50240 0.56595 0.62802
P 2000 psia (635.85°F) Sat. 32 50 100 200 300 400 450 500 560 600 640 680 700
0.025634 0.015912 0.015921 0.016035 0.016527 0.017310 0.018442 0.019199 0.020154 0.021739 0.023317
662.33 0.07 17.91 67.36 166.54 266.92 370.30 424.06 480.08 552.21 605.77
671.82 5.96 23.80 73.30 172.66 273.33 377.12 431.16 487.54 560.26 614.40
0.86224 0.00010 0.03574 0.12838 0.29170 0.43376 0.56205 0.62314 0.68346 0.75692 0.80898
u h s v Btu/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm · R ft3/lbm P 1000 psia (544.65°F)
0.021595 0.015966 0.015972 0.016083 0.016292 0.016580 0.016941 0.017380 0.017910 0.018552 0.019347 0.020368
538.58 0.03 17.99 67.69 117.42 167.31 217.51 268.24 319.77 372.48 426.93 484.03
542.57 2.99 20.95 70.67 120.43 170.38 220.65 271.46 323.08 375.91 430.51 487.80
0.74341 0.00005 0.03593 0.12899 0.21416 0.29289 0.36634 0.43551 0.50132 0.56463 0.62635 0.68764
P 1500 psia (596.26°F) 0.023456 0.015939 0.015946 0.016059 0.016267 0.016553 0.016911 0.017345 0.017866 0.018496 0.019271 0.020258 0.021595
P 3000 psia (695.41°F) 0.034335 0.015859 0.015870 0.015988 0.016475 0.017242 0.018338 0.019062 0.019960 0.021405 0.022759 0.024765 0.028821
783.39 0.10 17.83 67.04 165.79 265.65 368.22 421.36 476.45 546.59 597.42 654.52 728.63
802.45 8.90 26.64 75.91 174.94 275.22 378.41 431.94 487.53 558.47 610.06 668.27 744.64
0.97321 0.00011 0.03554 0.12776 0.29053 0.43204 0.55959 0.62010 0.67958 0.75126 0.80086 0.85476 0.92288
u h s Btu/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm · R
605.07 0.05 17.95 67.53 117.14 166.92 217.00 267.57 318.91 371.37 425.47 482.01 542.50
611.58 4.48 22.38 71.98 121.66 171.52 221.69 272.39 323.87 376.51 430.82 487.63 548.50
0.80836 0.00008 0.03584 0.12869 0.21369 0.29229 0.36560 0.43463 0.50025 0.56333 0.62472 0.68550 0.74731
P 5000 psia 0.015756 0.015773 0.015897 0.016375 0.017112 0.018145 0.018812 0.019620 0.020862 0.021943 0.023358 0.025366 0.026777
0.13 17.65 66.41 164.36 263.24 364.35 416.40 469.94 537.08 584.42 634.95 690.67 721.78
14.71 32.25 81.12 179.51 279.07 381.14 433.80 488.10 556.38 604.72 656.56 714.14 746.56
0.00002 0.03505 0.12652 0.28824 0.42874 0.55492 0.61445 0.67254 0.74154 0.78803 0.83603 0.88745 0.91564
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975
TABLE A–8E Saturated ice—water vapor Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Temp., T °F
Sat. press., Psat psia
Sat. ice, vi
32.018 32 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.08871 0.08864 0.08086 0.06405 0.05049 0.03960 0.03089 0.02397 0.01850 0.01420 0.01083 0.00821 0.00619 0.00463 0.00344 0.00254 0.00186
0.01747 3299.6 0.01747 3302.6 0.01747 3605.8 0.01746 4505.8 0.01746 5657.6 0.01745 7138.9 0.01744 9054.0 0.01743 11,543 0.01743 14,797 0.01742 19,075 0.01741 24,731 0.01740 32,257 0.01740 42,335 0.01739 55,917 0.01738 74,345 0.01738 99,526 0.01737 134,182
Sat. vapor, vg
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/Ibm · R
Sat. ice, ui
Subl., uig
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. ice, hi
Subl., hig
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. ice, si
Subl., sig
Sat. vapor, sg
143.34 143.35 144.35 146.85 149.32 151.76 154.18 156.57 158.94 161.28 163.60 165.90 168.16 170.41 172.63 174.83 177.00
1164.2 1164.2 1164.6 1165.4 1166.2 1167.0 1167.8 1168.5 1169.2 1169.9 1170.6 1171.2 1171.8 1172.4 1173.0 1173.5 1174.0
1020.9 1020.9 1020.2 1018.6 1016.9 1015.2 1013.6 1011.9 1010.3 1008.6 1007.0 1005.3 1003.6 1002.0 1000.3 998.7 997.0
143.34 143.35 144.35 146.85 149.32 151.76 154.18 156.57 158.94 161.28 163.60 165.90 168.16 170.41 172.63 174.83 177.00
1218.3 1218.4 1218.5 1218.8 1219.1 1219.3 1219.5 1219.7 1219.9 1220.0 1220.1 1220.2 1220.3 1220.3 1220.3 1220.3 1220.3
1075.0 1075.0 1074.2 1072.0 1069.8 1067.6 1065.4 1063.1 1060.9 1058.7 1056.5 1054.3 1052.1 1049.9 1047.7 1045.5 1043.3
0.29146 0.29148 0.29353 0.29865 0.30377 0.30889 0.31401 0.31913 0.32426 0.32938 0.33451 0.33964 0.34478 0.34991 0.35505 0.36019 0.36534
2.4779 2.4779 2.4883 2.5146 2.5414 2.5687 2.5965 2.6248 2.6537 2.6832 2.7133 2.7440 2.7754 2.8074 2.8401 2.8735 2.9076
2.1864 2.1865 2.1948 2.2160 2.2376 2.2598 2.2825 2.3057 2.3295 2.3538 2.3788 2.4044 2.4306 2.4575 2.4850 2.5133 2.5423
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Thermodynamics Connstant Pressure lbf/in 2
1800
8000 5000 6000 3 204 4000 2 5 00 3000
10000
1720
11
1700 11 10
100
10
1620
14.696
30
600
1 000
1660
1640
1600
95
5
04 32
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
500
600
25 20
0
400
1220
0
1 4 .6
10
0
6
50
1140 2
00
4
11
300 1180
1160
10
1120
0 .2
0 .5
90
95
5
200
1
10 5 00 0
12000
0
1000
1.5
2000
0
1100
2000
1.0
500
100
0 .1
60
200
100 30
15
85
75
80
500
0
10
0
0
30
0
95
0
0 Constant Enthalpy Btu/lbm 35 0
96
100 0
90
45
40
1220 1 20
700
1000
400
600
50
1320
1 280
300
85
200 70
45
100
65
60
55
40
0
0
75
70
50
35
0
20
bm me ft 3/l
n t V olu
00
15 00
10 900
0 60
30
1340
1300
10
0 65
25
0
0
50
1 240
5
3 f t /l b m
0 55
500
400
20
1360
1
2
450
300
350
15
55
1 260
400
250
150
200
100
50
10
1200 00
800
60
1380
C o n sta
00
0 115 0 110
0 .4
0 100
800 lbm Btu/ halpy nt Ent Consta 700
500
600
Con stan t Qu ality , Pe rcen t
0.2
0.6
65
1420
0
0.0 0.03 560 53
20
00
25
50
0.5
50
1400
0
t °F rhea Supe tant Cons
30
20
0.0
1300 00
4
1 2
150 00 100 80 00 00
0
1 0.
t
50
900 70
1440
700
C o ns
75
1460
00 60 00 50
400
lu m e a nt V o
1400
00
1480
800
400
50
1000 80
1500
100 0
900
1500
6
85
1540
1520
500
90
1560
0.6
110 0
600
00
1100
10
1580 0.4
120 0
1740
0.2
0.05053
0.11
130 0
12
1680
600
1400
12
1760
400 300 200
1500 0
1500
13
1780
2.0
Entropy, Btu/lbm·R
FIGURE A–9E T-s diagram for water. Source: Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, Steam Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969).
60 32 2.4
Temperature, ºF
976
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Appendix 2
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977
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R 1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9 F 1100°°F
2.0
2.1
2.2
1600
1550 1000
500
1500 900
300 200
1450 psia
1400
1350
20
F 700°°F
50
100
800
10
600
Enthalpy, Btu / lbm
100 0
3204 200 0
10,00 0 psi a 5000
1.5
1300 8 5 6 2p 3 4 sia
500
400
100
2.1 1050 2.0
84 0.
1.5
1.6
2.2
1100
1000
2 0.8 0 0.8
1.4
1150 0. 2
200°°F 200 200°F
0. 5
satu line ration x= 0.9 8 0.9 6 0.9 4 0.9 2 0.9 0 0.8 8 0. 86
1.3
1200 1.0
300
1250
1.9 950
1.7 1.8 Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
FIGURE A–10E Mollier diagram for water. Source: Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, Steam Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969).
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–11E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Sat. Temp., press., T °F Psat psia
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
40 35 30 25 20 15 10
7.432 8.581 9.869 11.306 12.906 14.680 16.642
0.01130 0.01136 0.01143 0.01150 0.01156 0.01163 0.01171
5.7796 5.0509 4.4300 3.8988 3.4426 3.0494 2.7091
0.016 1.484 2.990 4.502 6.019 7.543 9.073
89.167 88.352 87.532 86.706 85.874 85.036 84.191
89.15 89.84 90.52 91.21 91.89 92.58 93.26
0.000 1.502 3.011 4.526 6.047 7.574 9.109
5 0 5 10 15
18.806 21.185 23.793 26.646 29.759
0.01178 0.01185 0.01193 0.01201 0.01209
2.4137 2.1564 1.9316 1.7345 1.5612
10.609 12.152 13.702 15.259 16.823
83.339 82.479 81.610 80.733 79.846
93.95 94.63 95.31 95.99 96.67
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
33.147 36.826 40.813 45.124 49.776 54.787 60.175 65.957
0.01217 0.01225 0.01234 0.01242 0.01251 0.01261 0.01270 0.01280
1.4084 1.2732 1.1534 1.0470 0.95205 0.86727 0.79136 0.72323
18.394 19.973 21.560 23.154 24.757 26.369 27.990 29.619
78.950 78.043 77.124 76.195 75.253 74.298 73.329 72.346
60 65 70 75 80 85 90
72.152 78.780 85.858 93.408 101.45 110.00 119.08
0.01290 0.01301 0.01312 0.01323 0.01334 0.01347 0.01359
0.66195 0.60671 0.55681 0.51165 0.47069 0.43348 0.39959
31.258 32.908 34.567 36.237 37.919 39.612 41.317
95 100 105 110 115
128.72 138.93 149.73 161.16 173.23
0.01372 0.01386 0.01400 0.01415 0.01430
0.36869 0.34045 0.31460 0.29090 0.26913
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
185.96 213.53 244.06 277.79 314.94 355.80 400.66 449.90 504.00 563.76
0.01446 0.01482 0.01521 0.01567 0.01619 0.01681 0.01759 0.01860 0.02009 0.02309
0.24909 0.21356 0.18315 0.15692 0.13410 0.11405 0.09618 0.07990 0.06441 0.04722
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
97.100 97.10 96.354 97.86 95.601 98.61 94.839 99.36 94.068 100.12 93.288 100.86 92.498 101.61
0.00000 0.00355 0.00708 0.01058 0.01405 0.01749 0.02092
0.23135 0.22687 0.22248 0.21817 0.21394 0.20978 0.20569
0.23135 0.23043 0.22956 0.22875 0.22798 0.22727 0.22660
10.650 12.199 13.755 15.318 16.889
91.698 90.886 90.062 89.226 88.377
102.35 103.08 103.82 104.54 105.27
0.02431 0.02769 0.03104 0.03438 0.03769
0.20166 0.19770 0.19380 0.18996 0.18617
0.22598 0.22539 0.22485 0.22434 0.22386
97.34 98.02 98.68 99.35 100.01 100.67 101.32 101.97
18.469 20.056 21.653 23.258 24.873 26.497 28.131 29.775
87.514 86.636 85.742 84.833 83.907 82.963 82.000 81.017
105.98 106.69 107.40 108.09 108.78 109.46 110.13 110.79
0.04098 0.04426 0.04752 0.05076 0.05398 0.05720 0.06039 0.06358
0.18243 0.17874 0.17509 0.17148 0.16791 0.16437 0.16087 0.15740
0.22341 0.22300 0.22260 0.22224 0.22189 0.22157 0.22127 0.22098
71.347 70.333 69.301 68.251 67.181 66.091 64.979
102.61 103.24 103.87 104.49 105.10 105.70 106.30
31.431 33.097 34.776 36.466 38.169 39.886 41.617
80.013 78.988 77.939 76.866 75.767 74.641 73.485
111.44 112.09 112.71 113.33 113.94 114.53 115.10
0.06675 0.06991 0.07306 0.07620 0.07934 0.08246 0.08559
0.15396 0.15053 0.14713 0.14375 0.14038 0.13703 0.13368
0.22070 0.22044 0.22019 0.21995 0.21972 0.21949 0.21926
43.036 44.768 46.514 48.276 50.054
63.844 62.683 61.496 60.279 59.031
106.88 107.45 108.01 108.56 109.08
43.363 45.124 46.902 48.698 50.512
72.299 71.080 69.825 68.533 67.200
115.66 116.20 116.73 117.23 117.71
0.08870 0.09182 0.09493 0.09804 0.10116
0.13033 0.12699 0.12365 0.12029 0.11693
0.21904 0.21881 0.21858 0.21834 0.21809
51.849 55.495 59.226 63.059 67.014 71.126 75.448 80.082 85.267 91.986
57.749 55.071 52.216 49.144 45.799 42.097 37.899 32.950 26.651 16.498
109.60 110.57 111.44 112.20 112.81 113.22 113.35 113.03 111.92 108.48
52.346 56.080 59.913 63.864 67.958 72.233 76.752 81.631 87.140 94.395
65.823 62.924 59.801 56.405 52.671 48.499 43.726 38.053 30.785 19.015
118.17 119.00 119.71 120.27 120.63 120.73 120.48 119.68 117.93 113.41
0.10428 0.11054 0.11684 0.12321 0.12970 0.13634 0.14323 0.15055 0.15867 0.16922
0.11354 0.10670 0.09971 0.09251 0.08499 0.07701 0.06835 0.05857 0.04666 0.02839
0.21782 0.21724 0.21655 0.21572 0.21469 0.21335 0.21158 0.20911 0.20533 0.19761
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Source: Tables A–11E through A–13E are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at 40°C (and 40°F).
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 979
Appendix 2
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979
TABLE A–12E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Press., P psia
Sat. temp., T °F
5 10 15 20 25
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
53.09 29.52 14.15 2.43 7.17
0.01113 0.01144 0.01165 0.01182 0.01196
8.3785 4.3753 2.9880 2.2772 1.8429
3.918 3.135 7.803 11.401 14.377
91.280 87.453 84.893 82.898 81.231
87.36 90.59 92.70 94.30 95.61
3.907 3.156 7.835 11.445 14.432
99.022 95.528 93.155 91.282 89.701
95.11 98.68 100.99 102.73 104.13
0.00945 0.00742 0.01808 0.02605 0.03249
0.24353 0.22206 0.20908 0.19962 0.19213
0.23408 0.22948 0.22715 0.22567 0.22462
30 35 40 45 50
15.37 22.57 29.01 34.86 40.23
0.01209 0.01221 0.01232 0.01242 0.01252
1.5492 1.3369 1.1760 1.0497 0.94791
16.939 19.205 21.246 23.110 24.832
79.780 78.485 77.307 76.221 75.209
96.72 97.69 98.55 99.33 100.04
17.006 19.284 21.337 23.214 24.948
88.313 87.064 85.920 84.858 83.863
105.32 106.35 107.26 108.07 108.81
0.03793 0.04267 0.04688 0.05067 0.05413
0.18589 0.18053 0.17580 0.17158 0.16774
0.22383 0.22319 0.22268 0.22225 0.22188
55 60 65 70 75
45.20 49.84 54.20 58.30 62.19
0.01261 0.01270 0.01279 0.01287 0.01295
0.86400 0.79361 0.73370 0.68205 0.63706
26.435 27.939 29.357 30.700 31.979
74.258 73.360 72.505 71.688 70.905
100.69 101.30 101.86 102.39 102.88
26.564 28.080 29.510 30.867 32.159
82.924 82.030 81.176 80.357 79.567
109.49 110.11 110.69 111.22 111.73
0.05733 0.06029 0.06307 0.06567 0.06813
0.16423 0.16098 0.15796 0.15512 0.15245
0.22156 0.22127 0.22102 0.22080 0.22059
80 85 90 95 100
65.89 69.41 72.78 76.02 79.12
0.01303 0.01310 0.01318 0.01325 0.01332
0.59750 0.56244 0.53113 0.50301 0.47760
33.201 34.371 35.495 36.578 37.623
70.151 69.424 68.719 68.035 67.371
103.35 103.79 104.21 104.61 104.99
33.394 34.577 35.715 36.811 37.869
78.804 78.064 77.345 76.645 75.962
112.20 112.64 113.06 113.46 113.83
0.07047 0.07269 0.07481 0.07684 0.07879
0.14993 0.14753 0.14525 0.14307 0.14097
0.22040 0.22022 0.22006 0.21991 0.21976
110 120 130 140 150
85.00 90.49 95.64 100.51 105.12
0.01347 0.01360 0.01374 0.01387 0.01400
0.43347 0.39644 0.36491 0.33771 0.31401
39.612 41.485 43.258 44.945 46.556
66.091 64.869 63.696 62.564 61.467
105.70 106.35 106.95 107.51 108.02
39.886 41.787 43.589 45.304 46.945
74.641 73.371 72.144 70.954 69.795
114.53 115.16 115.73 116.26 116.74
0.08246 0.08589 0.08911 0.09214 0.09501
0.13703 0.13335 0.12990 0.12665 0.12357
0.21949 0.21924 0.21901 0.21879 0.21857
160 170 180 190 200
109.50 113.69 117.69 121.53 125.22
0.01413 0.01426 0.01439 0.01452 0.01464
0.29316 0.27466 0.25813 0.24327 0.22983
48.101 49.586 51.018 52.402 53.743
60.401 59.362 58.345 57.349 56.371
108.50 108.95 109.36 109.75 110.11
48.519 50.035 51.497 52.912 54.285
68.662 67.553 66.464 65.392 64.335
117.18 117.59 117.96 118.30 118.62
0.09774 0.10034 0.10284 0.10524 0.10754
0.12062 0.11781 0.11511 0.11250 0.10998
0.21836 0.21815 0.21795 0.21774 0.21753
220 240 260 280 300
132.21 138.73 144.85 150.62 156.09
0.01490 0.01516 0.01543 0.01570 0.01598
0.20645 0.18677 0.16996 0.15541 0.14266
56.310 58.746 61.071 63.301 65.452
54.458 52.591 50.757 48.945 47.143
110.77 111.34 111.83 112.25 112.60
56.917 59.419 61.813 64.115 66.339
62.256 60.213 58.192 56.184 54.176
119.17 119.63 120.00 120.30 120.52
0.11192 0.11603 0.11992 0.12362 0.12715
0.10517 0.10061 0.09625 0.09205 0.08797
0.21710 0.21665 0.21617 0.21567 0.21512
350 400 450 500
168.64 179.86 190.02 199.29
0.01672 0.01757 0.01860 0.01995
0.11664 0.09642 0.07987 0.06551
70.554 75.385 80.092 84.871
42.627 37.963 32.939 27.168
113.18 113.35 113.03 112.04
71.638 76.686 81.641 86.718
49.099 43.798 38.041 31.382
120.74 120.48 119.68 118.10
0.13542 0.14314 0.15056 0.15805
0.07814 0.06848 0.05854 0.04762
0.21356 0.21161 0.20911 0.20566
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–13E Superheated refrigerant-134a T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
4.3753 4.4856 4.7135 4.9380 5.1600 5.3802 5.5989 5.8165 6.0331 6.2490 6.4642 6.6789 6.8930 7.1068
Sat. 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
1.5492 1.5691 1.6528 1.7338 1.8130 1.8908 1.9675 2.0434 2.1185 2.1931 2.2671 2.3408 2.4141 2.4871 2.5598
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 10 psia (Tsat 29.52°F) 90.59 92.13 95.41 98.77 102.20 105.72 109.32 113.01 116.79 120.66 124.61 128.65 132.77 136.98
98.68 100.43 104.14 107.91 111.75 115.67 119.68 123.78 127.96 132.22 136.57 141.01 145.53 150.13
0.22948 0.23350 0.24174 0.24976 0.25761 0.26531 0.27288 0.28033 0.28767 0.29490 0.30203 0.30908 0.31604 0.32292
P 30 psia (Tsat 15.37°F) 96.72 97.56 101.17 104.82 108.53 112.30 116.15 120.08 124.08 128.16 132.32 136.57 140.89 145.30 149.78
105.32 106.27 110.35 114.45 118.59 122.80 127.07 131.42 135.84 140.34 144.91 149.56 154.29 159.10 163.99
0.22383 0.22581 0.23414 0.24219 0.25002 0.25767 0.26517 0.27254 0.27979 0.28693 0.29398 0.30092 0.30778 0.31456 0.32126
P 60 psia (Tsat 49.84°F) Sat. 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
0.7936 0.8179 0.8636 0.9072 0.9495 0.9908 1.0312 1.0709 1.1101 1.1489 1.1872 1.2252 1.2629 1.3004 1.3377
101.30 103.31 107.23 111.16 115.14 119.16 123.25 127.41 131.63 135.93 140.30 144.75 149.27 153.87 158.54
110.11 112.39 116.82 121.24 125.68 130.16 134.70 139.30 143.96 148.69 153.48 158.35 163.29 168.31 173.39
0.22127 0.22570 0.23407 0.24211 0.24991 0.25751 0.26496 0.27226 0.27943 0.28649 0.29344 0.30030 0.30707 0.31376 0.32037
v ft3/lbm
u Btu/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 15 psia (Tsat 14.15°F)
v ft3/lbm
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 20 psia (Tsat 2.43°F)
2.9880
92.70
100.99
0.22715
2.2772
94.30
102.73
0.22567
3.1001 3.2551 3.4074 3.5577 3.7064 3.8540 4.0006 4.1464 4.2915 4.4361 4.5802 4.7239
95.08 98.48 101.95 105.50 109.13 112.84 116.63 120.51 124.48 128.53 132.66 136.88
103.68 107.52 111.41 115.38 119.42 123.54 127.74 132.02 136.39 140.84 145.37 149.99
0.23310 0.24127 0.24922 0.25700 0.26463 0.27212 0.27950 0.28677 0.29393 0.30100 0.30798 0.31487
2.2922 2.4130 2.5306 2.6461 2.7600 2.8726 2.9842 3.0950 3.2051 3.3146 3.4237 3.5324
94.72 98.19 101.70 105.28 108.93 112.66 116.47 120.37 124.35 128.41 132.55 136.78
103.20 107.12 111.07 115.07 119.15 123.29 127.52 131.82 136.21 140.67 145.22 149.85
0.22671 0.23504 0.24311 0.25097 0.25866 0.26621 0.27363 0.28093 0.28812 0.29521 0.30221 0.30912
P 40 psia (Tsat 29.01°F)
P 50 psia (Tsat 40.23°F)
1.1760
98.55
107.26
0.22268
0.9479
100.04
108.81
0.22188
1.2126 1.2768 1.3389 1.3995 1.4588 1.5173 1.5750 1.6321 1.6887 1.7449 1.8007 1.8562 1.9114
100.61 104.34 108.11 111.93 115.82 119.78 123.81 127.91 132.10 136.36 140.70 145.12 149.61
109.58 113.79 118.02 122.29 126.62 131.01 135.47 140.00 144.60 149.27 154.03 158.86 163.76
0.22738 0.23565 0.24363 0.25140 0.25900 0.26644 0.27375 0.28095 0.28803 0.29501 0.30190 0.30871 0.31543
1.0019 1.0540 1.1043 1.1534 1.2015 1.2488 1.2955 1.3416 1.3873 1.4326 1.4776 1.5223
103.84 107.68 111.55 115.48 119.47 123.53 127.66 131.87 136.15 140.50 144.93 149.44
113.11 117.43 121.77 126.16 130.59 135.09 139.65 144.28 148.98 153.76 158.60 163.53
0.23031 0.23847 0.24637 0.25406 0.26159 0.26896 0.27621 0.28333 0.29036 0.29728 0.30411 0.31086
P 70 psia (Tsat 58.30°F) 0.6821 0.6857 0.7271 0.7662 0.8037 0.8401 0.8756 0.9105 0.9447 0.9785 1.0118 1.0449 1.0776 1.1101 1.1424
102.39 102.73 106.76 110.76 114.78 118.85 122.97 127.15 131.40 135.71 140.10 144.56 149.10 153.71 158.39
111.22 111.62 116.18 120.68 125.19 129.73 134.31 138.94 143.63 148.39 153.21 158.10 163.06 168.09 173.19
0.22080 0.22155 0.23016 0.23836 0.24628 0.25398 0.26149 0.26885 0.27607 0.28317 0.29015 0.29704 0.30384 0.31055 0.31718
P 80 psia (Tsat 65.89°F) 0.59750
103.35
112.20
0.22040
0.62430 0.66009 0.69415 0.72698 0.75888 0.79003 0.82059 0.85065 0.88030 0.90961 0.93861 0.96737 0.99590
106.26 110.34 114.42 118.52 122.68 126.89 131.16 135.49 139.90 144.37 148.92 153.54 158.24
115.51 120.11 124.69 129.29 133.91 138.58 143.31 148.09 152.93 157.84 162.82 167.86 172.98
0.22661 0.23499 0.24304 0.25083 0.25841 0.26583 0.27310 0.28024 0.28726 0.29418 0.30100 0.30773 0.31438
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Appendix 2
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981
TABLE A–13E Superheated refrigerant-134a (Concluded ) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
0.53113 0.54388 0.57729 0.60874 0.63885 0.66796 0.69629 0.72399 0.75119 0.77796 0.80437 0.83048 0.85633 0.88195
Sat. 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
0.33771 0.36243 0.38551 0.40711 0.42766 0.44743 0.46657 0.48522 0.50345 0.52134 0.53895 0.55630 0.57345 0.59041
Sat. 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
0.22983 0.24541 0.26412 0.28115 0.29704 0.31212 0.32658 0.34054 0.35410 0.36733 0.38029 0.39300 0.40552
u Btu/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 90 psia (Tsat 72.78°F) 104.21 105.74 109.91 114.04 118.19 122.38 126.62 130.92 135.27 139.69 144.19 148.75 153.38 158.08
113.06 114.80 119.52 124.18 128.83 133.51 138.22 142.97 147.78 152.65 157.58 162.58 167.64 172.77
0.22006 0.22330 0.23189 0.24008 0.24797 0.25563 0.26311 0.27043 0.27762 0.28468 0.29162 0.29847 0.30522 0.31189
P 140 psia (Tsat 100.50°F) 107.51 111.96 116.41 120.81 125.22 129.65 134.12 138.64 143.21 147.85 152.54 157.30 162.13 167.02
116.26 121.35 126.40 131.36 136.30 141.24 146.21 151.21 156.26 161.35 166.50 171.71 176.98 182.32
0.21879 0.22773 0.23628 0.24443 0.25227 0.25988 0.26730 0.27455 0.28166 0.28864 0.29551 0.30228 0.30896 0.31555
P 200 psia (Tsat 125.22°F) 110.11 113.85 118.66 123.35 128.00 132.64 137.30 141.99 146.72 151.50 156.33 161.22 166.17
118.62 122.93 128.44 133.76 138.99 144.19 149.38 154.59 159.82 165.09 170.40 175.77 181.18
0.21753 0.22481 0.23384 0.24229 0.25035 0.25812 0.26565 0.27298 0.28015 0.28718 0.29408 0.30087 0.30756
v ft3/lbm
u Btu/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 100 psia (Tsat 79.12°F) 0.47760 0.47906 0.51076 0.54022 0.56821 0.59513 0.62122 0.64667 0.67158 0.69605 0.72016 0.74396 0.76749 0.79079
104.99 105.18 109.45 113.66 117.86 122.08 126.35 130.67 135.05 139.49 143.99 148.57 153.21 157.93
113.83 114.05 118.90 123.65 128.37 133.09 137.85 142.64 147.47 152.37 157.32 162.34 167.42 172.56
0.21976 0.22016 0.22900 0.23733 0.24534 0.25309 0.26063 0.26801 0.27523 0.28233 0.28931 0.29618 0.30296 0.30964
P 160 psia (Tsat 109.50°F) 0.29316 0.30578 0.32774 0.34790 0.36686 0.38494 0.40234 0.41921 0.43564 0.45171 0.46748 0.48299 0.49828 0.51338
108.50 111.01 115.62 120.13 124.62 129.12 133.64 138.20 142.81 147.48 152.20 156.98 161.83 166.74
117.18 120.06 125.32 130.43 135.49 140.52 145.55 150.62 155.71 160.85 166.04 171.28 176.58 181.94
0.21836 0.22337 0.23230 0.24069 0.24871 0.25645 0.26397 0.27131 0.27849 0.28554 0.29246 0.29927 0.30598 0.31260
P 300 psia (Tsat 156.09°F)
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 120 psia (Tsat 90.49°F) 0.39644 106.35
115.16 0.21924
0.41013 0.43692 0.46190 0.48563 0.50844 0.53054 0.55206 0.57312 0.59379 0.61413 0.63420 0.65402
117.59 122.54 127.41 132.25 137.09 141.95 146.85 151.80 156.79 161.85 166.96 172.14
108.48 112.84 117.15 121.46 125.79 130.17 134.59 139.07 143.61 148.21 152.88 157.62
0.22362 0.23232 0.24058 0.24851 0.25619 0.26368 0.27100 0.27817 0.28521 0.29214 0.29896 0.30569
P 180 psia (Tsat 117.69°F) 0.25813 0.26083 0.28231 0.30154 0.31936 0.33619 0.35228 0.36779 0.38284 0.39751 0.41186 0.42594 0.43980 0.45347
109.36 109.94 114.77 119.42 124.00 128.57 133.15 137.76 142.40 147.10 151.85 156.66 161.53 166.46
117.96 118.63 124.17 129.46 134.64 139.77 144.88 150.01 155.16 160.34 165.57 170.85 176.18 181.56
0.21795 0.21910 0.22850 0.23718 0.24540 0.25330 0.26094 0.26837 0.27562 0.28273 0.28970 0.29656 0.30331 0.30996
P 400 psia (Tsat 179.86°F)
0.14266
112.60
120.52
0.21512 0.09642 113.35
120.48 0.21161
0.14656 0.16355 0.17776 0.19044 0.20211 0.21306 0.22347 0.23346 0.24310 0.25246 0.26159
113.82 119.52 124.78 129.85 134.83 139.77 144.70 149.65 154.63 159.64 164.70
121.95 128.60 134.65 140.42 146.05 151.59 157.11 162.61 168.12 173.66 179.22
0.21745 0.22802 0.23733 0.24594 0.25410 0.26192 0.26947 0.27681 0.28398 0.29098 0.29786
120.56 128.99 135.88 142.20 148.25 154.14 159.94 165.70 171.44 177.18
0.09658 0.11440 0.12746 0.13853 0.14844 0.15756 0.16611 0.17423 0.18201 0.18951
113.41 120.52 126.44 131.95 137.26 142.48 147.65 152.80 157.97 163.15
0.21173 0.22471 0.23500 0.24418 0.25270 0.26077 0.26851 0.27599 0.28326 0.29035
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 982
Thermodynamics
1000
60
55
140 50
45
40
180 35
30
24
= D e n sit y
260 3000
22
1000
7.2 4.8 3.6
400
2.4 1.8 1.2 0.96 0.72
60
100
2000
3 18 lbm/ft3 12 9.6
140
T = 100°F
200
220
0
180
R-134a 400
200 100
20
0.48 0.36
40
20
0.24 0.18
20
0.12 0.096
10
1 –20
180
5 40 580
0 500 .42
4 60
220
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
FIGURE A–14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
0.4 6
0.4 4
s=
140
0.072 0.048
0.4 2
4 20
0.4 0
0.3 8 380
0.3 4
0.3 6
340
T = 3 0 0° F
220
260
1 80
s=
100
60 100 1 40
- 60 -20 20
te d va
s atu ra
0.8
p o ur
60
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
20
0.3 0B tu/l bm ·R 0.3 2
0.26
0.28
0.20 0.22 0.24
0.14 0.16 0.18
0.10 0.12
0.04 0.06 0.08
id
li q u ate d
0.1
2
s atur
T = -1 0 0 ° F
4
0.00 0. 0.02
-0.04 -0.02 -60
10
620
40 -20
Pressure, psia
100
75 l
95
90
85
2000
60 65
20 bm/ 3 ft3
–20 3000
70
|
80
982
0.036 0.024
4
0.018
2
0.012
1 260
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Appendix 2
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983
TABLE A–16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, ft 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 19,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 32,000 34,000 36,000 38,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000
Temperature, °F 59.00 57.22 55.43 53.65 51.87 50.09 48.30 46.52 44.74 42.96 41.17 39.39 37.61 35.83 34.05 32.26 30.48 28.70 26.92 25.14 23.36 19.79 16.23 12.67 9.12 5.55 1.99 1.58 5.14 8.70 12.2 19.4 26.5 33.6 40.7 47.8 54.9 62.0 69.2 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7
Pressure, psia 14.7 14.4 14.2 13.9 13.7 13.4 13.2 12.9 12.7 12.5 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.3 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.3 10.1 9.72 9.34 8.99 8.63 8.29 7.97 7.65 7.34 7.05 6.76 6.21 5.70 5.22 4.78 4.37 3.99 3.63 3.30 3.05 2.73 2.148 1.691 1.332 1.048
Gravity, g, ft/s2
Speed of sound, ft/s
Density, lbm/ft3
Viscosity m, lbm/ft · s
32.174 32.173 32.171 32.169 32.168 32.166 32.165 32.163 32.162 32.160 32.159 32.157 32.156 32.154 32.152 32.151 32.149 32.148 32.146 32.145 32.145 32.140 32.137 32.134 32.131 32.128 32.125 32.122 32.119 32.115 32.112 32.106 32.100 32.094 32.088 32.082 32.08 32.07 32.06 32.06 32.05 32.04 32.02 32.00 31.99
1116 1115 1113 1111 1109 1107 1105 1103 1101 1099 1097 1095 1093 1091 1089 1087 1085 1083 1081 1079 1077 1073 1069 1065 1061 1057 1053 1049 1045 1041 1037 1029 1020 1012 1003 995 987 978 969 968 968 968 968 968 968
0.07647 0.07536 0.07426 0.07317 0.07210 0.07104 0.06998 0.06985 0.06792 0.06690 0.06590 0.06491 0.06393 0.06296 0.06200 0.06105 0.06012 0.05919 0.05828 0.05738 0.05648 0.05473 0.05302 0.05135 0.04973 0.04814 0.04659 0.04508 0.04361 0.04217 0.04077 0.03808 0.03553 0.03311 0.03082 0.02866 0.02661 0.02468 0.02285 0.02079 0.01890 0.01487 0.01171 0.00922 0.00726
1.202 1.199 1.196 1.193 1.190 1.186 1.183 1.180 1.177 1.173 1.170 1.167 1.164 1.160 1.157 1.154 1.150 1.147 1.144 1.140 1.137 1.130 1.124 1.117 1.110 1.104 1.097 1.090 1.083 1.076 1.070 1.056 1.042 1.028 1.014 1.000 0.986 0.971 0.956 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955
105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
Thermal conductivity, Btu/h · ft · R 0.0146 0.0146 0.0146 0.0145 0.0145 0.0144 0.0144 0.0143 0.0143 0.0142 0.0142 0.0141 0.0141 0.0141 0.0140 0.0140 0.0139 0.0139 0.0138 0.0138 0.0137 0.0136 0.0136 0.0135 0.0134 0.0133 0.0132 0.0132 0.0130 0.0129 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124 0.0122 0.0121 0.0119 0.0117 0.0115 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45° latitude and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 14.696 psia, T 59°F, r 0.076474 lbm/ft3, g 32.1741 ft2/s.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air T R
h Btu/lbm
360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 537 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 1000 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200 1240 1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560
85.97 90.75 95.53 100.32 105.11 109.90 114.69 119.48 124.27 128.10 129.06 133.86 138.66 143.47 148.28 153.09 157.92 162.73 167.56 172.39 177.23 182.08 186.94 191.81 196.69 201.56 206.46 211.35 216.26 221.18 226.11 231.06 236.02 240.98 250.95 260.97 271.03 281.14 291.30 301.52 311.79 322.11 332.48 342.90 353.37 363.89 374.47 385.08
Pr 0.3363 0.4061 0.4858 0.5760 0.6776 0.7913 0.9182 1.0590 1.2147 1.3593 1.3860 1.5742 1.7800 2.005 2.249 2.514 2.801 3.111 3.446 3.806 4.193 4.607 5.051 5.526 6.033 6.573 7.149 7.761 8.411 9.102 9.834 10.61 11.43 12.30 14.18 16.28 18.60 21.18 24.01 27.13 30.55 34.31 38.41 42.88 47.75 53.04 58.78 65.00
u Btu/lbm
vr
s° T Btu/lbm · R R
h Btu/lbm
Pr
u Btu/lbm
vr
61.29 64.70 68.11 71.52 74.93 78.36 81.77 85.20 88.62 91.53 92.04 95.47 98.90 102.34 105.78 109.21 112.67 116.12 119.58 123.04 126.51 129.99 133.47 136.97 140.47 143.98 147.50 151.02 154.57 158.12 161.68 165.26 168.83 172.43 179.66 186.93 194.25 201.63 209.05 216.53 224.05 231.63 239.25 246.93 254.66 262.44 270.26 278.13
396.6 346.6 305.0 270.1 240.6 215.33 193.65 174.90 158.58 146.34 144.32 131.78 120.70 110.88 102.12 94.30 87.27 80.96 75.25 70.07 65.38 61.10 57.20 53.63 50.35 47.34 44.57 42.01 39.64 37.44 35.41 33.52 31.76 30.12 27.17 24.58 22.30 20.29 18.51 16.93 15.52 14.25 13.12 12.10 11.17 10.34 9.578 8.890
0.50369 0.51663 0.52890 0.54058 0.55172 0.56235 0.57255 0.58233 0.59173 0.59945 0.60078 0.60950 0.61793 0.62607 0.63395 0.64159 0.64902 0.65621 0.66321 0.67002 0.67665 0.68312 0.68942 0.69558 0.70160 0.70747 0.71323 0.71886 0.72438 0.72979 0.73509 0.74030 0.74540 0.75042 0.76019 0.76964 0.77880 0.78767 0.79628 0.80466 0.81280 0.82075 0.82848 0.83604 0.84341 0.85062 0.85767 0.86456
395.74 409.13 422.59 436.12 449.71 463.37 477.09 490.88 504.71 518.71 532.55 546.54 560.59 574.69 588.82 603.00 617.22 631.48 645.78 660.12 674.49 688.90 703.35 717.83 732.33 746.88 761.45 776.05 790.68 805.34 820.03 834.75 849.48 864.24 879.02 893.83 908.66 923.52 938.40 953.30 968.21 983.15 998.11 1013.1 1028.1 1043.1 1058.1 1073.2
71.13 80.89 90.95 101.98 114.0 127.2 141.5 157.1 174.0 192.3 212.1 223.5 256.6 281.4 308.1 336.8 367.6 400.5 435.7 473.3 513.5 556.3 601.9 650.4 702.0 756.7 814.8 876.4 941.4 1011 1083 1161 1242 1328 1418 1513 1613 1719 1829 1946 2068 2196 2330 2471 2618 2773 2934 3103
286.06 296.03 306.06 316.16 326.32 336.55 346.85 357.20 367.61 378.08 388.60 399.17 409.78 420.46 431.16 441.91 452.70 463.54 474.40 485.31 496.26 507.25 518.26 529.31 540.40 551.52 562.66 573.84 585.04 596.28 607.53 618.82 630.12 641.46 652.81 664.20 675.60 687.04 698.48 709.95 721.44 732.95 744.48 756.04 767.60 779.19 790.80 802.43
8.263 7.556 6.924 6.357 5.847 5.388 4.974 4.598 4.258 3.949 3.667 3.410 3.176 2.961 2.765 2.585 2.419 2.266 2.125 1.996 1.876 1.765 1.662 1.566 1.478 1.395 1.318 1.247 1.180 1.118 1.060 1.006 0.955 0.907 0.8621 0.8202 0.7807 0.7436 0.7087 0.6759 0.6449 0.6157 0.5882 0.5621 0.5376 0.5143 0.4923 0.4715
1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 3300 3350 3400 3450 3500 3550 3600 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950
s° Btu/lbm · R 0.87130 0.87954 0.88758 0.89542 0.90308 0.91056 0.91788 0.92504 0.93205 0.93891 0.94564 0.95222 0.95919 0.96501 0.97123 0.97732 0.98331 0.98919 0.99497 1.00064 1.00623 1.01172 1.01712 1.02244 1.02767 1.03282 1.03788 1.04288 1.04779 1.05264 1.05741 1.06212 1.06676 1.07134 1.07585 1.08031 1.08470 1.08904 1.09332 1.09755 1.10172 1.10584 1.10991 1.11393 1.11791 1.12183 1.12571 1.12955
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Appendix 2
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985
TABLE A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air (Concluded) T R
h Btu/lbm
Pr
u Btu/lbm
vr
s° Btu/lbm · R
T R
h Btu/lbm
Pr
u Btu/lbm
vr
s° Btu/lbm · R
4000
1088.3
3280
814.06
0.4518
1.13334
4600
1270.4
6089
955.04
0.2799
1.17575
4050 4100 4150 4200 4300
1103.4 1118.5 1133.6 1148.7 1179.0
3464 3656 3858 4067 4513
825.72 837.40 849.09 860.81 884.28
0.4331 0.4154 0.3985 0.3826 0.3529
1.13709 1.14079 1.14446 1.14809 1.15522
4700 4800 4900 5000 5100
1300.9 1331.5 1362.2 1392.9 1423.6
6701 7362 8073 8837 9658
978.73 1002.5 1026.3 1050.1 1074.0
0.2598 0.2415 0.2248 0.2096 0.1956
1.18232 1.18876 1.19508 1.20129 1.20738
4400 4500
1209.4 1239.9
4997 5521
907.81 931.39
0.3262 0.3019
1.16221 1.16905
5200 5300
1454.4 1485.3
10,539 11,481
1098.0 1122.0
0.1828 0.1710
1.21336 1.21923
Note: The properties Pr (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume. Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 832–33, Table A–5. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948).
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986
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,082.0 2,221.0 2,360.0 2,498.9 2,638.0
1,486.2 1,585.5 1,684.4 1,784.0 1,883.4
41.695 42.143 42.564 42.962 43.337
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
7,551.0 7,695.0 7,839.3 7,984.0 8,129.0
5,406.2 5,510.5 5,615.2 5,720.1 5,825.4
50.651 50.783 50.912 51.040 51.167
400 420 440 460 480
2,777.0 2,916.1 3,055.1 3,194.1 3,333.1
1,982.6 2,082.0 2,181.3 2,280.6 2,379.9
43.694 44.034 44.357 44.665 44.962
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
8,274.4 8,420.0 8,566.1 8,712.6 8,859.3
5,931.0 6,037.0 6,143.4 6,250.1 6,357.2
51.291 51.143 51.534 51.653 51.771
500 520 537 540 560
3,472.2 3,611.3 3,729.5 3,750.3 3,889.5
2,479.3 2,578.6 2,663.1 2,678.0 2,777.4
45.246 45.519 45.743 45.781 46.034
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
9,006.4 9,153.9 9,301.8 9,450.0 9,598.6
6,464.5 6,572.3 6,680.4 6,788.9 6,897.8
51.887 51.001 52.114 52.225 52.335
580 600 620 640 660
4,028.7 4,167.9 4,307.1 4,446.4 4,585.8
2,876.9 2,976.4 3,075.9 3,175.5 3,275.2
46.278 46.514 46.742 46.964 47.178
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
9,747.5 9,896.9 10,046.6 10,196.6 10,347.0
7,007.0 7,116.7 7,226.7 7,337.0 7,447.6
52.444 52.551 52.658 52.763 52.867
680 700 720 740 760
4,725.3 4,864.9 5,004.5 5,144.3 5,284.1
3,374.9 3,474.8 3,574.7 3,674.7 3,774.9
47.386 47.588 47.785 47.977 48.164
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
10,497.8 10,648.0 10,800.4 10,952.2 11,104.3
7,558.7 7,670.1 7,781.9 7,893.9 8,006.4
52.969 53.071 53.171 53.271 53.369
780 800 820 840 860
5,424.2 5,564.4 5,704.7 5,845.3 5,985.9
3,875.2 3,975.7 4,076.3 4,177.1 4,278.1
48.345 48.522 48.696 48.865 49.031
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
11,256.9 11,409.7 11,562.8 11,716.4 11,870.2
8,119.2 8,232.3 8,345.7 8,459.6 8,573.6
53.465 53.561 53.656 53.751 53.844
880 900 920 940 960
6,126.9 6,268.1 6,409.6 6,551.2 6,693.1
4,379.4 4,480.8 4,582.6 4,684.5 4,786.7
49.193 49.352 49.507 49.659 49.808
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
12,024.3 12,178.9 12,333.7 12,488.8 12,644.3
8,688.1 8,802.9 8,918.0 9,033.4 9,149.2
53.936 54.028 54.118 54.208 54.297
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
6,835.4 6,977.9 7,120.7 7,263.8 7,407.2
4,889.3 4,992.0 5,095.1 5,198.5 5,302.2
49.955 50.099 50.241 50.380 50.516
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
12,800.2 12,956.3 13,112.7 13,269.5 13,426.5
9,265.3 9,381.7 9,498.4 9,615.5 9,732.8
54.385 54.472 54.559 54.645 54.729
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Appendix 2
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987
TABLE A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
13,742 14,058 14,375 14,694 15,013
9,968 10,205 10,443 10,682 10,923
54.896 55.061 55.223 55.383 55.540
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
27,016 27,359 27,703 28,046 28,391
20,065 20,329 20,593 20,858 21,122
59.944 60.041 60.138 60.234 60.328
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
15,334 15,656 15,978 16,302 16,626
11,164 11,406 11,649 11,893 12,138
55.694 55.846 55.995 56.141 56.286
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
28,735 29,080 29,425 29,771 30,117
21,387 21,653 21,919 22,185 22,451
60.422 60.515 60.607 60.698 60.788
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
16,951 17,277 17,604 17,392 18,260
12,384 12,630 12,878 13,126 13,375
56.429 56.570 56.708 56.845 56.980
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
30,463 30,809 31,156 31,503 31,850
22,718 22,985 23,252 23,520 23,788
60.877 60.966 61.053 61.139 61.225
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
18,590 18,919 19,250 19,582 19,914
13,625 13,875 14,127 14,379 14,631
57.112 57.243 57.372 57.499 57.625
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
32,198 32,546 32,894 33,242 33,591
24,056 24,324 24,593 24,862 25,131
61.310 61.395 61.479 61.562 61.644
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
20,246 20,580 20,914 21,248 21,584
14,885 15,139 15,393 15,648 15,905
57.750 57.872 57.993 58.113 58.231
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
33,940 34,289 34,638 34,988 35,338
25,401 25,670 25,940 26,210 26,481
61.726 61.806 61.887 61.966 62.045
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
21,920 22,256 22,593 22,930 23,268
16,161 16,417 16,675 16,933 17,192
58.348 58.463 58.576 58.688 58.800
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
35,688 36,038 36,389 36,739 37,090
26,751 27,022 27,293 27,565 27,836
62.123 62.201 62.278 62.354 62.429
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
23,607 23,946 24,285 24,625 24,965
17,451 17,710 17,970 18,231 18,491
58.910 59.019 59.126 59.232 59.338
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
37,441 37,792 38,144 38,495 38,847
28,108 28,379 28,651 28,924 29,196
62.504 62.578 62.652 62.725 62.798
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
25,306 25,647 25,989 26,331 26,673
18,753 19,014 19,277 19,539 19,802
59.442 59.544 59.646 59.747 59.846
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
39,199 40,080 40,962 41,844 42,728
29,468 30,151 30,834 31,518 32,203
62.870 63.049 63.223 63.395 63.563
Source: Tables A–18E through A–23E are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 834–44. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1945).
