The Oxford Dictionary of Current English (Oxford Quick Reference), 2nd Edition

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THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH

— — The

Oxford Dictionary of Current English

SECOND EDITION Edited by

DELLA THOMPSON

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1993

Oxford University

Walton

Press,

Oxford 0x2 6dp

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© First published

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York

Oxford University Press 1992

1992 as eighth edition o/The Pocket Oxford Dictionary an Oxford University Press paperback 1993

First issued as

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including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser British Library Cataloguing in Publication

Data

Library of Congress Cataloging

The Oxford dictionary of current English

—

Data

available

/

in Publication

Data

edited by Delia Thompson.

cm. 20th century p.

—

— 2nd ed.

1. English language Dictionaries. 2. English language New words— Dictionaries. I. Thompson, Delia F.

—

PE1628.0867

1993 423'.l-dc20 92-27280

CIP

ISBN 0-19-283127-5 3

5

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9

10 8 6 4

Printed in Denmark by Norhaven Rotation

Contents Guide

to the

Use of the Dictionary

Abbreviations used in the Dictionary

Pronunciation Symbols used in the Dictionary

DICTIONARY Appendix: Punctuation Marks

vii xii

xiv 1

1072

Editorial Staff Managing Editor General Editors

Dr Delia Thompson Mr Andrew Hodgson

Mr Chris Science Editor Freelance Editors

Ms Critical

Readers

Dr

Louise Jones Grafe

I.

Mr M. W. Keyboarding Manager Keyboarding Assistants

Proofreaders and General Contributors

Stewart

Dr Alexandra Clayton Mrs Barbara Burge Mrs Anna Howes

Grose

Mrs Anne Whear Mrs Pam Marjara Mrs Kay Pepler Miss Doreen Stanbury Mrs Deirdre Arnold Mr Keith Harrison Mr Richard Lindsay Ms Elizabeth Mcllvanney Dr Bernadette Paton Ms Lucy Reford Dr Anne St John-Hall

Ms Joanna Thompson Mr F. Roland Whear

This edition owes much in its content and style to the eighth edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary edited by Dr Robert Allen, who also revised the etymologies for this dictionary.

Guide 1.

to the

Use of the Dictionary

Headword

1.1

the

The headword is printed in bold type, or in bold italic type if word is not naturalized in English and is usually found in

italics in

printed matter.

Variant spellings are given before the definition (e.g. cabby n. such cases the form given as the headword is the preferred form. When the variant form is alphabetically remote from the main form it is given at its proper place in the dictionary (e.g. caiman var. of cayman). 1.2

(also cabbie)); in all

1.3 Words that are different but spelt the same way (homographs) are distinguished by superior figures (e.g. bat and bat 2 ). 1

Words

that are normally spelt with a capital initial are given form as the headword; when they are in some senses spelt with a small initial and in others with a capital initial this is indicated by repetition of the full word in the appropriate form 1.4

in this

within the entry (as at carboniferous). 1.5

Variant American spellings are indicated by the designation

US (e.g. favour. 2.

.

.

US favor).

Pronunciation

Guidance on pronunciation follows the system of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IP A). Only the pronunciation standard in southern England is given. A key to the symbols used appears on page xiv. 3.

Part-of-speech label given for

main

entries

and derivatives.

3.1

This

3.2

Different parts of speech of a single

is

all

word are listed separately.

Verbs, whether transitive, intransitive, or both, are given the simple designation v. The designation absol. (absolute) denotes use with an implied object (as at abdicate).

3.3

4.

4.1

Inflexion Plurals of Nouns:

Nouns

that

form their plural regularly by adding

-s

(or -es

when

GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY

viii

they end in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or soft -ch), receive no comment. Plural forms of those ending in -o (preceded by any letter other than another o) are always given. Other irregular forms are also given, except when the word is a compound of obvious formation (e.g. footman, schoolchild).

Forms of Verbs:

4.2 4.2.1 (i)

The following regular forms receive no comment:

third person singular present forms adding -es to

(ii)

stems ending in

-s, -x, -z,

-sh,

or soft

-s

to the

stem (or

-ch).

past tenses and past participles adding -ed to the stem.

4.2.2

A

doubled consonant in verbal inflexions

(e.g.

rubbed,

shown in the form (-bb-, -nn-, etc.). Where practice differs in American usage this is noted (as at cavil). rubbing, sinned, sinning)

is

4.3 Comparative and Superlative of Adjectives and Adverbs: The following regular forms receive no comment: 4.3.1

Words

of one syllable adding -er

and

-est

(e.g.

greater,

greatest). 4.3.2

Words of one syllable ending in silent -er and -est (e.g. braver, bravest).

e,

which drop the

e

and add

5.

Definition

Definitions are listed in order of comparative familiarity and importance, with the most current and important senses first.

5.1

5.2

They are separated by a number, or by a more closely related.

letter

when the two

senses are

Round brackets enclose letters or words that are optional (as v. where '(cause to) make a loud smashing noise' can mean either 'make a loud smashing noise' or 'cause to make a loud

5.3

at

crash

smashing noise'), and indicate typical objects of transitive verbs (such as 'milk' and 'the skin' in two senses of cream v.).

6. 6.1

Subject and Usage labels

These are used to clarify the particular context in which a is normally used.

word or phrase

Words and phrases more common in informal spoken English than in formal written English are labelled colloq. (colloquial) or slang as appropriate. 6.2

GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY

ix

Some

subject labels are used to indicate the particular relevance of a term or subject with which it is associated (e.g. Mus.,

6.3

Law, Physics). They are not used when from the definition itself.

this is sufficiently clear

Two categories of deprecated usage are indicated by special markings: coarse slang indicates a word that, although widely found, is still unacceptable to many people; offens. (offensive) indicates a use that is regarded as offensive by members of a particular ethnic, religious, or other group. 6.4

Usage notes found at the end of entries give guidance on the current norms of standard English. Some of the rules given may legitimately be broken in less formal English, and especially in conversation. 6.5

7.

Phrases

Phrases are listed in alphabetical order after the treatment of the main word. The words a, the, one, and person do not count for purposes of alphabetical order.

8.

Compounds Compound terms forming one word

(e.g. bathroom, main entries, as are those consisting of two or more words (e.g. chain reaction) or joined by a hyphen

8.1

jellyfish) are listed as

(e.g.

chain-gang).

8.2

When a hyphened compound in bold type is divided at the end

of a line the

show

that

hyphen is repeated at the beginning of the next line to a permanent feature of the spelling and not just an

it is

end-of-line hyphen.

9.

Derivatives

Words formed by adding a suffix to another word are in many cases listed at the end of the entry for the main word (e.g. chalkiness and chalky at chalk). In this position they are not defined since they can be understood from the sense of the main word and that given at the suffix concerned; when further

9.1

definition is called for they are given

main

entries in their

own

right (e.g. changeable).

For reasons of space words formed by certain suffixes are not always included except when some special feature of spelling or

9.2

GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY

X

pronunciation or meaning is involved. These suffixes are -able, -er (in the sense .that does'), -er 2 and -est (see also 4.3), -ish, 1

'.

-LESS, -LIKE, -LY 2

10.

,

.

and

-NESS.

Etymology

given in square brackets [ ] at the end of the entry. In it can only give the direct line of derivation in outline. Forms in other languages are not given if they are exactly or nearly the same as the English form. 10.1

This

is

the space available

10.2

'Old English'

used before ad 10.3

is

used for words that are known to have been

1150.

'Anglo-French' denotes the variety of French current in after the Norman Conquest.

England in the Middle Ages

10.4 'Latin' denotes classical and Late Latin up to about ad 600; 'medieval Latin' that of the period about 600-1500; 'Anglo-Latin' denotes Latin as used in medieval England. 10.5

Where

the origin of a

word cannot be reliably ascertained, unknown' is used.

the form 'origin uncertain' or 'origin

10.6 Names of the rarer languages that have contributed to English (such as Balti at polo, and Cree at wapiti) are given in full without explanation; they may be found explained in larger dictionaries or in encyclopedias. 10.7 An etymology is not given when it is identical in essentials with that of a neighbouring entry, when the word is an abbreviation or compound of obvious formation (such as bathroom), or

when the derivation is clear from the definition (as at burgundy). 11. Prefixes 11.1

and

Suffixes

A large selection of these is given in the main body of the text;

form ex-, re-, etc., and suffixes in the form These entries should be consulted to explain the many derivatives given at the end of entries (see 9.1).

prefixes are given in the -ion, -ness, etc.

11.2

Prefixes

and suffixes are not normally given a pronunciation when they form part of a word.

since this can change considerably

12. 12.1 (e.g.

Cross-Reference Cross-reference to main entries is indicated by small capitals calk US var. of caulk; put a person wise see wise).

NOTE ON PROPRIETARY STATUS

xi

Cross-reference in italics to a defined phrase or compound refers to the entry for the first word unless another is specified. 12.2

12.3

A homograph

calves pL of calf

1 ,

(see 1.3) is indicated

by a superior figure

(e.g.

calf2 ).

Note on Proprietary Status This dictionary includes some words which are, or are asserted to be, proprietary names or trade marks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance, nor is any other judgement implied concerning their legal status. In cases where the editor has some evidence that a word is used as a proprietary name or trade mark this is indicated by the designation propr., but no judgement concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied thereby.

Abbreviations used in the Dictionary Abbreviations in general use (such as Dictionary itself.

etc., i.e.)

are explained in the

abbr.

abbreviation

JliCCl.

Ecclesiastical

absol.

dUijUlUlc^iy )

Econ.

ILL-UilUIIllLb

adj.

dUJcCllVt;

ILltJULl

Electricity

adv.

adverb

ollirvf eiiipi.

elliptical(ly)

rA.Cl Ull.

rYc!

Anat.

Anatomy

r\IlglU-lIlU.

.rYllglU-lllUldil

Antiq.

Antiquity

UlldUUUo

prri Y\\~\ o IqL. Cl Yiyi

cilipildLlL

esp.

especially

euphemism JCjXOQ.

Exodus

r\L L-lldtJUlUgy

c

tern.

leminine

1U11.

followed

Gen.

vjrcllcblb

r\L L111L.

r\L LlllLcL/LUI

assim.

assimilated

Astrol

rAoLl

UlUgy

r\i>ll Ull.

r\aLi

Uiiumy

Astronaut.

Astronautics

vjcUI.

Geology

attrib.

attributive(ly)

Geom.

dlH 1U. dUJ

dill lUUllVt;

V_ri\

Geometry Greek

du.J ct Live

Gram.

V_Ti

An cf t'qI /AUoll dl.

An otTol ion r\Ubli dlldll

3.U.X.

anviliarv dtiAiiidi y

dlllllldl

nibi.

nibiui y

nisi.

with historical

Rihl D1U1.

Rihliral OlUllUdl

DlUdlclll.

olUCiltrllllbll y

Biol.

DiuiUgy

l

nor UllUtJl

impel dti vc

J3UL.

Duidiiy

111U.

Ul Lllc

^llclll.

C/nemistry

1

m

clcl cllUc

subcontinent comprising India Pakistan, and Bangladesh

Cinematog.

Cinematography

collsct.

collective(ly)

CU11ULJ.

Luiiuquidiviy )

innn.

lllillllllvc

comb.

combination;

int.

inter] ection

combining comparative

interrog.

interrogative

L/UlllUd.1

compl.

complement

conj.

conjunction contraction

contr.

demons,

adj.

demons, pron.

llllciiUg. dUJ

llllcl

1

UgdLlvc

adjective interrog. adv.

interrogative

interrog. pron.

interrogative

adverb

pronoun

demonstrative adjective

Ir.

Irish

demonstrative

iron.

ironical

pronoun derog.

derogatory

joc.

jocular

dial.

dialect

Judg.

Judges

,

.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE DICTIONARY

xiii

Lev.

Leviticus

pi cUlL.

masc.

masculine

pi cp.

Math iVldlll.

IVldlllcIIldllCb

pres

Matt lVldll.

Matthew

pi C3. pdl

Mech

IVlcLIldlllUb

pron.

pronoun

lviea.

Medicine Meteorology

pronunc. propr.

pronunciation proprietary term

Mil.

Military

Psychol.

Psychology

Mineral. iviy moi.

Mineralogy Music Mythology

n.

noun

ren.

reflexive

Naut.

Nautical

rel. adj.

relative adjective

neg.

negative

N.Engl.

INUi lllci

dtlj

predicative dUJcL-Llvc

Meteorol.

Mus.

pi CpUolllUil

pi COCllL L.

cn.

Hillgllol

Roman

Catholic

Church reference

ret.

11

present participle

rel.

adv.

relative

adverb

rel.

pron.

relative

pronoun

I1UUI1 piUIdl

Relig.

Religion

NZ

Mow

Rev.

Revelation

rhet.

rhetorical

obj.

objective (case)

Rom.

Roman

Ullclla.

Ullcllblvc

nnn upp.

p c nnnncprl da uppuocll tn LU

S.Afr.

South African

ong.

originally

Sc.

Scottish

Pari rdi I.

r

^palanH

dl lldlllcIlL^dl y /

Sci.

Science

sing.

singular

part.

pdl LICipic

Stock Exch.

Stock Exchange

past part.

past participle

superl.

superlative

ortn PV» i Ildl III.

rlldl IIldLy

symb.

symbol

L Ildl IIldLUlUgy

r IlllUb.

Philosophy

Theatr.

1 IlUIlcI.

r IlUIlcllLb

Theol.

Theatre Theology

Photog.

US

American, in

Phv

I

Sit

ai

my

UQ

poor

i:

see

au

how

319

fire

d

hot

ei

daj>

aue

sour

0:

saw the indeterminate sound as in garden, carnal, and

(a) signifies

rhythm. (r) at the end of a word indicates an r that is sounded when a word beginning with a vowel follows, as in clutter up and an acre of land.

The mark

~

indicates a nasalized sound, as in the following sounds

that are not natural in English: ae (trnibre)

d (elan) 5 (bon voyage)

The main or primary stress of a word is shown by preceding the relevant syllable; any secondary stress in words or phrases of three or more syllables is shown by preceding the relevant 1

,

syllable.

A A

1

/ei/ n. (pi.

As

or A's)

1

(also a) first

abate

/a'beit/

v.

(-ting)

make or become abatement

letter of the alphabet. 2

Mus. sixth note

less strong etc.; diminish, z

of the diatonic scale of

C major.

n.

3 first hypothetical person or example. 4 highest category (of roads, marks, etc.). 5 (usu. a) Algebra first known quantity. Al lei 'war/ colloq. first-rate, excellent, from to B from one place to another, from to Z from beginning to end. 2 abbr. (also A.) 1 ampere(s). 2 answer. a /a, ei/ adj. (also an /sen, an/ before a vowel sound) (called the indefinite article) 1 one, some, any. 2 one like (a Judas). 3 one single (not a chance). 4 the same (all of a size). 5 per (twice a year, seven a side). [Old English an one] a 2 /a/ prep. (usu. as prefix) 1 to, towards (ashore; aside). 2 (with verb in pres. or being part, or infin.) doing (a-hunting; abuzz). 3 on (afire). 4 in (nowadays). [Old English an, on, on] abbr. angstrom(s). a- prefix (also an- before a vowel sound)

A A

A

1

A

without (amoral). [Greek] abbr. 1 Automobile Association. 2 Alcoholics Anonymous. 3 anti-aircraft. aardvark /'a:dva:k/ n. mammal with a tubular snout and a long tongue, feeding on termites. [Afrikaans] ab- prefix off, away, from (abduct). not,

AA

take aback sur/a'baek/ adv. prise, disconcert. [Old English: related

a 2]

abacus

/'aebakas/ n. (pi. -cuses)

1

frame

with wires along which beads are

slid

for calculating. lArchit. flat slab on top of a capital. [Latin from Greek from

Hebrew] abaft /a'ba:ft/ Naut. -adv.

in the stern half of a ship. -prep, nearer the stern 2 than, [from a -baft: see aft] abandon /a'baend(a)n/ -v. 1 give up. 2 forsake, desert. 3 (often foil by to; often refl.) yield to a passion, another's con,

trol, etc.

-n. freedom from inhibitions. n. [French: related to

abandonment ad-,

slaughteras abate] /'aebasi/ n. (pi. -ies) office or jurisdiction of an abbot or abbess. [Latin: related to abbot] abbe /'aebei/ n. (in France) abbot or priest. [French from Latin: related to /'aeba,twa:(r)/

house. [French abatre

n.

fell,

abbacy

abbot]

abbess

/'aebis/ n.

head of a community

of nuns.

abbey

/'aebi/

n.

(pi.

-s)

1

building(s)

occupied by a community of monks or nuns. 2 the community itself. 3 building that was once an abbey.

abbot /'aebat/

n. head of a community of monks. [Old English from Latin abbas]

abbreviate

/a'bri:vi,eit/

v.

(-ting)

shorten, esp. represent (a word etc.) by a part of it. z abbreviation /-'eij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to brief] /,eibi:'si:/ n. 1 the alphabet. 2 rudiments of a subject. 3 alphabetical guide.

ABC

abdicate

/'aebdi.keit/

absol.) give

v.

(-ting)

1

(usu.

up or renounce (the throne).

renounce (a duty, dication /-'keij(a)n/ 2

right, etc.). n.

z ab-

[Latin dico de-

abandoned adj.

1

deserted, forsaken. 2

/'aebdaman/ n. 1 the belly, including the stomach, bowels, etc. 2 the hinder part of an insect etc. z abdominal /aeb'dDmm(a)l/ adj. [Latin] abduct /ab'dAkt/ v. carry off or kidnap illegally, z abduction n. abductor n. [Latin duco lead] /a'bi:m/ adv. at right angles to a ship's or an aircraft's length. Aberdeen Angus /,aebadi:n aengas/ n. animal of a Scottish breed of hornless black cattle. [Aberdeen in Scotland] Aberdonian /.aeba'daunian/ -adj. of Aberdeen, -n. native or citizen of Aberdeen, [medieval Latin]

abeam

aberrant

/a'beis/

v.

(-sing) (also

hu-

refl.)

abasement degrade. 2 [French: related to ad-, base ]

miliate,

/a'baejt/ predic.

is

/a'berant/ adj. deviating from [Latin:

normal or accepted.

related to err]

aberration

unrestrained, profligate.

abashed

abdomen

what

ban]

abase

beat]

abattoir

clare]

[Latin]

aback to

[French abatre from Latin batt(u)o

adj.

rassed, disconcerted. [French bair astound]

n.

embares-

ex-

1 ,

/,aeba'reij(a)n/ n. 1 aberrant behaviour; moral or mental lapse. 2 Biol, deviation from a normal type. 3 distortion of an image because of a defect in a lens or mirror. 4 Astron. apparent displacement of a celestial body.

abet (-tt-)

abhor

regard with disgust. [Latin: related to horror] /ab'ho:(r)/

abhorrence

v.

(-rr-) detest;

/ab'hDrans/

n.

disgust;

/ab'tmrant/ adj. (often foil, by to) disgusting or hateful. abide /a'baid/ v. (-ding; past abided or rarely abode /a'baud/) 1 (usu. in neg.) tolerate, endure (can't abide him). 2 (foil, by by) a act in accordance with (abide by the rules), b keep (a promise). 3 archaic remain, continue. [Old English a- intensive prefix, bide]

abiding

adj. enduring, permanent. ability /a'biliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 (often foil, by to + infin.) capacity or power. 2

cleverness, talent. [French: related to able] -ability suffix forming nouns of quality from, or corresponding to, adjectives in able. ab initio /.asb I'nijiau/ adv. from the beginning. [Latin] miserable, abject /'aebd3ekt/ adj. wretched; degraded; despicable. abjection /aeb'd3ek.f(9)n/ n. [Latin jacio

throw]

abjure

/ab'd3ua(r)/ v. (-ring) renounce on oath (an opinion, cause, etc.). abjuration /,aebd3u'reij\a)n/ n. [Latin

juro swear] /'aeblativ/ Gram. -n. case (in Latin) of nouns and pronouns indicating an agent, instrument, or location. -adj. of or in the ablative. [Latin

ablative

/a'bleiz/ predic. adj.

2 glittering, excited.

fire.

&

glowing.

adv. 1 on 3 greatly

/'aebni.geit/

v.

(-ting) give

or renounce (a pleasure or right [Latin nego deny]

abnegation

up

etc.).

/eib(a)l/ adj. (abler, ablest) 1 (often foil, by to + infin.; used esp. in is able, will be able, etc., replacing tenses of can) having the capacity or power (not able to come). 2 talented, clever, z ably adv. [Latin habilis] -able suffix forming adjectives meaning: 1 that may or must be (eatable; payable). 2 that can be made the subject of (dutiable; objectionable). 3 relevant to or in accordance with (fashionable; seasonable). [Latin -abilis] adj.

abnormal

/,aebni'geiJXa)n/ n. denial;

/aeb'n3:m(a)l/ adj. deviating

from the norm; exceptional. abnormality /-'maeliti/ n. (pi. -ies). abnormally adv. [French: related to anomalous]

Abo

/'aBbau/ (also abo) Austral slang usu. offens. -n. (pi. -s) Aboriginal, -adj. Aboriginal, [abbreviation] aboard /a'bo:d/ adv. & prep, on or into (a 2

ship, aircraft, etc.). [from a ] 1 /a'baud/ n. dwelling-place. [related to abide]

abode

abode 2

see abide.

abolish

/a'DDliJV

custom or

v.

put an end to (esp. a [Latin aboleo

institution).

destroy]

abolition

/,a?ba'lij(a)n/ n. abolishing or being abolished, z abolitionist n. A-bomb /'eibDm/ n. = atomic bomb. [A for atomic] abominable /a'bDmmab(a)l/ adj. 1 detestable, loathsome. 2 colloq. very unpleasant (abominable weather).

abominably

adv.

abominor

[Latin

deprecate]

Abominable Snowman

supposed manlike or bearlike Himalayan animal; n.

yeti.

abominate

/a'bnmi.neit/

v.

(-ting) de-

z abomination /-'neij(a)n/ [Latin: related to abominable]

test, loathe, n.

/ a3ba'nd3in(9)l/ -adj. 1 indigenous, inhabiting a land from the earliest times, esp. before the arrival of 1

Aboriginal) of 2 (usu. -rc. 1 aboriginal Aboriginal) (usu. 2 inhabitant. aboriginal inhabitant of Australia. [Latin: related to origin] aborigine /,aeba'nd3ini/ n. (usu. in pi.) 1 aboriginal inhabitant. 2 (usu. Aborigine) aboriginal inhabitant of Auscolonists.

able

fit,

healthy.

seaman

n.

ordinary

trained seaman.

ablution

ABM abbr. anti-ballistic missile.

aboriginal

ablatus taken away]

able-bodied able-bodied

-ably suffix forming adverbs corresponding to adjectives in -able.

renunciation of a doctrine.

detestation.

abhorrent

ablaze

bodily washing, b place for this. [Latin ablutio from luo lut- wash]

abnegate

to ad-, beer gape]

ject-

abort

2

(usu. in aid and abet) encourage or assist (an offender or offence). [French: related to ad-, bait] abeyance /a'beians/ n. (usu. prec. by in, into) temporary disuse. [French: related

abet /a'bet/ v.

/a'blu:J(a)n/ n. (usu. in pi.)

1

ceremonial washing of the hands, sacred vessels, etc. 2 colloq. a ordinary

Australian Aborigines,

tralia.

Usage When referring to the people, Aboriginal

is

preferred for the singular

form and Aborigines for the

plural,

although Aboriginals is also acceptable.

abort

/a'bo:t/ v. 1 miscarry. 2 a effect abortion of (a foetus), b effect abortion 3 end or cause (a project mother). in (a etc.) to end before completion. [Latin orior be born]

abortion abortion

1

natural or

induced expulsion of a foetus from the womb before it is able to survive independently. 2 stunted or deformed creature or thing. 3 failed project or (esp.)

abortionist

action,

abortive

/a'boitiv/

n.

adj.

fruitless,

unsuccessful. abound /a'baund/ v. 1 be plentiful. 2 (foil, by in, with) be rich; teem. [Latin

unda wave]

about

/a'baut/ -prep. 1 a on the subject of (a book about birds), b relating to it), c in relation to (symmetry about a plane). 2 at a time near to (about six). 3 a in, round (walked about the town; a scarf about her neck), b all round from a centre (look about you). 4 at points in (strewn about the house). 5 carried with (no money about me). 6 occupied with (about her business), -adv. 1 a approximately (about ten

(glad about

miles), b colloq. in an understatement about had enough). 2 nearby (a lot offlu about). 3 in every direction (look (just

about). 4 on the move; in action (out and about). 5 in rotation or succession (turn and turn about). be about (or all about) colloq. have as its essential nature (life is all about having fun), be about to be on the point of (was about to laugh). [Old English]

about-face n. & int. = about-turn, ABOUT TURN. about-turn -n. 1 turn made so as to face the opposite direction. 2 change of opinion or policy etc. -int. (about turn) Mil. command to make an about-turn. above /a'bAv/ -prep. 1 over; on the top of; higher than; over the surface of (head above water, above the din). 2 more than (above twenty people). 3 higher in rank, importance, etc., than. 4 a too great or good for (not above cheating), b beyond the reach of (above my understanding', above suspicion),

-adv.

1

absinth

3

/a'bo:J(a)n/ n.

at or to a higher point;

overhead

(thefloor above; the sky above). 2 earlier on a page or in a book (as noted above), -adj. preceding (the above argument), -n. (prec. by the) preceding text (the above all most of all, above shows),

more than anything else, above oneself [Old English: arrogant. conceited, 2 related to a ] without conadv. & adj. above-board cealment; open or openly.

abracadabra

/.aebraka'daebra/

-int.

supposedly magic word used in conjuring, -n. spell or charm. [Latin from Greek] abrade /a'breid/ v. (-ding) scrape or wear away (skin, rock, etc.) by rubbing. [Latin rado scrape] v

abrasion /a'brei3(a)n/ n. wearing away (of skin, resulting damaged area. abrasive /a'breisiv/ -adj.

scraping or

1

rock,

etc.).

2

a tending to rub or graze, b capable of polishing by rubbing or grinding. 2 harsh or hurtful in manner, —n. abrasive substance. abreast /a'brest/ adv. 1 side by side and facing the same way. 2 (foil, by of) up to date with. abridge /a'bnd3/ v. (-ging) shorten (a book, film, etc.). abridgement n. [Latin: related to abbreviate] abroad /a'bro:d/ adv. 1 in or to a foreign country or countries. 2 widely (scatter abroad). 3 in circulation (rumour 1

abroad).

abrogate

/'aebra.geit/

v.

(-ting) repeal,

abolish (a law etc.). p abrogation /-'geij(a)n/ n. [Latin rogo propose a law] abrupt /a'brApt/ adj. 1 sudden, hasty (abrupt end). 2 (of manner etc.) curt. 3 steep, precipitous. abruptly adv. abruptness n. [Latin: related to

RUPTURE]

abscess

/'aebsis/

(pi

n.

abscesses)

swelling containing pus. [Latin: related to AB-, cede]

abscissa

abscissae /-si:/ system of coordinates) shortest distance from a point to the

or

-s)

/ab'sisa/ n. (pi.

Math,

(in a

vertical or v-axis. [Latin abscindo cut off]

abscond and

/ab'skDnd/

furtively,

v.

esp.

depart hurriedly avoid arrest;

to

escape. [Latin abscondo secrete] abseil /'aebseil/ - v. descend by using a doubled rope coiled round the body and fixed at a higher point. -n. descent made by abseiling. [German ab down, Seil rope]

absence

/'aebs(a)ns/ n.

2 time of this. 3

1

by

(foil,

being away. of)

lack

of.

absence of mind inattentiveness. [Latin absentia] -adj. /'aebs(a)nt/ 1 not present. 2 not existing; lacking. 3 inattentive.

absent -v.refl.

or stay, away. sense 3 of adj.). person not /.aebsan'ti:/ n.

/aeb'sent/

absently adv.

absentee

go,

(in

present.

absenteeism

/,aebsan'ti:iz(8)m/

n.

absenting oneself from work or school etc., esp. frequently or illicitly.

absentee landlord

n.

one who

lets a

property while living elsewhere.

absent-minded

adj.

forgetful or in-

absent-mindedly adv. attentive, absent-mindedness n. absinth /'aebsinG/ n. 1 wormwood. 2 aniseed-flavoured absinthe) liqueur based on this. [French from (usu.

Latin]

absolute /'aebsa.luit/ -adj. 1 complete, utter (absolute bliss). 2 unconditional (absolute authority). 3 despotic (absolute monarch). 4 not relative or comparative (absolute standard). 5 Gram, a (of a construction) syntactically independent of the rest of the sentence, as in dinner being over, we left the table, b (of an adjective or transitive verb) without an expressed noun or object (e.g. the deaf, guns kill). 6 (of a legal decree etc.) final, -n. Philos. (prec. by the) that which can exist independently of anything else. [Latin: related to absolve] absolutely adv. 1 completely, utterly. 2 in an absolute sense (God exists absolutely). 3 /-'lu:tli/ colloq. (used in reply) quite so; yes.

absolute majority all rivals

n.

majority over

combined.

absolute pitch

n. ability

to recognize

or sound any given note,

absolute temperature n. one measured from absolute zero, absolute zero n. theoretical lowest temperature

possible

calculated

-273.15° C (or 0° K). absolution /,aebs9'lu:JXa)n/

n.

as

formal

forgiveness of sins.

absolutism

/'aebsalu:,tiz(8)m/ n. principle or practice of absolute govern-

ment.

absolutist

absolve

/ab'zDlv/

n.

(-ving) (often

v.

foil,

by from, of) set or pronounce free from blame or obligation etc. [Latin: related to solve]

absorb

/ab'so:b/ v. 1 incorporate as part of itself or oneself. 2 take in, suck up

(liquid, heat,

knowledge,

etc.).

3 reduce

the effect or intensity of; deal easily with (an impact, sound, difficulty, etc.). 4 consume (resources etc.). 5 (often as absorbing adj.) engross the attention of. [Latin sorbeo suck in] absorbent -adj. tending to absorb, -n. absorbent substance or organ. absorption /ab'sa:pJXa)n/ n. 1 absorbing or being absorbed. 2 mental engross-

ment.

absorptive

abstain /ab'stem/ v.

1

adj.

(usu.

foil,

by from)

refrain from indulging (abstained from smoking). 2 decline to vote. [Latin teneo tent- hold]

abstemious /ab'sti:mias/ad/. moderate or ascetic, esp. in eating and drinking.

abstemiously

adv. [Latin: related to ab-, temetum strong drink] abstention /ab'stenf(a)n/' n. abstaining, esp. from voting. [Latin: related to

abstain]

abstinence

a/c

4

absolute

/'aebstinans/ n. abstaining, abstinent esp. from food or alcohol. adj. [French: related to abstain]

abstract -adj.

/'aebstraekt/ 1 a of or existing in thought or theory rather than matter or practice; not concrete, b

(of a word, esp. a noun) denoting a quality, condition, etc., not a concrete object. 2 (of art) achieving its effect by form and colour rather than by realism. -v. /ab'straekt/ 1 (often foil, by from) extract, remove. 2 summarize, -n. /'aebstraekt/ 1 summary. 2 abstract work of art. 3 abstraction or abstract term. [Latin: related to tract ] 1

abstracted tentive,

/ab'straektid/

adj.

inat-

abstractedly

distracted.

adv.

abstraction

/ab'straekf(a)n/

n.

1

abstracting or taking away. 2 abstract or visionary idea. 3 abstract qualities (esp. in art). 4 absent-mindedness. abstruse /ab'stru:s/ adj. hard to understand, profound. abstruseness n. [Latin abstrudo -trus- conceal] absurd /ab's3:d/ adj. wildly illogical or inappropriate; ridiculous. absurdity n.

(pi.

absurdly

-ies).

adv.

[Latin:

related to surd]

ABTA

/'aebta/ abbr. Association of British Travel Agents. /a'bAnd(a)ns/ n. 1 plenty; more than enough; a lot. 2 wealth. [Latin: related to abound] abundant adj. 1 plentiful. 2 (foil, by in) abundrich (abundant in fruit). antly adv. abuse —v. /a'bju:z/ (-sing) 1 use improperly, misuse. 2 insult verbally. 3 maltreat. -n. /a'bju:s/ 1 misuse. 2 insulting language. 3 unjust or corrupt practice. 4 maltreatment (child abuse). abuser /a'bju:za(r)/ n. [Latin: related to use] abusive /a'bju:siv/ adj. insulting, ofabusively adv. fensive. abut /a'bAt/ v. (-tt-) 1 (foil, by on) (of land) border on. 2 (foil, by on, against) (of a building) touch or lean upon (another). [Anglo-Latin butta strip of 1 land: related to butt ]

abundance

abutment

n.

lateral supporting struc-

ture of a bridge, arch, etc. /a'bAz/ adv. & adj. in a state of excitement or activity.

abuzz

abysmal

/a'bizm(a)l/

adj.

1

colloq.

extremely bad (abysmal food). 2 profound, utter (abysmal ignorance).

abysmally

adv.

[Latin: related to

ABYSS]

abyss

/a'bis/ n. 1

deep chasm. 2 immeas-

urable depth (abyss of despair). [Latin

from Greek, = bottomless]

AC abbr.

1

(also ac) alternating current.

2 aircraftman.

Ac symb.

actinium.

a/c abbr. account, [account current]

-ac

Greek

[Latin -acus,

-akos] acacia /a'keija/ n. tree with yellow or white flowers, esp. one yielding gum arabic. [Latin from Greek] academia /,aeka'di:mia/ n. the academic

world; scholastic

life.

academic

/.aeka'demik/ -adj. 1 scholarly, of learning. 2 of no practical relevance; theoretical, -n. teacher or scholar in a university etc. academically adv. academician /a.kaeda'miJXa^/ n. member of an Academy. [French academicien).

academy /a'kaedami/ n.

(pi. -ies) 1 place of specialized training (military academy). 2 (usu. Academy) society or institution of distinguished scholars, artists, scientists, etc. (Royal Academy). 3 Scot. secondary school. [Greek akademeia the place in Athens where Plato taught] acanthus /a'kaenBas/ n. (pi -thuses) 1 herbaceous plant with spiny leaves. 2 Archil representation of its leaf. [Latin

from Greek]

a cappella

/,a:

ka'pela,

,ae-/

adj.

&

adv.

(of choral

music) unaccompanied.

alian, = in

church

ACAS

/'eikaes/

[It-

style]

abbr.

Advisory, Con-

and Arbitration Service. v. (-ding) (foil, by to) 1 take office, esp. as monarch. 2 assent or

ciliation,

accede

/ak'si:d/

agree. [Latin: related to cede]

accelerate

/ak'sela.reit/

v.

(-ting)

move

or cause to move or happen more acceleration /-'reij(a)n/ n. quickly. [Latin: related to celerity] accelerator n. 1 device for increasing speed, esp. the pedal controlling the speed of a vehicle's engine. 2 Physics apparatus for imparting high speeds to

charged particles.

accent -n.

/'aeks(a)nt/ 1 particular (esp.

local or national) mode of pronunciation. 2 distinctive feature or emphasis (accent on speed). 3 prominence given to a syllable by stress or pitch. 4 mark on a letter or word to indicate pitch, stress, or vowel quality, -v. /aek'sent/ 1 emphasize (a word or syllable etc.). 2 write or print accents on (words 3 accentuate. [Latin cantus song]

accentuate /ak'sentfu.eit/ v. phasize, make prominent. tuation

;-'eiJ(a)n/ n.

etc.).

emaccen-

(-ting)

[medieval Latin:

/ak'sept/

v.

(an opinion, explanation, etc.) as adequate or valid. 5 take as suitable (does accept cheques). 6 undertake (an office or duty). {Latin capio take]

acceptable adj. come. /-'biliti/

2

1

(also absol.) will-

ingly receive (a thing offered). 2 (also absol.) answer affirmatively (an offer etc.). 3 regard favourably; treat as welcome (felt accepted). 4 believe, receive

1

worth accepting, wel-

tolerable. n.

acceptability

acceptably adv. [French:

related to accept] acceptance n. 1 willingness to accept. 2 affirmative answer to an invitation etc. 3 approval, belief (fqund wide acceptance). access /'aekses/ -n. 1 way of approach or entry (shop with rear access). 2 a right or opportunity to reach or use or visit; admittance (access to secret files, to the prisoner), b accessibility. 3 archaic outburst (an access of anger), -v. 1 Computing gain access to (data etc.). 2 accession. [French: related to accede] accessible /ak'sesib(a)l/ adj. (often foil, by to) 1 reachable or obtainable; readily available. 2 easy to understand,

accessibility

accession

/-'biliti/ n.

/ak'sej(a)n/

-n.

1

taking

office, esp. as monarch. 2 thing added. -v. record the addition of (a new item) to a library etc. accessory /ak'sesan/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 additional or extra thing. 2 (usu. in pi) small

attachment, fitting, or subsidiary item of dress (e.g. shoes, gloves). 3 (often foil, by to) person who abets or is privy to an [medieval Latin: act. illegal) (esp. related to accede] access road n. road giving access only to the properties along it. access time n. Computing time taken to retrieve data from storage. accident /'aeksid(a)nt/ n. 1 unfortunate esp. harmful event, caused unintentionally. 2 event that is unexpected or without apparent cause, c by accident unintentionally. [Latin cado fall]

accidental

/,aeksi'dent(a)l/ -adj.

hap-

pening by chance or accident, -n. Mus. sign indicating a note's momentary deacciparture from the key signature, dentally adv.

accident-prone adj. clumsy. acclaim /a'kleim/ -v. 1 welcome

or

applaud enthusiastically. 2 hail as (acclaimed him king), -n. applause, welcome, public praise. [Latin acclamo: related to claim]

acclamation

/,aekla'meij(a)n/ n. 1 loud in pi) shouting

and eager assent. 2 (usu. in a person's

related to accent]

accept

acclimatize

5

-ac suffix forming adjectives often (or only) used as nouns (cardiac; maniac).

honour.

acclimatize /a'klaima.taiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) adapt to a new climate acclimatization or conditions. acclimater. [French n. /-'zeij(a)n/ related to climate]

accolade

ferring of a knighthood. [Latin collum

accommodate /a'kDma.deit/ v. (-ting) 1 provide lodging or room for {flat accommodates two). 2 adapt, harmonize, reconcile (must accommodate himself to new ideas). 3 a do favour to, oblige (a person), b (foil, by with) supply (a person) with. [Latin: related to commode]

accommodating

adj.

obliging,

com-

pliant.

accommodation /a,kDma'deiJXa)n/ n.

1

lodgings. 2 adjustment, adaptation. 3 convenient arrangement; settlement,

compromise.

accommodation address

n.

postal

address used by a person unable or unwilling to give a permanent address. accompaniment /a'kAmpanimant/ n. 1 instrumental or orchestral support for a solo instrument, voice, or group. 2

accompanying sense

thing.

accompanist

1).

accompany

/a'kAmpani/ v. (-ies, -ied) go with; escort. 2 (usu. in passive; by with, by) be done or found with; supplement. 3 Mus. partner with accompaniment. [French: related 1

foil,

to

companion]

accomplice

/a'kAmplis/ n. partner in a crime etc. [Latin: related to complex] accomplish /a'kAmpliJV v. succeed in doing; achieve, complete. [Latin: related to

accost

/a'kDst/

approach and ad-

1

v.

dress (a person), esp. boldly. 2 (of a prostitute) solicit. [Latin costa rib] /a'kaunt/ -n. 1 narration, description (an account of his trip). 2 arrangement at a bank etc. for deposit-

account

neck]

n. (in

accretion

6

accolade /'aeka.leid/ n. 1 praise given. 2 touch made with a sword at the con-

complete]

accomplished adj. clever, skilled, accomplishment n. 1 completion (of a task etc.). 2 acquired, esp. social, thing achieved.

accord /a'ko:d/-i;.

1

(often

foil,

skill.

3

by with)

be consistent or in harmony. 2 grant (permission, a request, etc.); give (a welcome etc.). -n. 1 agreement, conof sent. 2 Mus. & Art etc. harmony. one's own accord on one's own initivoluntarily, with one accord unanimously. [Latin cor cord- heart] accordance n. n in accordance with accordant adj. in conformity to. according adv. 1 (foil, by to) a as stated by (according to Mary), b in proportion to (lives according to his means). 2 (foil, by as + clause) in a manner or to a degree that varies as (pays according as he is able). accordingly adv. 1 as circumstances ative;

suggest or require (please act accordingly). 2 consequently (accordingly, he left the room). accordion /a'ka:dian/ n. musical reed instrument with concertina-like belaccordilows, keys, and buttons. onist n. [Italian accordare to tune]

ing and withdrawing money, credit, etc. (open an account). 3 record or statement of financial transactions with the balance (kept detailed accounts), -v. consider as (account him wise, a fool). account for 1 serve as or provide an explanation for (that accounts for his

mood).

2

answer

for

(money

etc.

entrusted, one's conduct, etc.). 3 kill, destroy, defeat. 4 make up a specified amount of (rent accounts for 50% of expenditure), by all accounts in everyone's opinion, call to account require

an explanation from, give a good bad) account of oneself impress

(or (or

impress); be successful (or unsuccessful), keep account of keep a record of; follow closely, of no account unimportant, of some account important, on account 1 (of goods) to be paid for later. 2 (of money) in part payment, on one's account on one's behalf (not on my account), on account of because of. fail to

on no account under no circumstances, take account of (or take into account) consider (took their age into account), turn to account (or good account) turn to one's advantage. 1 [French: related to count ]

accountable

adj.

1

responsible;

required to account for one's conduct. 2 accountexplicable, understandable. ability /-'biliti/ n. accountant n. professional keeper or accountancy n. verifier of accounts.

accounting

n.

accoutrements

/a'ku:tramants/ n.pl

(t/Saccouterments /-tamants/) 1 equipment, trappings. 2 soldier's equipment and clothes. weapons excluding [French]

accredit

/a'kredit/

v. (-t-) 1

(foil,

by

to)

attribute (a saying etc.) to (a person). 2 (foil, by with) credit (a person) with (a saying etc.). 3 (usu. foil, by to or at)

send (an ambassador

etc.) with creden4 gain influence for or make credible (an adviser, a statement, etc.). [French: related to credit] accredited adj. 1 officially recognized. 2 generally accepted. accretion /a'kri:J(a)n/ n. 1 growth or increase by accumulation, addition, or organic enlargement. 2 the resulting whole. 3 a matter so added, b adhesion of this to the core matter. [Latin cresco tials.

cret-

grow]

-

accrue accrue (often

a'kru.

v.

by

to)

foil,

(-ues.

come

-ued. -uing) as a natural

increase or advantage, esp. financial. [Latin: related to accretion}

accumulate

a'kju:mju,leit

v.

(-ting)

1

acquire an increasing number or quantity of; amass, collect. 2 grow numerous; increase. [Latin: related to cumulus] a,kju:mju'leij(a)n n. 1 accumulating or being accumulated. 2 mass. 3 growth of capital accumulated

accumulation

by continued interest,

accumulative

a'kju:mjulativ adj.

accumulator

n.

1

rechargeable

elec-

tric cell. 2 bet placed on a sequence of events, with the winnings and stake from each placed on the next. accuracy 'aekjurasi n. exactness or careful precision. [Latin cura carel accurate aekjurat adj. careful, precise; conforming exactly with the truth accurately adv. or a standard, accursed ak3:sid adj. 1 under a curse. 2 colloq. detestable, annoying. [Old English a- intensive prefix, curse] accusation ,aekju:'zeij(a)n n. accusing or being accused. [French: related to

ACCUSE] a'kju:zativ Gram. -n. case expressing the object of an action, -adj.

of or in this case.

accusatory

akju:zatan implying accusation. akju:z

v.

(

of

adj.

or

-sing) (often

foil,

of) charge with a fault or crime; blame. [Latin accusare: related to cause] accustom a'kAStam v. (foil, by to) make used to (accustomed him to hardship). [French: related to custom] accustomed adj. 1 (usu. foil, by to) used to a thing. 2 customary, usual. ace -n. 1 playing-card etc. with a single spof and generally signifying 'one'. 2 a person who excels in some activity, b pilot who has shot down many enemy aircraft. 3 (in tennis) unreturnable

stroke (esp. a service), -adj. slang exwithin an ace of on the verge cellent, of. [Latin as unity]

acellular cells;

ei'seljula(r)

adj.

not consisting of

cells,

-aceous

suffix

having no

forming adjectives

in the

sense 'of the nature of. esp. in the natural sciences (herbaceous). [Latin -aceus] a's3:bik adj. harsh and sharp, acerbity n. speech or manner, -ies). [Latin acerbus sour]

acerbic esp. in (pi.

^si'taelduhaid n. colourless volatile liquid aldehyde, [from

acetaldehyde

ACETIC ALDEHYDE] 'aesi.teit n. 1 salt or ester of acetic acid. esp. the cellulose ester. 2 fabric made from this.

acetate

acetone

adj. of or like vinegar.

aesi.taon

n.

colourless vol-

organic compounds, esp. paints, varnishes, etc. atile liquid that dissolves

acetylene

a'seti,li:n

n.

hydrocarbon

gas burning with a bright flame, used esp. in welding. ache eik -n. 1 continuous dull pain. 2 mental distress, —v. (-ching) suffer from or be the source of an ache. [Old English]

achieve

a'tjuv

(-ving)

v.

reach or

1

attain, esp. by effort (achieved victory: achieved notoriety). 2 accomplish (a feat

[French achever: related to

or task). chief]

achievement n.

1

something achieved.

2 act of achieving.

heel

Achilles'

weak

a'kili:z

person's

n.

vulnerable point. Greek hero in the Iliad] or

Achilles' tendon

n.

[Achilles.

tendon connec-

ting the heel with the calf muscles.

achromatic

aekrau'maetik adj. Optransmitting light without constituent colours into separation (achromatic lens). 2 without colour. [French: achromatically* adv. 1

related to

achy by

a'si:tik

[Latin acetum vinegar] acetic acid n. clear liquid acid giving vinegar its characteristic taste.

tics

accusative

accuse

acknowledge acetic

chrome]

a-,

(-ier. -iest) full

adj.

'eiki

of or

from aches.

suffering

-n. 1 a any of a class of substances that liberate hydrogen ions in water, are usu. sour and corrosive, turn litmus red. and have a pH of less than 7. b any compound or atom donating protons. 2 any sour substance. 3 slang the drug LSD. -adj. 1 sour. 2 biting, sharp (an acid wit). 3 Chem. having the essential properties of an

acid

aesid

acidify acidity acidly adv. [Latin aceo be

acidic

acid.

asidifai a siditi

v.

n.

a'sidik

(-ies.

adj.

-ied).

sour]

acid house n. a type of synthesized music with a simple repetitive beat, often associated drugs.

waste

with hallucinogenic

acid, esp. from industrial gases, falling with rain.

acid rain acid test

n.

n.

acidulous

severe or conclusive a'sidjulas

adj.

test.

somewhat

acid.

ack-ack

colloq. -adj. antiae'kaek gun etc. anti-aircraft [formerly signallers' term for AA)

aircraft,

-n.

acknowledge

ak nDlid3 v. ( ging) 1 recognize; accept the truth of (acknowledged its failure). 2 confirm the receipt of (a letter etc.). 3 a show that one has noticed (acknowledged my arrival with

acknowledgement service

etc.).

act

8

a grunt), b express appreciation of 4 recognize the validity

(a of,

duty or responsibility).

acre

gratitude, b letter confirming receipt of something. 3 (usu. in pi.) author's statement of gratitude, prefacing a book. acme /'aeknu/ n. highest point (of achieve-

acrid

ment

acne

(the

etc.).

[Greek] skin condition with red

/'aekni/ n.

person assisting a priest. 2 assistant; beginner. [Greek akolouthos follower] aconite /'aeka.nait/ n. 1 any of various poisonous plants, esp. monkshood. 2 drug from these. [Greek akoniton] acorn /'eiko:n/ n. fruit of the oak, with a smooth nut in a cuplike base. [Old Eng/'aeka.lait/ n. 1

lish]

/8'ku:stik/ adj. 1 of sound or the sense of hearing. 2 (of a musical

acoustic

instrument

without

etc.)

{acoustic

amplification

electrical

guitar).

acoustically adv. [Greek akouo hear]

acoustics

properties or qualities (of a room etc.) in transmitting sound. 2 (usu. as sing.) science of sound. n.pl. 1

acquaint /a'kwemt/ v. (usu. foil, by with) make aware of or familiar with be me with the facts). acquainted with have personal know(acquaint ledge

of;

tO AD-,

know

slightly. [Latin: related

COGNIZANCE]

acquaintance

n. 1

person one knows

being acquainted. 2

slightly.

anceship n. acquiesce /.aekwi'es/

v.

acquaint-

(-cing)

1

agree,

by default. 2 (foil, by in) accept (an acquiescence n. arrangement etc.). acquiescent adj. [Latin: related to ad-, esp.

quiet]

acquire

/9'kwaia(r)/ v. (-ring) gain for oneself; come into possession of. [Latin:

related to ad-, quaero quisit- seek]

acquired

drome

immune

acquired taste n.

1

liking developed

by

experience. 2 object of this, acquirement n. thing acquired, esp. a mental attainment. acquisition /,aekwi'zij(a)n/ n. 1 thing acquired, esp. when useful. 2 acquiring or being acquired. [Latin: related to acquire] /a'kwizitiv/ adj.

keen

to

acquire things.

acquit /a'kwit/

v. (-tt-) 1

(often

foil,

by of)

declare not guilty. 2 refl. a behave or perform in a specified way (acquitted herself well), b (foil, by of) discharge (a

measure of

sq. yds., 0.405 ha.

acreage

land, 4,840

[Old English] n. a number of

/'eikarid3/

acres; extent of land, /"aekrid/ adj.

(-er,

-est) bitterly

pungent. acridity /a'knditi/ acer keen, pungent]

acrimonious ter in manner /'aekrimani/ n.

n.

[Latin

/.aekn'maunias/ adj. bitor temper. acrimony

/'aekra.baet/ n.

forming gymnastic

entertainer per-

feats.

acrobatic

acrobatically [Greek akrobates from akron summit, baino walk] /.aekra'baetik/

adj.

/.aekra'baetikali/ adv.

acrobatics

/.aekra'baetiks/ n.pl. 1 acrobatic feats. 2 (as sing.) art of performing these. acronym /'aekranim/ n. word formed from the initial letters of other words (e.g. laser, Nato). [Greek akron end,

onoma name] acropolis /a'kropahs/ n. citadel of an ancient Greek city. [Greek akron summit, polis city] /a'krns/ -prep. 1 to or on the other side of (across the river). 2 from one side to another side of (spread

across

across the floor). 3 at or forming an angle with (a stripe across the flag), -adv. 1 to or on the other side (ran across). 2 from one side to another across the board (stretched across). applying to all. [French a, en, croix: related to cross]

acrostic /a'kmstik/ n. poem etc. in which certain letters (usu. the first and last in each line) form a word or words. [Greek akron end, stikhos row] acrylic /a'knlik/ -adj. of synthetic material made from acrylic acid. -n. acrylic fibre or fabric. [Latin acer pungent, oleo to smell] acrylic acid n. a pungent liquid or-

ganic acid. 1 something done; a deed. 2 process of doing (caught in the act). 3 item of entertainment. 4 pretence (all an act). 5 main division of a play etc. 6 a decree of a legislative body, b document attesting a legal transaction, -v. 1 behave (acted wisely). 2 perform an action or function; take action (act as referee; brakes failed to act; he acted quickly). 3 (also foil, by on) have an effect (alcohol acts on the brain). 4 a perform a part in a play, film, etc. b pretend. 5 a play the part of (acted Othello; acts the foot), b perform (a play etc.). c portray (an act for be the incident) by actions. (esp. legal) representative of. act of God natural event, e.g. an earthquake, act

act -n.

deficiency syn-

see Aids.

acquisitive

/'eika(r)/ n.

acrobat

pimples. [Latin]

acolyte

n.

[Latin: related to ad-, quit]

acknowledged king), [from AD-, KNOWLEDGE] acknowledgement n. 1 act of acknowledging. 2 a thing given or done in

own

acquittal

acting up

misbehave; give trouble (car is acting up), get one's act together slang become properly organized; prepare, put on an act colloq. make a pretence. [Latin ago act- do] acting -n. art or occupation of an actor. -attrib. adj. serving temporarily or as a substitute (acting manager). actinism 'aekti,niz(a)m n. property of short-wave radiation that produces chemical changes, as in photography. [Greek aktis ray] actinium aek'tmiam n. Chem. radioactive metallic element found in pitchblende, [as actinism]

action /'aekJXa)n n. acting (demanded

process of doing or action). 2 forceful-

1

ness or energy. 3 exertion of energy or influence (action of acid on metal). 4 deed, act (not aware of his actions). 5 (the action) a series of events in a story, play, etc. b slang exciting activity (missed the action). 6 battle, fighting (killed in action). 7 a mechanism of an instrument, b style of movement of an animal or human. 8 lawsuit. out of action not working. [Latin: related to act] actionable adj. giving cause for legal action.

action-packed

adj. full of action or

excitement.

action point n. proposal for action, action replay n. playback of part of a television broadcast, esp. a sporting event, often in slow motion, action stations n.pl. positions taken up by troops etc. ready for battle, /'aekti.veit/ v. (-ting) 1 make 2 Chem. cause reaction in. 3 radioactive.

activate active.

make

active

/'aektiv/

-adj.

1

marked by

action; energetic; diligent (an active life). 2 working, operative (active volcano). 3 not merely passive or inert; positive (active support; active ingredients). 4 radioactive. 5 Gram, designat-

ing the form of a verb whose subject performs the action (e.g. saw in he saw a film). -n. Gram, active form or voice of a actively adv. [Latin: related to verb. act] active service n. military service in

wartime.

activism n. policy of vigorous action, activist n. esp. for a political cause. activity /aek'tiviti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 being active; busy or energetic action. 2 (often in pi.) occupation or pursuit (outdoor activities). 3 = radioactivity. actor n. person who acts in a play, film, etc. [Latin:

actress

adapt

9

colloq.

n.

related to act]

female actor.

actual

aektjuel

adj.

(\xsu.

attrib.) 1

existing in fact; real. 2 current. [Latin: related to act]

actuality

n. [pi -ies) 1 existing conditions actually aektjueli adv. 1 as a fact, really (not actually amy rich). 2 strange as it may seem (he actually refused.').

reality. 2

,a?ktj*u'a?liti

un pi)

actuary a?ktjuan

n. (pi. -ies) statisti-

cian, esp. one calculating insurance risks and premiums.. actuarial adj. [Latin actuarius book/-'eanal

keeper]

actuate machine cause

(a

'aektju.eit

v.

(-ting)

move

etc.) to

person) to

1

cause

(a

or function. 2

act. [Latin]

acuity

a'kju:iti n. sharpness, acuteness. [medieval Latin: related to acute] 'aekjuman n. keen insight or discernment. [Latin. = acute thing]

acumen

acupuncture

'3?kiu:,pAr]ktJa(r)

n.

medical treatment using needles in parts of the body, acupuncturist n. [Latin acu with needle] a'kju:t -adj. (acuter. acutest) 1 serious, severe (acute hardship). 2 (of senses etc.) keen, penetrating. 3 shrewd. 4 (of a disease) coming quickly to a c crisis. 5 (of an angle) less than 90 6 (of a sound) high, shrill. -n. = acute accent. acutely adv. [Latin acutus pointed]

acute

.

acute accent

n.

diacritical

mark

( '

placed over certain letters in French etc., esp. to show pronunciation.

-acy

suffix

forming

nouns

of

state

or quality (accuracy; piracy), or an instance of it (conspiracy; fallacy). [French -acie, Latin -acia. -atia. Greek -ateia]

ad

abbr. of the Christian era.

[Anno

Domini]

ad

colloq.

n.

advertisement, [abbrevi-

ation]

ad- prefix (altered or assimilated before some letters) implying motion or direction to, reduction or change into, addition,

adherence, increase, or intensi-

fication. [Latin] /'aedid3/ n.

adage

traditional

maxim,

proverb. [French from Latin] adagio /a'da:3iao7 Mus. -adv. & adj. in slow time. -n. (pi. -s) such a movement or passage. [Italian] not /'aedam/ n. the first man. know a person from Adam be unable = [Hebrew, man] person. to recognize a adamant /'aBdamant/ adj. stubbornly adamantly resolute; unyielding. adv. [Greek adamas adamant- untame-

Adam

able]

Adam's apple

n.

projection of cartil-

age at the front of the neck. adapt /a'daept/ v. 1 a (foil, by to) fit, adjust (one thing to another), b (foil, by

adaptor for)

1

adaptation

1

/,aedaep'teij\a)n/ n. [Latin:

n. 1

device for making equip2 device for connectelectrical plugs to one

ment compatible. ing

several

join (one thing to another) as an increase or supplement. 2 put together (numbers) to find their total. 3 say further. add in include, add up 1 find the total of. 2 (foil, by to) amount to. 3 colloq. make sense. [Latin addo] /a'dendam/ n. (pi. -da) 1 thing to be added. 2 material added at the end of a book. 1

addendum

adder n. small venomous snake, the common viper. [Old English,

esp. ori-

ginally nadder]

addict /'aedikt/ n.

1 person addicted, esp. to a drug. 2 colloq. devotee (film addict). [Latin: related to ad-, dico say] addicted /a'diktid/ adj. 1 (usu. foil, by to) dependent on a drug etc. as a habit. 2 devoted to an interest. addiction /a'dikj(9)n/ n. addictive adj. causing addiction. addition /a'dij*(a)n/ n. 1 adding. 2 person or thing added. in addition (often foil, by to) also, as well (as). [Latin: related to add] additional adj. added, extra, supple-

additionally adv. additive /'aeditrv/ n. substance added to improve another, esp. to colour, flamentary.

vour, or preserve food. [Latin: related to

add]

addle

/'aed(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1

muddle, con-

fuse. 2 (usu. as addled adj.) (of an egg) become rotten. [Old English, = filth] address /a'dres/ -n. 1 a place where a person lives or an organization is situated, b particulars of this, esp. for postal

purposes, c Computing location of an item of stored information. 2 discourse to an audience, —v. 1 write postal directions on (an envelope etc.). 2 direct (remarks etc.). 3 speak or write to, esp. formally. 4 direct one's attention to. 5 address Golf take aim at (the ball). oneself to 1 speak or write to. 2 attend to. [French: related to ad-, direct]

addressee /.aedre'si:/ n. person to whom a letter

adduce

adept

/'aedept/ -adj. (foil, by at, in) skilful, -n. adept person. [Latin adipiscor adept- attain]

/'aedikwat/ adj. sufficient, satisfactory, n adequacy n. ad-

equately adv.

[Latin: related to ad-,

equate]

d deux /a: 'd3:/ adv. & adj.

socket.

add v.

breathing in the young. adenoidal /-'noid(a)l/ adj. [Greek aden gland]

adequate

related to ad-, apt]

adaptor

adjunct

10

make

suitable for a purpose, c modify (esp. a text for broadcasting etc.). 2 (also reft., usu. foil, by to) adjust to new conditions. adaptable adj. to,

etc. is

addressed.

/a'dju:s/

v.

(-cing) cite as

an

instance or as proof or evidence. adducible adj. [Latin: related to ad-,

duco lead]

adenoids

/'aedi.noidz/ n.pl. area of enlarged lymphatic tissue between the nose and the throat, often hindering

for or between

two. [French]

adhere

/ad'hia(r)/

v.

(-ring)

1

(usu.

foil.

by to) stick fast to a substance etc. 2 (foil. by to) behave according to (a rule, undertaking, etc.). 3 (foil, by to) give allegiance. [Latin haereo stick]

adherent -rc.

supporter, -adj. sticking,

adhering.

adherence

adhesion

/ad'hi:3(a)n/ n.

n.

adhering. 2

1

unnatural union of body tissues due to inflammation.

adhesive

/ad'hi:siv/ -adj. sticky, causing adhesion, -n. adhesive substance.

adhesiveness

n.

/aed 'hDk/ adv. & adj. for one particular occasion or use. [Latin] adieu /a'dju:/ int. goodbye. [French, =

ad hoc to

God]

ad infinitum without

/'aedi.pauz/

of

fat;

fatty

/-'p'ositi/

[Latin adeps fat]

adjacent by

adj.

adiposity

(adipose tissue). n.

.infi'naitam/ adv.

/aed

limit; for ever. [Latin]

adipose

/a'd3eis(a)nt/ adj. (often foil,

adja-

lying near; adjoining.

to)

cency n. [Latin jaceo lie] adjective /'aed3iktiv/ n. word used to describe or modify a noun or pronoun. adjectival

/,aed3ik'taiv(a)l/

[Latin jaceo lie] /a'd3om/ v. be next to with. [Latin jungo join]

adjoin

adjourn

/a'd33:n/

v. 1

put

adj.

and joined

off,

postpone;

meeting etc.) temporarily. 2 (of a meeting) break and disperse or (foil, by to) transfer to another place adjourn(adjourned to the pub). break

off (a

ment n.

[Latin: related to ad-,

diurnum

day]

adjudge

/a'd3Ad3/

v.

(-ging)

1

pro-

nounce judgement on (a matter). 2 pronounce or award judicially. adjudgement n. (also adjudgment). [Latin judex judge]

adjudicate /a'd3u:di,keit/ v.

(-ting) 1 act

as judge in a competition, court, etc. 2 adjudication /-'keij(a)n/ n. adjudge.

adjudicative

adjunct

adj.

adjudicator n. 1 (foil, by to,

/'aed3Ankt/ n.

subordinate

or

incidental

thing.

of)

2

Gram, word or phrase used to explain or amplify

the predicate, subject, [Latin: related to adjoin]

etc.

adjure

adrenalin

adjure /a'd3ua(r)/ to

+

infin.)

juration

v.

(-ring) (usu.

beg or command.

/,aed3ua'rei.f(a)n/

by ad-

foil,

[Latin

n.

adjuro put to oath: related to jury] adjust /a'd3Ast/ v. 1 order or position; regulate; arrange. 2 (usu. foil, by to) become or make suited; adapt. 3 harmonize (discrepancies). 4 assess (loss or damages). adjustable adj. adjustment n. [Latin juxta near] adjutant /'aed3ut(a)nt/ n. 1 a army officer assisting a superior in administrative duties, b assistant. 2 (in full adjutant bird) giant Indian stork. [Latin: related to ad-Juvo jut- help] ad lib /aed 'lib/ -v. (-bb-) improvise.