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988
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,073.5 2,212.6 2,351.7 2,490.8 2,630.0
1,477.8 1,577.1 1,676.5 1,775.9 1,875.3
44.927 45.375 45.797 46.195 46.571
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
7,696.8 7,850.4 8,004.5 8,159.1 8,314.2
5,552.1 5,665.9 5,780.3 5,895.2 6,010.6
54.064 54.204 54.343 54.480 54.614
400 420 440 460 480
2,769.1 2,908.3 3,047.5 3,186.9 3,326.5
1,974.8 2,074.3 2,173.8 2,273.4 2,373.3
46.927 47.267 47.591 47.900 48.198
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
8,469.8 8,625.8 8,782.4 8,939.4 9,096.7
6,126.5 6,242.8 6,359.6 6,476.9 6,594.5
54.748 54.879 55.008 55.136 55.262
500 520 537 540 560
3,466.2 3,606.1 3,725.1 3,746.2 3,886.6
2,473.2 2,573.4 2,658.7 2,673.8 2,774.5
48.483 48.757 48.982 49.021 49.276
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
9,254.6 9,412.9 9,571.9 9,730.7 9,890.2
6,712.7 6,831.3 6,950.2 7,069.6 7,189.4
55.386 55.508 55.630 55.750 55.867
580 600 620 640 660
4,027.3 4,168.3 4,309.7 4,451.4 4,593.5
2,875.5 2,976.8 3,078.4 3,180.4 3,282.9
49.522 49.762 49.993 50.218 50.437
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
10,050.1 10,210.4 10,371.0 10,532.0 10,693.3
7,309.6 7,430.1 7,551.1 7,672.4 7,793.9
55.984 56.099 56.213 56.326 56.437
680 700 720 740 760
4,736.2 4,879.3 5,022.9 5,167.0 5,311.4
3,385.8 3,489.2 3,593.1 3,697.4 3,802.4
50.650 50.858 51.059 51.257 51.450
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
10,855.1 11,017.1 11,179.6 11,342.4 11,505.4
7,916.0 8,038.3 8,161.1 8,284.2 8,407.4
56.547 56.656 56.763 56.869 56.975
780 800 820 840 860
5,456.4 5,602.0 5,748.1 5,894.8 6,041.9
3,907.5 4,013.3 4,119.7 4,226.6 4,334.1
51.638 51.821 52.002 52.179 52.352
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
11,668.8 11,832.5 11,996.6 12,160.9 12,325.5
8,531.1 8,655.1 8,779.5 8,904.1 9,029.0
57.079 57.182 57.284 57.385 57.484
880 900 920 940 960
6,189.6 6,337.9 6,486.7 6,636.1 6,786.0
4,442.0 4,550.6 4,659.7 4,769.4 4,879.5
52.522 52.688 52.852 53.012 53.170
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
12,490.4 12,655.6 12,821.1 12,986.9 13,153.0
9,154.1 9,279.6 9,405.4 9,531.5 9,657.9
57.582 57.680 57.777 57.873 57.968
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
6,936.4 7,087.5 7,238.9 7,391.0 7,543.6
4,990.3 5,101.6 5,213.3 5,325.7 5,438.6
53.326 53.477 53.628 53.775 53.921
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
13,319.2 13,485.8 13,652.5 13,819.6 13,986.8
9,784.4 9,911.2 10,038.2 10,165.6 10,293.1
58.062 58.155 58.247 58.339 58.428
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Appendix 2
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989
TABLE A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
14,322 14,658 14,995 15,333 15,672
10,549 10,806 11,063 11,321 11,581
58.607 58.782 58.954 59.123 59.289
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
16,011 16,351 16,692 17,036 17,376
11,841 12,101 12,363 12,625 12,888
59.451 59.612 59.770 59.926 60.077
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
17,719 18,062 18,407 18,572 19,097
13,151 13,416 13,680 13,946 14,212
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
19,443 19,790 20,138 20,485 20,834
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
28,273 28,633 28,994 29,354 29,716
21,323 21,603 21,884 22,165 22,447
63.914 64.016 64.114 64.217 64.316
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
30,078 30,440 30,803 31,166 31,529
22,730 23,013 23,296 23,580 23,864
64.415 64.512 64.609 64.704 64.800
60.228 60.376 60.522 60.666 60.808
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
31,894 32,258 32,623 32,989 33,355
24,149 24,434 24,720 25,006 25,292
64.893 64.986 65.078 65.169 65.260
14,479 14,746 15,014 15,282 15,551
60.946 61.084 61.220 61.354 61.486
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
33,722 34,089 34,456 34,824 35,192
25,580 25,867 26,155 26,144 26,733
65.350 64.439 65.527 65.615 65.702
21,183 21,533 21,883 22,232 22,584
15,821 16,091 16,362 16,633 16,905
61.616 61.744 61.871 61.996 62.120
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
35,561 35,930 36,300 36,670 37,041
27,022 27,312 27,602 27,823 28,184
65.788 65.873 65.958 66.042 66.125
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
22,936 23,288 23,641 23,994 24,348
17,177 17,450 17,723 17,997 18,271
62.242 62.363 62.483 62.599 62.716
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
37,412 37,783 38,155 38,528 38,900
28,475 28,768 29,060 29,353 29,646
66.208 66.290 66.372 66.453 66.533
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
24,703 25,057 25,413 25,769 26,175
18,546 18,822 19,098 19,374 19,651
62.831 62.945 63.057 63.169 63.279
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
39,274 39,647 40,021 40,396 40,771
29,940 30,234 30,529 30,824 31,120
66.613 66.691 66.770 66.848 66.925
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
26,412 26,839 27,197 27,555 27,914
19,928 20,206 20,485 20,763 21,043
63.386 63.494 63.601 63.706 63.811
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
41,146 42,086 43,021 43,974 44,922
31,415 32,157 32,901 33,648 34,397
67.003 67.193 67.380 67.562 67.743
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990
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,108.2 2,256.6 2,407.3 2,560.5 2,716.4
1,512.4 1,621.1 1,732.1 1,845.6 1,961.8
46.353 46.832 47.289 47.728 48.148
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
9,575.8 9,802.6 10,030.6 10,260.1 10,490.6
7,431.1 7,618.1 7,806.4 7,996.2 8,187.0
58.072 58.281 58.485 58.689 58.889
400 420 440 460 480
2,874.7 3,035.7 3,199.4 3,365.7 3,534.7
2,080.4 2,201.7 2,325.6 2,452.2 2,581.5
48.555 48.947 49.329 49.698 50.058
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
10,722.3 10,955.3 11,189.4 11,424.6 11,661.0
8,379.0 8,572.3 8,766.6 8,962.1 9,158.8
59.088 59.283 59.477 59.668 59.858
500 520 537 540 560
3,706.2 3,880.3 4,027.5 4,056.8 4,235.8
2,713.3 2,847.7 2,963.8 2,984.4 3,123.7
50.408 50.750 51.032 51.082 51.408
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
11,898.4 12,136.9 12,376.4 12,617.0 12,858.5
9,356.5 9,555.3 9,755.0 9,955.9 10,157.7
60.044 60.229 60.412 60.593 60.772
580 600 620 640 660
4,417.2 4,600.9 4,786.6 4,974.9 5,165.2
3,265.4 3,409.4 3,555.6 3,704.0 3,854.6
51.726 52.038 52.343 52.641 52.934
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
13,101.0 13,344.7 13,589.1 13,834.5 14,080.8
10,360.5 10,564.5 10,769.2 10,974.8 11,181.4
60.949 61.124 61.298 61.469 61.639
680 700 720 740 760
5,357.6 5,552.0 5,748.4 5,946.8 6,147.0
4,007.2 4,161.9 4,318.6 4,477.3 4,637.9
53.225 53.503 53.780 54.051 54.319
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
14,328.0 14,576.0 14,824.9 15,074.7 15,325.3
11,388.9 11,597.2 11,806.4 12,016.5 12,227.3
61.800 61.974 62.138 62.302 62.464
780 800 820 840 860
6,349.1 6,552.9 6,758.3 6,965.7 7,174.7
4,800.1 4,964.2 5,129.9 5,297.6 5,466.9
54.582 54.839 55.093 55.343 55.589
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
15,576.7 15,829.0 16,081.9 16,335.7 16,590.2
12,439.0 12,651.6 12,864.8 13,078.9 13,293.7
62.624 62.783 62.939 63.095 63.250
880 900 920 940 960
7,385.3 7,597.6 7,811.4 8,026.8 8,243.8
5,637.7 5,810.3 5,984.4 6,160.1 6,337.4
55.831 56.070 56.305 56.536 56.765
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
16,845.5 17,101.4 17,358.1 17,615.5 17,873.5
13,509.2 13,725.4 13,942.4 14,160.1 14,378.4
63.403 63.555 63.704 63.853 64.001
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
8,462.2 8,682.1 8,903.4 9,126.2 9,350.3
6,516.1 6,696.2 6,877.8 7,060.9 7,245.3
56.990 57.212 57.432 57.647 57.861
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
18,132.2 18,391.5 18,651.5 18,912.2 19,173.4
14,597.4 14,816.9 15,037.2 15,258.2 15,479.7
64.147 64.292 64.435 64.578 64.719
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991
TABLE A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 (Concluded ) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
19,698 20,224 20,753 21,284 21,818
15,925 16,372 16,821 17,273 17,727
64.999 65.272 65.543 65.809 66.069
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
22,353 22,890 23,429 23,970 24,512
18,182 18,640 19,101 19,561 20,024
66.327 66.581 66.830 67.076 67.319
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
25,056 25,602 26,150 26,699 27,249
20,489 20,955 21,423 21,893 22,364
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
27,801 28,355 28,910 29,465 30,023
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
41,965 42,543 43,121 43,701 44,280
35,015 35,513 36,012 36,512 37,012
73.462 73.627 73.789 73.951 74.110
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
44,861 45,442 46,023 46,605 47,188
37,513 38,014 38,517 39,019 39,522
74.267 74.423 74.578 74.732 74.884
67.557 67.792 68.025 68.253 68.479
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
47,771 48,355 48,939 49,524 50,109
40,026 40,531 41,035 41,541 42,047
75.033 75.182 75.330 75.477 75.622
22,837 23,310 23,786 24,262 24,740
68.702 68.921 69.138 69.352 69.563
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
50,695 51,282 51,868 52,456 53,044
42,553 43,060 43,568 44,075 44,584
75.765 75.907 76.048 76.188 76.327
30,581 31,141 31,702 32,264 32,827
25,220 25,701 26,181 26,664 27,148
69.771 69.977 70.181 70.382 70.580
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
53,632 54,221 54,810 55,400 55,990
45,093 45,602 46,112 46,622 47,133
76.464 76.601 76.736 76.870 77.003
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
33,392 33,957 34,523 35,090 35,659
27,633 28,118 28,605 29,093 29,582
70.776 70.970 71.160 71.350 71.537
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
56,581 57,172 57,764 58,356 58,948
47,645 48,156 48,668 49,181 49,694
77.135 77.266 77.395 77.581 77.652
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
36,228 36,798 37,369 37,941 38,513
30,072 30,562 31,054 31,546 32,039
71.722 71.904 72.085 72.264 72.441
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
59,541 60,134 60,728 61,322 61,916
50,208 50,721 51,236 51,750 52,265
77.779 77.905 78.029 78.153 78.276
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
39,087 39,661 40,236 40,812 41,388
32,533 33,028 33,524 34,020 34,517
72.616 72.788 72.960 73.129 73.297
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
62,511 64,000 65,491 66,984 68,471
52,781 54,071 55,363 56,658 57,954
78.398 78.698 78.994 79.284 79.569
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
CO _ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,081.9 2,220.9 2,359.9 2,498.8 2,637.9
1,486.1 1,585.4 1,684.7 1,783.9 1,883.3
43.223 43.672 44.093 44.490 44.866
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
7,571.1 7,716.8 7,862.9 8,009.2 8,156.1
5,426.4 5,532.3 5,638.7 5,745.4 5,851.5
52.203 52.337 52.468 52.598 52.726
400 420 440 460 480
2,776.9 2,916.0 3,055.0 3,194.0 3,333.0
1,982.6 2,081.9 2,181.2 2,280.5 2,379.8
45.223 45.563 45.886 46.194 46.491
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
8,303.3 8,450.8 8,598.8 8,747.2 8,896.0
5,960.0 6,067.8 6,176.0 6,284.7 6,393.8
52.852 52.976 53.098 53.218 53.337
500 520 537 540 560
3,472.1 3,611.2 3,725.1 3,750.3 3,889.5
2,479.2 2,578.6 2,663.1 2,677.9 2,777.4
46.775 47.048 47.272 47.310 47.563
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
9,045.0 9,194.6 9,344.6 9,494.8 9,645.5
6,503.1 6,613.0 6,723.2 6,833.7 6,944.7
53.455 53.571 53.685 53.799 53.910
580 600 620 640 660
4,028.7 4,168.0 4,307.4 4,446.9 4,586.6
2,876.9 2,976.5 3,076.2 3,175.9 3,275.8
47.807 48.044 48.272 48.494 48.709
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
9,796.6 9,948.1 10,100.0 10,252.2 10,404.8
7,056.1 7,167.9 7,280.1 7,392.6 7,505.4
54.021 54.129 54.237 54.344 54.448
680 700 720 740 760
4,726.2 4,886.0 5,006.1 5,146.4 5,286.8
3,375.8 3,475.9 3,576.3 3,676.9 3,777.5
48.917 49.120 49.317 49.509 49.697
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
10,557.8 10,711.1 10,864.9 11,019.0 11,173.4
7,618.7 7,732.3 7,846.4 7,960.8 8,075.4
54.522 54.665 54.757 54.858 54.958
780 800 820 840 860
5,427.4 5,568.2 5,709.4 5,850.7 5,992.3
3,878.4 3,979.5 4,081.0 4,182.6 4,284.5
49.880 50.058 50.232 50.402 50.569
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
11,328.2 11,483.4 11,638.9 11,794.7 11,950.9
8,190.5 8,306.0 8,421.8 8,537.9 8,654.4
55.056 55.154 55.251 55.347 55.411
880 900 920 940 960
6,134.2 6,276.4 6,419.0 6,561.7 6,704.9
4,386.6 4,489.1 4,592.0 4,695.0 4,798.5
50.732 50.892 51.048 51.202 51.353
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
12,107.5 12,264.3 12,421.4 12,579.0 12,736.7
8,771.2 8,888.3 9,005.7 9,123.6 9,241.6
55.535 55.628 55.720 55.811 55.900
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
6,848.4 6,992.2 7,136.4 7,281.0 7,425.9
4,902.3 5,006.3 5,110.8 5,215.7 5,320.9
51.501 51.646 51.788 51.929 52.067
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
12,894.9 13,053.2 13,212.0 13,371.0 13,530.2
9,360.0 9,478.6 9,597.7 9,717.0 9,836.5
55.990 56.078 56.166 56.253 56.339
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993
TABLE A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
CO (Concluded) _ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
13,850 14,170 14,492 14,815 15,139
10,077 10,318 10,560 10,803 11,048
56.509 56.677 56.841 57.007 57.161
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
27,262 27,608 27,954 28,300 28,647
20,311 20,576 20,844 21,111 21,378
61.612 61.710 61.807 61.903 61.998
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
15,463 15,789 16,116 16,443 16,722
11,293 11,539 11,787 12,035 12,284
57.317 57.470 57.621 57.770 57.917
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
28,994 29,341 29,688 30,036 30,384
21,646 21,914 22,182 22,450 22,719
62.093 62.186 62.279 62.370 62.461
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
17,101 17,431 17,762 18,093 18,426
12,534 12,784 13,035 13,287 13,541
58.062 58.204 58.344 58.482 58.619
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
30,733 31,082 31,431 31,780 32,129
22,988 23,257 23,527 23,797 24,067
62.511 62.640 62.728 62.816 62.902
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
18,759 19,093 19,427 19,762 20,098
13,794 14,048 14,303 14,559 14,815
58.754 58.885 59.016 59.145 59.272
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
32,479 32,829 33,179 33,530 33,880
24,337 24,608 24,878 25,149 25,421
62.988 63.072 63.156 63.240 63.323
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
20,434 20,771 21,108 21,446 21,785
15,072 15,330 15,588 15,846 16,105
59.398 59.521 59.644 59.765 59.884
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
34,231 34,582 34,934 35,285 35,637
25,692 25,934 26,235 26,508 26,780
63.405 63.486 63.567 63.647 63.726
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
22,124 22,463 22,803 23,144 23,485
16,365 16,225 16,885 17,146 17,408
60.002 60.118 60.232 60.346 60.458
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
35,989 36,341 36,693 37,046 37,398
27,052 27,325 27,598 27,871 28,144
63.805 63.883 63.960 64.036 64.113
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
23,826 24,168 24,510 24,853 25,196
17,670 17,932 18,195 18,458 18,722
60.569 60.679 60.787 60.894 61.000
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
37,751 38,104 38,457 38,811 39,164
28,417 28,691 28,965 29,239 29,513
64.188 64.263 64.337 64.411 64.484
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
25,539 25,883 26,227 26,572 26,917
18,986 19,250 19,515 19,780 20,045
61.105 61.209 61.311 61.412 61.513
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
39,518 40,403 41,289 42,176 43,063
29,787 30,473 31,161 31,849 32,538
64.556 64.735 64.910 65.082 65.252
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,063.5 2,189.4 2,317.2 2,446.8 2,577.8
1,467.7 1,553.9 1,642.0 1,731.9 1,823.2
27.337 27.742 28.130 28.501 28.856
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
9,673.8 10,381.5 11,092.5 11,807.4 12,526.8
6,893.6 7,402.7 7,915.1 8,431.4 8,952.2
37.883 38.372 38.830 39.264 39.675
400 420 440 460 480
2,710.2 2,843.7 2,978.1 3,113.5 3,249.4
1,915.8 2,009.6 2,104.3 2,200.0 2,296.2
29.195 29.520 29.833 30.133 20.424
1900 2000 2100 2200 2300
13,250.9 13,980.1 14,714.5 15,454.4 16,199.8
9,477.8 10,008.4 10,544.2 11,085.5 11,632.3
40.067 40.441 40.799 41.143 41.475
500 520 537 540 560
3,386.1 3,523.2 3,640.3 3,660.9 3,798.8
2,393.2 2,490.6 2,573.9 2,588.5 2,686.7
30.703 30.972 31.194 31.232 31.482
2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
16,950.6 17,707.3 18,469.7 19,237.8 20,011.8
12,184.5 12,742.6 13,306.4 13,876.0 14,451.4
41.794 42.104 42.403 42.692 42.973
580 600 620 640 660
3,937.1 4,075.6 4,214.3 4,353.1 4,492.1
2,785.3 2,884.1 2,983.1 3,082.1 3,181.4
31.724 31.959 32.187 32.407 32.621
2900 3000 3100 3200 3300
20,791.5 21,576.9 22,367.7 23,164.1 23,965.5
15,032.5 15,619.3 16,211.5 16,809.3 17,412.1
43.247 43.514 43.773 44.026 44.273
680 700 720 740 760
4,631.1 4,770.2 4,909.5 5,048.8 5,188.1
3,280.7 3,380.1 3,479.6 3,579.2 3,678.8
32.829 33.031 33.226 33.417 33.603
3400 3500 3600 3700 3800
24,771.9 25,582.9 26,398.5 27,218.5 28,042.8
18,019.9 18,632.4 19,249.4 19,870.8 20,496.5
44.513 44.748 44.978 45.203 45.423
780 800 820 840 860
5,327.6 5,467.1 5,606.7 5,746.3 5,885.9
3,778.6 3,878.4 3,978.3 4,078.2 4,178.0
33.784 33.961 34.134 34.302 34.466
3900 4000 4100 4200 4300
28,871.1 29,703.5 30,539.8 31,379.8 32,223.5
21,126.2 21,760.0 22,397.7 23,039.2 23,684.3
45.638 45.849 46.056 46.257 46.456
880 900 920 940 960
6,025.6 6,165.3 6,305.1 6,444.9 6,584.7
4,278.0 4,378.0 4,478.1 4,578.1 4,678.3
34.627 34.784 34.938 35.087 35.235
4400 4500 4600 4700 4800
33,070.9 33,921.6 34,775.7 35,633.0 36,493.4
24,333.1 24,985.2 25,640.7 26,299.4 26,961.2
46.651 46.842 47.030 47.215 47.396
980 1000 1100 1200 1300
6,724.6 6,864.5 7,564.6 8,265.8 8,968.7
4,778.4 4,878.6 5,380.1 5,882.8 6,387.1
35.379 35.520 36.188 36.798 37.360
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
35,356.9 38,223.3 39,092.8 39,965.1 40,840.2
27,626.1 28,294.0 28,964.9 29,638.6 30,315.1
47.574 47.749 47.921 48.090 48.257
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TABLE A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,367.6 2,526.8 2,686.0 2,845.1 3,004.4
1,771.8 1,891.3 2,010.8 2,130.2 2,249.8
40.439 40.952 41.435 41.889 42.320
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
8,768.2 8,942.0 9,116.4 9,291.4 9,467.1
6,623.5 6,757.5 6,892.2 7,027.5 7,163.5
50.854 51.013 51.171 51.325 51.478
400 420 440 460 480
3,163.8 3,323.2 3,482.7 3,642.3 3,802.0
2,369.4 2,489.1 2,608.9 2,728.8 2,848.8
42.728 43.117 43.487 43.841 44.182
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
9,643.4 9,820.4 9,998.0 10,176.1 10,354.9
7,300.1 7,437.4 7,575.2 7,713.6 7,852.7
51.360 51.777 51.925 52.070 52.212
500 520 537 540 560
3,962.0 4,122.0 4,258.0 4,282.4 4,442.8
2,969.1 3,089.4 3,191.9 3,210.0 3,330.7
44.508 44.821 45.079 45.124 45.415
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
10,534.4 10,714.5 10,895.3 11,076.6 11,258.7
7,992.5 8,132.9 8,274.0 8,415.5 8,557.9
52.354 52.494 52.631 52.768 52.903
580 600 620 640 660
4,603.7 4,764.7 4,926.1 5,087.8 5,250.0
3,451.9 3,573.2 3,694.9 3,816.8 3,939.3
45.696 45.970 46.235 46.492 46.741
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
11,441.4 11,624.8 11,808.8 11,993.4 12,178.8
8,700.9 8,844.6 8,988.9 9,133.8 9,279.4
53.037 53.168 53.299 53.428 53.556
680 700 720 740 760
5,412.5 5,575.4 5,738.8 5,902.6 6,066.9
4,062.1 4,185.3 4,309.0 4,433.1 4,557.6
46.984 47.219 47.450 47.673 47.893
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
12,364.8 12,551.4 12,738.8 12,926.8 13,115.6
9,425.7 9,572.7 9,720.3 9,868.6 10,017.6
53.682 53.808 53.932 54.055 54.117
780 800 820 840 860
6,231.7 6,396.9 6,562.6 6,728.9 6,895.6
4,682.7 4,808.2 4,934.2 5,060.8 5,187.8
48.106 48.316 48.520 48.721 48.916
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
13,305.0 13,494.4 13,685.7 13,877.0 14,069.2
10,167.3 10,317.6 10,468.6 10,620.2 10,772.7
54.298 54.418 54.535 54.653 54.770
880 900 920 940 960
7,062.9 7,230.9 7,399.4 7,568.4 7,738.0
5,315.3 5,443.6 5,572.4 5,701.7 5,831.6
49.109 49.298 49.483 49.665 49.843
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
14,261.9 14,455.4 14,649.5 14,844.3 15,039.8
10,925.6 11,079.4 11,233.8 11,388.9 11,544.7
54.886 54.999 55.113 55.226 55.339
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
7,908.2 8,078.2 8,250.4 8,422.4 8,595.0
5,962.0 6,093.0 6,224.8 6,357.1 6,490.0
50.019 50.191 50.360 50.528 50.693
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
15,236.1 15,433.0 15,630.6 15,828.7 16,027.6
11,701.2 11,858.4 12,016.3 12,174.7 12,333.9
55.449 55.559 55.668 55.777 55.884
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
16,428 16,830 17,235 17,643 18,054
12,654 12,977 13,303 13,632 13,963
56.097 56.307 56.514 56.719 56.920
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
34,324 34,809 35,296 35,785 36,274
27,373 27,779 28,187 28,596 29,006
62.876 63.015 63.153 63.288 63.423
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
18,467 18,883 19,301 19,722 20,145
14,297 14,633 14,972 15,313 15,657
57.119 57.315 57.509 57.701 57.889
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
36,765 37,258 37,752 38,247 38,743
29,418 29,831 30,245 30,661 31,077
63.557 63.690 63.821 63.952 64.082
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
20,571 20,999 21,429 21,862 22,298
16,003 16,352 16,703 17,057 17,413
58.077 58.261 58.445 58.625 58.803
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
39,240 39,739 40,239 40,740 41,242
31,495 31,915 32,335 32,757 33,179
64.210 64.338 64.465 64.591 64.715
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
22,735 23,175 23,618 24,062 24,508
17,771 18,131 18,494 18,859 19,226
58.980 59.155 59.328 59.500 59.669
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
41,745 42,250 42,755 43,267 43,769
33,603 34,028 34,454 34,881 35,310
64.839 64.962 65.084 65.204 65.325
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
24,957 25,408 25,861 26,316 26,773
19,595 19,967 20,340 20,715 21,093
59.837 60.003 60.167 60.330 60.490
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
44,278 44,788 45,298 45,810 46,322
35,739 36,169 36,600 37,032 37,465
65.444 65.563 65.680 65.797 65.913
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
27,231 27,692 28,154 28,619 29,085
21,472 21,853 22,237 22,621 23,085
60.650 60.809 60.965 61.120 61.274
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
46,836 47,350 47,866 48,382 48,899
37,900 38,334 38,770 39,207 39,645
66.028 66.142 66.255 66.368 66.480
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
29,553 30,023 30,494 30,967 31,442
23,397 23,787 24,179 24,572 24,968
61.426 61.577 61.727 61.874 62.022
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
49,417 49,936 50,455 50,976 51,497
40,083 40,523 40,963 41,404 41,856
66.591 66.701 66.811 66.920 67.028
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
31,918 32,396 32,876 33,357 33,839
25,365 25,763 26,164 26,565 26,968
62.167 62.312 62.454 62.597 62.738
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
52,019 53,327 54,640 55,957 57,279
42,288 43,398 44,512 45,631 46,754
67.135 67.401 67.662 67.918 68.172
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
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Appendix 2 TABLE A–26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, 77°F, 1 atm _ h°f Substance Formula Btu/lbmol
and absolute entropy at _ g°f Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Water Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane n-Butane n-Octane n-Octane n-Dodecane Benzene Methyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Hydroxyl
0 0 0 0 59,010 169,680 98,350 102,040 45,430 7,140 21,860 87,990 29,306 14,150 26,980 10,105 6,760 7,110 2,840 21,570 55,780 69,700 71,570 72,520 75,240 99,710 87,460 195,970 14,750
1.36 31.21 45.77 49.00 47.21 51.07 45.11 16.71 55.60 45.97 44.49 48.00 52.54 54.85 63.80 64.51 74.11 111.55 86.23 148.86 64.34 57.29 30.30 67.54 38.40 38.47 27.39 36.61 43.92
C(s) H2(g) N2(g) O2(g) CO(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) H2O() H2O2(g) NH3(g) CH4(g) C2H2(g) C2H4(g) C2H6(g) C3H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C8H18(g) C8H18() C12H26(g) C6H6(g) CH3OH(g) CH3OH() C2H5OH(g) C2H5OH() O(g) H(g) N(g) OH(g)
0 0 0 0 47,540 169,300 104,040 122,970 58,640 19,750 32,210 97,540 22,490 36,420 8,790 44,680 54,270 89,680 107,530 125,190 35,680 86,540 102,670 101,230 119,470 107,210 93,780 203,340 16,790
Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971), Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953).
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TABLE A–27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
Fuel (phase)
Formula
Molar mass, lbm/lbmol
Carbon (s) Hydrogen (g) Carbon monoxide (g) Methane (g) Methanol () Acetylene (g) Ethane (g) Ethanol () Propane () Butane () 1-Pentene () Isopentane () Benzene () Hexene () Hexane () Toluene () Heptane () Octane () Decane () Gasoline () Light diesel () Heavy diesel () Natural gas (g)
C H2 CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 CnH1.87n CnH1.8n CnH1.7n CnH3.8nN0.1n
12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18
Density,1 lbm/ft3 125 — — — 49.3 — — 49.3 31.2 36.1 40.0 39.1 54.7 42.0 41.2 54.1 42.7 43.9 45.6 45–49 49–52 51–55 —
1At
1 atm and 68°F.
2At
77°F for liquid fuels, and 1 atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels.
3At
77°F. Multiply by molar mass to obtain heating values in Btu/lbmol.
Enthalpy of vaporization,2 Btu/lbm — — — 219 502 — 74 395 144 156 156 — 186 169 157 177 157 156 155 151 116 99 —
Specific heat,1 cp Btu/ lbm · °F
Higher heating value,3 Btu/lbm
Lower heating value,3 Btu/lbm
0.169 3.44 0.251 0.525 0.604 0.404 0.418 0.583 0.662 0.578 0.525 0.554 0.411 0.439 0.542 0.408 0.535 0.533 0.528 0.57 0.53 0.45 0.48
14,100 60,970 4,340 23,880 9,740 21,490 22,320 12,760 21,640 21,130 20,540 20,890 17,970 20,430 20,770 18,230 20,680 20,590 20,490 20,300 19,800 19,600 21,500
14,100 51,600 4,340 21,520 8,570 20,760 20,430 11,530 19,930 19,510 19,190 19,310 17,240 19,090 19,240 17,420 19,180 19,100 19,020 18,900 18,600 18,400 19,400
0.4
0. 3
1000
35
30
40
45
50
45
55
30
13. 0
12. 5 10
25
th
En
50
,B py al
60
nd ou rp e p 35 tu
o
y
r fd
r
ai
55
65
40
0.2
65 %
30%
% 40
70
20
midity ative hu 10% Rel
20%
Dry bulb temperature, °F
50
%
60
% 70
75
80
We t bu lb t e mp e ra t
ure
25
.002
.004
.006
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
|
90
%
13. 5 70
From the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA: used with permission.
15
60
70
75
80
85 ºF
0
15.
Prepared by Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho.
25
30
35
15
20
Enthalpy ∆h —————— = —— Humidity ratio ∆
0
QS Sensible heat —————– = —— QT Total heat
–1000 0
90
60
Appendix 2
FIGURE A–31E Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure.
00
15
0.6 0.5
2.0 4.0 – • – 2 4.0 .0 –1 .0
–•
r
1.0
60
45
85
95
1.0 0.8
p em
65
°F re tu er a
0.1
35
50
Dry bulb temperature °F
•
40
50 0
50
nt ati o tu Sa
% 80
Sea Level
75
55
110
©1992 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
80
0
200
85
000 5000 3 – 0.1
90
.5 – 0 0.4 – .3 –0 – 0.2
45
0
55
14. 100
per
105
Vo . ft. air
115
, cu
e lum ry lb d
120
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 Normal Temperature Barometric Pressure: 29.921 inches of mercury
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999
14. 5
Humidity ratio, pounds moisture per pound dry air
Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)
Table A–1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6 Superheated water Table A–7 Compressed liquid water Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Pressure table Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2
Table A–20
Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4 Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4 Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4
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TABLE A – 1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Substance
Formula
Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n-Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene Sulfur dioxide Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) Water Xenon
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe
Critical-point properties
Molar mass, M kg/kmol
Gas constant, R kJ/kg · K*
Temperature, K
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30
0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976 0.1298 0.08149 0.06052 0.4615 0.06332
132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 209.4 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365 430.7 374.2 471.2 647.1 289.8
Pressure, MPa
Volume, m3/kmol
3.77 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62 7.88 4.059 4.38 22.06 5.88
0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810 0.1217 0.1993 0.2478 0.0560 0.1186
*The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K. The gas constant is calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K and M is the molar mass. Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
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911
TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a) At 300 K Gas
Formula
Air Argon Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Octane Oxygen Propane Steam
— Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O
Gas constant, R kJ/kg · K 0.2870 0.2081 0.1433 0.1889 0.2968 0.2765 0.2964 2.0769 4.1240 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.0729 0.2598 0.1885 0.4615
cp kJ/kg · K
cv kJ/kg · K
k
1.005 0.5203 1.7164 0.846 1.040 1.7662 1.5482 5.1926 14.307 2.2537 1.0299 1.039 1.7113 0.918 1.6794 1.8723
0.718 0.3122 1.5734 0.657 0.744 1.4897 1.2518 3.1156 10.183 1.7354 0.6179 0.743 1.6385 0.658 1.4909 1.4108
1.400 1.667 1.091 1.289 1.400 1.186 1.237 1.667 1.405 1.299 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.126 1.327
Note: The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kJ/kg · °C. Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued) (b) At various temperatures
Temperature, K 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
cp kJ/kg · K
cv kJ/kg · K
k
Air 1.003 1.005 1.008 1.013 1.020 1.029 1.040 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.099 1.121 1.142
0.716 0.718 0.721 0.726 0.733 0.742 0.753 0.764 0.776 0.788 0.800 0.812 0.834 0.855
cp kJ/kg · K
14.051 14.307 14.427 14.476 14.501 14.513 14.530 14.546 14.571 14.604 14.645 14.695 14.822 14.983
9.927 10.183 10.302 10.352 10.377 10.389 10.405 10.422 10.447 10.480 10.521 10.570 10.698 10.859
k
Carbon dioxide, CO2 1.401 1.400 1.398 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.381 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.359 1.354 1.344 1.336
0.791 0.846 0.895 0.939 0.978 1.014 1.046 1.075 1.102 1.126 1.148 1.169 1.204 1.234
Hydrogen, H2 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
cv kJ/kg · K
1.416 1.405 1.400 1.398 1.398 1.397 1.396 1.396 1.395 1.394 1.392 1.390 1.385 1.380
0.602 0.657 0.706 0.750 0.790 0.825 0.857 0.886 0.913 0.937 0.959 0.980 1.015 1.045
1.314 1.288 1.268 1.252 1.239 1.229 1.220 1.213 1.207 1.202 1.197 1.193 1.186 1.181
cp kJ/kg · K
0.742 0.743 0.744 0.747 0.752 0.759 0.768 0.778 0.789 0.801 0.813 0.825 0.849 0.870
k
Carbon monoxide, CO 1.039 1.040 1.043 1.047 1.054 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.100 1.113 1.126 1.139 1.163 1.185
Nitrogen, N2 1.039 1.039 1.041 1.044 1.049 1.056 1.065 1.075 1.086 1.098 1.110 1.121 1.145 1.167
cv kJ/kg · K
0.743 0.744 0.746 0.751 0.757 0.767 0.778 0.790 0.803 0.816 0.829 0.842 0.866 0.888
1.400 1.399 1.398 1.395 1.392 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.358 1.353 1.343 1.335
Oxygen, O2 1.400 1.400 1.399 1.397 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.371 1.365 1.360 1.349 1.341
0.913 0.918 0.928 0.941 0.956 0.972 0.988 1.003 1.017 1.031 1.043 1.054 1.074 1.090
0.653 0.658 0.668 0.681 0.696 0.712 0.728 0.743 0.758 0.771 0.783 0.794 0.814 0.830
1.398 1.395 1.389 1.382 1.373 1.365 1.358 1.350 1.343 1.337 1.332 1.327 1.319 1.313
Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Table A–4M. Originally published in Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.
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Appendix 1
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913
TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded) (c) As a function of temperature _ cp a bT cT 2 dT 3 (T in K, cp in kJ/kmol · K)
Substance Nitrogen Oxygen Air Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Sulfur Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Acetylene Benzene Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen chloride Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane i-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane Ethylene Propylene
Formula
a
b 0.1571 1.520 0.1967 0.1916
c 102
102 102 102
N2 O2 — H2
28.90 25.48 28.11 29.11
CO
28.16
CO2 H2O NO N2O
22.26 5.981 32.24 0.1923 29.34 0.09395 24.11 5.8632
NO2 NH3 S2
22.9 27.568 27.21
SO2
25.78
SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O HCl CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C2H4 C3H6
0.8081 0.7155 0.4802 0.4003
% error Temperature range, K Max. Avg.
d 105
105 105 105
2.873 1.312 1.966 0.8704
109 109 109 109
273–1800 273–1800 273–1800 273–1800
0.59 1.19 0.72 1.01
0.34 0.28 0.33 0.26
0.1675 102
0.5372 105
2.222 109
273–1800
0.89
0.37
102 102 102 102
3.501 105 1.055 105 0.9747 105 3.562 105
7.469 3.595 4.187 10.58
109 109 109 109
273–1800 273–1800 273–1500 273–1500
0.67 0.53 0.97 0.59
0.22 0.24 0.36 0.26
5.715 102 2.5630 102 2.218 102
3.52 105 0.99072 105 1.628 105
7.87 109 6.6909 109 3.986 109
273–1500 273–1500 273–1800
0.46 0.91 0.99
0.18 0.36 0.38
5.795 102
3.812 105
8.612 109
273–1800
0.45
0.24
102 102 102 102 102
11.20 6.527 31.57 1.22 10.38
105 105 105 105 105
32.42 18.21 77.62 8.039 20.05
109 109 109 109 109
273–1300 273–1500 273–1500 273–1000 273–1500
0.29 1.46 0.34 0.18 0.40
0.13 0.59 0.20 0.08 0.22
30.33 0.7620 102 19.89 5.024 102 6.900 17.27 102 4.04 30.48 102 3.96 37.15 102 7.913 41.60 102 6.774 45.43 102 6.938 55.22 102 3.95 15.64 102 3.15 23.83 102
1.327 1.269 6.406 15.72 18.34 23.01 22.46 28.65 8.344 12.18
105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
4.338 11.01 7.285 31.74 35.00 49.91 42.29 57.69 17.67 24.62
109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109
273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500 273–1500
0.22 1.33 0.83 0.40 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.72 0.54 0.73
0.08 0.57 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.17
16.40 21.8 36.22 19.0 19.9
14.58 9.2143 48.475 9.152 20.96
Source: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984). Used with permission.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm
Substance
Normal boiling point, °C
Ammonia
33.3
185.9 80.2
Latent heat of vaporization hfg , kJ/kg 1357
Freezing point, °C 77.7
189.3 5.5
Latent heat of fusion hif , kJ/kg 322.4
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane
103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204–293 356.7 161.5
— 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4
17.4 138.5 56.6 114.2 156 10.8 18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2
109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4
Methanol Nitrogen
64.5 195.8
1100 198.6
97.7 210
99.2 25.3
124.8
306.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
187.7
80.0
Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane
183 — 42.1
Refrigerant-134a
26.1
Water
100
161.6 394
Freezing data
212.7 230–384 427.8
217.0
2257
96.6
0.0
28 126 — 80.3
—
333.7
Liquid properties Temperature, °C
Density r, kg/m3
Specific heat cp, kJ/kg · K
33.3 20 0 25 185.6 20
682 665 639 602 1394 879
4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72
20 0.5 0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100
1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13,560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1295 1207 1000 997 988 975 958
3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.43 4.22 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22
* Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5°C.)
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915
TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Concluded ) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Density, r kg/m3
Substance
Specific heat, cp kJ/kg · K
Metals
Density, r kg/m3
Substance
Specific heat, cp kJ/kg · K
Nonmetals
Aluminum 200 K 250 K 300 K 350 K 400 K 450 K 500 K Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 2% Al) Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) Copper 173°C 100°C 50°C 0°C 27°C 100°C 200°C Iron Lead Magnesium Nickel Silver Steel, mild Tungsten
8,280
0.797 0.859 0.902 0.929 0.949 0.973 0.997 0.400
8,310
0.400
2,700
Asphalt Brick, common Brick, fireclay (500°C) Concrete Clay Diamond Glass, window Glass, pyrex Graphite Granite Gypsum or plaster board Ice 200 K 220 K 240 K 260 K 273 K Limestone Marble Plywood (Douglas Fir) Rubber (soft) Rubber (hard) Sand Stone Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.)
0.254 0.342 0.367 0.381 0.386 0.393 0.403 0.45 0.128 1.000 0.440 0.235 0.500 0.130
8,900
7,840 11,310 1,730 8,890 10,470 7,830 19,400
2110 1922 2300 2300 1000 2420 2700 2230 2500 2700 800
0.920 0.79 0.960 0.653 0.920 0.616 0.800 0.840 0.711 1.017 1.09
921 1650 2600 545 1100 1150 1520 1500 721 513
1.56 1.71 1.86 2.01 2.11 0.909 0.880 1.21 1.840 2.009 0.800 0.800 1.26 1.38
(c) Foods Specific heat, kJ/kg · K
Food Apples Bananas Beef round Broccoli Butter Cheese, swiss Cherries Chicken Corn, sweet Eggs, whole Ice cream
Water content, % (mass) 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63
Latent heat of Freezing Above Below fusion, point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg 1.1 0.8 — 0.6 — 10.0 1.8 2.8 0.6 0.6 5.6
3.65 3.35 3.08 3.86 — 2.15 3.52 3.32 3.32 3.32 2.95
1.90 1.78 1.68 1.97 1.04 1.33 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.63
281 251 224 301 53 130 267 247 247 247 210
Specific heat, kJ/kg · K
Food Lettuce Milk, whole Oranges Potatoes Salmon fish Shrimp Spinach Strawberries Tomatoes, ripe Turkey Watermelon
Water content, % (mass) 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93
Freezing point, °C
Above freezing
Below freezing
Latent heat of fusion, kJ/kg
0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 2.2 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 — 0.4
4.02 3.79 3.75 3.45 2.98 3.62 3.96 3.86 3.99 2.98 3.96
2.04 1.95 1.94 1.82 1.65 1.89 2.01 1.97 2.02 1.65 2.01
317 294 291 261 214 277 311 301 314 214 311
Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Specific volume, m3/kg Temp., T °C
Sat. press., Psat kPa
0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, sf sfg sg
0.6117 0.8725 1.2281 1.7057 2.3392
0.001000 0.001000 0.001000 0.001001 0.001002
206.00 147.03 106.32 77.885 57.762
0.000 21.019 42.020 62.980 83.913
2374.9 2360.8 2346.6 2332.5 2318.4
2374.9 2381.8 2388.7 2395.5 2402.3
0.001 21.020 42.022 62.982 83.915
2500.9 2489.1 2477.2 2465.4 2453.5
2500.9 2510.1 2519.2 2528.3 2537.4
0.0000 0.0763 0.1511 0.2245 0.2965
9.1556 8.9487 8.7488 8.5559 8.3696
9.1556 9.0249 8.8999 8.7803 8.6661
3.1698 4.2469 5.6291 7.3851 9.5953
0.001003 0.001004 0.001006 0.001008 0.001010
43.340 32.879 25.205 19.515 15.251
104.83 125.73 146.63 167.53 188.43
2304.3 2290.2 2276.0 2261.9 2247.7
2409.1 2415.9 2422.7 2429.4 2436.1
104.83 125.74 146.64 167.53 188.44
2441.7 2429.8 2417.9 2406.0 2394.0
2546.5 2555.6 2564.6 2573.5 2582.4
0.3672 0.4368 0.5051 0.5724 0.6386
8.1895 8.0152 7.8466 7.6832 7.5247
8.5567 8.4520 8.3517 8.2556 8.1633
50 55 60 65 70
12.352 15.763 19.947 25.043 31.202
0.001012 0.001015 0.001017 0.001020 0.001023
12.026 9.5639 7.6670 6.1935 5.0396
209.33 230.24 251.16 272.09 293.04
2233.4 2219.1 2204.7 2190.3 2175.8
2442.7 2449.3 2455.9 2462.4 2468.9
209.34 230.26 251.18 272.12 293.07
2382.0 2369.8 2357.7 2345.4 2333.0
2591.3 2600.1 2608.8 2617.5 2626.1
0.7038 0.7680 0.8313 0.8937 0.9551
7.3710 7.2218 7.0769 6.9360 6.7989
8.0748 7.9898 7.9082 7.8296 7.7540
75 80 85 90 95
38.597 47.416 57.868 70.183 84.609
0.001026 0.001029 0.001032 0.001036 0.001040
4.1291 3.4053 2.8261 2.3593 1.9808
313.99 334.97 355.96 376.97 398.00
2161.3 2146.6 2131.9 2117.0 2102.0
2475.3 2481.6 2487.8 2494.0 2500.1
314.03 335.02 356.02 377.04 398.09
2320.6 2308.0 2295.3 2282.5 2269.6
2634.6 2643.0 2651.4 2659.6 2667.6
1.0158 1.0756 1.1346 1.1929 1.2504
6.6655 6.5355 6.4089 6.2853 6.1647
7.6812 7.6111 7.5435 7.4782 7.4151
100 105 110 115 120
101.42 120.90 143.38 169.18 198.67
0.001043 0.001047 0.001052 0.001056 0.001060
1.6720 1.4186 1.2094 1.0360 0.89133
419.06 440.15 461.27 482.42 503.60
2087.0 2071.8 2056.4 2040.9 2025.3
2506.0 2511.9 2517.7 2523.3 2528.9
419.17 440.28 461.42 482.59 503.81
2256.4 2243.1 2229.7 2216.0 2202.1
2675.6 2683.4 2691.1 2698.6 2706.0
1.3072 1.3634 1.4188 1.4737 1.5279
6.0470 5.9319 5.8193 5.7092 5.6013
7.3542 7.2952 7.2382 7.1829 7.1292
125 130 135 140 145
232.23 270.28 313.22 361.53 415.68
0.001065 0.001070 0.001075 0.001080 0.001085
0.77012 0.66808 0.58179 0.50850 0.44600
524.83 546.10 567.41 588.77 610.19
2009.5 1993.4 1977.3 1960.9 1944.2
2534.3 2539.5 2544.7 2549.6 2554.4
525.07 546.38 567.75 589.16 610.64
2188.1 2173.7 2159.1 2144.3 2129.2
2713.1 2720.1 2726.9 2733.5 2739.8
1.5816 1.6346 1.6872 1.7392 1.7908
5.4956 5.3919 5.2901 5.1901 5.0919
7.0771 7.0265 6.9773 6.9294 6.8827
150 155 160 165 170
476.16 543.49 618.23 700.93 792.18
0.001091 0.001096 0.001102 0.001108 0.001114
0.39248 0.34648 0.30680 0.27244 0.24260
631.66 653.19 674.79 696.46 718.20
1927.4 1910.3 1893.0 1875.4 1857.5
2559.1 2563.5 2567.8 2571.9 2575.7
632.18 653.79 675.47 697.24 719.08
2113.8 2098.0 2082.0 2065.6 2048.8
2745.9 2751.8 2757.5 2762.8 2767.9
1.8418 1.8924 1.9426 1.9923 2.0417
4.9953 4.9002 4.8066 4.7143 4.6233
6.8371 6.7927 6.7492 6.7067 6.6650
175 180 185 190 195 200
892.60 1002.8 1123.5 1255.2 1398.8 1554.9
0.001121 0.001127 0.001134 0.001141 0.001149 0.001157
0.21659 0.19384 0.17390 0.15636 0.14089 0.12721
740.02 761.92 783.91 806.00 828.18 850.46
1839.4 1820.9 1802.1 1783.0 1763.6 1743.7
2579.4 2582.8 2586.0 2589.0 2591.7 2594.2
741.02 763.05 785.19 807.43 829.78 852.26
2031.7 2014.2 1996.2 1977.9 1959.0 1939.8
2772.7 2777.2 2781.4 2785.3 2788.8 2792.0
2.0906 2.1392 2.1875 2.2355 2.2831 2.3305
4.5335 4.4448 4.3572 4.2705 4.1847 4.0997
6.6242 6.5841 6.5447 6.5059 6.4678 6.4302
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Appendix 1
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917
TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table (Continued) Specific volume, m3/kg Temp., T °C
Sat. press., Psat kPa
205 210 215 220 225
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
1724.3 1907.7 2105.9 2319.6 2549.7
0.001164 0.001173 0.001181 0.001190 0.001199
0.11508 0.10429 0.094680 0.086094 0.078405
872.86 895.38 918.02 940.79 963.70
1723.5 1702.9 1681.9 1660.5 1638.6
2596.4 2598.3 2599.9 2601.3 2602.3
874.87 897.61 920.50 943.55 966.76
230 235 240 245 250
2797.1 3062.6 3347.0 3651.2 3976.2
0.001209 0.001219 0.001229 0.001240 0.001252
0.071505 0.065300 0.059707 0.054656 0.050085
986.76 1010.0 1033.4 1056.9 1080.7
1616.1 1593.2 1569.8 1545.7 1521.1
2602.9 2603.2 2603.1 2602.7 2601.8
255 260 265 270 275
4322.9 4692.3 5085.3 5503.0 5946.4
0.001263 0.001276 0.001289 0.001303 0.001317
0.045941 0.042175 0.038748 0.035622 0.032767
1104.7 1128.8 1153.3 1177.9 1202.9
1495.8 1469.9 1443.2 1415.7 1387.4
280 285 290 295 300
6416.6 6914.6 7441.8 7999.0 8587.9
0.001333 0.001349 0.001366 0.001384 0.001404
0.030153 0.027756 0.025554 0.023528 0.021659
1228.2 1253.7 1279.7 1306.0 1332.7
305 310 315 320 325
9209.4 9865.0 10,556 11,284 12,051
0.001425 0.001447 0.001472 0.001499 0.001528
0.019932 0.018333 0.016849 0.015470 0.014183
330 335 340 345 350
12,858 13,707 14,601 15,541 16,529
0.001560 0.001597 0.001638 0.001685 0.001741
355 360 365 370 373.95
17,570 18,666 19,822 21,044 22,064
0.001808 0.001895 0.002015 0.002217 0.003106
Entropy, kJ/kg · K Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, sf sfg sg
1920.0 1899.7 1878.8 1857.4 1835.4
2794.8 2797.3 2799.3 2801.0 2802.2
2.3776 2.4245 2.4712 2.5176 2.5639
4.0154 3.9318 3.8489 3.7664 3.6844
6.3930 6.3563 6.3200 6.2840 6.2483
990.14 1013.7 1037.5 1061.5 1085.7
1812.8 1789.5 1765.5 1740.8 1715.3
2802.9 2803.2 2803.0 2802.2 2801.0
2.6100 2.6560 2.7018 2.7476 2.7933
3.6028 3.5216 3.4405 3.3596 3.2788
6.2128 6.1775 6.1424 6.1072 6.0721
2600.5 2598.7 2596.5 2593.7 2590.3
1110.1 1134.8 1159.8 1185.1 1210.7
1689.0 1661.8 1633.7 1604.6 1574.5
2799.1 2796.6 2793.5 2789.7 2785.2
2.8390 2.8847 2.9304 2.9762 3.0221
3.1979 3.1169 3.0358 2.9542 2.8723
6.0369 6.0017 5.9662 5.9305 5.8944
1358.2 1328.1 1296.9 1264.5 1230.9
2586.4 2581.8 2576.5 2570.5 2563.6
1236.7 1263.1 1289.8 1317.1 1344.8
1543.2 1510.7 1476.9 1441.6 1404.8
2779.9 2773.7 2766.7 2758.7 2749.6
3.0681 3.1144 3.1608 3.2076 3.2548
2.7898 2.7066 2.6225 2.5374 2.4511
5.8579 5.8210 5.7834 5.7450 5.7059
1360.0 1387.7 1416.1 1445.1 1475.0
1195.9 1159.3 1121.1 1080.9 1038.5
2555.8 2547.1 2537.2 2526.0 2513.4
1373.1 1402.0 1431.6 1462.0 1493.4
1366.3 1325.9 1283.4 1238.5 1191.0
2739.4 2727.9 2715.0 2700.6 2684.3
3.3024 3.3506 3.3994 3.4491 3.4998
2.3633 2.2737 2.1821 2.0881 1.9911
5.6657 5.6243 5.5816 5.5372 5.4908
0.012979 0.011848 0.010783 0.009772 0.008806
1505.7 1537.5 1570.7 1605.5 1642.4
993.5 945.5 893.8 837.7 775.9
2499.2 2483.0 2464.5 2443.2 2418.3
1525.8 1559.4 1594.6 1631.7 1671.2
1140.3 1086.0 1027.4 963.4 892.7
2666.0 2645.4 2622.0 2595.1 2563.9
3.5516 3.6050 3.6602 3.7179 3.7788
1.8906 1.7857 1.6756 1.5585 1.4326
5.4422 5.3907 5.3358 5.2765 5.2114
0.007872 0.006950 0.006009 0.004953 0.003106
1682.2 1726.2 1777.2 1844.5 2015.7
706.4 625.7 526.4 385.6 0
2388.6 2351.9 2303.6 2230.1 2015.7
1714.0 1761.5 1817.2 1891.2 2084.3
812.9 720.1 605.5 443.1 0
2526.9 2481.6 2422.7 2334.3 2084.3
3.8442 3.9165 4.0004 4.1119 4.4070
1.2942 1.1373 0.9489 0.6890 0
5.1384 5.0537 4.9493 4.8009 4.4070
Evap., hfg
Source: Tables A–4 through A–8 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifications to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, “Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, m3/kg Press., P kPa
Sat. temp., Tsat °C
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
6.97 13.02 17.50 21.08 24.08
0.001000 129.19 0.001001 87.964 0.001001 66.990 0.001002 54.242 0.001003 45.654
29.302 54.686 73.431 88.422 100.98
2355.2 2338.1 2325.5 2315.4 2306.9
2384.5 2392.8 2398.9 2403.8 2407.9
29.303 54.688 73.433 88.424 100.98
2484.4 2470.1 2459.5 2451.0 2443.9
2513.7 2524.7 2532.9 2539.4 2544.8
0.1059 0.1956 0.2606 0.3118 0.3543
8.8690 8.6314 8.4621 8.3302 8.2222
8.9749 8.8270 8.7227 8.6421 8.5765
4.0 5.0 7.5 10 15
28.96 32.87 40.29 45.81 53.97
0.001004 0.001005 0.001008 0.001010 0.001014
121.39 137.75 168.74 191.79 225.93
2293.1 2282.1 2261.1 2245.4 2222.1
2414.5 2419.8 2429.8 2437.2 2448.0
121.39 137.75 168.75 191.81 225.94
2432.3 2423.0 2405.3 2392.1 2372.3
2553.7 2560.7 2574.0 2583.9 2598.3
0.4224 0.4762 0.5763 0.6492 0.7549
8.0510 7.9176 7.6738 7.4996 7.2522
8.4734 8.3938 8.2501 8.1488 8.0071
20 25 30 40 50
60.06 64.96 69.09 75.86 81.32
0.001017 0.001020 0.001022 0.001026 0.001030
7.6481 6.2034 5.2287 3.9933 3.2403
251.40 271.93 289.24 317.58 340.49
2204.6 2190.4 2178.5 2158.8 2142.7
2456.0 2462.4 2467.7 2476.3 2483.2
251.42 271.96 289.27 317.62 340.54
2357.5 2345.5 2335.3 2318.4 2304.7
2608.9 2617.5 2624.6 2636.1 2645.2
0.8320 0.8932 0.9441 1.0261 1.0912
7.0752 6.9370 6.8234 6.6430 6.5019
7.9073 7.8302 7.7675 7.6691 7.5931
75 100 101.325 125 150
91.76 99.61 99.97 105.97 111.35
0.001037 0.001043 0.001043 0.001048 0.001053
2.2172 1.6941 1.6734 1.3750 1.1594
384.36 417.40 418.95 444.23 466.97
2111.8 2088.2 2087.0 2068.8 2052.3
2496.1 2505.6 2506.0 2513.0 2519.2
384.44 417.51 419.06 444.36 467.13
2278.0 2257.5 2256.5 2240.6 2226.0
2662.4 2675.0 2675.6 2684.9 2693.1
1.2132 1.3028 1.3069 1.3741 1.4337
6.2426 6.0562 6.0476 5.9100 5.7894
7.4558 7.3589 7.3545 7.2841 7.2231
175 200 225 250 275
116.04 120.21 123.97 127.41 130.58
0.001057 0.001061 0.001064 0.001067 0.001070
1.0037 0.88578 0.79329 0.71873 0.65732
486.82 504.50 520.47 535.08 548.57
2037.7 2024.6 2012.7 2001.8 1991.6
2524.5 2529.1 2533.2 2536.8 2540.1
487.01 504.71 520.71 535.35 548.86
2213.1 2201.6 2191.0 2181.2 2172.0
2700.2 2706.3 2711.7 2716.5 2720.9
1.4850 1.5302 1.5706 1.6072 1.6408
5.6865 5.5968 5.5171 5.4453 5.3800
7.1716 7.1270 7.0877 7.0525 7.0207
300 325 350 375 400
133.52 136.27 138.86 141.30 143.61
0.001073 0.001076 0.001079 0.001081 0.001084
0.60582 0.56199 0.52422 0.49133 0.46242
561.11 572.84 583.89 594.32 604.22
1982.1 1973.1 1964.6 1956.6 1948.9
2543.2 2545.9 2548.5 2550.9 2553.1
561.43 573.19 584.26 594.73 604.66
2163.5 2155.4 2147.7 2140.4 2133.4
2724.9 2728.6 2732.0 2735.1 2738.1
1.6717 1.7005 1.7274 1.7526 1.7765
5.3200 5.2645 5.2128 5.1645 5.1191
6.9917 6.9650 6.9402 6.9171 6.8955
450 500 550 600 650
147.90 151.83 155.46 158.83 161.98
0.001088 0.001093 0.001097 0.001101 0.001104
0.41392 0.37483 0.34261 0.31560 0.29260
622.65 639.54 655.16 669.72 683.37
1934.5 1921.2 1908.8 1897.1 1886.1
2557.1 2560.7 2563.9 2566.8 2569.4
623.14 640.09 655.77 670.38 684.08
2120.3 2108.0 2096.6 2085.8 2075.5
2743.4 2748.1 2752.4 2756.2 2759.6
1.8205 1.8604 1.8970 1.9308 1.9623
5.0356 4.9603 4.8916 4.8285 4.7699
6.8561 6.8207 6.7886 6.7593 6.7322
700 750
164.95 167.75
0.001108 0.001111
0.27278 696.23 0.25552 708.40
1875.6 1865.6
2571.8 2574.0
697.00 709.24
2065.8 2762.8 1.9918 4.7153 6.7071 2056.4 2765.7 2.0195 4.6642 6.6837
34.791 28.185 19.233 14.670 10.020
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 919
Appendix 1
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919
TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table (Continued) Specific volume, m3/kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Press., P kPa
Sat. temp., Tsat °C
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
800 850 900 950 1000
170.41 172.94 175.35 177.66 179.88
0.001115 0.001118 0.001121 0.001124 0.001127
0.24035 0.22690 0.21489 0.20411 0.19436
719.97 731.00 741.55 751.67 761.39
1856.1 1846.9 1838.1 1829.6 1821.4
2576.0 2577.9 2579.6 2581.3 2582.8
720.87 731.95 742.56 752.74 762.51
2047.5 2038.8 2030.5 2022.4 2014.6
2768.3 2770.8 2773.0 2775.2 2777.1
2.0457 2.0705 2.0941 2.1166 2.1381
4.6160 4.5705 4.5273 4.4862 4.4470
6.6616 6.6409 6.6213 6.6027 6.5850
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
184.06 187.96 191.60 195.04 198.29
0.001133 0.001138 0.001144 0.001149 0.001154
0.17745 0.16326 0.15119 0.14078 0.13171
779.78 796.96 813.10 828.35 842.82
1805.7 1790.9 1776.8 1763.4 1750.6
2585.5 2587.8 2589.9 2591.8 2593.4
781.03 798.33 814.59 829.96 844.55
1999.6 1985.4 1971.9 1958.9 1946.4
2780.7 2783.8 2786.5 2788.9 2791.0
2.1785 2.2159 2.2508 2.2835 2.3143
4.3735 4.3058 4.2428 4.1840 4.1287
6.5520 6.5217 6.4936 6.4675 6.4430
1750 2000 2250 2500 3000
205.72 212.38 218.41 223.95 233.85
0.001166 0.001177 0.001187 0.001197 0.001217
0.11344 876.12 0.099587 906.12 0.088717 933.54 0.079952 958.87 0.066667 1004.6
1720.6 1693.0 1667.3 1643.2 1598.5
2596.7 878.16 2599.1 908.47 2600.9 936.21 2602.1 961.87 2603.2 1008.3
1917.1 1889.8 1864.3 1840.1 1794.9
2795.2 2798.3 2800.5 2801.9 2803.2
2.3844 2.4467 2.5029 2.5542 2.6454
4.0033 3.8923 3.7926 3.7016 3.5402
6.3877 6.3390 6.2954 6.2558 6.1856
3500 4000 5000 6000 7000
242.56 250.35 263.94 275.59 285.83
0.001235 0.001252 0.001286 0.001319 0.001352
0.057061 0.049779 0.039448 0.032449 0.027378
1045.4 1082.4 1148.1 1205.8 1258.0
1557.6 1519.3 1448.9 1384.1 1323.0
2603.0 2601.7 2597.0 2589.9 2581.0
1049.7 1087.4 1154.5 1213.8 1267.5
1753.0 1713.5 1639.7 1570.9 1505.2
2802.7 2800.8 2794.2 2784.6 2772.6
2.7253 2.7966 2.9207 3.0275 3.1220
3.3991 3.2731 3.0530 2.8627 2.6927
6.1244 6.0696 5.9737 5.8902 5.8148
8000 9000 10,000 11,000 12,000
295.01 303.35 311.00 318.08 324.68
0.001384 0.001418 0.001452 0.001488 0.001526
0.023525 0.020489 0.018028 0.015988 0.014264
1306.0 1350.9 1393.3 1433.9 1473.0
1264.5 1207.6 1151.8 1096.6 1041.3
2570.5 2558.5 2545.2 2530.4 2514.3
1317.1 1363.7 1407.8 1450.2 1491.3
1441.6 1379.3 1317.6 1256.1 1194.1
2758.7 2742.9 2725.5 2706.3 2685.4
3.2077 3.2866 3.3603 3.4299 3.4964
2.5373 2.3925 2.2556 2.1245 1.9975
5.7450 5.6791 5.6159 5.5544 5.4939
13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000
330.85 336.67 342.16 347.36 352.29
0.001566 0.001610 0.001657 0.001710 0.001770
0.012781 0.011487 0.010341 0.009312 0.008374
1511.0 1548.4 1585.5 1622.6 1660.2
985.5 928.7 870.3 809.4 745.1
2496.6 2477.1 2455.7 2432.0 2405.4
1531.4 1571.0 1610.3 1649.9 1690.3
1131.3 1067.0 1000.5 931.1 857.4
2662.7 2637.9 2610.8 2581.0 2547.7
3.5606 3.6232 3.6848 3.7461 3.8082
1.8730 1.7497 1.6261 1.5005 1.3709
5.4336 5.3728 5.3108 5.2466 5.1791
18,000 19,000 20,000 21,000 22,000 22,064
356.99 361.47 365.75 369.83 373.71 373.95
0.001840 0.001926 0.002038 0.002207 0.002703 0.003106
0.007504 0.006677 0.005862 0.004994 0.003644 0.003106
1699.1 1740.3 1785.8 1841.6 1951.7 2015.7
675.9 598.9 509.0 391.9 140.8 0
2375.0 2339.2 2294.8 2233.5 2092.4 2015.7
1732.2 1776.8 1826.6 1888.0 2011.1 2084.3
777.8 689.2 585.5 450.4 161.5 0
2510.0 2466.0 2412.1 2338.4 2172.6 2084.3
3.8720 3.9396 4.0146 4.1071 4.2942 4.4070
1.2343 1.0860 0.9164 0.7005 0.2496 0
5.1064 5.0256 4.9310 4.8076 4.5439 4.4070
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920
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6 Superheated water T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat.† 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
14.670 14.867 17.196 19.513 21.826 24.136 26.446 31.063 35.680 40.296 44.911 49.527 54.143 58.758 63.373 67.989 72.604
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.01 MPa (45.81°C)* 2437.2 2443.3 2515.5 2587.9 2661.4 2736.1 2812.3 2969.3 3132.9 3303.3 3480.8 3665.4 3856.9 4055.3 4260.0 4470.9 4687.4
2583.9 2592.0 2687.5 2783.0 2879.6 2977.5 3076.7 3280.0 3489.7 3706.3 3929.9 4160.6 4398.3 4642.8 4893.8 5150.8 5413.4
8.1488 8.1741 8.4489 8.6893 8.9049 9.1015 9.2827 9.6094 9.8998 10.1631 10.4056 10.6312 10.8429 11.0429 11.2326 11.4132 11.5857
P 0.20 MPa (120.21°C) Sat. 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.88578 0.95986 1.08049 1.19890 1.31623 1.54934 1.78142 2.01302 2.24434 2.47550 2.70656 2.93755 3.16848 3.39938 3.63026
2529.1 2577.1 2654.6 2731.4 2808.8 2967.2 3131.4 3302.2 3479.9 3664.7 3856.3 4054.8 4259.6 4470.5 4687.1
2706.3 7.1270 2769.1 7.2810 2870.7 7.5081 2971.2 7.7100 3072.1 7.8941 3277.0 8.2236 3487.7 8.5153 3704.8 8.7793 3928.8 9.0221 4159.8 9.2479 4397.7 9.4598 4642.3 9.6599 4893.3 9.8497 5150.4 10.0304 5413.1 10.2029
P 0.50 MPa (151.83°C) Sat. 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.37483 0.42503 0.47443 0.52261 0.57015 0.61731 0.71095 0.80409 0.89696 0.98966 1.08227 1.17480 1.26728 1.35972 1.45214
2560.7 2643.3 2723.8 2803.3 2883.0 2963.7 3129.0 3300.4 3478.6 3663.6 3855.4 4054.0 4259.0 4470.0 4686.6
2748.1 2855.8 2961.0 3064.6 3168.1 3272.4 3484.5 3702.5 3927.0 4158.4 4396.6 4641.4 4892.6 5149.8 5412.6
6.8207 7.0610 7.2725 7.4614 7.6346 7.7956 8.0893 8.3544 8.5978 8.8240 9.0362 9.2364 9.4263 9.6071 9.7797
u kJ/kg
v m3/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.05 MPa (81.32°C) 2483.2
2645.2
7.5931
3.4187 3.8897 4.3562 4.8206 5.2841 6.2094 7.1338 8.0577 8.9813 9.9047 10.8280 11.7513 12.6745 13.5977 14.5209
2511.5 2585.7 2660.0 2735.1 2811.6 2968.9 3132.6 3303.1 3480.6 3665.2 3856.8 4055.2 4259.9 4470.8 4687.3
2682.4 2780.2 2877.8 2976.2 3075.8 3279.3 3489.3 3706.0 3929.7 4160.4 4398.2 4642.7 4893.7 5150.7 5413.3
7.6953 7.9413 8.1592 8.3568 8.5387 8.8659 9.1566 9.4201 9.6626 9.8883 10.1000 10.3000 10.4897 10.6704 10.8429
P 0.30 MPa (133.52°C) 0.60582 0.63402 0.71643 0.79645 0.87535 1.03155 1.18672 1.34139 1.49580 1.65004 1.80417 1.95824 2.11226 2.26624 2.42019
2543.2 2571.0 2651.0 2728.9 2807.0 2966.0 3130.6 3301.6 3479.5 3664.3 3856.0 4054.5 4259.4 4470.3 4686.9
2724.9 6.9917 2761.2 7.0792 2865.9 7.3132 2967.9 7.5180 3069.6 7.7037 3275.5 8.0347 3486.6 8.3271 3704.0 8.5915 3928.2 8.8345 4159.3 9.0605 4397.3 9.2725 4642.0 9.4726 4893.1 9.6624 5150.2 9.8431 5413.0 10.0157
P 0.60 MPa (158.83°C) 0.31560 0.35212 0.39390 0.43442 0.47428 0.51374 0.59200 0.66976 0.74725 0.82457 0.90179 0.97893 1.05603 1.13309 1.21012
2566.8 2639.4 2721.2 2801.4 2881.6 2962.5 3128.2 3299.8 3478.1 3663.2 3855.1 4053.8 4258.8 4469.8 4686.4
2756.2 2850.6 2957.6 3062.0 3166.1 3270.8 3483.4 3701.7 3926.4 4157.9 4396.2 4641.1 4892.4 5149.6 5412.5
Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.10 MPa (99.61°C)
3.2403
*The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. †
s kJ/kg K
6.7593 6.9683 7.1833 7.3740 7.5481 7.7097 8.0041 8.2695 8.5132 8.7395 8.9518 9.1521 9.3420 9.5229 9.6955
1.6941 2505.6
2675.0
1.6959 1.9367 2.1724 2.4062 2.6389 3.1027 3.5655 4.0279 4.4900 4.9519 5.4137 5.8755 6.3372 6.7988 7.2605
2675.8 7.3611 2776.6 7.6148 2875.5 7.8356 2974.5 8.0346 3074.5 8.2172 3278.6 8.5452 3488.7 8.8362 3705.6 9.0999 3929.4 9.3424 4160.2 9.5682 4398.0 9.7800 4642.6 9.9800 4893.6 10.1698 5150.6 10.3504 5413.3 10.5229
2506.2 2582.9 2658.2 2733.9 2810.7 2968.3 3132.2 3302.8 3480.4 3665.0 3856.7 4055.0 4259.8 4470.7 4687.2
7.3589
P 0.40 MPa (143.61°C) 0.46242 0.47088 0.53434 0.59520 0.65489 0.77265 0.88936 1.00558 1.12152 1.23730 1.35298 1.46859 1.58414 1.69966 1.81516
2553.1 2564.4 2647.2 2726.4 2805.1 2964.9 3129.8 3301.0 3479.0 3663.9 3855.7 4054.3 4259.2 4470.2 4686.7
2738.1 2752.8 2860.9 2964.5 3067.1 3273.9 3485.5 3703.3 3927.6 4158.9 4396.9 4641.7 4892.9 5150.0 5412.8
6.8955 6.9306 7.1723 7.3804 7.5677 7.9003 8.1933 8.4580 8.7012 8.9274 9.1394 9.3396 9.5295 9.7102 9.8828
P 0.80 MPa (170.41°C) 0.24035 0.26088 0.29321 0.32416 0.35442 0.38429 0.44332 0.50186 0.56011 0.61820 0.67619 0.73411 0.79197 0.84980 0.90761
2576.0 2631.1 2715.9 2797.5 2878.6 2960.2 3126.6 3298.7 3477.2 3662.5 3854.5 4053.3 4258.3 4469.4 4686.1
2768.3 2839.8 2950.4 3056.9 3162.2 3267.7 3481.3 3700.1 3925.3 4157.0 4395.5 4640.5 4891.9 5149.3 5412.2
6.6616 6.8177 7.0402 7.2345 7.4107 7.5735 7.8692 8.1354 8.3794 8.6061 8.8185 9.0189 9.2090 9.3898 9.5625
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 921
Appendix 1
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921
TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Continued) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat. 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.19437 0.20602 0.23275 0.25799 0.28250 0.30661 0.35411 0.40111 0.44783 0.49438 0.54083 0.58721 0.63354 0.67983 0.72610
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 1.00 MPa (179.88 C) 2582.8 2622.3 2710.4 2793.7 2875.7 2957.9 3125.0 3297.5 3476.3 3661.7 3853.9 4052.7 4257.9 4469.0 4685.8
2777.1 2828.3 2943.1 3051.6 3158.2 3264.5 3479.1 3698.6 3924.1 4156.1 4394.8 4640.0 4891.4 5148.9 5411.9
6.5850 6.6956 6.9265 7.1246 7.3029 7.4670 7.7642 8.0311 8.2755 8.5024 8.7150 8.9155 9.1057 9.2866 9.4593
P 1.60 MPa (201.37 C) Sat. 225 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.12374 0.13293 0.14190 0.15866 0.17459 0.19007 0.22029 0.24999 0.27941 0.30865 0.33780 0.36687 0.39589 0.42488 0.45383
2594.8 2792.8 2645.1 2857.8 2692.9 2919.9 2781.6 3035.4 2866.6 3146.0 2950.8 3254.9 3120.1 3472.6 3293.9 3693.9 3473.5 3920.5 3659.5 4153.4 3852.1 4392.6 4051.2 4638.2 4256.6 4890.0 4467.9 5147.7 4684.8 5410.9
6.4200 6.5537 6.6753 6.8864 7.0713 7.2394 7.5410 7.8101 8.0558 8.2834 8.4965 8.6974 8.8878 9.0689 9.2418
P 2.50 MPa (223.95 C) Sat. 225 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.07995 0.08026 0.08705 0.09894 0.10979 0.12012 0.13015 0.13999 0.15931 0.17835 0.19722 0.21597 0.23466 0.25330 0.27190 0.29048
2602.1 2604.8 2663.3 2762.2 2852.5 2939.8 3026.2 3112.8 3288.5 3469.3 3656.2 3849.4 4049.0 4254.7 4466.3 4683.4
2801.9 6.2558 2805.5 6.2629 2880.9 6.4107 3009.6 6.6459 3127.0 6.8424 3240.1 7.0170 3351.6 7.1768 3462.8 7.3254 3686.8 7.5979 3915.2 7.8455 4149.2 8.0744 4389.3 8.2882 4635.6 8.4897 4887.9 8.6804 5146.0 8.8618 5409.5 9.0349
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 1.20 MPa (187.96 C) 0.16326 0.16934 0.19241 0.21386 0.23455 0.25482 0.29464 0.33395 0.37297 0.41184 0.45059 0.48928 0.52792 0.56652 0.60509
2587.8 2612.9 2704.7 2789.7 2872.7 2955.5 3123.4 3296.3 3475.3 3661.0 3853.3 4052.2 4257.5 4468.7 4685.5
2783.8 2816.1 2935.6 3046.3 3154.2 3261.3 3477.0 3697.0 3922.9 4155.2 4394.0 4639.4 4891.0 5148.5 5411.6
6.5217 6.5909 6.8313 7.0335 7.2139 7.3793 7.6779 7.9456 8.1904 8.4176 8.6303 8.8310 9.0212 9.2022 9.3750
P 1.80 MPa (207.11 C) 0.11037 0.11678 0.12502 0.14025 0.15460 0.16849 0.19551 0.22200 0.24822 0.27426 0.30020 0.32606 0.35188 0.37766 0.40341
2597.3 2637.0 2686.7 2777.4 2863.6 2948.3 3118.5 3292.7 3472.6 3658.8 3851.5 4050.7 4256.2 4467.6 4684.5
2795.9 2847.2 2911.7 3029.9 3141.9 3251.6 3470.4 3692.3 3919.4 4152.4 4391.9 4637.6 4889.6 5147.3 5410.6
6.3775 6.4825 6.6088 6.8246 7.0120 7.1814 7.4845 7.7543 8.0005 8.2284 8.4417 8.6427 8.8331 9.0143 9.1872
P 3.00 MPa (233.85 C)
u kJ/kg
v m3/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 1.40 MPa (195.04 C) 0.14078 0.14303 0.16356 0.18233 0.20029 0.21782 0.25216 0.28597 0.31951 0.35288 0.38614 0.41933 0.45247 0.48558 0.51866
2591.8 2602.7 2698.9 2785.7 2869.7 2953.1 3121.8 3295.1 3474.4 3660.3 3852.7 4051.7 4257.0 4468.3 4685.1
2788.9 2803.0 2927.9 3040.9 3150.1 3258.1 3474.8 3695.5 3921.7 4154.3 4393.3 4638.8 4890.5 5148.1 5411.3
6.4675 6.4975 6.7488 6.9553 7.1379 7.3046 7.6047 7.8730 8.1183 8.3458 8.5587 8.7595 8.9497 9.1308 9.3036
P 2.00 MPa (212.38 C) 0.09959 0.10381 0.11150 0.12551 0.13860 0.15122 0.17568 0.19962 0.22326 0.24674 0.27012 0.29342 0.31667 0.33989 0.36308
2599.1 2798.3 6.3390 2628.5 2836.1 6.4160 2680.3 2903.3 6.5475 2773.2 3024.2 6.7684 2860.5 3137.7 6.9583 2945.9 3248.4 7.1292 3116.9 3468.3 7.4337 3291.5 3690.7 7.7043 3471.7 3918.2 7.9509 3658.0 4151.5 8.1791 3850.9 4391.1 8.3925 4050.2 4637.1 8.5936 4255.7 4889.1 8.7842 4467.2 5147.0 8.9654 4684.2 5410.3 9.1384
P 3.50 MPa (242.56 C)
0.06667
2603.2
2803.2
6.1856
0.05706
2603.0
2802.7 6.1244
0.07063 0.08118 0.09056 0.09938 0.10789 0.11620 0.13245 0.14841 0.16420 0.17988 0.19549 0.21105 0.22658 0.24207
2644.7 2750.8 2844.4 2933.6 3021.2 3108.6 3285.5 3467.0 3654.3 3847.9 4047.7 4253.6 4465.3 4682.6
2856.5 2994.3 3116.1 3231.7 3344.9 3457.2 3682.8 3912.2 4146.9 4387.5 4634.2 4886.7 5145.1 5408.8
6.2893 6.5412 6.7450 6.9235 7.0856 7.2359 7.5103 7.7590 7.9885 8.2028 8.4045 8.5955 8.7771 8.9502
0.05876 0.06845 0.07680 0.08456 0.09198 0.09919 0.11325 0.12702 0.14061 0.15410 0.16751 0.18087 0.19420 0.20750
2624.0 2829.7 2738.8 2978.4 2836.0 3104.9 2927.2 3223.2 3016.1 3338.1 3104.5 3451.7 3282.5 3678.9 3464.7 3909.3 3652.5 4144.6 3846.4 4385.7 4046.4 4632.7 4252.5 4885.6 4464.4 5144.1 4681.8 5408.0
6.1764 6.4484 6.6601 6.8428 7.0074 7.1593 7.4357 7.6855 7.9156 8.1304 8.3324 8.5236 8.7053 8.8786
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 922
922
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Continued) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat. 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.04978 0.05461 0.05887 0.06647 0.07343 0.08004 0.08644 0.09886 0.11098 0.12292 0.13476 0.14653 0.15824 0.16992 0.18157
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 4.0 MPa (250.35 C) 2601.7 2668.9 2726.2 2827.4 2920.8 3011.0 3100.3 3279.4 3462.4 3650.6 3844.8 4045.1 4251.4 4463.5 4680.9
2800.8 2887.3 2961.7 3093.3 3214.5 3331.2 3446.0 3674.9 3906.3 4142.3 4383.9 4631.2 4884.4 5143.2 5407.2
6.0696 6.2312 6.3639 6.5843 6.7714 6.9386 7.0922 7.3706 7.6214 7.8523 8.0675 8.2698 8.4612 8.6430 8.8164
P 6.0 MPa (275.59 C) Sat. 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.03245 0.03619 0.04225 0.04742 0.05217 0.05667 0.06102 0.06527 0.07355 0.08165 0.08964 0.09756 0.10543 0.11326 0.12107
2589.9 2668.4 2790.4 2893.7 2989.9 3083.1 3175.2 3267.2 3453.0 3643.2 3838.8 4040.1 4247.1 4459.8 4677.7
2784.6 2885.6 3043.9 3178.3 3302.9 3423.1 3541.3 3658.8 3894.3 4133.1 4376.6 4625.4 4879.7 5139.4 5404.1
5.8902 6.0703 6.3357 6.5432 6.7219 6.8826 7.0308 7.1693 7.4247 7.6582 7.8751 8.0786 8.2709 8.4534 8.6273
P 9.0 MPa (303.35 C) Sat. 325 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.020489 0.023284 0.025816 0.029960 0.033524 0.036793 0.039885 0.042861 0.045755 0.048589 0.054132 0.059562 0.064919 0.070224 0.075492 0.080733
2558.5 2647.6 2725.0 2849.2 2956.3 3056.3 3153.0 3248.4 3343.4 3438.8 3632.0 3829.6 4032.4 4240.7 4454.2 4672.9
2742.9 2857.1 2957.3 3118.8 3258.0 3387.4 3512.0 3634.1 3755.2 3876.1 4119.2 4365.7 4616.7 4872.7 5133.6 5399.5
5.6791 5.8738 6.0380 6.2876 6.4872 6.6603 6.8164 6.9605 7.0954 7.2229 7.4606 7.6802 7.8855 8.0791 8.2625 8.4371
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 4.5 MPa (257.44 C) 0.04406 0.04733 0.05138 0.05842 0.06477 0.07076 0.07652 0.08766 0.09850 0.10916 0.11972 0.13020 0.14064 0.15103 0.16140
2599.7 2651.4 2713.0 2818.6 2914.2 3005.8 3096.0 3276.4 3460.0 3648.8 3843.3 4043.9 4250.4 4462.6 4680.1
2798.0 2864.4 2944.2 3081.5 3205.7 3324.2 3440.4 3670.9 3903.3 4140.0 4382.1 4629.8 4883.2 5142.2 5406.5
6.0198 6.1429 6.2854 6.5153 6.7071 6.8770 7.0323 7.3127 7.5647 7.7962 8.0118 8.2144 8.4060 8.5880 8.7616
P 7.0 MPa (285.83 C) 0.027378 0.029492 0.035262 0.039958 0.044187 0.048157 0.051966 0.055665 0.062850 0.069856 0.076750 0.083571 0.090341 0.097075 0.103781
2581.0 2633.5 2770.1 2879.5 2979.0 3074.3 3167.9 3261.0 3448.3 3639.5 3835.7 4037.5 4245.0 4457.9 4676.1
2772.6 2839.9 3016.9 3159.2 3288.3 3411.4 3531.6 3650.6 3888.3 4128.5 4373.0 4622.5 4877.4 5137.4 5402.6
5.8148 5.9337 6.2305 6.4502 6.6353 6.8000 6.9507 7.0910 7.3487 7.5836 7.8014 8.0055 8.1982 8.3810 8.5551
P 10.0 MPa (311.00 C) 0.018028 0.019877 0.022440 0.026436 0.029782 0.032811 0.035655 0.038378 0.041018 0.043597 0.048629 0.053547 0.058391 0.063183 0.067938 0.072667
2545.2 2611.6 2699.6 2833.1 2944.5 3047.0 3145.4 3242.0 3338.0 3434.0 3628.2 3826.5 4029.9 4238.5 4452.4 4671.3
2725.5 2810.3 2924.0 3097.5 3242.4 3375.1 3502.0 3625.8 3748.1 3870.0 4114.5 4362.0 4613.8 4870.3 5131.7 5398.0
5.6159 5.7596 5.9460 6.2141 6.4219 6.5995 6.7585 6.9045 7.0408 7.1693 7.4085 7.6290 7.8349 8.0289 8.2126 8.3874
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 5.0 MPa (263.94 C) 0.03945 0.04144 0.04535 0.05197 0.05784 0.06332 0.06858 0.07870 0.08852 0.09816 0.10769 0.11715 0.12655 0.13592 0.14527
2597.0 2632.3 2699.0 2809.5 2907.5 3000.6 3091.8 3273.3 3457.7 3646.9 3841.8 4042.6 4249.3 4461.6 4679.3
2794.2 2839.5 2925.7 3069.3 3196.7 3317.2 3434.7 3666.9 3900.3 4137.7 4380.2 4628.3 4882.1 5141.3 5405.7
5.9737 6.0571 6.2111 6.4516 6.6483 6.8210 6.9781 7.2605 7.5136 7.7458 7.9619 8.1648 8.3566 8.5388 8.7124
P 8.0 MPa (295.01 C) 0.023525 0.024279 0.029975 0.034344 0.038194 0.041767 0.045172 0.048463 0.054829 0.061011 0.067082 0.073079 0.079025 0.084934 0.090817
2570.5 2592.3 2748.3 2864.6 2967.8 3065.4 3160.5 3254.7 3443.6 3635.7 3832.7 4035.0 4242.8 4456.1 4674.5
2758.7 2786.5 2988.1 3139.4 3273.3 3399.5 3521.8 3642.4 3882.2 4123.8 4369.3 4619.6 4875.0 5135.5 5401.0
5.7450 5.7937 6.1321 6.3658 6.5579 6.7266 6.8800 7.0221 7.2822 7.5185 7.7372 7.9419 8.1350 8.3181 8.4925
P 12.5 MPa (327.81 C) 0.013496 2505.6
2674.3 5.4638
0.016138 0.020030 0.023019 0.025630 0.028033 0.030306 0.032491 0.034612 0.038724 0.042720 0.046641 0.050510 0.054342 0.058147
2826.6 3040.0 3201.5 3343.6 3476.5 3604.6 3730.2 3854.6 4102.8 4352.9 4606.5 4864.5 5127.0 5394.1
2624.9 2789.6 2913.7 3023.2 3126.1 3225.8 3324.1 3422.0 3618.8 3818.9 4023.5 4233.1 4447.7 4667.3
5.7130 6.0433 6.2749 6.4651 6.6317 6.7828 6.9227 7.0540 7.2967 7.5195 7.7269 7.9220 8.1065 8.2819
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 923
Appendix 1
|
923
u kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Concluded) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
Sat. 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.010341 0.011481 0.015671 0.018477 0.020828 0.022945 0.024921 0.026804 0.028621 0.032121 0.035503 0.038808 0.042062 0.045279 0.048469
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 15.0 MPa (342.16 C) 2455.7 2520.9 2740.6 2880.8 2998.4 3106.2 3209.3 3310.1 3409.8 3609.3 3811.2 4017.1 4227.7 4443.1 4663.3
2610.8 2693.1 2975.7 3157.9 3310.8 3450.4 3583.1 3712.1 3839.1 4091.1 4343.7 4599.2 4858.6 5122.3 5390.3
5.3108 5.4438 5.8819 6.1434 6.3480 6.5230 6.6796 6.8233 6.9573 7.2037 7.4288 7.6378 7.8339 8.0192 8.1952
v m3/kg
0.001978 0.006005 0.007886 0.009176 0.011143 0.012736 0.014140 0.015430 0.016643 0.018922 0.021075 0.023150 0.025172 0.027157 0.029115
1799.9 2428.5 2607.8 2721.2 2887.3 3020.8 3140.0 3251.9 3359.9 3570.7 3780.2 3991.5 4206.1 4424.6 4647.2
1849.4 2578.7 2805.0 2950.6 3165.9 3339.2 3493.5 3637.7 3776.0 4043.8 4307.1 4570.2 4835.4 5103.5 5375.1
0.001641 0.001911 0.002538 0.003692 0.005623 0.006985 0.008089 0.009053 0.009930 0.011521 0.012980 0.014360 0.015686 0.016976 0.018239
1677.0 1855.0 2097.5 2364.2 2681.6 2875.1 3026.8 3159.5 3282.0 3511.8 3733.3 3952.9 4173.7 4396.9 4623.3
1742.6 1931.4 2199.0 2511.8 2906.5 3154.4 3350.4 3521.6 3679.2 3972.6 4252.5 4527.3 4801.1 5075.9 5352.8
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 17.5 MPa (354.67 C)
P 20.0 MPa (365.75 C) 4.9310
0.012463 0.015204 0.017385 0.019305 0.021073 0.022742 0.024342 0.027405 0.030348 0.033215 0.036029 0.038806 0.041556
0.009950 0.012721 0.014793 0.016571 0.018185 0.019695 0.021134 0.023870 0.026484 0.029020 0.031504 0.033952 0.036371
5.5526 5.9043 6.1446 6.3390 6.5075 6.6593 6.7991 7.0531 7.2829 7.4950 7.6933 7.8802 8.0574
2684.3 2845.4 2972.4 3085.8 3192.5 3295.8 3397.5 3599.7 3803.5 4010.7 4222.3 4438.5 4659.2
2902.4 3111.4 3276.7 3423.6 3561.3 3693.8 3823.5 4079.3 4334.6 4592.0 4852.8 5117.6 5386.5
5.7211 6.0212 6.2424 6.4266 6.5890 6.7366 6.8735 7.1237 7.3511 7.5616 7.7588 7.9449 8.1215
P 30.0 MPa 4.0345 5.1400 5.4708 5.6759 5.9643 6.1816 6.3637 6.5243 6.6702 6.9322 7.1668 7.3821 7.5825 7.7710 7.9494
0.001792 0.002798 0.005299 0.006737 0.008691 0.010175 0.011445 0.012590 0.013654 0.015628 0.017473 0.019240 0.020954 0.022630 0.024279
1738.1 2068.9 2452.9 2618.9 2824.0 2974.5 3103.4 3221.7 3334.3 3551.2 3764.6 3978.6 4195.2 4415.3 4639.2
1791.9 2152.8 2611.8 2821.0 3084.8 3279.7 3446.8 3599.4 3743.9 4020.0 4288.8 4555.8 4823.9 5094.2 5367.6
0.001560 0.001731 0.002009 0.002487 0.003890 0.005118 0.006108 0.006957 0.007717 0.009073 0.010296 0.011441 0.012534 0.013590 0.014620
1638.6 1787.8 1960.3 2160.3 2528.1 2769.5 2947.1 3095.6 3228.7 3472.2 3702.0 3927.4 4152.2 4378.6 4607.5
1716.6 1874.4 2060.7 2284.7 2722.6 3025.4 3252.6 3443.5 3614.6 3925.8 4216.8 4499.4 4778.9 5058.1 5338.5
2617.9 2807.3 2945.3 3064.7 3175.3 3281.4 3385.1 3590.1 3795.7 4004.3 4216.9 4433.8 4655.2
2816.9 3061.7 3241.2 3396.2 3539.0 3675.3 3807.8 4067.5 4325.4 4584.7 4847.0 5112.9 5382.7
P 35.0 MPa 3.9313 4.4758 5.1473 5.4422 5.7956 6.0403 6.2373 6.4074 6.5599 6.8301 7.0695 7.2880 7.4906 7.6807 7.8602
0.001701 0.002105 0.003434 0.004957 0.006933 0.008348 0.009523 0.010565 0.011523 0.013278 0.014904 0.016450 0.017942 0.019398 0.020827
P 50.0 MPa 3.8290 4.1145 4.5044 4.9449 5.4744 5.7857 6.0170 6.2078 6.3740 6.6613 6.9107 7.1355 7.3425 7.5357 7.7175
h kJ/kg
0.005862 2294.8 2412.1
P 40.0 MPa 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
h kJ/kg
0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435
P 25.0 MPa 375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
u kJ/kg
1702.8 1914.9 2253.3 2497.5 2755.3 2925.8 3065.6 3190.9 3308.3 3531.6 3749.0 3965.8 4184.4 4406.1 4631.2
1762.4 1988.6 2373.5 2671.0 2997.9 3218.0 3399.0 3560.7 3711.6 3996.3 4270.6 4541.5 4812.4 5085.0 5360.2
3.8724 4.2144 4.7751 5.1946 5.6331 5.9093 6.1229 6.3030 6.4623 6.7409 6.9853 7.2069 7.4118 7.6034 7.7841
P 60.0 MPa 3.7642 4.0029 4.2746 4.5896 5.1762 5.5563 5.8245 6.0373 6.2179 6.5225 6.7819 7.0131 7.2244 7.4207 7.6048
0.001503 0.001633 0.001816 0.002086 0.002952 0.003955 0.004833 0.005591 0.006265 0.007456 0.008519 0.009504 0.010439 0.011339 0.012213
1609.7 1745.2 1892.9 2055.1 2393.2 2664.6 2866.8 3031.3 3175.4 3432.6 3670.9 3902.0 4130.9 4360.5 4591.8
1699.9 1843.2 2001.8 2180.2 2570.3 2901.9 3156.8 3366.8 3551.3 3880.0 4182.1 4472.2 4757.3 5040.8 5324.5
3.7149 3.9317 4.1630 4.4140 4.9356 5.3517 5.6527 5.8867 6.0814 6.4033 6.6725 6.9099 7.1255 7.3248 7.5111
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924
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–7 Compressed liquid water T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
Sat. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
0.0012862 1148.1 1154.5 0.0009977 0.04 5.03 0.0009996 83.61 88.61 0.0010057 166.92 171.95 0.0010149 250.29 255.36 0.0010267 333.82 338.96 0.0010410 417.65 422.85 0.0010576 501.91 507.19 0.0010769 586.80 592.18 0.0010988 672.55 678.04 0.0011240 759.47 765.09 0.0011531 847.92 853.68 0.0011868 938.39 944.32 0.0012268 1031.6 1037.7 0.0012755 1128.5 1134.9
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 5 MPa (263.94 C)
u kJ/kg
0.0020378 0.0009904 0.0009929 0.0009992 0.0010084 0.0010199 0.0010337 0.0010496 0.0010679 0.0010886 0.0011122 0.0011390 0.0011697 0.0012053 0.0012472 0.0012978 0.0013611 0.0014450 0.0015693 0.0018248
1785.8 0.23 82.71 165.17 247.75 330.50 413.50 496.85 580.71 665.28 750.78 837.49 925.77 1016.1 1109.0 1205.6 1307.2 1416.6 1540.2 1703.6
1826.6 20.03 102.57 185.16 267.92 350.90 434.17 517.84 602.07 687.05 773.02 860.27 949.16 1040.2 1134.0 1231.5 1334.4 1445.5 1571.6 1740.1
s v kJ/kg K m3/kg
P 10 MPa (311.00 C) 2.9207 0.0001 0.2954 0.5705 0.8287 1.0723 1.3034 1.5236 1.7344 1.9374 2.1338 2.3251 2.5127 2.6983 2.8841
0.0014522 0.0009952 0.0009973 0.0010035 0.0010127 0.0010244 0.0010385 0.0010549 0.0010738 0.0010954 0.0011200 0.0011482 0.0011809 0.0012192 0.0012653 0.0013226 0.0013980
P 20 MPa (365.75 C) Sat. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
h kJ/kg
1393.3 0.12 83.31 166.33 249.43 332.69 416.23 500.18 584.72 670.06 756.48 844.32 934.01 1026.2 1121.6 1221.8 1329.4
1407.9 10.07 93.28 176.37 259.55 342.94 426.62 510.73 595.45 681.01 767.68 855.80 945.82 1038.3 1134.3 1235.0 1343.3
u kJ/kg
0.0009857 0.0009886 0.0009951 0.0010042 0.0010155 0.0010290 0.0010445 0.0010623 0.0010823 0.0011049 0.0011304 0.0011595 0.0011927 0.0012314 0.0012770 0.0013322 0.0014014 0.0014932 0.0016276 0.0018729
0.29 82.11 164.05 246.14 328.40 410.87 493.66 576.90 660.74 745.40 831.11 918.15 1006.9 1097.8 1191.5 1288.9 1391.7 1502.4 1626.8 1782.0
29.86 111.77 193.90 276.26 358.86 441.74 525.00 608.76 693.21 778.55 865.02 952.93 1042.7 1134.7 1229.8 1328.9 1433.7 1547.1 1675.6 1838.2
s kJ/kg K
P 15 MPa (342.16 C) 3.3603 0.0003 0.2943 0.5685 0.8260 1.0691 1.2996 1.5191 1.7293 1.9316 2.1271 2.3174 2.5037 2.6876 2.8710 3.0565 3.2488
0.0016572 0.0009928 0.0009951 0.0010013 0.0010105 0.0010221 0.0010361 0.0010522 0.0010708 0.0010920 0.0011160 0.0011435 0.0011752 0.0012121 0.0012560 0.0013096 0.0013783 0.0014733 0.0016311
P 30 MPa 4.0146 0.0005 0.2921 0.5646 0.8208 1.0627 1.2920 1.5105 1.7194 1.9203 2.1143 2.3027 2.4867 2.6676 2.8469 3.0265 3.2091 3.3996 3.6086 3.8787
h kJ/kg
1585.5 0.18 83.01 165.75 248.58 331.59 414.85 498.50 582.69 667.63 753.58 840.84 929.81 1021.0 1115.1 1213.4 1317.6 1431.9 1567.9
1610.3 15.07 97.93 180.77 263.74 346.92 430.39 514.28 598.75 684.01 770.32 858.00 947.43 1039.2 1134.0 1233.0 1338.3 1454.0 1592.4
3.6848 0.0004 0.2932 0.5666 0.8234 1.0659 1.2958 1.5148 1.7243 1.9259 2.1206 2.3100 2.4951 2.6774 2.8586 3.0410 3.2279 3.4263 3.6555
P 50 MPa 0.0003 0.2897 0.5607 0.8156 1.0564 1.2847 1.5020 1.7098 1.9094 2.1020 2.2888 2.4707 2.6491 2.8250 3.0001 3.1761 3.3558 3.5438 3.7499 4.0026
0.0009767 0.0009805 0.0009872 0.0009962 0.0010072 0.0010201 0.0010349 0.0010517 0.0010704 0.0010914 0.0011149 0.0011412 0.0011708 0.0012044 0.0012430 0.0012879 0.0013409 0.0014049 0.0014848 0.0015884
0.29 80.93 161.90 243.08 324.42 405.94 487.69 569.77 652.33 735.49 819.45 904.39 990.55 1078.2 1167.7 1259.6 1354.3 1452.9 1556.5 1667.1
49.13 0.0010 129.95 0.2845 211.25 0.5528 292.88 0.8055 374.78 1.0442 456.94 1.2705 539.43 1.4859 622.36 1.6916 705.85 1.8889 790.06 2.0790 875.19 2.2628 961.45 2.4414 1049.1 2.6156 1138.4 2.7864 1229.9 2.9547 1324.0 3.1218 1421.4 3.2888 1523.1 3.4575 1630.7 3.6301 1746.5 3.8102
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 925
Appendix 1
|
925
TABLE A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Specific volume, m3/kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Temp., T °C
Sat. press., Psat kPa
Sat. ice, vi
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. ice, ui
Subl., uig
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. ice, hi
Subl., hig
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. ice, si
Subl., sig
Sat. vapor, sg
0.01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0.61169 0.61115 0.51772 0.43748 0.36873 0.30998 0.25990 0.21732 0.18121 0.15068 0.12492 0.10326 0.08510 0.06991 0.05725 0.04673 0.03802 0.03082 0.02490 0.02004 0.01608 0.01285
0.001091 0.001091 0.001091 0.001090 0.001090 0.001090 0.001089 0.001089 0.001088 0.001088 0.001088 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001087 0.001086 0.001086 0.001086 0.001085 0.001085 0.001085 0.001084
205.99 206.17 241.62 283.84 334.27 394.66 467.17 554.47 659.88 787.51 942.51 1131.3 1362.0 1644.7 1992.2 2421.0 2951.7 3610.9 4432.4 5460.1 6750.5 8376.7
333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.94 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70
2707.9 2707.9 2709.4 2710.8 2712.2 2713.5 2714.8 2716.1 2717.3 2718.6 2719.7 2720.9 2722.0 2723.1 2724.2 2725.2 2726.2 2727.2 2728.1 2729.0 2729.9 2730.7
2374.5 2374.5 2371.8 2369.0 2366.2 2363.5 2360.7 2357.9 2355.2 2352.4 2349.6 2346.8 2344.1 2341.3 2338.5 2335.7 2332.9 2330.2 2327.4 2324.6 2321.8 2319.0
333.40 333.43 337.63 341.80 345.93 350.04 354.12 358.17 362.18 366.17 370.13 374.06 377.95 381.82 385.66 389.47 393.25 397.00 400.72 404.40 408.07 411.70
2833.9 2833.9 2834.5 2835.0 2835.4 2835.8 2836.2 2836.6 2836.9 2837.2 2837.5 2837.7 2837.9 2838.1 2838.2 2838.3 2838.4 2838.4 2838.5 2838.4 2838.4 2838.3
2500.5 2500.5 2496.8 2493.2 2489.5 2485.8 2482.1 2478.4 2474.7 2471.0 2467.3 2463.6 2459.9 2456.2 2452.5 2448.8 2445.1 2441.4 2437.7 2434.0 2430.3 2426.6
1.2202 1.2204 1.2358 1.2513 1.2667 1.2821 1.2976 1.3130 1.3284 1.3439 1.3593 1.3748 1.3903 1.4057 1.4212 1.4367 1.4521 1.4676 1.4831 1.4986 1.5141 1.5296
10.374 10.375 10.453 10.533 10.613 10.695 10.778 10.862 10.947 11.033 11.121 11.209 11.300 11.391 11.484 11.578 11.673 11.770 11.869 11.969 12.071 12.174
9.154 9.154 9.218 9.282 9.347 9.413 9.480 9.549 9.618 9.689 9.761 9.835 9.909 9.985 10.063 10.141 10.221 10.303 10.386 10.470 10.557 10.644
0 100 % 10
60 0
3
1800
kJ/ 2200 kg h= 0 0 0 2
2400
0 60
4
2600
00
328200
3000
50%
5
20
00
3200
3400
4000 3800 3600
4500
6
h = 4200 kJ/ kg
22
00
Sa tu
ra
0k
6
00
or
24
va p
%
70
te d
h=
0 10 80 0 6
0 80 0 60 0 50 0 40 0 35 00 3 0 25 0 20 0 15
5 Entropy, kJ/kg · K
18
0
80 0
J/ k g
20 0
26
00
k J/k
g
7
8
9
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
h = 5000 kJ/kg
80%
7
Qu
a lit
y=
90 %
8
9
2650 h = 2600 2650 kJ/kg 2550
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
0 10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
10 1200
Copyright © 1984. From NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Reproduced by permission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
2
4
60%
FIGURE A–9 T-s diagram for water.