-adj. improvised, -adv. as one pleases, to any desired extent, [abbreviation of Latin ad libitum according to pleasure] admin /'aedmm/ n. colloq. administration, [abbreviation] administer /ad'mmista(r)/ v. 1 manage (business affairs etc.). 2 a deliver or dispense, esp. formally (a punishment, sacrament, etc.). b (usu. foil, by to) direct the taking of (an oath). [Latin: related to ad-, minister] administrate /ad'mmi.streit/ v. (-ting) administer (esp. business affairs); act as an administrator.

administration 1

/ad,mini'streij(a)n/ n.

administering, esp. public affairs. 2

government

in power, administrative /ad'ministrativ/ adj. of the management of affairs, administrator /9d'mmi,streita(r)/ n.

manager of a business, public affairs, or a person's estate.

admirable

/'aedmarab(a)l/ adj. deservadmiring admiration; excellent. ably adv. [Latin: related to admire]

admiral

/'aBdmar(a)l/

n.1a commander-

b high-ranking naval officer, commander. 2 any of various butterflies. [Arabic: related to amir] in-chief

of a

Admiralty

navy,

n. (pi. -ies) (in full

Admir-

alty Board) hist, committee superintending the Royal Navy. admiration /.aedma'reiJXaW n. 1 respect; warm approval or pleasure. 2 object of this. admire /ad'maia(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 regard with approval, respect, or satisfaction. 2 admirer n. express admiration of.

admiring

adj.

admiringly adv. ad-, miror wonder at]

[Latin: related to /9d'misib(9)l/ adj.

admissible

1

(of

an

idea etc.) worth accepting or considering. 2 Law allowable as evidence. [Latin: related to admit] admission /ad'miJXa)n/ n. 1 acknowledgement (admission of error). 2 a

process or right of entering, b charge for this

(admission

is £5).

admit /ad'mit/

(often foil, by to be, or that + clause) acknowledge; recognize as true. 2 (foil, by to) confess to (a deed, fault, etc.). 3 allow (a person) entrance, access, etc. 4 take (a patient) into hospital. 5 (of an enclosed space) accommodate. 6 (foil, by of) allow as possible. [Latin mitto miss- send] admittance n. admitting or being admitted, usu. to a place. admittedly adv. as must be admitted. admixture /aed'mikstja(r)/ n. 1 thing added, esp. a minor ingredient. 2 adding v. (-tt-) 1

of this.

admonish urge,

/ad'monij"/ advise. 3 (foil,

admonishment

reprove. 2

1

v.

by

of)

warn.

n. admonition admonitory adj.

/,aedma'mJXa)n/ [Latin moneo warn] 'no^i.aem/ adv. excessively; disgustingly. [Latin, = to sickness] n.

ad nauseam /aed

ado /a'du:/ n. fuss, busy activity; trouble, [from at, do

1 :

much ado =

originally in

much to do] adobe /a'daubi/

n. 1

sun-dried brick. 2

clay for making these. [Spanish] adolescent /,aeda'les(a)nt/

-adj.

between childhood and adulthood, -n. adolescence n. adolescent person. [Latin adolesco grow up] Adonis /a'daunis/ n. handsome young man. [Latin, name of a youth loved by Venus]

adopt /a'dDpt/ v.

1 legally take (a person) into a relationship, esp. another's child as one's own. 2 choose (a course of action etc.). 3 take over (another's idea etc.). 4 choose as a candidate for office. 5 accept responsibility for the maintenance of (a road etc.). 6 accept or approve adoption n. (a report, accounts, etc.). [Latin: related to ad-, opt] adoptive adj. because of adoption (adoptive son). [Latin: related to adopt]

adorable

/8'do:rab(a)l/ adj.

1

deserving

adoration. 2 colloq. delightful, charming.

adore

/a'do:(r)/

v.

(-ring)

1

love intense-

worship as divine. 3 colloq. like very much, adoration /.aeda'reiJXaJn/ n. adorer n. [Latin adoro worship] adorn /a'do:n/ v. add beauty to; ly.

2

adornment n. [Latin: decorate. related to ad-, orno decorate] adrenal /a'dri:n(a)l/ -adj. 1 at or near the kidneys. 2 of the adrenal glands. -n. (in full adrenal gland) either of two ductless glands above the kidneys, secreting adrenalin, [from ad-, renal] adrenalin /a'drenalin/ n. (also adrenaline) 1 stimulative hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. 2 this extracted or synthesized for medicinal use.

adrift adrift a'dnft adv.

& predic.adj.

drift-

1

ing. 2 powerless; aimless. 3 colloq.

unfastened, b out {plans went adrift).

adroit

/a'drort/ adj.

order,

of

a

wrong

dexterous, skilful.

[French a droit according to right] ad'sa:b/ v. (usu. of a solid) hold (molecules of a gas or liquid etc.) to its

adsorb-

surface, forming a thin film,

ent adj. absorb]

&

adsorption

n.

n.

[from ad-,

/,aedjo'leiJXa)n/

n.

obsequi-

adulor fawn on] adult /'aedAlt/-ad/'. 1 mature, grown-up. 2 {attrib.) of or for adults {adult educaflattery. [Latin

-n. adult person, [Latin adolesco adultus

tion),

adulterate

adulthood grow up]

/a'dAlta.reit/

v.

n.

(-ting) de-

base (esp. foods) by adding other substances, adulterant adj. & n. adulteration /-'reij(a)n/ n. [Latin adultero /a'dAltara(r)/ n. (fern,

who commits

teress) person

adul-

adultery.

adultery

n. voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person other than his or her spouse,

adulterous

adj.

adumbrate

/'aedAm.breit/ v. ( ting) 1 indicate faintly or in outline. 2 foreshadow. 3 overshadow. adumbration /-'breij\a)n/ n. [Latin: related to

umbra shade]

advance

/ad'va:ns/ -v. (-cing) 1 move or put forward; progress. 2 pay or lend (money) beforehand. 3 promote (a person, cause, etc.). 4 present (a suggestion etc.). 5 (as advanced adj.) a well ahead, b socially progressive, -n. 1 going forward; progress. 2 prepayment; loan. 3 (in pi.) amorous approaches. 4 rise in price, -attrib. adj. done or supplied

beforehand (advance warning). advance on approach threateningly, in advance ahead in place or time. [Latin: related to ab-, ante before]

advanced level

n.

high level of

GCE

examination.

advancement

n. promotion of a person, cause, or plan. /ad'va:ntid3/ -n. 1 beneficial feature. 2 benefit, profit. 3 (often foil, by over) superiority. 4 (in tennis) the next point after deuce, -v. (-ging) benefit, favour, take advantage of 1 make good use of. 2 exploit, esp. unfairly. 3 euphem. seduce. advantageous /,aedvan'teid3as/ adj. [French: related to advance]

advantage

Advent

sect believing in the coming of Christ.

of a Christian

imminent second

/.aedven'tijas/ adj.

1

acci-

added from outside. 3 Biol, formed accidentally or under unusual conditions. [Latin: related to Advent] adventure /ad'ventja(r)/ -n. 1 unusual and exciting experience. 2 enterprise dental, casual. 2

of adventure), -v. (-ring) dare, venture; engage in adventure. [Latin: related to Advent]

adventure

playground

play-

n.

ground with climbing-frames, building blocks, etc.

adventurer n. (fern, adventuress) 1 person who seeks adventure, esp. for personal gain or enjoyment. 2 financial speculator.

adventurous

venturesome,

adj.

enterprising.

corrupt]

ad-,

member

n.

(spirit

adulation

adulterer

Adventist

adventitious

adsorb

ous

adviser

12

/'aedvent/ n. 1 season before Christmas. 2 coming of Christ. 3 (advent) important arrival. [Latin advent us from venio come]

adverb

/'aedv3:b/

word

n.

indicating

manner,

degree, circumstance, etc., used to modify an adjective, verb, or other adverb (e.g. gently, quite, then).

adverbial

/ad'v3:bial/

adj.

[Latin:

related to ad-, verbum word, verb] adversary /'aedvasan/ n. (pi. -ies) en-

emy, opponent,

adversarial

/-'seanal/

adj.

adverse

/'a3dv3:s/

z

harmful,

unfavourable;

adj.

adversely adv.

[Latin:

related to ad-, verto vers- turn]

adversity

/ad'v3:siti/

misfortune,

n.

distress.

advert

/'aedv3:t/

colloq.

n.

advertise-

ment, [abbreviation]

advertise /'aedva.taiz/ v. (-sing) 1 promote (goods or services) publicly to increase sales. 2 make generally known. foil, by for) seek by a notice in a etc. to buy, employ, sell, etc. [French avertir: related to adverse]

3 (often

newspaper

advertisement

/ad'v3:tismant/

n.

1

public announcement, esp. of goods etc. for sale or wanted, vacancies, etc. 2 avertissement: advertising. [French related to adverse]

advice

/ad'vais/ n.

on how

1

recommendation

2 information given;

to act.

news. 3 formal notice of a transaction. adj. to be

advisable /ad'vaizab(a)l/ recommended, expedient. ility

/-

advise

advisab-

biliti/ n.

/ad'vaiz/

give advice

to.

v.

2

(-sing)

1

(also absol.)

recommend (advised

or that + clause) inform. [Latin: related to ad-, video vis- see] advisedly /ad'vaizidli/ adv. after due consideration; deliberately,

me

to rest). 3 (usu. foil,

adviser

by

of,

n. (also advisor) person advises, esp. officially.

who

advisory Usage The variant advisor is fairly common, but is considered incorrect by many people. advisory adj. advocaat

liqueur of eggs, sugar, and brandy. [Dutch, = ad/,aedva'ka:t/

n.

vocate]

advocacy

'aedvakasi/ n. support or arfor a cause, policy, etc.

advocate -n. /'aedvakat/ 1 (foil, by person who supports or speaks favour. 2 person who pleads another,

esp.

in

a

lawcourt.

of)

in

for

-v.

recommend by argument. [Latin: related to ad-, voco call] adze aedz/ n. (US adz) tool like an axe, with an arched blade at right angles to /'aedva.keit/ (-ting)

the handle. [Old English] i:d3is/ n. protection; support. [Greek aigis shield of Zeus or Athene] aeolian harp /i:'aulian/ n. stringed instrument or toy sounding when the wind passes through it. [Latin Aeolus wind-god, from Greek] aeon /'imn/ n. (also eon) 1 long or indefinite period. 2 an age. [Latin from

aegis

Greek]

aerate

(-ting) 1 charge (a v. carbon dioxide. 2 expose to aeration -'reij(8)n/ n. [Latin aer 'eareit

liquid) with air.

air]

aerial

/'eanal/ -n. device for transmitting or receiving radio waves, -adj. 1 by or from the air; involving aircraft (aerial attack). 2 existing in the air. 3 of or like air. [Greek: related to air]

aero- comb, form air; aircraft. [Greek aero- from aer air] aerobatics .eara'baetiks/ n.pl. 1 spectacular flying of aircraft, esp. to entertain. 2 (as sing.) performance of these, [from aero-, after acrobatics] aerobics ea'raubiks/ n.pl. vigorous exercises designed to increase oxygen aerobic adj. [from aero-, intake.

Greek bios

life]

aerodrome

eara.draum/ n. small air[from aero-, Greek

port or airfield, dromos course]

aerodynamics

.earaudai'naemiks

(usu. treated as sing.) dynamics of solid bodies moving through air. n.pl.

aerodynamic

adj.

aerofoil eara.foil/ n. structure with curved surfaces (e.g. a wing, fin, or tailplane) designed to give lift in flight. aeronautics ,earau'no:tiks/ n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) science or practice of

motion in the aeronautical ical]

aeroplane

'eara.plem n. powered heavier-than-air flying vehicle with fixed wings. [French: related to aero-.

PLANE giving advice (advisory

body).

gument

affiliate

13

air.

adj.

aeronautic

adj.

[from aero-, naut-

1 ]

aerosol

'eara.sDl n. 1 pressurized container releasing a substance as a fine spray. 2 system of minute particles suspended in gas (e.g. fog or smoke), [from AERO-, sol] aerospace 'earau.speis n. 1 earth's atmosphere and outer space. 2 aviation

in this. /'i:s0i:t/ n. person who has or professes a special appreciation of beauty. [Greek aisthanomai perceive] aesthetic i:s'9etik —adj. 1 of or sensitive to beauty. 2 artistic, tasteful, -n. (in pi.) philosophy of beauty, esp. in an. z aesthetically adv. aestheticism

aesthete

-,siz(a)m/ n.

aetiology

,i:ti Dlad3i n. (US etiology ) study of causation or of the causes of disease, z aetiological -a'lod3ik(a)l adj. [Greek aitia cause] AF abbr. audio frequency. afar a'fa:(r), adv. at or to a distance.

affable

'aefab(a)l adj. 1 friendly. 2 cour-

teous, z affability adv. [Latin affabilis]

affair

-

biliti

n.

affably

matter, concern, or thing to be attended to (that is my affair). 2 a celebrated or notorious happening, b colloq. thing or event (puzzling affair). 3 = love affair. 4 (in pi.) public or private business. [French a faire to do] affect a'fekt v. 1 a produce an effect on. b (of disease etc.) attack. 2 move emotionally. 3 pretend (affected ignorance). 4 pose as or use for effect (affects the a'fea(r)

n. 1

aesthete; affects

ing

adj.

fancy

affect-

hats).

affectingly adv. [Latin

officio

affect- influence]

Usage Affect should not be confused with effect, meaning 'to bring about'. Note also that effect is used as a noun as well as a verb.

affectation cial manner.

,3Bfek'teiJ(a)n

n.

1

artifi-

2 (foil, by of) studied display. 3 pretence. affected a'fektid adj. 1 pretended, artificial. 2 full of affectation. affection a'fekj(a)n n. 1 goodwill, fond feeling. 2 disease; diseased condition. affectionate a'fekjanat adj. loving, affectionately adv. fond,

affidavit .aefi'deivit n. written statement confirmed by oath. [Latin, - has stated on oath] affiliate a'fili.eit -i\ (-ting) (foil, by to, with) attach, adopt, or connect as a member or branch. -n. affiliated person etc. [Latin:

related to filial]

affiliation affiliation /a.fili'eiJXa)^' n. affiliating or being affiliated. affiliation order n. legal order against the supposed father of an illegitimate child for support. affinity a'fmiti n. (pi. -ies) 1 liking or attraction; feeling of kinship. 2 relationship, esp. by marriage. 3 similarity of structure or character suggesting a relationship. 4 Chem. the tendency of certain substances to combine with others. [Latin finis border] affirm /a'f3:m/ v. 1 assert, state as a fact. 2 Law make a solemn declaration affirmation in place of an oath. [Latin: related to /,aefa'meij\a)n/ n.

FIRM

1

]

affirmative

/a'f3:mativ/ -adj.

affirm-

expressing approval, -n. affirmative statement or word etc. affix -v. /a'fiks/ 1 attach, fasten. 2 add in writing, -n. /'aefiks/ 1 addition. 2 Gram. prefix or suffix. [Latin: related to fix] afflict /a'flikt/ v. distress physically or mentally. [Latin fligo flict- strike down] affliction /a'flikj(a)n/ n. 1 distress, suffering. 2 cause of this. affluent /'aefluant/ adj. wealthy, rich, affluence n. [Latin: related to fluent] afford /a'fo:d/ v. 1 (prec. by can or be able to) a have enough money, time, etc., for; be able to spare, b be in a position (can 't afford to be critical). 2 provide (affords a view of the sea). [Old English ge- prefix implying completeness, forth] afforest /a'fonst/ v. 1 convert into forest. 2 plant with trees. afforestation /-'steij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to forest] affray /a'frei/ n. breach of the peace by fighting or rioting in public. [Angloing;

French = 'remove from peace'] affront /a'frAnt/ -n. open insult, -v. insult openly; offend, embarrass. [Latin: related to front] /'aefgaen/ -n. 1 a native or national of Afghanistan, b person of Afghan descent. 2 official language of Afghanistan, -adj. of Afghanistan. [Pashto]

Afghan

Afghan hound n. tall hunting dog with long silky hair.

aficionado

/a,fisja'na:dau/

n.

(pi.

-s)

devotee of a sport or pastime. [Spanish] afield /a'fr.ld/ adv. to or at a distance (esp. far afield). [Old English: related to

A2] /a'fleim/ adv. & predic.adj. 1 in flames. 2 very excited. afloat /a'flaot/ adv. & predic.adj. 1 floating. 2 at sea. 3 out of debt or difficulty. 4 current. [Old English: related to a 2 ] afoot /a'fut/ adv. & predic.adj. in operation; progressing.

aflame

after-effect

14

prep. & adv. archaic before; previously; in front (of). [Old English: related to a 2 ] afore- comb, form before, previously (aforementioned; aforesaid).

afore

/a'fa:(r)/

aforethought

adj. premeditated (following a noun: malice aforethought). /a'freid/ predic. adj. alarmed, frightened, be afraid colloq. politely regret (I'm afraid we're late), [originally past part, of affray] afresh /a'freJV adv. anew; with a fresh

afraid

beginning, [earlier offresh] /'aefnkan/ —n. 1 native (esp. dark-skinned) of Africa. 2 person of African descent, -adj. of Africa. [Latin] African elephant n. the elephant of Africa, larger than that of India. African violet n. house-plant with velvety leaves and blue, purple, or pink

African

flowers.

Afrikaans

/,aefri'ka:ns/ n.

language de-

rived from Dutch, used in [Dutch, = 'African']

Afrikaner speaking of

S.

Africa.

aefn'ka:na(r)/ n. AfrikaansWhite person in S. Africa, esp. /

1

Dutch descent.

Afro

/'aefrau/ -adj. (of hair) tightlycurled and bushy, —n. (pi. -s) Afro hair-

style.

Afro- comb, form African.

Afro-American

/.aefraua'menkan/

American Blacks or -n. American Black.

-adj. of ture,

Afro-Caribbean

their cul-

/.aefrau.kaeri'bran/

-n. Caribbean person of African descent, -adj. of Afro-Caribbeans. aft /a:ft/ adv. Naut. & Aeron. at or towards the stern or tail, [earlier baft] after /'a:fta(r)/ -prep. 1 following in time; later than (after a week). 2 in view of, in spite of (after what you did what

do you expect?; after all my efforts I still lost). 3 behind (shut the door after you). 4 in pursuit or quest of (run after them). 5 about, concerning (asked after her). 6 in allusion to (named after the prince). 7 in imitation of (a painting after Rubens). 8 next in importance to (best one after mine), -conj. later than (left after they arrived), -adv. 1 later (soon after). 2 behind (followed on after), -adj. 1 later, following (in after years). 2 Naut. nearer the stern (after cabins). after all in spite of everything (after all, what does it matter?), after one's own heart to one's taste. [Old English]

afterbirth n. placenta etc. discharged from the womb after childbirth. after-care n. attention after leaving hospital etc.

after-effect

n.

delayed effect following

an accident, trauma,

etc.

afterglow afterglow

its

source has disappeared. afterlife n. life after death.

aftermath

/'a:fta,maee/

n.

1

con-

sequences, esp. unpleasant {aftermath of war). 2 new grass growing after mowing, [from after, math mowing] afternoon /,a:fta'nu:n/ n. time from noon or lunch-time to evening. afterpains n.pl. pains caused by contraction of the womb after childbirth. afters n.pl. colloq. = dessert 1.

aftershave

lotion

n.

used

after

shaving.

aftertaste

n.

taste

after

eating

or

drinking.

afterthought added

thing thought of or

n.

later.

afterwards

/'a:ftawadz/ adv. (US afterlater, subsequently. [Old Engrelated to after, -ward] symb. silver. [Latin argentum] again a'gen adv. 1 another time; once more. 2 as previously (home again; well again). 3 in addition (as much again). 4 further, besides (again, what about you?). 5 on the other hand (/ might, and again and again again I might not), repeatedly. [Old English] against /a'genst/ prep. 1 in opposition to (fight against crime). 2 into collision or in contact with (lean against the wall). 3 to the disadvantage of (my age is against me). 4 in contrast to (against a dark background). 5 in anticipation of (against his coming; against the cold). 6 as a compensating factor to (income against expenditure). 7 in return for (issued against payment of the fee). against the grain see grain, against time see time, [from again, with in-

ward)

lish:

Ag

flectional

agape

mouthed, [from a

and

open-

2 ]

/'aegarik/ n.

stalk, e.g. the

fungus with a cap

common mushroom.

[Greek agarikon] 'aegat/ n. hard usu. streaked chalcedony. [Greek akhates] agave /a'geivi/ n. plant with rosettes of narrow spiny leaves and flowers on tall

agate

[Agave,

stem.

name

of a

woman

length of time that a person or thing has existed. 2 a colloq. (often in pi.) a long time (waited for ages), b distinct historical period (Bronze Age). 3 old age. -v. (ageing) 1 show or cause to

show old. 3

suffix

forming nouns denoting:

1

signs of advancing age. 2

mature.

adult status (esp. 21). [Latin aetas)

1

action (breakage). 2 condition (bondage). 3 aggregate or number (coverage; acreage). 4 cost (postage). 5 result (wreckage). 6 place or abode (anchorage; orphanage). [Latin -aticus] aged adj. 1 /eid3d/ (predic.) of the age of (aged 3). 2 /'eid3id/ old.

ageism

n.

prejudice or discrimination

on grounds of age. ageist adj. & n. ageless adj. 1 never growing or appearing old. 2 eternal. adj. existing for a very long time. agency /'eid3ansi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 business or premises of an agent. 2 action; intervention (free agency; by the agency of God). [Latin: related to act] agenda /agenda/ n. (pi. -s) 1 list of items to be considered at a meeting. 2 things to be done.

agelong

agent

/'eid3(a)nt/ n. 1 a person who acts for another in business etc. b spy. 2

person or thing that exerts power or produces an effect.

agent provocateur

pra.vDka

/.a^d

agents provocateurs pronunc. same) person used to tempt 't3:(r)/

n.

(pi.

suspected offenders to self-incriminating action. [French, = provocative agent]

age of consent n. age at which consent to sexual intercourse is valid in law.

age-old

very long-standing.

adj.

agglomerate

-v.

(

ting) /a'gloma.reit/

collect into a mass. -n. /a'glDmarat/ mass, esp. of fused volcanic fragments.

-adj. /a'glomarat/ collected into a mass. agglomeration /-'reij"(a)n/ n. [Latin

glomus -meris agglutinate

ball] /a'glu:ti,neit/

v.

(

ting)

agglutination agglutinative /-nativ/

stick as with glue. n.

adj. [Latin: related to

gluten]

aggrandize

/a'graendaiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 increase the power, rank, or wealth of. 2 make seem greater.

aggrandizement /-dizmant/ [French: related to grand]

n.

aggravate /'aegra.veit/ v. (-ting) 1 make agworse or more serious. 2 annoy, gravation

/-'veij(a)n/ n. [Latin

gravis

heavy]

in

Greek mythology]

age -n.

-age

/-'neij*(a)n/

-s]

/a'geip/ predic. adj. gaping,

agaric

aggregate

15

glow remaining after

n.

grow

come of age reach Law at 18, formerly

Usage The

use of aggravate in sense regarded by some people as incorcommon in informal use. rect, but it is 2 is

aggregate -n. /'aegrigat/ 1 sum total, amount assembled. 2 crushed stone etc. used in making concrete. 3 rock formed of a

mass of

erals, -adj.

different particles or min/'aegrigat/

combined,

col-

lective, total, -v. /'aegn.geit/ (-ting) collect,

combine

1

into one mass. 2 colloq.

aggression amount

1

1

aggregation /-'geij(9)n/ aggregative /'aegri.geitiv/ adj. [Latin

grex greg- flock]

aggression voked

/a'grej\a)n/ n. 1 unproattacking or attack. 2 hostile or

destructive behaviour. [Latin gradior gress- walk]

aggressive aggression;

/a'gresiv/ adj. hostile.

2

1

given to

forceful,

self-

n aggressively adv. aggressor n. person or party that attacks without provocation. aggrieved /a'gri:vd/ adj. having a assertive,

grievance. [French: related to grief] /'aegrau/ n. slang 1 aggressive hostility. 2 trouble, difficulty, [abbreviation of aggravation or aggression]

aggro

aghast

/a'ga:st/ predic. adj. filled

dismay or consternation,

with

[past part, of

obsolete (a)gast frighten]

agile

quick-moving, agility /a'd3iliti/ n. [Latin agilis: related to act] agitate /'aed3i,teit/ v. (-ting) 1 disturb or excite (a person or feelings). 2 (often foil, by for, against) campaign, esp. politically (agitated for tax reform). 3 shake agitation /-'teij(a)n/ n. agitbriskly. ator n. [Latin agito: related to act] aglow /a'glau/ predic. adj. glow.ng. abbr. annual general meeting. agnail /'aegneil/ n. piece of torn skin at the root of a fingernail; resulting soreness. [Old English, = tight (metal) nail, hard excrescence in flesh] agnostic /aeg'nDstik/ -n. person who believes that the existence of God is not provable, -adj. of agnosticism. agnosticism /-,siz(a)m/ n. [from a-, gnostic] ago /a'gau/ adv. (prec. by duration) earlier, in the past, [originally agone = gone by] /'aed3ail/

adj.

nimble, active.

AGM

agog ant.

/a'gog/ predic. adj. eager, expect-

[French gogue fun]

agonize

/'aega.naiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 undergo (esp. mental) anguish; suffer or cause to suffer agony. 2 (as agonized adj.) expressing agony

(an agonized look).

agony

/'aegani/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 extreme mental or physical suffering. 2 severe struggle. [Greek agon struggle] agony aunt n. colloq. person (esp. a woman) who answers letters in an agony column.

agony column n. magazine to

colloq.

etc. offering

correspondents.

2

1

column

in a

personal advice

=

personal

column.

agoraphobia

agoraphobic

in the aggregate

as a whole. n.

aide

16

3 unite.

to.

&

adj.

n.

[Greek agora

market-place]

agrarian /a'grearian/-ad/'.

1 of the land or its cultivation. 2 of landed property. -n. advocate of the redistribution of

land. [Latin ager field]

agree

/a'gri:/ v. (-ees, -eed, -eeing) 1 hold the same opinion (J agree with you). 2 consent (agreed to go). 3 (often foil, by with) a become or be in harmony, b suit (fish didn't agree with him), c Gram, have the same number, gender, case, or person as. 4 reach agreement about (agreed a price). 5 (foil, by on) decide mutually on (agreed

on a compromise). be agreed be of one opinion. [Latin: related to ad-, gratus pleasing]

agreeable

adj. 1 pleasing, pleasant. 2

agreeably adv. act or state of agreeing. 2 arrangement or contract. agriculture /'a3gn,kAltJa(r)/ n. cultivation of the soil and rearing of animals. willing to agree.

agreement n.

1

agricultural agriculturalist [Latin ager field]

adj.

/-'kAltJar(a)l/

/-kAltJaralist/

n.

agrimony

/'aegnmani/ n. (pi. -ies) perennial plant with small yellow flowers.

[Greek argemone poppy]

agronomy

/a'grnnami/

n.

science of

management and crop production. agronomist n. [Greek agros land]

soil

aground on or on

/a'graund/ predic. adj. & adv. bottom of shallow water

to the

(run aground).

ague

ah

malarial fever. 2 [Latin: related to acute]

/'eigju:/ n. 1 hist,

shivering

fit.

abbr. in the year of the Hegira (ad Muslim era. [Latin anno

622); of the

Hegirae]

ah

int. expressing surprise, pleasI a: I ure, realization, etc. [French a] aha /a:'ha:/ int. expressing surprise, tri-

umph, mockery,

etc.

[from ah,

ha

1 ]

ahead

/a'hed/ adv. 1 further forward in space or time. 2 in the lead (ahead on points). /a'ham/ int. used to attract atten-

ahem

[from hem 2 ] Naut. call used in hailing, [from ah, hoy] AI abbr. 1 artificial insemination. 2 artition,

ahoy

gain time,

etc.

/a'hoi/ int.

ficial intelligence.

AID

abbr.

artificial

insemination by

donor. aid -n.

1 help. 2 person or thing that helps, -v. 1 help. 2 promote (sleep will aid recovery). in aid of 1 in support of. 2 colloq. for the purpose of (what's it all in aid of?). [Latin: related to ad-, juvo

help] /.aegara'faubia/ n. abnor-

mal fear of open spaces or public places.

aide

/eid/ n. 1

aide-de-camp. 2 esp.

assistant. [French]

US

aide-de-camp aide-de-camp /,eid da

ka/

-de-camp pronunc. same)

n. (pi.

aides-

officer assist-

ing a senior officer. [French]

Aids

(also

n.

AIDS) acquired immune

syndrome, an often fatal syndrome marked by severe loss

deficiency viral

of resistance to infection, [abbreviation] ail v. 1 archaic (only in 3rd person interrog. or indefinite constructions) trouble or afflict (what ails him?). 2 (usu. be ailing) be ill. [Old English]

aileron

/'eila.ron/ n. hinged flap on an aeroplane wing. [French aile wing] ailing adj. 1 ill. 2 in poor condition.

ailment

aim -v.

minor

n.

1

illness or disorder.

intend or

try;

attempt (aim at

winning; aim to win). 2 (usu. foil, by at) direct or point (a weapon, remark, etc.). 3 take aim. -n. 1 purpose or object. 2 the directing of a weapon etc. at an object. take aim direct a weapon etc. at a target. [Latin aestimare reckon]

aimless

adj.

without aim or purpose.

aimlessly adv. ain't /emt/ contr. colloq. not. 2 have or has not.

1

am,

is,

or are

Usage The use of ain't is usually regarded as unacceptable in spoken and written English.

air /ea(r)/ -n. 1 mixture mainly of oxygen and nitrogen surrounding the earth. 2 earth's atmosphere; open space in it; this as a place for flying aircraft. 3 a distinctive impression or manner (air of mystery), b (esp. in pi.) pretentiousness (gave himself airs). 4 tune. 5 light wind. -v. 1 expose (clothes, a room, etc.)

;

i

!

to fresh air or warmth to remove damp. 2 express and discuss publicly (an opinby air ion, question, grievance, etc.). by or in an aircraft, in the air 1 (of opinions etc.) prevalent. 2 (of plans etc.) uncertain, on (or off) the air being (or not being) broadcast. [Greek aer] airbase n. base for military aircraft. air-bed n. inflatable mattress, airborne adj. 1 transported by air. 2 (of aircraft) in the air after taking off. air-brick n. perforated brick used for n.

propr. short-haul passenger n.

RAF

officer of

Commodore

n.

RAF

officer

next

above Group Captain. air-conditioning n. 1 system for regu lating the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building. 2 apparatus for this.

of flight,

air-conditioned adj. same) machine capable esp. an aeroplane or helicopter. n. (pi.

crew of an

n.

aircraft.

n. 1 inflatable cushion. 2 layer of air supporting a hovercraft etc. Airedale /'eadeil/ n. large terrier of a rough-coated breed. [Airedale in York-

shire]

airer

stand for airing or drying

n.

clothes etc.

airfield

area with runway(s) for

n.

air-

craft.

air force

branch of the armed forces

n.

fighting in the air.

airgun

gun using compressed

n.

air to

fire pellets.

airhead

slang stupid or foolish per-

n.

son.

air hostess n. stewardess in a passenger aircraft. airless adj. stuffy; still, calm. air letter n. sheet of light paper forming a letter for sending by airmail. airlift -n. emergency transport of supplies etc. by air. - v. transport thus. airline n. public air transport system or company. airliner n. large passenger aircraft. airlock n. 1 stoppage of the flow by an air bubble in a pump or pipe. 2 compartment permitting movement between

areas at different pressures. n. 1 system of transporting mail by air. 2 mail carried by air. airman n. pilot or member of an aircraft crew, esp. in an air force. Air Marshal n. RAF officer of high rank, above Air Vice-Marshal.

airmail

airplane n. US = aeroplane. air pocket n. apparent vacuum causing an aircraft airport n.

drop suddenly. with facilities for

to

airfield

passengers and goods. n. attack by aircraft on ground

air raid targets.

air rifle

n. rifle

using compressed air to

fire pellets.

and graces n.pl.

affected manner, aircraft propeller, n. power-driven aircraft lighter

airscrew than

n.

air.

airsick

high rank, above Air Marshal.

aircraft

WRAF. aircrew

air-cushion

airship

aircraft.

Air Chief Marshal

Air

aircraft-carrier n. warship carrying and used as a base for aircraft. aircraftman n. lowest rank in the RAF. aircraftwoman n. lowest rank in the

airs

ventilation.

Airbus

air terminal

17

adj.

airspace subject to

air speed

n. its

nauseous from air travel, air above a country and jurisdiction,

n. aircraft's

speed relative to

the air.

airstrip n. strip of ground for the takeoff and landing of aircraft. air terminal n. building with transport to and from an airport.

airtight airtight adj. impermeable to air. air traffic controller n. official who controls air traffic by radio.

Air Vice-Marshal

n.

RAF

officer of

high rank, just below Air Marshal, airwaves n.pl. colloq. radio waves used in broadcasting.

airway

recognized route of aircraft. n. woman pilot or member of an aircraft crew, esp. in an air force. n.

airwoman

airworthy adj.

(of an aircraft) fit to fly. adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 well-ventilated,

airy

breezy. 2 flippant, superficial. 3 light as air. 4 ethereal, airily adv. airy-fairy adj. colloq. unrealistic, impractical. /ail/ n. 1 the part of a church on either side of the nave, divided from it by pillars. 2 passage between rows of pews, seats, etc. [Latin ala wing] aitch /eitJV n. the letter H. [French ache] aitchbone n. 1 rump bone of an animal. 2 cut of beef over this, [originally nachebone from Latin natis buttock] ajar /a'd3a:(r)/ adv. & predic.adj. (of a door) slightly open, [from a 2 obsolete char from Old English cerr a turn] Akela /a:'keila/ n. adult leader of Cub Scouts, [name of the leader of the wolfpack in Kipling's Jungle Book] akimbo /a'kimbau/ adv. (of the arms) with hands on the hips and elbows turned outwards, [originally in kene-

aisle

,

bowe, probably from Old Norse] /a'km/ predic. adj. 1 related by

akin

blood. 2 similar.

Al

symb. aluminium. 1

meaning

[Latin

a la

-alis]

I'se la:/

russe).

prep, in the

manner

of (a la

[French from A la mode]

alabaster

/'aela,ba:sta(r)/

-n. translu-

cent usu. white form of gypsum, used 1 of alabaster. 2 white or smooth. [Greek alabastros]

for carving etc. -adj.

/,ae la: 'ka:t/ adv. & adj. with individually priced dishes. [French] alacrity /a'laeknti/ n. briskness; cheerful readiness. [Latin alacer brisk] a la mode /,ae la: 'maud/ adv. & adj. in fashion; fashionable. [French] alarm /a'la:m/ -n. 1 warning of danger etc. 2 a warning sound or device, b = alarm clock. 3 apprehension (filled with alarm), -v. A frighten or disturb. 2

a la carte

warn.

alarming

alas

expressing grief, pity, or concern. [French: related to ah, Latin lassus weary] alb n. long white vestment worn by Christian priests. [Latin albus white] albatross /'aelba.tros/ n. 1 a longwinged, stout-bodied bird related to the petrel, b encumbrance. 2 Golf score of three strokes under par at any hole, /a'laes/ int.

[alteration of alcatras, from Spanish and Portuguese alcatraz from Arabic, = the jug] albeit /o:l'bi:it/ conj. literary though, [all

be

it]

albino /ael'bmau/

n. (pi -s) 1 person or animal lacking pigment in the skin and hair (which are white), and the eyes (usu. pink). 2 plant lacking normal col-

albinism

ouring.

/'aelbi,niz(a)m/ n.

[Spanish and Portuguese: related to alb] album /'aelbam/ n. 1 book for photographs, stamps, etc. 2 a long-playing gramophone record, b set of these. [Latin, = blank tablet, from albus white] albumen /'aelbjumm/ n. 1 egg-white. 2 substance found between the skin and germ of many seeds, usu. the edible part. [Latin: related to

album]

albumin

/'aelbjumm/ n. water-soluble protein found in egg-white, milk, blood, albuminous /aerbju:mmas/ adj. etc.

alchemy

/'aeikami/

n.

medieval

chemistry, esp. seeking to turn base alchemist n. [Armetals into gold. abic]

(also -ial) forming adjectives 'relating to, of the kind of (central; tidal; dictatorial). 2 forming nouns, esp. of verbal action (removal).

-al suffix

alder

18

adj.

alarmingly

adv. [Italian alVarme! to arms] alarm clock n. clock that rings at a set time. alarmist n. person stirring up alarm.

alcohol

/'aelka.hnl/ n. 1 (in full

alcohol)

mable

colourless

volatile

ethyl

inflam-

liquid, esp. as the intoxicant in

wine, beer, spirits, etc., and as a solvent, fuel, etc. 2 liquor containing this. 3 Chem. any of many organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms. [Arabic: related to kohl] /.aelka'hDlik/ -adj. of, like, containing, or caused by alcohol, -n.

alcoholic

person suffering from alcoholism.

alcoholism

/'aelkahD,liz(a)m/

dition resulting

from addiction

n.

con-

to alco-

hol.

alcove

/'aelkauv/ n. recess, esp. in the wall of a room. [Arabic, = the vault] /'aeldi.haid/ n. Chem. any of a class of compounds formed by the oxidation of alcohols, [from alcohol, de-,

aldehyde

hydrogen] al dente /ael 'denti, -tei/ adj. (of pasta etc.) cooked so as to be still firm when bitten. [Italian, = 'to the tooth'] alder /'o:lda(r)/ n. tree related to the birch. [Old English]

alderman /'o.ldaman/ n. esp. hist, coopted member of an English county or borough council, next in dignity to the mayor. [Old English aldor chief, man] ale n. beer. [Old English]

aleatory

/'eiliatari/ adj.

depending on

chance. [Latin alea die 2 ] alehouse n hist, tavern.

alembic

/a'lembik/

apparatus

A

technique

/,aelig'za:n

technique for controlling n. posture as an aid to well-being. [Alexanname of a physiotherapist] da(r)/

der,

alexandrine /,aelig'zaendram/-aG(/.

(of

a line of verse) having six iambic feet. -n. alexandrine line. [French Alexandre, title of a romance using this

metre] alfalfa /ael'faelfa/ n. clover-like plant used for fodder. [Arabic, = a green fodder]

alfresco /ael'freskau/ adv. & adj. in the open air. [Italian] alga /'aelga/ n. (pi. algae /-d3i:/) (usu. in pi.)

esp.

non-flowering stemless water-plant, seaweed and plankton. [Latin]

algebra

/'aeld3ibra/

branch

n.

of

mathematics that uses letters etc. to represent numbers and quantities, algebraic /-'brenk/ adj. [ultimately from Arabic al-jabr, = reunion of broken parts] Algol /'aelgDl/ n. high-level computer

programming language, [from algorithm), l(anguage)]

algorithm

/'aelga.rio^m/

n.

process or

used for calculation etc., esp. algorithmic computer.

set of rules

with

a

/-'ridmik/ adj. [Persian,

name

of a 9th-c.

mathematician al-Kuwarizml] alias /'eilias/ -adv. also named or known as. -n. assumed name. [Latin, = at another time] alibi

/'aeli.bai/ n. (pi. -s) 1

claim or proof

that one

was elsewhere when a crime

was

committed. 2 informal excuse.

etc.

[L atin,

= elsewhere]

use of alibi in sense 2 considered i ncorrect by some people.

Usage The

alienation /-'neij(a)n/ n. alight /a'lait/ predic. adj. 1 on fire. 2 lit up; excited, [on a light ( = lighted) fire] alight 2 /a'lait/ v. 1 (often foil, by from) descend from a vehicle. 2 come to earth, *

[Old English] v. 1 put or bring into line. 2 (usu. foil, by with) ally (oneself etc.) with (a cause, party, etc.). alignment settle.

align

/a'lam/

[French a ligne into

n.

line]

alike /a'laik/-ad/'. (usu. predic.) similar, like.

-adv. in a similar way.

alimentary

/.aeli'mentari/ adj.

of or

providing food or nourishment. [Latin alo nourish] alimentary canal n. passage along which food passes during digestion. alimony /'aelimani/ n. money payable to a spouse or former spouse after separation or divorce.

Usage In UK usage this term has been replaced by maintenance. aliphatic

/.aeli'faetik/ adj. Chem. of organic compounds in which carbon atoms form open chains, not aromatic

rings. [Greek aleiphar -phat- fat] /'aeli.kwnt/ -adj. (of a part or

aliquot

portion) contained by the whole an integral number of times (4 is an aliquot 12). -n. 1 aliquot part. 2 (in general use) any known fraction of a whole; sample. [Latin, = several] alive /a'laiv/ adj. (usu. predic.) 1 living. 2 lively, active. 3 (foil, by to) aware of; alert. 4 (foil, by with) swarming or teeming with. [Old English: related to

part of

a 2 life] alkali /'aelka.lai/ ,

n. (pi. -s) 1 a any of a class of substances that liberate hydroxide ions in water, usu. form caustic or corrosive solutions, turn litmus blue,

and have a pH of more than 7, e.g. caustic soda, b similar but weaker substance, e.g. sodium carbonate. 2 Chem. any substance that reacts with or neutalkaline adj. ralizes hydrogen ions, alkalinity /-'lmiti/ n. [Arabic, - the calcined ashes]

alkaloid /'aelka.bid/ n. nitrogenous organic compound of plant origin, e.g. morphine, quinine.

is

/'eilian/ -adj. 1 (often foil, by to) unfamiliar; unacceptable or repugnant. 2 foreign. 3 of beings from other worlds. -n. 1 foreign-born resident who is not

alien

naturalized. 2 a being from another world. [Latin alius other] alienable adj. Law able to be transferred to new ownership, alienate v. (-ting) 1 estrange, make hostile. 2 transfer ownership of. 1

n. 1 hist,

formerly used in distilling. 2 means of refining or extracting. [Greek ambix, -ikos cap of a still] alert /a'l3:t/ -adj. 1 watchful, vigilant. 2 nimble, attentive, -n. 1 warning call or alarm. 2 state or period of special vigilance, -v. (often foil, by to) warn. [French alerte from Italian alVerta to the watch-tower] level n. = advanced level.

Alexander

alkene

19

alderman

alkane

Chem. saturated hydrocarbon having the including general formula C n H 2n 2 methane and ethane. alkene /'aelki:n/ n. Chem. unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing a /'aelkem/ n.

aliphatic

,

,

alkyne

,

all /o:l/ —adj. 1 whole amount, quantity, or extent of {all day; all his life; take it all). 2 any whatever (beyond all doubt). 3 greatest possible (with all speed), -n. 1 all persons or things concerned; everything (all were present; all is lost). 2 (foil, by of) a the whole of (take all of it). b every one of (all of us), c colloq. as much as (all of six feet), d colloq. in a state of (all of a dither). 3 one's whole strength or resources (prec. by my, your, etc.). 4 (in games) each (two goals all), -adv. 1 a entirely, quite (was all in black), b as an intensifier (stop all this crying). 2 colloq. very (went all shy). 3 (foil, by the + compar.) to that, or the utmost, extent (if they go, all the better; made it all the worse). all along from the beginning, all and sundry everyone, all but very nearly, all for colloq. strongly in favour of. all found with board and lodging provided free, all in colloq. exhausted, all in all everything considered, all manner of every kind of. all of a sudden suddenly, all one (or the same) (usu. foil, by to) a matter of indifference, all out using all one's strength (also (with hyphen) attrib. all:

out

all-in

20

double bond and having the general formula C„H 2 „, including ethylene. alkyne /'aelkam/ n. Chem. unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing a triple bond and having the general formula C n H 2 „ 2 including acetylene.

over 1 completely finor on all parts of (mud all

effort), all

ished. 2 in over the car). 3 colloq. typically (you all over). 4 slang effusively attentive to (a person), all right (predic.) 1 satisfactory; safe and sound; in good condition. 2 satisfactorily (it worked out all right). 3 a expressing consent, b as an intensifier (that's the one all right), all round 1 in all respects. 2 for each person, all the same nevertheless, all there colloq. mentally alert or normal, all the time

(despite some contrary expectation etc.). all together all at once; all in one place or in a group (came

throughout

all together)

(cf.

altogether), all up

with hopeless

for (a person), at all (with neg. or interrog.) in any way; to any extent (did not swim at all; did you like it at all?), in all in total; altogether. [Old English]

Usage Note the differences in meaning between all together and altogether: see note at altogether.

all-clear

signal that danger etc.

n.

is

over.

all comers n.pl. anyone takes up a challenge, etc.

allegation

who

/.aeli'geiJXaJn/ n. 1

applies,

assertion,

unproved. 2 alleging. [Latin allego adduce] esp.

allege

/a'led3/

v.

(-ging)

declare, esp.

1

without proof. 2 advance as an argu-

ment or excuse. [Latin lis lit- lawsuit] allegedly /9'led3idli/ adv. as is alleged. allegiance /9'li:d3(a)ns/ n. 1 loyalty (to a person or cause etc.). 2 the duty of a subject. [French: related to liege]

allegory /'aeligari/ n. (pi. -ies) story whose moral is represented symbolallegorical /,aeli'gDrik(9)l/ adj. allegorize /'aeliga.raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [Greek allegoria other speaking] allegretto /.aeli'gretau/ Mus. -adv. & adj. in a fairly brisk tempo, -n. (pi. -s) such a passage or movement. [Italian, diminutive of allegro] allegro /a'legrau/ Mus. -adv. & adj. in a brisk tempo, -n. (pi. -s) such a passage ically.

or movement. [Italian, = lively]

alleluia I,

/,aeli'lu:ja/

heel- 1) -int.

(also

hallelujah

God be praised.-/!, song or

shout of praise to God. [Hebrew] /'aelan/ n. propr. spanner designed to turn an Allen screw. [Allen, name of the US manufacturer] Allen screw /'aelan/ n. propr. screw with a hexagonal socket in the head. allergic /a'l3:d3ik/ adj. 1 (foil, by to) a having an allergy to. b colloq. having a strong dislike for. 2 caused by an

Allen key

allergy.

allergy

/'aelad3i/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

adverse

reaction to certain substances, esp. particular foods, pollen, fur, or dust. 2 colloq. antipathy. [Greek alios other]

alleviate

/a'li:vi,eit/

v.

(-ting)

make

alleviation (pain etc.) less severe. /-'eij(a)n/ n. [Latin levo raise] alley /'aeli/ n. (pi. -s) 1 narrow street or passageway. 2 enclosure for skittles, bowling, etc. 3 walk or lane in a park etc. [French aller go] 1 union or agreecooperate, esp. of States by treaty or families by marriage. 2 (Alliance) political coalition party. 3 relationship; friendship. [French: related to ally] allied /'aelaid/ adj. 1 (also Allied) associated in an alliance. 2 connected or

alliance

ment

/a'laians/ n.

to

related.

Allah /'aela/ n. the Muslim and Arab name of God. [Arabic]

alligator

allay

broader and shorter than a crocodile's. [Spanish el lagarto the lizard] all-in attrib. adj. inclusive of all.

/a'lei/ v. 1 diminish (fear, suspicion, etc.). 2 alleviate (pain etc.). [Old English a- intensive prefix, lay 1 ]

/'aeli,geita(r)/ n. large reptile of the crocodile family with a head

wrestling

all-in

alliteration tion of the

/8,lit8'reiJ(a)n/ n.

same

sound

letter or

repetiat the

beginning of adjacent or closely connected words (e.g. cool, calm, and colalliterate /a'lita.reit/ v. lected), (-ting), alliterative /a'litarativ/ adj. [Latin: related to letter]

allocate /'aela.keit/ v. (-ting) (usu. foil, by to) assign or devote to (a purpose, place). allocation [Latin: related to local] allot ,/a'lDt/ v. (-tt-) apportion or distribute to (a person), esp. as a share or task

person, -

or

keij(3)n

n.

were allotted equal sums). [French a to, lot] n. 1 small piece of land rented by a local authority for cultiva-

{they

allotment

tion. 2 share. 3 allotting.

chemical

element,

allotropic

z

/.aele'tmpik adj. [Greek alios different,

tropos

allow infin.)

v.

(-ding) (foil, by to) refer to, esp. indirectly or briefly. [Latin: related to ad-, ludo play] allure /a'ljo^r)/ -v. (-ring) attract, charm, or entice, -n. attractiveness, personal charm, fascination, z allurement n. [French: related to ad-, lure] allusion /a'lu:3(a)n/ n. (often foil, by to) passing or indirect reference, z allusive /a'luisiv/ adj. [Latin: related to al-

lude] /a'huvial/ -adj. of alluvium. -n. alluvium, esp. containing a precious metal. alluvium /a'huviam/ n. (pi -via) deposit of usu. fine fertile soil left behind by a flood, esp. in a river valley. [Latin

alluvial

luo wash]

ally

-n. (pi. -ies) State, person, formally cooperating or united with another, esp. (also Ally) in war. -v. /'aelai/

also /a'lai/ (-ies, -ied) (often refl. and foil, by with) combine in alliance. [Latin alligo bind] Mater /.aelma 'ma:ta(r)/ n. one's university, school, or college. [Latin, =

Alma

manner] /a'lao/

allude /9'lu:d/ v.

etc.,

allotropy a'lotrapi n. existence of two or more different physical forms of a

along

21

all-in wrestling n. wrestling with few or no restrictions.

1

(often

foil,

by

permit. 2 assign a limited

to

+

amount

bounteous mother]

£500). 3 (usu. foil, by for) provide or set aside for a purpose; add or deduct in consideration (allow

almanac

£50 for expenses; allow for wastage). [originally = commend, from French: related to ad-, Latin laudo praise, loco

almighty

etc.

(was allowed

place]

allowance n.

1

amount or sum allowed,

esp. regularly for a stated purpose. 2 amount allowed in reckoning. 3 deduc-

tion or discount, z make allowances (often foil, by for) 1 consider (mitigating circumstances). 2 make excuses for (a

person, bad behaviour, etc.). /'aeloi/ -n. 1 mixture of two or more metals. 2 inferior metal mixed esp. with gold or silver, -v. 1 mix (metals). 2 debase by admixture. 3 moderate (pleasure alloyed with pain). [French: related to ally]

alloy

all-purpose

attrib. adj.

having

many

D:lma, naek/

n.

(also

al-

ical data,

[medieval Latin from Greek] /o:l'maiti/ adj.

plete power. 2 (the

1

having com-

Almighty) God. 3

slang very great (almighty crash). [Old English: related to all, mighty] almond /'a:mand/ n. 1 nutlike kernel of a fruit allied to the peach and plum. 2 tree bearing this. [Greek amugdale]

almoner

,"a:man8(r)/ n. social

worker

attached to a hospital. [French: related to ALMS]

Usage The usual term now is medical social worker.

almost nearly.

*

/'o:lmaust/ adv.

all

but; very

[Old English: related to all,

most]

alms of

donation hist, n.pl. /a:mz/ or food to the poor. [Greek

money

eleemosune pity]

uses.

all-right attrib. adj. (an all-right guy).

all-round

colloq. acceptable

attrib. adj. (of

a person) ver-

all-rounder n. versatile person. All Saints' Day n. 1 Nov., Christian festival in honour of saints. All Souls' Day n. 2 Nov., Roman Catholic festival with prayers for the souls of the dead.

allspice n. 1 aromatic spice obtained from the berry of the pimento plant. 2 the berryattrib. adj. (of a

unsurpassed.

almshouse

n.

hist,

charitable institu-

tion for the poor.

satile.

all-time

/'

manack) calendar, usu. with astronom-

record

etc.)

aloe /'aelau/ n. 1 plant of the lily family with toothed fleshy leaves. 2 (in pi.) (in full bitter aloes) strong laxative from aloe juice. [Old English from Greek] aloft a'loft predic. adj. &adv. 1 high up, overhead. 2 upwards. [Old Norse a lopti in air] adj. 1 without the presence or help of others. 2 lonely (felt [earlier exclusively, only, -adv. alone), al one: related to all, one] along /a'lDn/ -prep, beside or through (part of) the length of. -adv. 1 onward,

alone /a'laun/ —predic.

alongside into a

altruism

22

more advanced state (come along;

getting along nicely). 2 with oneself or others (bring a book along). 3 beside or through part or the whole length of a thing. along with in addition to; together with. [Old English, originally adj. = facing against] alongside /alon'said/ -acfo. at or to the side. -prep, close to the side of. aloof ,/a'lu:f/ -adj. distant, unsympathetic, -adv. away, apart (he kept aloof). [originally Naut, from a 2 + luff] aloud /a'laud/ adv. audibly. alp n. 1 a high mountain, b (the Alps) high range of mountains in Switzerland and adjoining countries. 2 pasture land

on a Swiss mountainside, [originally from Greek alpeis] /ael'paeka/ n. 1 shaggy S. Amer-

altercate /'o^ta.keit/ v. (-ting) (often foil, by with) dispute, wrangle. altercation /-'keij(9)n/ n. [Latin] alter ego /,D:ltar 'i:gau/ n. (pi. -s) 1 one's hidden or second

self.

2 intimate friend.

[Latin, = other self] alternate-u. /'o:lt9,neit/ (-ting) 1 (often foil, by with) occur or cause to occur by turns. 2 (foil, by between) go repeatedly from one to another (alternated between hope and fear), -adj. /D:l't3:nat/ 1 (with noun in pi.) every other (on alternate days). 2 (of things of two kinds) alternating (alternate joy and misery). alternately /-'t3:natli/ adv. alternation /-'neij(a)n/ n. [Latin alter no do by turns: related to alter]

alps,

Usage £ee no te

alpaca

ican mammal related to the llama. 2 its wool; fabric made from this. [Spanish

from Quechua]

alpha /'aelfa/ n. alphabet (A,

1

a).

first letter of the Greek 2 first-class mark for a

alpha and omega beginning and end. [Latin from Greek] piece of

work

alphabet

etc.

/'aelfa.bet/ n.

set of letters

1

used in writing a language. 2 symbols or signs for these. alphabetical /-'betik(9)l/ adj. [Greek alpha, beta]

alphanumeric

growing in mountainous regions. 2 = rock-plant. [Latin: related to alp] already /o:l'redi/ adv. 1 before the time in question (/ knew that already). 2 as early or as soon as this (is back already), [from all, ready] alright /ol'rait/ adv. = all right (see all).

Usage Although widely used, alright is still

non-standard and

incorrect by

Alsatian a

breed

German

many

is

considered

people.

/ael'seiJXa)n/ n.

of

wolfhound

shepherd).

large dog of (also called Alsatia

[Latin

adv. in addition, besides. [Old English: related to all, so 1 ] also-ran n. 1 loser in a race. 2 undis/'oilsao/

tinguished person.

altar

/'o:lta(r)/ n. 1 table or flat block for sacrifice or offering to a deity. 2 Communion table. [Latin altus high]

altarpiece n. painting behind an altar. alter

/'o:lta(r)/ v.

its

direction at regular

intervals.

alternative

/o:l't3:natrv/

-adj.

make

etc.

above or

or become

1

avail-

another choice (alternative route). 2 unconventional (alternative able

as

medicine), -h.

1

any of two or more (had no alternat-

possibilities. 2 choice

ive

but

alternatively adv.

to go)\.

Usage The

adjective alternative should not be confused with alternate, as in 'there will be a dance on alternate Saturdays'.

alternator

/'o:lta,neita(r)/

n.

dynamo

that generates an alternating current. Ixl'ddu/ conj. = though. [from all, though]

although

altimeter

/'aelti,mi:t8(r)/ n.

instrument

indicating altitude reached. altitude /'aelti tju:d/ n. height, esp. of an object above sea level or above the horizon. [Latin altus high] (

alto

/'aeltau/ n. (pi. -s) 1

= contralto.

2

adult male singing- voice, above tenor, b singer with this voice. 3 instrument pitched second- or thirdhighest in its family. [Italian alto (canto)

a

highest

high (singing)]

altogether /,o:lt9'geoa(r)/ adv.

Alsace]

also

rent reversing

/.aelfanjui'merik/ adj.

containing both letters and numbers. alpha particle n. helium nucleus emitted by a radioactive substance. alpine /'aelpam/ -adj. of mountainous regions or (Alpine) the Alps. -n. 1 plant

at alternative.

alternate angles n.pl two angles formed alternately on two sides of a line. alternating current n. electric cur-

1

totally,

completely. 2 on the whole. 3 in total. in the altogether colloq. naked. [from ALL, TOGETHER]

Usage Note that altogether means 'in whereas all together means 'all at 'all in one place'. The phrases rooms altogether (in total) and six rooms all together (in one place) illustotal',

once' or six

trate the difference. dif-

ferent; change. alteration /-'reij(a)n/ n. [Latin alter other]

altruism

/'aeltru:,iz(8)m/ n.

unselfish-

ness as a principle of action.

altruist

alum n.

/,aeltru:'istik/ adj. [Italian

somebody

altrui

alum

/'aelam/ n.

else]

double sulphate of alu-

minium and potassium.

[Latin

alumen

alumina

/a'lu:mma/ n. aluminium oxide occurring naturally as corundum

and emery.

aluminium /.aelju'mmiam/ n. (US aluminum /a'lu:minam/) silvery light and malleable metallic element resistant to tarnishing by air.

aluminize

/a'lu:mi,naiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) coat with aluminium. alumnus /a'lAmnas/ n. (pi. alumni /-nai/;/em. alumna, pi alumnae /-ni:/) former pupil or student. [Latin, = nursling, pupil]

always

/'a:lweiz/ adv. 1 at all times; on occasions. 2 whatever the circumstances. 3 repeatedly, often, [from all,

all

way]

alyssum

/'aelisam/ n. plant with small usu. yellow or white flowers. [Greek, =

curing madness]

Alzheimer's disease

/'aelts.haimaz/

brain disorder causing senility. [Alzheimer, name of a neurologist] abbr. amplitude modulation. n.

AM Am symb. americium.

am 1st person sing, present of be. a.m. abbr. before noon.

[Latin ante meri-

diem]

amalgam

/a'maelgam/ n. 1 mixture or blend. 2 alloy of mercury and another esp. in dentistry. [Greek used metal, malagma an emollient]

amalgamate

/a'maelga.meit/

(-ting)

v.

mix, unite. 2 (of metals) alloy amalgamation with mercury. /-'meij(a)n/ n. [medieval Latin: related 1

AMALGAM]

amanuensis

/a.maenjui'ensis/ n.

(pi.

-enses /-si:z/) literary assistant, esp. writing from dictation. [Latin a manu 'at hand'] amaranth /'aema.raenG/ n. 1 plant with small green, red, or purple tinted flowers. 2 imaginary unfading flower. amaranthine 3 purple colour. [Greek amarantos adj. /-'raen8am/ unfading] amaryllis /.aema'rilis/ n. bulbous plant with lily-like flowers. [Greek, a girl's

name]

amass

/a'maes/

cumulate.

MASS

amatory /'aematari/ adj. of sexual love. [Latin amo love] amaze /a'meiz/ v. (-zing) surprise greatly,

ment

-min-]

tO

ambulatory

23

altruistic

v.

heap together;

[French:

related

to

ac-

ad-,

n.

with wonder, z amaze-

fill

amazing

amase

adj. [earlier

from Old English amasod]

Amazon

/'aemaz(a)n/ n. 1 female warrior of a mythical race in the Black Sea area. 2 (amazon) large, strong, or athletic

woman.

adj. [Latin

Amazonian

/-'zaunian/

from Greek]

ambassador /aem'bsesada(r)/ n.

1

diplo-

mat sent

to live abroad to represent his or her country's interests. 2 promoter (ambassador of peace). ambassadorial /-'da:nal/ adj. [Latin ambactus servant] amber -n. 1 a yellow translucent fossilized resin used in jewellery, b colour of this. 2 yellow traffic-light meaning caution, —adj. of or like amber. [French from Arabic] ambergris /'aembagns/ n. waxlike secretion of the sperm whale, found floating in tropical seas and used in perfumes. [French, = grey amber]

ambidextrous

/.aembi'dekstras/

adj.

able to use either hand equally well. [Latin ambi- on both sides, dexter] ambience /'aembians/ n. surroundings or atmosphere. [Latin ambio go round]

ambient adj. surrounding. ambiguous /aem'bigjuas/ adj.

having

1

an obscure or double meaning.

2

diffi-

ambiguity /-'gju:iti/ cult to classify. n. (pi. -ies). [Latin ambi- both ways, ago drive] ambit /'aembit/ n. scope, extent, or bounds. [Latin: related to ambience] ambition /aem'biJXa)n/ n. 1 determination to succeed. 2 object of this. = related to canvassing: [Latin, ambience]

ambitious

adj.

1

ambition or or to + infin.)

full of

high aims. 2 (foil, by strongly determined.

of,

ambivalence /aem'bivalans/

n.

ent

adj.

[Latin

ambo

coexist-

ambival-

ence of opposing feelings,

both, equival-

ence]

move at an such a pace. [Latin

amble /'aemb(a)l/ -v. easy pace. -n. ambulo walk]

ambrosia

(-ling)

/aem'brauzia/ n.

(in clas-

1

mythology) the food of the gods. 2 sublimely delicious food etc. [Greek, = sical

elixir of life]

1

]

person who enamateur gages in a pursuit as a pastime rather than a profession, or performs with airiateurish adj. amalimited skill. /'aemata(r)/ n.

teurism n. [Latin amator lover: to amatory]

related

ambulance

/'aembjulans/

n.

1

vehicle

equipped for conveying patients to hospital. 2 mobile hospital serving an army. [Latin: related to amble]

ambulatory

/'aembjulatari/ -adj. 1 of or for walking. 2 movable, -n. (pi. -ies)

ambuscade arcade or

cloister.

related to

amble]

ambuscade

/.aemba'skeid/

&

n.

1

surprise attack

by persons hiding. 2 hiding-place for this. -v. attack from an ambush; waylay. [French: related to in- bush ] 1

1

,

ameliorate /a'mi:lia,reit/ v. (-ting) make or become better. ameliora/a mi:lia'reij\a)n/ n. (

ameliorative

[from ad-, Latin melior better] amen /a:'men/ int. (esp. at the end of a prayer etc.) so be it. [Church Latin from adj.

Hebrew, = certainly]

amenable /a'mi:nab(a)l/ adj. 1 responsive, docile. 2 (often foil, by to) answerable to law etc. [French: related to ad-, Latin mino drive animals] amend /a'mend/ v. 1 make minor alterations in to improve. 2 correct an error in (a document etc.). [Latin: related to

EMEND]

Usage Amend is often confused with emend, a more technical word used in the context of textual correction.

amendment n.

minor alteration or addition in a document, resolution, etc. amends n. make amends (often foil, by for) compensate (for).

amenity

/a'mi:niti/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

pleasant or useful feature or facility. 2 pleasantness (of a place etc.). [Latin amoenus pleasant] American /a'merikan/ -adj. of America, esp. the United States, -n. 1 native, citizen, or inhabitant of America, esp. the US. 2 English as used in the US. Americanize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing), [name of navigator Amerigo Vespucci]

American dream

n.

ideal of

demo-

cracy and prosperity.

American football n. football evolved from Rugby.

American Indian see Indian. Americanism n. word etc. of US origin /.aema'nsiam/ n. artificial radioactive metallic element. [America,

where

first

made]

& n. (also /-'rmdian/) = American Indian (see Indian). amethyst /'aemaBist/ n. semiprecious stone of a violet or purple variety of quartz. [Greek, = preventing drunkenness] Amharic /aem'haerik/ -n. official and commercial language of Ethiopia, -adj. of this language. [Amhara, region of /'aemarmd/ adj.

Amerindian

Ethiopia]

amiably

adv.

adj.