1
h = 40
0 0
1 00 0 % 20
1600
id iqu dl
0 140
ate tur Sa
0 120
3
1 20
= ty ali Qu
2
00
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Temperature, °C
kg/m 3 Den sity =
50 00
10 00
1100
1
14
30 %
550 0 P= 300 20 00 b 15 000 ar 100 000 80000 0 50 4 00 6000 30000 0 20 0 15 00 00
1
40%
300 k g/m 3
|
100 k 40 g/m 3 30 20 15 30 kg 8 /m 3 10 6 4 10 kg /m 3 3 2 1.5 3 kg/m 3 0.8 1 0.6 . 0 0.4 1 kg/m 3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 kg/m 3 0.0 5 0.08 0. 1 6 0.1 0. kg/m 3 0 0.04 3 0.0 0.02 1 5 0.0 3k De n 0. g/m 3 0 s i 0 t y= 8 0.01 kg/m 3
926
0. 0 006 0. .004 0 0. 03 00 2
0 1200
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 926
Thermodynamics
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 927
Appendix 1 5000
2
3
4
5
6
7
C 1100°°C
T
8
9
|
10 5000
C 0° 10 =1
C 1000°°C
/m 3
0°C 400°
98% 96% Qu 94% a lit y = 92% 90 % 88 86% % 84% 82% 80% 78 76 % 74 % 72 % 70 % 68 % %
0°C T = 300°
2000
De
3000
0. 0. 3 0 0. .08 0.12 0 0. 6 0.1 5 04 0.0 0.0 5 0. 3 01 0. 5 01
0 0. .8 0.4 6
8 6 4
3 2 1.5 1.0
5
nsi ty =
0.0 1
0.1 kg
k g/ m 3
/m 3
1 kg
150 00
200 00
250 00
300 00 bar
C 800°°C
P=
4000
C 700°°C
0°C 600°
3000 0°C 500°
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
De n s 100 it y = 1 00 000 kg 800 /m 3 0 600 0 500 40000 3000 20 15 00 800 10 00 00 6 40000 5 00 30 2000 1 00 k g/ m 3 80 1150 00 60 40 50 30 20 15 10 k 10 g/ m 3
C 900°°C
4000
02 0.
P
=
r ba 08 0.0
2000
% 66 % 64 % 62 % 60 % 58 56% 54% 52% 50% 48% 46% 44% 42% 40%
1000
2
3
4
5
6 Entropy, kJ/kg · K
7
8
9
1000 10
FIGURE A-10 Mollier diagram for water. Copyright © 1984. From NBS/NRC Steam Tables/1 by Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell. Reproduced by permission of Routledge/Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
927
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928
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Specific volume, m3/kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, T °C Psat kPa vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, Evap., hf hfg
40 38 36 34 32
51.25 56.86 62.95 69.56 76.71
0.0007054 0.0007083 0.0007112 0.0007142 0.0007172
0.36081 0.32732 0.29751 0.27090 0.24711
0.036 2.475 4.992 7.517 10.05
207.40 206.04 204.67 203.29 201.91
207.37 0.000 208.51 2.515 209.66 5.037 210.81 7.566 211.96 10.10
225.86 224.61 223.35 222.09 220.81
30 28 26 24 22
84.43 92.76 101.73 111.37 121.72
0.0007203 0.0007234 0.0007265 0.0007297 0.0007329
0.22580 0.20666 0.18946 0.17395 0.15995
12.59 15.13 17.69 20.25 22.82
200.52 199.12 197.72 196.30 194.88
213.11 214.25 215.40 216.55 217.70
20 18 16 14 12
132.82 144.69 157.38 170.93 185.37
0.0007362 0.0007396 0.0007430 0.0007464 0.0007499
0.14729 0.13583 0.12542 0.11597 0.10736
25.39 27.98 30.57 33.17 35.78
193.45 192.01 190.56 189.09 187.62
10 8 6 4 2
200.74 217.08 234.44 252.85 272.36
0.0007535 0.0007571 0.0007608 0.0007646 0.0007684
0.099516 0.092352 0.085802 0.079804 0.074304
38.40 41.03 43.66 46.31 48.96
0 2 4 6 8
293.01 314.84 337.90 362.23 387.88
0.0007723 0.0007763 0.0007804 0.0007845 0.0007887
0.069255 0.064612 0.060338 0.056398 0.052762
10 12 14 16 18
414.89 443.31 473.19 504.58 537.52
0.0007930 0.0007975 0.0008020 0.0008066 0.0008113
0.049403 0.046295 0.043417 0.040748 0.038271
Entropy, kJ/kg · K Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
225.86 227.12 228.39 229.65 230.91
0.00000 0.01072 0.02138 0.03199 0.04253
0.96866 0.95511 0.94176 0.92859 0.91560
0.96866 0.96584 0.96315 0.96058 0.95813
12.65 15.20 17.76 20.33 22.91
219.52 232.17 218.22 233.43 216.92 234.68 215.59 235.92 214.26 s237.17
0.05301 0.06344 0.07382 0.08414 0.09441
0.90278 0.89012 0.87762 0.86527 0.85307
0.95579 0.95356 0.95144 0.94941 0.94748
218.84 219.98 221.13 222.27 223.40
25.49 28.09 30.69 33.30 35.92
212.91 211.55 210.18 208.79 207.38
238.41 239.64 240.87 242.09 243.30
0.10463 0.11481 0.12493 0.13501 0.14504
0.84101 0.82908 0.81729 0.80561 0.79406
0.94564 0.94389 0.94222 0.94063 0.93911
186.14 184.64 183.13 181.61 180.08
224.54 225.67 226.80 227.92 229.04
38.55 41.19 43.84 46.50 49.17
205.96 204.52 203.07 201.60 200.11
244.51 245.72 246.91 248.10 249.28
0.15504 0.16498 0.17489 0.18476 0.19459
0.78263 0.77130 0.76008 0.74896 0.73794
0.93766 0.93629 0.93497 0.93372 0.93253
51.63 54.30 56.99 59.68 62.39
178.53 176.97 175.39 173.80 172.19
230.16 231.27 232.38 233.48 234.58
51.86 54.55 57.25 59.97 62.69
198.60 197.07 195.51 193.94 192.35
250.45 251.61 252.77 253.91 255.04
0.20439 0.21415 0.22387 0.23356 0.24323
0.72701 0.71616 0.70540 0.69471 0.68410
0.93139 0.93031 0.92927 0.92828 0.92733
65.10 67.83 70.57 73.32 76.08
170.56 168.92 167.26 165.58 163.88
235.67 236.75 237.83 238.90 239.96
65.43 68.18 70.95 73.73 76.52
190.73 189.09 187.42 185.73 184.01
256.16 257.27 258.37 259.46 260.53
0.25286 0.26246 0.27204 0.28159 0.29112
0.67356 0.66308 0.65266 0.64230 0.63198
0.92641 0.92554 0.92470 0.92389 0.92310
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929
TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table (Continued) Specific volume, m3/kg Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, T °C Psat kPa vf
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, uf ufg ug
Sat. liquid, Evap., hf hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
20 22 24 26 28
572.07 608.27 646.18 685.84 727.31
0.0008161 0.0008210 0.0008261 0.0008313 0.0008366
0.035969 0.033828 0.031834 0.029976 0.028242
78.86 81.64 84.44 87.26 90.09
162.16 160.42 158.65 156.87 155.05
241.02 242.06 243.10 244.12 245.14
79.32 82.14 84.98 87.83 90.69
182.27 180.49 178.69 176.85 174.99
261.59 262.64 263.67 264.68 265.68
0.30063 0.31011 0.31958 0.32903 0.33846
0.62172 0.61149 0.60130 0.59115 0.58102
0.92234 0.92160 0.92088 0.92018 0.91948
30 32 34 36 38
770.64 815.89 863.11 912.35 963.68
0.0008421 0.0008478 0.0008536 0.0008595 0.0008657
0.026622 0.025108 0.023691 0.022364 0.021119
92.93 95.79 98.66 101.55 104.45
153.22 151.35 149.46 147.54 145.58
246.14 247.14 248.12 249.08 250.04
93.58 96.48 99.40 102.33 105.29
173.08 171.14 169.17 167.16 165.10
266.66 267.62 268.57 269.49 270.39
0.34789 0.35730 0.36670 0.37609 0.38548
0.57091 0.56082 0.55074 0.54066 0.53058
0.91879 0.91811 0.91743 0.91675 0.91606
40 42 44 46 48
1017.1 1072.8 1130.7 1191.0 1253.6
0.0008720 0.0008786 0.0008854 0.0008924 0.0008996
0.019952 0.018855 0.017824 0.016853 0.015939
107.38 110.32 113.28 116.26 119.26
143.60 141.58 139.52 137.42 135.29
250.97 251.89 252.80 253.68 254.55
108.26 111.26 114.28 117.32 120.39
163.00 160.86 158.67 156.43 154.14
271.27 272.12 272.95 273.75 274.53
0.39486 0.40425 0.41363 0.42302 0.43242
0.52049 0.51039 0.50027 0.49012 0.47993
0.91536 0.91464 0.91391 0.91315 0.91236
52 56 60 65 70 75
1386.2 1529.1 1682.8 1891.0 2118.2 2365.8
0.0009150 0.0009317 0.0009498 0.0009750 0.0010037 0.0010372
0.014265 0.012771 0.011434 0.009950 0.008642 0.007480
125.33 131.49 137.76 145.77 154.01 162.53
130.88 126.28 121.46 115.05 108.14 100.60
256.21 257.77 259.22 260.82 262.15 263.13
126.59 132.91 139.36 147.62 156.13 164.98
149.39 144.38 139.10 132.02 124.32 115.85
275.98 277.30 278.46 279.64 280.46 280.82
0.45126 0.47018 0.48920 0.51320 0.53755 0.56241
0.45941 0.43863 0.41749 0.39039 0.36227 0.33272
0.91067 0.90880 0.90669 0.90359 0.89982 0.89512
80 85 90 95 100
2635.3 2928.2 3246.9 3594.1 3975.1
0.0010772 0.0011270 0.0011932 0.0012933 0.0015269
0.006436 0.005486 0.004599 0.003726 0.002630
171.40 180.77 190.89 202.40 218.72
92.23 82.67 71.29 56.47 29.19
263.63 263.44 262.18 258.87 247.91
174.24 184.07 194.76 207.05 224.79
106.35 95.44 82.35 65.21 33.58
280.59 279.51 277.11 272.26 258.37
0.58800 0.61473 0.64336 0.67578 0.72217
0.30111 0.26644 0.22674 0.17711 0.08999
0.88912 0.88117 0.87010 0.85289 0.81215
Source: Tables A–11 through A–13 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at 40°C (and 40°F).
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Specific volume, m3/kg Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, P kPa Tsat °C vf
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. Sat. liquid, Evap., vapor, uf ufg ug
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Sat. liquid, hf
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
Sat. Evap., vapor, hfg hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
60 70 80 90 100
36.95 33.87 31.13 28.65 26.37
0.0007098 0.0007144 0.0007185 0.0007223 0.0007259
0.31121 0.26929 0.23753 0.21263 0.19254
3.798 7.680 11.15 14.31 17.21
205.32 203.20 201.30 199.57 197.98
209.12 210.88 212.46 213.88 215.19
3.841 7.730 11.21 14.37 17.28
223.95 222.00 220.25 218.65 217.16
227.79 229.73 231.46 233.02 234.44
0.01634 0.03267 0.04711 0.06008 0.07188
0.94807 0.92775 0.90999 0.89419 0.87995
0.96441 0.96042 0.95710 0.95427 0.95183
120 140 160 180 200
22.32 18.77 15.60 12.73 10.09
0.0007324 0.0007383 0.0007437 0.0007487 0.0007533
0.16212 0.14014 0.12348 0.11041 0.099867
22.40 26.98 31.09 34.83 38.28
195.11 192.57 190.27 188.16 186.21
217.51 219.54 221.35 222.99 224.48
22.49 27.08 31.21 34.97 38.43
214.48 212.08 209.90 207.90 206.03
236.97 239.16 241.11 242.86 244.46
0.09275 0.11087 0.12693 0.14139 0.15457
0.85503 0.83368 0.81496 0.79826 0.78316
0.94779 0.94456 0.94190 0.93965 0.93773
240 280 320 360 400
5.38 1.25 2.46 5.82 8.91
0.0007620 0.0007699 0.0007772 0.0007841 0.0007907
0.083897 0.072352 0.063604 0.056738 0.051201
44.48 49.97 54.92 59.44 63.62
182.67 179.50 176.61 173.94 171.45
227.14 229.46 231.52 233.38 235.07
44.66 50.18 55.16 59.72 63.94
202.62 199.54 196.71 194.08 191.62
247.28 249.72 251.88 253.81 255.55
0.17794 0.19829 0.21637 0.23270 0.24761
0.75664 0.73381 0.71369 0.69566 0.67929
0.93458 0.93210 0.93006 0.92836 0.92691
450 500 550 600 650
12.46 15.71 18.73 21.55 24.20
0.0007985 0.0008059 0.0008130 0.0008199 0.0008266
0.045619 0.041118 0.037408 0.034295 0.031646
68.45 72.93 77.10 81.02 84.72
168.54 165.82 163.25 160.81 158.48
237.00 238.75 240.35 241.83 243.20
68.81 73.33 77.54 81.51 85.26
188.71 185.98 183.38 180.90 178.51
257.53 259.30 260.92 262.40 263.77
0.26465 0.28023 0.29461 0.30799 0.32051
0.66069 0.64377 0.62821 0.61378 0.60030
0.92535 0.92400 0.92282 0.92177 0.92081
700 750 800 850
26.69 29.06 31.31 33.45
0.0008331 0.0008395 0.0008458 0.0008520
0.029361 0.027371 0.025621 0.024069
88.24 91.59 94.79 97.87
156.24 154.08 152.00 149.98
244.48 245.67 246.79 247.85
88.82 92.22 95.47 98.60
176.21 173.98 171.82 169.71
265.03 266.20 267.29 268.31
0.33230 0.34345 0.35404 0.36413
0.58763 0.57567 0.56431 0.55349
0.91994 0.91912 0.91835 0.91762
900 950 1000 1200 1400
35.51 37.48 39.37 46.29 52.40
0.0008580 0.0008641 0.0008700 0.0008934 0.0009166
0.022683 0.021438 0.020313 0.016715 0.014107
100.83 103.69 106.45 116.70 125.94
148.01 146.10 144.23 137.11 130.43
248.85 249.79 250.68 253.81 256.37
101.61 104.51 107.32 117.77 127.22
167.66 165.64 163.67 156.10 148.90
269.26 270.15 270.99 273.87 276.12
0.37377 0.38301 0.39189 0.42441 0.45315
0.54315 0.53323 0.52368 0.48863 0.45734
0.91692 0.91624 0.91558 0.91303 0.91050
1600 1800 2000 2500 3000
57.88 62.87 67.45 77.54 86.16
0.0009400 0.0009639 0.0009886 0.0010566 0.0011406
0.012123 0.010559 0.009288 0.006936 0.005275
134.43 142.33 149.78 166.99 183.04
124.04 117.83 111.73 96.47 80.22
258.47 260.17 261.51 263.45 263.26
135.93 144.07 151.76 169.63 186.46
141.93 135.11 128.33 111.16 92.63
277.86 279.17 280.09 280.79 279.09
0.47911 0.50294 0.52509 0.57531 0.62118
0.42873 0.40204 0.37675 0.31695 0.25776
0.90784 0.90498 0.90184 0.89226 0.87894
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931
u kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
TABLE A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a T °C
v m3/kg
Sat. 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.31121 0.33608 0.35048 0.36476 0.37893 0.39302 0.40705 0.42102 0.43495 0.44883 0.46269 0.47651 0.49032 0.50410
Sat. 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.11041 0.11189 0.11722 0.12240 0.12748 0.13248 0.13741 0.14230 0.14715 0.15196 0.15673 0.16149 0.16622
Sat. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
0.07235 0.07282 0.07646 0.07997 0.08338 0.08672 0.09000 0.09324 0.09644 0.09961 0.10275 0.10587 0.10897 0.11205 0.11512 0.11818
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.06 MPa (Tsat 36.95°C) 209.12 220.60 227.55 234.66 241.92 249.35 256.95 264.71 272.64 280.73 288.99 297.41 306.00 314.74
227.79 240.76 248.58 256.54 264.66 272.94 281.37 289.97 298.74 307.66 316.75 326.00 335.42 344.99
0.9644 1.0174 1.0477 1.0774 1.1066 1.1353 1.1636 1.1915 1.2191 1.2463 1.2732 1.2997 1.3260 1.3520
P 0.18 MPa (Tsat 12.73°C) 222.99 225.02 232.48 240.00 247.64 255.41 263.31 271.36 279.56 287.91 296.42 305.07 313.88
242.86 245.16 253.58 262.04 270.59 279.25 288.05 296.98 306.05 315.27 324.63 334.14 343.80
0.9397 0.9484 0.9798 1.0102 1.0399 1.0690 1.0975 1.1256 1.1532 1.1805 1.2074 1.2339 1.2602
P 0.28 MPa (Tsat 1.25°C) 229.46 230.44 238.27 246.13 254.06 262.10 270.27 278.56 286.99 295.57 304.29 313.15 322.16 331.32 340.63 350.09
249.72 250.83 259.68 268.52 277.41 286.38 295.47 304.67 314.00 323.46 333.06 342.80 352.68 362.70 372.87 383.18
0.9321 0.9362 0.9680 0.9987 1.0285 1.0576 1.0862 1.1142 1.1418 1.1690 1.1958 1.2222 1.2483 1.2742 1.2997 1.3250
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.10 MPa (Tsat 26.37°C) 0.19254 0.19841 0.20743 0.21630 0.22506 0.23373 0.24233 0.25088 0.25937 0.26783 0.27626 0.28465 0.29303 0.30138
215.19 219.66 226.75 233.95 241.30 248.79 256.44 264.25 272.22 280.35 288.64 297.08 305.69 314.46
234.44 239.50 247.49 255.58 263.81 272.17 280.68 289.34 298.16 307.13 316.26 325.55 334.99 344.60
0.9518 0.9721 1.0030 1.0332 1.0628 1.0918 1.1203 1.1484 1.1762 1.2035 1.2305 1.2572 1.2836 1.3096
P 0.20 MPa (Tsat 10.09°C) 0.09987 0.09991 0.10481 0.10955 0.11418 0.11874 0.12322 0.12766 0.13206 0.13641 0.14074 0.14504 0.14933
224.48 224.55 232.09 239.67 247.35 255.14 263.08 271.15 279.37 287.73 296.25 304.92 313.74
244.46 244.54 253.05 261.58 270.18 278.89 287.72 296.68 305.78 315.01 324.40 333.93 343.60
0.9377 0.9380 0.9698 1.0004 1.0303 1.0595 1.0882 1.1163 1.1441 1.1714 1.1983 1.2249 1.2512
P 0.32 MPa (Tsat 2.46°C)
v m3/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.14 MPa (Tsat 18.77°C) 0.14014
219.54
239.16
0.9446
0.14605 0.15263 0.15908 0.16544 0.17172 0.17794 0.18412 0.19025 0.19635 0.20242 0.20847 0.21449
225.91 233.23 240.66 248.22 255.93 263.79 271.79 279.96 288.28 296.75 305.38 314.17
246.36 254.60 262.93 271.38 279.97 288.70 297.57 306.59 315.77 325.09 334.57 344.20
0.9724 1.0031 1.0331 1.0624 1.0912 1.1195 1.1474 1.1749 1.2020 1.2288 1.2553 1.2814
P 0.24 MPa (Tsat 5.38°C) 0.08390
227.14
247.28
0.9346
0.08617 0.09026 0.09423 0.09812 0.10193 0.10570 0.10942 0.11310 0.11675 0.12038 0.12398
231.29 238.98 246.74 254.61 262.59 270.71 278.97 287.36 295.91 304.60 313.44
251.97 260.65 269.36 278.16 287.06 296.08 305.23 314.51 323.93 333.49 343.20
0.9519 0.9831 1.0134 1.0429 1.0718 1.1001 1.1280 1.1554 1.1825 1.2092 1.2356
P 0.40 MPa (Tsat 8.91°C)
0.06360
231.52
251.88
0.9301
0.051201
235.07
255.55 0.9269
0.06609 0.06925 0.07231 0.07530 0.07823 0.08111 0.08395 0.08675 0.08953 0.09229 0.09503 0.09775 0.10045 0.10314
237.54 245.50 253.50 261.60 269.82 278.15 286.62 295.22 303.97 312.86 321.89 331.07 340.39 349.86
258.69 267.66 276.65 285.70 294.85 304.11 313.48 322.98 332.62 342.39 352.30 362.35 372.54 382.87
0.9544 0.9856 1.0157 1.0451 1.0739 1.1021 1.1298 1.1571 1.1840 1.2105 1.2367 1.2626 1.2882 1.3135
0.051506 0.054213 0.056796 0.059292 0.061724 0.064104 0.066443 0.068747 0.071023 0.073274 0.075504 0.077717 0.079913 0.082096
235.97 244.18 252.36 260.58 268.90 277.32 285.86 294.53 303.32 312.26 321.33 330.55 339.90 349.41
256.58 265.86 275.07 284.30 293.59 302.96 312.44 322.02 331.73 341.57 351.53 361.63 371.87 382.24
0.9305 0.9628 0.9937 1.0236 1.0528 1.0814 1.1094 1.1369 1.1640 1.1907 1.2171 1.2431 1.2688 1.2942
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a (Continued) T °C
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.50 MPa (Tsat 15.71°C) Sat. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
0.041118 0.042115 0.044338 0.046456 0.048499 0.050485 0.052427 0.054331 0.056205 0.058053 0.059880 0.061687 0.063479 0.065256 0.067021 0.068775
238.75 242.40 250.84 259.26 267.72 276.25 284.89 293.64 302.51 311.50 320.63 329.89 339.29 348.83 358.51 368.33
259.30 263.46 273.01 282.48 291.96 301.50 311.10 320.80 330.61 340.53 350.57 360.73 371.03 381.46 392.02 402.72
0.9240 0.9383 0.9703 1.0011 1.0309 1.0599 1.0883 1.1162 1.1436 1.1705 1.1971 1.2233 1.2491 1.2747 1.2999 1.3249
P 0.80 MPa (Tsat 31.31°C) Sat. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0.025621 0.027035 0.028547 0.029973 0.031340 0.032659 0.033941 0.035193 0.036420 0.037625 0.038813 0.039985 0.041143 0.042290 0.043427 0.044554
246.79 254.82 263.86 272.83 281.81 290.84 299.95 309.15 318.45 327.87 337.40 347.06 356.85 366.76 376.81 386.99
267.29 276.45 286.69 296.81 306.88 316.97 327.10 337.30 347.59 357.97 368.45 379.05 389.76 400.59 411.55 422.64
0.9183 0.9480 0.9802 1.0110 1.0408 1.0698 1.0981 1.1258 1.1530 1.1798 1.2061 1.2321 1.2577 1.2830 1.3080 1.3327
P 1.20 MPa (Tsat 46.29°C) Sat. 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0.016715 0.017201 0.018404 0.019502 0.020529 0.021506 0.022442 0.023348 0.024228 0.025086 0.025927 0.026753 0.027566 0.028367 0.029158
253.81 257.63 267.56 277.21 286.75 296.26 305.80 315.38 325.03 334.77 344.61 354.56 364.61 374.78 385.08
273.87 278.27 289.64 300.61 311.39 322.07 332.73 343.40 354.11 364.88 375.72 386.66 397.69 408.82 420.07
0.9130 0.9267 0.9614 0.9938 1.0248 1.0546 1.0836 1.1118 1.1394 1.1664 1.1930 1.2192 1.2449 1.2703 1.2954
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.60 MPa (Tsat 21.55°C)
v m3/kg
u kJ/kg
h s kJ/kg kJ/kg K
P 0.70 MPa (Tsat 26.69°C)
0.034295
241.83
262.40
0.9218
0.029361
244.48
265.03
0.9199
0.035984 0.037865 0.039659 0.041389 0.043069 0.044710 0.046318 0.047900 0.049458 0.050997 0.052519 0.054027 0.055522 0.057006
249.22 257.86 266.48 275.15 283.89 292.73 301.67 310.73 319.91 329.23 338.67 348.25 357.96 367.81
270.81 280.58 290.28 299.98 309.73 319.55 329.46 339.47 349.59 359.82 370.18 380.66 391.27 402.01
0.9499 0.9816 1.0121 1.0417 1.0705 1.0987 1.1264 1.1536 1.1803 1.2067 1.2327 1.2584 1.2838 1.3088
0.029966 0.031696 0.033322 0.034875 0.036373 0.037829 0.039250 0.040642 0.042010 0.043358 0.044688 0.046004 0.047306 0.048597
247.48 256.39 265.20 274.01 282.87 291.80 300.82 309.95 319.19 328.55 338.04 347.66 357.41 367.29
268.45 278.57 288.53 298.42 308.33 318.28 328.29 338.40 348.60 358.90 369.32 379.86 390.52 401.31
0.9313 0.9641 0.9954 1.0256 1.0549 1.0835 1.1114 1.1389 1.1658 1.1924 1.2186 1.2444 1.2699 1.2951
P 0.90 MPa (Tsat 35.51°C) 0.022683 0.023375 0.024809 0.026146 0.027413 0.028630 0.029806 0.030951 0.032068 0.033164 0.034241 0.035302 0.036349 0.037384 0.038408 0.039423
248.85 253.13 262.44 271.60 280.72 289.86 299.06 308.34 317.70 327.18 336.76 346.46 356.28 366.23 376.31 386.52
269.26 274.17 284.77 295.13 305.39 315.63 325.89 336.19 346.56 357.02 367.58 378.23 389.00 399.88 410.88 422.00
0.9169 0.9327 0.9660 0.9976 1.0280 1.0574 1.0860 1.1140 1.1414 1.1684 1.1949 1.2210 1.2467 1.2721 1.2972 1.3221
P 1.40 MPa (Tsat 52.40°C)
P 1.00 MPa (Tsat 39.37°C) 0.020313 0.020406 0.021796 0.023068 0.024261 0.025398 0.026492 0.027552 0.028584 0.029592 0.030581 0.031554 0.032512 0.033457 0.034392 0.035317
250.68 251.30 260.94 270.32 279.59 288.86 298.15 307.51 316.94 326.47 336.11 345.85 355.71 365.70 375.81 386.04
270.99 271.71 282.74 293.38 303.85 314.25 324.64 335.06 345.53 356.06 366.69 377.40 388.22 399.15 410.20 421.36
0.9156 0.9179 0.9525 0.9850 1.0160 1.0458 1.0748 1.1031 1.1308 1.1580 1.1846 1.2109 1.2368 1.2623 1.2875 1.3124
P 1.60 MPa (Tsat 57.88°C)
0.014107
256.37
276.12
0.9105
0.012123
258.47
277.86
0.9078
0.015005 0.016060 0.017023 0.017923 0.018778 0.019597 0.020388 0.021155 0.021904 0.022636 0.023355 0.024061 0.024757
264.46 274.62 284.51 294.28 304.01 313.76 323.55 333.41 343.34 353.37 363.51 373.75 384.10
285.47 297.10 308.34 319.37 330.30 341.19 352.09 363.02 374.01 385.07 396.20 407.43 418.76
0.9389 0.9733 1.0056 1.0364 1.0661 1.0949 1.1230 1.1504 1.1773 1.2038 1.2298 1.2554 1.2807
0.012372 0.013430 0.014362 0.015215 0.016014 0.016773 0.017500 0.018201 0.018882 0.019545 0.020194 0.020830 0.021456
260.89 271.76 282.09 292.17 302.14 312.07 322.02 332.00 342.05 352.17 362.38 372.69 383.11
280.69 293.25 305.07 316.52 327.76 338.91 350.02 361.12 372.26 383.44 394.69 406.02 417.44
0.9163 0.9535 0.9875 1.0194 1.0500 1.0795 1.1081 1.1360 1.1632 1.1900 1.2163 1.2421 1.2676
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 933
Appendix 1 350
400
kg/m 3 115 0 110 0 105 0 10 00 95 0 90 0 85 0 80 0
300
1200
1250
250
1300
1350
200
1400
1450
10
150
1500
100 20
450
500
550
600
650
700
10
100
120
2
2
32 24
20
1
16 12
0.4
8
0.4
2.4 8
2.4 0
2.3 2
2.2 4
s=
2.0 8
1.92
2.00
1.76
1.84
1.68
1.60
1.52
1.44
1.36
1.28
1.12
1.20
0.96
0.80
0.72
300
0.1
350
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
T = 160°C 160°C 160°
140
120
100
500
550
0.04
0.6
600
650
2.7 2
2.6 4
2.5 6 s=
2.4 8
80
60
40
20
0
–20 –20
400 450 Enthalpy, kJ/kg
0.8
0.4
0.9
0.8
satura ted va por –40 –40
250
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.6
––60 60
200
X=0 .5
0.64
2.4
1.2
0.02
150
0.2
1.6
satur ated liquid s
0.04
0.01 100
4 3.2
––40 40
0.1
1.04
–20 –20
0.2
2.1 6k J/k gK
6
0.88
Pressure, MPa
40
T = 0° 0°C 0°C
1
4
90 70 60 50 40
60
R-134a
750 20
/m33 kg/m 2000kg tyh==20 ensisity DDen 160
0 60 500
80
4
933
300
400
0 70
|
700
0.02
0.3
0.01 750
FIGURE A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a. Note: The reference point used for the chart is different than that used in the R-134a tables. Therefore, problems should be solved using all property data either from the tables or from the chart, but not from both. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 934
Thermodynamics (a) Low pressures, 0 < PR < 1.0 TR = 5.00 3.00
1.0
8.0 0 5 070 0.7 . 5 0.6 0.60
0.9
6.0 0
5.0 0
2.00
4.0 0 3.5 0
3.0 0 2 .6 0 2 .4 0 .2 0 2 2.0 0 1.8 0
0. 80
1.60
1.40 1 .6 0 .5 0 1 1.4 0 1.3 0
0.8 5 0. 9
0
1.30
1.2 0
1.20 1.15
1 .1 0
Pv RT
1.00
0.90
TR = 2.5 Z ≈1.00 TR = 15 ≈ TR = 3.00
NOTE
0.7
0.9 5
v R=
30
REDUCED PRESSURE, P = —– R
T Tcr
TR = —– v vR = ––—––– RTcr / Pcr
20 15
0.4
0.90 0.00
10
0.80
vRr
0.05
0.75 0.10
PR
1953
0.3 0.0
0.85 12
0 0.7
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME,
0.95
5 0.6
REDUCED TEMPERATURE,
Z
CHART No. 1
00..60
0.5
T
2.00 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90
1.0
P Pcr
1.00
0 .7
=
NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
0.6
1.10 0.80 1.0 5
---DEVIATION > 1.0%
R
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, Z = —–
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
REDUCED PRESSURE, P
R
(b) Intermediate pressures, 0 < PR < 7 3.50
1.10 TR = 5.00 00
2.50 2.00
00 60 1.40 1. 20 1.
1.80
2.
00
3.
53.
1.00
0
0.90
Pv RT
|
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR, Z = —–
934
0 1 .0 0 0 .8 0 0 . 7 0 9 .
0 .6
0.80
1.60
0
.5 0 =0 v R 0.45
0 0.4
1.50 1.40 0 0.3 1.30 0.25
0 .3
0.70
5
=0 vR
0.60
.2 0
1.20 0.50
NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
1.15 1.10
0.40
P Pcr
REDUCED PRESSURE, P = —– R
T Tcr v vR = —– RTcr / Pcr
REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T = —– R
1.05
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME,
0.30 1953
TR = 1.00 0.20 0.0
0.5
1.0
CHART No. 2
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
REDUCED PRESSURE, P
R
FIGURE A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart. Used with permission of Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin.
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 935
Appendix 1
|
935
TABLE A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, m
Temperature, °C
Pressure, kPa
Gravity g, m/s2
Speed of Sound, m/s
Density, kg/m3
Viscosity m, kg/m · s
Thermal Conductivity, W/m · K
0 200 400 600 800
15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80
101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08
9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804
340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2
1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134
1.789 1.783 1.777 1.771 1.764
105 105 105 105 105
0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30
89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49
9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801
336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3
1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027
1.758 1.752 1.745 1.739 1.732
105 105 105 105 105
0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19
79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92
9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798
332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4
1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928
1.726 1.720 1.713 1.707 1.700
105 105 105 105 105
0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239
3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
4.49 5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69
70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28
9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795
328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4
0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837
1.694 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.668
105 105 105 105 105
0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234
4000 4200 4400 4600 4800
10.98 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2
61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51
9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792
324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4
0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752
1.661 1.655 1.648 1.642 1.635
105 105 105 105 105
0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
17.5 18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7
54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52
9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785
320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3
0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675
1.628 1.622 1.615 1.608 1.602
105 105 105 105 105
0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223
6000 6200 6400 6600 6800
24.0 25.3 26.6 27.9 29.2
47.22 45.94 44.69 43.47 42.27
9.788 9.788 9.787 9.786 9.785
316.5 315.6 314.8 314.0 313.1
0.660 0.646 0.631 0.617 0.604
1.595 1.588 1.582 1.575 1.568
105 105 105 105 105
0.0222 0.0221 0.0220 0.0219 0.0218
7000 8000 9000
30.5 36.9 43.4
41.11 35.65 30.80
9.785 9.782 9.779
312.3 308.1 303.8
0.590 0.526 0.467
1.561 105 1.527 105 1.493 105
0.0217 0.0212 0.0206
10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000
49.9 56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5
26.50 19.40 14.17 10.53 7.57
9.776 9.770 9.764 9.758 9.751
299.5 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1
0.414 0.312 0.228 0.166 0.122
1.458 1.422 1.422 1.422 1.422
105 105 105 105 105
0.0201 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45° latitude and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 101.325 kPa, T 15°C, r 1.2250 kg/m3, g 9.80665 m2/s.