[Latin:

related

to

amicable

/'aemikab(a)l/ adj. (esp. of

an

arrangement, relations, etc.) friendly. adv. [Latin amicus friend] amid /a'mid/ prep, in the middle of,

amicably

among. [Old English: related to on, mid]

amidships adv.

in or into the middle of a ship, [from amid, alternative form midships] amidst var. of amid.

amine

/'eimi:n/ n. compound formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by an organic

radical or radicals. /a'mi:nau/ n. Biochem. any of a group of nitrogenous organic acids occurring naturally in plant and animal tissues and forming the basic constituents of proteins, [from amine, acid] amir var. of emir. amiss /a'mis/ —predic. adj. wrong, out of order, -adv. wrong(ly), inappropriately (everything went amiss). take amiss be offended by. [Old Norse a mis so as to miss] amity /'aemiti/ n. friendship. [Latin amicus friend]

amino acid

ammeter

/'aemita(r)/ n.

instrument for

measuring electric current in amperes. [from AMPERE, -METER] ammo /'aemau/ n. slang ammunition, [abbreviation] /a'maunia/ n. 1 pungent strongly alkaline gas. 2 (in general use) solution of ammonia in water, [as sal

ammonia

ammoniac]

ammonite

/'aema.nait/ n.

fossil shell. [Latin,

coil-shaped

= horn of Jupiter

Ammon] ammunition

/,a3mju'nij(a)n/ n. 1 supply of bullets, shells, grenades, etc. 2 information usable in an argument. [French la munition taken as I'ammu-] amnesia /aem'ni:zia/ n. loss of memory. amnesiac /-zi.aek/ n. [Latin from

Greek]

or usage.

americium

Amerind

(esp. of a person) friendly and pleasant, likeable.

/'eimiab(a)l/

AMICABLE]

ambush /'aembuJV —n.

tion

amiable

v.

= AMBUSH.

(-ding)

amoeba

24 [Latin:

amnesty general

/'aemnisti/

-n.

(pi.

-ies)

pardon,

for political esp. offences, -v, (-ies, -ied) grant an amoblivion] amnestia to. [Greek nesty amniocentesis /,aemniausen'ti:sis/ n. (pi.

-teses

/-si:z/)

sampling of amniotic

fluid to detect foetal abnormality, [from

amnion, Greek kentesis pricking]

amnion /'aemman/ n. (pi. amnia) innermost membrane enclosing an embryo. amniotic /-'Dtik/ adj. [Greek, = caul]

amoeba /a'mi:ba/ n.

(pi. -s) microscopic aquatic amorphous one-celled organamoebic adj. [Greek, = change] ism.

amok

anabolism

25

amok

/a'mDk/ adv. run amok (or amuck) run wild. [Malay] among /a'mAn/ prep, (also amongst) 1 surrounded by, with (lived among the trees; be among friends). 2 included in (among us were dissidents). 3 in the category of (among his best works). 4 a between; shared by (divide it among you), b from the joint resources of (among us we can manage it). 5 with one another (talked among themselves). [Old English, = in a crowd]

amphora

amoral

amplify

/ei'mDr(a)l/

adj.

beyond

1

morality. 2 without moral principles. amorous /'aemaras/ adj. of, showing, or feeling sexual love. [Latin amor love] amorphous /a'moifas/ adj. 1 of no definite shape. 2 vague. 3 Mineral. & Chem. non-crystalline. [Greek a- not, morphe

form] v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) gradually extinguish (a debt) by regular instalments. [Latin ad mortem to death] amount /a'maunt/ -n. quantity, esp. a total in number, size, value, extent, etc. -v. (foil, by to) be equivalent to in number, significance, etc. [Latin ad

montem upward]

amour

/8'mua(r)/ n. (esp. secret) love [French, = love] amour propre /ae.mua 'propr/ n. selfrespect. [French] n. ampere, [abbreviation] 2 n. colloq. amplifier, [abbreviation] affair.

1

ampelopsis /.aempi'lopsis/ n.

(pi same)

climbing plant related to the vine. [Greek ampelos vine, opsis appearance] amperage /'aemp8nd3/ n. strength of an electric current in amperes, ampere /'aempe8(r)/ n. SI base unit of electric current. [Ampere, name of a physicist]

ampersand '&'

/'aempa.saend/

n.

the sign

(= and), [corruption of and per se

and]

amphetamine

/aem'feta.miin/ n. syn-

drug used esp. as a stimulant, [abbreviation of chemical name]

thetic

amphibian /aem'fibian/ -adj. of a class of vertebrates (e.g. frogs) with an aquatic larval stage followed by a terrestrial adult stage, -n. 1 vertebrate of this both on land and in water. [Greek amphi- both, class. 2 vehicle able to operate

bios

life]

adj. 1 living or operating in water. 2 involving mil-

amphibious on land and

amplifier

/'aempli,faia(r)/ n. electronic

device for increasing the strength of electrical signals, esp. for conversion into sound. /'aempli.fai/

v.

-ied)

(-ies,

1

increase the strength of (sound, elec-

add detail to, examplification

trical signals, etc.). 2

pand

(a story etc.). ,

related to ample]

/-fi'keij (9)n/ n. [Latin:

amplitude

imum

/'aempli,rju:d/

n.

1

max-

departure from average of an

alternating current, etc. 2 spaciousness; abundance^ [Latin: related to ample] oscillation,

amortize /a'moitaiz/

amp amp

/'aemfara/ n. (pi. -phorae narrow-necked Greek or Roman with two handles. [Greek amphoreus] ample /'a3mp(a)l/ adj. (ampler, amplest) 1 a plentiful, abundant, extensive, b euphem. large, stout. 2 more than enough. amply adv. [Latin amplus] /-,ri:/)

vessel

itary forces landed

amphitheatre

from the

sea.

/'aemft.eiatafr)/ n. esp.

circular unroofed building with tiers of seats surrounding a central space. [Greek amphi- round]

amplitude modulation tion of a tude.

wave by

n.

modula-

variation of its ampli-

ampoule /'aempu:l/ n.

small sealed capsule holding a solution for injection. [French: related to ampulla] ampulla /aem'pula/ n. (pi. -pullae /-li:/) 1 Roman globular flask with two handles. 2 ecclesiastical vessel. [Latin] amputate /'aempju.teit/ v. (-ting) cut off amputation surgically (a limb etc.). /-'teij(a)n/ n. amputee /-'ti:/ n. [Latin amb- about, puto prune] amuck var. of amok.

amulet

/'aemjulit/

against

evil. [Latin]

n.

charm

worn

amuse

/a'mju:z/ v. (-sing) 1 cause to laugh or smile. 2 interest or occupy. amusing adj. [French a cause to, muser stare]

amusement

n. 1 thing that amuses. 2 being amused. 3 mechanical device (e.g. a roundabout) for entertainment at a fairground etc. amusement arcade n. indoor area with slot-machines,

an

1

see a an- see a-. -an suffix (also -ian) forming adjectives and nouns, esp. from names of places, systems, classes, etc. (Mexican; An.

glican; crustacean). [French -ain, Latin

anus]

Anabaptist

/.aena'baeptist/ n.

member

of a religious group believing in baptism only of adults. [Greek ana again] anabolic steroid /.aena'bDhk/ n. synthetic steroid hormone used to increase

muscle

size.

anabolism

/8'naeb8,liz(9)m/

n.

syn-

complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together thesis of

anachronism bole ascent]

anachronism

/a'naekra,niz(a)m/ n. 1 a attribution of a custom, event, etc., to the wrong period, b thing thus attributed. 2 out-of-date person or thing, n

anachronistic

/-'nistik/

adj.

[Greek

/.aena'konda/ n. large nonpoisonous snake killing its prey by constriction. [Sinhalese]

anaemia /a'ni:mia/ n. (US anemia) deficiency of red blood cells or their haemoglobin, causing pallor and weariness. [Greek, = want of blood] 1

/a'ni:mik/ adj.

(US anemic)

of or suffering from anaemia. 2 pale,

analyst (esp.

/'aenalist/ n. 1 person skilled in chemical or computer) analysis.

2 psychoanalyst. /,aena'litik(a)l/

adj.

(also

analytic) of or using analysis. analyze US var. of analyse. anapaest /'aena,pi:st/ n. metrical foot consisting of two short syllables followed by one long syllable (uu-). [Greek anapaistos reversed (dactyl)]

anarchism

/'aena,kiz(a)m/ n. political

theory that all government and laws should be abolished. [French: related to

ANARCHY]

listless.

anaesthesia

/

(

asnis'8i:zia/ n.

(t/5anes-)

absence of sensation, esp. artificially induced before surgery. [Greek]

anaesthetic

/.aenis'Getik/ (US anes-) -n. substance producing anaesthesia. -adj. producing anaesthesia. anaesthetist /a'ni:s0atist/ n. (US anes-) specialist in the administration of an-

aesthetics.

anaesthetize

(US -ise) (-zing or -sing) admin/a'ni:s8a,taiz/

anes-) (also ister an anaesthetic

anagram

v.

to.

n. word or transposing the letters of another. [Greek ana again,

/'aena.graem/

phrase

formed

gramma

letter]

by

anal /'ein(a)l/ adj. of the anus. analgesia /,aenard3i:zia/ n. absence

or

relief of pain. [Greek]

analgesic -adj.

relieving pain. -n. analgesic drug. analog US var. of analogue. analogize /a'naela,d3aiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) use, or represent or explain by, analogy. analogous /a'naelagas/ adj. (usu. foil, by to) partially similar or parallel.

[Greek analogos proportionate] / 'aena.mg/ n. (US analog) 1 (attrib.) (usu. analog) (of a computer etc.) using physical variables, e.g. voltage, to represent

analogue

analogous thing. 2

numbers

(cf.

digital).

analogy /a'naelad3i/ n.

(pi. -ies) 1

corres-

pondence; partial similarity. 2 arguing or reasoning from parallel cases.

analogical

/,aena'lDd3ik(a)l/

adj.

[Greek analogia proportion]

analyse

2 Chem. determination of the constituent parts of a mixture or compound. 3 psychoanalysis. [Greek ana up, luo loose] this.

analytical

ana- against, khronos time]

anaconda

anaemic

anchovy

26

with the storage of energy. [Greek ana-

/'aena.laiz/

(US analyze) examine in detail; v.

(-sing or -zing) 1 ascertain the constituents of (a substance, sentence, etc.). 2 psychoanalyse. analysis /a'naelisis/ n. (pi. -lyses /-,si:z/) 1 a detailed examination of elements or structure, b statement of the result of

anarchist

anarchy

/'aenakist/ n.

advocate of an-

anarchistic

archism.

/-'kistik/ adj.

/'aenaki/ n. disorder, esp. polit-

anarchic

/a'na:kik/ adj. [Greek an- without, arkhe rule] ical.

anathema

/a'naeeama/ n. (pi. -s) 1 detested thing (is anathema to me). 2 ecclesiastical curse. [Greek, = thing

devoted

(i.e.

to evil)] v. (also -ise) (-zing or

anathematize

-sing) curse. /a'naetami/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 science of animal or plant structure. 2 such anatomical a structure. 3 analysis.

anatomy

/,aena'tDmik(a)l/

adj.

anatomist

n.

[Greek ana- up, temno cut] anatto var. of annatto. abbr. African National Congress. -ance suffix forming nouns expressing: 1 quality or state or an instance of one (arrogance; resemblance). 2 action (assistance). [French -ance, Latin -antia]

ANC

ancestor

/'aensesta(r)/ n.

imal, or plant

1

person, an-

from which another has

descended or evolved. 2 prototype or forerunner. [Latin ante- before, cedo go] /aen'sestr(a)l/ adj. belonging to or inherited from one's ancestors.

ancestral

ancestry 1

/'aensestri/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

family descent, lineage. 2 ancestors

collectively.

anchor

/'aerjka(r)/ -n. 1 heavy metal weight used to moor a ship or a balloon. 2 stabilizing thing, -v. 1 secure with an anchor. 2 fix firmly. 3 cast anchor. 4 be moored by an anchor. [Greek agkura] anchorage n. 1 place for anchoring. 2 anchoring or lying at anchor.

anchorite

/'aerjka.rait/ n. hermit; religious recluse. [Greek anakhoreo retire] n. coordinator, esp. as compere in a broadcast. anchovy /'aentjavi/ n. (pi -ies) small strong-flavoured fish of the herring and Portuguese [Spanish family.

anchorman

anchova]

ancien regime ancien regime

{pi

anciens regimes pronunc. same) 1 political and social system of pre-Revolutionary (before 1787) France. 2 any superseded regime. [French, = old rulel

ancient

/'emj(a)nt/ adj.

of long ago,

1

esp. before the fall of the Roman Empire in the West. 2 having lived or existed long. the ancients people of ancient

times, esp. the Greeks and Romans. [Latin ante before] ancillary /aen'silari/ -adj. 1 (esp. of health workers) providing essential support. 2 (often foil, by to) subordinate, subservient, -n. {pi -ies) 1 ancillary worker. 2 auxiliary or accessory. [Latin ancilla handmaid]

-ancy

suffix forming nouns denoting a quality {constancy) or state {infancy). [Latin -antia] and /send, and/ conj. 1 a connecting words, clauses, or sentences, to be taken jointly {you and I). b implying progression {better and better), c implying causation {she hit him and he cried), d implying great duration {cried and cried), e implying a great number {miles and miles), f implying addition {two and two), g implying variety {there are books and books). 2 colloq. to {try and come). 3 in relation to {Britain and the EC). and/or either or both of two stated alternatives. [Old English]

andante

/aen'daenti/

Mus. -adv.

&

adj.

in a moderately slow tempo, -n. such a passage or movement. [Italian, = going]

andiron (usu. one

/'aend.aian/ n. metal stand of a pair) for supporting logs in

a fireplace. [French andier]

androgynous

/aen'drDd3inas/

adj.

hermaphrodite. 2 Bot. with stamens and pistils in the same flower. [Greek aner andr- man, gune woman] android /'aendraid/ n. robot with a human appearance. [Greek aner andr1

man,

-oid]

anecdote

short, esp. /'aenik.daut/ n anecdotal account or story. /-'daut(a)l/ adj. [Greek anekdota things unpublished] anemia US var. of anaemia. anemic US var. of anaemic. .

true,

1

anemometer

/,aeni'mDmita(r)/

instrument for measuring wind [Greek anemos wind]

anemone

Anglicize

27

/a.sjse re'3i:m/ n.

/a'nemani/

n.

n.

force.

plant of the

buttercup family, with vividly-coloured flowers. [Greek, = wind-flower] aneroid /'aena.roid/ -adj; (of a barometer) measuring air-pressure by its action on the lid of a box containing a vacuum, -n. aneroid barometer. [Greek a- not, neros water]

anesthesia etc. US var.

of anaesthesia

etc.

aneurysm

/'aenju.nz^m/

n.

(also

aneurism) excessive localized enlargement of an artery. [Greek aneuruno widen]

anew

/a'nju:/ adv. 1 again. 2 in a ferent way. [earlier of newe]

angel

dif-

a attendant or messenger of God. b representation of this in human form .with wings. 2 virtuous or obliging person. 3 slang financial backer of a play etc. [Greek aggelos messenger] /'emd3(a)l/ n.

1

angel cake

n. light sponge cake, n. fish with winglike fins, /aen'd3elik/ adj. of or like an

angel-fish

angelic

angelically adv. /aen'd3elika/ n. aromatic plant candied stalks, [medieval Latin, =

angel.

angelica

or its angelic (herb)]

/'aend3ilas/ n. 1 Roman Cathprayers commemorating the Incarnation, said at morning, noon, and

angelus olic

sunset. 2 bell announcing this. [Latin Angelus domini (= the angel of the Lord), opening words] anger /'aerjga(r)/ -n. extreme or

displeasure, -v. make passionate angry. [Old Norse angr grief] /aen'd3ama/ n. (in full angina pectoris /'pektans/) chest pain brought on by exertion, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart. [Greek agk-

angina

hone strangling]

angiosperm

/'aend3ia,sp3:m/ n. plant

producing flowers and reproducing by seeds enclosed within a carpel, including herbaceous plants, grasses, and most trees. [Greek aggeion vessel] Angle /'aerjg(a)l/ n. (usu. in pi) member of a N. German tribe that settled in E. Britain in the 5th c. [Latin Anglus, from the name Angul in Germany] angle 1 /'aeng(a)l/ -n. 1 space between two meeting lines or surfaces, esp. as measured in degrees. 2 corner. 3 point of view. -v. (-ling) 1 move or place obliquely. 2 present (information) in a biased way. [Latin angulus] angle 2 /'aerig(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 fish with hook and line. 2 (foil, by for) seek an objective indirectly {angled for a loan). angler n. [Old English] Anglican /'aenglikan/ -adj. of the Church of England, -n. member of the

Anglicanism Anglican Church. [Latin Anglicanus: related to Angle]

n.

Anglicism

pecu/'aerjgli,siz(a)m/ n. liarly English word or custom. [Latin Anglicus: related to Angle]

Anglicize

/'aengli.saiz/

(-zing or -sing) acter etc.

v.

(also -ise) in char-

make English

AngloAnglo- comb, form

English. 2 of English origin. 3 English or British and. [Latin: related to Angle] 1

Anglo-Catholic /.aenglau'kaeealik/ -adj. of a High Church Anglican wing emphasizing

its

Catholic tradition, -n.

member of this group. Anglo-French /.aenglau'frentJV

-adj. English (or British) and French, -n. French language as developed in England after the Norman Conquest. Anglo-Indian /.aenglau'mdian/ -adj. 1 of England and India. 2 of British descent but Indian residence, —n. AngloIndian person.

Anglo-Norman

/.aenglautoman/

-adj. English and Norman, -n. Norman dialect used in England after the Nor-

man

Conquest.

Anglophile /'aenglau.fail/ n. person who greatly admires England or the English.

Anglo-Saxon /,aerjglau'saeks(a)n/ -adj. 1

of the English Saxons before the

Norman Conquest. 2 of English descent. Anglo-Saxon person. 2 Old Eng3 colloq. plain (esp. crude) English. angora /aen'go:ra/ n. 1 fabric or wool from the hair of the angora goat or rabbit. 2 long-haired variety of cat, goat, or rabbit. [Angora ( = Ankara) in Turkey] -n.

annex

28

1

lish.

animal

/'aenim(a)l/ -n. 1 living organism, esp. other than man, which feeds

and usu. has sense-organs and a nervous system and can move quickly. 2 brutish person, -adj. 1 of or like an animal. 2 bestial; carnal. [Latin animalis having breath] n. 1 nature and activity of animals. 2 belief that humans are mere animals. animality /.aeni'maeliti/ n. 1 the animal world. 2 animal behaviour,

animalism

animalize

/'aenima.laiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) make (a person) bestial, sensualize. animate -adj. /'aenimat/ 1 having life. 2 lively, -v. /'aeni.meit/ (-ting) 1 enliven. 2 give life to. [Latin anima breath]

animated

/'aeni.meitid/ adj.

lively,

1

vigorous. 2 having life. 3 (of a film etc.) using animation. animation /,aeni'meiKa)n/ n. 1 vivacity, ardour. 2 being alive. 3 technique of producing a moving picture from a sequence of drawings or puppet poses etc.

animism

/'aeni miz(a)m/ n. belief that inanimate and natural phenomena have souls. animist n. animistic (

/-'mistik/ adj.

'

angostura bitter

tura

(

/.aenga'srjuara/ n. aromatic bark used as a flavouring. [Angos= Ciudad Bolivar) in Venezuela]

angry /'aengri/ adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1 feeling,

showing, or suggesting anger (angry sky). 2 (of a ful.

angst guilt,

wound

etc.)

inflamed, pain-

angrily adv. /aenst/ n. anxiety, neurotic fear;

remorse. [German]

angstrom

/'aengjula(r)/

adj.

1

having

sharp corners or (of a person) features. 2 forming an angle. 3 measured by angle angularity (angular distance). 1 /-'laenti/ n. [Latin: related to angle ] anhydrous /aen'haidras/ adj. Chem. without water, esp. water of crystallization. [Greek an- without, hudor water] aniline /'aeni,li:n/ n. colourless oily liquid used in making dyes, drugs, and plastics. [German Anil indigo, former source]

animadvert

/.aeni'mDsiti/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

or feeling of hostility. [Latin: related to animus] animus /'aenimas/ n. animosity, ill feelspirit

ing. [Latin, = spirit, mind] /'aen.aian/ n. negatively charged anionic /-'nnik/ adj. [Greek ana ion.

anion

up, ion]

anise

/'aenis/

n.

plant with aromatic

seeds. [Greek anison]

aniseed

/'aeni,si:d/ n.

seed of the anise,

used for flavouring.

/'aenstram/ n. unit of length

equal to 10" 10 metre. [Angstrom, name of a physicist] anguish /'aengwiJV n. 1 severe mental anguished suffering. 2 pain, agony. adj. [Latin angustia tightness]

angular

animosity

ankle

/'aenk(a)l/ n.

1

joint connecting

the foot with the leg. 2 this part of the leg. [Old Norse] anklet /'aenklit/ n. ornament or fetter worn round the ankle, ankylosis /.aepki'lausis/ n. stiffening of a joint by fusion of the bones. [Greek agkulos crooked] annals /'aen(a)lz/ n.pl. 1 narrative of events year by year. 2 historical reannalist n. [Latin annus year] cords.

annatto

/a'naetau/ n. (also anatto) orange-red dye from the pulp of a tropical fruit, used for colouring foods. [Carib name of the fruit-tree] anneal /a'ni:l/ v. heat (metal or glass)

and cool slowly,

esp. to

toughen

it.

[Old

English selan bake] /,aenimaed'v3:t/

v. (foil,

by

animon) literary criticize, censure. adversion n. [Latin animus mind, adverse]

segmented worm, e.g. the earthworm. [Latin anulus ring] annex /ae'neks/ v. 1 (often foil, by to) add

annelid

/'aenalid/ n.

as a subordinate part. 2 incorporate

annexe own. 3 add as

a condition or consequence. 4 colloq. take without right. annexation /-'seij(a)n/ n. [Latin necto bind] annexe /'aeneks/ n. 1 separate or added building. 2 addition to a document.

annihilate

/a'naia.leit/ v. (-ting) completely destroy or defeat. annihilation /-'leij(9)n/ n. [Latin nihil nothing]

anniversary

/.aeni'vaisari/ n. (pi. -ies)

1 date of an event in a previous year. 2 celebration of this. [Latin annus year, verto vers- turn] Domini /.aenau 'dDmi.nai/ adv. years after Christ's birth. [Latin, = in the year of the Lord]

Anno

annotate

/'aena.teit/

explanatory notes

v.

to.

(-ting) add annotation

[Latin nota mark] announce /a'nauns/ v. (-cing) 1 make publicly known. 2 make known the arrival or imminence of (a guest, dinner, etc.). 3 be a sign of. announcement n. [Latin nuntius messenger] /-'teij(9)n/ n.

announcer

n.

person

who announces,

esp. in broadcasting.

annoy

/a'noi/

v.

1

(often in passive)

anger or distress slightly (am annoyed with you). 2 molest, harass.

annoyance

[Latin in odio hateful] annual /'aenjual/ -adj. 1 reckoned by the year. 2 occurring yearly. 3 living or lasting (only) a year. -n. 1 book etc. published yearly. 2 plant that lives only annually adv. [Latin annus a year. year] annualized adj. (of rates of interest etc.) calculated on an annual basis, as a projection from figures obtained for a shorter period.

annuity

n.

/a'nju:iti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

yearly

grant or allowance. 2 investment yielding a fixed annual sum. annul /a'nAl/ v. (-11-) 1 declare invalid. 2 cancel, abolish.

annulment n.

[Latin

nullus none]

annular

/'aenjula(r)/ adj.

ring-shaped.

[Latin anulus ring]

annular eclipse

solar eclipse in

/a.nAnsi'eiJXa)!*/

n.

1

announcement, esp. (Annunciation) that made by the angel Gabriel to Mary. 2 festival of this. [Latin: related to an-

nounce]

anode an

-adj. 1 painrelieving. 2 mentally soothing, -n. anodyne drug etc. [Greek an- without, odune pain] anoint /a'namt/ v. 1 apply oil or ointment to, esp. ritually. 2 (usu. foil, by with) smear. [Latin inungo anoint] anomalous /a'nomalas/ adj. irregular, deviant, abnormal. [Greek an- not, /'aena.dain/

homalos even]

anomaly /a'nmnali/ n. (pi -ies) anomalous thing; irregularity. archaic soon, shortly. [Old English on an into one]

anon /a'nmi/ adv. anon,

/a'non/ abbr.

/'aenaud/ n. positive electrode in electrolytic cell etc. [Greek anodos

/'aena.daiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) coat (metal) with a protective layer by electrolysis.

anonymous.

anonymous

/a'nmiimas/ adj. 1 of or authorship. 2 without character; featureless. anonymity /.aena'nimiti/ n. [Greek anwithout, onoma name] anorak /'aena.raek/ n. waterproof usu.

unknown name

hooded jacket. [Eskimo]

anorexia

/.aena'reksia/ n. lack of ap-

anorexia nervosa an obsessive desire to lose

petite, esp. (in full

/n3:'vausa/)

weight by refusing to eat. anorexic adj. & n. [Greek an- without, orexis appetite]

another

/a'nAoa(r)/ -adj.

1

an

addi-

one more (another cake). 2 person like (another Hitler). 3 a different (another matter). 4 some other (another man's work), -pron. additional, other, or different person or thing, [earlier an tional;

other]

answer /'a:nsa(r)/ -n.

1

something said

or done in reaction to a question, statement, or circumstance. 2 solution to a problem, -v. 1 make an answer or re-

sponse (to) (answer the door). 2 suit (a purpose or need). 3 (foil, by to, for) be responsible (you will answer to me for your conduct). 4 (foil, by to) correspond,

answer back esp. to a description. answer insolently. [Old English, = swear against (a charge)] answerable adj. 1 (usu. foil, by to, for) responsible (answerable to them for accident). 2 that

can be answered.

answering machine n.

tape recorder

which answers telephone

calls

and

takes messages.

answerphone

or formed of rings.

annunciation

anodyne

any n.

which a ring of light remains visible. annulate /'aenjulat/ adj. marked with

way up] anodize

antacid

29

(territory) into one's

n.

=

answering ma-

chine.

ant

n. small usu. wingless insect living in complex social colonies and proverbial for industry. [Old English]

1 forming adjectives denoting attribution of an action (repentant) or state (arrogant). 2 forming agent nouns (assistant). [Latin -ant-, present participial stem of verbs] antacid /aent'aesid/ -adj. preventing or correcting acidity, -n. antacid agent.

-ant suffix

antagonism /aen'taega.niz^m/ n. active hostility. [French: related to agony] antagonist n. opponent or adversary,

antagonistic

/-'nistik/ adj.

antagonize /asn'taega.naiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make hostile; provoke. Antarctic /aenfa:ktik/ -adj. of the south polar regions, -n. this region. [Latin: related to Arctic]

Antarctic Circle n.

parallel of latitude

forming an imaginary line

66° 32' S.,

round the Antarctic region.

ante

stake put up by a player in poker etc. before receiving cards. 2 amount payable in advance. -v. (-tes, -ted) 1 put up as an ante. 2 US a bet, stake, b (foil, by up) pay. ante- prefix before, preceding. [Latin, = /'aenti/

-n.

1

before] n. any of various mammals feeding on ants and termites. antecedent /,aenti'si:d(a)nt/ -n. 1 preceding thing or circumstance. 2 Gram. word or phrase etc. to which another word (esp. a relative pronoun) refers. 3 (in pi.) person's past history or ancestors, —adj. previous. [Latin cedo go]

anteater

antechamber

/'aenti,tjeimba(r)/

n.

ante-room.

antedate /.aenti'deit/ v. in time. 2 assign

date

(-ting) 1 precede earlier than actual

an

to.

antediluvian

/,39ntidi'lu:vian/ adj. 1 of the time before the Flood. 2 colloq. very old or out of date, [from ante-, Latin diluvium deluge] antelope /'aenti.laup/ n. (pi. same or -s) swift-moving deerlike ruminant, e.g. the gazelle and gnu. [Greek antholops] antenatal /,aenti'neit(a)l/ adj. 1 before

pregnancy, /aen'tena/ n. 1 (pi. -tennae each of a pair of feelers on the

birth. 2 of

antenna /-ni:/)

heads of insects, crustaceans, etc. 2 -s) = aerial n. [Latin, = sail-yard]

antepenultimate adj. last

(pi.

/.aentipi'nAltimat/

but two.

ante-post /.aenti'paust/ adj. (of betting) done at odds determined at the time of betting, in advance of the event con1 cerned, [from ANTE-, POST ] 1 nearer the

anterior /aen'tiaria(r)/ adj. front. 2 (often foil,

by

[Latin

to) prior.

from ante before]

ante-room

/'aenti,ru:m/ n. small

room

anthem

/'aen6am/ n. 1 elaborate choral composition usu. based on a passage of scripture. 2 solemn hymn of praise etc.,

=

national

anthem.

[Latin:

related to antiphon]

anther

/'aenGa(r)/ n. part of

containing flower]

pollen.

anthill

[Greek

a stamen

anthos

n.

moundlike nest

built

by ants

or termites.

anthology

/aen'6Dlad3i/ n. (pi. -ies) collection of poems, essays, stories, etc.

anthologist

n.

[Greek anthos flower,

-logia collection]

anthracite

hard type of burning with little flame and smoke. [Greek: related to anthrax] anthrax /'aenGraeks/ n. disease of sheep /'aenGra.sait/ n.

coal

and

transmissible to humans.

cattle

=

[Greek,

coal, carbuncle]

anthropocentric /.aenGrapau'sentnk/ adj. regarding mankind as the centre of existence. [Greek anthropos

man]

anthropoid /'aenGra.paid/ -adj. human in form. -n. anthropoid ape. /,aenGra'pDlad3i/ n. study of mankind, esp. its societies

anthropology and

customs.

/-pa'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj.

anthropological anthropologist n.

anthropomorphism

/.aenGrapa 'mo:fiz(a)m/ n. attribution of human characteristics to a god, animal, or thing. anthropomorphic adj.

[Greek morphe form]

anthropomorphous 'mo:fas/ adj. human in form.

/.aenGrapa

anti lentil -prep, opposed to. -n. person opposed to a policy etc.

(pi. -s)

anti- prefix 1 opposed to (anticlerical). 2 preventing (antifreeze). 3 opposite of (anticlimax). 4 unconventional (antihero). [Greek]

anti-abortion

adj.

/,aentia'b3:J(a)n/

opposing abortion.

anti-abortionist

n.

anti-aircraft

gun or

/,aenti'eakra:ft/ adj. (of

missile) used to attack

a

enemy

aircraft.

antibiotic

sub/.aentibai'otik/ -n. that can inhibit or micro-organisms. susceptible destroy -adj. functioning as an antibiotic. [Greek bios life] antibody /'aenti.bDdi/ n. (pi -ies) a blood protein produced in response to and then counteracting antigens, [translation of German Antikdrper] antic /'aentik/ n. (usu. in pi.) foolish behaviour or action. [Italian antico antique] Antichrist /'aenti.kraist/ n. enemy of

stance

Christ.

leading to a main one.

esp.

anticipate

30

antagonism

(e.g. penicillin)

antichristian /-'knstj(a)n/

adj.

anticipate /aen'tisi.peit/ v.

(-ting)

1

deal

with or use before the proper time. 2 expect, foresee (did not anticipate a problem). 3 forestall (a person or thing). anticipation 4 look forward to. /-'peij(a)n/ n. anticipatory adj. [Latin anti- before, capio take]

anticlerical

Usage The 2,

in

'expect', 'foresee', is well-established

informal use, but

incorrect by

some

regarded as

is

people.

anticlerical /,aenti'klenk(a)l/ adj. opposed to clerical influence, esp. in politics.

antinovel

n. novel avoiding the conventions of the form.

/'aenti,nDv(a)l/

anti-nuclear opposed

/,aenti'nju:klia(r)/

to the

/.aenti'klaimaeks/

appointingly

something

dis-

n.

conclusion

trivial

to

significant.

weapons or power. antiparticle /'denti.paitikte)!/ n. elementary particle with the same mass etc. to

another par-

ticle.

antipathy

/aen'tipaGi/ n. (pi. -ies) (often

by to, for, between) strong aversion or dislike. antipathetic /-'9etik/ adj. [Greek: related to pathetic]

foil,

anticlockwise /.aenti'klokwaiz/ adj. & adv. moving in a curve opposite in direction to the hands of a clock.

anticyclone

adj.

development of nuclear

but opposite charge

anticlimax

/.aenti'saiklaun/ n.

antiperspirant

system

of winds rotating outwards from an area of high pressure, producing fine

weather.

/,aenti'p3:sparant/

n.

substance preventing or reducing perspiration.

antiphon

/'aentif(a)n/ n.

hymn sung

1

alternately by two groups. 2 versicle or

antidepressant

/,aentidi'pres(a)nt/ -n. drug etc. that alleviates depression. -adj. alleviating depression.

antidote

antisocial

31

use of anticipate in sense

medicine etc. used to counteract poison. 2 anything counteracting something unpleasant. [Greek antidotos given against] antifreeze /'aenti,fri:z/ n. substance added to water to lower its freezing/'aenti.daut/ n.

1

point, esp. in a vehicle's radiator. /'aentid3(a)n/ n. foreign substance (e.g. toxin) which causes the body to produce antibodies. [Greek

antigen

-genes of a kind] /'agnti.hiarau/ n. (pi -es) central character in a story, lacking conventional heroic qualities.

anti-hero

antihistamine

/,aenti'hista,mi:n/

n.

drug that counteracts the effects of histamine, used esp. in treating allergies.

antiknock

substance added to motor fuel to prevent premature combustion.

anti-lock

/'aenti.nnk/

/'aenti.lDk/

n.

attrib.

adj.

(of

brakes) set up so as to prevent locking and skidding when applied suddenly. antilog /'aenti.log/ n. colloq. = anti-

logarithm, [abbreviation]

antilogarithm /.aenti'lDga.rio^m/ n. number to which a logarithm belongs. antimacassar /,aentima'kaesa(r)/ n. detachable protective cloth for the back of a chair etc. antimatter /'aenti,maeta(r)/ n. matter

composed

solely of antiparticles. brittle silvery

antimony /'aentimani/ n.

metallic element used esp. in alloys, [medieval Latin] -adj. /.aenti'naumian/ believing that Christians need not obey the moral law. -n. (Antinomian) hist. person believing this. [Greek nomos law]

antinomian

antinomy

/aen'tinami/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

contradiction between two reasonable beliefs or conclusions.

phrase

from

antiphonal

this.

/-'tifan(a)l/ adj.

antipodes

[Greek phone sound]

n.pl. places diametrically opposite to one another on the earth, esp. (also Antipodes) Aus-

/aen'tipa,di:z/

antipo-

tralasia in relation to Europe.

dean

/

-'di:an/ adj.

& n.

[Greek, = having

the feet opposite]

antipope

/'aenti.paup/ n.

pope

set

up

in

opposition to one chosen by canon law. /.aentipaia'retik/ -adj. preventing or reducing fever, -n. antipyretic drug. antiquarian /.aenti'kwearian/ -adj. of or dealing in antiques or rare books. -n. antiquarianism n. antiquary.

antipyretic

antiquary

/'aentikwari/ n.

(pi. -ies)

dent or collector of antiques related to antique]

antiquated

stu-

etc. [Latin:

/'aenti.kweitid/

adj.

old-

fashioned.

antique

/aen'ti:k/ -n. old object, esp. a piece of furniture, of high value, —adj. 1 of or from an early date. 2 old-fashioned. [Latin antiquus]

antiquity

/aen'tikwati/ n.

-ies)

(pi.

1

ancient times, esp. before the Middle Ages. 2 great age. 3 (usu. in pi.) relics from ancient times. [Latin: related to antique]

antirrhinum

/.aenti'ramam/

n.

plant

with two-lipped flowers, esp. the snapdragon. [Greek, = snout] anti-Semite /,aenti'si:mait/ n. person who is prejudiced against Jews, anti-Semitic /-si mitik/ adj. anti-Semitism /-'semi,tiz(a)m/ n. /.aenti'septik/ -adj. 1 counteracting sepsis, esp. by destroying germs. 2 sterile, uncontaminated. 3 lacking character, -n. antiseptic agent.

antiseptic

antiserum

/'aenti.siaram/

n.

serum

with a high antibody content. 1 adj. /,aenti'sauj(a)l/ antisocial opposed or harmful to society. 2 not

sociable.

antistatic

aphasia

32

Usage Antisocial is sometimes used mistakenly instead of unsocial in the phrase unsocial hours. This should be avoided.

antistatic

a?nu sta?tik adj. counteracting the effects of static electricity. anti-tank ,aenu'ta?nk attrib. aa[i. used against tanks. antitetanus a?nti tetanes adj. effective against tetanus. antithesis a?n 'tittesis n. (pi -theses -.si:z ) 1 (foil, by of. to) direct opposite. 2 contrast. 3 rhetorical use of strongly

anyhow derly

anything pron. any sort

thing; thing of any anything but not at all. adv. 1 in any way or manner. any rate. 3 to resume (anyway, as

anyway 2 at 1

was

)

adj. effective

against viruses.

antler

n.

branched horn of a stag or antlered adj. [French]

other deer,

antonym

'a?ntanrm n. word opposite to another. [Greek onoma

meaning name] in

antrum

a?ntram

n,

(pi antral natural

cavity in the body. esp. in a bone. [Greek. = cave] anus 'ernes n, (pi anuses) excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal. [Latin] anvil 'a?n\il n. iron block on which metals are worked. [Old English] anxiety a?rj zaiati n. (pi -ies) 1 being anxious. 2 worry or concern. 3 eagerness, troubled desire. [Latin anxietas

from ango choke:

anxious

-adv. in or to any place. -pron. any place (anywhere will do). abbr. any other business.

adj.

mentally marked by 1

wanting ^anxious

:o please). adv. [Latin anxius] which, 1 matter a one. no -adj. of several (cannot find any answer), b some, no matter how much or many or of what son (if any books arrive; have you any sugar?). 2 a minimal amount of (hardly any difference). 3 whichever is

anxiously

any em

chosen yany fool knows). 4 an appreciable or significant (did not stay for any length of time: has any amount of mcney"i. -p-on. 1 any one (did not know any of themv 2 any number or amount yours/*), -adv. (usu. CY any of with neg. or interrog.) at all (is :ha: any-

good? ONE.

-Y

[Old English ftnfc related to :

]

anybody

n.

Sc

r*v r

ei'orta

:.

person of importance

1

any person. 2

(fl

he anybody?).

n.

(pi

-s)

main

artery,

giving rise to the arterial network"" earning oxygenated blood to the body from the heart. aortic adj. [Greek aeiro raise] apace a'peis adv. literary swiftly. [French a pas] Apache e'paptji n. member of a N. American Indian tribe. [Mexican Spanish] apart a'pci:t adv. 1 separately, not together (keep your feet apart). 2 into pieces (came apart). 3 to or on one side. 4 ta or ifl a distance apart from 1 excepting, not considering. 2 in addition to (apart from roses we grow irises). [French a part to one side] apartheid ^;v.:ei: n S. esp Africa) racial segregation or discrim-

m

ination. [.Afrikaans]

apartment apo:tmant suite of rooms. 2 single [Italian a parte, apart]

apathy

(in

pi)

room. 3 US

flat.

n.

1

n. lack of interest; inz apathetic -'flenk adj. without, pathos] ape - n. 1 tailless monkey-like primate, the gorilla, chimpanzee, orange.g. utan, or gibbon. 2 imitator, -v. (-ping) miitate. mimic. [Old English] apeman n. extinct primate held to be the forerunner of present-day man. aperient apianant -adj. laxative. -n. laxative medicine. [Latin aperio open] aperitif a, pen ti:f n. alcoholic drink taken before a meal. [Latin aperio open] aperture 'a^pe.tja^ n. opening or gap. esp. a variable opening in a camera for admining light. [Latin aperio open] Apex eipeks n. (also APEX) (often artrib.) system of reduced fares for scheduled flights. [.Advance Purchase £.vcursion] apex "eipeks n. (pi -es) 1 highest point. 2 tip or pointed end. [Latin] aphasia a'feizie n. loss of verbal understanding or expression, owing to

'a?pafli

difference,

senkjas

troubled. 2 causing or anxiety (anxious moment). 3 eager, uneasily

saying).

anywhere aorta

1

in a disoror state (does his work

as two words to emphasize a numerical sense, as in any one of us can do it.

AOB

usu. above trade winds, antiviral aena'vaianaH

anyway. 2

anyhow).

against] aenti'toksrn n. antibody counteracting a toxin, antitoxic adj. antitrades a?nti treidz n,pl. winds blowing in the opposite direction to ^and

manner

1

anyone pron. anybody. Usage Anyone is written

contrasted words. antithetical -'Getik^H adj. [Greek antitithemi set

antitoxin

adv.

[Greek

a-

aphelion

aphelion

appal

33

brain damage. speechless]

[Greek

aphatos

apologize /a'pola^aiz/ (-zing or -sing)

a'frlian/ n. (pi. -lia) point in a

(also -ise)

v.

make an

apology, ex-

press regret.

where it is furthest from the sun. [Greek aph'heliou from

apology

the sun]

explanation or defence. 3 (foil, by for) poor specimen of. [Greek apologia from apologeomai speak in defence] apophthegm /'aepa.Gem/ n. = aphorism. [Latin from Greek]

celestial body's orbit

aphid

/'eifid/ n.

small insect infesting

and damaging

plants, e.g. the greenfly. /'eifis/ n. (pi aphides /-,di:z/) aphid, [invented by Linnaeus: perhaps a misreading of Greek koris bug] aphorism / aefa,nz(a)m/ n. short pithy

aphis

,

maxim.

aphoristic /-'nstik/ [Greek aphorismos definition]

aphrodisiac

/.aefra'dizi.aek/

adj.

-adj.

love]

bees are kept.

(pi -ies) place where n. [Latin apis

n.

apiarist

bee]

apical /'eipik(a)l/ adj. of, at, or forming an apex. apiculture /'eipi.kAltJaO*)/ n. beeapiculturist /-'kAltJanst/ keeping, n. [Latin apis bee, culture] apiece /a'pi:s/ adv. for each one; severally (five

pounds

apiece), [originally

a

piece]

apish

/'eipiJV adj.

of or like an ape. 2

1

foolishly imitating.

aplomb

/a'pmm/

n.

skilful self-assur-

ance. [French, = straight as a plummet] apocalypse /a'pokalips/ n. 1 violent or destructive event. 2 (the Apocalypse) Revelation, the last book of the New Testament. 3 revelation, esp. about the apocalyptic end of the world. /-'liptik/ adj. [Greek apokalupto reveal] Apocrypha /a'poknfa/ n.pl 1 books included in the Septuagint and Vulgate versions of the Old Testament but not in the Hebrew Bible. 2 (apocrypha) writings etc. not considered genuine. [Greek apokrupto hide away] doubtful of adj. apocryphal authenticity.

apogee

highest point; climax. 2 point in a celestial body's orbit where it is furthest from the earth. [Greek apogeion] apolitical /,eipa'litik(a)l/ adj. not interested in or concerned with politics. apologetic /a.pola'dsetik/ -adj. 1 showing or expressing regret. 2 of apolo-n. (usu. in pi.) reasoned getics, apolodefence, esp. of Christianity. getically adv. apologia /,aepa'laud3ia/ n. formal defence of opinions or conduct. [Greek: /'aepa,d3i:/

n.

1

see apology] /8'pDlad3ist/ n. person defends something by argument.

apologist

apoplectic

/.a^pa'plektik/ adj. 1 of or colloq. enraged.

causing apoplexy. 2

apoplexy

sudden paracaused by blockage or rupture of a brain artery; stroke. [Greek apoplesso disable by stroke] apostasy /a'pDstasi/ n. (pi. -ies) renunciation of a belief or faith, abandoning of principles, etc. [Greek, = defection] apostate /a'pDsteit/ n. person who renounces a belief etc. z apostatize v. /'aepa.pleksi/ n.

lysis

arousing sexual desire, -n. aphrodisiac substance. [Greek Aphrodite goddess of

apiary /'eipiari/

ment

/9'pDl8d3i/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 stateof regret for an offence or failure. 2

who

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing).

a posteriori /,ei

po,steri'o:rai/ -adj. (of reasoning) proceeding from effects to causes; inductive, -adv. inductively.

[Latin,

apostle

= from what comes

after]

(Apostle) any of the twelve men sent out by Christ to preach the gospel. 2 leader, esp. of a new movement. [Greek apostolos messenger] apostolate /a'pDstalat/ n. 1 position or authority of an Apostle. 2 leadership in reform. /a'pDs(a)l/ n. 1

apostolic

/.aepa'stDlik/ adj. 1 of the Apostles or their teaching. 2 of the Pope.

succession n. supposed uninterrupted transmission of spiritual authority from the Apostles through popes and bishops. apostrophe /a'pDstrafi/ n. 1 punctuation mark (') indicating: a omission of apostolic

letters or

numbers

(e.g. can't;

May

'92).

b possessive case (e.g. Harry's book; boys' coats). 2 exclamatory passage addressed to (an often absent) person or

apostrophize thing. (-zing or -sing) (in sense

v.

(also -ise)

2).

[Greek, =

turning away]

apothecaries'

measure

n.

(also

apothecaries' weight) units formerly used in pharmacy. /a'pDGakan/ n (pi. -ies) archaic dispensing chemist. [Greek apotheke storehouse]

apothecary apotheosis

n. (pi. /a.pDGi'ausis/ /-si:z/) 1 elevation to divine status, deification. 2 glorification of a thing; sublime example (apotheosis of

-theoses

chivalry). [Greek theos god] /a'po.l/ v. (-11-) 1 greatly dismay or horrify. 2 (as appalling adj.) colloq.

appal very

grow

bad,

[French apalir pale ]

shocking.

pale: related to

1

apparatus apparatus

equipment

for a particular function, esp. scientific or technical. 2 political or other complex organization. [Latin paro prepare] apparel /a'paer(a)l/ n. formal clothing, dress. apparelled adj. [Romanic, =

make fit, from Latin par equal] apparent /a'paerant/ adj. 1 visible; obvious. 2

readily

appar-

seeming.

ently adv. [Latin: related

appear] apparition /,a3pa'nj(a)n/ n. remarkable or unexpected thing that appears; ghost or phantom. appeal /a'pi:l/-i;. 1 request earnestly or to

formally; plead. 2 (usu. foil, by to) attract, be of interest. 3 (foil, by to) resort to for support. 4 Law a (often foil, by to) apply (to a higher court) for reconsideration of a legal decision, b refer (a case) to a higher court. 5 Cricket call on the umpire to declare whether a batsman is out. -n. 1 act of appealing. 2 request for public support, esp. financial. 3 Law referral of a case to a higher court. 4 attractiveness. [Latin appello address] appear /a'pia(r)/ v. 1 become or be visible. 2 seem (appeared unwell). 3 present oneself publicly or formally. 4 be published. [Latin appareo] appearance /a'piarans/ n. 1 act of appearing. 2 outward form as perceived (appearance of prosperity). 3 semblance. keep up appearances maintain an impression or pretence of virtue, affluence, etc. make (or put in) an appearance be present, esp. briefly.

appease

(-sing) 1 make calm conciliate (a potential

/a'pi:z/ v.

or quiet, esp. aggressor) by making concessions. 2 apsatisfy (an appetite, scruples). peasement n. [French a to, pais peace]

appellant

appoint

34

/.aepe'reitas/ n. 1

/a'pelant/ n.

person

who

ap-

appendix

/a'pendiks/ n. (pi. -dices /-,si:z/) 1 tissue forming a tube-shaped sac attached to the large intestine. 2 addition to a book etc. [Latin: related to

append]

appertain

/.aepa'tem/ v. (foil, by to) relate, belong, or be appropriate. [Latin: related to pertain]

appetite /'aepi.tait/

/'aepi,taiz9(r)/ n. (also -iser)

small amount, esp. of food or drink, to stimulate the appetite. appetizing adj. (also -ising) stimulating the appetite, esp. for food; tasty. applaud /a'pb:d/ v. 1 express strong approval (of), esp. by clapping. 2 commend, approve (a person or action). [Latin applaudo clap hands] applause /a'pk>:z/ n. 1 approval shown by clapping the hands. 2 warm approval.

apple

/'aep(a)l/ n. 1 roundish firm fruit with crisp flesh. 2 tree bearing this. apple of one's eye cherished person or

thing. [Old English]

apple-pie bed

n. bed made (as a joke) with sheets folded so as to prevent a person lying flat. apple-pie order n. extreme neatness,

appliance /a'plaians/ n.

by to) that may applicability /-'biliti/ appropriate. [medieval Latin: related to apply]

name

or

title;

nomenclature,

append

/a'pend/ v. (usu. foil, by to) attach, affix, add, esp. to a written document. [Latin appendo hang] appendage /a'pendid3/ n. thing attached; addition. appendectomy /.aepen'dektami/ n. (also appendicectomy /-di sektami/) (pi. -ies) surgical removal of the ap-

pendix, [from appendix, -ectomy] /a.pendi'saitis/ n. inflammation of the appendix.

appendicitis

a

n.

person who applicant applies for something, esp. a job. application /,aepli'keij(a)n/ n. 1 formal request. 2 act of applying. 3 substance applied. 4 a relevance, b use (has many /'aeplikant/ n.

applications). 5 diligence,

applique

appellative /a'pelativ/ adj. 1 naming. 2 Gram, (of a noun) designating a class, common.

etc. for

(often be applied; relevant;

foil,

appellation

formal

device

specific task, [related to apply] /'aeplikab(a)l/ adj.

applicable

applicator

n.

natural craving,

peto seek]

appetizer

peals to a higher court. [Latin appello address] appellate /a'pelat/ attrib. adj. (esp. of a court) concerned with appeals, /.aepa'leiJXa^n/

n. 1

esp. for food or sexual activity. 2 (usu. foil, by for) inclination or desire. [Latin

/'a3pli,keita(r)/ n.

applying ointment

applied

/a'plaid/

device for

etc.

adj.

practical, not science).

merely theoretical (applied

-n. cutting out of fabric patterns and attaching them to another fabric, -v. (-ques, -qued, applique. with decorate -queing) [French, = applied] /a'pli:kei/

apply

/a'plai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (often foil, for, to, or to + infin.) formally request. 2 (often foil, by to) be relevant. 3 a make use of; employ (apply the rules;

by

common sense), b operate (apply the brakes). 4 (often foil, by to) put or spread on. 5 refl. (often foil, by to) devote oneself. [Latin applico fasten to] appoint /a'point/ v. 1 assign a job or office to. 2 (often foil, by for) fix (a time, place, etc.). 3 (as appointed adj.) apply

appointment -

apportion to)

share

(often foil, by as a share. [medieval Latin:

a'po:J(a)n/ out; assign

apportionment

n.

v.

related to portion]

apposite

'sepazit/ adj. (often foil,

by

to)

apt, appropriate; well expressed. [Latin

appono apply]

apposition tion, esp.

/,aepa'ziJXa)n/ n. juxtaposi-

Gram, of elements sharing a

function (e.g. William the Conqueror, my friend Sue). appraisal /a'preiz(a)l/ n. appraising or being appraised. appraise ,'a'preiz/ v. (-sing) 1 estimate the value or quality of. 2 set a price on syntactic

(esp. officially), [earlier apprize, assimil-

ated to praise]

appreciable

/a'pri:Jab(a)l/ adj. significant, considerable. [French: related to

appreciate]

appreciate

/a'pri:Ji,eit/

(-ting)

v.

1

a

esteem highly; value, b be grateful for. 2 understand, recognize (appreciate the danger). 3 rise or raise in value, z

appreciative Jativ adj. appreciatory /-Jjatan adj. [Latin pretium price]

appreciation

9,pri:Ji'eir(a)n/

n.

1

or grateful recognition. 2 sensitive estimation or judgement. 3 rise in value. [French: related to appreciate]

favourable

apprehend

apron

35

equipped, furnished {well-appointed). appointee ti: n. [French a point to a pointjappointment n. 1 appointing or being appointed. 2 arrangement for meeting or consultation. 3 a post or office open to applicants, b person appointed. 4 (usu. in pi.) furniture, fittings; equipment.

/.aepri'hend/

seize,

1

v.

arrest. 2 understand, perceive. [Latin

prehendo grasp]

apprehension

/,aepri'henJXa)n/

n.

1

uneasiness, dread. 2 understanding. 3 arrest, capture.

apprehensive uneasily fearful,

/.aepn'hensiv,

z

adj.

apprehensively

adv.

approximate to (approaching 5 million). 4 set about (a task etc.). -n. 1 act or means of approaching. 2 approximation. 3 technique (try a new approach). 4 Golf stroke from the fairway to the green. 5 Aeron. part of a flight before landing. [Latin prope near]

approachable

adj. 1 friendly, easy to talk to. 2 able to be approached. approbation /,aepra'beiJXa)n/ n. approval, consent. [Latin probo test] appropriate -adj. /a'praupriat/ suitable, proper, - v. /a'praupn.eit/ (-ting) 1 take, esp. without authority. 2 devote (money etc.) to special purposes. appropriately adv. appropriation /-'eij(a)n/ n. [Latin. proprius

approval

/a'prentis/

-n.

1

person

own] approving.

1

/

neo belong

to]

APR

abbr. annual or annualized percentage rate (esp. of interest on loans or credit).

Apr.

abbr. April.

apres-ski

/.aeprei'ski:/ -n. social activfollowing a day's skiing, -attrib. adj. (of clothes, drinks, etc.) suitable for these. [French] apricot /'eipri.kDt/ -n. 1 a small juicy orange-yellow peachlike fruit, soft b tree bearing it. 2 its colour, -adj. orange-yellow. [Portuguese and Spanish from Arabic, ultimately from Latin ities

praecox early-ripe]

April

apprentice

/a'pru:v(a)l/ n.

2 consent; favourable opinion, z on approval (of goods supplied) returnable if not satisfactory. approve /a'pru:v/ v. (-ving) 1 confirm; sanction. 2 (often foil, by of) regard with favour. [Latin probo test] approx. abbr. approximately). approximate -adj. /a'prnksimat/ fairly correct, near to the actual (approximate price), -v. /a'pmksi.meit/ (-ting) (often foil, by to) bring or come near (esp. in quality, number, etc.). approximately adv. approximation /-'meij(a)n/ n. [Latin proximus nearest] appurtenance /a'p3:tmans n. (usu. in pi.) belonging; accessory. [Latin perti-

/'eipr(a)l/ n.

fourth

month

of the

year. [Latin]

learning a trade by working in it for an agreed period at low wages. 2 novice, -v.

April

engage as an apprentice (apprenticed to a builder). apprenticeship n. [French apprendre

a priori ,ei prai'a:rar -adj. 1 (of reasoning) from causes to effects; deductive.

(-cing) (usu.

foil,

by

to)

learn]

apprise

/a'praiz/

v.

(-sing)

formal

in-

form. [French appris(e) learnt, taught] on appro = "asprau n. colloq. on approval (see approval), [abbrevi-

appro ation]

approach /a'prautJV -v. nearer ively

make

1

come near

or

space or time. 2 tentata proposal to. 3 be similar or

(to) in

Fool

tricked on

1

n.

person

successfully

April.

2 (of concepts etc.) logically independent of experience; not derived from experience. 3 assumed without investigation (an a priori conjecture), -adv. 1 deductively. 2 as far as one knows. [Latin, = from what is before] apron /eipran/ n. 1 garment for covering and protecting the front of the clothes. 2 Theatr. part of a stage in front of the curtain. 3 area on an airfield for

apropos

apropos

.aepra'pau

—adj.

ate. 2 colloq. (often foil,

by

approprirespect

1

of) in

-adv. 1 appropriately. 2 (absol.) incidentally. [French a propos] apse aeps n. large arched or domed recess, esp. at the end of a church, [related to apsis] of.

apsis

n. {pi. apsides -,di:z ) two points on the orbit of a planet etc. nearest to or furthest from the body round which it moves. [Greek

'sepsis

either of

(h)apsis arch, vault] apt adj. 1 appropriate, suitable. 2 tending (apt to break down). 3 clever; quick to learn. [Latin aptus fitted]

aptitude

'aepti,tju:d

n.

1

natural

talent. 2 ability or fitness, esp. specified.

[French: related to apt] 'aekwa n. the colour aquamarine, [abbreviation] aqua fortis ,aekwa 'fo:tis/ n. nitric acid. [Latin, = strong water] aqualung 'aekwa.lArj n. portable breathing-apparatus for divers. [Latin aqua water] aquamarine .aekwama'run/ -n. 1 bluish-green beryl. 2 its colour, —adj. bluish-green. [Latin aqua marina sea water] aquaplane 'aekwa.plem/ -n. board for riding on water, pulled by a speedboat. -v. (-ning) 1 ride on this. 2 (of a vehicle) glide uncontrollably on a wet surface. 1 [Latin aqua water, plane ] aqua regia ,sekwa 'ri:d3ia n. highly corrosive mixture of acids, attacking many substances unaffected by other reagents. [Latin, = royal water] aquarelle .aekwa'rel n. painting in thin usu. transparent water-colours.

aqua

[French from Italian]

aquarium

/a'kweariam'

n.

(pi

-s)

tank

of water for keeping and showing fish etc. [Latin aquarius of water] a'kwearias, n. (pi. -es) 1 constellation and eleventh sign of the zodiac (the Water-carrier). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [Latin: related to aquarium] aquatic a'kwaetik -adj. 1 growing or living in water. 2 (of a sport) played in or on water, -n. 1 aquatic plant or animal. 2 (in pi.) aquatic sports. [Latin aqua

Aquarius

water]

aquatint

arbiter

36

manoeuvring or loading, z tied to a person's apron-strings dominated by or dependent on that person (usu. a woman), [originally napron, from French nape table-cloth]

'aekwatint n. etched print resembling a water-colour. [Italian acqua tinta coloured water]

aqua vitae

/,

aekwa

Vi:tai

n.

strong

alcoholic spirit, esp. brandy. [Latin, = water of life] aqueduct 'aekwi.dAkt/ n. water channel, esp. a bridge on columns across a valley. [Latin aquae ductus conduit] aqueous 'eikwias / adj. of or like water. [Latin aqua water] aqueous n. clear fluid in the eye between the lens and the cornea. aquilegia ,aekwi'li:d3a/ n. (usu. blueflowered) columbine. [Latin] aquiline 'aekwi.lain adj. 1 of or like an eagle. 2 (of a nose) curved. [Latin aquila eagle]

humour

Ar symb.

argon.

suffix forming adjectives (angular; linear). [Latin -aris]

-ar

Arab

'aerab -n. 1 member of a Semitic people originating in Saudi Arabia and neighbouring countries, now widespread throughout the Middle East. 2 horse of a breed orig. native to Arabia. -adj. of Arabia or the Arabs (esp. with ethnic reference). [Arabic araps]

arabesque

.aera'besk n. 1 Ballet posture with one leg extended horizontally backwards and arms outstretched. 2 design of intertwined leaves, scrolls, etc. 3

Mus. florid piece. [French from from arabo Arab]

Italian

Arabian

a'reibian -adj. of or relating

Arabia (esp. in geographical contexts) (Arabian desert), -n. native of to

Arabia.

Usage In the sense 'native of Arabia', the usual term is now Arab. Arabic

'aerabik -n. Semitic language of the Arabs, -adj. of the Arabs (esp. their language or literature). arabic numeral n. any of the

numerals

arable

0-9.

'aerab(a)l' adj. (of land) suitable

crop plough] for

production.

[Latin

aro

to

arachnid

a'raeknid n. arthropod of a class comprising spiders, scorpions, etc. arakhne spider] [Greek arak var. of arrack.

Araldite resin for

'aeral.dait'

n.

propr. epoxy

mending china

etc.

[origin

unknown]

Aramaic

.asra'menk -n. branch of the Semitic family of languages, esp. the language of Syria used as a lingua franca in the Near East from the sixth century bc. -adj. of or in Aramaic. [Greek Aramaios of Aram (Hebrew

name

of Syria)]

arbiter

'a:brta. (usu. foil, draw a by off, out) screen, obscure. blank get no response; fail. blankly adv. blankness n. [French blanc white,

from Germanic]

blank cheque payee to

fill

in.

n. 1 cheque left for the 2 colloq. unlimited free-

dom

of action. 1 large esp. woollen sheet used as a bed-covering etc. 2

blanket /'blaenkit/-rc.

blanket bath

bedridden patient.

blanket stitch

stitch

n.

used

to finish

the edges of a blanket etc.

blank verse

unrhymed

n.

verse, esp.

iambic pentameters,

blare -v. 2

make

(-ring)1 sound or utter loudly. the sound of a trumpet, -n.

blaring sound. [Low

German

or Dutch,

imitative]

blarney

-n. cajoling talk; flattery, -v. (-eys, -eyed) flatter, cajole. [Blarney, castle near Cork] blase /'bla:zei/ adj. bored or indifferent through over-familiarity. [French] blaspheme /blaes'fi:m/ v. (-ming) 1 use religious names irreverently; treat a religious or sacred subject irreverently. 2 talk irreverently about; use blas-

phemy

/'bla:ni/

against. [Greek blasphemed]

blasphemy

/'blaesfami/ n. (pi. -ies)

1

irreverent talk or treatment of a religious or sacred thing. 2 instance of

blasphemous

this.

blast

adj.

-n. 1 strong gust of air. 2 a explosion, b destructive wave of air from this. 3 loud note from a wind instrument, car horn, etc. 4 colloq. severe reprimand, —v. 1 blow up with explosives. 2 wither, blight (blasted oak; blasted her hopes). 3 (cause to) make a loud noise, —int. expressing annoyance. at full blast colloq. at maximum volume, speed, etc. blast off take off from a launching site. [Old English] /blaist/

blasted

colloq.

-attrib. adj.

damned;

annoying, -adv. damned; extremely. blast-furnace n. smelting furnace into which hot air is driven.

blast-off n. launching of a rocket

blatant /'bleit(8)nt/ unashamed. 2 loudly

adj.

1

etc.

flagrant,

obtrusive.

bla-

tantly adv. [coined by Spenser]

blather foolish

-n. (also blether) talk foolishly. [Old

/'blaeda(r)/

talk.

-v.