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 936
936
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air T K
h kJ/kg
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
s° kJ/kg · K
T K
h kJ/kg
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
s° kJ/kg · K
200 210 220 230 240
199.97 209.97 219.97 230.02 240.02
0.3363 0.3987 0.4690 0.5477 0.6355
142.56 149.69 156.82 164.00 171.13
1707.0 1512.0 1346.0 1205.0 1084.0
1.29559 1.34444 1.39105 1.43557 1.47824
580 590 600 610 620
586.04 596.52 607.02 617.53 628.07
14.38 15.31 16.28 17.30 18.36
419.55 427.15 434.78 442.42 450.09
115.7 110.6 105.8 101.2 96.92
2.37348 2.39140 2.40902 2.42644 2.44356
250 260 270 280 285
250.05 260.09 270.11 280.13 285.14
0.7329 0.8405 0.9590 1.0889 1.1584
178.28 185.45 192.60 199.75 203.33
979.0 887.8 808.0 738.0 706.1
1.51917 1.55848 1.59634 1.63279 1.65055
630 640 650 660 670
638.63 649.22 659.84 670.47 681.14
19.84 20.64 21.86 23.13 24.46
457.78 465.50 473.25 481.01 488.81
92.84 88.99 85.34 81.89 78.61
2.46048 2.47716 2.49364 2.50985 2.52589
290 295 298 300 305
290.16 295.17 298.18 300.19 305.22
1.2311 1.3068 1.3543 1.3860 1.4686
206.91 210.49 212.64 214.07 217.67
676.1 647.9 631.9 621.2 596.0
1.66802 1.68515 1.69528 1.70203 1.71865
680 690 700 710 720
691.82 702.52 713.27 724.04 734.82
25.85 27.29 28.80 30.38 32.02
496.62 504.45 512.33 520.23 528.14
75.50 72.56 69.76 67.07 64.53
2.54175 2.55731 2.57277 2.58810 2.60319
310 315 320 325 330
310.24 315.27 320.29 325.31 330.34
1.5546 1.6442 1.7375 1.8345 1.9352
221.25 224.85 228.42 232.02 235.61
572.3 549.8 528.6 508.4 489.4
1.73498 1.75106 1.76690 1.78249 1.79783
730 740 750 760 780
745.62 756.44 767.29 778.18 800.03
33.72 35.50 37.35 39.27 43.35
536.07 544.02 551.99 560.01 576.12
62.13 59.82 57.63 55.54 51.64
2.61803 2.63280 2.64737 2.66176 2.69013
340 350 360 370 380
340.42 350.49 360.58 370.67 380.77
2.149 2.379 2.626 2.892 3.176
242.82 250.02 257.24 264.46 271.69
454.1 422.2 393.4 367.2 343.4
1.82790 1.85708 1.88543 1.91313 1.94001
800 820 840 860 880
821.95 843.98 866.08 888.27 910.56
47.75 52.59 57.60 63.09 68.98
592.30 608.59 624.95 641.40 657.95
48.08 44.84 41.85 39.12 36.61
2.71787 2.74504 2.77170 2.79783 2.82344
390 400 410 420 430
390.88 400.98 411.12 421.26 431.43
3.481 3.806 4.153 4.522 4.915
278.93 286.16 293.43 300.69 307.99
321.5 301.6 283.3 266.6 251.1
1.96633 1.99194 2.01699 2.04142 2.06533
900 920 940 960 980
932.93 955.38 977.92 1000.55 1023.25
75.29 82.05 89.28 97.00 105.2
674.58 691.28 708.08 725.02 741.98
34.31 32.18 30.22 28.40 26.73
2.84856 2.87324 2.89748 2.92128 2.94468
440 450 460 470 480
441.61 451.80 462.02 472.24 482.49
5.332 5.775 6.245 6.742 7.268
315.30 322.62 329.97 337.32 344.70
236.8 223.6 211.4 200.1 189.5
2.08870 2.11161 2.13407 2.15604 2.17760
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
1046.04 1068.89 1091.85 1114.86 1137.89
114.0 123.4 133.3 143.9 155.2
758.94 776.10 793.36 810.62 827.88
25.17 23.72 23.29 21.14 19.98
2.96770 2.99034 3.01260 3.03449 3.05608
490 500 510 520 530
492.74 503.02 513.32 523.63 533.98
7.824 8.411 9.031 9.684 10.37
352.08 359.49 366.92 374.36 381.84
179.7 170.6 162.1 154.1 146.7
2.19876 2.21952 2.23993 2.25997 2.27967
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
1161.07 1184.28 1207.57 1230.92 1254.34
167.1 179.7 193.1 207.2 222.2
845.33 862.79 880.35 897.91 915.57
18.896 17.886 16.946 16.064 15.241
3.07732 3.09825 3.11883 3.13916 3.15916
540 550 560 570
544.35 555.74 565.17 575.59
11.10 11.86 12.66 13.50
389.34 396.86 404.42 411.97
139.7 133.1 127.0 121.2
2.29906 2.31809 2.33685 2.35531
1200 1220 1240
1277.79 1301.31 1324.93
238.0 254.7 272.3
933.33 951.09 968.95
14.470 13.747 13.069
3.17888 3.19834 3.21751
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 937
Appendix 1
|
937
TABLE A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air (Concluded) T K
h kJ/kg
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
s° kJ/kg · K
T K
h kJ/kg
1260 1280
1348.55 1372.24
290.8 310.4
986.90 1004.76
12.435 3.23638 11.835 3.25510
1600 1757.57 1620 1782.00
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
1395.97 1419.76 1443.60 1467.49 1491.44
330.9 352.5 375.3 399.1 424.2
1022.82 1040.88 1058.94 1077.10 1095.26
11.275 10.747 10.247 9.780 9.337
3.27345 3.29160 3.30959 3.32724 3.34474
1640 1660 1680 1700 1750
1806.46 878.9 1830.96 925.6 1855.50 974.2 1880.1 1025 1941.6 1161
1335.72 1354.48 1373.24 1392.7 1439.8
5.355 5.147 4.949 4.761 4.328
3.55381 3.56867 3.58335 3.5979 3.6336
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
1515.42 1539.44 1563.51 1587.63 1611.79
450.5 478.0 506.9 537.1 568.8
1113.52 1131.77 1150.13 1168.49 1186.95
8.919 8.526 8.153 7.801 7.468
3.36200 3.37901 3.39586 3.41247 3.42892
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
2003.3 2065.3 2127.4 2189.7 2252.1
1310 1475 1655 1852 2068
1487.2 1534.9 1582.6 1630.6 1678.7
3.994 3.601 3.295 3.022 2.776
3.6684 3.7023 3.7354 3.7677 3.7994
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
1635.97 1660.23 1684.51 1708.82 1733.17
601.9 636.5 672.8 710.5 750.0
1205.41 1223.87 1242.43 1260.99 1279.65
7.152 6.854 6.569 6.301 6.046
3.44516 3.46120 3.47712 3.49276 3.50829
2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
2314.6 2377.7 2440.3 2503.2 2566.4
2303 2559 2837 3138 3464
1726.8 1775.3 1823.8 1872.4 1921.3
2.555 2.356 2.175 2.012 1.864
3.8303 3.8605 3.8901 3.9191 3.9474
Pr
u kJ/kg
vr
791.2 1298.30 5.804 834.1 1316.96 5.574
s° kJ/kg · K 3.52364 3.53879
Note: The properties Pr (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume. Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 785–86, table A–5. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948).
cen84959_ch18-ap01.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 938
938
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266
0 4,562 4,770 4,979 5,188
0 182.639 183.938 185.180 186.370
600 610 620 630 640
17,563 17,864 18,166 18,468 18,772
12,574 12,792 13,011 13,230 13,450
212.066 212.564 213.055 213.541 214.018
260 270 280 290 298
7,558 7,849 8,141 8,432 8,669
5,396 5,604 5,813 6,021 6,190
187.514 188.614 189.673 190.695 191.502
650 660 670 680 690
19,075 19,380 19,685 19,991 20,297
13,671 13,892 14,114 14,337 14,560
214.489 214.954 215.413 215.866 216.314
300 310 320 330 340
8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,888
6,229 6,437 6,645 6,853 7,061
191.682 192.638 193.562 194.459 195.328
700 710 720 730 740
20,604 20,912 21,220 21,529 21,839
14,784 15,008 15,234 15,460 15,686
216.756 217.192 217.624 218.059 218.472
350 360 370 380 390
10,180 10,471 10,763 11,055 11,347
7,270 7,478 7,687 7,895 8,104
196.173 196.995 197.794 198.572 199.331
750 760 770 780 790
22,149 22,460 22,772 23,085 23,398
15,913 16,141 16,370 16,599 16,830
218.889 219.301 219.709 220.113 220.512
400 410 420 430 440
11,640 11,932 12,225 12,518 12,811
8,314 8,523 8,733 8,943 9,153
200.071 200.794 201.499 202.189 202.863
800 810 820 830 840
23,714 24,027 24,342 24,658 24,974
17,061 17,292 17,524 17,757 17,990
220.907 221.298 221.684 222.067 222.447
450 460 470 480 490
13,105 13,399 13,693 13,988 14,285
9,363 9,574 9,786 9,997 10,210
203.523 204.170 204.803 205.424 206.033
850 860 870 880 890
25,292 25,610 25,928 26,248 26,568
18,224 18,459 18,695 18,931 19,168
222.822 223.194 223.562 223.927 224.288
500 510 520 530 540
14,581 14,876 15,172 15,469 15,766
10,423 10,635 10,848 11,062 11,277
206.630 207.216 207.792 208.358 208.914
900 910 920 930 940
26,890 27,210 27,532 27,854 28,178
19,407 19,644 19,883 20,122 20,362
224.647 225.002 225.353 225.701 226.047
550 560 570 580 590
16,064 16,363 16,662 16,962 17,262
11,492 11,707 11,923 12,139 12,356
209.461 209.999 210.528 211.049 211.562
950 960 970 980 990
28,501 28,826 29,151 29,476 29,803
20,603 20,844 21,086 21,328 21,571
226.389 226.728 227.064 227.398 227.728
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939
TABLE A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
30,129 30,784 31,442 32,101 32,762
21,815 22,304 22,795 23,288 23,782
228.057 228.706 229.344 229.973 230.591
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
56,227 56,938 57,651 58,363 59,075
41,594 42,139 42,685 43,231 43,777
247.396 247.798 248.195 248.589 248.979
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
33,426 34,092 34,760 35,430 36,104
24,280 24,780 25,282 25,786 26,291
231.199 231.799 232.391 232.973 233.549
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
59,790 60,504 61,220 61,936 62,654
44,324 44,873 45,423 45,973 46,524
249.365 249.748 250.128 250.502 250.874
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
36,777 37,452 38,129 38,807 39,488
26,799 27,308 27,819 28,331 28,845
234.115 234.673 235.223 235.766 236.302
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
63,381 64,090 64,810 66,612 68,417
47,075 47,627 48,181 49,567 50,957
251.242 251.607 251.969 252.858 253.726
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
40,170 40,853 41,539 42,227 42,915
29,361 29,378 30,398 30,919 31,441
236.831 237.353 237.867 238.376 238.878
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
70,226 72,040 73,856 75,676 77,496
52,351 53,749 55,149 56,553 57,958
254.578 255.412 256.227 257.027 257.810
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
43,605 44,295 44,988 45,682 46,377
31,964 32,489 33,014 33,543 34,071
239.375 239.865 240.350 240.827 241.301
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
79,320 81,149 82,981 84,814 86,650
59,366 60,779 62,195 63,613 65,033
258.580 259.332 260.073 260.799 261.512
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
47,073 47,771 48,470 49,168 49,869
34,601 35,133 35,665 36,197 36,732
241.768 242.228 242.685 243.137 243.585
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
88,488 90,328 92,171 94,014 95,859
66,455 67,880 69,306 70,734 72,163
262.213 262.902 263.577 264.241 264.895
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
50,571 51,275 51,980 52,686 53,393
37,268 37,806 38,344 38,884 39,424
244.028 244.464 244.896 245.324 245.747
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
97,705 99,556 101,407 103,260 105,115
73,593 75,028 76,464 77,902 79,341
265.538 266.170 266.793 267.404 268.007
1700 1720 1740
54,099 54,807 55,516
39,965 40,507 41,049
246.166 246.580 246.990
3150 3200 3250
106,972 108,830 110,690
80,782 82,224 83,668
268.601 269.186 269.763
Source: Tables A–18 through A–25 are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 787–98. Originally published in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,404 6,694 6,984 7,275
0 4,575 4,782 4,989 5,197
0 196.171 197.461 198.696 199.885
600 610 620 630 640
17,929 18,250 18,572 18,895 19,219
12,940 13,178 13,417 13,657 13,898
226.346 226.877 227.400 227.918 228.429
260 270 280 290 298
7,566 7,858 8,150 8,443 8,682
5,405 5,613 5,822 6,032 6,203
201.027 202.128 203.191 204.218 205.033
650 660 670 680 690
19,544 19,870 20,197 20,524 20,854
14,140 14,383 14,626 14,871 15,116
228.932 229.430 229.920 230.405 230.885
300 310 320 330 340
8,736 9,030 9,325 9,620 9,916
6,242 6,453 6,664 6,877 7,090
205.213 206.177 207.112 208.020 208.904
700 710 720 730 740
21,184 21,514 21,845 22,177 22,510
15,364 15,611 15,859 16,107 16,357
231.358 231.827 232.291 232.748 233.201
350 360 370 380 390
10,213 10,511 10,809 11,109 11,409
7,303 7,518 7,733 7,949 8,166
209.765 210.604 211.423 212.222 213.002
750 760 770 780 790
22,844 23,178 23,513 23,850 24,186
16,607 16,859 17,111 17,364 17,618
233.649 234.091 234.528 234.960 235.387
400 410 420 430 440
11,711 12,012 12,314 12,618 12,923
8,384 8,603 8,822 9,043 9,264
213.765 214.510 215.241 215.955 216.656
800 810 820 830 840
24,523 24,861 25,199 25,537 25,877
17,872 18,126 18,382 18,637 18,893
235.810 236.230 236.644 237.055 237.462
450 460 470 480 490
13,228 13,525 13,842 14,151 14,460
9,487 9,710 9,935 10,160 10,386
217.342 218.016 218.676 219.326 219.963
850 860 870 880 890
26,218 26,559 26,899 27,242 27,584
19,150 19,408 19,666 19,925 20,185
237.864 238.264 238.660 239.051 239.439
500 510 520 530 540
14,770 15,082 15,395 15,708 16,022
10,614 10,842 11,071 11,301 11,533
220.589 221.206 221.812 222.409 222.997
900 910 920 930 940
27,928 28,272 28,616 28,960 29,306
20,445 20,706 20,967 21,228 21,491
239.823 240.203 240.580 240.953 241.323
550 560 570 580 590
16,338 16,654 16,971 17,290 17,609
11,765 11,998 12,232 12,467 12,703
223.576 224.146 224.708 225.262 225.808
950 960 970 980 990
29,652 29,999 30,345 30,692 31,041
21,754 22,017 22,280 22,544 22,809
241.689 242.052 242.411 242.768 242.120
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941
TABLE A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 (Concluded ) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
31,389 32,088 32,789 33,490 34,194
23,075 23,607 24,142 24,677 25,214
243.471 244.164 244.844 245.513 246.171
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
58,880 59,624 60,371 61,118 61,866
44,247 44,825 45,405 45,986 46,568
263.861 264.283 264.701 265.113 265.521
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
34,899 35,606 36,314 37,023 37,734
25,753 26,294 26,836 27,379 27,923
246.818 247.454 248.081 248.698 249.307
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
62,616 63,365 64,116 64,868 65,620
47,151 47,734 48,319 48,904 49,490
265.925 266.326 266.722 267.115 267.505
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
38,447 39,162 39,877 40,594 41,312
28,469 29,018 29,568 30,118 30,670
249.906 250.497 251.079 251.653 252.219
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
66,374 67,127 67,881 69,772 71,668
50,078 50,665 51,253 52,727 54,208
267.891 268.275 268.655 269.588 270.504
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
42,033 42,753 43,475 44,198 44,923
31,224 31,778 32,334 32,891 33,449
252.776 253.325 253.868 254.404 254.932
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
73,573 75,484 77,397 79,316 81,243
55,697 57,192 58,690 60,193 61,704
271.399 272.278 273.136 273.891 274.809
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
45,648 46,374 47,102 47,831 48,561
34,008 34,567 35,129 35,692 36,256
255.454 255.968 256.475 256.978 257.474
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
83,174 85,112 87,057 89,004 90,956
63,219 64,742 66,271 67,802 69,339
275.625 276.424 277.207 277.979 278.738
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
49,292 50,024 50,756 51,490 52,224
36,821 37,387 37,952 38,520 39,088
257.965 258.450 258.928 259.402 259.870
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
92,916 94,881 96,852 98,826 100,808
70,883 72,433 73,987 75,546 77,112
279.485 280.219 280.942 281.654 282.357
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
52,961 53,696 54,434 55,172 55,912
39,658 40,227 40,799 41,370 41,944
260.333 260.791 261.242 261.690 262.132
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
102,793 104,785 106,780 108,778 110,784
78,682 80,258 81,837 83,419 85,009
283.048 283.728 284.399 285.060 285.713
1700 1720 1740
56,652 57,394 58,136
42,517 43,093 43,669
262.571 263.005 263.435
3150 3200 3250
112,795 114,809 116,827
86,601 88,203 89,804
286.355 286.989 287.614
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,601 6,938 7,280 7,627
0 4,772 5,026 5,285 5,548
0 202.966 204.464 205.920 207.337
600 610 620 630 640
22,280 22,754 23,231 23,709 24,190
17,291 17,683 18,076 18,471 18,869
243.199 243.983 244.758 245.524 246.282
260 270 280 290 298
7,979 8,335 8,697 9,063 9,364
5,817 6,091 6,369 6,651 6,885
208.717 210.062 211.376 212.660 213.685
650 660 670 680 690
24,674 25,160 25,648 26,138 26,631
19,270 19,672 20,078 20,484 20,894
247.032 247.773 248.507 249.233 249.952
300 310 320 330 340
9,431 9,807 10,186 10,570 10,959
6,939 7,230 7,526 7,826 8,131
213.915 215.146 216.351 217.534 218.694
700 710 720 730 740
27,125 27,622 28,121 28,622 29,124
21,305 21,719 22,134 22,522 22,972
250.663 251.368 252.065 252.755 253.439
350 360 370 380 390
11,351 11,748 12,148 12,552 12,960
8,439 8,752 9,068 9,392 9,718
219.831 220.948 222.044 223.122 224.182
750 760 770 780 790
29,629 30,135 30,644 31,154 31,665
23,393 23,817 24,242 24,669 25,097
254.117 254.787 255.452 256.110 256.762
400 410 420 430 440
13,372 13,787 14,206 14,628 15,054
10,046 10,378 10,714 11,053 11,393
225.225 226.250 227.258 228.252 229.230
800 810 820 830 840
32,179 32,694 33,212 33,730 34,251
25,527 25,959 26,394 26,829 27,267
257.408 258.048 258.682 259.311 259.934
450 460 470 480 490
15,483 15,916 16,351 16,791 17,232
11,742 12,091 12,444 12,800 13,158
230.194 231.144 232.080 233.004 233.916
850 860 870 880 890
34,773 35,296 35,821 36,347 36,876
27,706 28,125 28,588 29,031 29,476
260.551 261.164 261.770 262.371 262.968
500 510 520 530 540
17,678 18,126 18,576 19,029 19,485
13,521 13,885 14,253 14,622 14,996
234.814 235.700 236.575 237.439 238.292
900 910 920 930 940
37,405 37,935 38,467 39,000 39,535
29,922 30,369 30,818 31,268 31,719
263.559 264.146 264.728 265.304 265.877
550 560 570 580 590
19,945 20,407 20,870 21,337 21,807
15,372 15,751 16,131 16,515 16,902
239.135 239.962 240.789 241.602 242.405
950 960 970 980 990
40,070 40,607 41,145 41,685 42,226
32,171 32,625 33,081 33,537 33,995
266.444 267.007 267.566 268.119 268.670
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943
TABLE A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
42,769 43,859 44,953 46,051 47,153
34,455 35,378 36,306 37,238 38,174
269.215 270.293 271.354 272.400 273.430
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
86,420 87,612 88,806 90,000 91,196
71,787 72,812 73,840 74,868 75,897
301.543 302.217 302.884 303.544 304.198
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
48,258 49,369 50,484 51,602 52,724
39,112 40,057 41,006 41,957 42,913
274.445 275.444 276.430 277.403 278.361
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
92,394 93,593 94,793 95,995 97,197
76,929 77,962 78,996 80,031 81,067
304.845 305.487 306.122 306.751 307.374
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
53,848 54,977 56,108 57,244 58,381
43,871 44,834 45,799 46,768 47,739
297.307 280.238 281.158 282.066 282.962
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
98,401 99,606 100,804 103,835 106,864
82,105 83,144 84,185 86,791 89,404
307.992 308.604 309.210 310.701 312.160
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
59,522 60,666 61,813 62,963 64,116
48,713 49,691 50,672 51,656 52,643
283.847 284.722 285.586 286.439 287.283
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
109,898 112,939 115,984 119,035 122,091
92,023 94,648 97,277 99,912 102,552
313.589 314.988 316.356 317.695 319.011
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
65,271 66,427 67,586 68,748 66,911
53,631 54,621 55,614 56,609 57,606
288.106 288.934 289.743 290.542 291.333
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
125,152 128,219 131,290 134,368 137,449
105,197 107,849 110,504 113,166 115,832
320.302 321.566 322.808 324.026 325.222
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
71,078 72,246 73,417 74,590 76,767
58,606 59,609 60,613 61,620 62,630
292.114 292.888 292.654 294.411 295.161
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
140,533 143,620 146,713 149,808 152,908
118,500 121,172 123,849 126,528 129,212
326.396 327.549 328.684 329.800 330.896
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
76,944 78,123 79,303 80,486 81,670
63,741 64,653 65,668 66,592 67,702
295.901 296.632 297.356 298.072 298.781
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
156,009 159,117 162,226 165,341 168,456
131,898 134,589 137,283 139,982 142,681
331.975 333.037 334.084 335.114 336.126
1700 1720 1740
82,856 84,043 85,231
68,721 69,742 70,764
299.482 300.177 300.863
3150 3200 3250
171,576 174,695 177,822
145,385 148,089 150,801
337.124 338.109 339.069
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A – 21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266
0 4,562 4,771 4,979 5,188
0 188.683 189.980 191.221 192.411
600 610 620 630 640
17,611 17,915 18,221 18,527 18,833
12,622 12,843 13,066 13,289 13,512
218.204 218.708 219.205 219.695 220.179
260 270 280 290 298
7,558 7,849 8,140 8,432 8,669
5,396 5,604 5,812 6,020 6,190
193.554 194.654 195.713 196.735 197.543
650 660 670 680 690
19,141 19,449 19,758 20,068 20,378
13,736 13,962 14,187 14,414 14,641
220.656 221.127 221.592 222.052 222.505
300 310 320 330 340
8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,889
6,229 6,437 6,645 6,854 7,062
197.723 198.678 199.603 200.500 201.371
700 710 720 730 740
20,690 21,002 21,315 21,628 21,943
14,870 15,099 15,328 15,558 15,789
222.953 223.396 223.833 224.265 224.692
350 360 370 380 390
10,181 10,473 10,765 11,058 11,351
7,271 7,480 7,689 7,899 8,108
202.217 203.040 203.842 204.622 205.383
750 760 770 780 790
22,258 22,573 22,890 23,208 23,526
16,022 16,255 16,488 16,723 16,957
225.115 225.533 225.947 226.357 226.762
400 410 420 430 440
11,644 11,938 12,232 12,526 12,821
8,319 8,529 8,740 8,951 9,163
206.125 206.850 207.549 208.252 208.929
800 810 820 830 840
23,844 24,164 24,483 24,803 25,124
17,193 17,429 17,665 17,902 18,140
227.162 227.559 227.952 228.339 228.724
450 460 470 480 490
13,116 13,412 13,708 14,005 14,302
9,375 9,587 9,800 10,014 10,228
209.593 210.243 210.880 211.504 212.117
850 860 870 880 890
25,446 25,768 26,091 26,415 26,740
18,379 18,617 18,858 19,099 19,341
229.106 229.482 229.856 230.227 230.593
500 510 520 530 540
14,600 14,898 15,197 15,497 15,797
10,443 10,658 10,874 11,090 11,307
212.719 213.310 213.890 214.460 215.020
900 910 920 930 940
27,066 27,392 27,719 28,046 28,375
19,583 19,826 20,070 20,314 20,559
230.957 231.317 231.674 232.028 232.379
550 560 570 580 590
16,097 16,399 16,701 17,003 17,307
11,524 11,743 11,961 12,181 12,401
215.572 216.115 216.649 217.175 217.693
950 960 970 980 990
28,703 29,033 29,362 29,693 30,024
20,805 21,051 21,298 21,545 21,793
232.727 233.072 233.413 233.752 234.088
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945
TABLE A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
30,355 31,020 31,688 32,357 33,029
22,041 22,540 23,041 23,544 24,049
234.421 235.079 235.728 236.364 236.992
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
56,756 57,473 58,191 58,910 59,629
42,123 42,673 43,225 43,778 44,331
253.991 254.398 254.797 255.194 255.587
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
33,702 34,377 35,054 35,733 36,406
24,557 25,065 25,575 26,088 26,602
237.609 238.217 238.817 239.407 239.989
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
60,351 61,072 61,794 62,516 63,238
44,886 45,441 45,997 46,552 47,108
255.976 256.361 256.743 257.122 257.497
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
37,095 37,780 38,466 39,154 39,844
27,118 27,637 28,426 28,678 29,201
240.663 241.128 241.686 242.236 242.780
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
63,961 64,684 65,408 67,224 69,044
47,665 48,221 48,780 50,179 51,584
257.868 258.236 258.600 259.494 260.370
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
40,534 41,226 41,919 42,613 43,309
29,725 30,251 30,778 31,306 31,836
243.316 243.844 244.366 244.880 245.388
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
70,864 72,688 74,516 76,345 78,178
52,988 54,396 55,809 57,222 58,640
261.226 262.065 262.887 263.692 264.480
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
44,007 44,707 45,408 46,110 46,813
32,367 32,900 33,434 33,971 34,508
245.889 246.385 246.876 247.360 247.839
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
80,015 81,852 83,692 85,537 87,383
60,060 61,482 62,906 64,335 65,766
265.253 266.012 266.755 267.485 268.202
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
47,517 48,222 48,928 49,635 50,344
35,046 35,584 36,124 36,665 37,207
248.312 248.778 249.240 249.695 250.147
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
89,230 91,077 92,930 94,784 96,639
67,197 68,628 70,066 71,504 72,945
268.905 269.596 270.285 270.943 271.602
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
51,053 51,763 52,472 53,184 53,895
37,750 38,293 38,837 39,382 39,927
250.592 251.033 251.470 251.901 252.329
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
98,495 100,352 102,210 104,073 105,939
74,383 75,825 77,267 78,715 80,164
272.249 272.884 273.508 274.123 274.730
1700 1720 1740
54,609 55,323 56,039
40,474 41,023 41,572
252.751 253.169 253.582
3150 3200 3250
107,802 109,667 111,534
81,612 83,061 84,513
275.326 275.914 276.494
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 260 270 280 290
0 7,370 7,657 7,945 8,233
0 5,209 5,412 5,617 5,822
0 126.636 127.719 128.765 129.775
1440 1480 1520 1560 1600
42,808 44,091 45,384 46,683 47,990
30,835 31,786 32,746 33,713 34,687
177.410 178.291 179.153 179.995 180.820
298 300 320 340 360
8,468 8,522 9,100 9,680 10,262
5,989 6,027 6,440 6,853 7,268
130.574 130.754 132.621 134.378 136.039
1640 1680 1720 1760 1800
49,303 50,622 51,947 53,279 54,618
35,668 36,654 37,646 38,645 39,652
181.632 182.428 183.208 183.973 184.724
380 400 420 440 460
10,843 11,426 12,010 12,594 13,179
7,684 8,100 8,518 8,936 9,355
137.612 139.106 140.529 141.888 143.187
1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
55,962 57,311 58,668 60,031 61,400
40,663 41,680 42,705 43,735 44,771
185.463 186.190 186.904 187.607 188.297
480 500 520 560 600
13,764 14,350 14,935 16,107 17,280
9,773 10,193 10,611 11,451 12,291
144.432 145.628 146.775 148.945 150.968
2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
63,119 64,847 66,584 68,328 70,080
46,074 47,386 48,708 50,037 51,373
189.148 189.979 190.796 191.598 192.385
640 680 720 760 800
18,453 19,630 20,807 21,988 23,171
13,133 13,976 14,821 15,669 16,520
152.863 154.645 156.328 157.923 159.440
2300 2350 2400 2450 2500
71,839 73,608 75,383 77,168 78,960
52,716 54,069 55,429 56,798 58,175
193.159 193.921 194.669 195.403 196.125
840 880 920 960 1000
24,359 25,551 26,747 27,948 29,154
17,375 18,235 19,098 19,966 20,839
160.891 162.277 163.607 164.884 166.114
2550 2600 2650 2700 2750
80,755 82,558 84,368 86,186 88,008
59,554 60,941 62,335 63,737 65,144
196.837 197.539 198.229 198.907 199.575
1040 1080 1120 1160 1200
30,364 31,580 32,802 34,028 35,262
21,717 22,601 23,490 24,384 25,284
167.300 168.449 169.560 170.636 171.682
2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
89,838 91,671 93,512 95,358 97,211
66,558 67,976 69,401 70,831 72,268
200.234 200.885 201.527 202.157 202.778
1240 1280 1320 1360 1400
36,502 37,749 39,002 40,263 41,530
26,192 27,106 28,027 28,955 29,889
172.698 173.687 174.652 175.593 176.510
3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
99,065 100,926 102,793 104,667 106,545
73,707 75,152 76,604 78,061 79,523
203.391 203.995 204.592 205.181 205.765
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947
TABLE A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 220 230 240 250
0 7,295 7,628 7,961 8,294
0 5,466 5,715 5,965 6,215
0 178.576 180.054 181.471 182.831
600 610 620 630 640
20,402 20,765 21,130 21,495 21,862
15,413 15,693 15,975 16,257 16,541
212.920 213.529 214.122 214.707 215.285
260 270 280 290 298
8,627 8,961 9,296 9,631 9,904
6,466 6,716 6,968 7,219 7,425
184.139 185.399 186.616 187.791 188.720
650 660 670 680 690
22,230 22,600 22,970 23,342 23,714
16,826 17,112 17,399 17,688 17,978
215.856 216.419 216.976 217.527 218.071
300 310 320 330 340
9,966 10,302 10,639 10,976 11,314
7,472 7,725 7,978 8,232 8,487
188.928 190.030 191.098 192.136 193.144
700 710 720 730 740
24,088 24,464 24,840 25,218 25,597
18,268 18,561 18,854 19,148 19,444
218.610 219.142 219.668 220.189 220.707
350 360 370 380 390
11,652 11,992 12,331 12,672 13,014
8,742 8,998 9,255 9,513 9,771
194.125 195.081 196.012 196.920 197.807
750 760 770 780 790
25,977 26,358 26,741 27,125 27,510
19,741 20,039 20,339 20,639 20,941
221.215 221.720 222.221 222.717 223.207
400 410 420 430 440
13,356 13,699 14,043 14,388 14,734
10,030 10,290 10,551 10,813 11,075
198.673 199.521 200.350 201.160 201.955
800 810 820 830 840
27,896 28,284 28,672 29,062 29,454
21,245 21,549 21,855 22,162 22,470
223.693 224.174 224.651 225.123 225.592
450 460 470 480 490
15,080 15,428 15,777 16,126 16,477
11,339 11,603 11,869 12,135 12,403
202.734 203.497 204.247 204.982 205.705
850 860 870 880 890
29,846 30,240 30,635 31,032 31,429
22,779 23,090 23,402 23,715 24,029
226.057 226.517 226.973 227.426 227.875
500 510 520 530 540
16,828 17,181 17,534 17,889 18,245
12,671 12,940 13,211 13,482 13,755
206.413 207.112 207.799 208.475 209.139
900 910 920 930 940
31,828 32,228 32,629 33,032 33,436
24,345 24,662 24,980 25,300 25,621
228.321 228.763 229.202 229.637 230.070
550 560 570 580 590
18,601 18,959 19,318 19,678 20,039
14,028 14,303 14,579 14,856 15,134
209.795 210.440 211.075 211.702 212.320
950 960 970 980 990
33,841 34,247 34,653 35,061 35,472
25,943 26,265 26,588 26,913 27,240
230.499 230.924 231.347 231.767 232.184
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O (Concluded ) _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
35,882 36,709 37,542 38,380 39,223
27,568 28,228 28,895 29,567 30,243
232.597 233.415 234.223 235.020 235.806
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
70,535 71,523 72,513 73,507 74,506
55,902 56,723 57,547 58,375 59,207
258.151 258.708 259.262 259.811 260.357
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
40,071 40,923 41,780 42,642 43,509
30,925 31,611 32,301 32,997 33,698
236.584 237.352 238.110 238.859 239.600
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
75,506 76,511 77,517 78,527 79,540
60,042 60,880 61,720 62,564 63,411
260.898 261.436 261.969 262.497 263.022
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
44,380 45,256 46,137 47,022 47,912
34,403 35,112 35,827 36,546 37,270
240.333 241.057 241.773 242.482 243.183
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
80,555 81,573 82,593 85,156 87,735
64,259 65,111 65,965 68,111 70,275
263.542 264.059 264.571 265.838 267.081
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
48,807 49,707 50,612 51,521 52,434
38,000 38,732 39,470 40,213 40,960
243.877 244.564 245.243 245.915 246.582
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
90,330 92,940 95,562 98,199 100,846
72,454 74,649 76,855 79,076 81,308
268.301 269.500 270.679 271.839 272.978
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
53,351 54,273 55,198 56,128 57,062
41,711 42,466 43,226 43,989 44,756
247.241 247.895 248.543 249.185 249.820
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
103,508 106,183 108,868 111,565 114,273
83,553 85,811 88,082 90,364 92,656
274.098 275.201 276.286 277.354 278.407
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
57,999 58,942 59,888 60,838 61,792
45,528 46,304 47,084 47,868 48,655
250.450 251.074 251.693 252.305 252.912
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
116,991 119,717 122,453 125,198 127,952
94,958 97,269 99,588 101,917 104,256
279.441 280.462 281.464 282.453 283.429
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
62,748 63,709 64,675 65,643 66,614
49,445 50,240 51,039 51,841 52,646
253.513 254.111 254.703 255.290 255.873
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
130,717 133,486 136,264 139,051 141,846
106,605 108,959 111,321 113,692 116,072
284.390 285.338 286.273 287.194 288.102
1700 1720 1740
67,589 68,567 69,550
53,455 54,267 55,083
256.450 257.022 257.589
3150 3200 3250
144,648 147,457 150,272
118,458 120,851 123,250
288.999 289.884 290.756
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949
TABLE A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O _ _ _ T h u s° K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0 160.944 161.079 172.088 186.678 195.143 196.488 197.751 198.941 200.067 201.135 201.649 202.151 202.641 203.119 203.588 204.045 204.493
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
50,894 51,936 52,979 54,021 55,064 56,108 57,152 58,196 59,241 60,286 61,332 62,378 63,425 65,520 67,619 69,720 71,824 73,932
30,940 31,566 32,193 32,820 33,447 34,075 34,703 35,332 35,961 36,590 37,220 37,851 38,482 39,746 41,013 42,283 43,556 44,832
204.932 205.362 205.783 206.196 206.601 206.999 207.389 207.772 208.148 208.518 208.882 209.240 209.592 210.279 210.945 211.592 212.220 212.831
Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH _ _ T h u K kJ/kmol kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
T K
_ h kJ/kmol
_ u kJ/kmol
_ s° kJ/kmol · K
0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0 183.594 183.779 198.955 219.624 232.506 234.642 236.672 238.606 240.453 242.221 243.077 243.917 244.740 245.547 246.338 247.116 247.879
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
77,015 78,801 80,592 82,388 84,189 85,995 87,806 89,622 91,442 93,266 95,095 96,927 98,763 102,447 106,145 109,855 113,578 117,312
57,061 58,431 59,806 61,186 62,572 63,962 65,358 66,757 68,162 69,570 70,983 72,400 73,820 76,673 79,539 82,418 85,309 88,212
248.628 249.364 250.088 250.799 251.499 252.187 252.864 253.530 254.186 254.832 255.468 256.094 256.712 257.919 259.093 260.235 261.347 262.429
0 6,852 6,892 11,197 21,713 32,150 34,234 36,317 38,400 40,482 42,564 43,605 44,646 45,687 46,728 47,769 48,811 49,852
0 4,373 4,398 7,040 13,398 19,679 20,931 22,183 23,434 24,685 25,935 26,560 27,186 27,811 28,436 29,062 29,688 30,314
TABLE A–25
0 9,188 9,244 15,181 30,123 46,046 49,358 52,706 56,089 59,505 62,952 64,687 66,428 68,177 69,932 71,694 73,462 75,236
0 6,709 6,749 11,024 21,809 33,575 36,055 38,571 41,123 43,708 46,323 47,642 48,968 50,301 51,641 52,987 54,339 55,697
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Thermodynamics TABLE A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm _ _ _ gf° s° hf° Substance Formula kJ/kmol kJ/kmol kJ/kmol · K Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Water Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane n-Butane n-Octane n-Octane n-Dodecane Benzene Methyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Hydroxyl
C(s) H2(g) N2(g) O2(g) CO(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) H2O() H2O2(g) NH3(g) CH4(g) C2H2(g) C2H4(g) C2H6(g) C3H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C8H18(g) C8H18() C12H26(g) C6H6(g) CH3OH(g) CH3OH() C2H5OH(g) C2H5OH() O(g) H(g) N(g) OH(g)
0 0 0 0 110,530 393,520 241,820 285,830 136,310 46,190 74,850 +226,730 +52,280 84,680 +20,410 103,850 126,150 208,450 249,950 291,010 +82,930 200,670 238,660 235,310 277,690 +249,190 +218,000 +472,650 +39,460
0 0 0 0 137,150 394,360 228,590 237,180 105,600 16,590 50,790 +209,170 +68,120 32,890 +62,720 23,490 15,710 +16,530 +6,610 +50,150 +129,660 162,000 166,360 168,570 174,890 +231,770 +203,290 +455,510 +34,280
5.74 130.68 191.61 205.04 197.65 213.80 188.83 69.92 232.63 192.33 186.16 200.85 219.83 229.49 266.94 269.91 310.12 466.73 360.79 622.83 269.20 239.70 126.80 282.59 160.70 161.06 114.72 153.30 183.70
Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971); Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953).
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951
TABLE A–27 Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
Fuel (phase)
Formula
Molar mass, kg/kmol
Carbon (s) Hydrogen (g) Carbon monoxide (g) Methane (g) Methanol () Acetylene (g) Ethane (g) Ethanol () Propane () Butane () 1-Pentene () Isopentane () Benzene () Hexene () Hexane () Toluene () Heptane () Octane () Decane () Gasoline () Light diesel () Heavy diesel () Natural gas (g)
C H2 CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 CnH1.87n CnH1.8n CnH1.7n CnH3.8nN0.1n
12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18
Density,1 kg/L 2 — — — 0.790 — — 0.790 0.500 0.579 0.641 0.626 0.877 0.673 0.660 0.867 0.684 0.703 0.730 0.72–0.78 0.78–0.84 0.82–0.88 —
1At
1 atm and 20°C.
2At
25°C for liquid fuels, and 1 atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels.
3At
25°C. Multiply by molar mass to obtain heating values in kJ/kmol.
Enthalpy of vaporization,2 kJ/kg
Specific heat,1 cp kJ/kg · K
Higher heating value,3 kJ/kg
Lower heating value,3 kJ/kg
— — — 509 1168 — 172 919 335 362 363 — 433 392 366 412 365 363 361 350 270 230 —
0.708 14.4 1.05 2.20 2.53 1.69 1.75 2.44 2.77 2.42 2.20 2.32 1.72 1.84 2.27 1.71 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.4 2.2 1.9 2
32,800 141,800 10,100 55,530 22,660 49,970 51,900 29,670 50,330 49,150 47,760 48,570 41,800 47,500 48,310 42,400 48,100 47,890 47,640 47,300 46,100 45,500 50,000
32,800 120,000 10,100 50,050 19,920 48,280 47,520 26,810 46,340 45,370 44,630 44,910 40,100 44,400 44,740 40,500 44,600 44,430 44,240 44,000 43,200 42,800 45,000
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant Kp The equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction nA A + nB B ∆ nC C + nD D is defined as Kp ≡
PCnC PDnD PAnA PBnB
Temp., K
H2 ∆ 2H
O2 ∆ 2O
N2 ∆ 2N
298 164.005 500 92.827 1000 39.803 1200 30.874 1400 24.463 1600 19.637 1800 15.866 2000 12.840 2200 10.353 2400 8.276 2600 6.517 2800 5.002 3000 3.685 3200 2.534 3400 1.516 3600 0.609 3800 0.202 4000 0.934 4500 2.486 5000 3.725 5500 4.743 6000 5.590
186.975 105.630 45.150 35.005 27.742 22.285 18.030 14.622 11.827 9.497 7.521 5.826 4.357 3.072 1.935 0.926 0.019 0.796 2.513 3.895 5.023 5.963
367.480 213.372 99.127 80.011 66.329 56.055 48.051 41.645 36.391 32.011 28.304 25.117 22.359 19.937 17.800 15.898 14.199 12.660 9.414 6.807 4.666 2.865
H2O ∆ H2 + 1/2O2
H2O ∆ 1/2H2 + OH
CO2 ∆ CO + 1/2O2
92.208 52.691 23.163 18.182 14.609 11.921 9.826 8.145 6.768 5.619 4.648 3.812 3.086 2.451 1.891 1.392 0.945 0.542 0.312 0.996 1.560 2.032
106.208 60.281 26.034 20.283 16.099 13.066 10.657 8.728 7.148 5.832 4.719 3.763 2.937 2.212 1.576 1.088 0.501 0.044 0.920 1.689 2.318 2.843
103.762 57.616 23.529 17.871 13.842 10.830 8.497 6.635 5.120 3.860 2.801 1.894 1.111 0.429 0.169 0.701 1.176 1.599 2.490 3.197 3.771 4.245
1/ N 2 2
+ 1/2O2 ∆ NO 35.052 20.295 9.388 7.569 6.270 5.294 4.536 3.931 3.433 3.019 2.671 2.372 2.114 1.888 1.690 1.513 1.356 1.216 0.921 0.686 0.497 0.341
Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 723, table A.14. Based on thermodynamic data given in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Thermal Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 1971).
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Appendix 1 7.5
|
953
0.50
7.0
0.55 T
0.60
R
6.5 0.65 0.70
6.0 Sa tur ate d
5.5
0.75 0.80
liq uid
0.90
5.0
0.94 0.92 0.98 0.96 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.75
4.5 0.85 0.90
1.10 1.15
0.92
3.5
0.94
1.20
0.96
1.25
3.0 1.30 0.98
2.5
1.40
2.0
1.50 1.60
1.5
ted ura Sat .90 0
0.5
1.1 1.2 0 0
or vap 5 0.9
1.90 2.00 2.20
0 .3
1
1.
1.0
00
1.70 1.80
2.40 2.60
0
1.5
2.80 3.00
2.00
4.00
0
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0 4.0 5.0
10
20
30
Reduced pressure, PR
0.500
0.400
=
TR
0 0.9 0 9
=
0.
0. 80
TR
0.300
0 1.0
SSa attuu rraa tteed dv vaap poo urr
0.1
–– –– hideal – h hideal – h = ————– Enthalpy departure Zh = ————– RuTcr RTcr
–– –– hideal – h hideal – h = ————– Enthalpy departure Zh = ————– RuTcr RTcr
0.80
4.0
0.85
0.200
1.10 1.20 1.40 1.60
0.100
FIGURE A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart.
2.00 0.000 0
0.05
0.10
0.15 P
R
0.20
0.25
0.30
Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 558, fig. C.2, and p. 561, fig. C.5.
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Thermodynamics
Entropy departure
10.0
9.0
TRr
8.0
0.500
rr poou .90 vaap ddv =0 e e t t aa T r R r u ttu SSaa 0 1.0
0.400 0.300
0. 80
|
sideal – s sideal – s = ————– Zs = ————– Ru R
954
0.200 0.100 0.000 0
1.10 1.20 1.40 1.60 2.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 PR
7.0 0.55 0.60 sid igqau dedl artaet tautru SSa
sideal – s sideal – s = ————– Entropy departure Zs = ————– Ru R
0.50
6.0
0.65 0.70
5.0
0.75
0.75
0.80
0.80 0.85
4.0
0.90 0.90
0.94
0.92 0.98
0.92 0.96
0.94
1.00
1.02
0.96
0.85
3.0
0.94 0.98
1.04
1.02
1.06 1.08
0.98
1.06
1.10 1.15
2.0 1.20
1.30
Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 559, fig. C.3, and p. 561, fig. C.5.
1.0
1.0.95 00
FIGURE A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart.
or ted vap 0 Satura 0.9
0 0.1
0.2
0.3 0.40.5
4 1.0 .10 1 1.20 1.40 1.60
1.0
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.80
2.00 3.00
2.50
2.0
3.0 4.0 5.0
Reduced pressure, P
R
10
20
30
5
10
50
En
a th
10
15
pe
n tio ra
u
t Sa
jo ilo )k (h 60 y lp
es ul
m te
80
4 0.8
% 6
6 0.8
% 50 %
40
Dry bulb temperature °C
20
0%
30%
umid lative h
30
10% re
re °
ity
atu
per
em
lb t
t bu
we
20%
25
8 0.8
2 0.8
0 0.8
8 0.7
C
40
2
4
6
8
50
10
12
14
16
18
20
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0.95 1.0
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
|
m
0 0.9
Reprinted by permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA; used with permission.
20
25
22
24
26
28
30
0.36
Appendix 1
FIGURE A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure.
15
C e° 20
ur
at
r pe
am gr ilo 70 rk
y
dr
r
ai
30
0.9
Prepared by Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho.
10
2.0
5
30
40
Enthalpy ∆h —————— = —— Humidity ratio ∆
2.5
pe dry
0
0
30
ram
20
4.0
0.4
90
100 4 0.9
0
5.0 3 0.
10.0
– 0.2
–• 1.0 1.5 – 5.0 2.0 4.0 – 2.0 ∆HS – • Sensible heat —————– = —— – 24.0 0.0 Total heat ∆HT – .0 1.0 1.0 0.2
3.0
1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
0.1
•
%
Sea Level
.5
%
–0
90
olu 2v eter
80
©1992 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
cm
bi e cu
70
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 Normal Temperature Barometric Pressure: 101.325 kPa
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log r ki air
∆HS Sensible heat —————– = —— Total heat ∆HT Humidity ratio () grams moisture per kilogram dry air
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k1 Ma* Ma B 2 (k 1)Ma2 0.5(k1)(k1) A 1 2 k1 ca b a1 Ma2bd A* Ma k 1 2 k(k1) P k1 a1 Ma2b P0 2 1(k1) r k1 a1 Ma2b r0 2 1 T k1 a1 Ma2b T0 2
TABLE A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressible flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4 Ma
Ma*
A/A*
P/P0
r/r0
T/T0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 5.0
0 0.1094 0.2182 0.3257 0.4313 0.5345 0.6348 0.7318 0.8251 0.9146 1.0000 1.1583 1.2999 1.4254 1.5360 1.6330 1.7179 1.7922 1.8571 1.9140 1.9640 2.2361 2.2495
5.8218 2.9635 2.0351 1.5901 1.3398 1.1882 1.0944 1.0382 1.0089 1.0000 1.0304 1.1149 1.2502 1.4390 1.6875 2.0050 2.4031 2.8960 3.5001 4.2346 25.000
1.0000 0.9930 0.9725 0.9395 0.8956 0.8430 0.7840 0.7209 0.6560 0.5913 0.5283 0.4124 0.3142 0.2353 0.1740 0.1278 0.0935 0.0684 0.0501 0.0368 0.0272 0.0019 0
1.0000 0.9950 0.9803 0.9564 0.9243 0.8852 0.8405 0.7916 0.7400 0.6870 0.6339 0.5311 0.4374 0.3557 0.2868 0.2300 0.1841 0.1472 0.1179 0.0946 0.0760 0.0113 0
1.0000 0.9980 0.9921 0.9823 0.9690 0.9524 0.9328 0.9107 0.8865 0.8606 0.8333 0.7764 0.7184 0.6614 0.6068 0.5556 0.5081 0.4647 0.4252 0.3894 0.3571 0.1667 0
3.0 A/A*
Compressible flow functions
2.5
2.0 Ma* 1.5
1.0
T/T0
0.5
r/r* P/P0 0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 Ma
2.0
2.5
3.0
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Appendix 1 T01 T02
|
957
TABLE A–33
(k 1)Ma21 2 Ma2 B 2kMa21 k 1
One-dimensional normal shock functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4
P 2 1 kMa21 2kMa21 k 1 P 1 1 kMa22 k1 r 2 P 2P 1 (k V1 r1 T2T1 2 (k 1)Ma21 V2 1)Ma21
T2 2 Ma21(k 1) T1 2 Ma22(k 1) P 02 Ma1 1 Ma22(k 1)2 (k 1)/[2(k 1)] c d P 01 Ma2 1 Ma21(k 1)2 P 02 (1 kMa21)[1 Ma22(k 1)2]k(k1) P1 1 kMa22
Ma1
Ma2
P2/P1
r2/r1
T2/T1
P02/P01
P02/P1
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 4.0 5.0
1.0000 0.9118 0.8422 0.7860 0.7397 0.7011 0.6684 0.6405 0.6165 0.5956 0.5774 0.5613 0.5471 0.5344 0.5231 0.5130 0.5039 0.4956 0.4882 0.4814 0.4752 0.4350 0.4152 0.3780
1.0000 1.2450 1.5133 1.8050 2.1200 2.4583 2.8200 3.2050 3.6133 4.0450 4.5000 4.9783 5.4800 6.0050 6.5533 7.1250 7.7200 8.3383 8.9800 9.6450 10.3333 18.5000 29.000
1.0000 1.1691 1.3416 1.5157 1.6897 1.8621 2.0317 2.1977 2.3592 2.5157 2.6667 2.8119 2.9512 3.0845 3.2119 3.3333 3.4490 3.5590 3.6636 3.7629 3.8571 4.5714 5.0000 6.0000
1.0000 1.0649 1.1280 1.1909 1.2547 1.3202 1.3880 1.4583 1.5316 1.6079 1.6875 1.7705 1.8569 1.9468 2.0403 2.1375 2.2383 2.3429 2.4512 2.5632 2.6790 4.0469 5.8000
1.0000 0.9989 0.9928 0.9794 0.9582 0.9298 0.8952 0.8557 0.8127 0.7674 0.7209 0.6742 0.6281 0.5833 0.5401 0.4990 0.4601 0.4236 0.3895 0.3577 0.3283 0.1388 0.0617 0
1.8929 2.1328 2.4075 2.7136 3.0492 3.4133 3.8050 4.2238 4.6695 5.1418 5.6404 6.1654 6.7165 7.2937 7.8969 8.5261 9.1813 9.8624 10.5694 11.3022 12.0610 21.0681 32.6335
5.0 P02 /P1
P2 /P1
Normal shock functions
4.0
r2 /r1
3.0 T2/T1
2.0
1.0 Ma2 P02/P01 0 1.0
1.5
2.0 Ma1
2.5
3.0
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Thermodynamics
T0 (k 1)Ma2[2 (k 1)Ma2] T 0* (1 kMa2)2
TABLE A–34
P0 2 (k 1)Ma2 k(k1) k1 a b 2 P*0 1 kMa k1
Ma
T0/T 0*
P0/P 0*
T/T*
P/P*
V/V*
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
0.0000 0.0468 0.1736 0.3469 0.5290 0.6914 0.8189 0.9085 0.9639 0.9921 1.0000 0.9787 0.9343 0.8842 0.8363 0.7934 0.7561 0.7242 0.6970 0.6738 0.6540
1.2679 1.2591 1.2346 1.1985 1.1566 1.1141 1.0753 1.0431 1.0193 1.0049 1.0000 1.0194 1.0777 1.1756 1.3159 1.5031 1.7434 2.0451 2.4177 2.8731 3.4245
0.0000 0.0560 0.2066 0.4089 0.6151 0.7901 0.9167 0.9929 1.0255 1.0245 1.0000 0.9118 0.8054 0.7017 0.6089 0.5289 0.4611 0.4038 0.3556 0.3149 0.2803
2.4000 2.3669 2.2727 2.1314 1.9608 1.7778 1.5957 1.4235 1.2658 1.1246 1.0000 0.7958 0.6410 0.5236 0.4335 0.3636 0.3086 0.2648 0.2294 0.2004 0.1765
0.0000 0.0237 0.0909 0.1918 0.3137 0.4444 0.5745 0.6975 0.8101 0.9110 1.0000 1.1459 1.2564 1.3403 1.4046 1.4545 1.4938 1.5252 1.5505 1.5711 1.5882
1k P P* 1 kMa2 r* (1 k)Ma2 V r V* 1 kMa2
3.5 P0 /P0* 3.0
2.5 Rayleigh flow functions
Ma(1 k) 2 T a b T* 1 kMa2
Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal gas with k 1.4
2.0
V/V * 1.5
1.0 T0 /T 0* 0.5
T/T * P/P*
0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 Ma
2.0
2.5
3.0
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Appendix 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS)
Table A–1E Table A–2E Table A–3E Table A–4E Table A–5E Table A–6E Table A–7E Table A–8E Figure A–9E Figure A–10E Table A–11E Table A–12E Table A–13E Figure A–14E
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Saturated water—Temperature table Saturated water—Pressure table Superheated water Compressed liquid water Saturated ice–water vapor T-s diagram for water Mollier diagram for water Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Superheated refrigerant-134a P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a
Table A–16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Table A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 Table A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 Table A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO Table A–22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 Table A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O Table A–26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 77°C, 1 atm Table A–27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons Figure A–31E Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure
|
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TABLE A–1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Substance
Formula
Molar mass, M lbm/lbmol
Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n-Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene Sulfur dioxide Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) Water Xenon
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.020 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.178 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30
Gas constant, R ft3/
Critical-point properties
Btu/ lbm · R*
psia · lbm · R*
Temperature, R
0.06855 0.1166 0.04971 0.02542 0.01243 0.03417 0.04513 0.07090 0.01291 0.02801 0.01664 0.01643 0.01930 0.06616 0.04311 0.07079 0.4961 0.02305 0.9851 0.02370 0.1238 0.06198 0.03934 0.09840 0.07090 0.04512 0.06206 0.04504 0.04719 0.03100 0.01946 0.01446 0.1102 0.01513
0.3704 0.6301 0.2686 0.1374 0.06714 0.1846 0.2438 0.3831 0.06976 0.1517 0.08988 0.08874 0.1043 0.3574 0.2329 0.3825 2.6809 0.1245 5.3224 0.1280 0.6688 0.3349 0.2125 0.5316 0.3830 0.2438 0.3353 0.2433 0.2550 1.1675 0.1052 0.07811 0.5956 0.08172
238.5 729.8 272 1012 1052 765.2 547.5 240 1001.5 751 965.8 692.4 813.0 549.8 929.0 508.3 9.5 914.2 59.9 376.9 343.9 923.7 749.3 80.1 227.1 557.4 278.6 665.9 656.9 775.2 673.6 848.1 1164.8 521.55
Pressure, psia 547 1636 705 714 1500 551 1071 507 661 1120 794 582 749 708 926 742 33.2 439 188.1 798 673 1154 968 395 492 1054 736 617 670 1143 588.7 635 3200 852
Volume, ft3/lbmol 1.41 1.16 1.20 4.17 2.17 4.08 1.51 1.49 4.42 1.99 3.85 3.49 3.16 2.37 2.68 1.99 0.926 5.89 1.04 1.48 1.59 1.89 2.29 0.668 1.44 1.54 1.25 3.20 2.90 1.95 3.19 3.97 0.90 1.90
*Calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 1.98588 Btu/lbmol · R 10.7316 psia · ft3/lbmol · R and M is the molar mass. Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236, and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
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Appendix 2
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TABLE A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a) At 80°F Gas
Formula
Air Argon Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Octane Oxygen Propane Steam
— Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O
Gas constant, R Btu/lbm · R
cp Btu/lbm · R
cv Btu/lbm · R
0.06855 0.04971 0.03424 0.04513 0.07090 0.06616 0.07079 0.4961 0.9851 0.1238 0.09840 0.07090 0.01742 0.06206 0.04504 0.1102
0.240 0.1253 0.415 0.203 0.249 0.427 0.411 1.25 3.43 0.532 0.246 0.248 0.409 0.219 0.407 0.445
0.171 0.0756 0.381 0.158 0.178 0.361 0.340 0.753 2.44 0.403 0.1477 0.177 0.392 0.157 0.362 0.335
Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 687, Table A–8E.
k 1.400 1.667 1.09 1.285 1.399 1.183 1.208 1.667 1.404 1.32 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.124 1.329
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TABLE A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued) (b) At various temperatures Temp., °F
cp Btu/lbm · R
cv Btu/lbm · R
k
cp Btu/lbm · R
Air 40 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500 2000
0.240 0.240 0.241 0.243 0.245 0.248 0.250 0.254 0.257 0.259 0.263 0.276 0.286
0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.176 0.179 0.182 0.185 0.188 0.191 0.195 0.208 0.217
1.401 1.400 1.397 1.394 1.389 1.383 1.377 1.371 1.365 1.358 1.353 1.330 1.312
0.195 0.205 0.217 0.229 0.239 0.247 0.255 0.262 0.269 0.275 0.280 0.298 0.312
Hydrogen, H2 40 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1500 2000
3.397 3.426 3.451 3.461 3.466 3.469 3.473 3.477 3.494 3.502 3.513 3.618 3.758
2.412 2.441 2.466 2.476 2.480 2.484 2.488 2.492 2.509 2.519 2.528 2.633 2.773
cv Btu/lbm · R k
cp cv Btu/lbm · R Btu/lbm · R k
Carbon dioxide, C02
Carbon monoxide, CO
0.150 0.160 0.172 0.184 0.193 0.202 0.210 0.217 0.224 0.230 0.235 0.253 0.267
1.300 1.283 1.262 1.246 1.233 1.223 1.215 1.208 1.202 1.197 1.192 1.178 1.169
0.248 0.249 0.249 0.251 0.253 0.256 0.259 0.262 0.266 0.269 0.273 0.287 0.297
Nitrogen, N2 1.409 1.404 1.399 1.398 1.397 1.397 1.396 1.395 1.393 1.392 1.390 1.374 1.355
0.248 0.248 0.249 0.250 0.251 0.254 0.256 0.260 0.262 0.265 0.269 0.283 0.293
0.177 0.178 0.178 0.179 0.180 0.183 0.185 0.189 0.191 0.194 0.198 0.212 0.222
0.177 0.178 0.179 0.180 0.182 0.185 0.188 0.191 0.195 0.198 0.202 0.216 0.226
1.400 1.399 1.397 1.394 1.389 1.384 1.377 1.371 1.364 1.357 1.351 1.328 1.314
Oxygen, O2 1.400 1.399 1.398 1.396 1.393 1.388 1.383 1.377 1.371 1.364 1.359 1.334 1.319
0.219 0.220 0.223 0.226 0.230 0.235 0.239 0.242 0.246 0.249 0.252 0.263 0.270
0.156 0.158 0.161 0.164 0.168 0.173 0.177 0.181 0.184 0.187 0.190 0.201 0.208
1.397 1.394 1.387 1.378 1.368 1.360 1.352 1.344 1.337 1.331 1.326 1.309 1.298
Note: The unit Btu/lbm · R is equivalent to Btu/lbm · °F. Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 830, Table A–4. Originally published in Tables of Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.