Norse]

blaze

1

bless

82

thick covering mass or layer, -attrib. adj. covering everything; inclusive. — v. (-t-) 1 cover. 2 stifle, suppress. [French: related to blank] blanket bath n. body wash given to a

-n. 1 bright flame or fire. 2 violent outburst (of passion etc.). 3 brilliant display (blaze of scarlet, of glory), -v. (-zing) 1 burn or shine brightly or fiercely. 2 be consumed with anger, blaze away (often excitement, etc. foil, by at) 1 shoot continuously. 2 work vigorously. [Old English, = torch] blaze 2 -n. 1 white mark on an animal's face. 2 mark cut on a tree, esp. to show a route, -v. (-zing) mark (a tree or a path) blaze a trail show the with blazes. way for others, [origin uncertain]

blazer

jacket without matching trousers, esp. lightweight and often part of a uniform, [from blaze 1 ] blazon /'bleiz(a)n/ -v. 1 proclaim (esp. blazon abroad). 2 Heraldry describe or paint (arms). -n. Heraldry shield or coat of arms. blazonment n. blazonry n. [French, originally = shield] bleach -v. whiten in sunlight or by a chemical process, -n. bleaching substance or process. [Old English] bleak adj. 1 exposed, windswept. 2 dreary, grim. [Old Norse] bleary /'blian/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 dim; blurred. 2 indistinct. [Low German] n.

bleary-eyed

adj.

having dim

sight.

bleat -v. 1 (of a sheep, make a wavering cry. 2

goat, or calf) (often foil, by out) speak or say plaintively, -n. bleating cry. [Old English] bleed -v. (past and past part, bled) 1 emit blood. 2 draw blood from surgically. 3 colloq. extort money from. 4 (often foil, by for) suffer wounds or violent death. 5 a emit sap. b (of dye) come out in water. 6 empty (a system) of excess air or fluid. — n. act of bleeding.

one's heart bleeds usu. iron, one very sorrowful. [Old English] bleeder n. coarse slang unpleasant or contemptible person. bleeding adj. & adv. coarse slang expressing annoyance or antipathy. is

bleep -n.

intermittent high-pitched electronic sound, - v. 1 make a bleep. 2 summon with a bleeper. [imitative] bleeper n. small electronic device bleeping to contact the carrier.

blemish

/'blemiJV -n. flaw, defect, or mark, or stain. [French] blench v. flinch, quail. [Old English] blend -v. 1 mix together as required. 2 become one. 3 (often foil, by with, in) stain, -v. spoil,

mingle; mix thoroughly. 4 (esp. of colours) merge imperceptibly; harmonize. -n. mixture. [Old Norse]

blender

n.

machine

for

liquidizing,

chopping, or pureeing food. /'bleni/ n. (pi. -ies) small spinyfinned scaleless marine fish. [Greek blennos mucus] bless v. (past and past part, blessed, poet, blest) 1 ask God to look favourably

blenny

on, esp. by making the sign of the cross over. 2 consecrate (food etc.). 3 glorify (God). 4 attribute one's good luck to (stars etc.); thank. 5 (usu. in passive) make happy or successful (blessed with soul) (or bless children). exclamation of surprise etc. bless you! exclamation of endearment, gratitude, etc., or to a person who has just sneezed.

me

[Old English]

my

blessed blessed

blest) 1 nuisance!). 3

sedness n. blessing n.

RC

Ch. beatified.

bles-

invocation of (esp. divine) favour. 2 grace said at a meal. 3 benefit, blether var. of blather. blew past of blow blight blait -n. 1 plant disease caused 1

1

.

by insects etc. 2 such an insect etc. 3 harmful or destructive force. 4 ugly urban area, -o, 1 affect with blight. 2 harm, destroy. 3 spoil, [origin

unknown] blighter n.

contemptible or an-

colloq.

noying person.

Blighty

blaiti

n.

Mil. slang England:

home. [Hindustani. = foreign]

blimey

'blaimi int. coarse slang expression of surprise, contempt, etc.

[(God) blind me!)

blimp

n. 1 (also (Colonel) Blimp) reactionary person. 2 small non-rigid airship. 3 soundproof cover for a cinecamera, [origin uncertain] blind blaind -adj. 1 lacking the power of sight. 2 a without adequate foresight, discernment, or information (blind effort), b (often foil, by to) unwilling or unable to appreciate a factor etc. (blind to argument). 3 not governed bV purpose or reason (blind forces). 4 reckless (blind hitting). 5 a concealed (blind ditch), b closed at one end. 6 (of flying) using instruments only. 7 Cookery (of a flan case etc.) baked without a filling. — i\ 1 deprive of sight. 2 rob of judgement; deceive; overawe. 3 slang go recklessly, -n. 1 screen for a window; awning. 2 thing used to hide the truth. 3 obstruction to sight or light, -adv.

blindlv.

blindlv adv. blindness n

[Old English]

blind alley

n. 1

alley closed at

one end.

2 futile course.

blind date people

block

B3

blesid. blest adj. (also poet. holy. 2 euphem. cursed (blessed

who have

between two

not previously met.

adj.

colloq.

extremely

drunk.

1 (usu. in pi.) each of two screens on a bridle preventing lateral vision. 2 device that blinks, -r. 1 obscure with blinkers. 2 (as blinkered adj.) having narrow and prejudiced

views.

blinking

adj.

annoyance

&

adv. slang expressing blinking stupid).

etc. (it's

blip — n. 1 minor deviation or error. 2 quick popping sound. 3 small image on a radar screen, -v. (-pp-) make a blip, [imitative]

bliss n. 1 perfect joy. 2 being in heaven. blissful adj. blissfully adv. [Old English]

blister -n 1 small bubble on the skin filled with watery fluid and caused by heat or friction. 2 similar swelling on plastic, wood. etc. — 1\ 1 come up in blisters. 2 raise a blister on. 3 attack

sharply, [origin uncertain] adj. 1 cheerful, happy. 2 blithely adv. [Old careless, casual, English] blithering blioarrn attrib. adj. colloq. hopeless; contemptible (esp. in blithering idiot), [blither, var. of blather] BLitt. abbr. Bachelor of Letters. [Latin

blithe Maid

Baccalaureus Litterarum] blitz bins colloq. -n. 1 a intensive or sudden (esp. aerial) attack, b intensive period of work etc. (must have a blitz on this room). 2 (the Blitz) German air raids on London in 1940. -r. inflict a blitz on. [abbreviation of blitzkrieg] blitzkrieg blitskri:g n. intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory. [German. = lightning war] blizzard blizad n. severe snowstorm,

adj.

3

)

unknown]

1 inflate, swell. 2 (as bloated inflated with pride, wealth, or food. (a herring) by salting and smok-

bloat

v.

cure

ing lightly. [Old Norse]

blindfold

-r. cover the eyes of (a person) with a tied cloth etc. -n. cloth etc. & adv. 1 with eyes -adj. used. so covered. 2 without due care, [originally blindfelled = struck blind] blind man's buff n. game in which a blindfold player tries to catch others. blind spot n. 1 point on the retina insensitive to light. 2 area where vision

or understanding

blindworm

blinker —it

[origin

n. colloq. date

blind drunk

-n. 1 act of blinking. 2 momentary gleam or glimpse. blink at 1 look at while blinking. 2 ignore, shirk, on the blink slang not working properly; out of order. [Dutch, var. of blench] flicker,

is

lacking.

= slow worm. blink -v. 1 shut and open the eyes quickly. 2 (often foil, by back) prevent (tears) by blinking. 3 shine unsteadily. n.

bloater n. bloated herring, blob ft small drop or spot, [imitative] bloc n. group of governments etc. sharing a common purpose. [French: related to block] block -n. 1 solid piece of hard material, esp. stone or wood. 2 this as a base for chopping etc.. as a stand, or for mounting a horse from. 3 a large building, esp. when subdivided, b group of buildings between streets. 4 obstruction. 5 two or more pulleys mounted in a case. 6 piece of wood or metal engraved for printing. 7 slang head. 8 (often attrib. number of )

blockade

Dutch]

blockade /blD'keid/-rc. surrounding or blocking of a place by an enemy to prevent entry and

exit. -v. (-ding)

sub-

ject to a blockade.

blockage n. obstruction. block and tackle n. system and ropes,

of pulleys

esp. for lifting.

blockbuster

slang 1 thing of great power, esp. a very successful film, book, etc. 2 highly destructive bomb. n.

block capitals

n.pl. (also block letters) letters printed without serifs, or written with each letter separate and in

blockhead n. stupid person. blockhouse n. 1 reinforced block vote

vote proportional in power to the number of people a delegate represents. bloke n. slang man, fellow. [Shelta] blond (of a woman usu. blonde) -adj. (of a person, hair, or complexion) lightcoloured, fair. —n. blond person. [Latin blondus yellow] blood /bUd/ -n. 1 usu. red fluid circulating in the arteries and veins of animals. 2 bloodshed, esp. killing. 3 passion, temperament. 4 race, descent, parentage (of the same blood). 5 relationship; relations (blood is thicker than water). 6 dandy, -v. 1 give (a hound) a first taste in one's of blood. 2 initiate (a person). blood inherent in one's character. [Old English] blood bank n. store of blood for transn.

fusion.

blood bath n. massacre. blood count n. number of corpuscles in a specific amount of blood, blood-curdling adj. horrifying, blood donor n. person giving blood for transfusion.

blood group

n.

any of the types of

blood. n.

normal human temper-

ature, about 37 °C or 98.4 °F. bloodhound n. large keen-scented dog used in tracking.

bloodless

adj. 1 without blood or bloodshed. 2 unemotional. 3 pale. 4

feeble.

surgical removal of

n.

blood.

blood-money

money paid as commoney paid to a

n. 1

pensation for a death. 2 killer.

blood orange n. red-fleshed orange. blood-poisoning n. diseased condition caused blood.

by micro-organisms in the

blood pressure

n.

blood in the arteries diagnosis.

blood relation ive) relative

by

pressure of the etc.,

(also birth. n.

measured

for

blood relat-

bloodshed n. killing. bloodshot adj. (of an eyeball) inflamed. blood sport n. sport involving the killing or wounding of animals. bloodstain n. stain caused by

bloodstained

blood.

adj.

bloodstream n. bloodsucker n.

blood in circulation, 1

leech. 2 extortioner.

bloodsucking adj. blood sugar n. amount

of glucose in

blood test n. examination of blood, esp. concrete

shelter. 2 hist, small fort of timber.

blood-heat

blood-letting

the blood.

capitals.

human

blooming

84

things as a unit, e.g. shares, theatre seats {block booking). 9 sheets of paper glued along one edge. -d. 1 a (often foil, by up) obstruct, b impede. 2 restrict the use of. 3 Cricket stop (a ball) with a bat defensively. block in 1 sketch roughly; plan. 2 confine, block out 1 shut out (light, noise, a memory, view, etc.). 2 sketch roughly; plan, block up confine; enclose. [Low German or

for diagnosis.

bloodthirsty adj.

(-ier, -iest)

eager for

bloodshed.

blood-vessel

n. vein, artery, or capillary carrying blood. bloody —adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of, like, running with, or smeared with blood. 2 a involving bloodshed, b bloodthirsty, cruel. coarse slang expressing 3 annoyance or antipathy, or as an intensifier (bloody fool; a bloody sight better). 4 red. -adv. coarse slang as an intensifier (bloody awful). -v. (-ies, -ied) stain with blood. Bloody Mary n. mixture of vodka and

tomato juice.

bloody-minded

adj. colloq. deliberately uncooperative. 1 a flower, esp. cultivated, b state of flowering (in bloom). 2 one's prime (in full bloom). 3 a healthy glow of the complexion, b fine powder on fresh fruit and leaves, -v. 1 bear flowers; be in flower. 2 be in one's prime; flourish. [Old Norse] bloomer 1 n. 1 slang blunder. 2 plant that blooms in a specified way. bloomer2 n. long loaf with diagonal marks, [origin uncertain] bloomers n.pl. 1 women's long loose knickers. 2 hist, women's loose kneelength trousers. [Mrs A. Bloomer, name of the originator] blooming -adj. 1 flourishing; healthy. 2 slang an intensifier (blooming miracle), -adv. slang an intensifier (bloom-

bloom -n.

ing

difficult).

blossom /'blDsam/ -n. 1 flower or mass of flowers, esp. of a fruit-tree. 2 promising stage (blossom of youth). -v. 1 open into flower. 2 mature, thrive. [Old Eng-

b exaggerate. 5

spot or stain of ink etc. 2 disgraceful act or quality. 3 blemish, -v. (-tt-) 1 make a blot on, stain. 2 dry with blotting-paper. blot one's copybook damage one's reputation, blot out 1 obliterate. 2 obscure (a view, sound, etc.). [probably Scandinavian] blotch -rc. 1 discoloured or inflamed patch on the skin. 2 irregular patch of colour, —v. cover with blotches. blotchy adj. (-ier, -iest). [obsolete plotch, blot] blotter n. pad of blotting-paper, 1

blotting-paper

n.

absorbent paper for

drying wet ink.

blotto

/'blDtau/ adj.

hard stroke with a hand or weapon. 2 sudden shock or misfor1

unknown]

blow-by-blow

attrib. adj. (of a narrative etc.) detailed. blow-dry -v. arrange (the hair) while drying it. -n. act of doing this. blower n. 1 device for blowing. 2 colloq. telephone. blowfly n. bluebottle. blow-hole n. 1 nostril of a whale. 2 hole (esp. in ice) for breathing or fishing through. 3 vent for air, smoke, etc. blow-job n. coarse slang instance of

or cunnilingus. n. device with a very hot flame for burning off paint, plumbing,

fellatio

blowlamp etc.

slang very drunk,

[origin uncertain] blouse /blauz/ -n. 1 woman's garment like a shirt. 2 upper part of a military uniform, —v. (-sing) make (a bodice etc.) full like a blouse. [French] blouson /'blu:zDn/ n. short blouseshaped jacket. [French] blow 1 /blau/ -i>. (past blew; past part. blown) 1 direct a current of air (at) esp. from the mouth. 2 drive or be driven by blowing (blew the door open). 3 (esp. of the wind) move rapidly. 4 expel by

breathing (blew smoke). 5 sound or be sounded by blowing. 6 (past part. blowed) slang (esp. in imper.) curse, confound (I'm blowed if I know; blow it!). 7 clear (the nose) by blowing. 8 puff, pant. 9 slang depart suddenly (from). 10 shatter etc. by an explosion. 11 make or shape (glass or a bubble) by blowing. 12 a melt from overloading (the fuse has blown), b break or burst suddenly. 13 (of a whale) eject air and water. 14 break 15 slang a into with explosives. squander (blew £20). b bungle (an opsecret etc.). (a reveal portunity etc.). c -n. 1 act of blowing. 2 a gust of wind or be blowed air. b exposure to fresh air. if one will colloq. be unwilling to. blow a gasket slang lose one's temper, blow hot and cold colloq. vacillate, blow in 1 break inwards by an explosion. 2 colloq. arrive unexpectedly, blow a person's mind slang cause to have hallucinations etc.; astound, blow ofT1 escape or allow (steam etc.) to escape forcibly. 2 slang break wind noisily, blow out 1 extinguish by blowing. 2 send outwards

by an explosion, blow over (of trouble etc.) fade away, blow one's top colloq. explode in rage, blow colloq.

happen. 6 temper. [Old English]

colloq. arise,

colloq. lose one's

blow2 /blau/ n. tune, [origin

lish]

blot -n.

etc.).

Blue Book

85

blossom

up

rebuke strongly. 3

1

explode. 2

inflate (a tyre

4 colloq. a enlarge (a photograph).

blown past part, blow-out

of

blow

1 .

burst tyre. 2 melted fuse. 3 huge meal, blowpipe n. 1 tube for blowing air through, esp. to intensify a flame or to blow glass. 2 tube for propelling poisoned darts etc. by blowing, n.

blowtorch blow-up n. photograph

n.

colloq.

1

US = blowlamp.

1 colloq.

etc.).

enlargement (of a

2 explosion,

blowy /'blaui/ adj. blowzy /'blauzi/

(-ier, -iest)

adj.

(-ier,

windy, -iest)

1

coarse-looking; red-faced. 2 slovenly. [obsolete blowze beggar's wench] blub v. (-bb-) slang sob. [shortening of

blubber]

blubber -n. whale fat. -v.

1 sob loudly. 2 sob out (words), -adj. swollen, thick, [probably imitative] bludgeon /'bL\d3(a)n/ -n. heavy club. -v. 1 beat with this. 2 coerce, [origin

unknown] blue /blu:/

-adj. (bluer, bluest) 1 having the colour of a clear sky. 2 sad, depressed. 3 pornographic (a blue film). 4 politically conservative, -n. 1 blue colour or pigment. 2 blue clothes or material (dressed in blue). 3 person who represents a university in a sport, esp. Oxford or Cambridge. 4 Conservative party supporter, -v. (blues, blued, bluing or blueing) 1 make blue. 2 slang once in a blue moon very squander. rarely, out of the blue unexpectedly.

[French from Germanic] n. baby with a blue complexion due to a congenital heart defect. bluebell n. woodland plant with bellshaped blue flowers. blueberry n. (pi. -ies) small blue-black edible fruit of various plants. blue blood n. noble birth. Blue Book n. report issued by Parliament or the Privy Council.

blue baby

bluebottle

boater

86

bluebottle n. large buzzing fly; blowfly, blue cheese n. cheese with veins of blue mould.

bluster

-v. 1 behave pompously or boisterously. 2 (of the wind etc.) blow

bombastic talk; empty blustery adj. [imitative]

-n.

fiercely,

blue-collar attrib. adj. (of a worker or work) manual; industrial.

blue-eyed boy n. colloq. favourite. blue funk n. colloq. terror or panic. bluegrass n. a kind of instrumental country-and-western music. v. censor or cut

blue-pencil

threats,

BM abbr. British Museum. 2 Bachelor of Medicine. BMA abbr. British Medical Association. B.Mus. abbr. Bachelor of Music. BMX ,bi:em'eks organized bicycle1

n. 1

(a

manu-

script, film. etc.).

Blue Peter

racing on a dirt-track. 2 bicycle used for this, [abbreviation of bicycle moto-

n. blue flag with a white square flown by a ship about to leave

BO abbr.

port.

boa

blueprint

photographic print of plans in white on a blue background. 2 n.

1

detailed plan.

blue rinse blues n.pl.

n. bluish dye for grey hair. 1 (prec. by the) bout of depression. 2 a (prec. by the; often treated as sing.) melancholic music of Black American origin, usu. in a twelve-bar sequence, b (pi. same) (as sing.) piece of

such music (played a blues).

bluestocking

n. usu. derog. intellectual or literary woman. [18th-c. Blue Stocking Society! blue tit n. common tit with a blue crest, blue whale n. rorqual, the largest known living mammal, bluff —17. pretend strength, confidence. etc. -n. act of bluffing, z call a person's

bluff challenge a person to prove a claim. [Dutch bluffen brag] bluff -adj. 1 blunt, frank, hearty. 2 vertical or steep and broad in front, -n. [origin headland, or steep cliff 2

unknown] bluish 'blu:ij

adj. fairly blue,

blunder -n. serious or foolish mistake. —r 1 make a blunder. 2 move clumsily: stumble, [probably Scandinavian] hist. n. 'bL\nd9,bAS short large-bored gun. [Dutch donderbus thunder gun] blunt -adj. 1 not sharp or pointed. 2 direct, outspoken, -v. make blunt or less sharp, z bluntly adv. (in sense 2 of adj.). bluntness n. {probably Scandinavian] blur -v. (-rr-) make or become unclear or less distinct; smear, -n. blurred object, sound, memory, etc. [perhaps related to bleary]

blunderbuss

blurb

promotional description, esp. of a book, [coined by G. Burgess 1907] blurt v. (usu. foil, by out) utter abruptly, n.

thoughtlessly, or tactlessly, [imitative] blush -v. 1 a become pink in the face from embarrassment or shame, b (of the face) redden thus. 2 feel embarrassed or ashamed. 3 redden, -n. 1 act of blushing. 2 pink tinge. [Old English] blusher n. rouge.

cross] colloq.

body odour.

large snake which kills by crushing and suffocating. 2 long stole of feathers or fur. [Latin] boa constrictor n. species of boa. boar n. 1 male wild pig. 2 uncastrated male pig. [Old English] board -n. 1 a flat thin piece of sawn timber, usu. long and narrow, b material resembling this, of compressed fibres, c thin slab of wood etc. d thick stiff card used in bookbinding. 2 provision of regular meals, usu. with accommodation, for payment. 3 directors of a company; official administrative body. 4 (in pi. ) stage of a theatre. 5 side of a ship. -v. 1 go on board (a ship, train, etc.). 2 receive, or provide with, meals and usu. lodging. 3 (usu. foil, by up) cover with boards; seal or close, z go by the board be neglected or discarded, on board on or on to a ship, aircraft, oil rig, etc. take on board consider, take notice of; accept. [Old English] boarder n. 1 person who boards, esp. at a boarding-school. 2 person who boards a ship, esp. an enemy. board-game n. game played on a board. boarding-house n. unlicensed establishment providing board and lodging, 'baua

n. 1

esp. to holiday-makers. n. school in which pupils live in term-time. boardroom n. room in which a board of directors etc. meets regularly. boast -v. 1 declare one's virtues, wealth, etc. with excessive pride. 2 own or have with pride (hotel boasts a ballroom), -n. 1 act of boasting. 2 thing one

boarding-school

is

proud

of.

boastful

[Anglo-French] given to boasting,

adj.

c

boastfully adv. -n. 1 small vessel propelled on water by an engine, oars, or sails. 2 any ship. 3 long low jug for sauce etc. -v. go in a boat, esp. for pleasure, z in the same boat having the same problems.

boat

[Old English]

boater brim.

n.

flat-topped straw hat with a

boat-hook boat-hook

n.

boat-house n. waterside shed

for hous-

ing boats. n.

rowing or sailing as recre-

ation.

boatman

n. person who hires out boats or provides transport by boat.

boat people n.pl. refugees travelling by sea.

boatswain

/'baus(9)n/ n. (also bosun, bo'sun) ship's officer in charge of equip-

ment and crew. boat-train n. train scheduled

to

meet

or go on a boat.

bob

-v. (-bb-) 1 move quickly up and down. 2 (usu. foil, by back, up) bounce or emerge buoyantly or suddenly. 3 cut 1

(the hair) in a bob. 4 curtsy. -n. 1 jerking or bouncing movement, esp. upward. 2 hairstyle with the hair hanging evenly

above the shoulders. 3 weight on a pendulum etc. 4 horse's docked tail. 5 curtsy, [imitative]

bob

2

(pi.

n.

(now =

same)

5 pence), [origin

unknown]

n. bob's your uncle slang expression of completion or success,

form of Robert]

bobbin

/'bDbm/ n. spool or reel for [French] bobble /'bDb(a)l/ n. small woolly ball on [diminutive of bob ] etc. a hat

thread

etc.

1

bobby [Sir

n.

(pi -ies) colloq. police officer.

Robert Peel,

19th-c.

statesman]

bob-sled n. US = bob-sleigh. bob-sleigh -n. mechanically-steered and -braked racing sledge, -v. race in a bob-sleigh.

bobtail with

n. 1

docked

tail.

2 horse or dog

this.

Boche

/bDjV n. slang derog. German, esp. a soldier. [French] bod n. colloq. person, [shortening of

body]

bode

v.

(-ding) be a sign

bode well

(or ill) be a

sign. [Old English] bodega /bau'di:ga/

n.

of,

portend.

good (or bad)

cellar or

shop

selling wine. [Spanish] bodge var. of botch. /'bDdis/ n. 1 part of a woman's dress above the waist. 2 woman's vestlike undergarment, [originally pair of

bodice

bodies]

bodily

/'bDdili/

-adj. of the body. -adv.

as a whole body (threw them bodily). 2 in the flesh, in person, bodkin /'bDdkm/ n. blunt thick needle for drawing tape etc. through a hem. [origin uncertain] body /'bDdi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 whole physical structure, including the bones, flesh, and organs, of a person or an animal, 1

alive. 2

= trunk

3

2.

central part; bulk or majority (body of opinion). 4 a group regarded as a unit, b (usu. foil, by of) collection (body of facts). 5 quantity (body of water). 6 piece of matter (heavenly body). 7 colloq. person. 8 full or substantial quality of flavour, tone, etc. in a body all together. [Old English] body-blow n. severe setback. body-building n. exercises to enlarge and strengthen the muscles. bodyguard n. person or group escorting and protecting another.

body language

n. communication through gestures and poses.

body odour

n. smell of the human body, esp. when unpleasant. body politic n. nation or State as a corporate body. body shop n. workshop where body-

work

is

repaired.

body stocking

n.

garment covering the slang shilling

hist,

bob 3 [pet

whether dead or

main or

ing boats.

boating

Bohemian

87

long hooked pole for mov-

woman's undertorso.

bodysuit n. close-fitting all-in-one garment for women, worn esp. for sport.

bodywork

n.

outer shell of a vehicle.

Boer lbo:(v)l-n. South African of Dutch descent, -adj. of the Boers. [Dutch,

=

farmer]

boffin ist,

/'bofin/ n. colloq.

research scient-

unknown]

[origin

a wet spongy ground, b stretch of this. 2 slang lavatory, -v. (-gg-) (foil, by down; usu. in passive) impede (bogged down by snow). boggy adj. (-ier, -iest). [Irish or Gaelic bogach] bogey 1 1'bdugil n. (pi. -eys) Golf 1 score of one stroke more than par at any hole. 2 (formerly) par. [perhaps from Bogey,

bog-rc.

1

as an imaginary player]

bogey 2 /'baugi/ n. -ies) 1 evil

(also bogy) (pi. -eys or or mischievous spirit; devil. 2

awkward

thing. 3 slang piece of dried nasal mucus, [originally (Old) Bogey the Devil] n. (also bogyman) frighten-

bogeyman ing person

boggle

etc.

/'bDg(9)l/

v.

(-ling) colloq.

startled or baffled (esp. the gles),

[probably

bogie

/'baugi/ n.

below

a

mind

be

bog2

boggle bogey wheeled undercarriage

dial,

locomotive

]

etc.

[origin

unknown]

bogus

/'baugas/ adj. sham, spurious, [origin unknown] bogy var. of bogey 2 var. of bogeyman. /b8u'hi:mi8n/-rc. 1 native of Bohemia, a Czech. 2 (also bohemian) socially unconventional person, esp. an .

bogyman Bohemian

1 of Bohemia or its bohemian) socially

artist or writer. -adj.

people.

2

(also

boil

to essentials. 3 (foil, by to) amount to. boil over 1 spill over in boiling. 2 lose one's temper. [Latin bullio to bubble] boil 2 n. inflamed pus-filled swelling under the skin. [Old English] boiler n. 1 apparatus for heating a hotwater supply. 2 tank for heating water or turning it to steam. 3 tub for boiling laundry etc. 4 fowl etc. for boiling. boiler-room n. room with a boiler and other heating equipment, esp. in a base-

ment.

boiler suit n. protective outer garment of trousers and jacket in one. boiling adj. colloq. very hot. boiling-point n. 1 temperature at which a liquid begins to boil. 2 great excitement.

boisterous

/'boistaras/ adj.

1

noisily

exuberant, rough. 2 (of the sea etc.) stormy, [origin unknown] bold /t>9uld/ adj. 1 confidently assertive; adventurous, brave. 2 impudent. 3 vivid (bold colours). make (or be) so bold boldly as to presume to; venture to. adv. boldness n. [Old English] bole n. trunk of a tree. [Old Norse]

bolero

bomber jacket

38

unconventional. bohemianism n. [Bohemia, part of Czechoslovakia] 1 boil -v. 1 a (of a liquid) start to bubble up and turn into vapour on reaching a certain temperature, b (of a vessel) contain boiling liquid (kettle is boiling). 2 a bring to boiling-point, b cook in boiling liquid, c subject to boiling water, e.g. to clean. 3 a move or seethe like boiling water, b be very angry, -n. act or process of boiling; boiling-point (on the boil; bring to the boil). boil down 1 reduce in volume by boiling. 2 reduce

n. (pi. -s) 1

/ba'learau/

Spanish

dance, or the music for it, in triple time. 2 /'bnterau/ woman's short open jacket. [Spanish] boll /baul/ n. round seed-vessel of cotton, flax, etc. [Dutch] bollard /'bolaid/ n. 1 short post in the road, esp. on a traffic island. 2 short post on a quay or ship for securing a rope, [perhaps related to bole] bollocking /'bolakin/ n. (also ballocking) coarse slang severe reprimand. bollocks /'bnlaks/ n. (also ballocks) coarse slang 1 (usu. as int.) nonsense. 2 1 testicles. [Old English: related to ball ] boloney /balauni/ n. (also baloney) slang nonsense, [origin uncertain] Bolshevik /'boljavik/ -n. 1 hist, member of the radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party becoming the Communist Party in 1918. 2 Russian Communist. 3 any revolutionary social-adj. 1 of the Bolsheviks. 2 ist,

Bolshevism

Communist. shevist

n.

[Russian, =

n.

Bol-

member

of the

majority]

Bolshie

Bolshy) slang

(also

/'bDlJi/

-adj. (usu. bolshie) 1 uncooperative; bad-tempered. 2 left-wing. -n. (pi. -ies) Bolshevik, [abbreviation] bolster /'b3ulsta(r)/ -n. long cylindrical pillow, -v. (usu. foil, by up) encourage, support, prop up. [Old English] bolt 1 /bault/ -n. 1 sliding bar and socket used to fasten a door etc. 2 large metal pin with a thread, usu. used with a nut, to hold things together. 3 discharge of lightning. 4 act of bolting, -v. 1 fasten with a bolt. 2 (foil, by in, out) keep (a person etc.) in or out by bolting a door. 3 fasten together with bolts. 4 a dash off suddenly, b (of a horse) suddenly gallop out of control. 5 gulp down (food) unchewed. 6 (of a plant) run to seed. -adv. (usu. in bolt upright) rigidly, stiffly. bolt from the blue complete surprise. [Old English]

bolt 2 etc.).

/bault/

(also boult) sift (flour

v.

[French]

bolt-hole

n.

means

bomb /bDm/ -n.

of escape.

container filled with explosive, incendiary material, etc., designed to explode and cause damage. 2 (prec. by the) the atomic or hydrogen bomb. 3 slang large sum of money (cost a bomb). -v. 1 attack with bombs; drop

bombs

1

on. 2 (usu.

foil,

by along,

off)

like a bomb go very quickly. colloq. 1 very successfully. 2 very fast. [Greek bombos hum] bombard /bDm'baid/ v. 1 attack with heavy guns or bombs etc. 2 (often foil, by with) question or abuse persistently. 3 Physics direct a stream of high-speed colloq.

bombardment n. [Latin: particles at. related to bomb] bombardier /,bDmba'di8(r)/ n. 1 noncommissioned officer in the artillery. 2 US crew member in an aircraft who aims and releases bombs. bombast /'bmnbaest/ n. pompous language;

bombastic

hyperbole.

/-'baestik/ adj.

[earlier

bombace cotton

wool]

Bombay duck

/bDm'bei/ n. dried fish as a relish, esp. with curry, [corruption of bombil, native name of fish] bombazine /'bDmb8,zi:n/ n. twilled worsted dress-material. [Greek bombux silk]

bomber

/'bDma(r)/

n.

1

aircraft

equipped to drop bombs. 2 person using bombs, esp. illegally. bomber jacket n. jacket gathered at the waist and cuffs.

bombshell bombshell

slang very attractive woman. n. area where bombs have

bomb-site

caused destruction. fide /.bauna "faidi/ -adj. genuine; sincere, -adv. genuinely; sincerely.

bona

bonanza

/ba'naenza/ n. 1 source of wealth or prosperity. 2 large output

of a

mine).

[Spanish,

=

fair

weather]

bon-bon

bonfire

large open-air fire, esp. for burning rubbish, [from bone (because bones were once used), fire] bongo /'bDngau/ n. (pi -s or -es) either of a pair of small drums usu. held between the knees and played with the fingers. n.

[American Spanish]

bonhomie

[Latin]

(esp.

boogie

89

overwhelming surprise or disappointment. 2 artillery bomb. 3 n. 1

sweet. [French bon good] bond -n. 1 thing or force that unites or (usu. in pi.) restrains. 2 binding agreement. 3 Commerce certificate issued by a government or a company promising to repay borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest. 4 adhesiveness. 5 Law deed binding a person to make payment to another. 6 Chem. linkage between atoms in a molecule, -v. 1 hold or tie together. 2 connect or reinforce with a bond. 3 place (goods) in bond. in bond stored by Customs until duty is paid, [var. of band] bondage n. 1 slavery. 2 subjection to constraint etc. 3 sexual practices involving constraint. [Anglo-Latin: related to n.

bondsman]

bonded adj.

stored in or for storing in bond {bonded whisky, warehouse). 2 (of a debt) secured by bonds. bond paper n. high-quality writingpaper. bondsman n. serf, slave. [Old English 1

bonda husbandman] -n. 1 any piece of hard tissue making up the skeleton in vertebrates. 2

bone

remains, b body. 3 material of bones or similar material, e.g. ivory. 4 thing made of bone. 5 (in pi) essentials (the bones of an agreement). 6 strip of stiffening in a corset etc. -v. (-ning) 1 remove the bones from. 2 stiffen with bone etc. bone up (often foil, by on) colloq. study intensively, have a bone to pick (usu. foil, by with) have cause for dispute (with a person), make no bones about 1 be frank about. 2 not hesitate or boneless adj. [Old English] scruple. bone china n. fine china made of clay (in pi.) a skeleton, esp. as

/.bonn'mi:/ n. good-natured friendliness. [French] bonk -v. 1 bang, bump. 2 coarse slang

have sexual intercourse (with), -n. instance of bonking (bonk on the head). [imitative] /'bunkaz/ predic. adj. slang crazy, [origin unknown] bon mot /bo 'mau/ n. (pi bons mots /-mauz/) witty saying. [French]

bonkers

bonnet /'burnt/ chin,

worn

esp.

a hat tied under the by babies, b Scotsman's n. 1

floppy beret. 2 hinged cover over a vehicle's engine. [French] bonny /'bom/ adj. (-ier, -iest) esp. Scot. & N.Engl. 1 a physically attractive, b healthy-looking. 2 good, pleasant, [perhaps from French bon good]

bonsai

/'bonsai/ n. (pi. same) 1 dwarfed tree or shrub. 2 art of growing these.

[Japanese]

bonus

/'baunas/ n. extra benefit or pay-

ment. [Latin, = good]

bon vivant

/,b5 vi:'vd/ n. (pi.

bon voyage

/,b5 vwa:'ja:3/ int. expression of good wishes to a departing traveller. [French] bony /'bauni/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 thin with prominent bones. 2 having many bones. boniness n. 3 of or like bone. boo -int. 1 expression of disapproval etc. 2 sound intended to surprise, -n. utterance of boo, esp. to a performer etc. -v. (boos, booed) 1 utter boos. 2 jeer at by booing, [imitative] boob 1 colloq. -n. 1 silly mistake. 2 foolish person, -v. make a silly mistake, [shortening of booby]

boob 2

n. slang uncertain]

woman's

adj.

bone-idle

adj. utterly idle.

booby

n. (pi. -ies) stupid or childish person. [Spanish bobo] n. prize given for coming

booby prize booby trap

completely dry.

form of a

n. 1

practical joke in the

trap. 2 disguised explosive

bone-marrow

device triggered by the

bone-meal

tim.

n. = marrow 2. crushed bones, esp. as a

unknowing

vic-

slang money, esp. boodle gained or used dishonestly. [Dutch boe/'bu:d(a)l/ n.

fertilizer.

bone of contention

n.

source of

dis-

pute.

boneshaker

breast, [origin

last.

mixed with bone ash.

bone-dry

n.

bon or

bons vivants pronunc. same) person fond of good food and drink. [French]

n.

able old vehicle.

decrepit or uncomfort-

del possessions] /buigi/ v. (-ies, -ied, slang dance to pop music.

boogie

-ieing)

boogie-woogie style of

playing blues or jazz on the piano, gin

[ori-

unknown]

book

/buk/ -n.

a written or printed with pages bound along one side, 1

work b work intended for publication. 2 bound blank sheets for notes, records, etc. 3 bound set of tickets, stamps, matches,

4 (in pi.) set of records or division of a large literary work. 6 telephone directory. 7 colloq. magazine. 8 libretto, script, etc. 9 record of bets. -v. 1 a (also absol.) reserve (a seat etc.) in advance, b engage (an entertainer etc.). 2 a take the personal details of (an offender or rulebreaker), b enter in a book or list. book in register at a hotel etc. book up 1 buy tickets in advance. 2 (as booked up) with all places reserved, bring to book call to account, go by the book proceed by the rules, in a person's good (or bad) books in (or out of) favour with a person. [Old English] bookbinder n. person who binds books for a living, z bookbinding n. bookcase n. cabinet of shelves for books. etc.

main

accounts. 5

book club

booty

90

boogie-woogie /,bu:gi'wu:gi/ n.

Boolean logic

use of 'and', 'or', and in retrieving information from a

'not'

n.

database. 1 -n. deep resonant sound. — v. make or speak with a boom, [imitative] 2 —n. period of economic prosperity or activity, -v. be suddenly prosperous, [perhaps from boom 1 ] boom 3 n. 1 pivoted spar to which a sail is attached. 2 long pole carrying a microphone, camera, etc. 3 barrier across a harbour etc. [Dutch, = beam] boomerang /'buima.raerj/ -n. 1 flat Vshaped hardwood missile used esp. by Australian Aboriginals, able to return to its thrower. 2 plan that recoils on its originator, -v. (of a plan etc.) backfire. [Aboriginal] boon 1 n. advantage; blessing. [Old Norse] boon 2 adj. intimate, favourite (usu.

boom

boom

boon companion). [French bon from Latin bonus good] ill-mannered person, z boorish adj. [Low German or Dutch] boost colloq. -v. 1 promote or encourage. 2 increase, assist. 3 push from

boor n.

which selected

below, -n. act or result of boosting,

books are available cheaply, book end n. prop used to keep books

[origin unknown] booster n. 1 device for increasing power

society in

n.

upright.

bookie

= bookmaker.

/'buki/ n. colloq.

[abbreviation] reservation or engagement,

booking n.

booking-hall

booking-office) ticket office at a railway station etc. bookish adj. 1 studious; fond of reading. 2

n. (also

having knowledge mainly from

books.

bookkeeper

n.

who keeps

person

counts, esp. for a living.

ing

ac-

bookkeep-

n.

booklet /'buklit/ n. small book usu. with a paper cover.

bookmaker bets.

n.

professional taker of

bookmaking

bookmark

n.

thing used to

n.

mark

a

reader's place.

book-plate

n.

decorative personalized

label stuck in a book.

bookseller

dealer in books. bookshop n. shop selling books. bookstall n. stand selling books, newspapers, etc. n.

book token

n.

voucher exchangeable

for books.

bookworm n.

1

colloq.

devoted reader.

2 larva feeding on the paper

and glue

in

books.

Boolean

denoting a systo represent logical propositions. [Boole, name of a mathematician] /'bu:lian/ adj.

tem of algebraic notation

or voltage. 2 auxiliary engine or rocket for initial speed. 3 dose, injection, etc. renewing the effect of an earlier one.

boot

1

-^. 1 outer foot-covering reaching above the ankle. 2 luggage compart-

ment

of a car. 3 colloq. a firm kick, b by the) dismissal (got the boot), kick. 2 (often foil, by out) eject forcefully. 3 (usu. foil, by up) make (a put the boot in 1 computer) ready. kick brutally. 2 harm a person. [Old (prec.

-v.

1

Norse]

boot 2

n. to boot as well, in addition. [Old English] n. US person who polishes boots and shoes. bootee /bu:'ti:/ n. baby's soft shoe. booth /bu:67 n. 1 small temporary structure used esp. as a market stall. 2 enclosure for telephoning, voting, etc. 3 cubicle in a restaurant etc. [Old Norse] bootleg -adj. (esp. of alcohol) smuggled, illicit, -v. (-gg-) illicitly make or bootlegger n. deal in (alcohol etc.). bootlicker n. colloq. toady. who cleans shoes boots n. hotel servant

bootblack

etc.

bootstrap n. loop used to pull a boot on. pull oneself up by one's bootstraps better oneself.

booty

/'bu:ti/ n.

1

loot, spoil. 2 colloq.

prize or gain. [German]

booze booze

bossy

91

alcoholic drink, -v. (-zing) drink alcohol, esp. to excess.

boredom

boozy

boric acid

colloq. -n.

adj. (-ier, -iest). [Dutch] boozer n. colloq. 1 habitual drinker. 2

public house.

booze-up

ri.

slang drinking bout.

bop' colloq. -n. 1 a spell of dancing, esp. to pop music, b social occasion for this. 2 = bebop. -v. (-pp-) dance, esp. to pop music,

bop-

bopperrc. [abbreviation] punch, esp.

colloq. -v. (-pp-) hit or

-n. esp. light blow or hit. [imitat-

BORE 2

n. state

of being bored, [from

]

/'bo:nk/ n. acid derived from borax, used as an antiseptic. born adj. 1 existing as a result of birth. 2 a of natural ability or quality (a born

b (usu.

leader),

foil,

by

to

+

infin.)

destined (born lucky, born to be king). 3 (in comb.) of a certain status by birth (French-born; well-born), [past part, of

BEAR

1

]

born-again attrib.

boracic /ba'raesik/ adj. of borax, boracic acid n. = boric acid.

adj. converted (esp. fundamentalist Christianity), borne /bo:n/ past part, of bear 1 -adj. (in comb.) carried by (airborne).

borage

boron

lightly.

to

ive]

/'bDnd3/

it

plant with leaves

used as flavouring. [French ultimately from Arabic] borax /'ba:raeks/ n. salt used in making glass and china, and as an antiseptic. [French ultimately from Persian]

Bordeaux /bo:'dau/ n. wine

(pi.

same /-'dauz/)

from the Bordeaux disFrance. border -n. 1 edge or boundary, or the part near it. 2 a line or region separating two countries, b (the Border) boundary between Scotland and England (usu. the Borders), or N. Ireland and the Irish Republic. 3 esp. ornamental strip round an edge. 4 long narrow flower-bed (herbaceous border), -v. 1 be a border to. 2 provide with a border. 3 (usu. foil, by on, upon) a adjoin; come close to being, b resemble. [French from Germanic: related to board] Border collie n. sheepdog of the North Country. borderer n. person living near a bor(esp. red)

trict in

SW

der.

borderland

n. 1 district

near a border.

2 condition between two extremes. 3 area for debate. borderline —n. 1 line dividing two conditions. 2 line marking a boundary. -adj. 1 on the borderline. 2 barely acceptable.

Border terrier

n.

small rough-haired

terrier.

bore

1

-v. (-ring)

make

1

(a hole), esp.

with a revolving tool. 2 make a hole in, hollow out. -n. 1 hollow of a firearm barrel or of a cylinder in an internalcombustion engine. 2 diameter of this. 3 deep hole made esp. to find water. [Old English] -n. tiresome or dull person or thing, -v. (-ring) weary by tedious talk bored adj. boring adj. or dullness.

bore 2

[origin

unknown]

bore 3

n. high tidal wave in an estuary. [Scandinavian] bore 4 past of bear 1

.

,

/'borrnn/

non-metallic usu. crystalline element, [from borax, after carbon] borough /'bAra/ n. 1 a town represented in the House of Commons, b town or district granted the status of a borough. 2 hist, town with a municipal corporation conferred by a royal charter. [Old English] borrow /'bDrau/ v. 1 a acquire temporarily, promising or intending to return, b obtain money thus. 2 use (another's idea, invention, etc.); plagiarize. borrower n. [Old English]

Borstal

n.

/'bo:st(a)l/ n.

institution for in Kent]

hist,

residential

youth custody. [Borstal

Usage This term has now been replaced by detention centre and youth custody centre. bortsch

/bo:tJ7 n.

Russian soup of beet-

root, cabbage, etc. [Russian]

borzoi /'bo:zoi/ n. large silky-coated dog. [Russian, = swift]

bosh n. & int.

slang nonsense. [Turkish,

= empty]

bosom

/'buz(a)m/ n.

1

a person's (esp.

woman's) breast, b colloq. each of a woman's breasts, c enclosure formed by the breast and arms. 2 emotional centre (bosom of one's family). [Old English] bosom friend n. intimate friend. boss colloq. -n. employer, manager, or supervisor, -v. (usu. foil, by about, 1

around) give orders to; order about. [Dutch baas] 1 round knob, stud, etc., esp. on the centre of a shield. 2 Archit. ornamental carving etc. at the junction of the

boss 2 n.

ribs in a vault. [French] /.DDsa 'nauva/ n. 1 dance like the samba. 2 music for this. [Portuguese, = new flair] boss-eyed adj. colloq. 1 cross-eyed; blind in one eye. 2 crooked, [boss = bad shot, origin unknown]

bossa nova

bossy ing.

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

bossiness

n.

domineer-

bosun

bound

92

bosun (also bo'sun) var. of boatswain. botany /'botani/ n. the study of plants.

bottomless

botanic /ba'taenik/ adj. botanical /ba't2emk(a)l/ adj. botanist n. [Greek botane plant] botch (also bodge) -v. 1 bungle; do badly. 2 patch clumsily, -n. bungled or spoilt work, [origin unknown] both /bauG/ -adj. & pron. the two, not only one (both boys; both the boys; both of the boys; I like both), -adv. with equal truth in two cases (is both hot and dry). [Old Norse] bother /'bDd8(r)/ -v. A trouble; worry, disturb. 2 (often foil, by about, with, or to

bottom line

+ infin.) take the time or trouble (didn *t bother to tell me; shan't bother with dessert), -n. 1 a person or thing that bothers, b minor nuisance. 2 trouble, worry. -int. expressing irritation. [Irish

bodhraim deafen] / bDda reiJ(9)n/ = bother n., int.

botheration

,

1

n.

&

int.

colloq.

bothersome

/'bDdasam/ adj. causing

bother

bottle

/'bDt(a)l/ -n. 1 container, esp. glass or plastic, for storing liquid. 2 amount filling it. 3 baby's feeding-bottle. 4 = hot-water bottle. 5 metal cylinder for liquefied gas. 6 slang courage, -v. (-ling) 1 put into, or preserve in, bottles or jars. 2 (foil, by up) conceal or restrain (esp. a feeling). hit the bottle slang drink heavily, [medieval Latin: related

4 to BUTT ] bottle bank

place for depositing bottles for recycling, bottle-feed v. feed (a baby) from a bottle as opposed to the breast, bottle green adj. & n. (as adj. often hyphenated) dark green, bottleneck n. 1 narrow congested area, esp. on a road. 2 impeding thing, n.

bottlenose dolphin

n. dolphin with a bottle-shaped snout. bottle party n. party to which guests bring bottles of drink. bottom /'bntam/ -n. 1 a lowest point or part, b base, c underneath part, d furthest or inmost part. 2 colloq. a buttocks, b seat of a chair etc. 3 a less honourable end of a table, class, etc. b

person occupying this (he's bottom of the class). 4 ground below water. 5 basis or origin. 6 essential character, -adj. lowest, last. —v. 1 put a bottom to (a chair etc.). 2 find the extent of. 3 touch at the bottom or lowest point (of). bottom basically, be at the bottom of have caused, bottom out reach the lowest level, get to the bottom of fully investigate and explain. [Old English] bottom drawer n. linen etc. stored by a woman for marriage.

adj.

without a bottom. 2

1

inexhaustible. colloq.

n.

underlying

truth; ultimate, esp. financial, criterion, n. poisoning / bDtju liz(a)m/ caused by a bacillus in badly preserved food. [Latin botulus sausage]

botulism

,

1

boucle

/'bu:klei/ n. 1 looped or curled (esp. wool). 2 fabric made of this. [French, = curled]

yarn

boudoir

/'bu:dwa:(r)/ n.

woman's

pri-

vate room. [French bouder sulk] bouffant /'bu:fd/ adj. (of a dress, hair, etc.) puffed out. [French]

bougainvillaea

/,bu:gan'vili9/ n. trop-

with large coloured bracts. [Bougainville, name of a navigator] bough /bau/ n. main branch of a tree. [Old English] bought past and past part, of buy. bouillon /'bu:jon/ n. clear broth. [French bouillir to boil] boulder /'baolda(r)/ n. large smooth rock. [Scandinavian] ical plant

boule

/bu:l/ n. (also boules pronunc. same) French form of bowls played on rough ground. [French] boulevard /'bu:la,va:d/ n. 1 broad treelined avenue. 2 esp. US broad main road. [French from German] boult var. of bolt 2 .

bounce -v.

(-cing) 1 (cause to) rebound. 2 slang (of a cheque) be returned by a

bank when there are no funds to meet it. (foil, by about, up, in, out, etc.) jump, move, or rush boisterously, -n. 1 a

3

rebound, b power of rebounding. 2 colloq. a swagger, self-confidence, b liveliness. bounce back recover well after a setback. bouncy adj. (-ier, -iest). [imitative]

bouncer

n. 1 slang doorman ejecting troublemakers from a dancehall, club,

etc.

2

= bumper

bouncing

3.

adj. (esp. of a

baby) big and

healthy.

bound

1

-v. 1 spring, leap. 2 (of a ball bounce, -n. 1 springy leap. 2 bounce. [French bondir from Latin bombus hum] bound 2 -n. (usu. in pi.) 1 limitation; restriction. 2 border, boundary, -v. 1 out of limit. 2 be the boundary of. bounds outside a permitted area. [French from medieval Latin] etc.)

bound 3 adj.

1

(usu.

foil,

by for) starting

or having started (bound for stardom). 2 (in comb.) in a specified direction (northbound). [Old Norse, = ready] bound 4 past and past part, of bind. bound to certain to (he's bound to come), bound up with closely associated with.

boundary /'baondari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 line marking the limits of an area etc. 2 Cricket hit crossing the limits of the held, scoring 4 or 6 runs, [related to

bound 2

!

bounden duty

/'baund(a)n/ n. formal responsibility, [archaic past

solemn

part, of bind]

bounder

n. colloq.

poet.

=

bountiful. [French: related to bounty] bountiful /'baunti.ful/ adj. 1 generous. 2 ample. /'baunti/ n. (pi. -ies)

1

gener-

reward, esp. from the State. 3 [French from Latin bonus good]

osity. 2 gift.

bouquet

/bu:'kei/ n. 1 bunch of flowers, esp. professionally arranged. 2 scent of wine etc. 3 compliment. [French bois

wood]

bouquet garni

/,bu:'kei 'ga:ni/ n. {pi.

bouquets garnis /,bu:keiz 'ga:ni/) bunch or bag of herbs for seasoning. bourbon /'b3:ban/ n. US whisky from maize and rye. [Bourbon County, Kentucky] /'bua3wa:/ often derog. -adj. middle-class, b materialistic. 2 capitalist, -n. (pi. same) bourgeois person. [French]

conventionally

a

bourgeoisie

/,bua3wa:'zi:/ n.

1

capit-

middle class. [French] /bo:n/ n. small stream, [var. of

alist class. 2

bourn BURN

2 ]

bourse

/buas/ n. 1 (Bourse) Paris Stock Exchange. 2 money-market. [French:

related to purse] n. 1 (often foil, by of) a spell (of work or activity), b attack (bout offlu). 2 wrestling- or boxing-match, [obsolete

bout

bought bending]

boutique /bu:'ti:k/ n.

small shop selling esp. fashionable clothes. [French] bouzouki /bu:'zu:ki/ n. (pi. -s) Greek

form of mandolin, [modern Greek]

bovine

/'bauvain/ adj. 1 of cattle. 2 stupid, dull. [Latin bos ox]

spongiform bovine opathy see BSE.

bow

bow down 1 bend or kneel esp. in

submission or reverence. 2 make stoop; crush (bowed down by care), bow out 1 exit (esp. formally). 2 withdraw; retire, take a bow acknowledge applause. [Old English]

bow 3 /bau/ n. 1 (often in pi.) front end of a bowdlerize

/'baudla.raiz/

v.

German

(also -ise)

book etc.). bowdlerization /-'zeiJX9)n/ n. [Bowdler, name of an expurgator of

(-zing or -sing) expurgate (a

Shakespeare] /'baual/ n. 1 (often in pi.) = intestine. 2 (in pi.) innermost parts. [Latin botulus sausage]

bowel

bower

/'baua(r)/ n. 1 arbour; summerhouse. 2 poet, inner room. [Old English, = dwelling] bowerbird n. Australasian bird, the male of which constructs elaborate runs. bowie /'baui/ n. (in full bowie knife) a kind of long hunting-knife. [Bowie, name of an American soldier] bowl /baul/ n.1a usu. round deep basin for food or liquid, b contents of a bowl. 2 hollow part of a tobacco-pipe, spoon, etc. bowlful n. (pi. -s). [Old English] 1

bourgeois 1

toady,

boat. 2 rower nearest this. [Low or Dutch: related to bough]

cad.

boundless adj. unlimited, bounteous /'bauntias/ adj.

bounty

bowman

83

boundary

encephal-

/bau/ -n. 1 a slip-knot with a double loop, b ribbon etc. so tied. 2 curved piece of wood etc. with a string stretched across its ends, for shooting 1

arrows. 3 rod with horsehair stretched along its length, for playing the violin etc. 4 shallow curve or bend; thing of this form. -v. (also absol.) use a bow on (a violin etc.). [Old English] bow 2 /bau/ -p. 1 incline the head or body, esp. in greeting or acknowledgement. 2 submit (bowed to the inevitable). 3 cause (the head etc.) to incline. bow and scrape -n. act of bowing.

bowl2 /baul/ -rc. 1 hard heavy ball, made with a bias to run in a curve. 2 (in pi. usu. treated as sing.) game played with these on grass. 3 spell or turn of bowling in cricket. -u.1a roll (a ball etc.). b play bowls. 2 (also absol.) Cricket etc. a deliver (a ball, over, etc.). b (often foil, by out) dismiss (a batsman) by knocking down the wicket with a ball. 3 (often foil, bowl out by along) go along rapidly. Cricket etc. dismiss (a batsman or a side), bowl over 1 knock down. 2 colloq. impress greatly, overwhelm. [Latin bulla bubble] ;

bow-legs legged

n.pl.

bandy

bow-

legs.

adj.

Cricket etc. player bowler bowls. 2 bowls-player. 1

2

bowler

n.

1

n. (in full

hard round

who

bowler hat) man's

felt hat.

[Bowler,

name

of a

hatter]

bowline /'baulin/ n. 1 rope from a ship's bow keeping the sail taut against the wind. 2 knot forming a non-slipping loop at the end of a rope. bowling n. the game of skittles, tenpin bowling, or bowls. bowling-alley n. 1 long enclosure for skittles or tenpin bowling. 2 building with these. bowling-green n. lawn for playing bowls.

bowman n.

archer.

bowsprit

brad

94

bowsprit

/'bauspnt/ n. spar running forward from a ship's bow. bowstring n. string of an archer's bow. bow-tie n. necktie in the form of a bow.

boy -rc. 1 male child, son. 2 young man. 3

bow-window n.

boycott

curved bay window,

bow-wow -int. /bau'wau/ imitation of a dog's bark. -n. /'bauwau/ colloq. dog. [imitative]

box

1

container, usu. flat-sided and in a box. 3 compartment, e.g. in a theatre or lawcourt. 4 receptacle or kiosk for a special purpose (often in comb.: money box; telephone box). 5 facility at a newspaper office for receiving replies to an advertisement. 6 (prec. by the) colloq. television. 7 enclosed area or space. 8 area of print enclosed by a border. 9 light shield for the genitals in cricket etc. 10 (prec. by the) Football colloq. penalty area. - v. 1 put in or provide with a box. 2 (foil, by in, up) confine. [Latin buxis: 3 related to box ] box 2 take part in boxing, b fight (an opponent) at boxing. 2 slap (esp. a person's ears). -n. hard slap, esp. on the

-n.

firm. 2

1

amount contained

-a1a

ears, [origin

unknown]

box3 n.

1 small evergreen tree with dark green leaves. 2 its fine hard wood. [Latin buxus, Greek puxos] Box and Cox n. two people sharing

accommodation

etc. in shifts,

[names of

characters in a play (1847)] simple box-shaped n.

box camera camera.

n. 1 person who boxes, esp. as a sport. 2 medium-size short-haired dog with a puglike face. boxer shorts n.pl. men's loose underpants like shorts. box girder n. hollow girder square in

boxer

cross-section. fighting with the a sport.

boxing n.

Boxing Day

fists,

esp. as

weekday after Christmas, [from box from the custom n.

first 1

,

of giving Christmas-boxes] boxing glove n. each of a pair of heavily padded gloves worn in boxing,

box junction n. road area marked with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only if its exit is clear, box number n. number for replies to a private advertisement in a newspaper, box office n. ticket-office at a theatre etc.

box pleat

n. arrangement of parallel pleats folding in alternate directions. boxroom n. small room for storing boxes, cases, etc. box spring n. each of a set of vertical springs in a frame, e.g. in a mattress,

boxwood n. boxy

= box 3

2.

adj. (-ier, -iest)

cramped.

male servant etc. -int. expressing pleasure, surprise, etc. boyhood n. boyish adj. [origin uncertain] 1 refuse to have commercial relations with (a person, country, etc.). 2 refuse to handle (goods), -n. such a refusal. [Capt. Boycott, so treated from 1880] boyfriend n. person's regular male companion or lover. boyo /'boiau/ n. (pi. -s) Welsh & Ir. colloq. (esp. as a form of address) boy, mate. boy scout n. = scout n. 4.

/'boikDt/ -v.

social or

BP

abbr. 1 boiling-point. 2 blood pressure. 3 before the present (era). 4 British Petroleum. 5 British Pharmacopoeia.

Bq abbr.

BR abbr.

becquerel. British Rail.

Br symb.

bromine.

bra /bra:/ women to

n.

undergarment worn by

support the breasts, [abbre-

viation]

brace -n.

device that clamps or fastens timber etc. strengthening a framework. 3 (in pi.) straps supporting trousers from the shoulders. 4 wire 1

tightly. 2

device for straightening the teeth. 5 (pi. same) pair (esp. of game). 6 rope for trimming a sail. 7 connecting mark { or } in printing, -v. (-cing) 1 make steady by supporting. 2 fasten tightly to make firm. 3 (esp. as bracing adj.) invigorate, refresh. 4 (often refl.) prepare for a difficulty, shock, etc. [Latin bracchia

arms]

brace and bit

n.

revolving tool for

boring, with a D-shaped central handle.

bracelet /'breislit/ n. 1 ornamental band or chain worn on the wrist or arm. 2 slang handcuff.

brachiosaurus /.breikia'soiras, .braek-/ (pi. -ruses) plant-eating dinosaur with forelegs longer than its hind legs. [Latin from Greek brakhion arm, sauros lizard] bracken /'braekan/ n. 1 large coarse fern. 2 mass of these. [Old Norse]

n.

bracket

/'braekit/ -n. 1 (esp. angled) support projecting from a vertical surface. 2 shelf fixed to a wall with this. 3 each of a pair of marks () [] {} enclosing words or figures. 4 group or classification (income bracket), -v. (-t-) 1 enclose in brackets. 2 group or classify together. [Latin bracae breeches] brackish /'braekiJV adj. (of water etc.) slightly salty. [Low German or Dutch]

bract

n.

leaf-like

and often brightly

coloured part of a plant, growing before the flower. [Latin bractea thin sheet] brad n. thin flat nail with a head on only one side. [Old Norse]

bradawl bradawl

for boring holes by hand.

brae brei/ n. Scot, hillside. [Old Norse] brag -r (-gg-) talk boastfully, -n. 1 Card-game like poker. 2 boastful ment or talk, [origin unknown]

braggart

brandy butter

95 braedo:l/ n. small pointed tool

state-

/'braeg3t/-/z. boastful person.

-adj. boastful.

Brahma /'bra:ma/ n.

braise /breiz/ v.

(-sing) stew slowly with a little liquid in a closed container. [French braise live coals] brake 1 -n. 1 (often in pi) device for

stopping or slowing a wheel, vehicle, etc. 2 thing that impedes, -v. (-king) 1 apply a brake. 2 slow or stop with a brake, [probably obsolete brake = curb]

1 Hindu Creator. 2 supreme divine Hindu reality. [Sans-

brake 2

creator] /'bra:man/ n. (also brahman) (pi. -s) 1 (also Brahmin) member of the highest or priestly Hindu caste. 2 = Brahma 2. Brahmanic /-'maenik/

brake 3

krit,

Brahman

adj.

Brahmanism

n.

braid -n.

1 woven band as edging or trimming. 2 US plait of hair. -v. 1 US plait. 2 trim with braid. braiding n.

[Old English]

Braille /breil/ -n. system of writing and printing for the blind, with patterns of raised dots. -v. (-ling) print or transcribe in Braille. [Braille, name of its inventor] brain -n. 1 organ of soft nervous tissue in the skull of vertebrates, the centre of sensation and of intellectual and nervous activity. 2 a colloq. intelligent person, b (often in pi.) intelligence. 3 (usu. in pi; prec. by the) colloq. cleverest person in a group; mastermind. 4 electronic device functioning like a brain. 1 dash out the brains of. 2 colloq. strike hard on the head. on the brain colloq. obsessively in one's thoughts. [Old English] brainchild n. colloq. person's clever idea or invention. brain death n. irreversible brain damage causing the end of independent respiration, regarded as indicative of brain-dead adj. death. brain drain n. colloq. loss of skilled personnel by emigration.

brainless

brainpower n. mental ability or intelligence.

brainstorm

n.

1

sudden mental

dis-

turbance. 2 colloq. mental lapse. 3 US brainwave. 4 pooling of spontaneous brainideas about a problem etc. storming n. (in sense 4). brains trust n. group of experts answering questions, usu. publicly and

impromptu.

brainwash

v. implant ideas or esp. ideology into (a person) by repetition

etc.

brainwashing

brainwave

n. 1

n.

(usu. in pi.) electrical

impulse in the brain. 2 colloq. sudden bright idea.

brainy clever.

adj. (-ier, -iest) intellectually

-n.

1

estate

car.

[var.

of

toothed instrument for

crushing flax and hemp. 2 (in full brake harrow) heavy harrow, -v. (-king) crush (flax or hemp). [Low German or Dutch: related to break] brake 4 n. thicket or clump of brushwood. [Old English] brake drum n. cylinder attached to a wheel, on which the brake shoes press to brake.

brake horsepower

n.

power of an

engine measured by the force needed to brake it.

brake lining n.

strip of fabric increasing the friction of a brake shoe. brake shoe n. long curved block which presses on a brake drum to brake. bramble /'braemb(a)l/ n. wild thorny shrub, esp. the blackberry. brambly adj. [Old English] brambling /'braemblin/ n. the speckled finch. [German: related to bramble] bran n. grain husks separated from flour. [French] branch /bra:ntJ7 -n. 1 limb of a tree or bough. 2 lateral extension or subdivision, esp. of a river, road, or railway. 3 subdivision of a family, knowledge, etc. 4 local office etc. of a large business, -y. (often foil, by off) 1 diverge. 2 divide into branches. branch out extend one's field of interest. [Latin

branca paw]

brand -n.1a particular make of goods, b identifying trade mark, label,

etc.

2

by of) characteristic kind (brand of humour). 3 identifying mark burned esp. on livestock. 4 iron used for this. 5 piece of burning or charred wood. (usu.

adj. foolish.

large

n.

break]

foil,

6 stigma; mark of disgrace. 7 poet, torch, -u. 1 mark with a hot iron. 2 stigmatize (branded him a liar). 3 impress unforgettably. 4 assign a trademark etc. to. [Old English] brandish /'braendiJV v. wave or flourish as a threat or display. [French from

Germanic]

brand-new adj. completely new. brandy /'braendi/ n. (pi. -ies) strong alcoholic spirit distilled

fermented

fruit juice.

from wine or

[Dutch brandew-

ijn]

brandy butter butter,

n.

and sugar.

mixture of brandy,

brandy-snap brandy-snap

n.

bread wafer usu. filled with cream. n. lucky dip with prizes hidden in bran.

bran-tub

brash

vulgarly

adj.

self-assertive;

brashly adv. brashness

impudent. n. [dial.]

brass /bra:s/-rc. and

1

yellow alloy of copper

zinc. 2 brass objects collectively. 3

brass wind instruments. 4 slang money. 5 brass memorial tablet. 6 colloq. effrontery, -adj. made of brass. brassed off slang fed up. [Old English] brass band n. band of brass instruments. brasserie /'braesari/ n. restaurant, orig. one serving beer with food. [French brasser brew] brassica /'braesika/ n. plant of the cabbage family. [Latin, = cabbage] brassiere /'braezia(r)/ n. = bra. [French] brass monkey n. coarse slang used in various phrases to indicate extreme cold.

brass-rubbing

n. 1 practice of taking impressions by rubbing heelball etc. over paper laid on engraved brasses. 2 impression obtained by this. brass tacks n.pl. slang essential details.

brassy like

of or vulgarly

/'brarsi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1

2

brass.

impudent.

3

showy. 4 loud and blaring.

brat

n.

usu. derog. child, esp. an

ill-

[origin unknown] 7bra'va:dao7 n. show of bold-

behaved one.

bravado

ness. [Spanish]

brave -adj.

1 able or ready to face and endure danger, disgrace, or pain. 2/or-

splendid, spectacular, -n. American Indian warrior, -v. (-ving) face bravely adv. bravely or defiantly. braveness n. bravery n. [ultimately

mal

Latin barbarus barbarian] /bra:'vau/ -int. expressing approval, -n. {pi. -s) cry of 'bravo'. [French from Italian] bravura /bra'vjuara/ n. 1 brilliance of execution. 2 (often attrib.) passage of (esp. vocal) music requiring brilliant technique. [Italian] brawl -n. noisy quarrel or fight, -v. 1 engage in a brawl. 2 (of a stream) run noisily. [Provencal]

bravo

brawn

n.

1

break

96

crisp rolled ginger-

muscular

strength.

2

muscle; lean flesh. 3 jellied meat made from a pig's head. brawny adj. (-ier, -iest). [French from Germanic] bray -n. 1 cry of a donkey. 2 harsh sound like this. -v. 1 make a bray. 2 utter harshly. [French braire] braze v. (-zing) solder with an alloy of brass and zinc. [French braser]

brazen

/'breiz(a)n/ -adj. 1 shameless; insolent. 2 of or like brass. 3 harsh in

sound, -v. (foil, by out) face or undergo defiantly (brazen it out). brazenly adv. [Old English]

brazier

1

/'breizia(r)/ n. metal pan or stand holding burning coals etc. [French: related to braise]

brazier2 /'breizia(r)/ n. worker in brass, [probably from brass] Brazil /bra'zil/ n. 1 tall S. American tree. 2 (in full Brazil nut) its large threesided nut. [Brazil in S. America] 1 (often foil, by of) breaking or non-observation of a law, contract, etc. 2 breaking of relations; quarrel. 3 opening, gap. -v. 1 break through; make a gap in. 2 break (a law, contract, etc.). step into the breach help in a crisis, esp. as a replacement. [Germanic: related to break] breach of promise n. breaking of a

breach -n.

promise, esp. to marry.

breach of the peace n. crime of causing a public disturbance. /bred/ —n. 1 baked dough of flour and water, usu. leavened with yeast. 2 necessary food. 3 slang money, -v. coat with breadcrumbs for cooking. [Old English] bread and butter -rc. one's livelihood. -attrib. adj. (bread-and-butter) done or produced to earn a basic living. breadboard n. 1 board for cutting bread on. 2 board for making an experimental model of an electric circuit. breadcrumb n. small fragment of bread, esp. (in pi) for use in cooking.

bread

breadfruit

n. 1 fruit

new bread when

which resembles

roasted. 2 tropical

evergreen tree bearing

breadline

n.

it.

subsistence level (esp. on

the breadline).

bread sauce

n. white sauce thickened with breadcrumbs. /bredG/ n. 1 distance or measurement from side to side of a thing. 2 freedom from prejudice or intolerance. [Old English: related to broad] breadwinner n. person who works to support a family. break /breik/ -v. (past broke; past part, broken /'braukan/) 1 a separate into pieces under a blow or strain; shatter, b make or become inoperative, c break a bone in or dislocate (part of the body). 2 a interrupt (broke our journey). b have an interval (broke for tea). 3 fail to keep (a law, promise, etc.). 4 a make or become subdued or weak; (cause to) yield; destroy, b weaken the effect of (a = break in 3c. 5 fall, blow, etc.). c surpass (a record). 6 (foil, by with) end a friendship with (a person etc.). 7 a be no

breadth

break

breath

97

longer subject to (a habit), b (foil, by of) free (a person) from a habit (broke them of their addiction). 8 reveal or be revealed (broke the news; story broke). 9 a (of fine weather) change suddenly, b (of waves) curl over and foam, c (of the day) dawn, d (of clouds) move apart, e (of a storm) begin violently. 10 Electr. disconnect (a circuit). 11a (of the voice) change with emotion, b (of a boy's voice) change at puberty. 12 a (often foil, by up) divide (a set etc.). b change (a banknote etc.) for coins. 13 ruin financially (see also broke adj.). 14 penetrate (e.g. a safe) by force. 15 decipher (a code). 16 make (a way, path, etc.) by 17 burst forth (sun broke force. through). 18 a (of troops) disperse in confusion, b rupture (ranks). 19 a (usu. foil, by free, loose, out, etc.) escape by a sudden effort, b escape or emerge from (prison, bounds, cover, etc.). 20 Tennis etc. win a game against (an opponent's service). 21 (of boxers etc.) come out of a clinch. 22 Billiards etc. disperse the balls at the start of a game. -n. 1 a act or instance of breaking, b point of breaking; gap. 2 interval, interruption; pause. 3 sudden dash (esp. to escape). 4 colloq. piece of luck; fair chance. 5 Cricket deflection of a bowled ball on bouncing. 6 Billiards etc. a series of points scored during one turn, b opening shot dispersbreak away make or ing the balls. become free or separate, break the back of do the hardest or greatest part of. break down 1 a fail mechanically; cease to function, b (of human relationships etc.) fail, collapse, c fail in (esp. mental) health, d collapse in tears or emotion. 2 a demolish, destroy, b suppress (resistance), c force to yield. 3

analyse into components, break even make neither profit nor loss, break a person's heart see heart, break the ice begin to overcome formality or shyness, break in 1 enter by force, esp. with criminal intent. 2 interrupt. 3 a accustom to a habit etc. b wear etc. until comfortable, c tame (an animal); accustom (a horse) to a saddle etc. break in on disturb; interrupt, break into 1 enter forcibly. 2 a burst forth with (a song, laughter, etc.). b change pace for (a faster one) (broke into a gallop). 3 interrupt, break off 1 detach by breaking. 2 bring to an end. 3 cease talking etc.

disband, break wind release gas from the anus. [Old English] breakable -adj. easily broken, -n.

breakable thing, 1 a broken thing, b damage caused by breaking. 2 act or instance of breaking. breakaway n. (often attrib.) breaking away; secession (breakaway group). (esp. in pi.)

breakage n.

break-dancing

n. 1 a mechanical failure. b loss of (esp. mental) health. 2 collapse of communication). 3

(breakdown

analysis (of statistics

breaker

n. 1

person or thing that breaks something, esp. disused machinery, /'brekfast/ -n. first meal of the day. -v. have breakfast, break-in n. illegal forced entry, esp. with criminal intent, breaking and entering n. (formerly) the illegal entering of a building with intent to commit a felony, breaking-point n. point of greatest

strain.

breakneck gerously

attrib. adj. (of

speed) dan-

fast.

break-out

n. forcible escape, n. 1 major advance or discovery. 2 act of breaking through an obstacle etc. breakup n. 1 disintegration or collapse. 2 dispersal. breakwater n. barrier breaking the force of waves. bream n. (pi same) 1 yellowish archbacked freshwater fish. 2 (in full sea bream) similar marine fish. [French

breakthrough

from Germanic]

breast /brest/ -n.1a

either of two milksecreting organs on a woman's chest, b corresponding part of a man's body. 2 a chest, b corresponding part of an animal. 3 part of a garment that covers the breast. 4 breast as a source of nourishment or emotion, -v. 1 contend with. 2 reach the top of (a hill). make a clean breast of confess fully. [Old English] breastbone n. thin flat vertical bone in the chest between the ribs. breast-feed v. feed (a baby) from the breast.

breastplate

n.

armour covering the

breast.

swimming stroke n. made by extending both arms forward

breast-stroke

covered in (a rash etc.). 4 exclaim, break up 1 break into small pieces. 2

breath

disperse; disband. 3 end the school term. 4 (cause to) terminate a relationship;

etc.).

heavy breaking wave. 2

breakfast

breastwork

forcibly,

acrobatic style of

breakdown

break out 1 escape by force, esp. from prison. 2 in) become by (foil, 3 begin suddenly.

break open open

n.

street-dancing.

and sweeping them back. n. low temporary defence or parapet. /breG/ n. 1 a air drawn into or expelled from the lungs, b one respiration of air. c breath as perceived by

Breathalyser

brickbat

98

the senses. 2 a slight movement of air. b whiff (of perfume etc.). 3 whisper, murmur (esp. of scandal). catch one's breath 1 cease breathing momentarily in surprise etc. 2 rest to restore normal breathing, hold one's breath cease breathing temporarily, out of breath

along, etc.) colloq. saunter casually, [probably Spanish and Portuguese briza] breeze 2 n. small cinders. [French: related to braise] breeze-block n. lightweight building block, esp. of breeze mixed with sand

gasping for air, esp. after exercise, take one's breath away surprise, delight, etc. under one's breath in a whisper.

breezy adj.

[Old English]

Breathalyser

/'breGa.laizafr)/ n. (also

-lyzer) propr. instrument for measuring alcohol levels in the breath exhaled

breathalyse v. (also -lyze) into it. (-sing or -zing), [from breath, analyse] breathe /bri:o/ v. (-thing) 1 draw air into and expel it from the lungs. 2 be or seem alive. 3 a utter or sound (esp. quietly), b express (breathed defiance). 4 pause. 5 send out or take in (as if) with the breath (breathed new life into them; breathed whisky). 6 (of wine etc.) be breathe again (or exposed to the air. freely) feel relief. breather /'bri:6a(r)/ n. 1 colloq. brief pause for rest. 2 brief period in the fresh air.

breathing-space

n.

time to recover;

breathless

adj. 1 panting, out of breath. 2 holding the breath. 3 still, breathlessly adv. windless.

breathtaking

adj.

astounding; awe-

breathtakingly adv.

inspiring.

breath test n. test with a Breathalyser. bred past and past part, of breed. breech n. back part of a rifle or gun barrel. [Old English]

breech birth n. (also breech delivery) delivery of a baby with the buttocks or

short trousers, esp. fastened below the knee. with canvas buoy lifebuoy breeches n. breeches for the user's legs. /'britjiz/ n.pl.

and past part, bred) 1 produce young. 2 propag-

-v. (past

(of animals)

ate; raise (animals). 3 yield; result in.

by

in, out,

(-ier, -iest) 1 slightly windy. 2 colloq. cheerful, light-hearted, casual.

Bren

Bren gun)

n. (in full

lightweight

machine-gun. [Brno in Czechoslovakia, Ercfield in England] brent n. (in full brent-goose) small migratory goose, [origin unknown] brethren see brother. quick-firing

Breton

/'bret(a)n/ -n. 1 native of Brittany. 2 Celtic language of Brittany. —adj. of Brittany, its people, or language. [French, = Briton] breve n. 1 Mus. note twice the length of a semibreve. 2 mark C) indicating a short or unstressed vowel, [var. of BRIEF]

breviary

/'briivian/ n. (pi. -ies)

Roman

containing the

book

Catholic daily

related to brief] /'breviti/ n. 1 economy of expression; conciseness. 2 shortness (of time etc.). [Anglo-French: related to office. [Latin:

brevity

brief] /bru:/

- v.

1 a make (beer etc.) by and fermentation, b by infusion. 2 undergo

infusion, boiling,

make

(tea etc.)

these processes. 3 gather force; threaten (storm is brewing). 4 concoct (a plan etc.). -n. 1 liquid or amount brewed; concoction. 2 process of brewing. brewer n. [Old brew up make tea. English] brewery /'bru:an/ n. (pi. -ies) factory for brewing beer etc. brew-up n. instance of making tea. briar 1 var. of brier 1 briar2 var. of brier 2 bribe -v. (-bing) (often foil, by to + .

feet foremost.

breeches

(foil,

and cement.

brew

pause.

breed

(-zing)

4

arise; spread. 5 bring up; train. 6 create (fissile material) by nuclear reaction. -n. 1 stock of similar animals or plants within a species, usu. developed by deliberate selection. 2 race; lineage. 3 breeder n. [Old English] sort, kind. breeder reactor n. nuclear reactor creating surplus fissile material. breeding n. 1 raising of offspring; propagation. 2 social behaviour; ancestry. breeze 1 -n. 1 gentle wind. 2 colloq. quarrel. 3 esp. US colloq. easy task. -v.

.

persuade to act improperly in one's favour by a gift of money etc. -n. or services offered in bribing. bribery n. [French briber beg] bric-a-brac /'bnka.braek/ n. (also bricinfin.)

money

a-brac) cheap ornaments, trinkets, etc. [French] brick -n. 1 a small usu. rectangular block of fired or sun-dried clay used in building, b material of this. 2 child's toy block. 3 brick-shaped thing. 4 slang generous or loyal person, -v. (foil, by in, up) close or block with brickwork, -adj. 1 built of brick (brick wall). 2 (also brick-red) dull red. [Low German or Dutch] brickbat n. 1 piece of brick, esp. as a missile. 2 insult.

brickie

i

n.

brickwork

building or

n.

work

in

brick.

brickyard

n.

place

where bricks are

made.

brier

2

/'braia(r)/ n. (also briar) 1 white heath of S. Europe. 2 tobacco pipe made

from its root. [French bruyere] Brig. abbr. Brigadier. brig n. two-masted square-rigged 1

ship,

[abbreviation of brigantine] brig 2 n. Scot. & N.Engl, bridge, [var. of

bridge 1 ]

bridal

/'braid(a)l/

adj.

of a bride or

wedding. [Old English]

bride n. woman on her wedding day and during the period just before and after it.

bring

99

brickie n. slang bricklayer, bricklayer n. person who builds with bricks. Mp. for a living, bricklaying

[Old English]

bridegroom

n. man on his wedding day and during the period just before and after it. [Old English] bridesmaid n. girl or unmarried woman attending a bride at her wed-

brigade

/bri'geid/ n. 1 military unit, usu. three battalions, as part of a division. 2 group organized for a special purpose. [Italian briga strife]

brigadier /,bnga'di3(r)/ commanding a brigade. 2 similar standing.

brigand

/'brigand/ n.

1

thing joining or connecting. 2 operational superstructure on a ship. 3 upper bony part of the nose. 4 piece of wood on a violin etc. over which the strings are stretched. 5 = bridgework. -v. (-ging) 1 be or make a bridge over. 2 reduce (a gap, deficiency, etc.). [Old English] bridge 2 n. card-game derived from whist, [origin unknown] bridgehead n. fortified position held on the enemy's side of a river etc. bridge roll n. small soft bread roll. bridgework n. Dentistry dental structure covering a gap, joined to the teeth on either side. bridging loan n. loan to cover the interval between buying a house etc. and selling another. bridle /'braid(a)l/ -n. 1 headgear for controlling a horse, including reins and bit. 2 restraining thing. -v. (-ling) 1 put a bridle on. 2 curb, restrain. 3 (often foil, by up) express anger, offence, etc., esp. by throwing up the head and drawing in the chin. [Old English] (also bridle-way) rough path for riders or walkers. /bri:/ n. a kind of soft cheese. [Brie in N. France]

bridle-path n.

Brie

of short duration. 2 concise; abrupt, brusque. 3 scanty (brief skirt), -n. 1 (in pi.) short pants. 2 a summary of a case drawn up for counsel, b piece of work for a barrister. 3 instructions for a task. 4 papal letter on discipline, -v. 1 instruct (a barrister) by brief. 2 inform or instruct in advance.

brief -adj.

1

hold a brief for argue in favour of. briefly adv. in brief to sum up. briefness

n.

[Latin brevis short]

briefcase n. flat document case. brier /'braia(r)/ n. (also briar) wild rose 1

or other prickly bush. [Old English]

member

of a rob-

brigandage

ber band; bandit.

n. [It-

alian brigante: related to brigade]

brigantine

ding.

bridge -n. 1 a structure providing a way across a river, road, railway, etc. b

1 n. officer staff officer of

/'bngan.tiin/ n.

two-masted

ship with a square-rigged foremast and a fore-and-aft rigged mainmast. [French or Italian: related to brigand] bright /braitl-adj. 1 emitting or reflecting much light; shining. 2 intense, vivid. 3 clever. 4 cheerful, -adv. esp. poet. brightly. brightly adv. brightness n. [Old English] brighten v. make or become brighter.

Bright's disease disease. [Bright,

brill

1

n.

[origin

kidney

/braits/ n.

name

of a physician]

same) European

(pi.

flat-fish.

unknown]

brill 2 adj. colloq.

= brilliant

adj. 4.

[abbreviation]

brilliant /'bnliant/ -adj.

1

very bright;

sparkling. 2 outstandingly talented. 3 showy. 4 colloq. excellent, -n. diamond of the finest cut with many facets. brilliance n. brilliantly adv. [French briller shine, from Italian]

brilliantine

/'briljan.tim/ n. dressing

for making the hair glossy. [French: related to brilliant] brim -n. 1 edge or lip of a vessel. 2 projecting edge of a hat. -v. (-mm-) fill brim over or be full to the brim. overflow, [origin unknown] brim-full adj. (also brimful) filled to

the brim.

brimstone

n.

archaic sulphur, [from

1

burn stone] brindled /'bnnd(a)ld/ adj. (esp. of domestic animals) brown or tawny with ,

streaks of another colour. [Scandinavian] brine n. 1 water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt. 2 sea water. [Old English] bring v. (past and past part, brought /bro:t/) 1 come carrying; lead, accompany; convey. 2 cause or result in (war brings misery). 3 be sold for; produce as income. 4 a prefer (a charge), b initiate (legal action). 5 cause to become or to

bring-and-buy sale

broad-leaved

100

reach a state (brings me alive; cannot bring myself to agree). 6 adduce (evidence, an argument, etc.). bring about cause to happen, bring back call to mind, bring down 1 cause to fall. 2 lower (a price), bring forth 1 give birth

Britannia metal n.

2 cause, bring forward 1 move to an earlier time. 2 transfer from the previous page or account. 3 draw attention to. bring home to cause to realize fully, bring the house down receive rapturous applause, bring in 1 introduce. 2 yield as income or profit, bring off achieve successfully, bring on cause to happen, appear, or make progress, bring out 1 emphasize; make evident. 2 publish, bring over convert to one's own side, bring round 1 restore to consciousness. 2 persuade, bring through aid (a person) through adversity, esp. illness, bring to restore to

British

to.

silvery alloy of tin,

antimony, and copper.

Britannic /bri'taenik/ adj. (esp. in His or Her Britannic Majesty) of Britain. Briticism /'briti,siz(9)m/ n. idiom used only in Britain, [after Gallicism] /'britiJV -adj. of Great Britain, the British Commonwealth, or their people, -n. (prec. by the; treated as pi.) the British people. [Old English] British English n. English as used in Great Britain. British Legion n. = Royal British Legion.

summer time

n.

= summer

British thermal unit

n.

amount

British TIME.

of

up

heat needed to raise 1 lb of water through one degree Fahrenheit, equivalent to 1.055 x io 3 joules. Briton /'bnt(9)n/ n. 1 inhabitant of S. Britain before the Roman conquest. 2 native or inhabitant of Great Britain.

[Old English]

brittle

consciousness (brought him to), bring 1 rear (a child). 2 vomit. 3 call attention to. 4 (absol.) stop suddenly.

bring-and-buy sale

n.

charity sale at

[Latin Britto -onis] /'bnt(a)l/ adj.

hard and

which people bring items for sale and buy those brought by others. 1 extreme edge of land before a

brittle-bone disease

precipice, river, etc. 2 furthest point

broach

brink n.

before danger, discovery, etc. on the brink of about to experience or suffer; in imminent danger of. [Old Norse] brinkmanship n. pursuit (esp. habitual) of danger etc. to the brink of catastrophe. briny -adj. (-ier, -iest) of brine or the sea; salty, -n. (prec. by the) slang the sea.

briquette

/bn'ket/ n. block of compressed coal-dust as fuel. [French diminutive: related to brick]

brisk

-adj. 1 quick, lively, keen (brisk pace, trade). 2 enlivening (brisk wind), -v. (often foil, by up) make or grow briskly adv. briskness n. brisk. [probably French brusque] brisket /'bnskit/ n. animal's breast, esp. as a joint of meat. [French] brisling /'brizlin/ n. small herring or sprat. [Norwegian and Danish] bristle /'bris(a)l/ -n. short stiff hair, esp. one on an animal's back, used in brushes, -v. (-ling) 1 a (of hair) stand upright, b make (hair) do this. 2 show irritation. 3 (usu. foil, by with) be covered or abundant (in). bristly adj. (-ier, -iest).

Brit

[Old English] British person, [abbrevi-

n. colloq.

ation]

Britannia tion

/bri'taenja/

n.

personifica-

of Britain, esp. as a helmeted with shield and trident. [Latin]

woman

fragile;

apt to break. brittlely adv. (also brittly). [Old English] n.

= osteoporo-

sis.

-v. 1 raise for discussion. 2 pierce (a cask) to draw liquor. 3 open and start using, -n. 1 bit for boring. 2 roasting-spit. [Latin broccus projecting] broad /bro:d/ -adj. 1 large in extent from one side to the other; wide. 2 in breadth (two metres broad). 3 extensive (broad acres). 4 full and clear (broad daylight). 5 explicit (broad hint). 6 general (broad intentions, facts). 7 tolerant, liberal (broad view). 8 coarse (broad humour). 9 markedly regional (broad Scots), -n. 1 broad part (broad of the back). 2 US slang woman. 3 (the Broads) large areas of water in E. Anglia, formed where rivers widen. broadly adv. broadness n. [Old English] broad bean n. 1 bean with large edible flat seeds. 2 one such seed. broadcast -v. (past and past part. broadcast) 1 transmit by radio or television. 2 take part in such a transmission. 3 scatter (seed etc.). 4 disseminate (information) widely, -n. radio or television programme or transmission.

broadcaster

n.

broadcloth n. or

broadcasting

n.

fine cloth of wool, cotton,

silk.

broaden v. make or become broader, broad gauge n. railway track with

a

wider than standard gauge,

broad-leaved adj. and hard-timbered.

(of a tree)

deciduous

broadloom broadlOOm in

brother

101

adj. (esp. of carpet)

woven

broad widths.

broad-minded adj. tolerant, liberal, broadsheet n. 1 large-sized newspaper. 2 large sheet of paper printed side only.

on one

broadside n.

1 vigorous verbal attack. 2 simultaneous firing of all guns from one side of a ship. 3 side of a ship above the water between the bow and quarter. broadside on sideways on.

bromide

/'braumaid/ n. 1 any binary compound of bromine. 2 trite remark. 3 reproduction or proof on paper coated with silver bromide emulsion. bromine /'braumi:n/ n. poisonous liquid element with a choking smell.

[Greek bromos stink]

bronchial

broccoli

/'bronkial/ adj. of the bronchi (see bronchus) or of the smaller tubes into which they divide. bronchitis /bmn'kaitis/ n. inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchial tubes. bronchus /'bronkas/ n. (pi. -chi /-kai/) either of the two main divisions of the windpipe. [Latin from Greek] bronco /'bronkau/ n. (pi -s) wild or halftamed horse of the western US. [Span-

brochure

brontosaurus

broadsword

n.

broad-bladed sword,

for cutting rather than thrusting. /bra'keid/ -n. rich fabric woven with a raised pattern, -v. (-ding) weave in this way. [Italian brocco

brocade

twisted thread] /'brokali/ n. brassica with greenish flower-heads. [Italian] /'brauja(r)/ n. pamphlet or booklet, esp. with descriptive information. [French brocher stitch]

broderie anglaise

/.braudari d'gleiz/

open embroidery on white linen etc. [French, = English embroidery] brogue /braug/ n. 1 strong outdoor shoe with ornamental perforations. 2 rough shoe of untanned leather. [Gaelic and Irish brog from Old Norse] brogue 2 /braug/ n. marked accent, esp. Irish, [perhaps related to brogue ] broil v. esp. US 1 grill (meat). 2 make or become very hot, esp. from the sun. [French bruler burn] broiler n. young chicken for broiling or n.

1

1

roasting.

broke past of break, predic.

adj. colloq.

having no money.

broken

past part, of break, adj. 1 having been broken. 2 reduced to despair; beaten. 3 (of language) badly spoken, esp. by a foreigner. 4 interrupted {broken sleep). broken-down adj. 1 worn out by age, use, etc. 2 not functioning.

broken-hearted with

adj.

overwhelmed

grief.

broken home

n. family disrupted by divorce or separation.

broker

n. 1

agent; middleman. 2

mem-

ber of the Stock Exchange dealing in stocks and shares. 3 official appointed to sell or appraise distrained goods. brokin g n. [Anglo-French] In sense 2, brokers have officially been called broker-dealers in Oct. 1986, and entitled to since the UK act as agents and principals in share dealings.

Usage

brokerage

n.

broker's fee or commis-

sion.

brolly

/'broli/ n.

(pi.

brella, [abbreviation]

-ies) colloq.

um-

ish,

= rough]

/.bronta'sairas/ n. (pi -ruses) large plant-eating dinosaur with a long whiplike tail. [Greek bronte thunder, sauros lizard] bronze -n. 1 alloy of copper and tin. 2 its brownish colour. 3 thing of bronze, esp. a sculpture, —adj. made of or coloured like bronze, -v. (-zing) make or

become brown;

tan. [French

from

It-

alian]

Bronze Age

Archaeol period when weapons and tools were usu. made of n.

bronze.

bronze medal

n.

medal, usu. awarded

as third prize.

brooch

/brautJV n. ornamental hinged pin. [French broche: related to broach] brood -rc. 1 young of esp. a bird born or hatched at one time. 2 colloq. children in a family, -v. 1 worry or ponder (esp. resentfully). 2 (of a bird) sit on eggs to

hatch them. [Old English]

broody

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1

(of a hen)

wanting to brood. 2 sullenly thoughtful. 3 colloq. (of a woman) wanting pregnancy.

brook

1 /bruk/ n. small stream. [Old English] brook 2 /bruk/ v. (usu. with neg.) literary tolerate, allow. [Old English]

broom

n. 1 long-handled brush for sweeping. 2 shrub with bright yellow flowers. [Old English]

broomstick

n.

handle of a broom.

(esp. in the name of a firm). thin soup of meat or fish stock. [Old English] brothel /'brD6(a)l/ n. premises for prostitution, [originally = worthless fellow, from Old English] brother /'brAoa(r)/ n. 1 man or boy in relation to his siblings. 2 close male friend or associate. 3 (pi also brethren /'breorm/) a member of a male religious

Bros. abbr. Brothers

broth n.

brother german

B.th.u.

102

order, esp. a monk, b fellow Christian etc. 4 fellow human being, brotherly adj. [Old English] brother german see german. brotherhood n. 1 relationship between brothers. 2 association of people with a common interest. 3 community of feeling between human beings.

brunch

brother-in-law

wire. etc. set into a block, for cleaning, painting, arranging the hair, etc. 2 act of brushing. 3 (usu. foil, by with) short esp. unpleasant encounter. 4 fox's bushy tail. 5 piece of carbon or metal as an electrical contact esp. with a moving part. 6 = brushwood 2. -u. 1 sweep, scrub, treat, or tidy with a brush. 2 remove or apply with a brush. 3 graze in passing, z brush aside dismiss curtly or lightly, brush off dismiss abruptly, brush up 1 clean up or smarten. 2 revise (a subject). [French] brush-off n. abrupt dismissal. brush-up n. act of brushing up.

n.

{pi.

brothers-

-in-law) 1 one's wife's or husband's brother. 2 one's sister's or sister-inlaw's husband. brought past and past part, of bring.

brouhaha

'bru:ha:,ha:

n.

commotion;

sensation. [French] brau n. 1 forehead. 2 eyebrow. 3 summit of a hill etc. 4 edge of a cliff etc. [Old English] browbeat v. {past -beat; past part. -beaten) intimidate, bully. brown braun -adj. 1 having the colour of dark wood or rich soil. 2 darkskinned or suntanned. 3 (of bread) made from wholemeal or wheatmeal flour, —it. 1 brown colour or pigment. 2 brown clothes or material, -v. make or become brown. : browned off colloq. fed up. brownish adj. [Old disheartened. English] brown bear n. large N. American brown bear. brown coal n. = lignite

brow

Brownie

n. 1 (in full

Brownie Guide)

junior Guide. 2 (brownie) small square of chocolate cake with nuts. 3 (brownie) benevolent elf. Brownie point n. colloq. notional

mark awarded

for

good conduct

browning n. additive brown owl n. 1 any

the tawny owl. 2 (Brown adult leader of Brownie Guides. esp.

brown

rice

n.

brow n sugar T

etc.

colour gravy. of various owls,

to

Owl)

unpolished rice. unrefined or partially

n.

refined sugar.

browse

brauz -v. (-sing) 1 read desultorily or look over goods for sale. 2 (often foil, by on) feed on leaves, twigs, etc. -n. 1 twigs, shoots, etc. as fodder. 2 act of browsing. [French brost bud] brucellosis ,bru:si'laosis n. bacterial disease, esp. of cattle. [Sir D. Bruce.

name

of a physician] bruise bru:z -n. 1 discolouration of the skin caused esp. by a blow. 2 similar damage on a fruit etc. -v. (-sing) 1 a inflict a bruise on. b hurt mentally. 2 be susceptible to bruising, [originally = crush, from Old English] bruiser n. colloq. 1 large tough-looking person. 2 professional boxer. bruit bru:t v. (often foil, by abroad,

about) spread (a report or rumour). [French. = noise]

n. combined breakfast lunch, [portmanteau word]

and

brunette bru:'net n. woman with dark brown hair. [French diminutive] brunt n. chief impact of an attack, task, bear the brunt

(esp.

etc.

[origin

of),

unknown]

brush

-n.

implement with

1

bristles,

hair.

brushwood 2 cut or

n. 1 undergrowth, thicket. broken twigs etc. n. 1 use of the brush in

brushwork

painting. 2 painter's style in this. brosk adj. abrupt or offhand. brusquely adv. brusqueness n. [Italian brusco sour] Brussels sprout 'brAs(a)lz n. 1 brassica with small cabbage-like buds on a stem. 2 such a bud. [Brussels in Bel-

brusque

gium]

brutal

1 savagely cruel. brutality -'taeliti brutally adv. [French:

adj.

'bru:t(a)l

2 harsh, merciless, z n.

(pi.

-ies).

related to brute]

brutalize

'bru:ta,laiz

(-zing or -sing) brutally.

1

make

(also -ise) v. brutal. 2 treat

brute

bru:t; -n. 1 a brutal or violent person, b colloq. unpleasant person or difficult thing. 2 animal, -attrib. adj. 1 unthinking {.bruteforce). 2 cruel; stupid; sensual, z brutish adj. brutishly adv. brutishness n. [Latin brutus stupid]

bryony

'braiani

plant with

n.

{pi.

red berries.

-ies)

climbing

[Latin

from

Greek]

BS abbr.

1

Bachelor of Surgery. 2 British

Standard(s).

B.Sc. abbr. Bachelor of Science. BSE abbr. bovine spongiform encephalopathy, a usu. fatal cattle disease. British Standards Institution. abbr. 1 British Summer Time. 2 bovine somatotrophin. a growth hormone added to cattle-feed to boost milk production. abbr. British Telecom. Bt. abbr. Baronet. B.th.u. abbr. (also B.t.u., BTU. B.Th.U.) British thermal unit(s).

BSI abbr.

BST

BT

bubble

bAb(a)l -n. 1 a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air etc. b air-filled cavity in a liquid or solidified liquid. 2 transparent domed canopy. 3 visionary or unrealistic project, -u. (-ling) 1 rise in or send up bubbles. 2 make the sound of boiling, bubble over (often foil, by with) be exuberant, [imitative] bubble and squeak n. cooked cabbage etc. fried with cooked potatoes.

bubble bath for

adding

to

n.

foaming preparation

bath water.

bubble car n. small domed car. bubble gum n. chewing-gum that can be blown into bubbles. -adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having or like bubbles. 2 exuberant, -n. colloq.

bubbly

champagne. 'bju:bau n. (pi. -es) inflamed swelling in the armpit or groin. [Greek boubon groin] bubonic plague bjui'bonik/ n. conta-

gious disease with buboes.

buccaneer

,bAka'nia(r)/ n.

1

pirate. 2

unscrupulous adventurer. buccaneering n. & adj. [French] -n. 1 male deer, hare, rabbit, etc. 2 archaic dandy. 3 (attrib.) slang male. -v. 1 (of a horse) jump upwards with its back arched. 2 (usu. foil, by off) throw (a rider) in this way. 3 (usu. foil, by up) colloq. a cheer up. b hurry up; make an 1

effort.

[Old English]

buck 2

n.

US slang

dollar,

[origin

unknown]

buck

3

n. slang (in poker) article placed before the next dealer, z pass the buck

colloq. shift responsibility (to another),

unknown]

[origin

bucket

'b.\kit -n. 1 a round open container with a handle, for carrying or drawing water etc. b amount contained

in this. 2 (in pi.) colloq. large quantities, esp. of rain or tears. 3 scoop in a water wheel, dredger, etc. -v. (-t-) colloq. 1 (often foil, by down) (esp. of rain) pour heavily. 2 (often foil, by along) move or drive fast or bumpily. [Anglo-French] bucket seat n. seat with a rounded back for one person, esp. in a car.

bucket-shop n.

1 unregistered broking agency. 2 colloq. travel agency specializing in cheap air tickets. buckle 'bAk(a)l, -n. clasp with a hinged pin for securing a belt, strap, etc. -v.

by up, on, etc.) fasten foil, by up) (cause to) crumple under pressure, z buckie down make a determined effort. [Latin (-ling)

1

(often

foil,

with a buckle. 2 (often

buccula cheek-strap] n. hist, small round shield. buckram /'bAkram/ n. coarse linen etc. stiffened with paste etc. [French boquer-

buckler ant]

Buck's Fizz and orange London]

buckshee free

cocktail of champagne juice. [Buck's Club in

n.

& adv. slang [corruption of bak-

/bAk'Ji:/ adj.

of charge,

sheesh]

buckshot buckskin

n.

n.

skin. 2 thick cloth.

buckthorn

coarse lead shot, 1 leather from a buck's smooth cotton or woollen n.

thorny

shrub

with

berries formerly used as a purgative. buck-tooth n. upper projecting tooth. buckwheat n. seed of a plant related to rhubarb, used to make flour, or as an alternative to rice. [Dutch, = beech-

wheat]

bucolic

bubo

buck

buff

103

bubble

/bjui'kDlik/ -adj. of shepherds;

rustic, pastoral. -n. (usu. in pi. ) pastoral

poem

or poetry. [Greek boukolos herds-

man]

bud -n.

1 a knoblike shoot from which a stem, leaf, or flower develops, b flower or leaf not fully open. 2 asexual outgrowth from an organism separating to form a new individual, -v. (-dd-) 1 form buds. 2 begin to grow or develop (budding artist). 3 graft a bud of (a plant) on to another, [origin unknown] Buddha /'buda/ n. 1 title of the Indian philosopher Gautama (5th c. bc) and his successors. 2 sculpture etc. of Buddha. [Sanskrit, = enlightened] Buddhism /"budiz(a)m/ n. Asian religion or philosophy founded by Gautama Buddha, z Buddhist n. & adj.

buddleia

/'bAdlia/ n. shrub with fragrant flowers attractive to butterflies. [Buddie, name of a botanist]

buddy /'bAdi/ n. or

friend

(pi. -ies)

mate,

esp.

US colloq. from

[perhaps

brother]

budge v.

(-ging) (usu. with neg.) 1 move change an opinion, z budge up (or over) make room for

slightly. 2 (cause to)

another person by moving.

[French

bouger]

budgerigar

/'bAd3ari,ga:(r)/

n.

small

parrot, often kept as a cage-bird. [Aboriginal]

budget

/'bAd3it/ -n. 1

amount

of money

needed or available. 2 a (the Budget) Government's annual estimate or plan of revenue and expenditure, b similar estimate by a company etc. 3 (attrib.) inexpensive, -v. (-t-) (often foil, by for) allow or arrange for in a budget. budgetary adj. [Latin bulga bag] budgie /'bAd3i/ n. colloq. = budgerigar, [abbreviation] of a yellowish beige colour (buff envelope), -n. 1 this colour. 2 (in

buff -adj.

comb.) colloq. enthusiast (railway buff). 3 velvety dull-yellow ox-leather, -u. 1

buffalo

=

[originally

buffalo,

from French

sound a bugle. 2 sound (a call etc.) on a bugle, z bugler n. [Latin buculus young bull] (-ling)

1

bugloss

buffle)

buffalo

/'DAfa.lau/ n. (pi.

wild ox of Africa or Asia.

same or -es) 1 2 N. American

bison. [Greek boubalos ox] n. 1 thing that deadens impact, esp. a device on a train or at the end of a track. 2 substance that maintains the constant acidity of a solution. 3 Comput-

buffer

bulk buying

104

polish (metal etc.). 2 make (leather) velvety, z in the buff colloq. naked,

1

ing temporary

memory

area or queue

for data, [imitative]

buffer2 n. slang silly or incompetent old man. [perhaps from buffer buffer State n. small State between two 1

]

larger ones, regarded as reducing

fric-

tion.

buffet 1 /'bufei/ n. 1 room or counter where refreshments are sold. 2 selfservice meal of several dishes set out at once. 3 also /bAfit/ sideboard or recessed cupboard. [French, = stool]

buffet 2

/'bAfit/

-v.

(-t-) 1

strike repeat-

edly. 2 contend with (waves etc.). -n. 1 blow, esp. of the hand. 2 shock. [French

diminutive of bufe blow] n. railway coach serving refreshments. buffoon /ba'fuin/ n. clownish or stupid person, z buffoonery n. [Latin buffo clown] bug -n. 1 a any of various insects with mouthparts modified for piercing and sucking, b esp. US small insect. 2 slang virus; infection. 3 slang concealed microphone. 4 slang error in a computer program or system etc. 5 slang obsession, enthusiasm, etc. — v. (-gg-) 1 slang conceal a microphone in. 2 slang annoy, [origin unknown] bugbear n. 1 cause of annoyance. 2 object of baseless fear, [bug = bogey] bugger coarse slang (except in sense 2 of n. and 3 of v.) -n. 1 a unpleasant or awkward person or thing, b person of a specified kind (clever bugger!). 2 person who commits buggery, -v. 1 as an exclamation of annoyance (bugger it!). 2 (often foil, by up) a ruin; spoil, b

buffet car

exhaust. 3 commit buggery with. -int. expressing annoyance, z bugger-all nothing, bugger about (or around) (often foil, by with) mess about, bugger off (often in imper.) go away. [Latin

Bulgarus Bulgarian heretic]

buggery

n.

BESTIALITY

1

anal intercourse. 2

=

2.

buggy /'bAgi/ n. (pi.

-ies) 1 small, sturdy, motor vehicle. 2 lightweight push-chair. 3 light, horse-drawn vehicle for one or two people, [origin unknown] bugle /'bju:a(8)l/ -n. brass military instrument like a small trumpet, -v.

esp. open,

/'bjuiglDs/ n. plant with bright blue tubular flowers, related to borage. [French buglosse from Greek, = oxtongued] build /bild/ -v. (past and past part. built /bilt/) 1 construct or cause to be constructed. 2 a (often foil, by up) establish or develop (built the business up). b (often foil, by on) base (hopes, theories, etc.). 3 (as built adj.) of specified build (sturdily built), -n. 1 physical proportions (slim build). 2 style of construction; make, z build in incorporate, build on add (an extension etc.). build up 1 increase in size or strength. 2 praise; boost. 3 gradually become established. [Old English] builder n. person who builds, esp. a building contractor.

building

n.

1

permanent

fixed struc-

ture e.g. a house, factory, or stable. 2 constructing of these. building society n. public finance company paying interest to investors and lending capital for mortgages etc.

build-up n.

1 favourable advance publigradual approach to a climax. 3 accumulation or increase. built past and past part, of build. built-in adj. integral. built-up adj. 1 (of a locality) densely developed. 2 increased in height etc. by

city. 2

made of prefabricated parts. a globular base of the stem of

addition. 3

bulb

n. 1

some plants, sending roots downwards and leaves upwards, b plant grown from this, e.g. a daffodil. 2 = light-bulb. 3 object or part shaped like a bulb. [Latin bulbus from Greek, = onion] adj. bulb-shaped; fat or bulg-

bulbous ing.

bulge -n.

1

irregular swelling. 2 colloq.

temporary increase (baby bulge), -v. (ging) swell outwards, z bulgy adj. [Latin bulga bag] bulimia /bju:'limia/ n. (in full bulimia nervosa) disorder in which overeating alternates with self-induced vomiting, [Greek bous ox, limos etc.

fasting,

hunger] bulk-rc. 1 a size; magnitude (esp. large), b large mass, body, etc. c large quantity. 2 (treated as pi. & usu. prec. by the) greater part or number (the bulk of the applicants are women). 3 roughage. -v. 1 seem (in size or importance) (bulks large). 2 make (a book etc;) thicker etc. z in bulk in large quantities. [Old Norse] bulk buying n. buying in quantity at a discount.

bulkhead bulkhead n. aircraft, etc.

bulky adj.

(-ier, -iest)

awkwardly

large,

bulkiness n. bull bul n. 1 a uncastrated male bovine animal, b male of the whale, ele1

phant, etc. 2 (the Bull) zodiacal sign or constellation Taurus. 3 bull's-eye of a target. 4 person who buys shares hoping to sell them at a profit, take the bull by the horns face danger or a challenge bullish adj. [Old Norse] boldly, bull 2 /bul/ n. papal edict. [Latin bulla seal]

bull 3 /bul/ n. 1 slang a nonsense, b unnecessary routine tasks. 2 absurdly illogical statement, [origin

unknown]

bulldog

n. 1 short-haired heavy-jowled sturdy dog. 2 tenacious and courageous person. bulldog clip n. strong sprung clip for

papers.

bully

1

/'bull/

-n.

(pi. -ies)

person coerc-

ing others by fear. —v. (-ies, -ied) persecute or oppress by force or threats. -int. (foil, by for) often iron, expressing approval (bully for you). [Dutch] bully 2 /'bull/ (in full bully off) -n. (pi. -ies) start of play in hockey in which two

opponents strike each other's sticks three times and then go for the ball. -v. (-ies, -ied) start play in this way. [origin

unknown] bully 3 /'bull/ corned

n.

(in

full

bully beef)

beef. [French: related to boil 1 ]

bulrush /'bulrAj7 n.

1

a kind of tall rush.

2 Bibl. papyrus, [perhaps from bull = coarse + rush 2 ] bulwark /'bulwak/ n. 1 defensive wall, esp. of earth. 2 protecting person or 1

thing. 3 (usu. in pi.) ship's side

above

German or Dutch] slang buttocks, [origin uncer-

deck. [Low

bum

1

n.

tain]

bulldoze

v. (-zing) 1 clear with a bulldozer. 2 colloq. a intimidate, b make (one's way) forcibly. bulldozer n. powerful tractor with a broad vertical blade at the front for clearing ground. bullet /'bulit/ n. small pointed missile fired from a rifle, revolver, etc. [French diminutive of boule ball] bulletin /'bulitm/ n. 1 short official news report. 2 society's regular list of

information etc. 2 related to bull

[Italian

diminutive:

]

bulletproof

designed to protect

adj.

from bullets. bullfight n. public baiting, and usu. bullfighter n. bullkilling, of bulls, fighting

bumpkin

LOS

upright partition in a ship,

n.

bullfinch n. pink and black finch, bullfrog n. large N. American frog with a booming croak.

bull-headed n. obstinate, blundering. bullion 'bulian/ n. gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight. 1 [French: related to boil ] bullock /'bulak/ n. castrated male of domestic cattle. [Old English dimin1 utive of BULL ]

bullring

n. arena for bullfights. bull's-eye n. 1 centre of a target. 2 hard minty sweet. 3 hemispherical ship's window. 4 small circular window. 5 a hemispherical lens, b lantern with this. 6 boss of glass in a blown glass sheet. bullshit coarse slang -n. (often as int.) nonsense; pretended knowledge, -v. (-tt-) talk nonsense or as if one has bullshitspecialist knowledge (to). 3 ter n. [from bull bull-terrier n. cross between a bulldog and a terrier. ]

bum

2

US slang -n. loafer or tramp; dissolute person, -v. (-mm-) 1 (often foil, by around) loaf or wander around. 2 cadge, -attrib. adj. of poor quality. [Ger-

man Bummler loafer] bum-bag n. slang small pouch worn on a belt round the waist or hips. /'DAmb(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 (foil, by on) speak in a rambling way. 2 (often as bumbling adj.) be inept; blunder, [from

bumble BOOM

1

]

bumble-bee

n.

large bee with a loud

hum.

bumf n. colloq.

usu. derog. papers, documents, [abbreviation of bum-fodder =

toilet-paper]

bump -n.

1

dull-sounding blow or

colli-

sion. 2 swelling or dent so caused. 3

uneven patch on a road etc. 4 prominence on the skull thought to indicate a mental faculty, -v. 1 a hit or come against with a bump, b (often foil, by against, into) collide. 2 (often foil, by against, on) hurt or damage by striking (bumped my head, the car). 3 (usu. foil, by along) move along with jolts, -adv. with a bump; suddenly; violently. : bump into colloq. meet by chance,

bump loq.

off slang murder, increase (prices etc.).

bump up colbumpy adj.

(-ier, -iest). [imitative]

bumper n.

1 horizontal bar at the front or back of a motor vehicle, reducing damage in a collision. 2 (usu. attrib.) unusually large or fine example (bumper crop). 3 Cricket ball rising high

after pitching. 4 brim-full glass.

bumper car n. = dodgem. bumpkin /'bAmpkm/ n.

rustic socially inept person. [Dutch]

or

bumptious bumptious

/'bAmpJas/ adj. offensively

self-assertive or conceited, [from after fractious]

bump,

n. 1 small sweet bread roll or cake, often with dried fruit. 2 hair coiled and pinned to the head, [origin unknown] bunch -n. 1 things gathered together. 2 collection; lot (best of the bunch). 3 colloq. group; gang. -v. 1 make into a bunch; gather into close folds. 2 form into a group or crowd, [origin unknown] bundle /'bAnd(a)l/ -n. 1 things tied or fastened together. 2 set of nerve fibres etc. 3 slang large amount of money, -v. (-ling) 1 (usu. foil, by up) tie or make into a bundle. 2 (usu. foil, by into) throw or move carelessly. 3 (usu. foil, by out, off, away, etc.) send away hurriedly.

be a bundle of nerves (or fun etc.) be extremely nervous (or amusing etc.). go a bundle on slang admire; like. [Low

-v.

1

stop with a bung. 2 slang throw, z bunged up blocked up. [Dutch] bungalow /'bAnga.lau/ n. one-storeyed house. [Gujarati, = of Bengal] /"t>And3i/

n.

(in

full

bungee

cord, rope) elasticated cord or rope used for securing baggage or in bungee

jumping.

bungee jumping

jumping from a height while secured by a bungee from the ankles or a harness. bungle /'bAng(a)l/-i>. (-ling) 1 mismanage or

n.

sport of

fail at (a task). 2

work badly or

clumsily, -n. bungled attempt or work, [imitative] bunion /'bAnjan/ n. swelling esp.

on the big

bunk

1

toe.

on the foot,

[French]

shelflike bed against a wall, esp. in a ship, [origin unknown] 2 slang -v. (often foil, by off) play n.

bunk

truant (from), -n. (in do a bunk) leave or abscond hurriedly, [origin unknown] 3 slang nonsense, humbug, n. [shortening of bunkum] bunk-bed n. each of two or more tiered beds forming a unit. bunker n. 1 container for fuel. 2 reinforced underground shelter. 3 sandy [origin golf-course, hollow in a

bunk

unknown]

bunkum

"bAnkam' n. nonsense, humbug. [Buncombe in US]

bunny /'bAni/ n.

(pi. -ies) 1 child's name for a rabbit. 2 (in full bunny girl) club hostess, waitress, etc., wearing rabbit ears and tail. [dial, bun rabbit]

Bunsen burner

/'bAntin/ n. small bird related

to the finches, [origin

unknown]

"bAntin n. 1 flags and other decorations. 2 loosely-woven fabric for /

unknown]

these, [origin

buoy

1 anchored float as a etc. 2 lifebuoy, -v. 1 (usu. foil, by up) a keep afloat, b encourage, uplift. 2 (often foil, by out) mark

-n.

/boi/

mark

navigation

with a buoy. [Dutch, perhaps from Latin boia collar]

buoyant keep

/'boiant/ adj.

afloat.

buoyancy

able or apt to

1

2 resilient; exuberant,

[French

n.

or

z Spanish:

related to buoy]

BUPA

/'bu:pa/ abbr. British United Provident Association, a private health insurance organization.

bur

n. 1 a prickly clinging seed-case or flower-head, b any plant having these. 2 clinging person. 3 var. of burr n. 2.

[Scandinavian]

or Dutch]

bun fight n. slang tea party. bung -n. stopper, esp. for a cask.

bungee

bunting

1

bunting 2

bun

German

burgher

106

"bAns(a)n/ n. small adjustable gas burner used in a laboratory. [Bunsen, name of a chemist]

burble /'b3:b(a)l' make a bubbling burbot /'b3:bat/ freshwater

fish.

v. 1 talk ramblingly. 2 sound, [imitative]

n.

same)

(pi.

eel-like

[French]

burden

"b3:d(a)n/ -n. 1 load, esp. a heavy one. 2 oppressive duty, expense, emotion, etc. 3 bearing of loads (beast of burden). 4 a refrain of a song, b chief theme of a speech, book, etc. -v. load

with a burden; oppress,

burdensome

adj. [Old English: related to birth]

burden of proof n.

obligation to prove

one's case.

burdock

plant with prickly flowers and docklike leaves, [from bur,

dock 3

"b3:dDk/

n.

]

bureau

'bjuarau

n. (pi.

-x or -s

/-z/) 1

a

desk with drawers and usu. an angled hinged top. b US chest of drawers. 2 a office or department for specific business,

government

b

depart-

ment. [French, originally = baize]

bureaucracy

bjua'rukrasi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 a government by central administration, b State etc. so governed. 2 government officials, esp. regarded as oppressive and inflexible. 3 conduct typical of these. bureaucrat 'bjuara.kraet n. 1 official in a bureaucracy. 2 inflexible adminisbureaucratic kraetik/ adj. trator. bureaucratically -'kraetikali' adv. ,

-

'bjua'ret n. (US buret) graduated glass tube with an end-tap for

burette

measuring liquid

in chemical analysis.

[French]

burgeon

'b3:d3(a)n v. literary grow rapidly; flourish. [Latin burra wool]

burger

'b3:ga(T)

n. colloq.

hamburger,

[abbreviation]

burgher

/'b3:ga(r)/

n.

citizen

of

Continental town. [German or Dutch]

a

burglar burglar

Usage Before 1968 in English law, burglary was a crime under statute and common law; since 1968 it has been a statutory crime only;

cf.

housebreak-

ing.

burgle

/'b3:g(a)l/

v.

(-ling)

commit

burglary (on).

burgomaster mayor

bury

107

person who commits burglary. [Anglo-French] burglary n. (pi. -ies) 1 illegal entry with intenl to c ommit theft, do bodily harm, or do damage. 2 instance of this. /D3:flla(r)/ n.

burner

part of a gas cooker, lamp, etc. that emits the flame, burning adj. 1 ardent, intense. 2 hotly discussed, vital, urgent, burning-glass n. lens for concentrating the sun's rays to produce a flame, burnish /'D3:niJ7 v. polish by rubbing. n.

[French brunir from brun brown] /b3:'nu:s/ n. Arab or Moorish hooded cloak. [Arabic from Greek] burn-out n. exhaustion. burnt-out

burnous adj.

burnt see burn burnt ochre n.

1

/'baiga.maistaOr)/

n.

of a Dutch or Flemish town.

[Dutch]

burgundy /'b3:gandi/ n.

(pi. -ies) 1

(also

wine from elsewhere. 2 dark red colour

burr

/'benal/ n. 1 a burying of a corpse, b funeral. 2 Archaeol. grave or its

remains.

burin

/'bjuarm/ n. 1 tool for engraving copper or wood. 2 Archaeol. chiselpointed flint tool. [French] burk var. of berk. burlesque /b3:'lesk/ -n. 1 a comic imitation, parody, b this as a genre. 2 US variety show, esp. with striptease, -adj. of or using burlesque, -u. (-ques, -qued, -quing) parody. [Italian burla mockery] burly /'b3:h/ adj. (-ier, -iest) large and sturdy. [Old English] burn —v. (past and past part, burnt or burned) 1 (cause to) be consumed or destroyed by fire. 2 blaze or glow with fire. 3 (cause to) be injured or damaged by fire, heat, radiation, acid, etc. 4 use or be used as fuel etc. 5 char in cooking. 6 produce (a hole, mark, etc.) by fire or heat. 7 a heat (clay, chalk, etc.). b harden (bricks) by fire. 8 colour, tan, or parch with heat or light. 9 (be) put to death by fire. 10 cauterize, brand. 11 make, be, or feel hot, esp. painfully. 12 (often foil, by with) (cause to) feel great emotion or passion (burn with shame). 13 slang drive fast. -n. mark or injury caused by burning. burn one's boats (or bridges) commit oneself irrevocably, burn the candle at both ends work etc. excessively, burn down destroy or be destroyed by burning, burn one's fingers suffer for meddling or rashness, burn the midnight oil read or work late, burn out 1 be reduced to nothing by burning. 2 (cause to) fail by burning. 3 (usu. refl.) suffer exhaustion, burn up 1 get rid of by fire. 2 begin to blaze. [Old English] burn 2 n. Scot, brook. [Old English] 1

burnt sienna or

altar as a sacrifice.

burp colloq. -v.

of this.

(also

umber) pigment darkened by burning, burnt offering n. offering burnt on an

Burgundy) a red or white wine from Burgundy in E. France, b hist, similar burial

.

1 belch. 2 make (a baby) belch, -n. belch, [imitative]

-n. 1 a whirring sound, b rough sounding of the letter r. 2 (also bur) a rough edge on metal or paper, b sur-

geon's or dentist's small drill. 3 var. of bur 1, 2. —v. make a burr, [imitative] burrow /'bArau/ -n. hole or tunnel dug by a rabbit etc. as a dwelling or shelter. -v. 1 make a burrow. 2 make (a hole, one's way, etc.) (as) by digging. 3 (foil, by into) investigate, search, [apparently var. of borough] bursar /'b3:sa(r)/ n. 1 treasurer, esp. of a college. 2 holder of a bursary, [medieval

Latin bursarius from bursa purse]

bursary

n. (pi. -ies) grant, esp. a scholarship, [medieval Latin: related to

bursar]

burst

-v. (past and past part, burst) 1 (cause to) break violently apart; open forcibly from within. 2 a (usu. foil, by in, out) make one's way suddenly or by force, b break away from or through (river burst its banks). 3 be full to overflowing. 4 appear or come suddenly (burst into flame). 5 (foil, by into) suddenly begin to shed (tears) or utter. 6 seem about to burst from effort, excitement, etc. -n. 1 act of bursting. 2 sudden issue or outbreak (burst offlame; burst of applause). 3 sudden effort, spurt. burst out 1 suddenly begin (burst out laughing). 2 exclaim. [Old English] burton /'b3:t(a)n/ n. a go for a burton slang be lost, destroyed, or killed, [origin uncertain] bury /'ben/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 place (a corpse) in the earth, a tomb, or the sea. 2 lose by death (buried two sons). 3 a put or hide under ground, b cover up; conceal. 4 consign to obscurity; forget. 5 (refl. or passive) involve deeply (buried bury the hatchet cease to in a book). quarrel. [Old English]

bus buses or US busses)

(pi.

1

large

esp. public passenger vehicle, usu. travelling a fixed route. 2 colloq. car, aeroetc. -v. (buses or busses, bussed, bussing) 1 go by bus. 2 US transport by bus, esp. to aid racial integration, [abbreviation of omnibus]

plane,

busby

/'bAzbi/ n. (pi -ies) tall fur hat

worn by hussars

bush

but

108

bus -n.

1

/buJ7

n.

etc. [origin

unknown]

shrub or clump of

1

shrubs. 2 thing like a bush, esp. a clump of hair. 3 (esp. in Australia and Africa) uncultivated area; woodland or forest. [Old English and Old Norse] bush 2 /buJV -rz. 1 metal lining for a hole enclosing a revolving shaft etc. 2 sleeve giving electrical insulation, -v. fit with a bush. [Dutch busse box]

bush-baby

n.

{pi.

-ies)

small African

lemur.

bushel

adj. colloq. tired out. /'bo.T(a)l/ n.

measure of capacity

for corn, fruit, etc. (8 gallons or 36.4

[French]

bushfire

forest or scrub fire often

n.

spreading widely.

bushman

traveller or dweller in the Australian bush. 2 (Bushman) member or language of a S.African aboriginal people. bush telegraph n. rapid spreading of n.

1

information, rumour,

etc.

bushy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 growing thickly like a bush. 2 having many bushes. business

/'biznis/ n. 1 one's regular occupation or profession. 2 one's own concern. 3 task or duty. 4 serious work or activity. 5 (difficult or unpleasant) matter or affair. 6 thing(s) needing at-

tention or discussion. 7 buying and selling;

mind

bus. 2 sign

bust

1

n. 1

1

regular stopping-place of a

marking

this.

human chest, esp. of a woman;

bosom. 2 sculpture of a person's head, shoulders, and chest. -iest).

busty adj.

(-ier,

[French from Italian] (past and past part, busted or

bust 2 -v.

bust) colloq. 1 break, burst. 2 a raid, search, b arrest, —adj. (also busted) 1 broken, burst. 2 bankrupt. bust up 1 collapse. 2 (esp. of a married couple) separate, [var. of burst] bustard /'bAstad/ n. large land bird that can run very fast. [Latin avis tarda slow bird ('slow' unexplained)] buster n. esp. US slang mate; fellow, [from bust 2 ]

bustier

/'bAsti.ei/

fitting bodice.

strapless

n.

close-

[French]

bustle /'bAs(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 (often foil, by about) (cause to) move busily and 1

bushed litres).

bus-stop n.

trade.

one's

commercial firm.

8

own business not meddle.

[Old English: related to busy] efficient, systematic.

businesslike adj.

businessman woman) man

n.

(fern,

businessengaged in

or woman trade or commerce. business park n. area designed for commerce and light industry. business person n. businessman or

businesswoman. perform esp. music in the

busk v.

etc. for tips.

busker n.

street [obsolete busk

peddle]

bus lane n.

part of a road mainly for use

by buses.

busman n.

bus driver.

busman's holiday n.

holiday spent in an activity similar to one's regular work. bus shelter n. shelter beside a bus-stop, bus station n. centre where buses depart and arrive.

energetically. 2 (as bustling adj.) aclively, -n. excited or energetic activity, [perhaps from obsolete busk

tive,

prepare]

bustle 2 /'bAs(a)l/ n. hist, padding worn under a skirt to puff it out behind, [origin unknown] bust-up n. 1 quarrel. 2 collapse.

busy

/'bizi/ -adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 occupied or engaged in work etc. 2 full of activity; fussy (busy evening, street, busy design). 3 esp. US (of a telephone line) engaged, -v. (-ies, -ied) (often reft.) keep busily adv. [Old Engbusy; occupy.

lish]

busybody

n. (pi. -ies)

meddlesome

per-

son.

busy Lizzie n. plant with abundant esp. red, pink, or white flowers. /bAt, bat/ -conj. 1 a nevertheless, however (tried but failed), b on the

but

other hand; on the contrary (/ am old but you are young). 2 except, otherwise than (cannot choose but do it; what could we do but run?). 3 without the result that (it never rains but it pours), -prep, except; apart from; other than (all cried but me; nothing but trouble), -adv. 1 only; no more than; only just (we can but try; is but a child; had but arrived). 2 in emphatic repetition; definitely (would see nobody, but nobody), -rel. pron. who not; that not (not a man but feels pity), -n. objection (ifs and

but for without the help or hindrance etc. of (but for you I'd be rich), but one (or two etc.) excluding one (or two etc.) from the number (next door but one; last but one), but then however (/ won, but then I am older). buts).

[Old English]

butane bju:tem/

hydrocarbon, used

gaseous alkane

n.

form as

in liquefied

[from butyl]

fuel,

butch

botJ7 adj. slang masculine; tough looking, [origin uncertain]

butcher

'butja(r)/ -n. 1 a person who deals in meat, b slaughterer. 2 brutal murderer, -v. 1 slaughter or cut up (an animal) for food. 2 kill wantonly or cruelly. 3 colloq. ruin through

incompetence. [French boc buck ] (pi. -ies) 1 needless or cruel slaughter (of people). 2 butcher's trade. butler n. principal manservant of a household. [French bouteille bottle] butt -v. 1 push or strike with the head or horns. 2 (cause to) meet edge to edge. -n. 1 push with the head. 2 join of two edges. butt in interrupt, meddle. [French from Germanic] 1

butchery n.

1

butt 2

(often foil, by of) object of ridicule etc. 2 a mound behind a target,

b (in

n.

1

pi.)

shooting-range. [French but

goal]

butr

thicker end, esp. of a tool or etc. 3 esp. buttocks. [Dutch] 4 butt n. cask. [Latin buttis] butter -n. 1 solidified churned cream, used as a spread and in cooking. 2 substance of similar texture (peanut butter), —v. spread, cook, or serve with butter butter up colloq. flatter. n. 1

weapon. 2 stub of a cigarette

US slang

[Greek bouturon]

butter-bean

n. 1 flat,

dried, white lima

bean. 2 yellow-podded bean,

butter-cream

n. mixture of butter, icing sugar, etc., as a filling etc. for a cake.

buttercup

n.

wild plant with yellow

cup-shaped flowers.

butterfat

essential

n.

fats

of pure

butter.

butter-fingers to

buzz

109

butane

n. colloq.

person prone

drop things.

butterfly n.

insect with four usu. brightly coloured wings. 2 (in pi.) colloq. nervous sensation in the (pi. -flies) 1

/'bAtak/ n.

1

each of the two

fleshy protuberances at the rear of the human trunk. 2 corresponding part of [butt ridge] button /'bAt(a)n/ -n. 1 small disc etc. sewn to a garment as a fastener or worn as an ornament. 2 small round knob etc. pressed to operate electronic equipment, -v. = button up 1. z button up 1 fasten with buttons. 2 colloq. complete satisfactorily. 3 colloq. be silent.

an animal,

[French from Germanic]

buttonhole

-n. 1 slit, in cloth for a button. 2 flower etc. worn in a lapel buttonhole, -v. (-ling) colloq. accost and detain (a reluctant listener).

mushroom

button

n.

young

unopened mushroom. buttress /'bAtris/ -rc.