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Appendix 2
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963
TABLE A–2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded ) (c) As a function of temperature cp a bT cT 2 dT 3 (T in R, cp in Btu/lbmol · R)
Substance Nitrogen Oxygen Air Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Sulfur Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide Acetylene Benzene Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen chloride Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane i-Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane Ethylene Propylene
Formula N2 O2 — H2 CO CO2 H2O NO N2O NO2 NH3 S2 SO2 SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O HCl CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C2H4 C3H6
a 6.903 6.085 6.713 6.952 6.726 5.316 7.700 7.008 5.758 5.48 6.5846 6.499 6.157 3.918 5.21 8.650 4.55 4.75 7.244 4.750 1.648 0.966 0.945 1.890 1.618 1.657 0.944 0.753
b 0.02085 0.2017 0.02609 0.02542 0.02222 0.79361 0.02552 0.01247 0.7780 0.7583 0.34028 0.2943 0.7689 1.935 1.2227 6.4322 1.214 2.781 0.1011 0.6666 2.291 4.044 4.929 5.520 6.028 7.328 2.075 3.162
c
102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 102
0.05957 0.05275 0.03540 0.02952 0.03960 0.2581 0.07781 0.07185 0.2596 0.260 0.073034 0.1200 0.2810 0.8256 0.4812 2.327 0.0898 0.7651 0.09783 0.09352 0.4722 1.159 1.352 1.696 1.656 2.112 0.6151 0.8981
% error Temperature range, R Max. Avg.
d 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
0.1176 0.05372 0.08052 0.03565 0.09100 0.3059 0.1472 0.1715 0.4331 0.322 0.27402 0.1632 0.3527 1.328 0.7457 3.179 0.329 0.821 0.1776 0.4510 0.2984 1.300 1.433 2.044 1.732 2.363 0.7326 1.008
109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109
491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-3240 491-2700 491-2700 491-2700 491-2700 491-3240 491-3240 491-2340 491-2700 491-2700 491-1800 491-2700 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740 491-2740
0.59 1.19 0.72 1.02 0.89 0.67 0.53 0.97 0.59 0.46 0.91 0.99 0.45 0.29 1.46 0.34 0.18 0.40 0.22 1.33 0.83 0.40 0.54 0.25 0.56 0.72 0.54 0.73
0.34 0.28 0.33 0.26 0.37 0.22 0.24 0.36 0.26 0.18 0.36 0.38 0.24 0.13 0.59 0.20 0.08 0.22 0.08 0.57 0.28 0.12 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.17
Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.
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TABLE A–3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm
Substance
Normal boiling point, °F
Ammonia
27.9
Latent heat of vaporization, hfg Btu/lbm 24.54
Freezing data Freezing point, °F
Latent heat of fusion, hif Btu/lbm
107.9
138.6
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane
302.6 176.4
69.5 169.4
308.7 41.9
12.0 54.2
219.0 31.1 109.2* 172.8 173.5 388.6 355.8 452.1 423.0 10.9 399–559 674.1 258.7
— 165.6 99.6 (at 32°F) 360.5 368 344.0 419 9.80 191.7 157.8 108 126.7 219.6
0.7 217.3 69.8 173.6 248.8 12.6 66.0 — 434.5 255.5 12.8 38.0 296.0
— 34.5 — 46.9 46.4 77.9 86.3 — 25.6 45.5 — 4.90 25.1
Methanol Nitrogen
148.1 320.4
473 85.4
143.9 346.0
42.7 10.9
Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane
256.6 — 297.3 — 43.7
131.7 — 91.5 99–165 184.0
71.5
77.9
361.8
5.9
305.8
34.4
141.9
—
32
143.5
Refrigerant-134a
15.0
Water
212
93.3
970.1
Liquid properties Density, r lbm/ft3
Specific heat, cp Btu/lbm · R
27.9 0 40 80 302.6 68
42.6 41.3 39.5 37.5 87.0 54.9
1.06 1.083 1.103 1.135 0.272 0.411
68 31.1 32 77 68 68 68 452.1 423.0 10.9 68 77 258.7 160 77 320.4 260 68 77 297.3 68 43.7 32 100 40 15 32 90 32 90 150 212
71.8 37.5 57.8 48.9 49.3 69.2 78.7 9.13 4.41 37.1 51.2 847 26.4 20.0 49.1 50.5 38.2 43.9 56.8 71.2 40.0 36.3 33.0 29.4 88.5 86.0 80.9 73.6 62.4 62.1 61.2 59.8
0.743 0.552 0.583 0.588 0.678 0.678 0.554 5.45 2.39 0.545 0.478 0.033 0.834 1.074 0.609 0.492 0.643 0.502 0.430 0.408 0.478 0.538 0.604 0.673 0.283 0.294 0.318 0.348 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.01
Temperature, °F
*Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 75.1 psia, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 69.8°F.)
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TABLE A–3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Continued) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Specific heat, cp Btu/lbm · R
Density, r lbm/ft3
Substance Metals
Substance
Density, r lbm/ft3
Specific heat, cp Btu/lbm · R
132 120 144 144 62.4 151 169 139 156 169 50
0.220 0.189 0.229 0.156 0.220 0.147 0.191 0.200 0.170 0.243 0.260
Nonmetals
Aluminum 100°F 32°F 100°F 200°F 300°F 400°F 500°F Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 2% Al) Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) Copper 60°F 0°F 100°F 200°F 390°F Iron Lead Magnesium Nickel Silver Steel, mild Tungsten
517
0.192 0.212 0.218 0.224 0.229 0.235 0.240 0.0955
519
0.0955
170
Asphalt Brick, common Brick, fireclay (500°C) Concrete Clay Diamond Glass, window Glass, pyrex Graphite Granite Gypsum or plaster board Ice 50°F 0°F 20°F 32°F Limestone Marble Plywood (Douglas fir) Rubber (soft) Rubber (hard) Sand Stone Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.)
0.0862 0.0893 0.0925 0.0938 0.0963 0.107 0.030 0.239 0.105 0.056 0.119 0.031
555
490 705 108 555 655 489 1211
0.424 0.471 0.491 0.502 0.217 0.210
57.5 103 162 34.0 68.7 71.8 94.9 93.6 45.0 32.0
(c) Foods
Food Apples Bananas Beef round Broccoli Butter Cheese, Swiss Cherries Chicken Corn, sweet Eggs, whole Ice cream
Water content, % (mass) 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63
Specific heat, Btu/lbm · R
Freezing point, °F
Above freezing
Below freezing
Latent heat of fusion, Btu/lbm
30 31 — 31 — 14 29 27 31 31 22
0.873 0.801 0.737 0.921 — 0.513 0.841 0.793 0.793 0.793 0.705
0.453 0.426 0.402 0.471 0.249 0.318 0.441 0.423 0.423 0.423 0.390
121 108 96 129 23 56 115 106 106 106 90
Food Lettuce Milk, whole Oranges Potatoes Salmon fish Shrimp Spinach Strawberries Tomatoes, ripe Turkey Watermelon
Water content, % (mass) 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93
Specific heat, Btu/lbm · R Freezing point, Above Below °F freezing freezing 32 31 31 31 28 28 31 31 31 — 31
0.961 0.905 0.897 0.825 0.713 0.865 0.945 0.921 0.953 0.713 0.945
0.487 0.465 0.462 0.435 0.393 0.450 0.481 0.471 0.484 0.393 0.481
Latent heat of fusion, Btu/lbm 136 126 125 112 92 119 134 129 135 92 134
Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, I-P version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–4E Saturated water—Temperature table Specific volume, ft3/lbm Sat. press., Psat psia
Temp., T °F
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg 3299.9 2945.7 2443.6 2035.8 1703.1
Internal energy, Btu/lbm Sat. liquid, uf
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
0.000 3.004 8.032 13.05 18.07
1021.0 1019.0 1015.6 1012.2 1008.9
1021.0 1022.0 1023.7 1025.3 1026.9
Sat. liquid, hf
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
0.000 3.004 8.032 13.05 18.07
1075.2 1073.5 1070.7 1067.8 1065.0
1075.2 1076.5 1078.7 1080.9 1083.1
0.00000 0.00609 0.01620 0.02620 0.03609
2.18672 2.17011 2.14271 2.11587 2.08956
2.1867 2.1762 2.1589 2.1421 2.1256
32.018 35 40 45 50
0.08871 0.09998 0.12173 0.14756 0.17812
0.01602 0.01602 0.01602 0.01602 0.01602
55 60 65 70 75
0.21413 0.25638 0.30578 0.36334 0.43016
0.01603 1430.4 0.01604 1206.1 0.01604 1020.8 0.01605 867.18 0.01606 739.27
23.07 28.08 33.08 38.08 43.07
1005.5 1002.1 998.76 995.39 992.02
1028.6 1030.2 1031.8 1033.5 1035.1
23.07 28.08 33.08 38.08 43.07
1062.2 1059.4 1056.5 1053.7 1050.9
1085.3 1087.4 1089.6 1091.8 1093.9
0.04586 0.05554 0.06511 0.07459 0.08398
2.06377 2.03847 2.01366 1.98931 1.96541
2.1096 2.0940 2.0788 2.0639 2.0494
80 85 90 95 100
0.50745 0.59659 0.69904 0.81643 0.95052
0.01607 0.01609 0.01610 0.01612 0.01613
632.41 542.80 467.40 403.74 349.83
48.06 53.06 58.05 63.04 68.03
988.65 985.28 981.90 978.52 975.14
1036.7 1038.3 1040.0 1041.6 1043.2
48.07 53.06 58.05 63.04 68.03
1048.0 1045.2 1042.4 1039.5 1036.7
1096.1 1098.3 1100.4 1102.6 1104.7
0.09328 0.10248 0.11161 0.12065 0.12961
1.94196 1.91892 1.89630 1.87408 1.85225
2.0352 2.0214 2.0079 1.9947 1.9819
110 120 130 140 150
1.2767 1.6951 2.2260 2.8931 3.7234
0.01617 0.01620 0.01625 0.01629 0.01634
264.96 202.94 157.09 122.81 96.929
78.01 88.00 97.99 107.98 117.98
968.36 961.56 954.73 947.87 940.98
1046.4 1049.6 1052.7 1055.9 1059.0
78.02 88.00 97.99 107.99 117.99
1031.0 1025.2 1019.4 1013.6 1007.8
1109.0 1113.2 1117.4 1121.6 1125.7
0.14728 0.16466 0.18174 0.19855 0.21508
1.80970 1.76856 1.72877 1.69024 1.65291
1.9570 1.9332 1.9105 1.8888 1.8680
160 170 180 190 200
4.7474 5.9999 7.5197 9.3497 11.538
0.01639 0.01645 0.01651 0.01657 0.01663
77.185 61.982 50.172 40.920 33.613
127.98 138.00 148.02 158.05 168.10
934.05 927.08 920.06 912.99 905.87
1062.0 1065.1 1068.1 1071.0 1074.0
128.00 138.02 148.04 158.08 168.13
1001.8 995.88 989.85 983.76 977.60
1129.8 1133.9 1137.9 1141.8 1145.7
0.23136 0.24739 0.26318 0.27874 0.29409
1.61670 1.58155 1.54741 1.51421 1.48191
1.8481 1.8289 1.8106 1.7930 1.7760
210 212 220 230 240
14.136 14.709 17.201 20.795 24.985
0.01670 0.01671 0.01677 0.01684 0.01692
27.798 26.782 23.136 19.374 16.316
178.15 180.16 188.22 198.31 208.41
898.68 897.24 891.43 884.10 876.70
1076.8 1077.4 1079.6 1082.4 1085.1
178.20 180.21 188.28 198.37 208.49
971.35 970.09 965.02 958.59 952.06
1149.5 1150.3 1153.3 1157.0 1160.5
0.30922 0.31222 0.32414 0.33887 0.35342
1.45046 1.44427 1.41980 1.38989 1.36069
1.7597 1.7565 1.7439 1.7288 1.7141
250 260 270 280 290
29.844 35.447 41.877 49.222 57.573
0.01700 0.01708 0.01717 0.01726 0.01735
13.816 11.760 10.059 8.6439 7.4607
218.54 228.68 238.85 249.04 259.26
869.21 861.62 853.94 846.16 838.27
1087.7 1090.3 1092.8 1095.2 1097.5
218.63 228.79 238.98 249.20 259.45
945.41 938.65 931.76 924.74 917.57
1164.0 1167.4 1170.7 1173.9 1177.0
0.36779 0.38198 0.39601 0.40989 0.42361
1.33216 1.30425 1.27694 1.25018 1.22393
1.6999 1.6862 1.6730 1.6601 1.6475
300 310 320 330 340
67.028 77.691 89.667 103.07 118.02
0.01745 0.01755 0.01765 0.01776 0.01787
6.4663 5.6266 4.9144 4.3076 3.7885
269.51 279.79 290.11 300.46 310.85
830.25 822.11 813.84 805.43 796.87
1099.8 1101.9 1104.0 1105.9 1107.7
269.73 280.05 290.40 300.80 311.24
910.24 902.75 895.09 887.25 879.22
1180.0 1182.8 1185.5 1188.1 1190.5
0.43720 0.45065 0.46396 0.47716 0.49024
1.19818 1.17289 1.14802 1.12355 1.09945
1.6354 1.6235 1.6120 1.6007 1.5897
350 360 370 380 390
134.63 153.03 173.36 195.74 220.33
0.01799 0.01811 0.01823 0.01836 0.01850
3.3425 2.9580 2.6252 2.3361 2.0842
321.29 331.76 342.29 352.87 363.50
788.16 779.28 770.23 761.00 751.58
1109.4 1111.0 1112.5 1113.9 1115.1
321.73 332.28 342.88 353.53 364.25
870.98 862.53 853.86 844.96 835.81
1192.7 1194.8 1196.7 1198.5 1200.1
0.50321 0.51607 0.52884 0.54152 0.55411
1.07570 1.05227 1.02914 1.00628 0.98366
1.5789 1.5683 1.5580 1.5478 1.5378
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Appendix 2
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967
TABLE A–4E Saturated water—Temperature table (Concluded) Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Temp., T °F
Sat. press., Psat psia
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
400 410 420 430 440
247.26 276.69 308.76 343.64 381.49
0.01864 0.01878 0.01894 0.01910 0.01926
1.8639 1.6706 1.5006 1.3505 1.2178
374.19 384.94 395.76 406.65 417.61
741.97 732.14 722.08 711.80 701.26
1116.2 1117.1 1117.8 1118.4 1118.9
375.04 385.90 396.84 407.86 418.97
826.39 816.71 806.74 796.46 785.87
1201.4 1202.6 1203.6 1204.3 1204.8
0.56663 0.57907 0.59145 0.60377 0.61603
0.96127 0.93908 0.91707 0.89522 0.87349
1.5279 1.5182 1.5085 1.4990 1.4895
450 460 470 480 490
422.47 466.75 514.52 565.96 621.24
0.01944 0.01962 0.01981 0.02001 0.02022
1.0999 0.99510 0.90158 0.81794 0.74296
428.66 439.79 451.01 462.34 473.77
690.47 679.39 668.02 656.34 644.32
1119.1 1119.2 1119.0 1118.7 1118.1
430.18 441.48 452.90 464.43 476.09
774.94 763.65 751.98 739.91 727.40
1205.1 1205.1 1204.9 1204.3 1203.5
0.62826 0.64044 0.65260 0.66474 0.67686
0.85187 0.83033 0.80885 0.78739 0.76594
1.4801 1.4708 1.4615 1.4521 1.4428
500 510 520 530 540
680.56 744.11 812.11 884.74 962.24
0.02044 0.02067 0.02092 0.02118 0.02146
0.67558 0.61489 0.56009 0.51051 0.46553
485.32 496.99 508.80 520.76 532.88
631.94 619.17 605.99 592.35 578.23
1117.3 1116.2 1114.8 1113.1 1111.1
487.89 499.84 511.94 524.23 536.70
714.44 700.99 687.01 672.47 657.31
1202.3 1200.8 1199.0 1196.7 1194.0
0.68899 0.70112 0.71327 0.72546 0.73770
0.74445 0.72290 0.70126 0.67947 0.65751
1.4334 1.4240 1.4145 1.4049 1.3952
550 560 570 580 590
1044.8 1132.7 1226.2 1325.5 1430.8
0.02176 0.02207 0.02242 0.02279 0.02319
0.42465 0.38740 0.35339 0.32225 0.29367
545.18 557.68 570.40 583.37 596.61
563.58 548.33 532.45 515.84 498.43
1108.8 1106.0 1102.8 1099.2 1095.0
549.39 562.31 575.49 588.95 602.75
641.47 624.91 607.55 589.29 570.04
1190.9 1187.2 1183.0 1178.2 1172.8
0.75000 0.76238 0.77486 0.78748 0.80026
0.63532 0.61284 0.59003 0.56679 0.54306
1.3853 1.3752 1.3649 1.3543 1.3433
600 610 620 630 640
1542.5 1660.9 1786.2 1918.9 2059.3
0.02362 0.02411 0.02464 0.02524 0.02593
0.26737 0.24309 0.22061 0.19972 0.18019
610.18 624.11 638.47 653.35 668.86
480.10 460.73 440.14 418.12 394.36
1090.3 1084.8 1078.6 1071.5 1063.2
616.92 631.52 646.62 662.32 678.74
549.67 528.03 504.92 480.07 453.14
1166.6 1159.5 1151.5 1142.4 1131.9
0.81323 0.82645 0.83998 0.85389 0.86828
0.51871 0.49363 0.46765 0.44056 0.41206
1.3319 1.3201 1.3076 1.2944 1.2803
650 660 670 680 690
2207.8 2364.9 2531.2 2707.3 2894.1
0.02673 0.02767 0.02884 0.03035 0.03255
0.16184 0.14444 0.12774 0.11134 0.09451
685.16 702.48 721.23 742.11 766.81
368.44 339.74 307.22 269.00 220.77
1053.6 1042.2 1028.5 1011.1 987.6
696.08 714.59 734.74 757.32 784.24
423.65 390.84 353.54 309.57 253.96
1119.7 1105.4 1088.3 1066.9 1038.2
0.88332 0.89922 0.91636 0.93541 0.95797
0.38177 0.34906 0.31296 0.27163 0.22089
1.2651 1.2483 1.2293 1.2070 1.1789
700 705.10
3093.0 3200.1
0.03670 0.04975
0.07482 801.75 0.04975 866.61
146.50 0
948.3 866.6
822.76 896.07
168.32 0
991.1 896.1
0.99023 1.05257
0.14514 1.1354 0 1.0526
Source: Tables A–4E through A–8E are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifications to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, “Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H2O from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–5E Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Sat. temp., Tsat °F
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
101.69 126.02 141.41 152.91 162.18
0.01614 0.01623 0.01630 0.01636 0.01641
333.49 173.71 118.70 90.629 73.525
69.72 94.02 109.39 120.89 130.17
973.99 957.45 946.90 938.97 932.53
1043.7 1051.5 1056.3 1059.9 1062.7
69.72 94.02 109.40 120.90 130.18
1035.7 1021.7 1012.8 1006.0 1000.5
1105.4 1115.8 1122.2 1126.9 1130.7
0.13262 0.17499 0.20090 0.21985 0.23488
1.84495 1.74444 1.68489 1.64225 1.60894
1.9776 1.9194 1.8858 1.8621 1.8438
6 8 10 14.696 15
170.00 182.81 193.16 211.95 212.99
0.01645 0.01652 0.01659 0.01671 0.01672
61.982 47.347 38.425 26.805 26.297
138.00 150.83 161.22 180.12 181.16
927.08 918.08 910.75 897.27 896.52
1065.1 1068.9 1072.0 1077.4 1077.7
138.02 150.86 161.25 180.16 181.21
995.88 988.15 981.82 970.12 969.47
1133.9 1139.0 1143.1 1150.3 1150.7
0.24739 0.26757 0.28362 0.31215 0.31370
1.58155 1.53800 1.50391 1.44441 1.44441
1.8289 1.8056 1.7875 1.7566 1.7549
20 25 30 35 40
227.92 240.03 250.30 259.25 267.22
0.01683 0.01692 0.01700 0.01708 0.01715
20.093 16.307 13.749 11.901 10.501
196.21 208.45 218.84 227.92 236.02
885.63 876.67 868.98 862.19 856.09
1081.8 1085.1 1087.8 1090.1 1092.1
196.27 208.52 218.93 228.03 236.14
959.93 952.03 945.21 939.16 933.69
1156.2 1160.6 1164.1 1167.2 1169.8
0.33582 0.35347 0.36821 0.38093 0.39213
1.39606 1.36060 1.33132 1.30632 1.28448
1.7319 1.7141 1.6995 1.6872 1.6766
45 50 55 60 65
274.41 280.99 287.05 292.69 297.95
0.01721 0.01727 0.01732 0.01738 0.01743
9.4028 8.5175 7.7882 7.1766 6.6560
243.34 250.05 256.25 262.01 267.41
850.52 845.39 840.61 836.13 831.90
1093.9 1095.4 1096.9 1098.1 1099.3
243.49 250.21 256.42 262.20 267.62
928.68 924.03 919.70 915.61 911.75
1172.2 1174.2 1176.1 1177.8 1179.4
0.40216 0.41125 0.41958 0.42728 0.43443
1.26506 1.24756 1.23162 1.21697 1.20341
1.6672 1.6588 1.6512 1.6442 1.6378
70 75 80 85 90
302.91 307.59 312.02 316.24 320.26
0.01748 0.01752 0.01757 0.01761 0.01765
6.2075 5.8167 5.4733 5.1689 4.8972
272.50 277.31 281.87 286.22 290.38
827.90 824.09 820.45 816.97 813.62
1100.4 1101.4 1102.3 1103.2 1104.0
272.72 277.55 282.13 286.50 290.67
908.08 904.58 901.22 898.00 894.89
1180.8 1182.1 1183.4 1184.5 1185.6
0.44112 0.44741 0.45335 0.45897 0.46431
1.19078 1.17895 1.16783 1.15732 1.14737
1.6319 1.6264 1.6212 1.6163 1.6117
95 100 110 120 130
324.11 327.81 334.77 341.25 347.32
0.01770 0.01774 0.01781 0.01789 0.01796
4.6532 4.4327 4.0410 3.7289 3.4557
294.36 298.19 305.41 312.16 318.48
810.40 807.29 801.37 795.79 790.51
1104.8 1105.5 1106.8 1107.9 1109.0
294.67 298.51 305.78 312.55 318.92
891.89 888.99 883.44 878.20 873.21
1186.6 1187.5 1189.2 1190.8 1192.1
0.46941 0.47427 0.48341 0.49187 0.49974
1.13791 1.12888 1.11201 1.09646 1.08204
1.6073 1.6032 1.5954 1.5883 1.5818
140 150 160 170 180
353.03 358.42 363.54 368.41 373.07
0.01802 0.01809 0.01815 0.01821 0.01827
3.2202 3.0150 2.8347 2.6749 2.5322
324.45 330.11 335.49 340.62 345.53
785.49 780.69 776.10 771.68 767.42
1109.9 1110.8 1111.6 1112.3 1113.0
324.92 330.61 336.02 341.19 346.14
868.45 863.88 859.49 855.25 851.16
1193.4 1194.5 1195.5 1196.4 1197.3
0.50711 0.51405 0.52061 0.52682 0.53274
1.06858 1.05595 1.04405 1.03279 1.02210
1.5757 1.5700 1.5647 1.5596 1.5548
190 200 250 300 350
377.52 381.80 400.97 417.35 431.74
0.01833 0.01839 0.01865 0.01890 0.01912
2.4040 2.2882 1.8440 1.5435 1.3263
350.24 354.78 375.23 392.89 408.55
763.31 759.32 741.02 724.77 709.98
1113.6 1114.1 1116.3 1117.7 1118.5
350.89 355.46 376.09 393.94 409.79
847.19 843.33 825.47 809.41 794.65
1198.1 1198.8 1201.6 1203.3 1204.4
0.53839 0.54379 0.56784 0.58818 0.60590
1.01191 1.00219 0.95912 0.92289 0.89143
1.5503 1.5460 1.5270 1.5111 1.4973
400 450 500 550 600
444.62 456.31 467.04 476.97 486.24
0.01934 0.01955 0.01975 0.01995 0.02014
1.1617 1.0324 0.92819 0.84228 0.77020
422.70 435.67 447.68 458.90 469.46
696.31 683.52 671.42 659.91 648.88
1119.0 1119.2 1119.1 1118.8 1118.3
424.13 437.30 449.51 460.93 471.70
780.87 767.86 755.48 743.60 732.15
1205.0 1205.2 1205.0 1204.5 1203.9
0.62168 0.63595 0.64900 0.66107 0.67231
0.86350 0.83828 0.81521 0.79388 0.77400
1.4852 1.4742 1.4642 1.4550 1.4463
Press., P psia 1 2 3 4 5
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 969
Appendix 2
|
969
TABLE A–5E Saturated water—Pressure table (Concluded) Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Press., P psia
Sat. temp., Tsat °F
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
700 800 900 1000 1200
503.13 518.27 532.02 544.65 567.26
0.02051 0.02087 0.02124 0.02159 0.02232
0.65589 0.56920 0.50107 0.44604 0.36241
488.96 506.74 523.19 538.58 566.89
627.98 608.30 589.54 571.49 536.87
1116.9 1115.0 1112.7 1110.1 1103.8
491.62 509.83 526.73 542.57 571.85
710.29 689.48 669.46 650.03 612.39
1201.9 1199.3 1196.2 1192.6 1184.2
0.69279 0.71117 0.72793 0.74341 0.77143
0.73771 0.70502 0.67505 0.64722 0.59632
1.4305 1.4162 1.4030 1.3906 1.3677
1400 1600 1800 2000 2500
587.14 604.93 621.07 635.85 668.17
0.02307 0.02386 0.02470 0.02563 0.02860
0.30161 0.25516 0.21831 0.18815 0.13076
592.79 616.99 640.03 662.33 717.67
503.50 470.69 437.86 404.46 313.53
1096.3 1087.7 1077.9 1066.8 1031.2
598.76 624.06 648.26 671.82 730.90
575.66 539.18 502.35 464.60 360.79
1174.4 1163.2 1150.6 1136.4 1091.7
0.79658 0.81972 0.84144 0.86224 0.91311
0.54991 0.50645 0.46482 0.42409 0.31988
1.3465 1.3262 1.3063 1.2863 1.2330
3000 3200.1
695.41 705.10
0.03433 0.04975
0.08460 0.04975
783.39 866.61
186.41 0
969.8 866.6
802.45 896.07
214.32 1016.8 0 896.1
0.97321 1.05257
0.18554 1.1587 0 1.0526
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970
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6E Superheated water T °F
u Btu/lbm
v ft3/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 1.0 psia (101.69°F)* Sat.† 333.49 200 392.53 240 416.44 280 440.33 320 464.20 360 488.07 400 511.92 440 535.77 500 571.54 600 631.14 700 690.73 800 750.31 1000 869.47 1200 988.62 1400 1107.8
1043.7 1077.5 1091.2 1105.0 1118.9 1132.9 1147.1 1161.3 1182.8 1219.4 1256.8 1295.1 1374.2 1457.1 1543.7
1105.4 1150.1 1168.3 1186.5 1204.8 1223.3 1241.8 1260.4 1288.6 1336.2 1384.6 1433.9 1535.1 1640.0 1748.7
1.9776 2.0509 2.0777 2.1030 2.1271 2.1502 2.1722 2.1934 2.2237 2.2709 2.3146 2.3553 2.4299 2.4972 2.5590
P 15 psia (212.99°F) Sat. 240 280 320 360 400 440 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
26.297 27.429 29.085 30.722 32.348 33.965 35.576 37.986 41.988 45.981 49.967 57.930 65.885 73.836 81.784
1077.7 1087.8 1102.4 1116.9 1131.3 1145.7 1160.1 1181.9 1218.7 1256.3 1294.6 1374.0 1456.9 1543.6 1634.0
1150.7 1163.9 1183.2 1202.2 1221.1 1239.9 1258.8 1287.3 1335.3 1383.9 1433.3 1534.8 1639.8 1748.5 1861.0
7.1766 7.4863 7.9259 8.3548 8.7766 9.4005 10.4256 11.4401 12.4484 14.4543 16.4525 18.4464 20.438 22.428 24.417
1098.1 1109.6 1125.5 1140.9 1156.1 1178.8 1216.5 1254.5 1293.3 1373.0 1456.2 1543.0 1633.5 1727.6 1825.2
1177.8 1192.7 1213.5 1233.7 1253.6 1283.1 1332.2 1381.6 1431.5 1533.5 1638.9 1747.8 1860.5 1976.6 2096.3
P 5.0 psia (162.18°F) 73.525 78.153 83.009 87.838 92.650 97.452 102.25 107.03 114.21 126.15 138.09 150.02 173.86 197.70 221.54
1062.7 1076.2 1090.3 1104.3 1118.4 1132.5 1146.7 1160.9 1182.6 1219.2 1256.7 1294.9 1374.2 1457.0 1543.7
1130.7 1148.5 1167.1 1185.6 1204.1 1222.6 1241.3 1260.0 1288.2 1335.9 1384.4 1433.7 1535.0 1640.0 1748.7
1.7549 1.7742 1.8010 1.8260 1.8496 1.8721 1.8936 1.9243 1.9718 2.0156 2.0565 2.1312 2.1986 2.2604 2.3178
20.093 20.478 21.739 22.980 24.209 25.429 26.644 28.458 31.467 34.467 37.461 43.438 49.407 55.373 61.335
1081.8 1086.5 1101.4 1116.1 1130.7 1145.1 1159.7 1181.6 1218.5 1256.1 1294.5 1373.8 1456.8 1543.5 1633.9
1156.2 1162.3 1181.9 1201.2 1220.2 1239.3 1258.3 1286.9 1334.9 1383.7 1433.1 1534.6 1639.7 1748.4 1860.9
1.8438 1.8716 1.8989 1.9246 1.9490 1.9722 1.9944 2.0156 2.0461 2.0933 2.1371 2.1778 2.2524 2.3198 2.3816
1.7319 1.7406 1.7679 1.7933 1.8171 1.8398 1.8614 1.8922 1.9398 1.9837 2.0247 2.0994 2.1668 2.2287 2.2861
P 80 psia (312.02°F) 1.6442 1.6636 1.6897 1.7138 1.7364 1.7682 1.8168 1.8613 1.9026 1.9777 2.0454 2.1073 2.1648 2.2187 2.2694
5.4733 5.5440 5.8876 6.2187 6.5420 7.0177 7.7951 8.5616 9.3218 10.8313 12.3331 13.8306 15.3257 16.8192 18.3117
1102.3 1105.9 1122.7 1138.7 1154.3 1177.3 1215.4 1253.8 1292.6 1372.6 1455.9 1542.8 1633.3 1727.5 1825.0
1183.4 1187.9 1209.9 1230.8 1251.2 1281.2 1330.8 1380.5 1430.6 1532.9 1638.5 1747.5 1860.2 1976.5 2096.1
*The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. †
s Btu/ lbm · R
h Btu/lbm
P 20 psia (227.92°F)
P 60 psia (292.69°F) Sat. 320 360 400 440 500 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
u Btu/lbm
v ft3/lbm
Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.