1 projecting support built against a wall. 2 source of help etc. -v. (often foil, by up) 1 support with a buttress. 2 support by argument etc. (buttressed by facts), [related to butt 1 ] butty /'bAti/ n. (pi -ies) N.Engl, sandwich, [from butter] butyl /'bju:tail/ n. the univalent alkyl radical C 4 H 9 [Latin butyrum butter] /'bAksam/ adj. (esp. of a woman) plump and rosy; busty, [earlier = pli2 ant: related to bow ] buy /bai/ -v. (buys, buying; past and past part, bought /bo:t/) 1 a obtain for money etc. b serve to obtain (money can't buy happiness; the best that money can buy). 2 a procure by bribery etc. b bribe. 3 get by sacrifice etc. 4 slang believe in, accept. 5 be a buyer for a store etc. —n. colloq. purchase. buy in buy a stock of. buy into pay for a share in (an enterprise), buy off pay to get rid of. buy oneself out obtain one's release (esp. from the armed services) by payment, buy out pay (a person) for ownership, an interest, etc. buy up 1 buy as much as possible of. 2 absorb (a firm etc.) by purchase. [Old English] .

buxom

buyer n.

1

person employed to purchase

stock for a large store etc. 2 purchaser,

customer.

stomach.

butterfly nut n. a kind of wing-nut. butterfly stroke n. stroke in swimming, with arms raised and lifted forwards together. butter-icing n. = butter-cream.

buttermilk

buttock

liquid left after churn-

n.

ing butter.

butter muslin cloth, orig. for

n.

thin loosely-woven

wrapping

butter.

butterscotch n. brittle toffee made from butter, brown sugar, etc. buttery /'bAtan/ n. (pi. -ies) food store, 1

esp. in a college; snack-bar etc. [related 4 to BUTT ] buttery 2 adj. like or containing butter.

buyer's market n. (also buyers' market) trading conditions favourable to buyers.

buyout

n. purchase of a controlling share in a company etc. 1 hum of a bee etc. 2 sound of a buzzer. 3 a low murmur as of conversation, b stir; hurried activity (buzz of excitement). 4 slang telephone call. 5 slang thrill, -v. 1 hum. 2 a summon with a buzzer, b slang telephone. 3 a (often foil, by about) move busily, b (of a place) appear busy or full of excitement. buzz off slang go or hurry away,

buzz -n.

[imitative]

buzzard

signal.

buzz-word

n. colloq. fashionable technical or specialist word; catchword. by /bai/ -prep. 1 near, beside (sit by me; path by the river). 2 through the agency or means of (by proxy poem by Donne; by bus; by cheating; divide by two; killed by robbers). 3 not later than (by next week). 4 a past, beyond (drove by the church), b through; via (went by Paris). 5 during (by day; by daylight). 6 to the extent of (missed by a foot; better by far). 7 according to; using as a standard or unit (judge by appearances; paid by the hour). 8 with the succession of (worse by the minute; day by day). 9 concerning; in respect of (did our duty by them; Smith by name). 10 used in mild oaths (by God). 11 expressing dimensions of an area etc. (threefeet by two). 12 avoiding, ignoring (passed us by). 13 inclining to (north by northwest), -adv. 1 near (sat by). 2 aside; in reserve (put £5 by). 3 past (marched by), ;

-n. (pi. byes) = bye by and by before long; eventually, by and large on the whole, by the by (or bye) incidentally, by oneself 1 a unaided, b unprompted. 2 alone. [Old English] by- prefix subordinate, incidental (byeffect; byroad). bye 1 /bai/ n. 1 Cricket run scored from a ball that passes the batsman without being hit. 2 status of an unpaired competitor in a sport, who proceeds to the next round by default, [from by as a 1

.

noun]

bye 2

/bai/ int. (also bye-bye) goodbye, [abbreviation]

colloq.

=

by-election n. election to fill a vacancy arising between general elections.

Byelorussian

Byzantine

no

buzzard /'bAzad/ n. large bird of the hawk family. [Latin buteo falcon] buzzer n. electrical buzzing device as a

/,byela'rAjXa)n/

(also

Belorussian /.bela-/) -n. native or language of Byelorussia in eastern Europe.

-adj. of Byelorussia, its people, or language. [Russian from belyi white, Russiya Russia] bygone -adj. past, antiquated, -n. (in phr. let bygones be bygones) forgive and forget past quarrels, by-law n. regulation made by a local authority or corporation, [obsolete by

town]

byline n. 1 newspaper

line naming the writer of a article etc. 2 secondary line of work. 3 goal-line or touch-line.

bypass -n. town or

main road passing round a

1

centre. 2 a secondary channel or pipe etc. used in emergencies, b alternative passage for the circulation of blood through the heart, -v. avoid, go

round

its

(a

byplay

town, difficulty, etc.). secondary action, esp. in a

n.

play.

by-product n. 1 incidental product made in the manufacture of something else. 2

secondary

result,

byre /'baia(r)/ n. cowshed. byroad minor road,

[Old English]

rc.

byssinosis caused by

/.bisi'nausis/ n.

lung disease [Greek bus-

textile fibre dust.

sinos made of linen] bystander n. person

present but not

taking part; onlooker,

byte

Computing group of eight binary digits, often representing one /bait/ n.

character, [origin uncertain] n. 1 byroad or secluded path. 2

byway minor

activity.

byword n. example

1

(is

person or thing as a notable a byword for luxury). 2

familiar saying. /bi'zaentam, bai-/ -adj. 1 of Byzantium or the E. Roman Empire. 2 of its highly decorated style of architecture. 3 (of a political situation etc.) complex, inflexible, or underhand, -n. citizen of Byzantium or the E. Roman

Byzantine

Empire. tinist bul]

n.

Byzantinism [Latin Byzantium,

n.

Byzan-

now

Istan-

c C

1

/si:/ n. (pi.

Cs or C's)

letter of the alphabet. 2

1

(also c) third

Mus.

first

note of

the diatonic scale of C major. 3 third hypothetical person or example. 4 third highest category etc. 5 Algebra (usu. c) third known quantity. 6 (as a roman numeral) 100. 7 (also ©) copyright. C 2 symb. carbon. C 3 abbr. (also C.) 1 Celsius, centigrade. 2 coulomb(s), capacitance, c. abbr. 1 century. 2 cent(s). c. abbr. circa. Ca symb. calcium. ca. abbr. circa. abbr. Civil Aviation Authority, cab n. 1 taxi. 2 driver's compartment in a lorry, train, or crane etc. [abbreviation of cabriolet] cabal /ka'bael/ n. 1 secret intrigue. 2 political clique. [French from Latin]

CAA

cable-car n. small cabin suspended on a looped cable, for carrying passengers up and down a mountain etc. n. telegraph message sent

cablegram

by undersea cable.

cable television

n.

television trans-

mission by cable to subscribers.

cabman

n.

caboodle

driver of a cab.

the whole

/ka'bu:d(a)l/ n.

caboodle slang the whole

lot.

[origin

uncertain]

caboose

/ka'bu:s/ n. 1 kitchen on a ship's deck. 2 US guard's van on a train

etc.

[Dutch]

cabriole

/'kaebri.aul/ n. a

kind of esp.

18th-c.

curved

table

round head and green or purple leaves. 2 = vegetable 2. [French caboche head] cabbage white n. butterfly whose caterpillars feed on cabbage leaves,

or chair leg. [French: related to capriole] cabriolet /.kasbriau'lei/ n. 1 car with a folding top. 2 light two-wheeled onehorse carriage with a hood. [French: related to capriole] cacao /ka'kau/ n. (pi. -s) 1 seed from which cocoa and chocolate are made. 2 tree bearing these. [Spanish from Nahuatl] cache /kaeJV -n. 1 hiding-place for treasure, stores, guns, etc. 2 things so hidden, -v. (-ching) put in a cache. [French cacher hide]

cabby

cachet

/'kaejei/

n.

cabaret

/'kaeba.rei/ n. entertainment in a nightclub or restaurant. [French, =

tavern]

cabbage

/'kaebid3/ n.

n. (also

vegetable with a

1

cabbie)

(pi. -ies) colloq.

taxi-driver.

caber

/'keiba(r)/ n. trimmed tree-trunk tossed as a sport in the Scottish Highlands. [Gaelic] cabin /'kaebm/ n. 1 small shelter or house, esp. of wood. 2 room or compartment in an aircraft or ship for passengers or crew. 3 driver's cab. [French from Latin] cabin-boy n. boy steward on a ship, cabin cruiser n. large motor boat with

accommodation. a cupboard or case for storing or displaying things, b casing of a radio, television, etc. 2 (Cabinet) committee of senior ministers in a government, [diminutive of cabin]

cabinet

/'kaebmit/ n.

cabinet-maker

1

n. skilled joiner.

/'keib(a)l/ -n. 1 encased group of insulated wires for transmitting electri city etc. 2 thick rope of wire or hemp. 3 cablegram. 4 (in full cable stitch) knitting stitch resembling twisted rope. -v. (-ling) transmit (a message) or inform (a person) by cablegram. [Latin caplum halter, from Arabic]

cable

1

prestige.

2

dis-

tinguishing mark or seal. 3 flat capsule of medicine. [French cacher press] cachou /'kaeju:/ n. lozenge to sweeten the breath. [Portuguese cachu from

Malay kachu]

cack-handed

/kaek'haendid/ adj.

col-

clumsy. 2 left-handed, [dial, cack excrement] cackle /'kaek(a)l/ -n. 1 clucking of a hen etc. 2 raucous laugh. 3 noisy chatter. -v. (-ling) 1 emit a cackle. 2 chatter noisily, loq. 1

[imitative]

cacophony

/ka'kDfani/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

cacophonharsh discordant sound. ous adj. [Greek kakos bad, phone sound]

cactus

'kaektas/ n. (pi. -ti /-tai/ or cactuses) plant with a thick fleshy stem and usu. spines but no leaves. [Latin

from Greek] computer aided design. n. man who behaves dishonourably, caddish adj. [abbreviation of caddie] cadaver /ka'daeva(r)/ n. esp. Med. corpse. [Latin cado fall]

CAD abbr.

cad

cadaverous like;

/ka'daevaras/ adj. corpse-

very pale and thin.

caddie

calabrese

112

caddie /'kaedi/ (also caddy) -rc.

(pi. -ies)

who carries a golfer's clubs during play. -v. (-ies, -ied, caddying) act as a caddie. [French cadet] caddis-fly /'kaedis/ n. small nocturnal insect living near water, [origin

cafeteria

/.kaefi'tiaria/

self-service

n.

person

restaurant. [American Spanish, = coffee-shop] caffeine /'kaefi:n/ n. alkaloid stimulant in tea-leaves and coffee beans. [French

unknown]

caftan /'kaeftaen/ n. (also kaftan) 1 long tunic worn by men in the Near East. 2

caddis-worm larva

of

/'kaedis/ n. (also

caddis

the

caddis)

fly.

[origin

caddy

/'ksedi/ n.

(pi.

-ies)

small con-

tainer for tea. [Malay] caddy 2 var. of caddie.

cadence

/'keid(a)ns/ n.

1

rhythm; the

measure or beat of a sound or movement. 2

in pitch of the voice. 3 tonal inflection. 4 close of a musical phrase. [Latin cado fall] cadenza /ka'denza/ n. virtuoso passage for a soloist. [Italian: related to fall

cadence]

cadet /ka'det/ n. young trainee for the armed services or police force. cadetship

[French, ultimately from Latin caput head] cadge v. (-ging) colloq. get or seek by begging, [origin unknown] cadi /'ka:di/ n. (pi -s) judge in a Muslim country. [Arabic] cadmium /'kaedmiam/ n. soft bluishwhite metallic element. [Greek kadmia n.

Cadmean (earth)] cadre /'ka:da(r)/ n.

1

basic unit, esp. of

servicemen. 2 group of esp. Communist activists. [French from Latin quadrus square]

caecum /'si:kam/ n. (US cecum) (pi -ca) blind-ended pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines. [Latin caecus blind]

Caenozoic var. of Cenozoic Caerphilly /kea'fili/ n. a kind

of mild white cheese. [Caerphilly in Wales]

Caesar

/'si:za(r)/

n.

1

title

emperors. 2 autocrat. [Latin

of

Roman

(C. Julius)

Caesar]

Caesarean

/si'zearian/ (US Cesarean, Cesarian) -adj. (of birth) effected by Caesarean section, -n. Caesarean section, [from Caesar: Julius Caesar was supposedly born this way]

Caesarean section

n.

delivery of a

by cutting through the mother's abdomen. caesium /'si:ziam/ n. (US cesium) soft child

silver-white blue-grey]

caesura

element.

[Latin

/'kaefei/

caesius

cage. [Latin caved]

cagey

(also cagy) (-ier, cautious and noncagily adv. caginess n.

/'keid3i/ adj.

colloq.

-iest)

committal.

[origin unknown] cagoule /ka'gu:l/

n.

thin hooded wind-

proof jacket. [French]

cahoots

/ka'hu:ts/ n.pl. in cahoots slang in collusion, [origin uncertain] var. of cayman. Cain n. raise Cain colloq. = raise the (Gen. 4)] roof. [Cain, eldest son of Cainozoic var. of Cenozoic

caiman

Adam

cairn n. 1 mound of stones as a monument or landmark. 2 (in full cairn terrier) small shaggy short-legged terrier. [Gaelic]

cairngorm

/'keango.m/ n. semiprecious form of quartz. [Cairngorms, in Scotland] caisson watertight /'keis(a)n/ n. chamber for underwater construction work. [Italian cassone]

cajole

/ka'd3aul/ deceit,

flattery,

v.

(-ling)

etc.

persuade by cajolery n.

[French] 1 mixture of flour, butter, eggs, sugar, etc., baked in the oven and often iced and decorated. 2 other food in a flat round shape (fish cake). 3 flatfish compact mass (cake of soap), -v. (-king) 1 form into a compact mass. 2 (usu. foil, by with) cover (with a hard or sticky have one's cake and eat it mass). colloq. enjoy both of two mutually exclusive alternatives, a piece of cake colloq. something easily achieved, sell (or go) like hot cakes colloq. be sold (or go) quickly; be popular. [Old Norse] Cakewalk n. 1 obsolete American Black dance. 2 colloq. easy task. 3 fairground entertainment consisting of a

cake-rc.

promenade moved by machinery. Cal abbr. large calorie(s). cal abbr. small

calorie(s).

calabash

/si'zjuara/ n. (pi. -s)

caesural

line of verse. caedo cut]

cafe

long loose dress or shirt. [Turkish] -n. 1 structure of bars or wires, esp. for confining animals or birds. 2 similar open framework, esp. a lift in mine etc. -k (-ging) place or keep in a

cage

unknown] 1

cafe coffee]

n.

pause in a adj.

[Latin

small coffee-house or

restaurant. [French]

gourdn. 1 /'kaela.baeJV bearing tree of tropical America. 2 such a gourd, esp. as a vessel for water, etc. [French from Spanish]

calabrese

/,kaela'bri:s/

broccoli. [Italian,

n.

variety of

= Calabrian]

calamine calamine

n.

powdered

form of zinc carbonate and

ferric oxide used as a skin lotion. [French from

Latin]

calamity

/ka'laemiti/ n. (pi. -ies) disas-

calamitous

ter,

great misfortune.

adj.

[French from Latin]

calcareous

/kael'keanas/ adj. of or containing calcium carbonate, [related to

calx]

calceolaria

/.kaelsia'learia/ n. plant with slipper-shaped flowers. [Latin calceus shoe] calces pi. of calx.

calciferol /kael'srfa.rDl/ n. vitamin (D 2 ) promoting calcium deposition in the bones, [related to calx]

calciferous

/kael'sifaras/ adj. yielding salts, esp. calcium carbonate.

calcium calcify /'kaelsi.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 harden by the depositing of calcium salts. 2 convert or be converted to cal-

cium carbonate.

calcification

/-ft

'keij(8)n/ n.

calcine /'kaelsam/ v. (-ning) decompose or be decomposed by strong heat. calcination /-'neij(9)n/ n. [French or medieval Latin: related to calx] calcite /'kaelsait/ n. natural crystalline calcium carbonate. [Latin: related to calx]

calcium

/'kaelsiam/ n. soft grey metalelement occurring in limestone, marble, chalk, etc. [related to calx] calcium carbide n. greyish solid used in the production of acetylene. calcium carbonate n. white insoluble solid occurring as chalk, marble, etc. calcium hydroxide n. white crystalline powder used in the manufacture of lic

mortar.

calcium oxide

n.

white crystalline

from which many calcium compounds are manufactured. calculate /'kaelkju.leit/ v. (-ting) 1 ascertain or forecast esp. by mathematsolid

ics

or reckoning. 2 plan deliberately. 3

by on) rely on; reckon on. calculable adj. [Latin: related to cal-

(foil,

culus]

calculated

calk

113

/'kaela.main/

adj.

1

(of

an action) done

deliberately or with foreknowledge. 2 (foil, by to + infin.) designed or suitable; intended.

calculating adj. scheming, mercenary. calculation /.kaelkju'leij^n/ n. act, process, or result of calculating. [Latin: related to calculus] calculator n. device (esp. a small electronic one) for making mathematical calculations. calculus /'kaelkjulas/ n. (pi -luses or -li /-,lai/) 1 particular method of mathematical calculation or reasoning. 2 stone

or mineral mass in the body. [Latin, = small stone (used on an abacus)]

caldron var. Caledonian

of cauldron. /.kaeli'daunian/

literary

-adj. of Scotland, -n. Scotsman. [Latin Caledonia N. Britain] calendar /'kaelmd8(r)/ -n. 1 system fixing the year's beginning, length, and subdivision. 2 chart etc. showing such subdivisions. 3 timetable of dates, events, etc. —v. enter in a calendar; register (documents). [Latin: related to

CALENDS]

calendar year n.

period from

Jan. to

l

31 Dec. inclusive.

calender

/'kaelind9(r)/ -n.

machine

in

which cloth, paper, etc. is rolled to glaze or smooth it. -v. press in a calender. [French]

calends

/'kaelendz/ n.pl. (also

kalends)

of the month in the ancient Roman calendar. [Latin Kalendae] calendula /ka'lendjula/ n. plant with large yellow or orange flowers, esp. the marigold. [Latin diminutive of Kalendae] first

calf /ka:f/ n. cow or bull.

(pi.

calves /ka:vz/)

1

young

2 young of other animals, e.g. the elephant, deer, and whale. 3 calfskin. [Old English] calf2 /ka:f/ n. (pi. calves) fleshy hind part of the human leg below the knee.

[Old Norse]

calf-love

n.

romantic adolescent love.

calfskin n. calf-leather. calibrate /'kaeli.breit/ v.

(-ting)

1

mark

gauge) with a scale of readings. 2 correlate the readings of (an instrument or system of measurement) with a standard. 3 determine the calibre of (a calibration /-'breij(8)n/ n. gun). calibre /'kaehb9(r)/ n. (US caliber) 1 a internal diameter of a gun or tube, b diameter of a bullet or shell. 2 strength or quality of character; ability, importance. [French from Italian from Arabic, (a

= mould] calices pi. of calix. calico /'kaeli.kau/ -n.

(pi.

-es or

US -s)

1

plain white or unbleached. 2 US printed cotton fabric. multicoloured. 2 US -adj. 1 of calico. [Calicut in India]

cotton

cloth,

californium

esp.

/,kaeli'fo:ni9m/

cial radioactive metallic

n.

artifi-

element. [Cali-

fornia in US, where first made] caliper var. of calliper. caliph /'keilif/ n. esp. hist, chief Muslim caliphate n. civil and religious ruler. [Arabic, = successor (of Muhammad)] calisthenics var. of callisthenics. calix var. of calyx. calk US var. of caulk.

call /ko:l/

demand

-v.

1

on one's time). 8 signal 9 option of buying stock

(a call

on a bugle

etc.

at a fixed price at a given date. 10 Cards a player's right or turn to make a bid. b

call in 1 withdraw from circulation. 2 seek the advice or services of. call off 1 cancel (an arrangement). 2 order (an attacker or pursuer) to desist, call out 1 summon to action. 2 order (workers) to strike, call the shots (or tune) colloq. be in control; take the initiative, call up 1 telephone. 2 recall. 3 summon to military service, on call

bid made.

ready or available if required. [Old English from Old Norse] call-box n. telephone box. caller n. person who calls, esp. one who pays a visit or makes a telephone call. call-girl

prostitute

n.

accepting ap-

pointments by telephone.

calligraphy writing, esp.

/ka'ligrafi/

when

n.

1

fine. 2 art

handof this.

calligrapher n. calligraphic /-'graefik/ adj. calligraphist n. [Greek kallos beauty]

calling

n. 1

profession or occupation. 2

vocation.

calliper /'ka?lipa(r)/ n. (also caliper) 1 (in pi.) compasses for measuring diameters. 2 metal splint to support the leg. /.kaelis'Gemks/ n.pl. (also calisthenics) exercises for fitness and callisthenic adj. [Greek kalgrace. los beauty,

sthenos strength]

callosity /ka'lositi/ n. (pi. -ies) area of hard thick skin. [Latin: related to callous]

callous /'kaelas/ adj.

1 unfeeling, insens2 (also calloused) (of skin) harcallously adv. callousness dened. n. [Latin: related to callus]

itive.

/'kaelau/ adj.

inexperienced, im-

mature. [Old English, = bald] call-up n. summons to do military service.

callus /'kaelas/ n. (pi. calluses) 1 area of hard thick skin or tissue. 2 hard tissue formed round bone ends after a fracture. [Latin]

calm

/ka:m/ -adj. 1 tranquil, quiet, windless. 2 serene; not agitated, -n. calm condition or period. (often foil, by down) make or become calm. calmly adv. calmness n. [Greek kauma heat] calomel /'kaete.mel/ n. compound of mercury used as a cathartic. [Greek kalos beautiful, melas black] Calor gas /'kaela/ n. propr. liquefied butane gas stored under pressure in containers for domestic use. [Latin calor heat] caloric /'kaeterik/ adj. of heat or calories.

calorie

/'kaelari/ n. (pi. -ies) unit of quantity of heat, the amount needed to the temperature of one gram (small calorie) or one kilogram (large calorie) of water by 1 °C. [Latin calor

raise

heat] m

calorific

/.kaela'nfik/

adj.

producing

heat.

calorimeter /,kael9'rimit8(r)/ n. instrument for measuring quantity of heat.

calumniate

/ka'lAmni.eit/

v.

(-ting)

slander. [Latin]

calumny

-ies) /'kaelamm/ n. (pi. slander; malicious representation. calumnious /ka'lAmnias/ adj. [Latin] calvados /'kaelva.dos/ n. apple brandy. [Calvados in France] calve /ka:v/ v. (-ving) give birth to a calf. 1 [Old English: related to calf ] calves pi of calf 1 calf 2 Calvinism /'kaelvi niz(a)m/ n. theology of Calvin or his followers, stressing Calpredestination and divine grace. vinist n. & adj. Calvinistic /- nistik/ adj. [Calvin, name of a theologian] calx n. (pi. calces /'kaelsi:z/) powdery substance formed when an ore or mineral has been heated. [Latin calx .

,

1

calc- lime]

[var. of CALIBRE]

callisthenics

callow

camaraderie

114

a (often foil, by out) cry, shout; speak loudly, b (of a bird etc.) emit its characteristic sound. 2 communicate with by telephone or radio. 3 summon. 4 (often foil, by at, in, on) pay a brief visit. 5 order to take place (called a meeting). 6 name; describe as. 7 regard as (I call that silly). 8 rouse from sleep. 9 (foil, by for) demand. 10 (foil, by on, upon) appeal to (called on us to be quiet). 11 name (a suit) in bidding at cards. 12 guess the outcome of tossing a coin etc. -n. 1 shout, cry. 2 a characteristic cry of a bird etc. b instrument for imitating it. 3 brief visit. 4 a act of telephoning, b telephone conversation. 5 a invitation, summons, b vocation. 6 need, occasion (no call for rudeness). 7

call

/ka'lipsau/ n. (pi. -s) W. Indian with improvised usu. topical words and a syncopated rhythm, [origin

calypso song

unknown] calyx /'keiliks/ n.

calyces /-li,si:z/ or sepals forming the protective case of a flower in bud. 2 cuplike cavity or structure. [Greek, = -es) (also calix)

(pi. 1

husk]

cam

n.

shaped

projection

on a wheel

etc.,

to convert circular into recip-

rocal or variable motion. [Dutch

kam

comb]

camaraderie

/,kaemara:dari/ friendly comradeship. [French]

n.

camber -n. convex surface of a road, deck, etc. -v. build with a camber. [Latin camurus curved] Cambrian /'kaembrian/ -adj. 1 Welsh. 2 Geol. of the first period in the Palaeozoic era. -n. this period. [Welsh: related

Cymric] /'keimbnk/ n. fine linen or cotton fabric. [Cambrai in France] Cambridge blue /'keimbnd3/ adj. & n. (as adj. often hyphenated) pale blue. [Cambridge in England] camcorder /"kaem,ko:da(r)/ n. combined video camera and sound recorder. [from CAMERA, RECORDER] came past of come. to

cambric

camel

/'kaem(9)l/

n.

long-legged

1

ruminant with one hump (Arabian camel) or two humps (Bactrian camel). 2 fawn colour. [Greek] camel-hair n. fine soft hair used in artists'

brushes or for

fabric.

camellia

/ka'miilia/ n. evergreen shrub with shiny leaves and showy flowers. [Camellus, name of a botanist] Camembert /'kaemam.beaO")/ n. a kind

of soft creamy pungent cheese. [Camembert in France] cameo /'kaemiau/ n. (pi. -s) 1 small piece of hard stone carved in relief with a background of a different colour. 2 a short descriptive literary sketch or acted scene, b small character part in a play or film, usu. brief and played by a

distinguished actor. [French and medieval Latin]

camera

/'kaemra/ n. 1 apparatus for taking photographs or moving film. 2 equipment for converting images into in camera Law in electrical signals. private. [Latin: related to

cameraman

can

115

camber

n.

person

camera professionally, making or television.

camiknickers

chamber]

who

operates a

esp.

in

/'kaemi.nikaz/

filmn.pl.

camp

1

-n. 1 place where troops are lodged or trained. 2 temporary accommodation of huts, tents, etc., for detainees, holiday-makers, etc. 3 ancient fortified site. 4 party supporters etc. regarded collectively, —v. set up or spend time in a camp. [Latin campus level ground]

camp^

colloq. -adj. 1 affected, effeminate, theatrically exaggerated. 2 homo-

camp manner

sexual, -n.

or style, -v.

behave or do in a camp way. camp it up overact; behave affectedly, q campy adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin uncertain]

campaign

/kaem'pem/ -n. 1 organized course of action, esp. to gain publicity. 2 military operations towards a particular objective, -v. take part in a cam-

campaigner n.

paign. tO

CAMP

[Latin: related

1

]

campanile

/.kaempa'ni^/

n. bell-tower (usu. free-standing), esp. in Italy. [Italian campana 'bell', from Latin] campanology /,kaempa'nDlad3i/ n. 1 the study of bells. 2 bell-ringing, campanologist n. [Latin campana

bell]

campanula

/kaem'paenjula/

n.

plant

with bell-shaped usu. blue, purple, or white flowers, [diminutive: related to

campanology]

camp-bed camper n.

n.

portable folding bed.

person who camps. 2 large motor vehicle with beds etc. 1

camp-follower

n. 1 civilian

worker

in

a military camp. 2 disciple or adherent, /'kaemfa(r)/ n. pungent white crystalline substance used in making celluloid, medicine, and mothballs. [French ultimately from Sanskrit] camphorate v. (-ting) impregnate or treat with camphor. campion /'kaBmpian/ n. wild plant with usu. pink or white notched flowers. [origin uncertain] campsite n. place for camping,

camphor

women's knickers and vest combined.

campus /'kaempas/ n.

[from CAMISOLE, KNICKERS]

of a university or college. 2 esp. US a university. [Latin, = field] /'kaemra/ abbr. Campaign for Real Ale. camshaft n. shaft with one or more

camisole /'kaemi.saul/ n. women's lightweight vest. [Italian or Spanish: related to chemise] /'kaema.mail/ n. (also chamomile) aromatic plant with daisy-like flowers used esp. to make tea. [Greek, =

camomile

earth-apple]

camouflage

/'kaema.fla^/ -n. 1 a disguising of soldiers, tanks, etc. so that they blend into the background, b such a disguise. 2 the natural blending colouring of an animal. 3 misleading or evasive behaviour etc. - v. (-ging) hide by camouflage. [French camoufler disguise]

(pi. -es) 1

grounds

CAMRA cams.

can

1

/kaen, kon/ v.aux. (3rd sing, present can; past could /kud/) 1 a be able to; know how to. b be potentially capable of (these storms can last for hours). 2 be permitted to. [Old English, = know] can 2 -n. 1 metal vessel for liquid. 2 sealed tin container for the preservation of food or drink. 3 (in pi.) slang headphones. 4 (prec. by the) slang a prison, b US lavatory. — v. (-nn-) put or

Canada goose

canalize

canker

116

preserve in a can. z in the can colloq. completed, ready. [Old English] Canada goose /'kaenada/ n. wild N. American goose with a brownish-grey body and white neck and breast. canaille /ka'na.i/ n. rabble; populace. [French from Italian] canal /ka'nael/ n. 1 artificial inland waterway. 2 tubular duct in a plant or animal. [Latin canalis] /'kaena.laiz/

v.

(also -ise) (-zing

or -sing) 1 provide with or convert into a canal or canals. 2 channel, z canalization /-'zeij(8)n/ n. [French: related to

candidate

canape

n.

1

person

nominated

for or seeking office, an award, etc. 2 person or thing likely to gain some distinction or position. 3 person entered for an examination, z candidacy n. candidature n. [Latin,

= white-robed]

candle of wax

/'kaend(a)l/ n. cylinder or

block

or tallow with a central wick which gives light when burning, z cannot hold a candle to is much inferior to. not worth the candle not justifying cost or trouble. [Latin candela] n. light from candles, z

candlelight candlelit

canal]

./'kaendidat/

adj.

Candlemas

bread or pastry with a savoury topping.

/'kaendteH.maes/ n. feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary (2

[French]

Feb.). [Old English: related to

'ksena.pei/

small piece of

n.

canard

"kaena:d/ n. unfounded rumour or story. [French, = duck] canary /ka'nean/ n. (pi -ies) small songbird with yellow feathers. [Canary Islands]

canasta

card-game using two packs and resembling rummy. /ka'naesta/ n.

[Spanish, = basket]

cancan /'kaenkaen/

stage-dance

n. lively

with high kicking. [French]

cancel

/'kaens(a)l/

v.

(-11-;

US

-1-)

1

re-

voke or discontinue (an arrangement). 2 3 mark (a ticket, stamp, etc.) to invalidate it. 4 annul; make void. 5 (often foil, by out) neutralize or counterbalance. 6 Math, strike out (an equal factor) on each side of an

delete (writing

equation

etc.

etc.).

z cancellation

/-'leij(a)n/

related to chancel] cancer n. 1 a malignant tumour of body cells, b disease caused by this. 2 evil influence or corruption. 3 (Cancer) a constellation and fourth sign of the zodiac (the Crab), b person born when the sun is in this sign, z cancerous adj. cancroid adj. [Latin, = crab] candela /kaen'di:la/ n. SI unit of luminous intensity. [Latin, = candle] candelabrum /.kaendi'krbram/ n. (also -bra) (pi -bra, US -brums, -bras) large branched candlestick or lampholder. [Latin: related to candela] n. [Latin:

Usage The form

candelabra

strictly speaking, the plural.

is,

However,

candelabra (singular) and candelabras (plural) are often found in informal use.

candid

/'kaendid/ adj.

1

frank; open. 2

photograph) taken informally, usu. without subject's knowledge, z candidly adv. candidness n. [Latin candidus white] Candida /'kaendida/ n. fungus causing thrush. [Latin candidus: related to can(of a

did]

candlepower

n.

unit

of

mass 2 luminous ]

intensity.

candlestick

n.

holder for one or more

candles.

candlewick

n. 1

thick soft cotton yarn.

2 tufted material from this, candour /'kaenda(r)/ n. (US candor) frankness; openness. [Latin candor]

C.

& W.

abbr.

country-and-western

(music).

candy

/'kaendi/ -n. (pi. -ies) 1 (in full

sugar-candy) sugar crystallized by repeated boiling and slow evaporation. 2 US sweets; a sweet, -v. (-ies, -ied) (usu. as candied adj.) preserve (fruit etc.) in candy. [French from Arabic] candyfloss n. fluffy mass of spun sugar round a stick.

candystripe

n.

alternate

stripes

of

white and a colour, z candystriped adj.

candytuft

/' kaendi ,t Aft/ n. plant with white, pink, or purple flowers in tufts. [Candia Crete, tuft] cane-rc. 1 a hollow jointed stem of giant reeds or grasses, b solid stem of slender palms. 2 = sugar cane. 3 cane used for wickerwork etc. 4 cane used as a walking-stick, plant support, for punishment, etc. -v. (-ning) 1 beat with a cane. 2 weave cane into (a chair etc.). [Greek kanna reed] cane-sugar n. sugar from sugar-cane. canine "kemam/ -adj. of a dog or dogs. -n. 1 dog. 2 (in full canine tooth) pointed tooth between incisors and premolars. [Latin canis dog] canister /'kaenista(r)/ n. 1 small container for tea etc. 2 cylinder of shot, teargas, etc., exploding on impact. [Greek kanastron wicker basket] canker -n. 1 destructive disease of trees and plants. 2 ulcerous ear disease of animals. 3 corrupting influence, -v. 1 infect with canker. 2 corrupt. 3 (as cankered adj.) soured, malignant, z

canna

canter

117

cankerous

adj.

related

[Latin:

to

canonical dress of clergy, [medieval

tropical plant with bright flowers and ornamental leaves. [Latin: related to cane] cannabis /'kaenabis/ n. 1 hemp plant. 2 parts of it used as a narcotic. [Latin from

canonist /'kaenanist/ n. expert in canon

cancer]

canna

Latin: related to canon]

/'kaena/ n.

Greek]

canned

adj. 1 pre-recorded {canned music). 2 sold in a can (canned beer). 3

slang drunk.

cannelloni

/.kaena'launi/ n.pi. tubes of pasta stuffed with a savoury mixture. [Italian]

/'kaenan/

n.

(pi -ies) canning-

factory.

cannibal

/'kaemb(a)l/ n. person or anithat eats its own species. canni-

mal balism

cannibalistic

/2.

/-ba'listik/

[Spanish from Carib]

cannibalize

/'kaeniba.laiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) use (a machine etc.) as a source of spare parts. cannibaliz-

ation

/-'zeiJXa)n/ n.

cannon

/'kaenan/ -n.

1

hist.

(pi.

usu.

same) large heavy esp. mounted gun. 2 Billiards hitting of two balls successively by the player's ball. -v. (usu. foil, by against, into) collide. [Italian: related to cane]

cannonade

/.kaena'neid/ -n. period of

continuous heavy gunfire, -v. (-ding) bombard with a cannonade. [Italian: related to

cannon]

cannon-ball

n. hist,

large ball fired by

a cannon.

cannon-fodder n.

soldiers regarded as

expendable.

cannot

/'kaenot/ v.aux. can not. /'kaeni/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 shrewd, N.Engl. worldly-wise; thrifty. 2 Scot.

canny

&

pleasant, agreeable.

canniness

canoe

n.

cannily adv.

[from can 1 ]

narrow boat with pointed ends, usu. paddled, -v. (-noes, -noed, -noeing) travel in a canoeist n. [Spanish and Haicanoe. /ka'nu:/ -n. small

tian]

canon /'kaenan/ n.1a

general law, rule, principle, or criterion, b church decree or law. 2 {fern, canoness) member of a cathedral chapter. 3 body of (esp. sacred) writings accepted as genuine. 4 the part of the Roman Catholic Mass containing the words of consecration. 5 Mus. piece with different parts taking up the same theme successively. [Greek

kanon

canon

rule] var. of

canonical

canyon.

/ka'nDmk(a)l/ -adj. (also canonic) 1 a according to canon law. b included in the canon of Scripture. 2 authoritative, accepted. 3 of a cathedral chapter or a member of it. -n. (in pi.)

/'kaena.naiz/

v.

(also

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 a declare officially to be a saint, usu. with a ceremony, b regard as a saint. 2 admit to the canon of Scripture. 3 sanction by Church authority, c canonization /-'zeij(a)n/ n. [medieval Latin: related to canon]

canon law canoodle kiss

cannery

adj.

law.

canonize

n.

ecclesiastical law.

/ka'nu:d(a)l/*t;. (-ling) colloq.

and cuddle,

[origin

canopy /'kaenapi/-rc.

unknown]

a covering suspended over a throne, bed, etc. b sky. c overhanging shelter. 2 Archit. rooflike projection over a niche etc. 3 expanding part of a parachute, -v. (-ies, -ied) supply or be a canopy to. [Greek, = mosquito-net] canst archaic 2nd person sing, of can 1 cant -n. 1 insincere pious or moral talk. 2 language peculiar to a class, profession, etc.; jargon, -v. use cant, [probably from Latin: related to chant] cant 2 -n. 1 slanting surface, bevel. 2 oblique push or jerk. 3 tilted position. -v. push or pitch out of level; tilt. [Low German or Dutch, = edge] (pi. -ies) 1

.

1

can't

/ka:nt/ contr. can not. /'kaentaeb/ abbr. of

Cantab,

Cambridge

University. [Latin Cantabrigiensis]

cantabile /kaen'ta:bi,lei/ Mus. -adv. & adj. in smooth flowing style, -n. cantabile passage or movement. [Italian, = singable]

Cantabrigian of

Cambridge or

/.kaenta'bridsian/ -adj. its university, -n. per-

son from Cambridge or

its

[Cantabrigia, Latinized bridge]

name

university. of Cam-

cantaloup

/'kaenta,lu:p/ n. (also cantaloupe) small round ribbed melon. [CanRome, where it was first near taluppi grown in Europe]

cantankerous

/kaen'taenkaras/

bad-tempered, quarrelsome,

adj.

cantan-

kerously adv. cantankerousness

n.

[origin uncertain]

cantata

/kaen'ta:ta/ n.

canteen

/kaen'ti:n/ n. 1

Mus. composition with vocal solos and usu. choral and orchestral accompaniment. [Italian: related to chant] a restaurant for

employees in an office, factory, etc. b shop for provisions in a barracks or camp. 2 case of cutlery. 3 soldier's or camper's water-flask. [Italian, = cellar] canter -n. horse's pace between a trot and a gallop, -v. go or make go at a canter. [Canterbury gallop of medieval pilgrims]

canticle canticle

kaentik(a)l. n.

with a biblical CHANT]

cantilever or

beam

text.

song or chant

[Latin canticum

'kaenti,li:v8(r), n. 1

bracket

projecting from a wall to

etc.

unknown] cantilever bridge n. bridge made of cantilevers projecting from piers and adj. [origin

connected by girders.

canto

kaentau n. (pi. -s) division of a long poem. [Latin cantus: related to

chant]

canton

-n. kaentDn subdivision of a country, esp. of Switzerland, -v. kaen'tu:n put (troops) into quarters. 2 [French, = corner: related to cant cantonment kaen'tu:nmant n. 1 lodging assigned to troops. 2 hist, permanent military station in India. [French: ]

related to canton] leader. [Latin,

n. 1 church choir precentor in a synagogue.

'kaenta:(r)

2

= singer]

canvas

kasnvas -n. 1 strong coarse cloth used for sails and tents etc. and for oil-painting. 2 a painting on canvas, esp. in oils. —v. (-ss-; US -s-) cover with canvas. under canvas 1 in tents. 2 with sails spread. [Latin: related to cannabis] canvass kaenvas -v. 1 solicit votes, esp. from a constituency electorate. 2 a ascertain the opinions of. b seek custom from. 3 propose (an idea or plan etc.). -n. canvassing, esp. of electors. canvasser n. [originally = toss in sheet,

from canvas]

canyon

kaenjan

n. (also

canon) deep

gorge. [Spanish canon tube] abbr. Common Agricultural Policy

CAP

(of the EC). 1 a soft brimless hat, usu. with a peak, b head-covering worn in a particu-

cap -n.

cap bership of a sports board. 2 a cover like top for a bottle, jar,

lar profession, c

etc. 3

as a sign of

mem-

team, d mortara cap (kneecap), b

pen, camera lens, = Dutch cap. 4 = percussion cap.

crown. — n, f-pp-) 1 a put a cap on. b cover the top or end of. c set a limit to (charge-capping). 2 award a sports cap to. 3 form the top of. 4 surpass, excel. 5 dental

cap in hand humbly, if the cap fits remark) if it applies to you, so be it. to cap it all after everything else. [Latin (of a

cappa]

capability ability,

.kerpa'biliti

n.

(pi.

-ies) 1

power. 2 undeveloped or unused

faculty.

capable

of

(explanation, improvement, adv. [Latin capio hold]

etc.).

capably

capacious

support a balcony etc. 2 beam or girder fixed at one end only. cantilevered

cantor

capital

118

keipab(a)l

adj.

1

able, gifted. 2 (foil, by of) a ability, fitness, etc. for. b

competent, having the admitting

ka'peijas, adj. roomy, capaciousness n. [Latin capax: related to capable]

capacitance

ka'paesit(a)ns n. 1 ability to store electric charge. 2 ratio of change in the electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its potential. capacitor ka'paesita(r) n. device able to store electric charge.

capacity power to

ka'paesiti n. (pi. -ies) 1 a contain, receive, experience, or produce (capacity for heat, pain, etc.). b maximum amount that can be contained or produced etc. c (attrib.) fully occupying the available space etc. (capacity crowd). 2 mental power. 3 position or function. 4 legal competence, z to capacity fully. [Latin: related to capacious] caparison ka'paens(a)n' literary -n. 1 (usu. in pi.) horse's trappings. 2 equipment, finery, -v. adorn. [Spanish, =

saddle-cloth] n. 1 sleeveless cloak. 2 this worn over or as part of a longer cloak or coat. [Latin cappa cap] cape- n. 1 headland, promontory. 2 (the Cape) the Cape of Good Hope. [Latin

cape

1

caput head]

caper - v. jump

or run playfully, -n. 1 playful leap. 2 a prank, b slang illicit activity, z cut a caper frolic, [abbreviation of capriole] caper 2 n. 1 bramble-like shrub. 2 (in pi.) its pickled buds used esp. in a sauce. [Greek kapparis] 1

capercaillie

.kaepa'keili,

n.

(also

large European -lzi ) grouse. [Gaelic, = horse of the forest] capillarity .kaepi'laeriti n. the rise or depression of a liquid in a narrow tube. [French: related to capillary] capillary ka pilari -attrib. adj. 1 of or like a hair, esp. (of a tube) of very small diameter. 2 of the branching bloodvessels connecting arteries and veins. -n. (pi. -ies) 1 capillary tube. 2 capillary blood vessel. [Latin capillus hair] capillary action n. = capillarity. capital kaepit(a)l -n. 1 chief town or city of a country or region. 2 a money etc. with which a company starts in business, b accumulated wealth. 3 capitalists collectively. 4 capital letter. 5 head of a column or pillar, -adj. 1 a principal, most important, b colloq. excellent. 2 a involving punishment by death, b (of an error etc.) vitally harmful, fatal. 3 (of letters of the alphabet) large in size, used to begin sentences make capital out of and names etc.

capercailzie

capital gain

capital goods

n.pl.

machinery, plant,

economic and political system dependent on private capital and profit-making. capitalist -n. 1 person investing or n.

possessing capital. 2 advocate of capitalism, -adj. of or favouring capitalism. capitalistic /- hstik/ adj. capitalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 (foil, by on) use to one's advantage. 2 convert into or provide with capital. 3 a write (a letter of the alphabet) as a capital, b begin (a word) with a capital

capitalization

letter.

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

[French: related to capital] capital levy n. tax on wealth or property.

capital sum n. lump sum, esp. payable to an insured person, capital transfer tax n. hist, tax levied on the transfer of capital by gift or bequest

etc.

Usage

This tax was replaced in 1986

by inheritance

capitation

tax.

or fee paid per person. [Latin: related to cap/,kaepi'teij(8)n/ n. tax

ital]

capitular /ka'pitjul8(r)/ adj. of a cathedral chapter. [Latin

capitulate

capitulum chapter]

/ka'pitjo.leit/

v.

(-ting) sur-

capitulation /-'leij(a)n/ n. render. [medieval Latin, = put under headings] capo /'kaepau/ n. (pi. -s) device fitted across the strings of a guitar etc. to raise their pitch equally. [Italian capo tasto

head

stop] /'keipan/ n. castrated cock fattened for eating. [Latin capo] cappuccino /.kaepu'tjrnau/ n. (pi. -s) frothy milky coffee. [Italian, = Capu-

capon

chin]

caprice

/ka'pri:s/ n. 1

this. 2 lively

a whim, b tend-

or fanciful

art, music, etc. [Italian capriccio

work

of

sudden

start]

capricious

/ka'prijas/ adj. subject to

capriciously whims; unpredictable. adv. capriciousness n.

Capricorn

/'kaepn.kom/ n. 1 constellation and tenth sign of the zodiac (the Goat). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [Latin caper -pri goat, cornu

horn] /'kaepri.aul/ -n. leap, caper, esp. of a trained horse, -v.

car. -v.

chauvinist n.

1

full

who shows

prejudice against

(

chauvinistic

cheapen

dl

make

cheapskate being chaste.

ornate outer vestment worn by a celebrant at Mass or the Eucharist. [Latin casubla] -r.

talk in a light familiar

(-tt-)

way. -n. 1 pleasant informal talk. 2 any chat up colloq. of various songbirds, chat to. esp. flirtatiously or with an [shortening

motive.

ulterior

of

chatter]

chateau

Jaetau

French

country

n. (pi.

-x

house

-teuz

or

)

large

castle.

[French: related to castle] Jaeta.lem n. 1 mistress of a large house. 2 hist, set of short chains attached to a woman's belt, for carrying keys etc. [medieval Latin castellanus: related to castle] chatline n. telephone service which sets up a social conference call among youngsters. chat show n. television or radio broadcast in which celebrities are interviewed informally.

chatelaine

chattel able

traet(a)l

possession.

n.

(usu. in pi) movrelated to

[French:

cattle]

chatter

-v.

talk quickly, incessantly.

1

trivially, or indiscreetly. 2 (of a bird.

monkey,

emit short quick sounds. 3 (of teeth) click repeatedly together, -n. chattering talk or sounds, [imitative] etc.)

chatterbox

n.

talkative person.

or

become cheap:

at

low

seller of inferior goods prices, -adj. inferior, shoddy. n. esp. US colloq. stingy

person.

loose sleeve-

less usu.

chat

-

-

cheapjack —n.

n.

women.

nistik adj. chauvinistically nistikali adv. cheap -adj. 1 low in price: worth more than its cost. 2 charging low prices: offering good value. 3 of poor quality: inferior. 4 costing little effort and hence of little worth, -adv. cheaply, on the cheap cheaply. cheaply adv. cheapness n. [Old English. = price, bargain]

chastisement n. chastity tjaestra

n.

person exhibiting chaumale chauvinist) man

vinism. 2 in

depreciate, degrade.

tjaes'taiz v. i-sing)1 rebuke severely. 2 punish, esp. by beating,

tja?zjub(a)l

)

fond of chatchattily adv.

chauffeur

chastise

chasuble

1

cheat - v.

1 a (often foil, by into, out oft deceive or trick, b (foil, by of) deprive of. 2 gain an unfair advantage by deception or breaking rules, -tl 1 person who cheat on cheats. 2 trick, deception. colloq. be sexually unfaithful to. [from escheat]

check -

1 a examine the accuracy or quality of. b make sure, verify. 2 a stop or slow the motion of: curb, b colloq. rebuke. 3 Chess directly threaten (the opposing king). 4 US agree on compar-

US mark with a tick etc. 6 US deposit (luggage etc.V -n. 1 means or act of testing or ensuring accuracy, quality, etc. 2 a stopping or slowing of motion, b rebuff or rebuke, c person or thing that restrains. 3 a pattern of small squares, b fabric so patterned, c (attrib.^ so patterned. 4 (also as int.) Chess exposure of a king to direct attack. 5 US restaurant bill. 6 US = cheque. 7 esp. ison. 5

US token of identification for left luggage etc. 8 US Cords counter used in games. 9 temporary loss of the scent in check in 1 arrive or register hunting. at a hotel, airport, etc. 2 record the arrival of. check into register one's arrival at (a hotel etc.V check off mark list etc. as having been examined,

on a

check on examine, verify, keep watch on. check out 1 (often foil, by of) leave a hotel etc. with due formalities. 2 esp.

US

checked check up make sure, vercheck up on = check on. [Persian,

Investigate, ity

= king)

having a check pattern. person etc. that examines,

adj. 1

n.

esp. in a factory etc. 2 n. 1 var. of chequer. 2 US a (in pi. usu. treated as sing.) draughts, b piece used in this game. check-in /?. act or place of checking in. checkmate -n. (also as int.) Chess check from which a king cannot escape. -v. (-ting) 1 Chess put into checkmate. 2 frustrate. [French: related to check, Persian mat is deadl checkout n. 1 act of checking out. 2 paydesk in a supermarket etc. checkpoint n. place, esp. a barrier or entrance, where documents, vehicles, etc., are inspected. check-up n. thorough (esp. medical)

checker

/'tjeda(r)/ n.

a kind of firm

smooth cheese. [Cheddar in Somerset] cheek - 1 a side of the face below the eye. b side-wall of the mouth. 2 a impertinence: cool confidence, b impertinent speech. 3 slang buttock, —v. be impertinent to. cheek by jowl close together; intimate. [Old English] cheek-bone n. bone below the eye. adj. (-ier, -iest) impertinent,

cheekily adv. cheekiness -n.

weak

n.

shrill cry of a

young

bird. -v. make such a cry. [imitative] cheer -n. 1 shout of encouragement or

applause. 2 mood, disposition (full of good cheer). 3 (in pi; as int.) colloq. a expressing good wishes on parting or before drinking, b expressing gratitude. -v. 1 a applaud with shouts, b (usu. foil, by on) urge with shouts. 2 shout for joy. cheer up make or 3 gladden; comfort, become less depressed. [Latin cara face,

from Greek]

cheerful

in good spirits, noticecheer2 bright, pleasant.

adj.

1

ably happy. fully adv. cheerfulness

cheerio

n.

/.tjin'ao/ int. colloq.

expressing

good wishes on parting. cheer-leader n. person who leads cheers of applause etc. cheerless adj. gloomy, dreary.

cheery

(-ier,

adj.

-iest)

cheerily adv. cheeriness

cheese

/tji:z/

n.

1

a food

cheerful, n.

made from

curds of milk, b cake of this with rind. 2 conserve with the consistency of soft cheese,

a

in

cheesy

cheeseburger cheese in or

cheesecake ened curds

on

adj. [Latin caseus] n.

hamburger

with

it.

n. 1 tart filled

etc.

with sweet-

2 slang portrayal of

sexually

stimulating

manner. n.

thin

loosely-woven

cloth.

cheesed /tji:zd/ adj. slang (often foil, by off) bored, fed up. [origin unknown] cheese-paring adj. stingy. cheese plant n. climbing plant with

holes in

its

cheetah

leaves.

/'tji:t9/ n.

swift-running spot-

ted leopard-like feline. [Hindi] chef /Jef/ n. (usu. male)- cook, esp. the chief cook in a restaurant. [French] Chelsea bun /'tjelsi/ n. currant bun in the form of a flat spiral. [Chelsea in

London] n. inmate of the Chelsea Royal Hospital for old or dis-

Chelsea pensioner abled soldiers.

chemical

/'kemik(a)l/ —adj. of,

made

employing chemistry or chem-n. substance obtained or used in

by, or icals,

examination.

Cheddar

cheep

women

cheesecloth

checked checker

cheeky

chequer

139

chemistry. chemically adv. [French or medieval Latin: related to alchemy] chemical engineering n. creation and operation of industrial chemical plants.

chemical engineer

n.

chemical warfare

n. warfare using poison gas and other chemicals.

chemise

/Ja'miiz/ n. hist, woman's loose-fitting undergarment or dress. [Latin camisia shirt]

chemist

/'kemist/ n. 1 dealer in medicinal drugs etc. 2 expert in chemistry. [French: related to alchemy]

chemistry

/'kemistn/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

branch of science dealing with the elements and the compounds they form and the reactions they undergo. 2 chemical composition and properties of a substance. 3 colloq. sexual attraction.

chemotherapy

/,ki:m9u'0erapi/

n.

treatment of disease, esp. cancer, by chemical substances. chenille /JVniil/ n. 1 tufty velvety cord or yarn. 2 fabric of this. [French, = caterpillar, from Latin canicula little dog] cheque /tjek/ n. 1 written order to a bank to pay the stated sum from the drawer's account. 2 printed form on which this is written, [from check] cheque-book n. book of forms for writing cheques. cheque card n. card issued by a bank to guarantee the honouring of cheques up to a stated amount. chequer /'tj"ek8(r)/ -n. 1 (often in pi.) pattern of squares often alternately col2 oured. 2 var. of checker 2. -v. 1 mark with chequers. 2 variegate; break the

uniformity of. 3 (as chequered adj.) varied with fortunes (chequered career), [from exchequer]

cherish cherish

v.

1

cherubic /tji'ru:bik/ from Hebrew] chervil /'tj3:vil/ n. herb used for flainnocent child.

adj. [ultimately

vouring. [Greek khairephullon] /'tjej8(r)/ n. a kind of firm crumbly cheese. like a Cheshire cat with a broad fixed grin. [Cheshire in

Cheshire England]

16

men each, [French:

n.

game for two with

played

chessboard

n. chequered board of 64 squares on which chess and draughts

are played.

chessman

n.

any of the 32 pieces and

pawns with which chess is played. chest n. 1 large strong box. 2 a part

of the body enclosed by the ribs, b front surface of the body from the neck to the bottom of the ribs. 3 small cabinet for medicines etc. z get a thing off one's chest colloq. disclose a secret etc. to relieve one's anxiety about it. [Latin cista]

chesterfield /'tjesta.fiild/ n. sofa with arms and back of the same height and curved outwards at the top. [Earl of Chesterfield]

chestnut /'tJesnAt/ -n. 1 a glossy hard brown edible nut. b tree bearing it. 2 = horse chestnut. 3 wood of any chestnut. 4 horse of a reddish-brown colour. 5 colloq. stale joke etc. 6 reddish-brown. -adj. reddish-brown. [Greek kastanea nut] chest of drawers n. piece of furniture consisting of a set of drawers in a frame, chesty adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. inclined to or symptomatic of chest disease, z chestily adv. chestiness n. cheval-glass /JVvael/ n. tall mirror swung on an upright frame. [Latin cabal las horse] chevalier /Jeva'liatr)/ n. member of certain orders of knighthood, or of the French Legion of Honour etc. [medieval

Latin caballarius horseman]

chevron

chew

work

-v.

teeth, —n.

sweet, z

1

(food etc.) between the act of chewing. 2 chewy

chew on

1

work continuously

between the teeth. 2 think about, chew over 1 discuss, talk over. 2 think about. [Old English]

chewing-gum

n.

flavoured

gum

for

chewing.

chewy adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1 needing much chewing. 2 suitable for chewing, z

chewiness n. chez /Jei/ prep,

at the home of. [Latin casa cottage] chi /kai/ n. twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet (X, [Greek] Chianti /ki'aenti/ n. (pi. -s) red wine from the Chianti area in Italy.

chiaroscuro

/ki.airg'skoarao/

n.

1

treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting. 2 use of contrast in literature etc. [Italian, = clear dark]

chic

/Ji:k/

-adj. (chic-er, chic-est) styl-

ish, elegant, -n. stylishness, elegance.

on a chessboard. related to check]

chess

chief

140

protect or tend lovingly. 2 hold dear, cling to (hopes, feelings, etc.). [French cher dear, from Latin car us] cheroot /JVru:t/ n. cigar with both ends open. [French from Tamil] cherry /'tjeri/-rc. (pi. -ies) 1 a small soft round stone-fruit, b tree bearing this or grown for its ornamental flowers, c its wood. 2 light red colour, -adj. of light red colour. [Greek kerasos] cherub /'tjerab/ n. 1 (pi. -im) angelic being of the second order of the celestial hierarchy. 2 a representation of a winged child or its head, b beautiful or /'tJeriJV

/'Jevran/ n. V-shaped line or caper goat]

stripe. [Latin

[French] /Ji'kem/ -n. 1 artificial barrier or obstacle on a motor racecourse. 2 chicanery, -v. (-ning) archaic 1 use chicanery. 2 (usu. foil, by into, out of, etc.) cheat (a person). [French] chicanery /Ji'keman/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 clever but misleading talk. 2 trickery, deception. [French]

chicane

chick n. woman.

young

1

[Old

bird. 2 slang

English:

young

related

to

chicken]

chicken

/'tjikm/ -n. 1 a domestic fowl. b its flesh as food. 2 young bird of a domestic fowl. 3 youthful person (is no

chicken), -adj. colloq. cowardly, -v. (foil, by out) colloq. withdraw through cowardice. [Old English] chicken-feed n. 1 food for poultry. 2 colloq. trivial amount, esp. of money, chickenpox n. infectious disease, esp. of children, with a rash of small blisters, chicken-wire n. light wire netting

with a hexagonal mesh, n. yellow pea-like seed used

chick-pea

as a vegetable. [Latin cicer]

chickweed

n.

small weed with tiny

white flowers.

chicle

milky juice of a tropused in chewing-gum. [Spanish from Nahuatl] /'tjik(a)l/ n.

ical tree,

chicory

/'tjikari/ n.

(pi.

-ies) 1

plant

with leaves used in salads. 2 its root, roasted and ground and used with or instead of coffee. 3 esp. US = endive. [Greek kikhorion] chide v. (past chided or chid; past part. chided or chidden) archaic scold, rebuke. [Old English] chief -n. 1 a leader or ruler, b head of a tribe, clan, etc. 2 head of a department;

Chief Constable -adj. 1 first in position, Importance, influence, etc. 2 prominent, leading. [Latin caput head] Chief Constable n. head of the police force of a county etc. chiefly adv. above all; mainly but not exclusively. Chief of Staff n. senior staff officer of a service or command, chieftain /'tji:ft(9)n/ n. leader of a tribe,

highest

official,

clan, etc. chieftaincy n. [Latin: related to chief]

chiffchaff /'tjiftjaef/

:

n.

(pi.

-ies).

/'

chignon

diaphanous

fab-

[French chiffe rag]

/'Ji:nj5/ n. coil

of hair at the

back of a woman's head. [French] chihuahua /tJYwa:wa/ n. dog of a very small smooth-haired breed. [Chihuahua in Mexico]

'

!

chilblain /'tjilblem/ n. painful itching swelling on a hand, foot, etc., caused by

I'

exposure to cold, [from chill, blain inflamed sore, blister] child ./tjaild./ n. (pi. children /'tjildran/) 1 a young human being below the age of puberty, b unborn or newborn human being. 2 one's son or daughter. 3 (foil, by of) descendant, follower, or product of. 4 childless adj. [Old childish person.

j

,

i

English]

child abuse esp.

n. maltreatment of a child, by physical violence or sexual

molestation. n. regular payment by the State to the parents of a child up to a certain age. childbirth n. giving birth to a child, ichild care n. the care of children, esp. by a local authority, childhood n. state or period of being a

Ichild benefit I

I

!

i

child.

|

childish

1

of, like,

or proper to a

childishly immature, silly. adv. childishness n. qualities good childlike adj. having the of a child, such as innocence, frankness, child. 2

I

i

adj.

etc.

child-minder

n. person looking after children for payment. jchild's play n. easy task. [chili var. of chilli. [chill -n. 1 a unpleasant cold sensation; lowered body temperature, b feverish I cold. 2 unpleasant coldness (of air, water, etc.). 3 depressing influence. 4 coldness of manner, -v. 1 make or become cold. 2 depress; horrify. 3 preserve (food or drink) by cooling, -adj. literary chilly. [Old English] i

;

.

milli

/'tjili/ n.

(also chili) (pi -es) hot-

tasting dried red ish from Aztec]

con carne /knn 'ka:m/

capsicum pod. [Span-

n.

dish of

mince and beans, 1 somewhat

chilli-flavoured

chilly

adj. (-ier, -iest)

cold. 2 sensitive to the cold. 3 unfriendly;

unemotional.

Chiltern Hundreds /'t;ilt(a)n/ n.pl Crown manor, whose administration is a nominal office for which an MP applies as a way of resigning from the House of Commons. [Chiltern Hills in S.

England] -n.

set

1

sounds made by

of attuned bells. 2

(-ming) 1 (of (the time) by chimby together, with) be in agreement. chime in 1 interject a remark. 2 join in harmoniously. 3 (foil, by with) agree with. [Old English: related to cymbal] bells) ring. 2

JifDn/ n. light

ric of silk, nylon, etc.

;

chilli

chime

small European

warbler, [imitative]

chiffon

chinchilla

141

this. -v'.

show

ing. 3 (usu. foil,

chimera

/kai'miara/

n.

(in

1

mythology) monster with a

Greek

lion's head,

goat's body, and serpent's tail. 2 bogey. 3 wild or fantastic conception, z chimerical /-'menk(8)l/ adj. [Latin from

Greek]

chimney

/'tjimni/ n. (pi -s)

conducting smoke

etc.

1

channel

up and away

from a fire, engine, etc. 2 part of this above a roof. 3 glass tube protecting the flame of a lamp. 4 narrow vertical crack in a rock-face. [Latin caminus oven, from Greek]

chimney-breast

n.

projecting

wall

surrounding a chimney. chimney-pot n. earthenware or metal pipe at the top of a chimney. chimney-stack n. number of chimneys grouped in one structure. chimney-sweep n. person who removes soot from inside chimneys. chimp n. colloq. = chimpanzee. [abbreviation]

chimpanzee

small n. [French from

/.tjimpan'zi:/

African manlike ape.

Kongo]

keep n. front of the lower jaw. one's chin up colloq. remain cheerful, blow severe a suffer the chin on take [Old courageously. endure from;

chin

English]

china

/'tjaina/ -n. 1 fine white or translucent ceramic ware, porcelain, etc. 2 things made of this. -adj. made of china. [China in Asia]

china clay

n.

kaolin.

Chinaman /'tjainaman/ n.

archaic or native of China. 2 Cricket ball bowled by a leftfrom off to leg. bowler that spins handed chinchilla /tjm'tjila/ n. 1 a small S. American rodent, b its soft grey fur. 2 breed of cat or rabbit. [Spanish chinche bug] derog.

(now usu.

offens.)

1

chine a backbone, b joint of meat containing all or part of this. 2 ridge, -v. (-ning) cut (meat) through the backbone. [Latin spina spine] Chinese /tjai'ni:z/ -adj. of China, -n. 1 Chinese language. 2 (pi. same) a native or national of China, b person of Chinese descent. 1

Chinese lantern n.

1 collapsible paper lantern. 2 plant with an orange-red papery calyx.

Chinese leaf n.

Chink

lettuce-like cabbage.

slang

n.

a

offens.

Chinese,

[abbreviation]

chink

1

narrow opening; narrow ravine]

n.

to chine

chink

chlorinate

142

chine —n.

slit,

[related

2

-v. (cause to) make a sound like glasses or coins striking together, -n. this sound, [imitative]

chinless

adj. colloq.

feeble in

chintzy

an elegantly ornate 18th-c. [name of a cabinet-maker] chiro- comb, form hand. [Greek kheir] style,

chiromancy

/'kaiarau.maensi/ palmistry. [Greek mantis seer]

wonder

n.

ineffectual esp.

adj. (-ier, -iest)

1

like chintz. 2

gaudy, cheap. 3 characteristic of decor associated with chintz soft furnishings. chin-wag slang -n. talk or chat. -v. (-gg-) chat.

chip -n.

1 small piece removed by chopping etc. 2 place or mark where a piece has been broken off. 3 a strip of potato, usu. deep-fried, b US potato crisp. 4 counter used in some games to represent money. 5 = microchip, -v. (-pp-) 1 (often foil, by off, away) cut or break (a piece) from a hard material. 2 (often foil,

at, away at) cut pieces off (a hard material) to alter its shape etc. 3 be apt to break at the edge. 4 (usu. as chipped chip adj.) make (potatoes) into chips. in colloq. 1 interrupt. 2 contribute (money etc.). a chip off the old block child resembling its parent, esp. in character, a chip on one's shoulder colloq. inclination to feel resentful or aggrieved, when the chips are down colloq. when it comes to the point. [Old English]

by

chipboard n. board made from compressed wood chips.

chipmunk American

striped N. [Algonsquirrel.

/'tJipmAnk/

ground

n.

quian]

chipolata

/.tjipa'laita/ n. small thin sausage. [French from Italian]

n.

chiropody

/ki'ropadi/ n. treatment of the feet and their ailments. chiro-

podist

n.

[Greek pous podos

chiropractic

foot]

/.kaiarau'praektik/

n.

treatment of disease by manipulation of esp. the spinal column, z chiropractor /'kaiarau-/ n. [Greek pratto do] chirp —v. 1 (of small birds, grasshoppers, etc.) utter a short sharp note. 2 speak or utter merrily, -n. chirping sound, [imitative]

chirpy

adj. colloq. (-ier, -iest) cheerful,

chirpily adv. chirpiness

chirrup

/'tjirap/ -v.

-n.

repeatedly,

upper-class person. chinoiserie /Jin'wa:zan/ n. 1 imitation of Chinese motifs in painting and in decorating furniture. 2 object(s) in this style. [French] chintz /tjints/ n. printed multicoloured usu. glazed cotton fabric. [Hindi from Sanskrit]

/'tjipan.deil/ adj. (of fur-

niture) of

lively, z

weak or

character.

chinless

Chippendale

(-p-)

n.

chirp, esp.

chirruping

sound,

[imitative]

chisel /'tjiz(9)l/ -n. hand tool with a squared bevelled blade for shaping wood, stone, or metal, -v. 1 (-11-; US -1-) cut or shape with a chisel. 2 (as chiselled adj.) (of facial features) clear-cut, fine. 3 slang cheat. [Latin caedo cut] n. 1 derog. or joc. young small

chit

1

woman

(esp.

a chit of a girl). 2 young = whelp, cub]

child, [originally 2

chit n. 1 note of requisition, of a sum owed, etc. 2 note or memorandum. [Hindi from Sanskrit] chit-chat n. colloq. light conversation; gossip, [reduplication of chat]

chivalrous

/'Jivalras/ adj.

gallant,

1

honourable. 2 of or showing chivalry.

chivalrously adv. to

[Latin:

related

CHEVALIER]

chivalry

/'Jivalri/

n.

medieval

1

knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code. 2 honour, courtesy, and readiness to help the weak.

chivalric adj. n. small plant with long onion-

chive

flavoured leaves. [Latin cepa onion] (-ies, -ied) urge persistently, nag. [probably from ballad of Chevy Chase] chloral /'klo:r(a)l/ n. 1 colourless liquid

chivvy /'tjivi/ v.

aldehyde used in making DDT. 2 (in full chloral hydrate) Pharm. crystalline solid made from this and used as a sedative. [French: related to chlorine, alcohol]

chloride /'klo:raid/ n. 1 compound of chlorine and another element or group. 2 bleaching agent containing this.

chlorinate

/'klo:ri,neit/

v.

(-ting)

impregnate or treat with chlorine. chlorination /-'neij(a)n/ n.

chlorine chlorine

poisonous

n.

gaseous element used for purifying water etc. [Greek khloros green]

chlorotluorocarbon see CFC. chloroform "klDra,fa:m/ -n. colourformerly used as a general anaesthetic, -v. render unconscious with this, [from chlorine, formic acid] less volatile liquid

chlorophyll ment found

klDrafil/

in

most

khloros green, phullon

choc

n.

n.

green pig[Greek

plants. leaf]

colloq. chocolate, [abbreviation]

choc-ice

n.

bar of ice-cream covered

with chocolate. -n. block or wedge to check the motion of a wheel etc. -v. make fast with chocks. [French]

chock

chock-a-block predic. adj. (often by with) crammed together or full, chock-full predic.

crammed

adj. (often foil,

foil.

by

of)

-n. 1 a food preparation in the form of a paste or solid block made from ground cacao seeds and usu. sweetened, b sweet made of or coated with this, c drink containing this. 2 deep brown, -adj. 1 made from chocolate. 2 deep brown. [Aztec choco/'tjoklat/

late

choice -n.

1 a act of choosing, b thing or person chosen. 2 range from which to choose. 3 power or opportunity to

choose, -adj. of superior quality. [Germanic: related to choose] choir /'kwaia(r)/ n. 1 regular group of singers, esp. in a church. 2 part of a cathedral or large church between the altar and nave. [Latin: related to

choirboy

n. (fern,

church

choirgirl) boy singer

choir.

choke -v.

(-king)1 stop the breathing of person or animal), esp. by constricting the windpipe or (of gas, smoke, etc.) by being unbreathable. 2 suffer a stoppage of breath. 3 make or become speechless from emotion. 4 retard the growth of or kill (esp. plants) by depriving of light etc. 5 (often foil, by back) suppress (feelings) with difficulty. 6 (a

block or clog (a passage, tube,

choked

one of the four

/'kDla(r)/ n. 1 hist

humours,

cholera

or archaic anger,

bile. 2 poet,

irascibility.

[Greek khole

bile]

infectious often bacterial disease of the small intestine, [related to choler] choleric 'kDlarik adj. irascible, angry. cholesterol /ka'lestajDl/ n. sterol found in most body tissues, including /'kDlara/

n.

fatal

the blood where high concentrations promote arteriosclerosis. [from choler, Greek stereos stiff]

chomp

= champ

v.

choose

1 ,

[imitative]

chose chosen) 1 select out of a greater number. 2 (usu. foil, by between, from) take or select one or another. 3 (usu. foil, by to + infin.) decide, be determined. 4 select as (was chosen leader), z nothing (or little) to choose between them they are very /tju:z/

(-sing; past

u.

/tjauz/; past part,

choosy

/'tju:zi/ adj. (-ier. -iest) colloq.

fastidious, z choosiness n. chop 1 -v. (-pp-) 1 (usu. foil, by off, down, etc.) cut or fell by the blow of an axe etc. 2 (often foil, by up) cut into small pieces. 3 strike (esp. a ball) with a short heavy edgewise blow. -n. 1 cutting blow. 2 thick slice of meat (esp. pork or lamb) usu. including a rib. 3 short chopping stroke in cricket etc. 4 (prec. by the) slang a = sack 1 n. 2. b killing or being 2 killed, [related to chap ]

chop 2

(usu.

n.

etc.).

7 (as

disgusted, disappointed, -n. 1 valve in a carburettor controlling the intake of air. 2 device for smoothing the variations of an alternatchoke up block (a chaning current. nel etc.). [Old English] 3hoker n. close-fitting necklace, cholecalciferol /.kDlikael'sifa.rol/ n. a vitamin (D 3 ) produced by the action of sunlight on a steroid in the skin, [from adj.) colloq.

CHOLER, CALCIFEROL]

in

pi) jaw.

[origin

unknown]

chop

3

v.

vacillate;

chop and change

(-pp-)

change direction frequently,

chop logic argue haps related

chorus] in a

choler

similar. [Old English]

full.

chocolate

chord

143 /'kb:ri:n/

to

pedantically,

[per-

cheap]

chopper

n. 1 a short axe with a large blade, b butcher's cleaver. 2 colloq. helicopter. 3 colloq. type of bicycle or motor cycle with high handlebars. choppy adj. (-ier, -iest) (of the sea etc.) choppily adv. choppifairly rough,

ness

1

n.

[from chop ] n. each of a pair of sticks

chopstick

held in one hand as eating utensils by the Chinese, Japanese, etc. [pidgin English from Chinese, = nimble ones] chopsuey /tjDp'su:i/ n. (pi. -s) Chinesestyle dish of meat fried with vegetables and rice. [Chinese, = mixed bits] choral /'ko:r(a)l/ adj. of, for, or sung by a choir or chorus, [medieval Latin: related to chorus]

chorale

/kn'ra:l/

n.

1

simple stately

hymn tune; harmonized form of this. 2 esp. US choir. [German: related to choral]

chord

/ko:d/ n. group of notes sounded together, [originally cord from accord] 1

chord chord 2

the ends of an of a harp etc.

1

strike a chord elicit cord] chordate /'ko:deit/ -n. animal having a cartilaginous skeletal rod at some stage of its development, -adj. of chordates. [Latin chorda chord 2 after Vertebrata

sympathy,

[var. of

n.

tedious or routine task, esp.

domestic, [from char

choreograph

2 ]

/'kona.graif/

v.

compose

choreography for (a ballet etc.).

eographer

chor-

/-i'Dgrafa(r)/ n.

choreography

/.kori'Dgrafi/ n. design

or arrangement of a ballet

reographic

/-a'graefik/

etc.

adj.

cho[Greek

khoreia dance]

chorister

/'kDrista(r)/ n.

member

of a

choir, esp. a choirboy. [French: related to choir] chortle /'tJo:t(9)l/ -n. gleeful chuckle. -v. (-ling) utter or express with a chortle, [probably from chuckle,

snort]

chorus

/'ko:ras/

-n.

(pi. -es) 1

group of

singers; choir. 2 music composed for a choir. 3 refrain or main part of a song.

4 simultaneous of singers and

Christian Science n. Christian sect believing in the power of healing by prayer alone.

Christian Scientist n.

Christmas /'knsmas/ n. 1 (also Christmas Day) annual festival of Christ's on 25 Dec. 2 period this. Christmassy adj. [Old English: related to Christ, mass 2 ] Christmas-box n. present or gratuity birth, celebrated

around

given at Christmas.

Christmas Eve n. 24 Dec. Christmas pudding n. pudding of flour,

rich boiled

suet, dried fruit, etc.

Christmas rose

n. white-flowered winter-blooming hellebore. n. evergreen tree or imitation of this set up and decorated at Christmas.

Christmas tree

utterance.

chromatic /kra'maetik/ adj.

Mus. a of or having notes not belonging to a particular diatonic scale, b (of a scale) ascending or deschromatcending by semitones. ically adv. [Greek khrdma -mat- colour] chromatin /'kreumatm/ n. chromosome material in a cell nucleus which stains with basic dyes. [Greek: related to

5 group performing

character speaking the prologue in a play. -v. (-S-) speak or utter simultaneously. [Latin from Greek] chose past of choose. chosen past part, of choose. chough /tjAf/ n. bird with glossy blueblack plumage and red legs, [imitative] choux pastry /Ju:/ n. very light pastry enriched with eggs. [French] chow n. 1 slang food. 2 dog of a Chinese breed with long woolly hair. [Chinese chow-chow] chow mein /tjau 'mem/ n. Chinesestyle dish of fried noodles with shredded meat or shrimps etc. and vegetables. [Chinese chao mian fried flour] Christ /kraist/ -n. 1 title, also now treated as a name, given to Jesus. 2 Messiah as prophesied in the Old Testament, -int. slang expressing surprise, anger, etc. [Greek, = anointed] christen /'kns(a)n/ v. 1 baptize as a sign of admission to the Christian Church. 2 give a name to. 3 colloq. use for the first

christening

n. [Latin:

related

to Christian]

Christendom

given at baptism.

dancers

Gk Antiq. a group of performers who comment on the action in a Greek play, b utterance made by it. 7 together. 6

time.

the associated qualities. 4 colloq. kind. -n. adherent of Christianity. [Latin Christianus of Christ] Christian era n. era reckoned from Christ's birth. Christianity /.kristi'amiti/ n. 1 Christian religion. 2 being a Christian; Christian quality or character. Christian n. forename, esp. as

name

etc.]

chore

chronic

144

straight line joining arc or curve. 2 poet, string

/ko:d/ n.

/'kns9nd9m/ n. Christians worldwide. Christian /'knstj(9)n/ -adj. 1 of Christ's teaching. 2 believing in or following the religion of Christ. 3 showing

1

of colour;

in colours. 2

chrome]

chromatography

/.krauma'tDgrafi/ n.

separation of the components of a mixture by slow passage through or over material which adsorbs them differently. [Greek: related to chrome]

chrome /kraum/ n. plating. 2 (in full

1

chromium,

esp. as yel-

chrome yellow)

low pigment got from a certain compound of chromium. [Greek khrdma colour]

chromite

/'kraumait/ n. mineral of iron oxides. chromium /'kraumiam/ n. metallic element used as a shiny decorative or protective coating. chromium plate n. protective coating of chromium.

chromium and

chromosome

/'krauma.saum/

n.

threadlike structure, usu. found in the cell nucleus of animals and plants, carrying genes. [Greek: related to

chrome, soma body] chronic /'krnmk/ adj.

1

(esp.

of an

illness) long-lasting. 2 having a chronic complaint. 3 colloq. very bad; intense,

severe. 4 colloq. habitual, inveterate (a

chronicle adv.

Usage The use of chronic in sense 3 is very informal, and its use in sense 4 is considered incorrect by some people. chronicle

/'krDnik(a)l/ -n. register of

order of occurrence, —v. (-ling) record (events) thus. [Greek to chronic] related khronika: events

in

chronological 1

/,krDn9'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. according to order of occurrence. 2 of

chronologically adv. /kra'nDlad3i/ n. (pi. -ies) science of determining dates. 2 a 1 arrangement of events etc. in order of occurrence, b table or document chronology.

chronology

displaying time, -logy]

[Greek

this.

chronometer

khronos

/kra'nDmita(r)/ n. time-

measuring instrument, esp. one used in navigation, [from chronology, -meter] chrysalis /'krisalis/ n. (pi. -lises) 1 pupa of a butterfly or moth. 2 case enclosing [Greek khrusos gold] chrysanthemum /kri'saenGamam/ n. garden plant of the daisy family bloomit.

ing in autumn. [Greek, = gold flower] yellowishgreen gem. [Greek khrusos gold, beryl] chrysolite /'knsa.lait/ n. precious variety of olivine. [Greek khrusos gold,

chrysoberyl /'krisa.benl/ n.

lithos stone]

chrysoprase

/'knsa.preiz/

n.

apple-

green variety of chalcedony. [Greek khrusos gold, prason leek]

chub

n.

Chubb

same) thick-bodied river

(pi.

fish, [origin

unknown]

Chubb

lock) propr. lock with a device for fixing the bolt immovably should someone try to pick it. [Chubb, name of a locksmith] n. (in full

chubby

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

plump and

rounded, [from chub]

chuck

-p. 1 colloq. fling or throw carelessly or casually. 2 (often foil, by in, up) colloq. give up; reject. 3 touch playfully, esp. under the chin. -n. 1 playful touch under the chin. 2 toss.n the chuck slang dismissal; rejection, chuck out colloq. 1 expel (a person) from a gathering etc. 2 get rid of, discard, [perhaps

from French chuquer knock] -n. 1 cut of beef from neck to ribs. 2 device for holding a workpiece or

chuck 2

-u. fix to a chuck, [var. of chock] /'tfAk(a)l/ -v. (-ling) laugh quietly or inwardly, -n. quiet or suppressed laugh, [chuck cluck]

bit.

chuckle

an engine etc.) work with a regular sharp puffing sound, [imitative]

chuffed chuff]

(of

adj.

slang

chug -v.

emit a regular muffled explosive sound, as of an engine running slowly. 2 move with this sound. -n. chugging sound, [imitative] chukka boot n. ankle-high leather (-gg-) 1

boot.

chukker

n. (also chukka) period of play in polo. [Sanskrit cakra wheel]

chum n. colloq. close friend. chum up (-mm-) (often close friend -iest).

foil,

by with) become a

chummy adj.

(of).

(-ier,

chummily adv. chumminess n.

[abbreviation of chamber-fellow] n. 1 colloq. foolish person. 2 thick end of a loin of lamb or mutton (chump chop). 3 short thick block of wood, n off one's chump slang crazy, [blend of chunk, lump 1 ] chunk n. 1 thick piece cut or broken off. 2 2 substantial amount, [var. of chuck ] chunky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 consisting of or resembling chunks; thick, substanchunkiness tial. 2 small and sturdy.

chump

n.

chunter

v. colloq. mutter, grumble, [probably imitative] chupatty var. of chapatti. church n. 1 building for public Christian worship. 2 public worship (met after church). 3 (Church) a body of all Christians, b clergy or clerical profession, c organized Christian society (the early Church). [Greek kuriakon Lord's

(house)]

churchgoer

n.

person

attending

church regularly.

churchman n. member of the clergy or of a Church.

Church of England

n.

English Prot-

estant Church.

churchwarden n. either of two elected lay representatives of

an Anglican par-

ish.

churchyard

n.

enclosed

ground

around a church used

1

chuff v.

chutney

145

chronically chronic liar). [Greek khronos time]

delighted,

[dial.

churl

n.

1

for burials. ill-bred person. 2 archaic

peasant. [Old English, =

churlish

adj.

surly;

man] mean, n chur-

lishly adv. churlishness n. [from churl] churn -n. 1 large milk-can. 2 buttermaking machine, -v. 1 agitate (milk or cream) in a churn. 2 produce (butter) in a churn. 3 (usu. foil, by up) upset, agitate, d churn out produce in large quantities. [Old English] chute /Ju:t/ n. sloping channel or slide for sending things to a lower level. 1

[Latin cado

chute 2

fall]

/Ju:t/

n.

parachute,

colloq.

[abbreviation]

chutney

/'tjAtni/

n.

(pi.

-s)

condiment of fruits, vinegar, [Hindi]

pungent

spices, etc.

chutzpah chutzpah

shameless

audacity. [Yiddish]

chyle

/kail/ n.

milky

fluid of food mater-

formed

in the intestine after digestion. [Greek khulos juice]

ials

chyme /kaim/ n. partly-digested

acid pulp formed from

[Greek khumos

food.

juice]

CIA

abbr. (in the US) Central Intelli-

gence Agency.

ciao

/tjau/ int. colloq.

1

goodbye. 2 hello.

[Italian]

cicada

/si'ka:da/ n. large transparent-

winged insect making a rhythmic chirping sound. [Latin]

cicatrice /'sikatris/ n. scar left by a wound. [Latin] cicely /'sisali/ n. (pi. -ies) flowering plant related to parsley and chervil. [Greek seselis]

cicerone

/.tjitja'rauni/ n. (pi.

-roni pro-

cinematography art of making tographer n.

/.sinima'tDgrafi/ n. films. cinema-

cinematographic

/-.maeta'graefik/ adj.

cineraria

/.sina'rearia/ n. composite plant with bright flowers and ashcoloured down on its leaves. [Latin cinis ner- ashes] cinnabar /'sma.ba^r)/ n. 1 bright red mercuric sulphide. 2 vermilion. 3 moth with reddish-marked wings. [Latin from Greek] cinnamon /'sinaman/ n. 1 aromatic spice from the bark of a SE Asian tree. 2 this tree. 3 yellowish-brown. [Greek kin-

namon]

cinque

/sink/ n. the five

quinque

on

dice. [Latin

five]

cinquefoil

/'sinkfoil/ n.

1

plant with

compound leaves of five leaflets. 2 Archit. five-cusped ornament in a circle or arch. [Latin: related to ciNQUE,/o/iwm

who guides sightname of a Roman

Cinque Ports rt.pl group of (orig. five)

abbr. Criminal Investigation De-

ports in SE England with ancient privileges. [Latin quinque portus five ports]

nunc. same) person seers. [Latin Cicero,

statesman]

CID

circuit

146

/'xutspa/ n. slang

partment. -cide suffix

cipher 1

person or substance that

kills (regicide; insecticide). 2 killing of

(infanticide). [Latin caedo kill]

cider

n. drink of fermented apple juice. [Hebrew, = strong drink]

cigar

/si'ga:(r)/ n. tight roll of tobaccoleaves for smoking. [French or Spanish]

cigarette

/.siga'ret/

n.

finely-cut

tobacco rolled in paper for smoking. [French diminutive]

cilium

1 minute on the surface of

/'siliam/ n. (pi. cilia)

hairlike structure

many animal cells.

2 eyelash. ciliary = eyelash] cinch n. colloq. 1 sure thing; certainty. 2 easy task. [Spanish cincha saddle-girth] cinchona /sin'kauna/ n. 1 a S. American evergreen tree or shrub, b its bark, containing quinine. 2 drug from this. [Countess of Chinchon] adj. ciliate adj. [Latin,

cincture

/'sirjktj9(r)/ n. literary girdle,

or border. [Latin cingo gird] cinder n. 1 residue of coal or wood etc. after burning. 2 (in pi.) ashes. [Old English sinder = slag] Cinderella /.smda'rela/ n. person or thing of unrecognized or disregarded merit or beauty, [name of a girl in a fairy belt,

tale]

cine- comb, form cinematographic (cinecamera), [abbreviation] cinema /'smama/ n. 1 theatre where films are shown. 2 a films collectively, b art or industry of producing films.

cinematic

leaf]

/-'maetik/

related to kinematic]

adj.

[French:

/'saifa(r)/ (also

cypher)

1

a

secret or disguised writing, b thing so written, c key to it. 2 arithmetical symbol (0) used to occupy a vacant place in decimal etc. numeration. 3 person or thing of no importance, -v. write in cipher. [Arabic sifr] circa /'S3:ka/ prep, (preceding a date) about. [Latin] circadian /s3:'keidian/ adj. Physiol. occurring about once per day. [from circa, Latin dies day] circle /'S3:k(a)l/-n. 1 round plane figure

whose circumference is everywhere equidistant from its centre. 2 circular or roundish enclosure or structure. 3 curved upper tier of seats in a theatre etc. 4 circular route. 5 persons grouped round a centre of interest. 6 set or restricted group (literary circles), -v. (-ling) 1 (often foil, by round, about) move in a circle. 2 a revolve round, b form a circle round. come full circle return to the starting-point. [Latin diminutive: related to circus] circlet /'S3:klit/ n. 1 small circle. 2 circular band, esp. as an ornament. circuit /'S3:kit/ n. 1 line or course enclosing an area; the distance round. 2 a path of an electric current, b apparatus through which a current passes. 3 a judge's itinerary through a district to hold courts, b such a district, c lawyers following a circuit. 4 chain of theatres, cinemas, etc. under a single management. 5 motor-racing track. 6 itinerary or specific sphere of operation (election circuit; cabaret circuit). 7 sequence of

circuit-breaker

147

sporting events or athletic exercises. [Latin: related to circum-, eo it- go] circuit-breaker n. automatic device for interrupting an electric circuit,

circuitous

/S3:'kju:itas/ adj. 1 indirect.

2 going a long

circuitry

way round,

this.

circular /'S3:kjula(r)/ -adj. 1 a having the form of a circle, b moving (roughly) in a circle, finishing at the starting-point (circular walk). 2 (of reasoning) using the point it is trying to prove as evidence for its conclusion, hence invalid. 3 (of a letter etc.) distributed to a number of

people. -n. circular letter, leaflet, etc. p circularity /-'laenti/ n. [Latin: related to circle] circularize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) distribute circulars to.

circular

saw

n.

power saw with a

rapidly rotating toothed disc.

circulate

/'s3:kju,leit/ v. (-ting) 1 be in circulation; spread. 2 a put into circulation, b send circulars to. 3 move about among guests etc. [Latin: related to circle]

circulation /.S3:kju'leij(a)n/ n. 1 movement to and fro, or from and back to a starting-point, esp. that of the blood to the heart. 2 a transmission or distribution, b number of copies sold. in (or out of) circulation active (or not active) socially.

from and

circulatory /^kju'leitan/

adj. of cir-

round,

about.

[Latin]

circumcise

/'S3:kam,saiz/ v. (-sing) cut circumoff the foreskin or clitoris of. cision /-'si3(a)n/ n. [Latin caedo cut]

circumference

/sa'kAmfarans/ n. 1 enclosing boundary, esp. of a circle. circumferential 2 distance round. /-'renj*(a)l/ adj. [Latin fero carry]

circumflex

/'S3:kam,fleks/ n.

(in full

circumflex accent) mark (~) placed over a vowel to show contraction, 1

length, etc. [Latin: related to flex ] circumlocution /,s3:kamla'kju:JXa)n/

n.1a roundabout expression, b evasive circumlocutory

talk. 2 verbosity.

/-'lDkjutan/ adj.

circumnavigate /.ss^am'naevi.geit/ v. (-ting)

sail

round

(esp.

circumspection /-'spekJXa)n/ n. circumspectly adv. [Latin specio spectlook]

the

world).

circumnavigation /-'geij(a)n/ n. /'s3:kam,skraib/ circumscribe

v.

(-bing) 1 (of a line etc.) enclose or outline. 2 lay down the limits of; confine, restrict. 3 Geom. draw (a figure) round another, touching it at points but circumscription not cutting it. /-'sknpj(a)n/ n. [Latin scribo write]

/'s3:kamst(a)ns/

n.

1

occurrence, or condition, esp. (in pi) connected with or influencing an event; (bad) luck (victim of circumstances)). 2 (in pi) one's financial condition. 3 ceremony, fuss. in (or fact,

under) the circumstances the state of affairs being what it is. in (or under) no circumstances not at all; never.

circumstanced adj. [Latin sto stand] circumstantial /,s3:kam'staenJXa)l/ 1 giving full details (circumstantial account). 2 (of evidence etc.) indicating a conclusion by inference from known facts hard to explain otherwise. cir-

adj.

cumstantiality

/-JYaeliti/ n.

circumvent /,s3:kam'vent/ v. 1 evade, find a way round. 2 baffle, outwit. circumvention

n.

[Latin venio vent-

come]

circus /'S3:kas/ n. (pi. -es) 1 travelling show of performing acrobats, clowns, animals,

etc. 2 colloq.

a scene of lively

b group of people in a common activity, esp. sport. 3 open space in a town, where several streets converge. 4 Rom. Antiq. arena for sports and games. [Latin, = ring] action,

cirrhosis

/si'rausis/ n. chronic liver disease, as a result of alcoholism etc.

[Greek kirrhos tawny]

cirrus

culation, esp. of the blood.

circum- comb, form

/'S3:kam,spekt/ adj. cautious; taking everything into account.

circumstance

system equipment forming

/'S3:kitri/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

of electric circuits. 2

cite

circumspect

/'siras/ n. (pi.

cirri

/-rai/) 1

white

wispy cloud at high altitude. 2 tendril or appendage of a plant or animal. [Latin, - curl]

CIS

Commonwealth

abbr.

of Indepen-

dent States. /sis'aelpam/ adj. on the south side of the Alps. [Latin cis- on this side

cisalpine of]

cissy var. of sissy.

Cistercian /si'st3:.f(9)n/ -n. monk or nun of the order founded as a stricter branch of the Benedictines, -adj. of the Cistercians. [French Citeaux in France] /'sist(a)n/ n. 1 tank for storing water. 2 underground reservoir. [Latin cista box, from Greek] cistus /'sistas/ n. shrub with large white or red flowers. [Latin from Greek] citadel /'sitad(a)l/ n. fortress, usu. on high ground, protecting or dominating a

cistern

city.

[French

citation

citadelle)

/sai'teij(a)n/ n.

1

citing; pas-

sage cited. 2 Mil. mention in dispatches. 3 description of reasons for an award. cite v. (-ting) 1 mention as an example etc. 2 quote (a book etc.) in support. 3 Mil. mention in dispatches. 4 summon

citizen appear in court. [Latin cieo set in motion] to

citizen

member

of a State, either native or naturalized. 2 inhabitant of a city. 3 US civilian. citizenry n. citizenship n. [AngloFrench: related to city] citizen's band n. system of local intercommunication by individuals on special radio frequencies. citrate /'sitreit/ n. a salt of citric acid. citric /'sitnk/ adj. derived from citrus /'sitiz(a)n/

n.

1

fruit.

acid

citric

n.

sharp-tasting acid in

citrus fruits.

citron

/'sitran/

n.

1

tree with large

lemon-like fruits. 2 this from Latin citrus]

citronella

fruit.

[French

/.sitra'nela/ n. 1

city-state n. esp. hist, city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent State. civet /"sivit/ n. 1 (in full civet-cat) catlike animal of Central Africa. 2 strong musky perfume obtained from it. [French ultimately from Arabic] civic /'sivik/ adj. 1 of a city. 2 of citizens civically adv. [Latin or citizenship. civis citizen]

civic centre offices etc.

n. 1 area where municipal are situated. 2 the offices

themselves.

civics n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) the study of the rights and duties of citizenship.

of or belonging to 2 of ordinary citizens; nonmilitary. 3 polite, obliging, not rude. 4 Law concerning private rights and not criminal offences. 5 (of the length of a day, year, etc.) fixed by custom or law, /'siv(a)l/ adj. 1

citizens.

not natural or astronomical.

civilly

adv. [Latin civilis: related to civic] civil defence n. organizing of civilians for protection during wartime attacks. civil disobedience n. refusal to comply with certain laws as a peaceful protest.

engineer n. one who designs or maintains roads, bridges, dams, etc.

civil

civilian

/si'vilian/ -rc. person not in the services or police force, -adj. of or for civilians. civility /si'viliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 polite-

armed

ness. 2 act of politeness. [Latin: related to civil]

civilization /,sivilai'zeiJXa)n/ n. (also -isation) 1 advanced stage or system of social development. 2 peoples of the world that are regarded as having this. 3 a people or nation (esp. of the past) regarded as an element of social evolution (Inca civilization). civilize /'sivi.laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 bring out of a barbarous or primitive stage of society. 2 enlighten; refine and educate. [French: related to civil]

a fragrant oil. 2 grass from S. Asia yielding it. citrus /'sitras/ n. (pi. -es) 1 tree of a group including the lemon, orange, and grapefruit. 2 (in full citrus fruit) fruit of such a tree. [Latin] city /'siti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 large town, strictly one created by charter and containing a cathedral. 2 (the City) a part of London governed by the Lord Mayor and Corporation, b business part of this, c commercial circles. [Latin civitas: related to civic]

civil

claim

148

civil liberty n. (often in pi.) freedom of action subject to the law. civil list n. annual allowance voted by Parliament for the royal family's household expenses. civil marriage n. one solemnized without religious ceremony, civil rights n.pl. rights of citizens to

freedom and equality, civil

servant

member

n.

of the civil

service.

civil service

n.

branches of State ad-

ministration, excluding military and branches and elected politi-

judicial cians.

war n. war between citizens of the same country.

civil

civvies

slang civilian

n.pl.

clothes,

[abbreviation]

Civvy Street

n.

slang civilian

life,

[abbreviation] chlorine. cl abbr. centilitre(s). clack -v. 1 make a sharp sound as of boards struck together. 2 chatter, -n. clacking noise or talk, [imitative] clad adj. 1 clothed. 2 provided with cladding, [past part, of clothe] cladding n. covering or coating on a structure or material etc. (usu. cladistics /kla'distiks/ n.pl. treated as sing.) Biol, method of classifying animals and plants on the basis of shared characteristics. [Greek klados

CI symb.

branch]

claim -v. 1 state, declare, assert. demand as one's due or property.

2 3

represent oneself as having or achieving (claim victory). 4 (foil, by to + infin.) profess. 5 have as an achievement or

consequence

(fire

claimed two victims).

6 (of a thing) deserve (attention etc.). -n. 1 demand or request for a thing considered one's due (lay claim to; put in a claim). 2 (foil, by to, on) right or title to a

claimant

claimant esp. in benefit.

n.

thing claimed.

person making a claim, or claiming State

a lawsuit,

clairvoyance

/klea'voians,

n.

sup-

posed faculty of perceiving the future or things beyond normal sensory percep-

clairvoyant n. & adj. [French: related to clear, voir see] -n. edible bivalve mollusc, -v. (-mm-) (foil, by up) colloq. refuse to talk, [related to clamp ] clamber -v. climb laboriously using hands and feet. -n. difficult climb, [from climb] tion.

clam

1

clammy

'klaemi/

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

damp and sticky. clamclamminess n. [clam to

unpleasantly

mily

adv.

daub] 'klaema(r)/

(US clamor) -n.

1

loud or vehement shouting or noise. 2 protest, demand, —v. 1 make a clamour. 2 utter with a clamour, z clamorous adj. [Latin: related to claim] clamp -n. 1 device, esp. a brace or band of iron etc., for strengthening or holding things together. 2 device for immobilizing an illegally parked vehicle, —v. 1 strengthen or fasten with a clamp; fix firmly. 2 immobilize (a vehicle) with a clamp. clamp down (usu. foil, by on) become stricter (about); suppress. [Low German or Dutch] clamp 2 n. potatoes etc. stored under straw or earth. [Dutch: related to 1

clamp-down

n.

sudden policy of sup-

pression. 1 group of people with a common ancestor, esp. in the Scottish Highlands. 2 large family as a social group. 3 group with a strong common interest. [Gaelic] clandestine klaen'destm adj. surrep-

clan n.

titious, secret. [Latin]

clang -n. loud resonant metallic sound. -v. (cause to) make a clang, [imitative: Latin clango resound]

clanger n. slang mistake, blunder. clangour ,"klaenga(r) n. (US clangor) clangorous adj. prolonged clanging. clank -n. sound as of metal on metal. —v. (cause to) make a clank, [imitative] clannish adj. often derog. (of a family or group) associating closely with each other; inward-looking.

clansman n.

(fern,

clanswoman)

mem

ber or fellow-member of a clan. -v. (-pp-) 1 a strike the palms of one's hands together, esp. repeatedly as applause, b strike (the hands) together in this way. 2 applaud thus. 3 put or place quickly or with determination (clapped him in prison: clap a tax on 1

sound machinery.

claptrap talk,

n.

insincere or pretentious

nonsense.

claque

klsek

n.

group of people hired

applaud. [French]

claret 'klaerat n. 1 red wine. esp. from Bordeaux. 2 purplish-red. [French: related to clarify]

clarify or

klaen.fai v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make clearer. 2 a free (liquid etc.)

become

from impurities, b make transparent, z clarification -fi'keij(a)n

n.

[Latin:

related to clear]

clarinet

.klaen'net

n.

woodwind

instrument with a single reed, z clarinettist n. (US clarinetist). [French diminutive of clarine, a kind of bell] clarion 'klaenan n. 1 clear rousing sound. 2 hist, shrill war-trumpet. [Latin: related to clear]

clarity

'klaeriti

n.

clearness.

a loud jarring sound as of metal objects struck together, b collision. 2 a conflict, b discord of colours etc. -v. 1 (cause to) make a clashing sound. 2 collide; coincide awkwardly. 3 (often foil, by with) a come into conflict or be at variance, b (of colours) be discordant, [imitative] device with -n. 1 kla:sp clasp interlocking parts for fastening. 2 a embrace, b grasp, handshake. 3 bar on a medal-ribbon, - v. 1 fasten with or as with a clasp. 2 a grasp, hold closely, b embrace. [Old English] clasp-knife n. folding knife, usu. with a catch to hold the blade open. class /kla.s/ -n. 1 any set of persons or things grouped together, or graded or differentiated from others esp. by qual-

clash -n.

CLUMP]

clap

whisky). 4 (foil, by on) give a friendlv slap (clapped him on the back).-n. 1 act of clapping, esp. as applause. 2 explosive sound, esp. of thunder. 3 slap. pat. z clap eyes on colloq. see. [Old English] clap 2 n. coarse slang venereal disease, esp. gonorrhoea. [French] clapped out adj. slang worn out; exhausted. clapper n. tongue or striker of a bell. Like the clappers slang very fast or hard. clapperboard n. device in film-making of hinged boards struck together to synchronize the starting of picture and

to

clamour

cf.

class

149

thing. 3 assertion. 4 [Latin clamo call out]

1

(first class: economy class). 2 division or order of society (upper class). 3 colloq. distinction, high quality. 4 a group of students taught together, b occasion when they meet, c their course of instruction. 5 division of candidates by merit in an examination. 6 Biol, next grouping of organisms below a division or phylum, -v. assign to a class or

ity

class-conscious

class-consciousness n. classic /'klaesik/ -adj. 1 first-class; of lasting value and importance. 2 very typical (a classic case). 3 a of ancient Greek and Latin literature, art, etc. b (of style) simple, harmonious. 4 famous because long-established, -n. 1 classic writer, artist, work, or example. 2 (in pi.) ancient Greek and Latin. [Latin classicus: related to class]

classical

Roman

adj.

1

a of ancient Greek or

literature or art. b (of a lan-

guage) having the form used by ancient standard authors. 2 (of music) serious or conventional, or of the period from c. 1750-1800. 3 restrained in style. classicality /-'kaeliti/ n. classically adv.

classicism

/'klaesi,siz(a)m/ n.

1

follow-

ing of a classic style. 2 classical scholarship. 3 ancient Greek or Latin idiom. classicist n.

classify /'klaesi.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 a arrange in classes or categories, b assign to a class or category. 2 designate as officially secret or not for general disclassifiable adj. classiclosure.

fication

/-fi

keij(a)n/ n. classificatory

/-'keitan/ adj. [French: related to class]

classmate

person in the same class

n.

at school.

classroom students

classy

is

n.

room where a

class of

taught.

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. superior,

stylish. classily adv. classiness n. clatter -n. sound as of hard objects

struck together, -v. (cause

to)

make

a

clatter. [Old English]

clause

Gram, part of a sentence, including a subject and predicate. /kLo:z/ n. 1

2 single statement in a treaty, law, clausal adj. [Latin claucontract, etc. sula: related to close]

Clause 28

clear

150

category, in a class of (or on) its (or one's) own unequalled. classless adj. [Latin classis assembly] class-conscious adj. aware of social divisions or one's place in them.

clause in the Local Government Bill (and later Act) banning local authorities from promoting n.

homosexuality.

holding, etc. -v. scratch, maul, or pull with claws or fingernails. [Old English] claw back v. regain laboriously or gradually.

claw-hammer nails.

clay n. making

ab-

1 stiff sticky earth, used for bricks, pottery, etc. 2 poet, sub-

stance of the human body. [Old English]

claymore

clayey adj.

/'kleimo:(r)/ n. hist. Scottish

two-edged broadsword. [Gaelic, = great sword] clay pigeon n. breakable disc thrown up from a trap as a target for shooting. clean —adj. 1 free from dirt or impurities, unsoiled. 2 clear; unused; pristine {clean air, clean page). 3 not obscene or indecent. 4 attentive to personal hygiene and cleanliness. 5 complete, clearcut. 6 showing no record of crime, disease, etc. 7 fair (a clean fight). 8 streamlined; well-formed. 9 adroit, skilful. 10 (of a nuclear weapon) producing relatively little fallout, -adv. 1 completely, outright, simply. 2 in a clean manner. —v. make or become clean, —n. act or clean out 1 clean process of cleaning. thoroughly. 2 slang empty or deprive (esp. of money), clean up 1 a clear away (a mess), b (also absol.) put (things) tidy, c make (oneself) clean. 2 restore order or morality to. 3 slang acquire as or make a profit, come clean colloq. confess fully, make a clean breast of see breast. [Old English] clean bill of health n. declaration that there is no disease or defect. clean-cut adj. 1 sharply outlined or defined. 2 (of a person) clean and tidy. cleaner n. 1 person employed to clean rooms etc. 2 establishment for cleaning clothes etc. 3 device or substance for cleaning. take a person to the cleaners slang 1 defraud or rob a person. 2 criticize severely. 1 adv. in a clean way.

cleanly cleanly 2

clean;

cleanliness pure.

adj.

/'klenli/

habitually

cleanse

claustrophobia /.kloistra'faubia/ n.

n. hammer with one head forked for extracting

side of the

/klenz/

(-ier,

-iest)

with clean habits.

n. p.

cleanser

(-sing)

make clean or

n.

normal fear of confined places, p claustrophobic adj. [Latin claustrum clois-

clean-shaven

ter, -phobia]

clean sheet n. (also clean slate) freedom from commitments or imputations;

clavichord

small key-

/'klaevi,ko:d/ n.

board instrument with a very

soft tone,

[medieval Latin: related to clavicle]

clavicle

/'klaevik(a)l/

n.

collar-bone.

[Latin clavis key]

claw -n.

1 a pointed nail on an animal's b foot armed with claws. 2 pincers of a shellfish. 3 device for grappling,

foot,

adj.

without beard or

moustache.

removal of these from one's record.

clean-up

did of cleaning up. free from dirt or contamination. 2 (of weather, the sky, etc.) not dull. 3 transparent. 4 a easily perceived; distinct; evident (a clear voice; it is clear that), b easily understood. 5 discerning n.

clear -adj.

1

clearance readily and accurately (clear mind). 6 confident, convinced. 7 (of a conscience) free from guilt. 8 (of a road etc.) unobstructed. 9 a net, without deduction, b complete (three clear days). 10 (often

by of) free, unhampered; unencumbered, -adv. 1 clearly. 2 completely (got clear away). 3 apart, out of contact foil,

(keep clear). -v. 2 (often

foil,

by

1

make or become clear. make or become free

of)

from obstruction

show

etc. 3 (often foil,

by

of)

person) to be innocent. 4 apetc.) for a special duty, access, etc. 5 pass over or by, safely or without touching. 6 make (an amount of money) as a net gain or to balance expenses. 7 pass (a cheque) through a clearing-house. 8 pass through (customs etc.). 9 disappear (mist cleared). clear the air remove suspicion, tension, etc. clear away 1 remove (esp. dishes etc.). 2 disappear, clear the decks prepare for action, clear off colloq. go away, clear out 1 empty, tidy by emptying. 2 remove. 3 colloq. go away, clear up 1 tidy up. 2 solve. 3 (of weather) become fine. 4 disappear (acne has cleared up), clear a thing with get approval or authorization for it from (a person), in the clear free from suspicion or difficulty, z clearly adj. clear(a

prove (a person

:

ness

n.

[Latin clams]

clearance

n. 1 removal of obstructions space allowed for the passing of two objects or parts in machinery etc. 3 special authorization. 4 a clearing by customs, b certificate showing this. 5 clearing of cheques. 6 clearing out. clear-cut adj. sharply defined. clear-headed adj. thinking clearly,

etc. 2

sensible.

clearing clearing

member

n.

open area in a forest. n. bank which

bank

cleavage 'kli:vid3 a woman's breasts.

a

clearing-house n. 1 bankers' establishment where cheques and bills are exchanged, only the balances being paid in cash. 2 agency for collecting and distributing information etc. clear-out n. tidying by emptying and

n. 1

hollow between

2 division, splitting. 3 line along which rocks etc. split. v. (-ving, past clove or cleft or cleaved; past part, cloven or cleft or cleaved) literary 1 chop or break apart; split, esp. along the grain or line of cleavage. 2 make one's way through (air or water). [Old English] cleave 2 v. (-ving) (foil, by to) literary' stick fast; adhere. [Old English]

cleave

1

cleaver

butcher's heavy chopping

n.

tool.

clef n. Mus. symbol indicating the pitch of notes on a staff. [Latin clavis key] cleft

1

adj.

part, of

cleft

2

split,

n.

partly divided, [past

split,

CLEAVE

1

]

fissure.

related to cleave

cleft lip

n.

[Old English:

1

]

congenital cleft in the upper

lip.

cleft palate n. congenital split in the roof of the mouth. clematis 'klematis/ n. climbing plant with white, pink, or purple flowers. [Greek] clement 'klemant' adj. 1 (of weather)

clemency n. [Latin mild. 2 merciful, clemens] 'kleman.tiin/ n. small tangerine-like citrus fruit. [French] clench —v. 1 close (the teeth, fingers, etc.) tightly. 2 grasp firmly, -n. clenching action; clenched state. [Old English] clerestory /'klia.stoiri/ n. (pi. -ies) upper row of windows in a cathedral or large church, above the level of the aisle

Clementine

roofs, [clear storey]

clergy

/'kl3:d3i/ n. (pi. -ies) (usu. treated those ordained for religious duties. [French (related to cleric) and

as pi.)

Church is

of a clearing-house.

Latin]

clergyman

n.

member

of the clergy.

cleric /'klerik/ n. member of the clergy. [Greek klerikos from kleros lot, heritage]

clerical adj. 1 of clergy or clergymen. 2 of or done by clerks, clerical collar n. stiff upright white collar fastening at the back, n. short comic 'klen.hju: biographical verse in two rhyming couplets. [E. Clerihew Bentley, name of

clerihew

sorting.

clear-sighted

clever

151

adj. seeing, thinking, or

understanding clearly,

clear-up

n. 1 tidying up. 2 (usu. attrib.) solving of crimes (clear-up rates). clearway n. main road (other than a motorway) on which vehicles may not

normally stop. cleat n. 1 piece of metal, wood, etc., bolted on for fastening ropes to, or to strengthen woodwork etc. 2 projecting piece on a spar, gangway, etc. to prevent slipping. [Old English]

its

inventor]

clerk

/kla:k/ -n.

1

person employed to

etc. 2 secretary or agent of a local council, court, etc. 3 lay officer of a church, -v. work as clerk. [Old English and French: related to cleric]

keep records

clever /'klev9(r)/ adj.

(-er, -est) 1 skilful,

talented; quick to understand and learn. clev2 adroit, dexterous. 3 ingenious, erly adv. cleverness n. [Old English]

cliche 1

hackneyed phrase or

opinion. 2 metal casting of a stereotype or electrotype. cliched adj. (also cliche'd). [French] click -n. slight sharp sound. -t>. 1 (cause to) make a click. 2 colloq. a become clear or understood, b be popular, c (foil, by with) strike up a rapport, [imitative]

client

/'klaiant/ n. 1 person using the services of a lawyer, architect, or other professional person. 2 customer. [Latin

c liens]

clientele

/,kli:on'tel/ n. 1 clients collect-

customers. [French and Latin:

ively. 2

related to client] cliff n. steep rock-face, esp. on a coast. [Old English] cliff-hanger n. story etc. with a strong element of suspense, climacteric /klai'maektarik/ n. period of life when fertility and sexual activity are in decline. [Greek: related to

climax]

climate

/'klaimit/

n.

1

prevailing

weather conditions of an area. 2 region with particular weather conditions. 3 prevailing trend of opinion or feeling.

climatic

climatically [Greek klima] /'klaimaeks/ -n. 1 event or point /-'maetik/ adj.

/-^maetikali/ adv.

climax

of greatest intensity or interest; culmination. 2 orgasm, -y. colloq. reach climactic or bring to a climax. /-'maektik/ adj. [Greek, = ladder] climb /klaim/ -v. 1 (often foil, by up) ascend, mount, go or come up. 2 grow up a wall etc. by clinging or twining. 3 progress, esp. in social rank. -rc. 1 ascent by climbing. 2 hill etc. climbed or to

be climbed, b climb down 1 descend, using hands. 2 withdraw from a stance taken up in an argument etc.

esp.

climber

n.

climb-down

[Old English] n.

withdrawal from a

stance taken up.

climbing-frame

structure of joined children to climb on. clime n. literary 1 region. 2 climate. [Latin: related to climate] clinch -v. 1 confirm or settle (an argument, bargain, etc.) conclusively. 2 (of boxers etc.) become too closely engaged. 3 secure (a nail or rivet) by driving the point sideways when through, -n. 1 a clinching action, b clinched state. 2 colloq. embrace, [var. of clench] clincher n. colloq. point or remark that

bars

Cllr.

152

cliche /'kli:Jei/ n.

n.

etc. for

an argument etc. cling v. (past and past part, clung) 1 (often foil, by to) adhere. 2 (foil, by to) be settles

unwilling to give up; be emotionally

dependent on (a habit, idea, friend, etc.). 3 (often foil, by to) maintain grasp; keep

hold; resist separation. (ier, -iest). [Old English]

clingy

adj.

cling film

n. thin transparent plastic covering for food. clinic /'khnik/ n. 1 private or specialized hospital. 2 place or occasion for giving medical treatment or specialist advice. 3 gathering at a hospital bedside for medical teaching. [Greek Kline bed] clinical adj. 1 of or for the treatment of

patients. 2 dispassionate, coolly detached. 3 (of a room, building, etc.) bare, functional. clinically adv. [Greek: related to clinic]

clinical death

n. death judged by professional observation of a person's con-

dition.

clink

1

-n. (cause to)

sharp ringing sound, -u.

make

a clink. [Dutch: imit-

ative] 2

clink n. slang prison, [origin unknown] clinker n. 1 mass of slag or lava. 2 stony residue from burnt coal. [Dutch: related to

CLINK 1 ]

clinker-built

adj. (of a boat)

having

external planks overlapping downwards and secured with clinched nails. [clink, Northern English var. of clinch]

clip

1

-n. 1 device for holding things together or for attaching something. 2 piece of jewellery fastened by a clip. 3 set of attached cartridges for a firearm. -v. (-pp-) fix with a clip. [Old English] clip 2 -y. (-pp-) 1 cut (hair, wool, etc.) short with shears or scissors. 2 trim or remove the hair or wool of. 3 colloq. hit smartly. 4 a omit (a letter etc.) from a word, b omit letters or syllables of (words uttered). 5 punch a hole in (a ticket) to show it has been used. 6 cut from a newspaper etc. 7 slang swindle, rob. -n. 1 act of clipping. 2 colloq. smart blow. 3 sequence from a motion picture. 4 yield of wool etc. 5 colloq. speed, esp. rapid. [Old Norse] clipboard n. small board with a spring clip for holding papers etc. clip-joint n. slang club etc. charging exorbitant prices. clip-on adj. attached by a clip.

clipper

n. 1 (usu. in pi) instrument for clipping hair etc. 2 hist, fast sailing-

ship.

clipping

n.

piece clipped, esp. from a

newspaper.

clique

/kli:k/ n.

small exclusive group

cliquey adj. (cliquier, of people. cliquiest). cliquish adj. [French] clitoris /'klitans/ n. small erectile part of the female genitals at the upper end of clitoral adj. [Latin from the vulva. Greek] Cllr. abbr. Councillor.

cloak outdoor usu. long and sleeveless over-garment. 2 covering {cloak of snow), -v. 1 cover with a cloak. under the cloak 2 conceal, disguise. of using as pretext, [ultimately from medieval Latin clocca bell] involving cloak-and-dagger adj. 1

and espionage,

intrigue

cloakroom

n.

room where outdoor

1

or luggage may be left. 2 euphem. lavatory. clobber v. slang 1 hit; beat up. 2 defeat. clothes

1

3 criticize severely, [origin unknown] clobber2 n. slang clothing, belongings. [origin unknown]

cloche

/kk)J7 n. 1 small translucent cover for protecting outdoor plants. 2 (in full cloche hat) woman's closefitting bell-shaped hat. [French, = bell, medieval Latin clocca] clock -n. 1 instrument for measuring and showing time. 2 a measuring device resembling this, b colloq. speedometer, taximeter, or stopwatch. 3 slang person's face. 4 seed-head of the dandelion. -v. 1 colloq. a (often foil, by up) attain or register (a stated time, distance, or speed), b time (a race) with a stopwatch. clock in (or on) register 2 slang hit. one's arrival at work, clock off (or out) register one's departure from work, round the clock all day and (usu.) night, [medieval Latin clocca bell] clock 2 n. ornamental pattern on the side of a stocking or sock near the ankle, 1

[origin unknown] clockwise adj. & adv.

in a curve corresponding in direction to that of the hands

of a clock. n. 1

mechanism

like that of spring and gears. 2

a clock, with a (attrib.) driven by clockwork, z like clockwork smoothly, regularly, automatically. n.

lump

of earth, clay, etc. [var. of

clot]

cloddish

adj. loutish, foolish,

clumsy,

clodhopper n.

(usu. in pi) colloq. large heavy shoe. clog -n. shoe with a thick wooden sole. -v. (-gg-) 1 (often foil, by up) obstruct or become obstructed; choke. 2 impede, [origin

unknown]

1 covered walk round a quadrangle, esp. in a college or ecclesiastical building. 2 monastic life or cloistered seclusion, -v. seclude. adj. cloistral adj. [Latin claustrum: 2 related to close ]

cloister -n.

clomp var.

of clump v. 2. a group of organisms produced asexually from one stock or an-

clone -n.

1

one such organism. 2 colloq. person or thing regarded as identical to

cestor, b

another, -v. (-ning) propagate as a clone, z clonal adj. [Greek klon twig] clonk -n. abrupt heavy sound of impact, -u. 1 make this sound. 2 colloq. hit. [imitative]

close

1

klaus/ -adj. 1 (often foil, by to) situated at a short distance or interval. 2 a having a strong or immediate relation or connection (close friend), b in intimate friendship or association, c corresponding almost exactly (close resemblance). 3 in or almost in contact (close combat). 4 dense, compact, with no or only slight intervals. 5 (of a contest etc.) in which competitors are almost equal. 6 leaving no gaps or weaknesses, rigorous (close reasoning). 7 concentrated, searching. 8 (of air etc.) stuffy, humid. 9 closed, shut. 10 limited to certain persons etc. (close corporation). 11 hidden, secret; secretive. 12 niggardly, -adv. at only a short distance or interval, -n. 1 street closed at one end. 2 precinct of a at close quarters very cathedral, close together, z closely adv. closeness n. [Latin clausus from claudo shut] close 2 ,/klauz/ -v. (-sing) 1 a shut, b block up. 2 bring or come to an end. 3 end the day's business. 4 bring or come closer or into contact. 5 make (an electric circuit etc.) continuous, -n. conclusion, end. z close down (of a shop etc.) discontinue business, close in 1 enclose. 2 come nearer. 3 (of days) get successively shorter, close up 1 (often foil, by to) move closer. 2 shut. 3 block up. 4 (of an aperture) grow smaller. [Latin: related to close ] closed book n. subject one does not 1

clockwork

clod

close-up

153

cloak -n.

understand.

closed-circuit adj. (of television) transmitted by wires to a restricted set of receivers.

closed shop n. business etc. where employees must belong to a specified trade union.

close

harmony

n.

harmony

in

which

the notes of a chord are close together, close-knit adj. tightly interlocked; closely united in friendship, close season n. season when the killing of

game

etc. is illegal,

close shave n. (also close thing) colloq. narrow escape. closet "klozit -n. 1 small room. 2 cupboard. 3 = water-closet. 4 (attrib.) secret (closet homosexual), -v. (-t-) shut away. esp. in private conference or study. [French diminutive: related to

close2 ]

close-up

n.

close range.

photograph

etc.

taken at

closure state. 3

1

closing. 2 closed

procedure for ending a debate

and taking a

vote. [Latin: related to

2

CLOSE ] clot -n.

thick mass of coagulated liquid etc., esp. of blood. 2 colloq. foolish person, -i;. (-tt-) form into clots. [Old English] cloth n. 1 woven or felted material. 2 piece of this, esp. for a particular purpose; tablecloth, dishcloth, etc. 3 fabric for clothes. 4 a status, esp. of the clergy, as shown by clothes, b (prec. by the) the clergy. [Old English] 1

clothe

/klauo/ v. (-thing; past and past clothed or formal clad) 1 put clothes on; provide with clothes. 2 cover as with clothes. [Old English] clothes /klauoz/ n.pl. 1 garments worn to cover the body and limbs. 2 bedclothes. [Old English] clothes-horse n. frame for airing part,

washed

clothes.

clothes-line

rope

n.

etc.

clothes are hung to dry. clothes-peg n. clip etc.

on which

for securing

clothes to a clothes-line,

clothier

/'klauoia(r)/ n. seller of

men's

clothes.

clothing

/'klaudin/ n. clothes collect-

ively.

clotted cream n. thick cream obtained by slow scalding. cloud -n. 1 visible mass of condensed watery vapour floating high above the ground. 2 mass of smoke or dust. 3

(foil,

of) mass of insects etc. moving together. 4 state of gloom, trouble, or suspicion, -v. cover or darken with clouds or gloom or trouble. 2 (often foil,

by

"\

become overcast or gloomy. 3 make unclear, n on cloud nine colloq. extremely happy, under a cloud out of favour, under suspicion, with one's head in the clouds day-dreaming. by

over, up)

cloudless

adj. [Old English]

cloudburst

n.

sudden violent

clove

1

dried bud of a tropical plant used as a spice. [Latin clavus nail (from its shape)] clove 2 n. small segment of a compound bulb, esp. of garlic. [Old English: related to

n.

CLEAVE

1

]

clove 3 past of cleave clove hitch n. knot by which a rope 1

,

secured to a spar

etc. [clove,

is

old past

1

part, of CLEAVE ] /'kl9uv(a)n/ adj. split, partly divided, [past part, of cleave 1 ] cloven hoof n. (also cloven foot) divided hoof, esp. of oxen, sheep, or goats, or of the Devil. clover n. trefoil fodder plant. in clover in ease and luxury. [Old English] clown -n. 1 comic entertainer, esp. in a circus. 2 foolish or playful person, -v. (often foil, by about, around) behave like a clown, [origin uncertain] cloy v. satiate or sicken with sweetness, richness, etc. [obsolete acloy from Anglo-French: related to enclave] club -rc. 1 heavy stick with a thick end, esp. as a weapon. 2 stick with a head used in golf. 3 association of persons meeting periodically for a shared activity. 4 organization or premises offering members social amenities, meals, temporary residence, etc. 5 a playingcard of the suit denoted by a black trefoil, b (in pi) this suit. 6 commercial subscribers organization offering special deals {book club), -v. (-bb-) 1 beat with or as with a club. 2 (foil, by together, with) combine, esp. to raise a sum of money for a purpose. [Old Norse] clubbable adj. sociable; fit for club

cloven

membership.

club class etc.

n.

class of fare

on an aircraft

designed for business travellers.

club-foot

n.

congenitally

deformed

foot.

clubhouse

n.

premises of a (usu. sport-

ing) club. rain-

clubland n. area where there are many nightclubs.

storm.

cloud chamber vapour charged

clue

154

closure /'klau3a(r)/ n.

device containing tracking the paths of n.

for particles, X-rays,

and gamma

rays.

cloud-cuckoo-land

n.

fanciful

or

ideal place, [translation of Greek Nephelokokkugia in Aristophanes' Birds] cloudy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of the sky, weather) covered with clouds, overcast. cloudily 2 not transparent; unclear. adv. cloudiness n. clout -n. 1 heavy blow. 2 colloq. influence, power of effective action. 3 dial, piece of cloth or clothing, -u. hit

hard. [Old English]

n. disease of cabbages etc. with swelling at the base of the stem, club sandwich n. sandwich with two

club-root

layers of filling between three slices of toast or bread. cluck -n. guttural cry like that of a hen. -v. emit cluck(s). [imitative] /klu:/ -n. 1 fact or idea that serves as a guide, or suggests a line of inquiry, in a problem or investigation. 2 piece of evidence etc. in the detection of a crime. 3 verbal formula as a hint to what is to be inserted in a crossword, -v. (clues,

clue

clued, cluing or clueing) provide a clue in (or up) slang inform. clue to.

clueless be ignorant or incompetent, [var. of Old English clew]

clueless

colloq.

(foil,

by

esp. of trees, -v.

1

cluster or mass, a form a clump, b

of)

heap or plant together. 2 (also clomp) walk with a heavy tread. [Low German or Dutch]

clumsy /'klAmzi/ adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1

awk-

ward in movement or shape; ungainly. difficult to

handle or use. 3

clumsily adv. clumsiness

2

tactless. n.

[obsolete

clumse be numb with cold] clung past and past part, of cling.

clunk

-n. dull sound as of thick pieces of metal meeting. —v. make such a

sound, [imitative] cluster -n. close group or bunch of similar people or things growing or occurring together, -v. 1 bring into, come into, or be in cluster(s). 2 (foil, by round, around) gather. [Old English] clutch -v. 1 seize eagerly; grasp tightly. 2 (foil, by at) try desperately to seize, -n. 1 tight grasp. 2 (in pi.) grasping hands; cruel or relentless grasp or control. 3 a (in a vehicle) device for connecting and disconnecting the engine and the transmission, b pedal operating this. [Old English] clutch 2 n. 1 set of eggs for hatching. 2 brood of chickens. [Old Norse, = hatch] clutch bag n. slim flat handbag without handles. clutter -rc. 1 crowded and untidy collection of things. 2 untidy state, —v. (often foil, by up, with) crowd untidily, fill with clutter, [related to clot] symb. curium. 1

Cm cm abbr. centimetre(s). CMG abbr. Companion (of the Order) of St

Michael and St George.

CND

abbr.

Campaign

for

Nuclear Dis-

armament.

CO abbr.

Commanding

Co symb.

cobalt.

Officer.

Co. abbr.

1 company. 2 county. CO- prefix added to: 1 nouns, with the sense 'joint, mutual, common' (coauthor; coequality). 2 adjectives and adverbs, with the sense 'jointly, mutually' (coequal). 3 verbs, with the sense 'together with another or others'

(cooperate), [var. of com-]

c/o abbr. care

coach -rc.

of.

single-decker bus, usu. comfortably equipped for long journeys. 2 railway carriage. 3 closed horse-drawn carriage. 4 a instructor or trainer in a sport, b private tutor, -v. train or teach as a coach. [French from Magyar] coachload n. group of tourists etc. taken by coach. 1

coachman

driver of a horse-drawn

n.

carriage.

coachwork

adj. colloq. ignorant, stupid.

clump -n.

coastguard

155

not have a clue

bodywork

n.

of a road or

rail vehicle.

coagulate

/kau'aegju.leit/

v.

(-ting)

1

change from a fluid to a semisolid. 2 clot, curdle. coagulant n. coagulation /-'leij(a)n/ n. [Latin coagulum rennet] coal n. 1 hard black rock, mainly carbonized plant matter, found underground and used as a fuel. 2 piece of this, esp. one that is burning. coals to Newcastle something brought to a place where it is already plentiful, haul (or call) over the coals reprimand. [Old English]

coalesce

/.kaua'les/

(-cing)

v.

together and form a whole.

cence

n.

coalescent

adj.

come

coales[Latin alo

nourish]

coalface

n. exposed working surface of coal in a mine. coalfield n. extensive area yielding

coal.

gas n. mixed gases formerly extracted from coal and used for lighting and heating.

coal

coalition

,

/,kaua lij(9)n/ n. 1 temporary alliance, esp. of political parties. 2 fusion into one whole, [medieval Latin: related to coalesce] coalman n. man who carries or delivers coal. coalmine n. mine in which coal is dug.

coalminer

n.

coal-scuttle n. container for coal for a domestic fire. coal tar n. thick black oily liquid distilled from coal and used as a source of benzene. coal-tit n. small greyish bird with a black head. coaming /'kaumirj/ n. raised border round a ship's hatches etc. to keep out water, [origin unknown] coarse adj. 1 rough or loose in texture; made of large particles. 2 lacking refinecoarsely adv. ment; crude, obscene.

coarseness

coarse fish

n.