1.6212 1.6271 1.6545 1.6794 1.7026 1.7350 1.7841 1.8289 1.8704 1.9457 2.0135 2.0755 2.1330 2.1869 2.2376
u Btu/lbm
v ft3/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 10 psia (193.16°F) 38.425 38.849 41.326 43.774 46.205 48.624 51.035 53.441 57.041 63.029 69.007 74.980 86.913 98.840 110.762
1072.0 1074.5 1089.1 1103.4 1117.6 1131.9 1146.2 1160.5 1182.2 1219.0 1256.5 1294.8 1374.1 1457.0 1543.6
1143.1 1146.4 1165.5 1184.4 1203.1 1221.8 1240.6 1259.4 1287.8 1335.6 1384.2 1433.5 1534.9 1639.9 1748.6
1.7875 1.7926 1.8207 1.8469 1.8716 1.8950 1.9174 1.9388 1.9693 2.0167 2.0605 2.1013 2.1760 2.2433 2.3052
P 40 psia (267.22°F) 10.501
1092.1
1169.8
1.6766
10.713 11.363 11.999 12.625 13.244 14.165 15.686 17.197 18.702 21.700 24.691 27.678 30.662
1097.3 1112.9 1128.1 1143.1 1157.9 1180.2 1217.5 1255.3 1293.9 1373.4 1456.5 1543.3 1633.7
1176.6 1197.1 1216.9 1236.5 1256.0 1285.0 1333.6 1382.6 1432.3 1534.1 1639.3 1748.1 1860.7
1.6858 1.7128 1.7376 1.7610 1.7831 1.8143 1.8625 1.9067 1.9478 2.0227 2.0902 2.1522 2.2096
P 100 psia (327.81°F) 4.4327 1105.5 4.6628 4.9359 5.2006 5.5876 6.2167 6.8344 7.4457 8.6575 9.8615 11.0612 12.2584 13.4541 14.6487
1119.8 1136.4 1152.4 1175.9 1214.4 1253.0 1292.0 1372.2 1455.6 1542.6 1633.2 1727.3 1824.9
1187.5
1.6032
1206.1 1227.8 1248.7 1279.3 1329.4 1379.5 1429.8 1532.4 1638.1 1747.2 1860.0 1976.3 2096.0
1.6263 1.6521 1.6759 1.7088 1.7586 1.8037 1.8453 1.9208 1.9887 2.0508 2.1083 2.1622 2.2130
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Appendix 2
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971
TABLE A–6E Superheated water (Continued ) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 360 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
3.7289 3.8446 4.0799 4.3613 4.6340 4.9010 5.1642 5.6829 6.1950 7.2083 8.2137 9.2149 10.2135 11.2106 12.2067
u Btu/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 120 psia (341.25°F) 1107.9 1116.7 1134.0 1154.5 1174.4 1193.9 1213.4 1252.2 1291.4 1371.7 1455.3 1542.3 1633.0 1727.2 1824.8
1190.8 1202.1 1224.6 1251.4 1277.3 1302.8 1328.0 1378.4 1429.0 1531.8 1637.7 1746.9 1859.8 1976.1 2095.8
1.5883 1.6023 1.6292 1.6594 1.6872 1.7131 1.7375 1.7829 1.8247 1.9005 1.9684 2.0305 2.0881 2.1420 2.1928
P 180 psia (373.07°F) Sat. 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
2.5322 2.6490 2.8514 3.0433 3.2286 3.4097 3.7635 4.1104 4.4531 4.7929 5.4674 6.1377 6.8054 7.4716 8.1367
Sat. 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1.8440 2.0027 2.1506 2.2910 2.4264 2.5586 2.6883 2.9429 3.1930 3.4403 3.9295 4.4144 4.8969 5.3777 5.8575
1113.0 1126.3 1148.7 1169.8 1190.2 1210.2 1249.8 1289.5 1329.7 1370.5 1454.3 1541.6 1632.4 1726.7 1824.4
1197.3 1214.5 1243.7 1271.2 1297.7 1323.8 1375.2 1426.5 1478.0 1530.1 1636.5 1746.0 1859.1 1975.6 2095.4
1.5548 1.5752 1.6082 1.6376 1.6646 1.6897 1.7361 1.7785 1.8179 1.8549 1.9231 1.9855 2.0432 2.0971 2.1479
P 250 psia (400.97°F) 1116.3 1141.3 1164.1 1185.6 1206.3 1226.8 1247.0 1287.3 1327.9 1369.0 1453.3 1540.8 1631.7 1726.2 1823.9
1201.6 1234.0 1263.6 1291.5 1318.6 1345.1 1371.4 1423.5 1475.6 1528.2 1635.0 1745.0 1858.3 1974.9 2094.9
1.5270 1.5636 1.5953 1.6237 1.6499 1.6743 1.6974 1.7406 1.7804 1.8177 1.8863 1.9488 2.0066 2.0607 2.1116
v ft3/lbm
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 140 psia (353.03°F) 3.2202 3.2584 3.4676 3.7147 3.9525 4.1845 4.4124 4.8604 5.3017 6.1732 7.0367 7.8961 8.7529 9.6082 10.4624
1109.9 1113.4 1131.5 1152.6 1172.9 1192.7 1212.3 1251.4 1290.8 1371.3 1455.0 1542.1 1632.8 1727.0 1824.6
1193.4 1197.8 1221.4 1248.9 1275.3 1301.1 1326.6 1377.3 1428.1 1531.3 1637.3 1746.6 1859.5 1975.9 2095.7
1.5757 1.5811 1.6092 1.6403 1.6686 1.6948 1.7195 1.7652 1.8072 1.8832 1.9512 2.0134 2.0711 2.1250 2.1758
P 200 psia (381.80°F) 2.2882 2.3615 2.5488 2.7247 2.8939 3.0586 3.3796 3.6934 4.0031 4.3099 4.9182 5.5222 6.1238 6.7238 7.3227
1114.1 1123.5 1146.7 1168.2 1188.9 1209.1 1249.0 1288.9 1329.2 1370.1 1454.0 1541.4 1632.2 1726.5 1824.3
1198.8 1210.9 1241.0 1269.0 1296.0 1322.3 1374.1 1425.6 1477.3 1529.6 1636.1 1745.7 1858.8 1975.4 2095.3
1.5460 1.5602 1.5943 1.6243 1.6516 1.6771 1.7238 1.7664 1.8059 1.8430 1.9113 1.9737 2.0315 2.0855 2.1363
P 275 psia (409.45°F) 1.6806 1.8034 1.9415 2.0715 2.1964 2.3179 2.4369 2.6699 2.8984 3.1241 3.5700 4.0116 4.4507 4.8882 5.3247
1117.0 1138.5 1162.0 1183.9 1204.9 1225.6 1246.0 1286.5 1327.3 1368.5 1452.9 1540.5 1631.5 1726.0 1823.8
1202.6 1230.3 1260.8 1289.3 1316.7 1343.5 1370.0 1422.4 1474.8 1527.4 1634.5 1744.6 1858.0 1974.7 2094.7
1.5187 1.5499 1.5825 1.6115 1.6380 1.6627 1.6860 1.7294 1.7694 1.8068 1.8755 1.9381 1.9960 2.0501 2.1010
v ft3/lbm
u Btu/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 160 psia (363.54°F) 2.8347
1111.6
1195.5
1.5647
3.0076 3.2293 3.4412 3.6469 3.8484 4.2434 4.6316 5.3968 6.1540 6.9070 7.6574 8.4063 9.1542
1129.0 1150.7 1171.4 1191.4 1211.3 1250.6 1290.2 1370.9 1454.7 1541.8 1632.6 1726.9 1824.5
1218.0 1246.3 1273.2 1299.4 1325.2 1376.3 1427.3 1530.7 1636.9 1746.3 1859.3 1975.7 2095.5
1.5914 1.6234 1.6522 1.6788 1.7037 1.7498 1.7920 1.8682 1.9363 1.9986 2.0563 2.1102 2.1610
P 225 psia (391.80°F) 2.0423 2.0728 2.2457 2.4059 2.5590 2.7075 2.9956 3.2765 3.5530 3.8268 4.3689 4.9068 5.4422 5.9760 6.5087
1115.3 1119.7 1144.1 1166.2 1187.2 1207.7 1248.0 1288.1 1328.5 1369.5 1453.6 1541.1 1632.0 1726.4 1824.1
1200.3 1206.0 1237.6 1266.3 1293.8 1320.5 1372.7 1424.5 1476.5 1528.9 1635.6 1745.4 1858.6 1975.2 2095.1
1.5360 1.5427 1.5783 1.6091 1.6370 1.6628 1.7099 1.7528 1.7925 1.8296 1.8981 1.9606 2.0184 2.0724 2.1232
P 300 psia (417.35°F) 1.5435 1.6369 1.7670 1.8885 2.0046 2.1172 2.2273 2.4424 2.6529 2.8605 3.2704 3.6759 4.0789 4.4803 4.8807
1117.7 1135.6 1159.8 1182.1 1203.5 1224.4 1244.9 1285.7 1326.6 1367.9 1452.5 1540.2 1631.3 1725.8 1823.6
1203.3 1226.4 1257.9 1287.0 1314.8 1341.9 1368.6 1421.3 1473.9 1526.7 1634.0 1744.2 1857.7 1974.5 2094.6
1.5111 1.5369 1.5706 1.6001 1.6270 1.6520 1.6755 1.7192 1.7593 1.7968 1.8657 1.9284 1.9863 2.0404 2.0913
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 972
972
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–6E Superheated water (Continued ) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1.3263 1.3739 1.4921 1.6004 1.7030 1.8018 1.8979 2.0848 2.2671 2.4464 2.7996 3.1484 3.4947 3.8394 4.1830
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 350 psia (431.74°F) 1118.5 1129.3 1155.2 1178.6 1200.6 1221.9 1242.8 1284.1 1325.3 1366.9 1451.7 1539.6 1630.8 1725.4 1823.3
1204.4 1218.3 1251.9 1282.2 1310.9 1338.6 1365.8 1419.1 1472.2 1525.3 1633.0 1743.5 1857.1 1974.0 2094.2
1.4973 1.5128 1.5487 1.5795 1.6073 1.6328 1.6567 1.7009 1.7414 1.7791 1.8483 1.9111 1.9691 2.0233 2.0742
P 500 psia (467.04°F) Sat. 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.92815 0.99304 1.07974 1.15876 1.23312 1.30440 1.44097 1.57252 1.70094 1.82726 1.95211 2.1988 2.4430 2.6856 2.9271
Sat. 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.56920 0.61586 0.67799 0.73279 0.78330 0.83102 0.87678 0.96434 1.04841 1.13024 1.21051 1.36797 1.52283 1.67606 1.82823
1119.1 1140.1 1167.1 1191.4 1214.3 1236.4 1279.2 1321.4 1363.6 1406.2 1449.4 1537.8 1629.4 1724.2 1822.3
1205.0 1231.9 1267.0 1298.6 1328.4 1357.0 1412.5 1466.9 1521.0 1575.3 1630.0 1741.2 1855.4 1972.7 2093.1
1.4642 1.4928 1.5284 1.5590 1.5865 1.6117 1.6576 1.6992 1.7376 1.7735 1.8075 1.8708 1.9291 1.9834 2.0345
P 800 psia (518.27°F) 1115.0 1139.4 1170.5 1197.6 1222.4 1246.0 1268.9 1313.3 1357.0 1400.7 1444.6 1534.2 1626.5 1721.9 1820.4
1199.3 1230.5 1270.9 1306.0 1338.4 1369.1 1398.7 1456.0 1512.2 1568.0 1623.8 1736.7 1851.9 1970.0 2091.0
1.4162 1.4476 1.4866 1.5191 1.5476 1.5735 1.5975 1.6413 1.6812 1.7181 1.7528 1.8170 1.8759 1.9306 1.9819
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 400 psia (444.62°F) 1.1617 1.1747 1.2851 1.3840 1.4765 1.5650 1.6507 1.8166 1.9777 2.1358 2.4465 2.7527 3.0565 3.3586 3.6597
1119.0 1122.5 1150.4 1174.9 1197.6 1219.4 1240.7 1282.5 1324.0 1365.8 1450.9 1539.0 1630.3 1725.0 1823.0
1205.0 1209.4 1245.6 1277.3 1306.9 1335.3 1362.9 1417.0 1470.4 1523.9 1632.0 1742.7 1856.5 1973.6 2093.9
1.4852 1.4901 1.5288 1.5610 1.5897 1.6158 1.6401 1.6849 1.7257 1.7636 1.8331 1.8960 1.9541 2.0084 2.0594
P 600 psia (486.24°F) 0.77020 0.79526 0.87542 0.94605 1.01133 1.07316 1.19038 1.30230 1.41097 1.51749 1.62252 1.82957 2.0340 2.2369 2.4387
1118.3 1128.2 1158.7 1184.9 1209.0 1231.9 1275.8 1318.7 1361.4 1404.4 1447.8 1536.6 1628.4 1723.4 1821.7
1203.9 1216.5 1255.9 1289.9 1321.3 1351.0 1408.0 1463.3 1518.1 1572.9 1627.9 1739.7 1854.2 1971.8 2092.4
1.4463 1.4596 1.4996 1.5325 1.5614 1.5877 1.6348 1.6771 1.7160 1.7522 1.7865 1.8501 1.9085 1.9630 2.0141
P 1000 psia (544.65°F) 0.44604 0.45375 0.51431 0.56411 0.60844 0.64944 0.68821 0.76136 0.83078 0.89783 0.96327 1.09101 1.21610 1.33956 1.46194
1110.1 1115.2 1154.1 1185.1 1212.4 1237.6 1261.7 1307.7 1352.5 1396.9 1441.4 1531.8 1624.6 1720.3 1819.1
1192.6 1199.2 1249.3 1289.5 1325.0 1357.8 1389.0 1448.6 1506.2 1563.1 1619.7 1733.7 1849.6 1968.2 2089.6
1.3906 1.3972 1.4457 1.4827 1.5140 1.5418 1.5670 1.6126 1.6535 1.6911 1.7263 1.7911 1.8504 1.9053 1.9568
v ft3/lbm
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 450 psia (456.31°F) 1.0324
1119.2
1205.2
1.4742
1.1233 1.2152 1.3001 1.3807 1.4584 1.6080 1.7526 1.8942 2.1718 2.4450 2.7157 2.9847 3.2527
1145.4 1171.1 1194.6 1216.9 1238.5 1280.8 1322.7 1364.7 1450.1 1538.4 1629.8 1724.6 1822.6
1238.9 1272.3 1302.8 1331.9 1360.0 1414.7 1468.6 1522.4 1631.0 1742.0 1856.0 1973.2 2093.5
1.5103 1.5441 1.5737 1.6005 1.6253 1.6706 1.7117 1.7499 1.8196 1.8827 1.9409 1.9952 2.0462
P 700 psia (503.13°F) 0.65589
1116.9
1201.9
1.4305
0.72799 0.79332 0.85242 0.90769 1.01125 1.10921 1.20381 1.29621 1.38709 1.56580 1.74192 1.91643 2.08987
1149.5 1177.9 1203.4 1227.2 1272.4 1316.0 1359.2 1402.5 1446.2 1535.4 1627.5 1722.7 1821.0
1243.8 1280.7 1313.8 1344.8 1403.4 1459.7 1515.2 1570.4 1625.9 1738.2 1853.1 1970.9 2091.7
1.4730 1.5087 1.5393 1.5666 1.6150 1.6581 1.6974 1.7341 1.7685 1.8324 1.8911 1.9457 1.9969
P 1250 psia (572.45°F) 0.34549
1102.0
1181.9
1.3623
0.37894 0.42703 0.46735 0.50344 0.53687 0.59876 0.65656 0.71184 0.76545 0.86944 0.97072 1.07036 1.16892
1129.5 1167.5 1198.7 1226.4 1252.2 1300.5 1346.7 1392.2 1437.4 1528.7 1622.2 1718.4 1817.5
1217.2 1266.3 1306.8 1342.9 1376.4 1439.0 1498.6 1556.8 1614.5 1729.8 1846.7 1966.0 2087.9
1.3961 1.4414 1.4771 1.5076 1.5347 1.5826 1.6249 1.6635 1.6993 1.7649 1.8246 1.8799 1.9315
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 973
Appendix 2
|
973
TABLE A–6E Superheated water (Concluded) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.27695 0.28189 0.33310 0.37198 0.40535 0.43550 0.46356 0.49015 0.54031 0.58781 0.63355 0.72172 0.80714 0.89090 0.97358
u Btu/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 1500 psia (596.26°F) 1092.1 1097.2 1147.2 1183.6 1214.4 1242.2 1268.2 1293.1 1340.9 1387.3 1433.3 1525.7 1619.8 1716.4 1815.9
1169.0 1175.4 1239.7 1286.9 1326.9 1363.1 1396.9 1429.2 1490.8 1550.5 1609.2 1726.0 1843.8 1963.7 2086.1
1.3362 1.3423 1.4016 1.4433 1.4771 1.5064 1.5328 1.5569 1.6007 1.6402 1.6767 1.7432 1.8033 1.8589 1.9108
P 2500 psia (668.17°F)
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 1750 psia (617.17°F)
v ft3/lbm
P 2000 psia (635.85°F)
0.22681
1080.5
1153.9
1.3112
0.18815
1066.8
1136.4
1.2863
0.26292 0.30252 0.33455 0.36266 0.38835 0.41238 0.45719 0.49917 0.53932 0.61621 0.69031 0.76273 0.83406
1122.8 1166.8 1201.5 1231.7 1259.3 1285.4 1334.9 1382.4 1429.2 1522.6 1617.4 1714.5 1814.2
1207.9 1264.7 1309.8 1349.1 1385.1 1419.0 1482.9 1544.1 1603.9 1722.1 1840.9 1961.5 2084.3
1.3607 1.4108 1.4489 1.4807 1.5088 1.5341 1.5796 1.6201 1.6572 1.7245 1.7852 1.8410 1.8931
0.20586 0.24894 0.28074 0.30763 0.33169 0.35390 0.39479 0.43266 0.46864 0.53708 0.60269 0.66660 0.72942
1091.4 1147.6 1187.4 1220.5 1250.0 1277.5 1328.7 1377.5 1425.1 1519.5 1615.0 1712.5 1812.6
1167.6 1239.8 1291.3 1334.3 1372.8 1408.5 1474.9 1537.6 1598.5 1718.3 1838.0 1959.2 2082.6
1.3146 1.3783 1.4218 1.4567 1.4867 1.5134 1.5606 1.6021 1.6400 1.7081 1.7693 1.8255 1.8778
P 3000 psia (695.41°F)
P 3500 psia
Sat. 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.13076
1031.2
1091.7
1.2330
0.08460
969.8
1016.8
1.1587
0.16849 0.20327 0.22949 0.25174 0.27165 0.29001 0.30726 0.33949 0.36966 0.42631 0.48004 0.53205 0.58295
1098.4 1154.9 1195.9 1230.1 1260.7 1289.1 1316.1 1367.3 1416.6 1513.3 1610.1 1708.6 1809.4
1176.3 1249.0 1302.0 1346.6 1386.4 1423.3 1458.2 1524.4 1587.6 1710.5 1832.2 1954.8 2079.1
1.3072 1.3686 1.4116 1.4463 1.4761 1.5028 1.5271 1.5710 1.6103 1.6802 1.7424 1.7991 1.8518
0.09838 0.14840 0.17601 0.19771 0.21640 0.23321 0.24876 0.27732 0.30367 0.35249 0.39830 0.44237 0.48532
1005.3 1114.1 1167.5 1208.2 1242.8 1273.9 1302.8 1356.8 1408.0 1507.0 1605.3 1704.7 1806.1
1059.9 1196.5 1265.3 1317.9 1362.9 1403.3 1440.9 1510.8 1576.6 1702.7 1826.4 1950.3 2075.6
1.1960 1.3118 1.3676 1.4086 1.4423 1.4716 1.4978 1.5441 1.5850 1.6567 1.7199 1.7773 1.8304
0.02492 0.03065 0.10460 0.13639 0.15847 0.17659 0.19245 0.20687 0.23289 0.25654 0.29978 0.33994 0.37833 0.41561
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1600 1800 2000
0.02448 0.02871 0.06370 0.10520 0.12848 0.14647 0.16176 0.17538 0.19957 0.22121 0.24128 0.26028 0.29620 0.33033 0.36335
0.8577 0.9347 1.1410 1.2734 1.3355 1.3799 1.4157 1.4463 1.4983 1.5426 1.5821 1.6182 1.6835 1.7422 1.7961
0.02379 0.02678 0.03373 0.05937 0.08551 0.10390 0.11863 0.13128 0.15298 0.17185 0.18902 0.20508 0.23505 0.26320 0.29023
0.8485 0.9156 1.0054 1.1581 1.2593 1.3198 1.3643 1.4004 1.4590 1.5070 1.5490 1.5868 1.6542 1.7142 1.7689
0.02325 0.02564 0.02981 0.03949 0.05815 0.07584 0.09010 0.10208 0.12211 0.13911 0.15434 0.16841 0.19438 0.21853 0.24155
P 4000 psia 657.9 742.3 962.1 1094.2 1156.7 1202.5 1240.7 1274.6 1335.1 1390.3 1443.0 1494.3 1595.5 1696.8 1799.7
676.1 763.6 1009.2 1172.1 1251.8 1310.9 1360.5 1404.4 1482.8 1554.1 1621.6 1687.0 1814.7 1941.4 2068.6
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 5000 psia 648.3 721.8 821.8 986.9 1092.4 1155.9 1203.9 1244.0 1312.2 1372.1 1427.8 1481.4 1585.6 1689.0 1793.2
670.3 746.6 853.0 1041.8 1171.5 1252.1 1313.6 1365.5 1453.8 1531.1 1602.7 1671.1 1803.1 1932.5 2061.7
663.7 760.0 1057.6 1134.3 1183.8 1223.4 1257.8 1289.0 1346.1 1399.3 1500.7 1600.4 1700.8 1802.9
679.9 779.9 1125.4 1222.6 1286.5 1337.8 1382.4 1423.0 1496.9 1565.4 1694.8 1820.5 1945.8 2072.1
0.8632 0.9511 1.2434 1.3224 1.3721 1.4106 1.4428 1.4711 1.5201 1.5627 1.6364 1.7006 1.7586 1.8121
P 6000 psia 640.3 708.1 788.7 897.1 1018.6 1103.5 1163.7 1211.4 1288.4 1353.4 1412.5 1468.4 1575.7 1681.1 1786.7
666.1 736.5 821.8 941.0 1083.1 1187.7 1263.7 1324.7 1424.0 1507.8 1583.8 1655.4 1791.5 1923.7 2054.9
0.8408 0.9028 0.9747 1.0711 1.1819 1.2603 1.3153 1.3578 1.4237 1.4758 1.5203 1.5598 1.6294 1.6907 1.7463
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974
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–7E Compressed liquid water T °F
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
Sat. 32 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0.019750 0.015994 0.015998 0.016107 0.016317 0.016607 0.016972 0.017417 0.017954 0.018609 0.019425
s v Btu/lbm · R ft3/lbm
P 500 psia (467.04°F) 447.68 0.01 18.03 67.86 117.70 167.70 218.04 268.92 320.64 373.61 428.44
449.51 1.49 19.51 69.35 119.21 169.24 219.61 270.53 322.30 375.33 430.24
0.64900 0.00001 0.03601 0.12930 0.21462 0.29349 0.36708 0.43641 0.50240 0.56595 0.62802
P 2000 psia (635.85°F) Sat. 32 50 100 200 300 400 450 500 560 600 640 680 700
0.025634 0.015912 0.015921 0.016035 0.016527 0.017310 0.018442 0.019199 0.020154 0.021739 0.023317
662.33 0.07 17.91 67.36 166.54 266.92 370.30 424.06 480.08 552.21 605.77
671.82 5.96 23.80 73.30 172.66 273.33 377.12 431.16 487.54 560.26 614.40
0.86224 0.00010 0.03574 0.12838 0.29170 0.43376 0.56205 0.62314 0.68346 0.75692 0.80898
u h s v Btu/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm · R ft3/lbm P 1000 psia (544.65°F)
0.021595 0.015966 0.015972 0.016083 0.016292 0.016580 0.016941 0.017380 0.017910 0.018552 0.019347 0.020368
538.58 0.03 17.99 67.69 117.42 167.31 217.51 268.24 319.77 372.48 426.93 484.03
542.57 2.99 20.95 70.67 120.43 170.38 220.65 271.46 323.08 375.91 430.51 487.80
0.74341 0.00005 0.03593 0.12899 0.21416 0.29289 0.36634 0.43551 0.50132 0.56463 0.62635 0.68764
P 1500 psia (596.26°F) 0.023456 0.015939 0.015946 0.016059 0.016267 0.016553 0.016911 0.017345 0.017866 0.018496 0.019271 0.020258 0.021595
P 3000 psia (695.41°F) 0.034335 0.015859 0.015870 0.015988 0.016475 0.017242 0.018338 0.019062 0.019960 0.021405 0.022759 0.024765 0.028821
783.39 0.10 17.83 67.04 165.79 265.65 368.22 421.36 476.45 546.59 597.42 654.52 728.63
802.45 8.90 26.64 75.91 174.94 275.22 378.41 431.94 487.53 558.47 610.06 668.27 744.64
0.97321 0.00011 0.03554 0.12776 0.29053 0.43204 0.55959 0.62010 0.67958 0.75126 0.80086 0.85476 0.92288
u h s Btu/lbm Btu/lbm Btu/lbm · R
605.07 0.05 17.95 67.53 117.14 166.92 217.00 267.57 318.91 371.37 425.47 482.01 542.50
611.58 4.48 22.38 71.98 121.66 171.52 221.69 272.39 323.87 376.51 430.82 487.63 548.50
0.80836 0.00008 0.03584 0.12869 0.21369 0.29229 0.36560 0.43463 0.50025 0.56333 0.62472 0.68550 0.74731
P 5000 psia 0.015756 0.015773 0.015897 0.016375 0.017112 0.018145 0.018812 0.019620 0.020862 0.021943 0.023358 0.025366 0.026777
0.13 17.65 66.41 164.36 263.24 364.35 416.40 469.94 537.08 584.42 634.95 690.67 721.78
14.71 32.25 81.12 179.51 279.07 381.14 433.80 488.10 556.38 604.72 656.56 714.14 746.56
0.00002 0.03505 0.12652 0.28824 0.42874 0.55492 0.61445 0.67254 0.74154 0.78803 0.83603 0.88745 0.91564
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Appendix 2
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975
TABLE A–8E Saturated ice—water vapor Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Temp., T °F
Sat. press., Psat psia
Sat. ice, vi
32.018 32 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.08871 0.08864 0.08086 0.06405 0.05049 0.03960 0.03089 0.02397 0.01850 0.01420 0.01083 0.00821 0.00619 0.00463 0.00344 0.00254 0.00186
0.01747 3299.6 0.01747 3302.6 0.01747 3605.8 0.01746 4505.8 0.01746 5657.6 0.01745 7138.9 0.01744 9054.0 0.01743 11,543 0.01743 14,797 0.01742 19,075 0.01741 24,731 0.01740 32,257 0.01740 42,335 0.01739 55,917 0.01738 74,345 0.01738 99,526 0.01737 134,182
Sat. vapor, vg
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/Ibm · R
Sat. ice, ui
Subl., uig
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. ice, hi
Subl., hig
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. ice, si
Subl., sig
Sat. vapor, sg
143.34 143.35 144.35 146.85 149.32 151.76 154.18 156.57 158.94 161.28 163.60 165.90 168.16 170.41 172.63 174.83 177.00
1164.2 1164.2 1164.6 1165.4 1166.2 1167.0 1167.8 1168.5 1169.2 1169.9 1170.6 1171.2 1171.8 1172.4 1173.0 1173.5 1174.0
1020.9 1020.9 1020.2 1018.6 1016.9 1015.2 1013.6 1011.9 1010.3 1008.6 1007.0 1005.3 1003.6 1002.0 1000.3 998.7 997.0
143.34 143.35 144.35 146.85 149.32 151.76 154.18 156.57 158.94 161.28 163.60 165.90 168.16 170.41 172.63 174.83 177.00
1218.3 1218.4 1218.5 1218.8 1219.1 1219.3 1219.5 1219.7 1219.9 1220.0 1220.1 1220.2 1220.3 1220.3 1220.3 1220.3 1220.3
1075.0 1075.0 1074.2 1072.0 1069.8 1067.6 1065.4 1063.1 1060.9 1058.7 1056.5 1054.3 1052.1 1049.9 1047.7 1045.5 1043.3
0.29146 0.29148 0.29353 0.29865 0.30377 0.30889 0.31401 0.31913 0.32426 0.32938 0.33451 0.33964 0.34478 0.34991 0.35505 0.36019 0.36534
2.4779 2.4779 2.4883 2.5146 2.5414 2.5687 2.5965 2.6248 2.6537 2.6832 2.7133 2.7440 2.7754 2.8074 2.8401 2.8735 2.9076
2.1864 2.1865 2.1948 2.2160 2.2376 2.2598 2.2825 2.3057 2.3295 2.3538 2.3788 2.4044 2.4306 2.4575 2.4850 2.5133 2.5423
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Thermodynamics Connstant Pressure lbf/in 2
1800
8000 5000 6000 3 204 4000 2 5 00 3000
10000
1720
11
1700 11 10
100
10
1620
14.696
30
600
1 000
1660
1640
1600
95
5
04 32
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
500
600
25 20
0
400
1220
0
1 4 .6
10
0
6
50
1140 2
00
4
11
300 1180
1160
10
1120
0 .2
0 .5
90
95
5
200
1
10 5 00 0
12000
0
1000
1.5
2000
0
1100
2000
1.0
500
100
0 .1
60
200
100 30
15
85
75
80
500
0
10
0
0
30
0
95
0
0 Constant Enthalpy Btu/lbm 35 0
96
100 0
90
45
40
1220 1 20
700
1000
400
600
50
1320
1 280
300
85
200 70
45
100
65
60
55
40
0
0
75
70
50
35
0
20
bm me ft 3/l
n t V olu
00
15 00
10 900
0 60
30
1340
1300
10
0 65
25
0
0
50
1 240
5
3 f t /l b m
0 55
500
400
20
1360
1
2
450
300
350
15
55
1 260
400
250
150
200
100
50
10
1200 00
800
60
1380
C o n sta
00
0 115 0 110
0 .4
0 100
800 lbm Btu/ halpy nt Ent Consta 700
500
600
Con stan t Qu ality , Pe rcen t
0.2
0.6
65
1420
0
0.0 0.03 560 53
20
00
25
50
0.5
50
1400
0
t °F rhea Supe tant Cons
30
20
0.0
1300 00
4
1 2
150 00 100 80 00 00
0
1 0.
t
50
900 70
1440
700
C o ns
75
1460
00 60 00 50
400
lu m e a nt V o
1400
00
1480
800
400
50
1000 80
1500
100 0
900
1500
6
85
1540
1520
500
90
1560
0.6
110 0
600
00
1100
10
1580 0.4
120 0
1740
0.2
0.05053
0.11
130 0
12
1680
600
1400
12
1760
400 300 200
1500 0
1500
13
1780
2.0
Entropy, Btu/lbm·R
FIGURE A–9E T-s diagram for water. Source: Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, Steam Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969).
60 32 2.4
Temperature, ºF
976
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Appendix 2
|
977
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R 1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9 F 1100°°F
2.0
2.1
2.2
1600
1550 1000
500
1500 900
300 200
1450 psia
1400
1350
20
F 700°°F
50
100
800
10
600
Enthalpy, Btu / lbm
100 0
3204 200 0
10,00 0 psi a 5000
1.5
1300 8 5 6 2p 3 4 sia
500
400
100
2.1 1050 2.0
84 0.
1.5
1.6
2.2
1100
1000
2 0.8 0 0.8
1.4
1150 0. 2
200°°F 200 200°F
0. 5
satu line ration x= 0.9 8 0.9 6 0.9 4 0.9 2 0.9 0 0.8 8 0. 86
1.3
1200 1.0
300
1250
1.9 950
1.7 1.8 Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
FIGURE A–10E Mollier diagram for water. Source: Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, Steam Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969).
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 978
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–11E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Sat. Temp., press., T °F Psat psia
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
40 35 30 25 20 15 10
7.432 8.581 9.869 11.306 12.906 14.680 16.642
0.01130 0.01136 0.01143 0.01150 0.01156 0.01163 0.01171
5.7796 5.0509 4.4300 3.8988 3.4426 3.0494 2.7091
0.016 1.484 2.990 4.502 6.019 7.543 9.073
89.167 88.352 87.532 86.706 85.874 85.036 84.191
89.15 89.84 90.52 91.21 91.89 92.58 93.26
0.000 1.502 3.011 4.526 6.047 7.574 9.109
5 0 5 10 15
18.806 21.185 23.793 26.646 29.759
0.01178 0.01185 0.01193 0.01201 0.01209
2.4137 2.1564 1.9316 1.7345 1.5612
10.609 12.152 13.702 15.259 16.823
83.339 82.479 81.610 80.733 79.846
93.95 94.63 95.31 95.99 96.67
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
33.147 36.826 40.813 45.124 49.776 54.787 60.175 65.957
0.01217 0.01225 0.01234 0.01242 0.01251 0.01261 0.01270 0.01280
1.4084 1.2732 1.1534 1.0470 0.95205 0.86727 0.79136 0.72323
18.394 19.973 21.560 23.154 24.757 26.369 27.990 29.619
78.950 78.043 77.124 76.195 75.253 74.298 73.329 72.346
60 65 70 75 80 85 90
72.152 78.780 85.858 93.408 101.45 110.00 119.08
0.01290 0.01301 0.01312 0.01323 0.01334 0.01347 0.01359
0.66195 0.60671 0.55681 0.51165 0.47069 0.43348 0.39959
31.258 32.908 34.567 36.237 37.919 39.612 41.317
95 100 105 110 115
128.72 138.93 149.73 161.16 173.23
0.01372 0.01386 0.01400 0.01415 0.01430
0.36869 0.34045 0.31460 0.29090 0.26913
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
185.96 213.53 244.06 277.79 314.94 355.80 400.66 449.90 504.00 563.76
0.01446 0.01482 0.01521 0.01567 0.01619 0.01681 0.01759 0.01860 0.02009 0.02309
0.24909 0.21356 0.18315 0.15692 0.13410 0.11405 0.09618 0.07990 0.06441 0.04722
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
97.100 97.10 96.354 97.86 95.601 98.61 94.839 99.36 94.068 100.12 93.288 100.86 92.498 101.61
0.00000 0.00355 0.00708 0.01058 0.01405 0.01749 0.02092
0.23135 0.22687 0.22248 0.21817 0.21394 0.20978 0.20569
0.23135 0.23043 0.22956 0.22875 0.22798 0.22727 0.22660
10.650 12.199 13.755 15.318 16.889
91.698 90.886 90.062 89.226 88.377
102.35 103.08 103.82 104.54 105.27
0.02431 0.02769 0.03104 0.03438 0.03769
0.20166 0.19770 0.19380 0.18996 0.18617
0.22598 0.22539 0.22485 0.22434 0.22386
97.34 98.02 98.68 99.35 100.01 100.67 101.32 101.97
18.469 20.056 21.653 23.258 24.873 26.497 28.131 29.775
87.514 86.636 85.742 84.833 83.907 82.963 82.000 81.017
105.98 106.69 107.40 108.09 108.78 109.46 110.13 110.79
0.04098 0.04426 0.04752 0.05076 0.05398 0.05720 0.06039 0.06358
0.18243 0.17874 0.17509 0.17148 0.16791 0.16437 0.16087 0.15740
0.22341 0.22300 0.22260 0.22224 0.22189 0.22157 0.22127 0.22098
71.347 70.333 69.301 68.251 67.181 66.091 64.979
102.61 103.24 103.87 104.49 105.10 105.70 106.30
31.431 33.097 34.776 36.466 38.169 39.886 41.617
80.013 78.988 77.939 76.866 75.767 74.641 73.485
111.44 112.09 112.71 113.33 113.94 114.53 115.10
0.06675 0.06991 0.07306 0.07620 0.07934 0.08246 0.08559
0.15396 0.15053 0.14713 0.14375 0.14038 0.13703 0.13368
0.22070 0.22044 0.22019 0.21995 0.21972 0.21949 0.21926
43.036 44.768 46.514 48.276 50.054
63.844 62.683 61.496 60.279 59.031
106.88 107.45 108.01 108.56 109.08
43.363 45.124 46.902 48.698 50.512
72.299 71.080 69.825 68.533 67.200
115.66 116.20 116.73 117.23 117.71
0.08870 0.09182 0.09493 0.09804 0.10116
0.13033 0.12699 0.12365 0.12029 0.11693
0.21904 0.21881 0.21858 0.21834 0.21809
51.849 55.495 59.226 63.059 67.014 71.126 75.448 80.082 85.267 91.986
57.749 55.071 52.216 49.144 45.799 42.097 37.899 32.950 26.651 16.498
109.60 110.57 111.44 112.20 112.81 113.22 113.35 113.03 111.92 108.48
52.346 56.080 59.913 63.864 67.958 72.233 76.752 81.631 87.140 94.395
65.823 62.924 59.801 56.405 52.671 48.499 43.726 38.053 30.785 19.015
118.17 119.00 119.71 120.27 120.63 120.73 120.48 119.68 117.93 113.41
0.10428 0.11054 0.11684 0.12321 0.12970 0.13634 0.14323 0.15055 0.15867 0.16922
0.11354 0.10670 0.09971 0.09251 0.08499 0.07701 0.06835 0.05857 0.04666 0.02839
0.21782 0.21724 0.21655 0.21572 0.21469 0.21335 0.21158 0.20911 0.20533 0.19761
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Source: Tables A–11E through A–13E are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at 40°C (and 40°F).
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Appendix 2
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979
TABLE A–12E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Specific volume, ft3/lbm
Press., P psia
Sat. temp., T °F
5 10 15 20 25
Internal energy, Btu/lbm
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
Entropy, Btu/lbm · R
Sat. liquid, vf
Sat. vapor, vg
Sat. liquid, uf
Evap., ufg
Sat. vapor, ug
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, sf
Evap., sfg
Sat. vapor, sg
53.09 29.52 14.15 2.43 7.17
0.01113 0.01144 0.01165 0.01182 0.01196
8.3785 4.3753 2.9880 2.2772 1.8429
3.918 3.135 7.803 11.401 14.377
91.280 87.453 84.893 82.898 81.231
87.36 90.59 92.70 94.30 95.61
3.907 3.156 7.835 11.445 14.432
99.022 95.528 93.155 91.282 89.701
95.11 98.68 100.99 102.73 104.13
0.00945 0.00742 0.01808 0.02605 0.03249
0.24353 0.22206 0.20908 0.19962 0.19213
0.23408 0.22948 0.22715 0.22567 0.22462
30 35 40 45 50
15.37 22.57 29.01 34.86 40.23
0.01209 0.01221 0.01232 0.01242 0.01252
1.5492 1.3369 1.1760 1.0497 0.94791
16.939 19.205 21.246 23.110 24.832
79.780 78.485 77.307 76.221 75.209
96.72 97.69 98.55 99.33 100.04
17.006 19.284 21.337 23.214 24.948
88.313 87.064 85.920 84.858 83.863
105.32 106.35 107.26 108.07 108.81
0.03793 0.04267 0.04688 0.05067 0.05413
0.18589 0.18053 0.17580 0.17158 0.16774
0.22383 0.22319 0.22268 0.22225 0.22188
55 60 65 70 75
45.20 49.84 54.20 58.30 62.19
0.01261 0.01270 0.01279 0.01287 0.01295
0.86400 0.79361 0.73370 0.68205 0.63706
26.435 27.939 29.357 30.700 31.979
74.258 73.360 72.505 71.688 70.905
100.69 101.30 101.86 102.39 102.88
26.564 28.080 29.510 30.867 32.159
82.924 82.030 81.176 80.357 79.567
109.49 110.11 110.69 111.22 111.73
0.05733 0.06029 0.06307 0.06567 0.06813
0.16423 0.16098 0.15796 0.15512 0.15245
0.22156 0.22127 0.22102 0.22080 0.22059
80 85 90 95 100
65.89 69.41 72.78 76.02 79.12
0.01303 0.01310 0.01318 0.01325 0.01332
0.59750 0.56244 0.53113 0.50301 0.47760
33.201 34.371 35.495 36.578 37.623
70.151 69.424 68.719 68.035 67.371
103.35 103.79 104.21 104.61 104.99
33.394 34.577 35.715 36.811 37.869
78.804 78.064 77.345 76.645 75.962
112.20 112.64 113.06 113.46 113.83
0.07047 0.07269 0.07481 0.07684 0.07879
0.14993 0.14753 0.14525 0.14307 0.14097
0.22040 0.22022 0.22006 0.21991 0.21976
110 120 130 140 150
85.00 90.49 95.64 100.51 105.12
0.01347 0.01360 0.01374 0.01387 0.01400
0.43347 0.39644 0.36491 0.33771 0.31401
39.612 41.485 43.258 44.945 46.556
66.091 64.869 63.696 62.564 61.467
105.70 106.35 106.95 107.51 108.02
39.886 41.787 43.589 45.304 46.945
74.641 73.371 72.144 70.954 69.795
114.53 115.16 115.73 116.26 116.74
0.08246 0.08589 0.08911 0.09214 0.09501
0.13703 0.13335 0.12990 0.12665 0.12357
0.21949 0.21924 0.21901 0.21879 0.21857
160 170 180 190 200
109.50 113.69 117.69 121.53 125.22
0.01413 0.01426 0.01439 0.01452 0.01464
0.29316 0.27466 0.25813 0.24327 0.22983
48.101 49.586 51.018 52.402 53.743
60.401 59.362 58.345 57.349 56.371
108.50 108.95 109.36 109.75 110.11
48.519 50.035 51.497 52.912 54.285
68.662 67.553 66.464 65.392 64.335
117.18 117.59 117.96 118.30 118.62
0.09774 0.10034 0.10284 0.10524 0.10754
0.12062 0.11781 0.11511 0.11250 0.10998
0.21836 0.21815 0.21795 0.21774 0.21753
220 240 260 280 300
132.21 138.73 144.85 150.62 156.09
0.01490 0.01516 0.01543 0.01570 0.01598
0.20645 0.18677 0.16996 0.15541 0.14266
56.310 58.746 61.071 63.301 65.452
54.458 52.591 50.757 48.945 47.143
110.77 111.34 111.83 112.25 112.60
56.917 59.419 61.813 64.115 66.339
62.256 60.213 58.192 56.184 54.176
119.17 119.63 120.00 120.30 120.52
0.11192 0.11603 0.11992 0.12362 0.12715
0.10517 0.10061 0.09625 0.09205 0.08797
0.21710 0.21665 0.21617 0.21567 0.21512
350 400 450 500
168.64 179.86 190.02 199.29
0.01672 0.01757 0.01860 0.01995
0.11664 0.09642 0.07987 0.06551
70.554 75.385 80.092 84.871
42.627 37.963 32.939 27.168
113.18 113.35 113.03 112.04
71.638 76.686 81.641 86.718
49.099 43.798 38.041 31.382
120.74 120.48 119.68 118.10
0.13542 0.14314 0.15056 0.15805
0.07814 0.06848 0.05854 0.04762
0.21356 0.21161 0.20911 0.20566
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980
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–13E Superheated refrigerant-134a T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
4.3753 4.4856 4.7135 4.9380 5.1600 5.3802 5.5989 5.8165 6.0331 6.2490 6.4642 6.6789 6.8930 7.1068
Sat. 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
1.5492 1.5691 1.6528 1.7338 1.8130 1.8908 1.9675 2.0434 2.1185 2.1931 2.2671 2.3408 2.4141 2.4871 2.5598
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 10 psia (Tsat 29.52°F) 90.59 92.13 95.41 98.77 102.20 105.72 109.32 113.01 116.79 120.66 124.61 128.65 132.77 136.98
98.68 100.43 104.14 107.91 111.75 115.67 119.68 123.78 127.96 132.22 136.57 141.01 145.53 150.13
0.22948 0.23350 0.24174 0.24976 0.25761 0.26531 0.27288 0.28033 0.28767 0.29490 0.30203 0.30908 0.31604 0.32292
P 30 psia (Tsat 15.37°F) 96.72 97.56 101.17 104.82 108.53 112.30 116.15 120.08 124.08 128.16 132.32 136.57 140.89 145.30 149.78
105.32 106.27 110.35 114.45 118.59 122.80 127.07 131.42 135.84 140.34 144.91 149.56 154.29 159.10 163.99
0.22383 0.22581 0.23414 0.24219 0.25002 0.25767 0.26517 0.27254 0.27979 0.28693 0.29398 0.30092 0.30778 0.31456 0.32126
P 60 psia (Tsat 49.84°F) Sat. 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
0.7936 0.8179 0.8636 0.9072 0.9495 0.9908 1.0312 1.0709 1.1101 1.1489 1.1872 1.2252 1.2629 1.3004 1.3377
101.30 103.31 107.23 111.16 115.14 119.16 123.25 127.41 131.63 135.93 140.30 144.75 149.27 153.87 158.54
110.11 112.39 116.82 121.24 125.68 130.16 134.70 139.30 143.96 148.69 153.48 158.35 163.29 168.31 173.39
0.22127 0.22570 0.23407 0.24211 0.24991 0.25751 0.26496 0.27226 0.27943 0.28649 0.29344 0.30030 0.30707 0.31376 0.32037
v ft3/lbm
u Btu/lbm
s h Btu/ Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 15 psia (Tsat 14.15°F)
v ft3/lbm
s u h Btu/ Btu/lbm Btu/lbm lbm · R
P 20 psia (Tsat 2.43°F)
2.9880
92.70
100.99
0.22715
2.2772
94.30
102.73
0.22567
3.1001 3.2551 3.4074 3.5577 3.7064 3.8540 4.0006 4.1464 4.2915 4.4361 4.5802 4.7239
95.08 98.48 101.95 105.50 109.13 112.84 116.63 120.51 124.48 128.53 132.66 136.88
103.68 107.52 111.41 115.38 119.42 123.54 127.74 132.02 136.39 140.84 145.37 149.99
0.23310 0.24127 0.24922 0.25700 0.26463 0.27212 0.27950 0.28677 0.29393 0.30100 0.30798 0.31487
2.2922 2.4130 2.5306 2.6461 2.7600 2.8726 2.9842 3.0950 3.2051 3.3146 3.4237 3.5324
94.72 98.19 101.70 105.28 108.93 112.66 116.47 120.37 124.35 128.41 132.55 136.78
103.20 107.12 111.07 115.07 119.15 123.29 127.52 131.82 136.21 140.67 145.22 149.85
0.22671 0.23504 0.24311 0.25097 0.25866 0.26621 0.27363 0.28093 0.28812 0.29521 0.30221 0.30912
P 40 psia (Tsat 29.01°F)
P 50 psia (Tsat 40.23°F)
1.1760
98.55
107.26
0.22268
0.9479
100.04
108.81
0.22188
1.2126 1.2768 1.3389 1.3995 1.4588 1.5173 1.5750 1.6321 1.6887 1.7449 1.8007 1.8562 1.9114
100.61 104.34 108.11 111.93 115.82 119.78 123.81 127.91 132.10 136.36 140.70 145.12 149.61
109.58 113.79 118.02 122.29 126.62 131.01 135.47 140.00 144.60 149.27 154.03 158.86 163.76
0.22738 0.23565 0.24363 0.25140 0.25900 0.26644 0.27375 0.28095 0.28803 0.29501 0.30190 0.30871 0.31543
1.0019 1.0540 1.1043 1.1534 1.2015 1.2488 1.2955 1.3416 1.3873 1.4326 1.4776 1.5223
103.84 107.68 111.55 115.48 119.47 123.53 127.66 131.87 136.15 140.50 144.93 149.44
113.11 117.43 121.77 126.16 130.59 135.09 139.65 144.28 148.98 153.76 158.60 163.53
0.23031 0.23847 0.24637 0.25406 0.26159 0.26896 0.27621 0.28333 0.29036 0.29728 0.30411 0.31086
P 70 psia (Tsat 58.30°F) 0.6821 0.6857 0.7271 0.7662 0.8037 0.8401 0.8756 0.9105 0.9447 0.9785 1.0118 1.0449 1.0776 1.1101 1.1424
102.39 102.73 106.76 110.76 114.78 118.85 122.97 127.15 131.40 135.71 140.10 144.56 149.10 153.71 158.39
111.22 111.62 116.18 120.68 125.19 129.73 134.31 138.94 143.63 148.39 153.21 158.10 163.06 168.09 173.19
0.22080 0.22155 0.23016 0.23836 0.24628 0.25398 0.26149 0.26885 0.27607 0.28317 0.29015 0.29704 0.30384 0.31055 0.31718
P 80 psia (Tsat 65.89°F) 0.59750
103.35
112.20
0.22040
0.62430 0.66009 0.69415 0.72698 0.75888 0.79003 0.82059 0.85065 0.88030 0.90961 0.93861 0.96737 0.99590
106.26 110.34 114.42 118.52 122.68 126.89 131.16 135.49 139.90 144.37 148.92 153.54 158.24
115.51 120.11 124.69 129.29 133.91 138.58 143.31 148.09 152.93 157.84 162.82 167.86 172.98
0.22661 0.23499 0.24304 0.25083 0.25841 0.26583 0.27310 0.28024 0.28726 0.29418 0.30100 0.30773 0.31438
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Appendix 2
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981
TABLE A–13E Superheated refrigerant-134a (Concluded ) T °F
v ft3/lbm
Sat. 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
0.53113 0.54388 0.57729 0.60874 0.63885 0.66796 0.69629 0.72399 0.75119 0.77796 0.80437 0.83048 0.85633 0.88195
Sat. 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
0.33771 0.36243 0.38551 0.40711 0.42766 0.44743 0.46657 0.48522 0.50345 0.52134 0.53895 0.55630 0.57345 0.59041
Sat. 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
0.22983 0.24541 0.26412 0.28115 0.29704 0.31212 0.32658 0.34054 0.35410 0.36733 0.38029 0.39300 0.40552
u Btu/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 90 psia (Tsat 72.78°F) 104.21 105.74 109.91 114.04 118.19 122.38 126.62 130.92 135.27 139.69 144.19 148.75 153.38 158.08
113.06 114.80 119.52 124.18 128.83 133.51 138.22 142.97 147.78 152.65 157.58 162.58 167.64 172.77
0.22006 0.22330 0.23189 0.24008 0.24797 0.25563 0.26311 0.27043 0.27762 0.28468 0.29162 0.29847 0.30522 0.31189
P 140 psia (Tsat 100.50°F) 107.51 111.96 116.41 120.81 125.22 129.65 134.12 138.64 143.21 147.85 152.54 157.30 162.13 167.02
116.26 121.35 126.40 131.36 136.30 141.24 146.21 151.21 156.26 161.35 166.50 171.71 176.98 182.32
0.21879 0.22773 0.23628 0.24443 0.25227 0.25988 0.26730 0.27455 0.28166 0.28864 0.29551 0.30228 0.30896 0.31555
P 200 psia (Tsat 125.22°F) 110.11 113.85 118.66 123.35 128.00 132.64 137.30 141.99 146.72 151.50 156.33 161.22 166.17
118.62 122.93 128.44 133.76 138.99 144.19 149.38 154.59 159.82 165.09 170.40 175.77 181.18
0.21753 0.22481 0.23384 0.24229 0.25035 0.25812 0.26565 0.27298 0.28015 0.28718 0.29408 0.30087 0.30756
v ft3/lbm
u Btu/lbm
h Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 100 psia (Tsat 79.12°F) 0.47760 0.47906 0.51076 0.54022 0.56821 0.59513 0.62122 0.64667 0.67158 0.69605 0.72016 0.74396 0.76749 0.79079
104.99 105.18 109.45 113.66 117.86 122.08 126.35 130.67 135.05 139.49 143.99 148.57 153.21 157.93
113.83 114.05 118.90 123.65 128.37 133.09 137.85 142.64 147.47 152.37 157.32 162.34 167.42 172.56
0.21976 0.22016 0.22900 0.23733 0.24534 0.25309 0.26063 0.26801 0.27523 0.28233 0.28931 0.29618 0.30296 0.30964
P 160 psia (Tsat 109.50°F) 0.29316 0.30578 0.32774 0.34790 0.36686 0.38494 0.40234 0.41921 0.43564 0.45171 0.46748 0.48299 0.49828 0.51338
108.50 111.01 115.62 120.13 124.62 129.12 133.64 138.20 142.81 147.48 152.20 156.98 161.83 166.74
117.18 120.06 125.32 130.43 135.49 140.52 145.55 150.62 155.71 160.85 166.04 171.28 176.58 181.94
0.21836 0.22337 0.23230 0.24069 0.24871 0.25645 0.26397 0.27131 0.27849 0.28554 0.29246 0.29927 0.30598 0.31260
P 300 psia (Tsat 156.09°F)
v ft3/lbm
u h Btu/lbm Btu/lbm
s Btu/ lbm · R
P 120 psia (Tsat 90.49°F) 0.39644 106.35
115.16 0.21924
0.41013 0.43692 0.46190 0.48563 0.50844 0.53054 0.55206 0.57312 0.59379 0.61413 0.63420 0.65402
117.59 122.54 127.41 132.25 137.09 141.95 146.85 151.80 156.79 161.85 166.96 172.14
108.48 112.84 117.15 121.46 125.79 130.17 134.59 139.07 143.61 148.21 152.88 157.62
0.22362 0.23232 0.24058 0.24851 0.25619 0.26368 0.27100 0.27817 0.28521 0.29214 0.29896 0.30569
P 180 psia (Tsat 117.69°F) 0.25813 0.26083 0.28231 0.30154 0.31936 0.33619 0.35228 0.36779 0.38284 0.39751 0.41186 0.42594 0.43980 0.45347
109.36 109.94 114.77 119.42 124.00 128.57 133.15 137.76 142.40 147.10 151.85 156.66 161.53 166.46
117.96 118.63 124.17 129.46 134.64 139.77 144.88 150.01 155.16 160.34 165.57 170.85 176.18 181.56
0.21795 0.21910 0.22850 0.23718 0.24540 0.25330 0.26094 0.26837 0.27562 0.28273 0.28970 0.29656 0.30331 0.30996
P 400 psia (Tsat 179.86°F)
0.14266
112.60
120.52
0.21512 0.09642 113.35
120.48 0.21161
0.14656 0.16355 0.17776 0.19044 0.20211 0.21306 0.22347 0.23346 0.24310 0.25246 0.26159
113.82 119.52 124.78 129.85 134.83 139.77 144.70 149.65 154.63 159.64 164.70
121.95 128.60 134.65 140.42 146.05 151.59 157.11 162.61 168.12 173.66 179.22
0.21745 0.22802 0.23733 0.24594 0.25410 0.26192 0.26947 0.27681 0.28398 0.29098 0.29786
120.56 128.99 135.88 142.20 148.25 154.14 159.94 165.70 171.44 177.18
0.09658 0.11440 0.12746 0.13853 0.14844 0.15756 0.16611 0.17423 0.18201 0.18951
113.41 120.52 126.44 131.95 137.26 142.48 147.65 152.80 157.97 163.15
0.21173 0.22471 0.23500 0.24418 0.25270 0.26077 0.26851 0.27599 0.28326 0.29035
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 982
Thermodynamics
1000
60
55
140 50
45
40
180 35
30
24
= D e n sit y
260 3000
22
1000
7.2 4.8 3.6
400
2.4 1.8 1.2 0.96 0.72
60
100
2000
3 18 lbm/ft3 12 9.6
140
T = 100°F
200
220
0
180
R-134a 400
200 100
20
0.48 0.36
40
20
0.24 0.18
20
0.12 0.096
10
1 –20
180
5 40 580
0 500 .42
4 60
220
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
FIGURE A–14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
0.4 6
0.4 4
s=
140
0.072 0.048
0.4 2
4 20
0.4 0
0.3 8 380
0.3 4
0.3 6
340
T = 3 0 0° F
220
260
1 80
s=
100
60 100 1 40
- 60 -20 20
te d va
s atu ra
0.8
p o ur
60
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.3
20
0.3 0B tu/l bm ·R 0.3 2
0.26
0.28
0.20 0.22 0.24
0.14 0.16 0.18
0.10 0.12
0.04 0.06 0.08
id
li q u ate d
0.1
2
s atur
T = -1 0 0 ° F
4
0.00 0. 0.02
-0.04 -0.02 -60
10
620
40 -20
Pressure, psia
100
75 l
95
90
85
2000
60 65
20 bm/ 3 ft3
–20 3000
70
|
80
982
0.036 0.024
4
0.018
2
0.012
1 260
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 983
Appendix 2
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983
TABLE A–16E Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, ft 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 16,000 17,000 18,000 19,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000 28,000 30,000 32,000 34,000 36,000 38,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000
Temperature, °F 59.00 57.22 55.43 53.65 51.87 50.09 48.30 46.52 44.74 42.96 41.17 39.39 37.61 35.83 34.05 32.26 30.48 28.70 26.92 25.14 23.36 19.79 16.23 12.67 9.12 5.55 1.99 1.58 5.14 8.70 12.2 19.4 26.5 33.6 40.7 47.8 54.9 62.0 69.2 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7 69.7
Pressure, psia 14.7 14.4 14.2 13.9 13.7 13.4 13.2 12.9 12.7 12.5 12.2 12.0 11.8 11.6 11.3 11.1 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.3 10.1 9.72 9.34 8.99 8.63 8.29 7.97 7.65 7.34 7.05 6.76 6.21 5.70 5.22 4.78 4.37 3.99 3.63 3.30 3.05 2.73 2.148 1.691 1.332 1.048
Gravity, g, ft/s2
Speed of sound, ft/s
Density, lbm/ft3
Viscosity m, lbm/ft · s
32.174 32.173 32.171 32.169 32.168 32.166 32.165 32.163 32.162 32.160 32.159 32.157 32.156 32.154 32.152 32.151 32.149 32.148 32.146 32.145 32.145 32.140 32.137 32.134 32.131 32.128 32.125 32.122 32.119 32.115 32.112 32.106 32.100 32.094 32.088 32.082 32.08 32.07 32.06 32.06 32.05 32.04 32.02 32.00 31.99
1116 1115 1113 1111 1109 1107 1105 1103 1101 1099 1097 1095 1093 1091 1089 1087 1085 1083 1081 1079 1077 1073 1069 1065 1061 1057 1053 1049 1045 1041 1037 1029 1020 1012 1003 995 987 978 969 968 968 968 968 968 968
0.07647 0.07536 0.07426 0.07317 0.07210 0.07104 0.06998 0.06985 0.06792 0.06690 0.06590 0.06491 0.06393 0.06296 0.06200 0.06105 0.06012 0.05919 0.05828 0.05738 0.05648 0.05473 0.05302 0.05135 0.04973 0.04814 0.04659 0.04508 0.04361 0.04217 0.04077 0.03808 0.03553 0.03311 0.03082 0.02866 0.02661 0.02468 0.02285 0.02079 0.01890 0.01487 0.01171 0.00922 0.00726
1.202 1.199 1.196 1.193 1.190 1.186 1.183 1.180 1.177 1.173 1.170 1.167 1.164 1.160 1.157 1.154 1.150 1.147 1.144 1.140 1.137 1.130 1.124 1.117 1.110 1.104 1.097 1.090 1.083 1.076 1.070 1.056 1.042 1.028 1.014 1.000 0.986 0.971 0.956 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.955
105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
Thermal conductivity, Btu/h · ft · R 0.0146 0.0146 0.0146 0.0145 0.0145 0.0144 0.0144 0.0143 0.0143 0.0142 0.0142 0.0141 0.0141 0.0141 0.0140 0.0140 0.0139 0.0139 0.0138 0.0138 0.0137 0.0136 0.0136 0.0135 0.0134 0.0133 0.0132 0.0132 0.0130 0.0129 0.0128 0.0126 0.0124 0.0122 0.0121 0.0119 0.0117 0.0115 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113 0.0113
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45° latitude and varies with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 14.696 psia, T 59°F, r 0.076474 lbm/ft3, g 32.1741 ft2/s.
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984
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air T R
h Btu/lbm
360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 537 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 1000 1040 1080 1120 1160 1200 1240 1280 1320 1360 1400 1440 1480 1520 1560
85.97 90.75 95.53 100.32 105.11 109.90 114.69 119.48 124.27 128.10 129.06 133.86 138.66 143.47 148.28 153.09 157.92 162.73 167.56 172.39 177.23 182.08 186.94 191.81 196.69 201.56 206.46 211.35 216.26 221.18 226.11 231.06 236.02 240.98 250.95 260.97 271.03 281.14 291.30 301.52 311.79 322.11 332.48 342.90 353.37 363.89 374.47 385.08
Pr 0.3363 0.4061 0.4858 0.5760 0.6776 0.7913 0.9182 1.0590 1.2147 1.3593 1.3860 1.5742 1.7800 2.005 2.249 2.514 2.801 3.111 3.446 3.806 4.193 4.607 5.051 5.526 6.033 6.573 7.149 7.761 8.411 9.102 9.834 10.61 11.43 12.30 14.18 16.28 18.60 21.18 24.01 27.13 30.55 34.31 38.41 42.88 47.75 53.04 58.78 65.00
u Btu/lbm
vr
s° T Btu/lbm · R R
h Btu/lbm
Pr
u Btu/lbm
vr
61.29 64.70 68.11 71.52 74.93 78.36 81.77 85.20 88.62 91.53 92.04 95.47 98.90 102.34 105.78 109.21 112.67 116.12 119.58 123.04 126.51 129.99 133.47 136.97 140.47 143.98 147.50 151.02 154.57 158.12 161.68 165.26 168.83 172.43 179.66 186.93 194.25 201.63 209.05 216.53 224.05 231.63 239.25 246.93 254.66 262.44 270.26 278.13
396.6 346.6 305.0 270.1 240.6 215.33 193.65 174.90 158.58 146.34 144.32 131.78 120.70 110.88 102.12 94.30 87.27 80.96 75.25 70.07 65.38 61.10 57.20 53.63 50.35 47.34 44.57 42.01 39.64 37.44 35.41 33.52 31.76 30.12 27.17 24.58 22.30 20.29 18.51 16.93 15.52 14.25 13.12 12.10 11.17 10.34 9.578 8.890
0.50369 0.51663 0.52890 0.54058 0.55172 0.56235 0.57255 0.58233 0.59173 0.59945 0.60078 0.60950 0.61793 0.62607 0.63395 0.64159 0.64902 0.65621 0.66321 0.67002 0.67665 0.68312 0.68942 0.69558 0.70160 0.70747 0.71323 0.71886 0.72438 0.72979 0.73509 0.74030 0.74540 0.75042 0.76019 0.76964 0.77880 0.78767 0.79628 0.80466 0.81280 0.82075 0.82848 0.83604 0.84341 0.85062 0.85767 0.86456
395.74 409.13 422.59 436.12 449.71 463.37 477.09 490.88 504.71 518.71 532.55 546.54 560.59 574.69 588.82 603.00 617.22 631.48 645.78 660.12 674.49 688.90 703.35 717.83 732.33 746.88 761.45 776.05 790.68 805.34 820.03 834.75 849.48 864.24 879.02 893.83 908.66 923.52 938.40 953.30 968.21 983.15 998.11 1013.1 1028.1 1043.1 1058.1 1073.2
71.13 80.89 90.95 101.98 114.0 127.2 141.5 157.1 174.0 192.3 212.1 223.5 256.6 281.4 308.1 336.8 367.6 400.5 435.7 473.3 513.5 556.3 601.9 650.4 702.0 756.7 814.8 876.4 941.4 1011 1083 1161 1242 1328 1418 1513 1613 1719 1829 1946 2068 2196 2330 2471 2618 2773 2934 3103
286.06 296.03 306.06 316.16 326.32 336.55 346.85 357.20 367.61 378.08 388.60 399.17 409.78 420.46 431.16 441.91 452.70 463.54 474.40 485.31 496.26 507.25 518.26 529.31 540.40 551.52 562.66 573.84 585.04 596.28 607.53 618.82 630.12 641.46 652.81 664.20 675.60 687.04 698.48 709.95 721.44 732.95 744.48 756.04 767.60 779.19 790.80 802.43
8.263 7.556 6.924 6.357 5.847 5.388 4.974 4.598 4.258 3.949 3.667 3.410 3.176 2.961 2.765 2.585 2.419 2.266 2.125 1.996 1.876 1.765 1.662 1.566 1.478 1.395 1.318 1.247 1.180 1.118 1.060 1.006 0.955 0.907 0.8621 0.8202 0.7807 0.7436 0.7087 0.6759 0.6449 0.6157 0.5882 0.5621 0.5376 0.5143 0.4923 0.4715
1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350 2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3050 3100 3150 3200 3250 3300 3350 3400 3450 3500 3550 3600 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850 3900 3950
s° Btu/lbm · R 0.87130 0.87954 0.88758 0.89542 0.90308 0.91056 0.91788 0.92504 0.93205 0.93891 0.94564 0.95222 0.95919 0.96501 0.97123 0.97732 0.98331 0.98919 0.99497 1.00064 1.00623 1.01172 1.01712 1.02244 1.02767 1.03282 1.03788 1.04288 1.04779 1.05264 1.05741 1.06212 1.06676 1.07134 1.07585 1.08031 1.08470 1.08904 1.09332 1.09755 1.10172 1.10584 1.10991 1.11393 1.11791 1.12183 1.12571 1.12955
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Appendix 2
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985
TABLE A–17E Ideal-gas properties of air (Concluded) T R
h Btu/lbm
Pr
u Btu/lbm
vr
s° Btu/lbm · R
T R
h Btu/lbm
Pr
u Btu/lbm
vr
s° Btu/lbm · R
4000
1088.3
3280
814.06
0.4518
1.13334
4600
1270.4
6089
955.04
0.2799
1.17575
4050 4100 4150 4200 4300
1103.4 1118.5 1133.6 1148.7 1179.0
3464 3656 3858 4067 4513
825.72 837.40 849.09 860.81 884.28
0.4331 0.4154 0.3985 0.3826 0.3529
1.13709 1.14079 1.14446 1.14809 1.15522
4700 4800 4900 5000 5100
1300.9 1331.5 1362.2 1392.9 1423.6
6701 7362 8073 8837 9658
978.73 1002.5 1026.3 1050.1 1074.0
0.2598 0.2415 0.2248 0.2096 0.1956
1.18232 1.18876 1.19508 1.20129 1.20738
4400 4500
1209.4 1239.9
4997 5521
907.81 931.39
0.3262 0.3019
1.16221 1.16905
5200 5300
1454.4 1485.3
10,539 11,481
1098.0 1122.0
0.1828 0.1710
1.21336 1.21923
Note: The properties Pr (relative pressure) and vr (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume. Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 832–33, Table A–5. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948).
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986
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,082.0 2,221.0 2,360.0 2,498.9 2,638.0
1,486.2 1,585.5 1,684.4 1,784.0 1,883.4
41.695 42.143 42.564 42.962 43.337
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
7,551.0 7,695.0 7,839.3 7,984.0 8,129.0
5,406.2 5,510.5 5,615.2 5,720.1 5,825.4
50.651 50.783 50.912 51.040 51.167
400 420 440 460 480
2,777.0 2,916.1 3,055.1 3,194.1 3,333.1
1,982.6 2,082.0 2,181.3 2,280.6 2,379.9
43.694 44.034 44.357 44.665 44.962
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
8,274.4 8,420.0 8,566.1 8,712.6 8,859.3
5,931.0 6,037.0 6,143.4 6,250.1 6,357.2
51.291 51.143 51.534 51.653 51.771
500 520 537 540 560
3,472.2 3,611.3 3,729.5 3,750.3 3,889.5
2,479.3 2,578.6 2,663.1 2,678.0 2,777.4
45.246 45.519 45.743 45.781 46.034
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
9,006.4 9,153.9 9,301.8 9,450.0 9,598.6
6,464.5 6,572.3 6,680.4 6,788.9 6,897.8
51.887 51.001 52.114 52.225 52.335
580 600 620 640 660
4,028.7 4,167.9 4,307.1 4,446.4 4,585.8
2,876.9 2,976.4 3,075.9 3,175.5 3,275.2
46.278 46.514 46.742 46.964 47.178
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
9,747.5 9,896.9 10,046.6 10,196.6 10,347.0
7,007.0 7,116.7 7,226.7 7,337.0 7,447.6
52.444 52.551 52.658 52.763 52.867
680 700 720 740 760
4,725.3 4,864.9 5,004.5 5,144.3 5,284.1
3,374.9 3,474.8 3,574.7 3,674.7 3,774.9
47.386 47.588 47.785 47.977 48.164
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
10,497.8 10,648.0 10,800.4 10,952.2 11,104.3
7,558.7 7,670.1 7,781.9 7,893.9 8,006.4
52.969 53.071 53.171 53.271 53.369
780 800 820 840 860
5,424.2 5,564.4 5,704.7 5,845.3 5,985.9
3,875.2 3,975.7 4,076.3 4,177.1 4,278.1
48.345 48.522 48.696 48.865 49.031
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
11,256.9 11,409.7 11,562.8 11,716.4 11,870.2
8,119.2 8,232.3 8,345.7 8,459.6 8,573.6
53.465 53.561 53.656 53.751 53.844
880 900 920 940 960
6,126.9 6,268.1 6,409.6 6,551.2 6,693.1
4,379.4 4,480.8 4,582.6 4,684.5 4,786.7
49.193 49.352 49.507 49.659 49.808
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
12,024.3 12,178.9 12,333.7 12,488.8 12,644.3
8,688.1 8,802.9 8,918.0 9,033.4 9,149.2
53.936 54.028 54.118 54.208 54.297
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
6,835.4 6,977.9 7,120.7 7,263.8 7,407.2
4,889.3 4,992.0 5,095.1 5,198.5 5,302.2
49.955 50.099 50.241 50.380 50.516
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
12,800.2 12,956.3 13,112.7 13,269.5 13,426.5
9,265.3 9,381.7 9,498.4 9,615.5 9,732.8
54.385 54.472 54.559 54.645 54.729
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Appendix 2
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987
TABLE A–18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
13,742 14,058 14,375 14,694 15,013
9,968 10,205 10,443 10,682 10,923
54.896 55.061 55.223 55.383 55.540
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
27,016 27,359 27,703 28,046 28,391
20,065 20,329 20,593 20,858 21,122
59.944 60.041 60.138 60.234 60.328
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
15,334 15,656 15,978 16,302 16,626
11,164 11,406 11,649 11,893 12,138
55.694 55.846 55.995 56.141 56.286
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
28,735 29,080 29,425 29,771 30,117
21,387 21,653 21,919 22,185 22,451
60.422 60.515 60.607 60.698 60.788
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
16,951 17,277 17,604 17,392 18,260
12,384 12,630 12,878 13,126 13,375
56.429 56.570 56.708 56.845 56.980
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
30,463 30,809 31,156 31,503 31,850
22,718 22,985 23,252 23,520 23,788
60.877 60.966 61.053 61.139 61.225
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
18,590 18,919 19,250 19,582 19,914
13,625 13,875 14,127 14,379 14,631
57.112 57.243 57.372 57.499 57.625
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
32,198 32,546 32,894 33,242 33,591
24,056 24,324 24,593 24,862 25,131
61.310 61.395 61.479 61.562 61.644
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
20,246 20,580 20,914 21,248 21,584
14,885 15,139 15,393 15,648 15,905
57.750 57.872 57.993 58.113 58.231
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
33,940 34,289 34,638 34,988 35,338
25,401 25,670 25,940 26,210 26,481
61.726 61.806 61.887 61.966 62.045
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
21,920 22,256 22,593 22,930 23,268
16,161 16,417 16,675 16,933 17,192
58.348 58.463 58.576 58.688 58.800
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
35,688 36,038 36,389 36,739 37,090
26,751 27,022 27,293 27,565 27,836
62.123 62.201 62.278 62.354 62.429
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
23,607 23,946 24,285 24,625 24,965
17,451 17,710 17,970 18,231 18,491
58.910 59.019 59.126 59.232 59.338
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
37,441 37,792 38,144 38,495 38,847
28,108 28,379 28,651 28,924 29,196
62.504 62.578 62.652 62.725 62.798
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
25,306 25,647 25,989 26,331 26,673
18,753 19,014 19,277 19,539 19,802
59.442 59.544 59.646 59.747 59.846
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
39,199 40,080 40,962 41,844 42,728
29,468 30,151 30,834 31,518 32,203
62.870 63.049 63.223 63.395 63.563
Source: Tables A–18E through A–23E are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 834–44. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1945).
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988
|
Thermodynamics
TABLE A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,073.5 2,212.6 2,351.7 2,490.8 2,630.0
1,477.8 1,577.1 1,676.5 1,775.9 1,875.3
44.927 45.375 45.797 46.195 46.571
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
7,696.8 7,850.4 8,004.5 8,159.1 8,314.2
5,552.1 5,665.9 5,780.3 5,895.2 6,010.6
54.064 54.204 54.343 54.480 54.614
400 420 440 460 480
2,769.1 2,908.3 3,047.5 3,186.9 3,326.5
1,974.8 2,074.3 2,173.8 2,273.4 2,373.3
46.927 47.267 47.591 47.900 48.198
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
8,469.8 8,625.8 8,782.4 8,939.4 9,096.7
6,126.5 6,242.8 6,359.6 6,476.9 6,594.5
54.748 54.879 55.008 55.136 55.262
500 520 537 540 560
3,466.2 3,606.1 3,725.1 3,746.2 3,886.6
2,473.2 2,573.4 2,658.7 2,673.8 2,774.5
48.483 48.757 48.982 49.021 49.276
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
9,254.6 9,412.9 9,571.9 9,730.7 9,890.2
6,712.7 6,831.3 6,950.2 7,069.6 7,189.4
55.386 55.508 55.630 55.750 55.867
580 600 620 640 660
4,027.3 4,168.3 4,309.7 4,451.4 4,593.5
2,875.5 2,976.8 3,078.4 3,180.4 3,282.9
49.522 49.762 49.993 50.218 50.437
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
10,050.1 10,210.4 10,371.0 10,532.0 10,693.3
7,309.6 7,430.1 7,551.1 7,672.4 7,793.9
55.984 56.099 56.213 56.326 56.437
680 700 720 740 760
4,736.2 4,879.3 5,022.9 5,167.0 5,311.4
3,385.8 3,489.2 3,593.1 3,697.4 3,802.4
50.650 50.858 51.059 51.257 51.450
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
10,855.1 11,017.1 11,179.6 11,342.4 11,505.4
7,916.0 8,038.3 8,161.1 8,284.2 8,407.4
56.547 56.656 56.763 56.869 56.975
780 800 820 840 860
5,456.4 5,602.0 5,748.1 5,894.8 6,041.9
3,907.5 4,013.3 4,119.7 4,226.6 4,334.1
51.638 51.821 52.002 52.179 52.352
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
11,668.8 11,832.5 11,996.6 12,160.9 12,325.5
8,531.1 8,655.1 8,779.5 8,904.1 9,029.0
57.079 57.182 57.284 57.385 57.484
880 900 920 940 960
6,189.6 6,337.9 6,486.7 6,636.1 6,786.0
4,442.0 4,550.6 4,659.7 4,769.4 4,879.5
52.522 52.688 52.852 53.012 53.170
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
12,490.4 12,655.6 12,821.1 12,986.9 13,153.0
9,154.1 9,279.6 9,405.4 9,531.5 9,657.9
57.582 57.680 57.777 57.873 57.968
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
6,936.4 7,087.5 7,238.9 7,391.0 7,543.6
4,990.3 5,101.6 5,213.3 5,325.7 5,438.6
53.326 53.477 53.628 53.775 53.921
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
13,319.2 13,485.8 13,652.5 13,819.6 13,986.8
9,784.4 9,911.2 10,038.2 10,165.6 10,293.1
58.062 58.155 58.247 58.339 58.428
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Appendix 2
|
989
TABLE A–19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O2 (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
14,322 14,658 14,995 15,333 15,672
10,549 10,806 11,063 11,321 11,581
58.607 58.782 58.954 59.123 59.289
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
16,011 16,351 16,692 17,036 17,376
11,841 12,101 12,363 12,625 12,888
59.451 59.612 59.770 59.926 60.077
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
17,719 18,062 18,407 18,572 19,097
13,151 13,416 13,680 13,946 14,212
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
19,443 19,790 20,138 20,485 20,834
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
28,273 28,633 28,994 29,354 29,716
21,323 21,603 21,884 22,165 22,447
63.914 64.016 64.114 64.217 64.316
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
30,078 30,440 30,803 31,166 31,529
22,730 23,013 23,296 23,580 23,864
64.415 64.512 64.609 64.704 64.800
60.228 60.376 60.522 60.666 60.808
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
31,894 32,258 32,623 32,989 33,355
24,149 24,434 24,720 25,006 25,292
64.893 64.986 65.078 65.169 65.260
14,479 14,746 15,014 15,282 15,551
60.946 61.084 61.220 61.354 61.486
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
33,722 34,089 34,456 34,824 35,192
25,580 25,867 26,155 26,144 26,733
65.350 64.439 65.527 65.615 65.702
21,183 21,533 21,883 22,232 22,584
15,821 16,091 16,362 16,633 16,905
61.616 61.744 61.871 61.996 62.120
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
35,561 35,930 36,300 36,670 37,041
27,022 27,312 27,602 27,823 28,184
65.788 65.873 65.958 66.042 66.125
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
22,936 23,288 23,641 23,994 24,348
17,177 17,450 17,723 17,997 18,271
62.242 62.363 62.483 62.599 62.716
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
37,412 37,783 38,155 38,528 38,900
28,475 28,768 29,060 29,353 29,646
66.208 66.290 66.372 66.453 66.533
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
24,703 25,057 25,413 25,769 26,175
18,546 18,822 19,098 19,374 19,651
62.831 62.945 63.057 63.169 63.279
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
39,274 39,647 40,021 40,396 40,771
29,940 30,234 30,529 30,824 31,120
66.613 66.691 66.770 66.848 66.925
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
26,412 26,839 27,197 27,555 27,914
19,928 20,206 20,485 20,763 21,043
63.386 63.494 63.601 63.706 63.811
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
41,146 42,086 43,021 43,974 44,922
31,415 32,157 32,901 33,648 34,397
67.003 67.193 67.380 67.562 67.743
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,108.2 2,256.6 2,407.3 2,560.5 2,716.4
1,512.4 1,621.1 1,732.1 1,845.6 1,961.8
46.353 46.832 47.289 47.728 48.148
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
9,575.8 9,802.6 10,030.6 10,260.1 10,490.6
7,431.1 7,618.1 7,806.4 7,996.2 8,187.0
58.072 58.281 58.485 58.689 58.889
400 420 440 460 480
2,874.7 3,035.7 3,199.4 3,365.7 3,534.7
2,080.4 2,201.7 2,325.6 2,452.2 2,581.5
48.555 48.947 49.329 49.698 50.058
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
10,722.3 10,955.3 11,189.4 11,424.6 11,661.0
8,379.0 8,572.3 8,766.6 8,962.1 9,158.8
59.088 59.283 59.477 59.668 59.858
500 520 537 540 560
3,706.2 3,880.3 4,027.5 4,056.8 4,235.8
2,713.3 2,847.7 2,963.8 2,984.4 3,123.7
50.408 50.750 51.032 51.082 51.408
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
11,898.4 12,136.9 12,376.4 12,617.0 12,858.5
9,356.5 9,555.3 9,755.0 9,955.9 10,157.7
60.044 60.229 60.412 60.593 60.772
580 600 620 640 660
4,417.2 4,600.9 4,786.6 4,974.9 5,165.2
3,265.4 3,409.4 3,555.6 3,704.0 3,854.6
51.726 52.038 52.343 52.641 52.934
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
13,101.0 13,344.7 13,589.1 13,834.5 14,080.8
10,360.5 10,564.5 10,769.2 10,974.8 11,181.4
60.949 61.124 61.298 61.469 61.639
680 700 720 740 760
5,357.6 5,552.0 5,748.4 5,946.8 6,147.0
4,007.2 4,161.9 4,318.6 4,477.3 4,637.9
53.225 53.503 53.780 54.051 54.319
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
14,328.0 14,576.0 14,824.9 15,074.7 15,325.3
11,388.9 11,597.2 11,806.4 12,016.5 12,227.3
61.800 61.974 62.138 62.302 62.464
780 800 820 840 860
6,349.1 6,552.9 6,758.3 6,965.7 7,174.7
4,800.1 4,964.2 5,129.9 5,297.6 5,466.9
54.582 54.839 55.093 55.343 55.589
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
15,576.7 15,829.0 16,081.9 16,335.7 16,590.2
12,439.0 12,651.6 12,864.8 13,078.9 13,293.7
62.624 62.783 62.939 63.095 63.250
880 900 920 940 960
7,385.3 7,597.6 7,811.4 8,026.8 8,243.8
5,637.7 5,810.3 5,984.4 6,160.1 6,337.4
55.831 56.070 56.305 56.536 56.765
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
16,845.5 17,101.4 17,358.1 17,615.5 17,873.5
13,509.2 13,725.4 13,942.4 14,160.1 14,378.4
63.403 63.555 63.704 63.853 64.001
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
8,462.2 8,682.1 8,903.4 9,126.2 9,350.3
6,516.1 6,696.2 6,877.8 7,060.9 7,245.3
56.990 57.212 57.432 57.647 57.861
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
18,132.2 18,391.5 18,651.5 18,912.2 19,173.4
14,597.4 14,816.9 15,037.2 15,258.2 15,479.7
64.147 64.292 64.435 64.578 64.719
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991
TABLE A–20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO2 (Concluded ) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
19,698 20,224 20,753 21,284 21,818
15,925 16,372 16,821 17,273 17,727
64.999 65.272 65.543 65.809 66.069
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
22,353 22,890 23,429 23,970 24,512
18,182 18,640 19,101 19,561 20,024
66.327 66.581 66.830 67.076 67.319
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
25,056 25,602 26,150 26,699 27,249
20,489 20,955 21,423 21,893 22,364
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
27,801 28,355 28,910 29,465 30,023
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
41,965 42,543 43,121 43,701 44,280
35,015 35,513 36,012 36,512 37,012
73.462 73.627 73.789 73.951 74.110
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
44,861 45,442 46,023 46,605 47,188
37,513 38,014 38,517 39,019 39,522
74.267 74.423 74.578 74.732 74.884
67.557 67.792 68.025 68.253 68.479
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
47,771 48,355 48,939 49,524 50,109
40,026 40,531 41,035 41,541 42,047
75.033 75.182 75.330 75.477 75.622
22,837 23,310 23,786 24,262 24,740
68.702 68.921 69.138 69.352 69.563
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
50,695 51,282 51,868 52,456 53,044
42,553 43,060 43,568 44,075 44,584
75.765 75.907 76.048 76.188 76.327
30,581 31,141 31,702 32,264 32,827
25,220 25,701 26,181 26,664 27,148
69.771 69.977 70.181 70.382 70.580
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
53,632 54,221 54,810 55,400 55,990
45,093 45,602 46,112 46,622 47,133
76.464 76.601 76.736 76.870 77.003
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
33,392 33,957 34,523 35,090 35,659
27,633 28,118 28,605 29,093 29,582
70.776 70.970 71.160 71.350 71.537
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
56,581 57,172 57,764 58,356 58,948
47,645 48,156 48,668 49,181 49,694
77.135 77.266 77.395 77.581 77.652
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
36,228 36,798 37,369 37,941 38,513
30,072 30,562 31,054 31,546 32,039
71.722 71.904 72.085 72.264 72.441
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
59,541 60,134 60,728 61,322 61,916
50,208 50,721 51,236 51,750 52,265
77.779 77.905 78.029 78.153 78.276
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
39,087 39,661 40,236 40,812 41,388
32,533 33,028 33,524 34,020 34,517
72.616 72.788 72.960 73.129 73.297
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
62,511 64,000 65,491 66,984 68,471
52,781 54,071 55,363 56,658 57,954
78.398 78.698 78.994 79.284 79.569
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
CO _ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,081.9 2,220.9 2,359.9 2,498.8 2,637.9
1,486.1 1,585.4 1,684.7 1,783.9 1,883.3
43.223 43.672 44.093 44.490 44.866
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
7,571.1 7,716.8 7,862.9 8,009.2 8,156.1
5,426.4 5,532.3 5,638.7 5,745.4 5,851.5
52.203 52.337 52.468 52.598 52.726
400 420 440 460 480
2,776.9 2,916.0 3,055.0 3,194.0 3,333.0
1,982.6 2,081.9 2,181.2 2,280.5 2,379.8
45.223 45.563 45.886 46.194 46.491
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
8,303.3 8,450.8 8,598.8 8,747.2 8,896.0
5,960.0 6,067.8 6,176.0 6,284.7 6,393.8
52.852 52.976 53.098 53.218 53.337
500 520 537 540 560
3,472.1 3,611.2 3,725.1 3,750.3 3,889.5
2,479.2 2,578.6 2,663.1 2,677.9 2,777.4
46.775 47.048 47.272 47.310 47.563
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
9,045.0 9,194.6 9,344.6 9,494.8 9,645.5
6,503.1 6,613.0 6,723.2 6,833.7 6,944.7
53.455 53.571 53.685 53.799 53.910
580 600 620 640 660
4,028.7 4,168.0 4,307.4 4,446.9 4,586.6
2,876.9 2,976.5 3,076.2 3,175.9 3,275.8
47.807 48.044 48.272 48.494 48.709
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
9,796.6 9,948.1 10,100.0 10,252.2 10,404.8
7,056.1 7,167.9 7,280.1 7,392.6 7,505.4
54.021 54.129 54.237 54.344 54.448
680 700 720 740 760
4,726.2 4,886.0 5,006.1 5,146.4 5,286.8
3,375.8 3,475.9 3,576.3 3,676.9 3,777.5
48.917 49.120 49.317 49.509 49.697
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
10,557.8 10,711.1 10,864.9 11,019.0 11,173.4
7,618.7 7,732.3 7,846.4 7,960.8 8,075.4
54.522 54.665 54.757 54.858 54.958
780 800 820 840 860
5,427.4 5,568.2 5,709.4 5,850.7 5,992.3
3,878.4 3,979.5 4,081.0 4,182.6 4,284.5
49.880 50.058 50.232 50.402 50.569
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
11,328.2 11,483.4 11,638.9 11,794.7 11,950.9
8,190.5 8,306.0 8,421.8 8,537.9 8,654.4
55.056 55.154 55.251 55.347 55.411
880 900 920 940 960
6,134.2 6,276.4 6,419.0 6,561.7 6,704.9
4,386.6 4,489.1 4,592.0 4,695.0 4,798.5
50.732 50.892 51.048 51.202 51.353
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
12,107.5 12,264.3 12,421.4 12,579.0 12,736.7
8,771.2 8,888.3 9,005.7 9,123.6 9,241.6
55.535 55.628 55.720 55.811 55.900
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
6,848.4 6,992.2 7,136.4 7,281.0 7,425.9
4,902.3 5,006.3 5,110.8 5,215.7 5,320.9
51.501 51.646 51.788 51.929 52.067
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
12,894.9 13,053.2 13,212.0 13,371.0 13,530.2
9,360.0 9,478.6 9,597.7 9,717.0 9,836.5
55.990 56.078 56.166 56.253 56.339
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993
TABLE A–21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
CO (Concluded) _ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
13,850 14,170 14,492 14,815 15,139
10,077 10,318 10,560 10,803 11,048
56.509 56.677 56.841 57.007 57.161
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
27,262 27,608 27,954 28,300 28,647
20,311 20,576 20,844 21,111 21,378
61.612 61.710 61.807 61.903 61.998
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
15,463 15,789 16,116 16,443 16,722
11,293 11,539 11,787 12,035 12,284
57.317 57.470 57.621 57.770 57.917
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
28,994 29,341 29,688 30,036 30,384
21,646 21,914 22,182 22,450 22,719
62.093 62.186 62.279 62.370 62.461
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
17,101 17,431 17,762 18,093 18,426
12,534 12,784 13,035 13,287 13,541
58.062 58.204 58.344 58.482 58.619
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
30,733 31,082 31,431 31,780 32,129
22,988 23,257 23,527 23,797 24,067
62.511 62.640 62.728 62.816 62.902
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
18,759 19,093 19,427 19,762 20,098
13,794 14,048 14,303 14,559 14,815
58.754 58.885 59.016 59.145 59.272
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
32,479 32,829 33,179 33,530 33,880
24,337 24,608 24,878 25,149 25,421
62.988 63.072 63.156 63.240 63.323
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
20,434 20,771 21,108 21,446 21,785
15,072 15,330 15,588 15,846 16,105
59.398 59.521 59.644 59.765 59.884
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
34,231 34,582 34,934 35,285 35,637
25,692 25,934 26,235 26,508 26,780
63.405 63.486 63.567 63.647 63.726
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
22,124 22,463 22,803 23,144 23,485
16,365 16,225 16,885 17,146 17,408
60.002 60.118 60.232 60.346 60.458
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
35,989 36,341 36,693 37,046 37,398
27,052 27,325 27,598 27,871 28,144
63.805 63.883 63.960 64.036 64.113
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
23,826 24,168 24,510 24,853 25,196
17,670 17,932 18,195 18,458 18,722
60.569 60.679 60.787 60.894 61.000
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
37,751 38,104 38,457 38,811 39,164
28,417 28,691 28,965 29,239 29,513
64.188 64.263 64.337 64.411 64.484
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
25,539 25,883 26,227 26,572 26,917
18,986 19,250 19,515 19,780 20,045
61.105 61.209 61.311 61.412 61.513
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
39,518 40,403 41,289 42,176 43,063
29,787 30,473 31,161 31,849 32,538
64.556 64.735 64.910 65.082 65.252
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H2 _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,063.5 2,189.4 2,317.2 2,446.8 2,577.8
1,467.7 1,553.9 1,642.0 1,731.9 1,823.2
27.337 27.742 28.130 28.501 28.856
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
9,673.8 10,381.5 11,092.5 11,807.4 12,526.8
6,893.6 7,402.7 7,915.1 8,431.4 8,952.2
37.883 38.372 38.830 39.264 39.675
400 420 440 460 480
2,710.2 2,843.7 2,978.1 3,113.5 3,249.4
1,915.8 2,009.6 2,104.3 2,200.0 2,296.2
29.195 29.520 29.833 30.133 20.424
1900 2000 2100 2200 2300
13,250.9 13,980.1 14,714.5 15,454.4 16,199.8
9,477.8 10,008.4 10,544.2 11,085.5 11,632.3
40.067 40.441 40.799 41.143 41.475
500 520 537 540 560
3,386.1 3,523.2 3,640.3 3,660.9 3,798.8
2,393.2 2,490.6 2,573.9 2,588.5 2,686.7
30.703 30.972 31.194 31.232 31.482
2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
16,950.6 17,707.3 18,469.7 19,237.8 20,011.8
12,184.5 12,742.6 13,306.4 13,876.0 14,451.4
41.794 42.104 42.403 42.692 42.973
580 600 620 640 660
3,937.1 4,075.6 4,214.3 4,353.1 4,492.1
2,785.3 2,884.1 2,983.1 3,082.1 3,181.4
31.724 31.959 32.187 32.407 32.621
2900 3000 3100 3200 3300
20,791.5 21,576.9 22,367.7 23,164.1 23,965.5
15,032.5 15,619.3 16,211.5 16,809.3 17,412.1
43.247 43.514 43.773 44.026 44.273
680 700 720 740 760
4,631.1 4,770.2 4,909.5 5,048.8 5,188.1
3,280.7 3,380.1 3,479.6 3,579.2 3,678.8
32.829 33.031 33.226 33.417 33.603
3400 3500 3600 3700 3800
24,771.9 25,582.9 26,398.5 27,218.5 28,042.8
18,019.9 18,632.4 19,249.4 19,870.8 20,496.5
44.513 44.748 44.978 45.203 45.423
780 800 820 840 860
5,327.6 5,467.1 5,606.7 5,746.3 5,885.9
3,778.6 3,878.4 3,978.3 4,078.2 4,178.0
33.784 33.961 34.134 34.302 34.466
3900 4000 4100 4200 4300
28,871.1 29,703.5 30,539.8 31,379.8 32,223.5
21,126.2 21,760.0 22,397.7 23,039.2 23,684.3
45.638 45.849 46.056 46.257 46.456
880 900 920 940 960
6,025.6 6,165.3 6,305.1 6,444.9 6,584.7
4,278.0 4,378.0 4,478.1 4,578.1 4,678.3
34.627 34.784 34.938 35.087 35.235
4400 4500 4600 4700 4800
33,070.9 33,921.6 34,775.7 35,633.0 36,493.4
24,333.1 24,985.2 25,640.7 26,299.4 26,961.2
46.651 46.842 47.030 47.215 47.396
980 1000 1100 1200 1300
6,724.6 6,864.5 7,564.6 8,265.8 8,968.7
4,778.4 4,878.6 5,380.1 5,882.8 6,387.1
35.379 35.520 36.188 36.798 37.360
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
35,356.9 38,223.3 39,092.8 39,965.1 40,840.2
27,626.1 28,294.0 28,964.9 29,638.6 30,315.1
47.574 47.749 47.921 48.090 48.257
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995
TABLE A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O _ _ T h u R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
T R
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
300 320 340 360 380
2,367.6 2,526.8 2,686.0 2,845.1 3,004.4
1,771.8 1,891.3 2,010.8 2,130.2 2,249.8
40.439 40.952 41.435 41.889 42.320
1080 1100 1120 1140 1160
8,768.2 8,942.0 9,116.4 9,291.4 9,467.1
6,623.5 6,757.5 6,892.2 7,027.5 7,163.5
50.854 51.013 51.171 51.325 51.478
400 420 440 460 480
3,163.8 3,323.2 3,482.7 3,642.3 3,802.0
2,369.4 2,489.1 2,608.9 2,728.8 2,848.8
42.728 43.117 43.487 43.841 44.182
1180 1200 1220 1240 1260
9,643.4 9,820.4 9,998.0 10,176.1 10,354.9
7,300.1 7,437.4 7,575.2 7,713.6 7,852.7
51.360 51.777 51.925 52.070 52.212
500 520 537 540 560
3,962.0 4,122.0 4,258.0 4,282.4 4,442.8
2,969.1 3,089.4 3,191.9 3,210.0 3,330.7
44.508 44.821 45.079 45.124 45.415
1280 1300 1320 1340 1360
10,534.4 10,714.5 10,895.3 11,076.6 11,258.7
7,992.5 8,132.9 8,274.0 8,415.5 8,557.9
52.354 52.494 52.631 52.768 52.903
580 600 620 640 660
4,603.7 4,764.7 4,926.1 5,087.8 5,250.0
3,451.9 3,573.2 3,694.9 3,816.8 3,939.3
45.696 45.970 46.235 46.492 46.741
1380 1400 1420 1440 1460
11,441.4 11,624.8 11,808.8 11,993.4 12,178.8
8,700.9 8,844.6 8,988.9 9,133.8 9,279.4
53.037 53.168 53.299 53.428 53.556
680 700 720 740 760
5,412.5 5,575.4 5,738.8 5,902.6 6,066.9
4,062.1 4,185.3 4,309.0 4,433.1 4,557.6
46.984 47.219 47.450 47.673 47.893
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560
12,364.8 12,551.4 12,738.8 12,926.8 13,115.6
9,425.7 9,572.7 9,720.3 9,868.6 10,017.6
53.682 53.808 53.932 54.055 54.117
780 800 820 840 860
6,231.7 6,396.9 6,562.6 6,728.9 6,895.6
4,682.7 4,808.2 4,934.2 5,060.8 5,187.8
48.106 48.316 48.520 48.721 48.916
1580 1600 1620 1640 1660
13,305.0 13,494.4 13,685.7 13,877.0 14,069.2
10,167.3 10,317.6 10,468.6 10,620.2 10,772.7
54.298 54.418 54.535 54.653 54.770
880 900 920 940 960
7,062.9 7,230.9 7,399.4 7,568.4 7,738.0
5,315.3 5,443.6 5,572.4 5,701.7 5,831.6
49.109 49.298 49.483 49.665 49.843
1680 1700 1720 1740 1760
14,261.9 14,455.4 14,649.5 14,844.3 15,039.8
10,925.6 11,079.4 11,233.8 11,388.9 11,544.7
54.886 54.999 55.113 55.226 55.339
980 1000 1020 1040 1060
7,908.2 8,078.2 8,250.4 8,422.4 8,595.0
5,962.0 6,093.0 6,224.8 6,357.1 6,490.0
50.019 50.191 50.360 50.528 50.693
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860
15,236.1 15,433.0 15,630.6 15,828.7 16,027.6
11,701.2 11,858.4 12,016.3 12,174.7 12,333.9
55.449 55.559 55.668 55.777 55.884
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O (Concluded) _ _ _ T h u s° R Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol Btu/lbmol · R
T R
1900 1940 1980 2020 2060
16,428 16,830 17,235 17,643 18,054
12,654 12,977 13,303 13,632 13,963
56.097 56.307 56.514 56.719 56.920
3500 3540 3580 3620 3660
34,324 34,809 35,296 35,785 36,274
27,373 27,779 28,187 28,596 29,006
62.876 63.015 63.153 63.288 63.423
2100 2140 2180 2220 2260
18,467 18,883 19,301 19,722 20,145
14,297 14,633 14,972 15,313 15,657
57.119 57.315 57.509 57.701 57.889
3700 3740 3780 3820 3860
36,765 37,258 37,752 38,247 38,743
29,418 29,831 30,245 30,661 31,077
63.557 63.690 63.821 63.952 64.082
2300 2340 2380 2420 2460
20,571 20,999 21,429 21,862 22,298
16,003 16,352 16,703 17,057 17,413
58.077 58.261 58.445 58.625 58.803
3900 3940 3980 4020 4060
39,240 39,739 40,239 40,740 41,242
31,495 31,915 32,335 32,757 33,179
64.210 64.338 64.465 64.591 64.715
2500 2540 2580 2620 2660
22,735 23,175 23,618 24,062 24,508
17,771 18,131 18,494 18,859 19,226
58.980 59.155 59.328 59.500 59.669
4100 4140 4180 4220 4260
41,745 42,250 42,755 43,267 43,769
33,603 34,028 34,454 34,881 35,310
64.839 64.962 65.084 65.204 65.325
2700 2740 2780 2820 2860
24,957 25,408 25,861 26,316 26,773
19,595 19,967 20,340 20,715 21,093
59.837 60.003 60.167 60.330 60.490
4300 4340 4380 4420 4460
44,278 44,788 45,298 45,810 46,322
35,739 36,169 36,600 37,032 37,465
65.444 65.563 65.680 65.797 65.913
2900 2940 2980 3020 3060
27,231 27,692 28,154 28,619 29,085
21,472 21,853 22,237 22,621 23,085
60.650 60.809 60.965 61.120 61.274
4500 4540 4580 4620 4660
46,836 47,350 47,866 48,382 48,899
37,900 38,334 38,770 39,207 39,645
66.028 66.142 66.255 66.368 66.480
3100 3140 3180 3220 3260
29,553 30,023 30,494 30,967 31,442
23,397 23,787 24,179 24,572 24,968
61.426 61.577 61.727 61.874 62.022
4700 4740 4780 4820 4860
49,417 49,936 50,455 50,976 51,497
40,083 40,523 40,963 41,404 41,856
66.591 66.701 66.811 66.920 67.028
3300 3340 3380 3420 3460
31,918 32,396 32,876 33,357 33,839
25,365 25,763 26,164 26,565 26,968
62.167 62.312 62.454 62.597 62.738
4900 5000 5100 5200 5300
52,019 53,327 54,640 55,957 57,279
42,288 43,398 44,512 45,631 46,754
67.135 67.401 67.662 67.918 68.172
_ h Btu/lbmol
_ u Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 997
Appendix 2 TABLE A–26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, 77°F, 1 atm _ h°f Substance Formula Btu/lbmol
and absolute entropy at _ g°f Btu/lbmol
_ s° Btu/lbmol · R
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Water Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane n-Butane n-Octane n-Octane n-Dodecane Benzene Methyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Hydroxyl
0 0 0 0 59,010 169,680 98,350 102,040 45,430 7,140 21,860 87,990 29,306 14,150 26,980 10,105 6,760 7,110 2,840 21,570 55,780 69,700 71,570 72,520 75,240 99,710 87,460 195,970 14,750
1.36 31.21 45.77 49.00 47.21 51.07 45.11 16.71 55.60 45.97 44.49 48.00 52.54 54.85 63.80 64.51 74.11 111.55 86.23 148.86 64.34 57.29 30.30 67.54 38.40 38.47 27.39 36.61 43.92
C(s) H2(g) N2(g) O2(g) CO(g) CO2(g) H2O(g) H2O() H2O2(g) NH3(g) CH4(g) C2H2(g) C2H4(g) C2H6(g) C3H6(g) C3H8(g) C4H10(g) C8H18(g) C8H18() C12H26(g) C6H6(g) CH3OH(g) CH3OH() C2H5OH(g) C2H5OH() O(g) H(g) N(g) OH(g)
0 0 0 0 47,540 169,300 104,040 122,970 58,640 19,750 32,210 97,540 22,490 36,420 8,790 44,680 54,270 89,680 107,530 125,190 35,680 86,540 102,670 101,230 119,470 107,210 93,780 203,340 16,790
Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971), Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953).
|
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Thermodynamics
TABLE A–27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
Fuel (phase)
Formula
Molar mass, lbm/lbmol
Carbon (s) Hydrogen (g) Carbon monoxide (g) Methane (g) Methanol () Acetylene (g) Ethane (g) Ethanol () Propane () Butane () 1-Pentene () Isopentane () Benzene () Hexene () Hexane () Toluene () Heptane () Octane () Decane () Gasoline () Light diesel () Heavy diesel () Natural gas (g)
C H2 CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 CnH1.87n CnH1.8n CnH1.7n CnH3.8nN0.1n
12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18
Density,1 lbm/ft3 125 — — — 49.3 — — 49.3 31.2 36.1 40.0 39.1 54.7 42.0 41.2 54.1 42.7 43.9 45.6 45–49 49–52 51–55 —
1At
1 atm and 68°F.
2At
77°F for liquid fuels, and 1 atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels.
3At
77°F. Multiply by molar mass to obtain heating values in Btu/lbmol.
Enthalpy of vaporization,2 Btu/lbm — — — 219 502 — 74 395 144 156 156 — 186 169 157 177 157 156 155 151 116 99 —
Specific heat,1 cp Btu/ lbm · °F
Higher heating value,3 Btu/lbm
Lower heating value,3 Btu/lbm
0.169 3.44 0.251 0.525 0.604 0.404 0.418 0.583 0.662 0.578 0.525 0.554 0.411 0.439 0.542 0.408 0.535 0.533 0.528 0.57 0.53 0.45 0.48
14,100 60,970 4,340 23,880 9,740 21,490 22,320 12,760 21,640 21,130 20,540 20,890 17,970 20,430 20,770 18,230 20,680 20,590 20,490 20,300 19,800 19,600 21,500
14,100 51,600 4,340 21,520 8,570 20,760 20,430 11,530 19,930 19,510 19,190 19,310 17,240 19,090 19,240 17,420 19,180 19,100 19,020 18,900 18,600 18,400 19,400
0.4
0. 3
1000
35
30
40
45
50
45
55
30
13. 0
12. 5 10
25
th
En
50
,B py al
60
nd ou rp e p 35 tu
o
y
r fd
r
ai
55
65
40
0.2
65 %
30%
% 40
70
20
midity ative hu 10% Rel
20%
Dry bulb temperature, °F
50
%
60
% 70
75
80
We t bu lb t e mp e ra t
ure
25
.002
.004
.006
.008
.010
.012
.014
.016
.018
.020
.022
.024
.026
.028
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
|
90
%
13. 5 70
From the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA: used with permission.
15
60
70
75
80
85 ºF
0
15.
Prepared by Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho.
25
30
35
15
20
Enthalpy ∆h —————— = —— Humidity ratio ∆
0
QS Sensible heat —————– = —— QT Total heat
–1000 0
90
60
Appendix 2
FIGURE A–31E Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure.
00
15
0.6 0.5
2.0 4.0 – • – 2 4.0 .0 –1 .0
–•
r
1.0
60
45
85
95
1.0 0.8
p em
65
°F re tu er a
0.1
35
50
Dry bulb temperature °F
•
40
50 0
50
nt ati o tu Sa
% 80
Sea Level
75
55
110
©1992 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
80
0
200
85
000 5000 3 – 0.1
90
.5 – 0 0.4 – .3 –0 – 0.2
45
0
55
14. 100
per
105
Vo . ft. air
115
, cu
e lum ry lb d
120
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1 Normal Temperature Barometric Pressure: 29.921 inches of mercury
cen84959_ch19-ap02.qxd 8/11/06 1:21 PM Page 999
999
14. 5
Humidity ratio, pounds moisture per pound dry air
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