[origin

n.

unknown]

freshwater fish other

than salmon and trout. v. make or become coarse. coast -n. border of land near the sea; seashore. -v. 1 ride or move, usu. down-

coarsen

hill, without the use of power. 2 make progress without much effort. 3 sail the coast is clear along the coast. there is no danger of being observed or coastal adj. [Latin costa side] caught, coaster n. 1 ship that travels along the coast. 2 small tray or mat for a bottle or

glass.

coastguard

n. 1

member

people employed

to

of a group of keep watch on

coastline coasts to save life, prevent smuggling, etc. 2 such a group. coastline n. line of the seashore, esp. with regard to its shape. coat -n. 1 outer garment with sleeves, usu. extending below the hips; overcoat or jacket. 2 animal's fur or hair. 3 covering of paint etc. laid on a surface at one time. -v. 1 (usu. foil, by with, in) cover with a coat or layer. 2 (of paint etc.) form a covering to. [French from

Germanic]

coat-hanger see hanger 2. coating n. 1 layer of paint etc.

arms

n.

heraldic bearings or person, family, or

n.

jacket covered with

shield of a corporation.

coat of mail mail.

coat-tail n. each of the flaps formed by the back of a tailcoat. coax v. 1 persuade gradually or by flattery. 2 (foil, by out of) obtain (a thing from a person) thus. 3 manipulate (a thing) carefully or slowly, cokes a fooll

coaxial

/kau'aeksial/ adj.

common

1

cobwebby

this.

spider] /'kauka/ n. its dried leaves,

coca

adj. [obsolete

coppe

American shrub. 2 chewed as a stimulant. [Spanish from Quechua] cocaine /kau'kem/ n. drug from coca, used as a local anaesthetic and as a stimulant.

coccyx

1 S.

/'koksiks/

n.

(pi.

coccyges

small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column. [Greek, = cuckoo (from shape of its bill)] /-,d3i:z/)

cochineal 2 mater-

ial for coats.

coat of

cockle

156

[obsolete

having a

axis. 2 Electr. (of a cable or

by means of two concentric conductors separated by an

line) transmitting

insulator.

/.kDtJYnirl/ n. 1 scarlet dye used esp. for colouring food. 2 insects

whose dried bodies yield this. [Latin coccinus scarlet, from Greek] cock 1 -n. 1 male bird, esp. of the domestic fowl. 2 slang (as a form of address) friend; fellow. 3 coarse slang penis. 4 slang nonsense. 5 a firing lever in a gun, raised to be released by the trigger, b cocked position of this. 6 tap or valve controlling flow. — v. 1 raise or make upright or erect. 2 turn or move (the eye or ear) attentively or knowingly. 3 set aslant; turn up the brim of (a hat). 4 raise the cock of (a gun). at half cock only partly ready, cock a snook 1 see snook cock up slang bungle; make a mess of. [Old English and French] cock 2 n. conical heap of hay or straw, [perhaps from Scandinavian] ,

n. 1 roundish lump. 2 domed loaf. 3 = corn-cob. 4 large hazelnut. 5 sturdy riding-horse with short legs. 6 male

cockade /kn'keid/ n.

swan, [origin unknown]

cock-a-doodle-doo n. cock's crow, cock-a-hoop adj. exultant, cock-a-leekie n. Scottish soup of boiling fowl and leeks. cock-and-bull story n. absurd or

cob

cobalt

/'kaubo:lt/

n.

silvery-white

1

metallic element. 2 a pigment made from this, b its deep-blue colour. [German, probably = Kobold demon in

mines]

rosette etc.

worn in

the hat as a badge. [French: related to

COCK

1 ]

incredible account.

cobber

n.

Austral.

& NZ

colloq.

com-

panion, friend, [origin uncertain] cobble /'kDb(a)l/ -n. (in full cobblestone) small rounded stone used for paving, -v. (-ling) pave with cobbles, [from cob] cobble 2 /'kDb(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 mend or patch up (esp. shoes). 2 (often foil, by together) join or assemble roughly, [from cobbler] cobbler n. 1 person who mends shoes professionally. 2 stewed fruit or meat topped with scones. 3 (in pi.) slang nonsense, [origin unknown] 1

COBOL /'kaubol/ n. computer language for use in

commerce, [common business

oriented /anguage]

cobra

/'kaubra/ n. venomous hooded snake of Africa and Asia. [Latin colubra

snake]

cobweb

n. 1 fine network spun by a spider from liquid it secretes. 2 thread of

cockatoo

/.kDka'tu:/ n. crested parrot.

[Dutch from Malay]

cockchafer

/'kDk.tJeifa(r)/

n.

large

pale-brown beetle, [from cock 1 ]

cock crow n. dawn. cocker n. (in full cocker spaniel) small spaniel with a silky coat, [related to

COCK

1

]

cockerel

/'kDkar(a)l/

[diminutive of cock

cock-eyed

adj.

n.

young cock.

1

]

colloq.

1

crooked,

askew. 2 absurd, not practical, [from 1

cock ] cock-fight

n.

fight

between cocks as

sport.

cockle

1 a edible bivalve b its shell. 2 (in full cockle-shell) small shallow boat. 3 pucker or wrinkle in paper, glass, etc. warm the cockles of one's heart make one contented. [French coquille from Greek: related to conch]

/'kDk(a)l/ n.

shellfish,

cockney

/'kDkni/ -n. (pi. -s) 1 native of London, esp. of the East End. 2 dialect or used there, -adj. of cockneys or accent their dialect, [cokeney 'cock's egg'] cockpit n. 1 a compartment for the pilot (and crew) of an aircraft or spacecraft, b driver's seat in a racing car. c space for the helmsman in some yachts. 2 arena of war or other conflict. 3 place for cock-fights. cockroach /'kDkrautJV n. flat darkbrown beetle-like insect infesting kit-

chens, bathrooms, etc. [Spanish cucaracha] /'kDkskaum/ n. crest of a cock.

cockscomb cocksure

/,kDk'Jo:(r)/ adj.

confident, [from

cock

arrogantly

1

]

/'kDkteil/ n. 1 drink made of various spirits, fruit juices, etc. 2 appetizer containing shellfish or fruit. 3 any hybrid mixture, [origin unknown] cocktail dress n. short evening dress worn at a drinks party. cocktail stick n. small pointed stick for serving an olive, cherry, etc. cock-up n. slang muddle or mistake.

cocktail

cocky adj.

(-ier, -iest) colloq. conceited, cockily adv. cockiness n. arrogant. [from cock ] coco /'kaukau/ n. (pi -s) coconut palm. [Portuguese and Spanish, = grimace] cocoa /'kaukau/ n. 1 powder made from crushed cacao seeds, often with other ingredients. 2 drink made from this. 1

[altered

from cacao]

cocoa bean n. cacao cocoa butter n.

/'kauka.nAt/ n. large brown seed of the coco, with a hard shell and edible white lining enclosing milky

coconut juice.

coconut matting

n.

matting made of

from coconut husks.

coconut shy

n.

fairground sideshow

where balls are thrown to dislodge coco-

cocoon

/ka'ku:n/ -n. 1 silky case spun by insect larvae for protection as pupae. 2 protective covering, -v. wrap or coat in a cocoon. [Provencal coca shell] cocotte /ka'kDt/ n. small fireproof dish for cooking and serving an individual portion. [French] abbr. cash (US collect) on delivery. cod 1 n. (pi. same) large sea fish, [origin

COD

unknown]

cod 2 slang igin

cod

3

1

-n.

1

parody. 2 hoax. -v.

perform a hoax. 2 parody,

[or-

unknown] n.

/'kauda/ n. 1 Mus. final additional passage of a piece or movement. 2 concluding section of a ballet. [Latin cauda tail]

coddle

/'kDd(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 treat as an invalid; protect attentively; pamper. 2 cook (an egg) in water below boiling point, z coddler n. [a dialect form of caudle invalids' gruel]

code

-n. 1 system of words, letters, symbols, etc., used to represent others for secrecy or brevity. 2 system of prearranged signals used to ensure secrecy in transmitting messages. 3 Computing piece of program text. 4 systematic set of laws etc. 5 prevailing standard of moral behaviour, -v. (-ding) put into code. [Latin codex] codeine /'kaudi:n/ n. alkaloid derived

from morphine, used

to relieve pain.

[Greek kodeia poppy-head]

codependency

/.kaudi'pendansi/ n. addiction to a supportive role in a relationship. codependent adj. & n. codex /'kaudeks/ n. (pi. codices /-di,si:z/) 1 ancient manuscript text in book form. 2 collection of descriptions of drugs etc. [Latin,

=

codfish

tablet,

n.

codger

book]

(pi same)

= cod

slang nonsense, [abbreviation of

codswallop]

1 .

/'kDd3a(r)/ n. (usu. in old colloq. person, esp. a strange

codger)

one. [origin uncertain]

codicil /'kaodisil/ n. addition to a will. [Latin diminutive of codex] codify /'kaudi.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) arrange (laws

systematically into a code. /-fi keij(a)n/ n. codifier n. /'kDdlin/ n. (also codlin) 1 a

etc.)

codling

1

kind of cooking apple. 2 moth whose larva feeds on apples. [Anglo-French quer de lion lion-heart] codling2 n. small codfish. cod-liver oil n. oil from cod livers, rich in vitamins D and A. codpiece n. hist, bag or flap at the front of a man's breeches, [cod scrotum] codswallop /'kodz.wDlap/ n. slang nonsense, [origin unknown] /kau'ed/ colloq. -n.

coed

nuts.

(-dd-)

coda

codification seed, fatty

substance obtained from the cocoa bean,

fibre

coelacanth

157

cockney

school for

1

both sexes. 2 esp. US female pupil of a coeducational, -adj. school, coed [abbreviation]

coeducation

/,kauedju:'keij(a)n/

pupils

both

of

education

of

together,

coeducational

coefficient

/,kaui'fij(a)nt/

n.

sexes

adj. n.

1

Math.

quantity placed before and multiplying an algebraic expression. 2 Physics multiplier or factor by which a property is measured (coefficient of expansion). [related to co-, efficient]

coelacanth

/'si:la,kaen8/

n.

large sea

formerly thought to be extinct. [Greek koilos hollow, akantha spine]

fish

coelenterate coelenterate

animal with a simple tube-shaped or cup-shaped body, e.g. jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones. [Greek koilos holdisease of the small intestine, brought on by contact with dietary gluten. [Latin coeliacus from Greek koilia belly]

coenobite

/'si:li,aek/ n.

/'si:na,bait/ n.

(

US cenobite)

member

of a monastic community. [Greek koinos bios common life]

coequal

/kau'i:kw(a)l/ adj.

&

archaic

n.

or literary equal.

coerce

/kau'3:s/

restrain

by

coercion

v.

(-cing) persuade or

force.

/-'3:JXa)n/

n.

coercible coercive

adj. adj.

[Latin coerceo restrain]

coeval /kau'i:v(a)l/ formal -adj. of the same age; existing at the same time; contemporary, -n. coeval person or coevally adv. [Latin aevum thing. age]

coexist

/.kauig'zist/ v. (often foil, by exist together. 2 (esp. of nations) exist in mutual tolerance of each other's

with)

1

coexistence

ideologies etc.

coex-

n.

istent adj.

coextensive

/.kauik'stensiv/

adj.

extending over the same space or time. C. of E. abbr. Church of England. coffee /'kDfi/ n. 1 a drink made from roasted and ground beanlike seeds of a tropical shrub, b cup of this. 2 a the shrub, b its seeds. 3 pale brown. [Turkish from Arabic] coffee bar n. bar or cafe serving coffee and light refreshments from a counter. coffee-mill n. small machine for grinding roasted coffee beans. coffee morning n. morning gathering, for charity, served.

esp.

coffee

shop

n.

n.

coffee

is

small informal restaur-

ant, esp. in a hotel or

coffee-table coffee-table

which

at

department

store.

n.

large lavishly

illustrated book. n. 1 large strong box for valuables. 2 (in pi. ) treasury, funds. 3 sunken panel in a ceiling etc. [Latin cophinus

coffer

/'kDdsi.teit/

n.

to

watertight enclosure permit work below the building bridges

waterline, e.g. repairing a ship. coffin /'kDfm/ n. box in

(-ting) ponder,

v.

cogitation

meditate.

cogitative

/-'teij"(a)n/

n.

[Latin cogito] cognac /'kDnjaek/ n. high-quality brandy, properly that distilled in Cognac in W. France. cognate /'kDgneit/ -adj. 1 related to or descended from a common ancestor. 2 /-tativ/ adj.

word) having the same linguistic family or derivation, -n. 1 relative. 2 cognate word. [Latin cognatus] (of a

cognate object n. Gram, in origin

a good

and sense

to its

object related

verb (as in

live

life).

cognition

/kDg'niJ(a)n/ n. 1 knowing, perceiving, or conceiving as an act or faculty distinct from emotion and volition. 2 result of this. cognitional adj. cognitive /'kDg-/ adj. [Latin cognitio: related to cognizance] cognizance /'kDgniz(a)ns/ n. formal 1 knowledge or awareness; perception. 2 sphere of observation or concern. 3 Heraldry distinctive device or mark. [Latin cognosco get to know]

cognizant

adj. (foil,

by

of) formal

ing knowledge or being aware

cognomen

/kog'naumen/

n.

hav-

of.

nick-

1

name. 2 ancient Roman's third or fourth name designating a branch of a family, as in Marcus Tullius Cicero, or as an epithet, as in P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. [Latin] /.konja'Jenti/ n. (pi. -ti

cognoscente I

-hi)

connoisseur. [Italian]

cog-wheel n. wheel with cogs. cohabit /kau'haebit/ v. (-t-) (esp.

of an unmarried couple) live together as cohabitation husband and wife. /-'teij(a)n/ n. cohabitee /-'ti:/ n. [Latin

cohere

/kau'hia(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 (of parts or a whole) stick together, remain united. 2 (of reasoning etc.) be logical or consistent. [Latin haereo haes- stick]

coherent late. 2 (of

basket]

coffer-dam pumped dry

drive]

habito dwell]

small low table.

book

cogent /'kaud3(a)nt/ adj. (of an argument etc.) convincing, compelling. cogency n. cogently adv. [Latin cogo cogitate

low, enteron intestine]

coeliac disease

cohort

158

marine

/si:'lenta,reit/ n.

etc.

or

which a corpse is buried or cremated. [Latin: related to coffer] cog n. 1 each of a series of projections on the edge of a wheel or bar transferring motion by engaging with another series. 2 unimportant member of an organization etc. [probably Scandinavian]

adj.

1

intelligible

an argument

and

articu-

etc.) consistent;

easily followed. 3 cohering. 4 Physics (of waves) having a constant phase rela-

tionship. adv.

coherence

n.

coherently

/kao'hi:3(a)n/ n.1a sticking together, b tendency to cohere. 2 Chem. force with which molecules cohere.

cohesion cohesive

adj. /'kaohoit/ n.

1 ancient Roman military unit, one-tenth of a legion. 2 persons banded 3 a warriors. band of together, b group of persons with a

cohort

coif statistical

characteristic.

[Latin]

coif n.

hist, close-fitting

cap. [Latin cofia

helmet] coiff /kwa:f/ v. (usu. as coiffed adj.) dress or arrange (the hair). [French coiffer]

coiffeur

/kwa:'f3:(r)/ n. (fern, coiffeuse

hairdresser. [French]

/-*f3:z/)

coiffure

/kwa:'fjua(r)/

n.

hairstyle.

[French] coil -v. 1 arrange or be arranged in spirals or concentric rings. 2 move sinuously, -n. 1 coiled arrangement. 2 coiled length of rope etc. 3 single turn of something coiled. 4 flexible loop as a contraceptive device in the womb. 5 coiled wire for the passage of an electric current and acting as an inductor. [Latin: related to collect ] coin -n. 1 stamped disc of metal as 1

official money. 2 (collect.) metal money. -v. 1 make (coins) by stamping. 2 make (metal) into coins. 3 invent (esp. a new word or phrase), n coin money make much money quickly. [Latin cuneus

wedge]

coinage n.

1 coining. 2 a coins, b system of coins in use. 3 invention, esp. of a

word.

coin-box

n.

1

telephone operated by

inserting coins. 2 receptacle for these.

coincide /.kaum'said/ v. (-ding) 1 occur at the same time. 2 occupy the same portion of space. 3 (often foil, by with) agree or be identical. [Latin: related to . incident] coincidence /k8u'msid(a)ns/ n. 1 coinciding.

2 remarkable concurrence of

events

etc.

coincident

apparently by chance. adj. in

the nature of or resulting from coincidentally adv. coincidence. /'koi9(r)/ n.

a

coconut fibre used for [Malayalam kayar

ropes, matting, etc. cord]

coition /k8u'ij(9)n/ n. = coitus. [Latin coitio from eo go] coitus /'kauitas/ n. sexual intercourse. coital adj. [Latin: related to coition]

coitus interruptus

/.mta'rAptas/

n.

sexual intercourse with withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation. coke 1 -n. solid substance left after gases have been extracted from coal. -v. (-king) convert (coal) into coke. [dial. co Ik core]

coke 2

n.

slang cocaine, [abbreviation]

Col. abbr. Colonel. col n. depression in a chain of mountains. [Latin collum neck] col. abbr. column, col- see com-.

cola

kola) 1 W. African tree bearing seeds containing caffeine. 2 carbonated drink usu. flavoured with these. [West African] colander /'kAlanda(r)/ n. perforated /'kaula/ n. (also

vessel used to strain off liquid in cookery. [Latin colo strain] cold /kauld/ -adj. 1 of or at a low temperature. 2 not heated; cooled after heat. 3 feeling cold. 4 lacking ardour, friendliness, or affection. 5 a depressing, uninteresting, b (of colour) suggestive of cold. 6 a dead, b colloq. unconscious. 7 (of a scent in hunting) grown faint. 8 (in games) far from finding what is sought, -n. 1 a prevalence of low temperature, b cold weather or environment. 2 infection of the nose or throat with sneezing, catarrh, etc. -adv. unrehearsed. in cold blood without emotion, deliberately, out in the cold ignored, neglected, throw (or pour) cold water on be discouraging about. coldly adv. coldness n. [Old English] cold-blooded adj. 1 having a body temperature varying with that of the environment. 2 callous; deliberately cold-bloodedly adv. coldcruel.

bloodedness n. cold call -n. marketing call on a person who has previously not shown interest in the product, -v. visit or telephone (a person) in this way. cold chisel n. chisel for cutting metal, stone, or brick. cold comfort n. poor consolation, cold cream n. ointment for cleansing and softening the skin, cold feet n.pl. colloq. loss of nerve,

cold frame

adj.

coincidental /kau.msi'denUa)!/ coir

cold turkey

159

common

n. unheated glass-topped frame for growing small plants, n. nuclear fusion at room temperature, esp. as a possible energy

cold fusion source.

cold-hearted adj. lacking sympathy or cold-heartedly adv. cold-

kindness.

heartedness n. cold shoulder -n.

(prec.

by

the) in-

unfriendliness, -v. (cold-shoulder) be deliberately unfriendly

tentional

towards.

cold sore n. inflammation and blisters in and around the mouth, caused by a virus infection.

cold storage n. 1 storage in a refrigerator. 2 temporary putting aside (of an idea

etc.),

postponement. n. sweating induced by fear

cold sweat or illness.

cold table

n.

selection of dishes of cold

food.

cold turkey n. slang abrupt withdrawal from addictive drugs.

cold cold

war war

without actual fighting, cole n. (usu. in comb.) cabbage. [Latin caul is]

coleopteron

/.kDli'Dpta.ron/ n. insect

with front wings serving as sheaths,

e.g.

the beetle and weevil, c coleopterous adj. [Greek koleon sheath, pteron wing] coleslaw /'kaulslo:/ n. dressed salad of sliced raw cabbage etc. [from cole, i

Dutch

coleus

sla salad] /'kaulias/ n.

plant with variegated leaves. [Greek koleon sheath] coley /'kauli/ n. (pi. -s) any of several fish used as food, e.g. the rock-salmon, [origin uncertain] colic /'kDlik/ n. severe spasmodic ab-

dominal pain. colicky adj. [Latin: 2 related to colon ] colitis /ka'laitis/ n. inflammation of the lining of the colon.

collaborate

1

work

v.

(-ting)

together.

collabenemy. n. collaborative collaborator n. [Latin: related to labour] collage /'kDla:3/ n. form or work of art in which various materials are fixed to a backing. [French, = gluing] collagen /'kDlad3(a)n/ n. protein found in animal connective tissue, yielding gelatin on boiling. [Greek holla glue] collapse /ka'laeps/ -n. 1 falling down or in of a structure; folding up; giving way. 2 sudden failure of a plan etc. 3 physical or mental breakdown; exhaustion, -v. (-sing) 1 (cause to) undergo collapse. 2 colloq. lie or sit down and relax, esp. /-rativ/

/-'reij(a)n/

adj.

colafter prolonged effort. 3 fold up. lapsible adj. [Latin labor laps- slip]

collar /'kDla(r)/-rc.

1

neckband, upright

or turned over. 2 band of leather etc. round an animal's neck. 3 band or ring or pipe in machinery. 4 piece of meat rolled up and tied. -v. 1 capture, seize. 2 colloq. accost. 3 slang appropriate. [Latin collum neck] collar-bone n. bone joining the breastbone and shoulder-blade.

collate /ka'leit/ v. (-ting) 1 assemble and arrange systematically. 2 compare (texts, statements, etc.). n collator n. [Latin: related to confer] collateral /ka'laetar(a)l/ -n. 1 security pledged as a guarantee for the repayment of a loan. 2 person having the same ancestor as another but by a different line. -adj. 1 descended from the same ancestor but by a different line. 2 side by a additional but subordinate, b contributory, c connected but aside from the main subject, course, etc. side; parallel. 3

n collaterally adv. to

[Latin:

related

lateral]

collation

/ka'leij(a)n/ n. 1 collating. 2 thing collated. 3 light meal. [Latin: related to confer] colleague /'kDli:g/ n. fellow worker, esp. in a profession or business. [Latin

collega] 1

/ka'lekt/ -v. 1 bring or come together; assemble, accumulate. 2 systematically seek and acquire, esp. as a hobby. 3 obtain (contributions etc.) from a number of people. 4 call for; fetch. 5 a refl. regain control of oneself, b concentrate (one's thoughts etc.). c (as

collect

collected adj.) not perturbed or distracted, -adj. & adv. US (of a telephone call, parcel, etc.) to be paid for by the receiver. [Latin lego

lect-

pick]

collect 2 /'kDlekt/ n. short prayer of the Anglican or Roman Catholic Church. [Latin collecta: related to collect ] collectable /ka'lektib(a)l/ (also collectible) —adj. worth collecting, -n. item sought by collectors. collection /ka'lekj*(a)n/ n. 1 collecting or being collected. 2 things collected, 1

/ka'laeba.reit/

(often foil, by with) 2 cooperate with an

oration

college

160

between nations

n. hostility

esp. systematically. 3 money collected, esp. at a meeting or church service. collective /ka'lektiv/ -adj. of, by, or relating to a group or society as a whole; joint; shared, -n. 1 cooperative enterprise; its members. 2 = collective

collectively adv. noun. collective bargaining n. negotiation of wages etc. by an organized body of

employees.

collective farm State-owned esp.

jointly-operated of

n.

amalgamation

several smallholdings.

noun

collective

n.

singular

noun

denoting a collection or number of individuals (e.g. assembly, family, troop).

collective

ownership

n.

ownership

of land etc., by all for the benefit of all. collectivism n. theory and practice of collective ownership of land and the

means

collectivist

of production.

n.

& adj. collectivize

v.

(-zing or the basis of collect-

(also

-sing) organize on ive ownership.

-ise)

collectivization

/-'zeiX(a)n/ n.

collector

n.

1

person

who collects who collects

things of interest. 2 person money etc. due.

collector's item

n. (also collector's piece) thing of interest to collectors,

colleen college

/kD'li:n/ n. Ir. girl. [Irish cailin] /'kDlid3/ n. 1 establishment for

further, higher, or professional education. 2 college premises (lived in college). 3 students and teachers in a college. 4 school. 5 organized body of

collegiate persons with shared functions and privileges. [Latin: related to colleague]

collegiate

ka'li:d3iat

adj.

1

of.

or con-

stituted as. a college; corporate. 2 (of a university) consisting of different colleges.

collegiate

church

n. church endowed canons but without a

for a chapter of

bishop's see,

collide ka'laid

v. (-ding) (often foil, by with) come into collision or conflict. [Latin collido -lis- clash] collie 'koli n. sheepdog of an orig. Scottish breed, [perhaps from coll coal] collier 'kolia(r) n. 1 coalminer. 2 a coal ship, b member of its crew, [from coal]

colliery

n.

(pi.

coalmine and

-ies)

its

buildings. ka'li3(a)n n. 1 violent impact of a moving body with another or with a fixed object. 2 clashing of interests etc. [Latin: related to collide] collocate 'kDla.keit v. (-ting) juxtapose (a word etc.) with another, z collocation -'keij(a)n n. [Latin: related to

collision

LOCUS] n. 1 substance consistultramicroscopic particles. 2

colloid 'kDbid ing

of

mixture of such particles dispersed z colloidal in another substance, ka'bid(a)l adj. [Greek holla glue]

colloquial ka'laukwial

adj. of ordin-

ary or familiar conversation, informal, z colloquially adv. [Latin: related to

colloquy]

colloquialism

n. 1 colloquial phrase. 2 use of these.

word

or

colloquium ka'laukwiam

n. (pi. -s or -quia) academic conference or seminar. colloquy] [Latin: related to colloquy 'kDlakwi n. (pi. -quies) literary conversation, talk. [Latin loquor speak] collude ka'lu:d v. (-ding) conspire together, z collusion n. collusive adj. [Latin ludo lus- play] collywobbles 'koli,wDb(a)lz npl. colloq. 1 rumbling or pain in the stomach. 2 apprehensive feeling, [from colic

cologne

eau-de-Cologne or

ka'laon n. similar toilet water, [abbreviation]

used

1

kaulan

esp. to

n.

punctuation mark

(:).

mark

thesis. [Greek,

=

illustration or anticlause]

colon 2

'kaulan n. lower and greater part of the large intestine. [Latin from

Greek]

colonel

command

"k3:n(a)l

n.

army

officer

in

of a regiment, ranking next colonelcy n. (pi. below brigadier. -ies). [Italian colonnello: related to

column]

colonial

ka'launial -adj. 1 of a colony or colonies. 2 of colonialism, -n. inhabitant of a colony. colonialism n. 1 policy of acquiring or maintaining colonies. 2 derog. exploitation of colonies, z colonialist n. & adj. colonist kolanist n. settler in or inhabitant of a colony. colonize kDla naiz v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 establish a colony in. 2 join a colony, z colonization -'zeij(a)n n. colonnade .kolaneid n. row of col-

umns,

esp.

roof,

z

supporting an entablature or

colonnaded column] kDlam n.

[French:

adj.

related to

colony

(pi.

-ies)

1

a settle-

settlers in a new country, fully or partly subject to the mother country, b their territory. 2 a people of one nationality, occupation, etc.. esp. form-

ment or

ing a community in a city, b separate or segregated group (nudist colony). 3 group of animals, plants, etc.. living close together. [Latin colonia farm] colophon kDla,f(a)n n. 1 publisher's imprint, esp. on the title-page. 2 tailpiece in a manuscript or book, giving the writer's or printer's name. date. etc. [Greek. = summit] etc. US var. of colour etc. Colorado beetle ,kula 'ra.dau

color

n.

yel-

low and black beetle, with larva destructive to the potato plant. [Colorado in US] reij(a)n n. (also col-

coloration k vla

ouration) 1 appearance as regards colour. 2 act or mode of colouring. [Latin: related to colour] 1 rc. ,kDlara toara coloratura elaborate ornamentation of a vocal melody. 2 soprano skilled in this. [Italian: related to colour]

colossal

ka'lDs(a)l adj.

1

huge. 2 colloq.

splendid, z colossally adv. [related to

COLOSSUS]

colossus

ka'lDsas n. (pi. -ssi -sai or -ssuses) 1 statue much bigger than life size. 2 gigantic or remarkable person etc. 3 imperial power personified. [Latin

from Greek]

colostomy

wobble]

colon

colour

161

kalDstami

(pi.

n.

-ies)

operation on the colon to make an opening in the abdominal wall to provide an 2 artificial anus, [from colon colour k.\la(r) {US color) -n 1 sensa tion produced on the eye by rays of light when resolved as by a prism into different wavelengths. 2 one. or any mixture, of the constituents into which light can be separated as in a spectrum or rainbow, sometimes including (loosely) black and white. 3 colouring substance, esp. paint. 4 use of all colours in photography etc. 5 a pigmentation of the skin. ]

colouration

column

/'kDlam/ n. 1 pillar, usu. of circular section and with a base and capital. 2 column-shaped object. 3 vertical cylindrical mass of liquid or vapour. 4 vertical division of a printed page. 5 part of a newspaper etc. regularly devoted to a particular subject. 6 vertical row of figures in accounts etc. 7 narrow-fronted arrangement of troops or armoured vehicles in successive lines. columnar /ka'L\mna(r)/ adj. columned adj. [French and Latin] columnist /'kDlammst/ n. journalist contributing regularly to a newspaper etc.

com-

color]

colouration colour bar

var. of coloration. n. racial discrimination against non-White people. colour-blind adj. unable to distinguish colour-blindness n. certain colours. colour code -n. use of colours as a means of identification. — v. (colourcode) identify by means of a colour code.

coloured (US colored)

-adj.

1

having

colour. 2 (Coloured) a wholly or partly of non-White descent, b S.Afr. of mixed White and non-White descent, -n. 1 (Coloured) a Coloured person, b S.Afr. person of mixed descent speaking Afrikaans or English as his or her mother tongue. 2 (in pi.) coloured clothing etc. for washing. colourful adj. (US color ) 1 full of colour; bright. 2 full of interest; vivid. colourfully adv. colouring n. (US color-) 1 appearance as regards colour, esp. facial complexion. 2 use or application of colour. 3 substance giving colour. colourless adj. (US color-) 1 without colour. 2 lacking character or interest. colour scheme n. arrangement of colours, esp. in interior design. colour-sergeant n. senior sergeant of

an infantry company.

colour supplement

prefix (also co-, col-, con-, cor-) with, together, jointly, altogether. [Latin com-, cum with]

Usage Com- is used before b, m, p, and occasionally before vowels and/; coesp. before vowels, h, andgn; col- before r, and con- before other /, cor- before consonants.

coma /'kauma/ n.

(pi -s) prolonged deep unconsciousness. [Latin from Greek] /'kauma.taus/ adj. 1 in a coma. 2 drowsy, sleepy. comb /kaom/ -n. 1 a toothed strip of rigid material for tidying the hair, b similar curved decorative strip worn in the hair. 2 thing like a comb, esp. a device for tidying and straightening wool etc. 3 red fleshy crest of a fowl, esp. a cock. 4 honeycomb, -v. 1 draw a comb through (the hair). 2 dress (wool etc.) with a comb. 3 colloq. search (a place) comb out 1 arrange (the thoroughly. hair) loosely by combing. 2 remove with a comb. 3 search out and get rid of. [Old

comatose

English]

combat

/'kmnbaet/ -n. fight, struggle, contest, -v. (-t-) 1 engage in combat (with). 2 oppose; strive against. [Latin: related to battle] combatant /'kDmbat(a)nt/ -n. person engaged in fighting, -adj. 1 fighting. 2 for fighting.

n.

magazine with

colour printing, as a supplement to a

newspaper.

colposcopy

/kDl'pDskapi/ n. examination of the vagina and neck of the womb. colposcope /'kDlpa.skaup/ n. [Greek

kolpos

combine

162

when

dark, b this as ground for discrimination. 6 ruddiness of complexion. 7 (in pi) appearance or aspect (saw them in their true colours). 8 (in pi) a coloured ribbon or uniform etc worn to signify membership of a school, club, team, etc. b flag of a regiment or ship. 9 quality, mood, or variety in music, literature, etc. 10 show of reason; pretext (lend colour to; under colour of), -v. 1 apply colour to, esp. by painting, dyeing, etc. 2 influence. 3 misrepresent, exaggerate. 4 take on colour; blush. show one's true colours reveal one's true character or intentions. [Latin esp.

womb]

colt /kault/ n. 1 young male horse. 2 coltish Sport inexperienced player. adj. [Old English]

colter US var. of coulter. coltsfoot n. (pi -s) wild plant with large leaves and yellow flowers. columbine /'kDlam.bain/ n. garden plant with purple-blue flowers like a cluster of doves. [Latin columba dove]

combative

/'kmnbatrv/

adj.

pugna-

cious.

combe

coomb.

var. of

combination

/,kDmbi'neiJ(a)n/

n.

1

combining or being combined. 2 combined set of things or people. 3 sequence of numbers or letters used to open a combination lock. 4 motor cycle with a side-car attached. 5 (in pi) single undergarment for the body and legs. [Latin: related to combine]

combination lock opened only by a movements.

combine - v.

n.

lock that can be sequence of

specific

/kam'bain/ (-ning) 1 join common purpose. 2

together; unite for a

combine harvester possess

(qualities usually distinct; together. 3 form or cause to form a chemical compound. 4 kDmbam har-

vest

with a combine harvester, -n. combination of esp. com-

'kDmbam

mercial interests. [Latin bini a pair]

combine harvester

n.

machine that

reaps and threshes in one operation. combings 'kaominz n.pl. hairs

combed

off.

combining form

element used in combination with another to form a word (e.g. Anglo- = English). combo 'kDmbau n. (pi. -s) slang small jazz or dance band, [abbreviation of COMBINATION] n.

linguistic

combustible

kam'bAstib(a)l -adj. capable of or used for burning, -n. combustible substance. combustibility

-'biliti

n.

[Latin

comburo

-bust-

bum, up]

combustion

kam'bAstJ"(a)n

n. 1

burn-

development of light and heat from the chemical combination of a ing. 2

substance with oxygen. -v. (-ming; past came; past part, come) 1 move, be brought towards, or reach a place. 2 reach a specified situation or result (came to no harm). 3 reach or extend to a specified point. 4 traverse or accomplish (with compl.: have come a long way). 5 occur, happen; (of time) arrive in due course (how did you come to break your leg?; the day soon came). 6 take or occupy a specified position in space or time (Xero

come /kAm

came after Claudius). ible or

known

will (comes in (it

become perceptcome to me). 8 be

7

three sizes). 9 become (come loose). 10 (foil, by from, of) a be descended from, b be the result of (that comes of complaining). 11 colloq. play the part of; behave like (don *t come the bully with me). 12 slang have an orgasm. 13 (in subjunctive) colloq. when a specified time is reached (come next month). 1 4 (as int. ) expressing mild protest or encouragement (come, it cannot be that bad). -n. slang semen ejacuavailable

come about happen, come

lated,

across

1

meet or

find

come

163

by chance.

2

be effective or understood; give a specified impression, come again colloq. 1 make a further effort. 2 (as imper. )

colloq.

what did you say 9 come along 1 make progress. 2 (as imper.) hurry up. come apart disintegrate, come at 1 attack. 2 reach, get access to. come away 1 become detached. 2 (foil, by with) be left with (an impression etc.). come back 1 return. 2 recur to one's memory. 3 (often foil, by in) become fashionable or popular again, come between 1 interfere with the relationship of. 2 separate.

come by 1

call

on a

clean see clean,

come come down 1 lose handed down by visit. 2

obtain,

position or wealth. 2 be

tradition. 3 be reduced. 4 (foil, by against, in favour of) reach a decision. 5 (foil, by to) amount basically. 6 (foil, by on) criticize harshly; rebuke, punish. 7 (foil, by with) begin to suffer from (a

disease), come for 1 come to collect. 2 attack, come forward 1 advance. 2 offer oneself for a task, post, etc. come in 1 enter. 2 take a specified position in a race etc. (came in third). 3 become fashionable or seasonable. 4 (with compl.) prove to be (useful etc.) (came in handy). 5 have a part to play (where do I come in?). 6 be received (news has just come in). 7 begin speaking, interrupt. 8

return to base (come

in,

number

9).

9

by for) receive, come into 1 enter, be brought into (collision, prominence, etc.). 2 receive, esp. as an heir, come of age see age. come off 1 (of an action) (foil,

succeed, occur. 2 fare (badly, well, etc.). be detached or detachable (from),

3

come

it colloq. expression of disdisapproval, etc. come on 1 advance. 2 make progress. 3 begin (came on to rain). 4 appear on a stage, field of play, etc. 5 (as imper.) expressing encouragement or disbelief. 6 = come upon, come out 1 emerge; become known. 2 be published. 3 a declare oneself, b openly declare that one is a homosexual. 4 go on strike. 5 (of a photograph or thing photographed) be

off

belief,

produced satisfactorily and clearly. 6 attain a specified result in an examination etc. 7 (of a stain etc.) be removed. 8 make one's debut in society etc. 9 (foil, by in) become covered with (came out in spots). 10 be solved. 11 (foil, by with) declare openly; disclose, come over 1 a come from some distance to visit etc. b come nearer. 2 change sides or one's opinion. 3 a (of a feeling etc.) overtake or affect (a person), b colloq. feel suddenly (came over faint). 4 appear or sound in a specified way. come round 1 pay an informal visit. 2 recover consciousness. 3 be converted to another person's opinion. 4 (of a date) recur,

come through

survive, come to 1 recover consciousness. 2 amount to. come to one's senses see sense, come up 1 arise; present itself; be mentioned or discussed. 2 attain position or wealth. 3 (often foil, by to) approach. 4 (foil, by to) match (a standard etc.). 5 (foil, by with) produce (an idea etc.). 6 (of a plant etc.) spring up out of the ground. 7 become brighter

with polishing), come be faced with or opposed by.

(e.g.

up against

come upon

comeback 1

meet or

commandment

164

by chance. 2 attack by

find

surprise. [Old English]

comfort station

US euphem.

n.

public

lavatory.

comeback

comfrey

Comecon /'kDmi.kDn/ n. economic asso-

comfy

ciation of Socialist countries in E. Europe, [abbreviation of Council for Mutual Economic Assistance] comedian /ka'mirdian/ n. 1 humorous entertainer. 2 comedy actor. 3 slang buffoon. [French]

comfortable, [abbreviation] comic /'komik/ -adj. 1 of or like comedy. 2 funny, -n. 1 comedian. 2 periodical in the form of comic strips. com-

comedienne

comic strip

n. 1 return to a previous (esp. successful) state. 2 slang retaliation or retort.

/ka.mrdi'en/

n.

female

comedian. [French feminine]

comedown

n. 1

pointment. /'komadi/ n. {pi. -ies) 1 a play, film, etc., of amusing character, usu. with a happy ending, b such works as a dramatic genre. 2 humour; amusing

comedic

/ka'mi:dik/

adj.

[Greek: related to comic] n. satirical play portraying the social behaviour of the

comedy of manners upper

classes.

come-hither

attrib. adj. colloq. flirtatious, inviting. comely /'kAmli/ adj. (-ier, -iest) literary

handsome, liness

n.

good-looking. [Old English] n. slang enticement.

come-on comer /'kAma(r)^.

person

as an applicant etc. (offered comer).

come-

who comes it

to the first

comestibles /ka'mestib(8)lz/ n.pl. formal or joc. food. [French from Latin] comet /'knmit/ n. hazy object moving in a path about the sun, usu. with a nucleus of ice surrounded by gas and with a tail pointing away from the sun. [Greek kometes]

comeuppance

/kAm'Apans/ n. colloq. deserved punishment, [come up, -ance] comfit /'kAmfit/ n. archaic sweet consisting of a nut etc. in sugar. [Latin: related to confection] comfort /'kAmfat/ -n. 1 a state of physical well-being, b (usu. in pi.) things that make life easy or pleasant. 2 relief of suffering or grief, consolation. 3 person or thing giving consolation, -v. soothe in grief; console. [Latin fortis strong] comfortable adj. 1 giving ease. 2 free from discomfort; at ease. 3 having an

easy conscience. 4 a having an adequate standard of living; free from financial worry, b sufficient (comfortable income). 5 a with a wide margin (comfortable win), b appreciable (comfortable margin), comfortably adv. comforter n. 1 person who comforts. 2 baby's dummy. 3 archaic woollen scarf.

comfortless

adj.

without comfort.

1

/'kAmfi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

comically adv. [Greek komos

ical adj. revel]

sequence of drawings

n.

telling a story.

loss of status. 2 disap-

comedy

aspects.

/'kAmfn/ n. (pi. -s) tall bellflowered plant growing in damp, shady places. [French from Latin]

dreary, cheerless. 2

coming

/'kAmin/

-attrib.

adj.

1

approaching, next (the coming week). 2 of potential importance (coming man), -n. arrival.

comity

/'knmiti/ n.

(pi.

-ies)

formal

1

courtesy, friendship. 2 a association of nations etc. b (in full comity of nations) mutual recognition by nations of the laws and customs of others. [Latin comis courteous] /'kDma/ n. punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause or break between parts of a sentence etc. [Greek, = clause] /ka'ma:nd/ -v. 1 (often foil, by to + infin., or that + clause) give a formal order or instruction to. 2 (also absol.) have authority or control over. 3 have at one's disposal or within reach (a skill, resources, etc.). 4 deserve and get (sympathy, respect, etc.). 5 dominate (a strategic position) from a superior height; look down over. -n. 1 order, instruction. 2 mastery, control, possession. 3 exercise or tenure of authority, esp. naval or military. 4 a body of troops etc. b district under a commander. [Latin: related to mandate] commandant /'kDman.daent/ n. commanding officer, esp. of a military academy. [French or Italian or Spanish: related to command] commandeer /,kDman'dia(r)/ v. 1 seize (esp. goods) for military use. 2 take arbitrary possession of. [Afrikaans

comma

command

kommanderen]

commander /ka'ma:nda(r)/ n.

1

person

who commands, esp. a naval officer next below captain. 2

(in full

knight com-

mander) member of a higher some orders of knighthood.

commander-in-chief

n.

class in

(pi.

com-

comsupreme manders-in-chief) mander, esp. of a nation's forces.

commanding

adj.

1

exalted, impres-

wide view. substantial

sive. 2 (of a position) giving a

3 (of an

advantage

(commanding

etc.)

lead).

commandment n.

divine

command.

command module command module

partment in a spacecraft.

commando

/ka'ma:ndau/

unit of shock troops. 2 [Portuguese: related to

Command Paper n.

{pi.

member

-s) 1

of this.

command]

paper laid before

Parliament by royal command. or film performance given at royal request.

/ka'mema.rert/

1

of commemoration /-'reiJXa)n/ n. commemorative /-rativ/ adj. [Latin:

memory]

related to

2 emphasis on financial profit. v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 exploit or spoil for profit. 2 make commercial, z commercializa-

commercialize tion

/-'zeij\a)n/ n.

commercial traveller

commingle

commencement n. formal beginning. commend /ka'mend/ v. 1 praise. 2

comminute

/ka'mens/ v. (-cing) formal begin. [Latin: related to com-, initiate]

entrust, commit. 3 recommend. com/,komen'deiJ(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to mandate]

mendation

adj.

commendably adv. commensurable

praiseworthy, z

1

(often

foil,

/ka'menjarab(a)l/

by with,

to)

in a ratio equal to the ratio of integers. commensurability /- biliti/ n. [Latin:

related to measure]

commensurate (usu.

foil,

by

/ka'menjarat/ adj.

1

by with) coextensive. 2 (often

with) proportionate. /'kDment/ -n. 1 brief critical or explanatory remark or note; opinion. 2 commenting; criticism {aroused much comment; his art is a comment on society), -v. (often foil, by on or that) foil,

literary

adj.

menace]

/ka'mirjg(a)]/

(-ling)

v.

mingle together. /'kmm.njuit/

(-ting)

v.

1

reduce to small fragments. 2 divide (property) into small portions. com-

minution to

/-'nju:J(a)n/ n. [Latin: related

MINUTE 2 ]

comminuted fracture

fracture

n.

producing multiple bone splinters.

measurable by the same standard. 2 (foil, by to) proportionate to. 3 Math, (of numbers)

adj.

firm's rep-

comminatory /'kDmmatan/ [Latin: related to

commence

commendable

n.

resentative visiting shops etc. to get orders. /'kDmi/ n. slang derog. Communist, [abbreviation] commination /.komf'neiJXa)^ n. literary threatening of divine vengeance.

Commie

v.

preserve in memory by a celebration or ceremony. 2 be a memorial (-ting)

commercialism n. 1 commercial practices.

n.

command performance n. theatrical commemorate

commission-agent

165

control com-

n.

to,

comment

make (esp. critical) remarks, z no comment colloq. I decline to answer your question. [Latin]

commentary /'kDmantan/ n. {pi. -ies) 1 descriptive spoken esp. broadcast account of an event or performance as it happens. 2 set of explanatory notes on a text etc. [Latin]

commentate /'kmnan.teit/ v. (-ting) act as a commentator.

commentator

n. 1 person who provides a commentary. 2 person who comments on current events. [Latin] commerce /'kDm3:s/ n. financial trans-

actions, esp. buying and selling; trading. [Latin: related to mercer] commercial /ka'm3: J(a)l/ -adj. 1 of or engaged in commerce. 2 having financial profit as its primary aim. 3 (of chemicals) for industrial use. -n. telecomvision or radio advertisement. mercially adv.

commercial broadcasting

n.

casting financed by advertising.

broad

commiserate (usu. feel

/ka'miza.reit/

foil, by sympathy,

with)

v.

/-'reij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to

commissar

(-ting)

express miser]

/'kDmi,sa:(r)/ n. hist.

cial of the Soviet

or

commiseration

z

1 offi-

Communist Party

re-

sponsible for political education and organization. 2 head of a government department in the USSR. [Latin: related to

commit]

commissariat

/.kDmi'seariat/ n.

1

esp.

department for the supply of food etc. b food supplied. 2 hist, government department of the USSR, [related to commissary]

Mil. a

commissary

/'kDmisan/ n. {pi. -ies) 1 deputy, delegate. 2 US Mil. store for supplies of food etc. [Latin: related to

commit]

commission

/ka'mij(a)n/ -n. 1 a authority to perform a task etc. b person(s) entrusted with such authority, c task etc. given to such person(s). 2 order for something to be produced specially. 3 a warrant conferring the rank of officer in the armed forces, b rank so conferred. 4 pay or percentage paid to an agent. 5 act

of committing

(a

crime

empower by commission. artist etc.) a

etc.). -v. 1 2 a give (an for a piece of

commission (a work) to be written etc.

work, b order

3 a give (an officer) command of a ship, b prepare (a ship) for active service. 4 bring (a machine etc.) into operation. in (or out of) commission ready (or not ready) for service. [Latin: related to

commit]

commission-agent

n.

bookmaker.

commissionaire commissionaire

n.

uniformed door-attendant. [French: related to commissioner] commissioner n. 1 person appointed by a commission to perform a specific task, e.g. the head of the London police etc. 2 member of a government commission. 3 representative of government in a district, department, etc. [medieval Latin: related to commission]

Commissioner for Oaths n.

solicitor

authorized to administer an oath in an affidavit etc.

commit /ka'mit/ v.

(-tt-) 1 do or make (a crime, blunder, etc.). 2 (usu. foil, by to) entrust or consign for safe keeping or treatment. 3 send (a person) to prison. 4 pledge or bind (esp. oneself) to a certain course or policy. 5 (as committed adj.) (often foil, by to) a dedicated, b obliged. commit to memory memorize, commit to paper write down. [Latin committo -miss-] commitment n. 1 engagement or obligation. 2 committing or being committed. 3 dedication; committing oneself. committal n. act of committing, esp. to

prison.

committee

/ka'miti/ n. 1 body of persons appointed for a special function by

(and usu. out of) a larger body. 2 (Committee) House of Commons sitting as a committee, [from commit, -ee]

committee stage n.

communal

L66

/k8,mija'nea(r)/

third of five stages

common

with in the same way [Latin communis]

commonality

the

people. 2 the general body (esp. of mankind), [medieval Latin: related to common] n. 1 one of the common people (below the rank of peer). 2 university student without a scholarship, [medieval Latin: related to com-

commoner

mon]

common ground n. point or argument accepted by both sides in a dispute. n. unwritten law based on custom and precedent.

common law

common-law husband

a

raw material or

product as opposed to a service. [Latin: related to

common law

commonly

commodore

/'kDma,do:(r)/ n.

1

naval

above captain and below rearadmiral. 2 commander of a squadron or other division of a fleet. 3 president of a yacht-club. [French: related to comofficer

mander]

common

/'knman/ -adj. (-er, -est) 1 a occurring often, b ordinary; without special rank or position. 2 a shared by, coming from, more than one (common knowledge), b belonging to the whole

community;

public. 3 derog. low-class; vulgar; inferior. 4 of the most familiar type (common cold). 5 Math, belonging to two or more quantities (common denominator). 6 Gram, (of gender) referring to individuals of either sex. —n. 1 piece of open public land. 2 slang = common sense. in common 1 in joint use; shared. 2 of joint interest, in

(also

com-

without formal marriage. adv.

usually, frequently;

ordinarily.

Common Market

European Com-

n.

munity.

common noun

n.

Gram, name denot-

ing a class of objects or a concept, not a particular individual.

common or garden adj. colloq. ordinary.

commonplace

-adj. lacking originordinary, -n. 1 event, topic, etc. that is ordinary or usual. 2 trite remark, [translation of Latin locus comality; trite;

munis] n.

room

for the social

use of students or teachers at a college etc.

n.pl

1

(the

House of Commons.

2

Commons) = the common

people.

common

commode]

n.

mon-law wife) partner recognized by

commons

icle of trade, esp.

(pi. -ies) 1

common

commodity /ka'moditi/ n.

(pi. -ies) art-

(pi.

commonalty]

commonalty /'kDmanalti/ n.

common-room

bill's

n.

-ies) 1 sharing of an attribute. 2 common occurrence. 3 = commonalty, [var. of

progress through Parliament. commode /ka'maod/ n. 1 chamber-pot in a chair with a cover. 2 chest of drawers. [Latin commodus convenient] commodious /ka'maudias/ adj. roomy. of a

/.koma'naeliti/

as.

sense

n.

sound practical

sense.

commonsensical adj.

/,kDman'sensik(8)l/

having or marked by

common

sense.

common

time

n.

Mus. four crotchets

in a bar.

commonwealth

n.

1

independent

State or community, esp. a democratic republic. 2 (the Commonwealth) a association of the UK with States that were previously part of the British Empire, b republican government of Britain 1649-60. 3 federation of States. commotion /ka'm8uj(a)n/ n. confused

and noisy disturbance, uproar.

[Latin:

related to com-] /'kDmjun(a)l/ adj. 1 shared between members of a group or community; for common use. 2 (of conflict etc.) between esp. ethnic or religious

communal

commune [Latin: related to

commune

commune

adv.

1

]

1

/'kDmju:n/ n. 1 group of people sharing accommodation, goods, etc. 2 small district of local government in France etc. [medieval Latin: related

to

common]

commune

common]

(esp. of a disease) able to

[Latin: related to

communicant

be passed on.

communicate] /ka'mju:nikant/

n.

1

person who receives Holy Communion. 2 person who imparts information,

communicate]

communicate (-ting)

/kamju:ni,keit/ v. impart, transmit (news, heat,

1

motion, feelings, disease, ideas, etc.). 2 succeed in conveying information. 3 (often foil, by with) relate socially; dealings. 4 be connected (they

communicating rooms). ator

communicatory

n.

related to

have have

communicadj.

[Latin:

common]

communication /i.1a

/k8,mju:ni'keij(8)n/

information etc. communicated, c letter, message, etc. 2 connec-

b

tion or

means

of access. 3 social dealand practice of transmitting information. communication cord n. cord or chain pulled to stop a train in an emergency. ings. 4 (in pi.) science

communication(s)

satellite

n. arti-

used to relay telephone circuits or broadcast programmes. ficial satellite

communicative

/ka'mju:nikativ/ adj.

ready to talk and impart information. communion /ka'mjumian/ n. 1 sharing, esp. of thoughts etc.; fellowship. 2 participation; sharing in common (communion of interests). 3 (Communion or

Holy Communion) Eucharist.

4

body or group within the Christian faith (the Methodist communion). [Latin: related to common]

communique /ka'mjumi.kei/ n.

official

communication, esp. a news report. [French, = communicated]

communism

/'kDmiu,niz(a)m/

n.

1

a

system in which most property is publicly owned and each person works social

the common benefit, b political theory advocating this. 2 (usu. Communism) the form of socialist society established in Cuba, China, etc., and previously, the USSR. [French: related to

for

common]

1 person advocating communism. 2 (usu. Communist) supporter of Communism or

member of a Communist Party, -adj. 1 of or relating to communism. 2 (usu. Communist) of Communists or a Communist Party. communistic nistik/ adj.

Communist Party advocating

political party

n.

communism

or

Commun-

community

/k9'mju:niti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 body of people living in one place, district, or country. 2 body of people having religion, ethnic origin, profession, etc., in common. 3 fellowship (community of interest). 4 commune. 5 joint ownership or liability. [Latin: related to

common]

community centre n. place providing social facilities for a neighbourhood. n. tax levied on every adult.

community charge locally

Usage The community charge, or poll tax, replaced

and

household rates in 1989-90 be replaced by a council

is itself to

tax in 1993.

communicating or being commun-

icated,

/'komjunist -n.

ism.

communicable /ka'mju:nikab(9)l/ adj.

[related to

communist

-

2

/ka'mjum/ v. (-ning) (usu. foil, by with) 1 speak intimately. 2 feel in close touch (with nature etc.). [French: related to

compact disc

167

communally

communities.

community home

n.

centre housing

young offenders and other juveniles, community service n. unpaid work in the community, esp. by an offender, community singing n. singing by a large group, esp. of old popular songs or

hymns.

community

spirit

feeling of be-

n.

to a community, expressed mutual support etc.

longing in

commute

/ka'mju:t/ to and

v.

(-ting)

1

travel

some distance

from work. 2 (usu. foil, by to) change (a punishment) to one foil, by into, for) (often less severe. 3 change (one kind of payment or obanother.

for

ligation)

commutable

adj.

4

/,kDmju'teiJ(8)n/ n. [Latin

commuter n.

person

exchange.

commutation muto change]

who commutes to

and from work.

compact

-adj. /kam'paekt/ 1 closely or neatly packed together. 2 small and economically designed. 3 concise. 4 (of a person) small but well-proportioned. -v. /kam'paekt/ make compact, -n. /'kDmpaekt/ (in full powder compact) comsmall flat case for face-powder, pactly adv. compactness n. [Latin

pango

1

fasten]

compact 2

/'kDmpaekt/

n.

agreement,

contract. [Latin: related to pact] compact disc /'kDmpaekt/ n. disc

on which information or sound is recorded digitally and reproduced by reflection of laser light.

companion companion /kam'paenjan/ n.

1 a person or associates with another, b (foil, by in, of) partner, sharer, c person employed to live with and assist another. 2 handbook or reference book. 3 thing that matches another. 4 (Companion) member of some orders of knighthood. [Latin panis bread]

who accompanies

companionable friendly.

adj. sociable, adv. friendship; being

companionably

companionship

n.

together.

companion-way

n. staircase from a ship's deck to the saloon or cabins.

company

/'kAmpani/

n.

-ies) 1

(pi.

number of people assembled, b

a

guest(s).

2 person's associate(s). 3 a commercial business, b partners in this. 4 actors etc. working together. 5 subdivision of an infantry battalion. 6 body of people combined for a common purpose (the ship's company). 7 being with another or others. in company with together with, keep a person company remain with a person to be sociable, part company (often foil, by with) cease to associate; separate; disagree. [French: related to

companion]

comparable /'kDmparab(a)l/ adj. (often foil,

by with,

to)

able or

fit

comparability

pared.

comparably

adv.

[Latin:

to be /-

com-

biliti/

n.

related to

compare]

Usage Use of comparable with to and with corresponds to the senses of compare: to is more common. comparative

/kam'paerativ/ -adj.

1

compare]

compare

/kam'pea(r)/ -v. (-ring) 1 (usu. foil, by to) express similarities in; liken. 2 (often foil, by to, with) estimate the similarity of. 3 (often foil, by with)

bear comparison. 4 Gram, form comparative and superlative degrees of (an adjective or adverb), -n. literary com-

parison (beyond compare). notes exchange ideas or [Latin

grees of comparison) Gram, positive, comparative, and superlative forms of

and adverbs.

adjectives

bear

(or

stand) comparison (often foil, by with) be able to be compared favourably, be-

yond comparison

1 totally different in quality. 2 greatly superior; excellent.

compartment

/kam'pa:tmant/ n. 1 space within a larger space, separated by partitions. 2 watertight division of a ship. 3 area of activity etc. kept apart from others in a person's mind. [Latin: related to part]

compartmental

/,kDmpa:t'ment(a)l/

adj. of or divided into

compartments or

categories.

compartmentalize

(also

v.

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) divide into compartments or categories.

compass

/'kAmpas/

n.

1

instrument

showing the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it. 2 (usu. in pi.) instrument for taking measurements and describing circles, with two arms connected at one end by a hinge. 3 circumference or boundary. 4 area, extent; scope; range. [Latin passus pace]

compassion

/kam'paeJXa)n/ n. pity inclining one to help or be merciful. [Church Latin: related to passion] compassionate /kam'paejanat/ adj.

showing compassion, sympathetic.

compassionately

adv.

leave

n.

leave

granted on grounds of bereavement

etc.

compatible

/kam'paetab(a)l/ adj. 1 a able to coexist; well-suited, b (often foil, by with) consistent. 2 (of equipment etc.) comable to be used in combination. patibility /-'biliti/ n. [medieval Latin: related to passion] compatriot /kam'paetriat/ n. fellowcountryman. [Latin compatriota] compel /kam'pel/ v. (-11-) 1 force, constrain. 2 arouse irresistibly (compels admiration). 3 (as compelling adj.) rousing strong interest, conviction, or compellingly adv. admiration. [Latin pello puis- drive]

compendious

/kam'pendias/ adj. com-

prehensive but

brief. [Latin: related to

compendium]

opinions.

compendium

compar equal]

analysis.

/kam'paens(a)n/ n. 1 comparing. 2 illustration or example of similarity. 3 capacity for being likened (there's no comparison). 4 (in full de-

compare

Usage In current use, to and with are generally interchangeable, but with often implies a greater element of formal

comparison

compassionate

perceptible or estimated by comparison; relative (in comparative comfort). 2 of or involving comparison (a comparative study). 3 Gram, (of an adjective or adverb) expressing a higher degree of a quality (e.g. braver, more quickly), -n. Gram, comparative expression or word. comparatively adv. [Latin: related to

compensate

168

/kam'pendiam/

n. (pi. -s

or -dia) 1 concise summary or abridgement. 2 collection of table-games etc. [Latin]

compensate a (often

foil,

/'kDmpen.seit/ v. (-ting) 1 by for) recompense (a

person), b recompense (loss, damage,

compensation

competency)

ability;

1

ent. 2 income large legal capacity.

competent

adj.

1

being compet-

enough

to live on. 3

n.

competitor /kam'petita(r)/ n. person who competes; rival, esp. in business. compile /kam'pail/ v. (-ling) 1 a collect and arrange (material) into a list, book, etc. b produce (a book etc.) thus. 2 Computing translate (a programming language) into machine code. compilation /,kDmpi'leiJ(a)n/ n. [Latin compilo plunder] compiler n. 1 person who compiles. 2

Computing program for translating a programming language into machine code.

complacent smugly

/kam'pleis(a)nt/

adj.

self-satisfied or contented,

complacence complacently

n.

complacency [Latin

adv.

g n.

placeo

please]

Usage Complacent with complaisant.

is

often confused

/kam'plem/ v. 1 express dis(foil, by of) a say that one is suffering from (an ailment), b state a grievance concerning 3 creak under strain. [Latin plango lament] satisfaction. 2

n.

plaintiff in

certain

lawsuits.

complaint

n.

1

/kam'pleiz(a)nt adj. formal 1 deferential. 2 willing to please; acquiescent, z complaisance n. [French: related to complacent]

Usage Complaisant is often confused with complacent.

complement -n. that

/'kDmplimant/

1

thing

completes;

counterpart. 2 full 3 word(s) added to a verb to complete the predicate of a sentence. 4 amount by which an angle is less than 90°. -v. /'kDmpli.ment/ 1 complete. 2 form a complement to. [Latin

number needed.

compleo

fill

up]

complementary

/.kompli'mentari/ completing; forming a complement. 2 (of two or more things) compleadj.

1

menting each other. altern-

ative medicine.

complete

/kam'plirt/ -adj. 1 having all parts; entire. 2 finished. 3 total, in 1 finish. 2 make complete. 3 fill in (a form etc.). 4 conclude the sale or purchase of property, z complete with having (as an important feature) (comes complete with instructions), z completely adv. completeness n. completion n. [Latin: related to its

every way. -v. (-ting)

complement]

complex

/'kDmpleks/ -n. 1 building, series of rooms, etc., made up of related parts (shopping complex). 2 Psychol. group of usu. repressed feelings or

thoughts which cause abnormal behaviour or mental states. 3 preoccupation; feeling of inadequacy, -adj. 1 complicated.

2

consisting

of related

parts; composite. complexity /kam'pleksiti/ n. (pi. -ies). [Latin com-

plexus]

complexion

/kam'plekJXa)n/ n. 1 natural colour, texture, and appearance of the skin, esp. of the face. 2 aspect, character (puts a different complexion on the matter). [Latin: related to complex] compliance /kam'plaians/ n. 1 obedience to a request, command, etc. 2 capacity to yield, in compliance with

according

to.

compliant

obedient; yielding adv. complicate /'komph.keit/ v. (-ting) 1 make difficult or complex. 2 (as adj.

compliantly

complain

complainant

complaisant

complementary medicine n.

adequately qualified

or capable. 2 effective. competently adv. [Latin: related to compete] competition /.kDmpa'tiJXa)^/ n. 1 (often foil, by for) competing. 2 event in which people compete. 3 the other people or trade competing; opposition. [Latin: related to compete] competitive /kam'petitiv/ adj. 1 of or involving competition. 2 (of prices etc.) comparing favourably with those of rivals. 3 having a strong urge to win.

competitiveness

complication

169

2 (usu. foil, by for a thing) make amends. 3 counterbalance. 4 offset disability or frustration by development in another direction. compensatory /-'seitari/ adj. [Latin pendo pens- weigh] compensation /,kDmpen'seiJX3)n/ n. 1 compensating or being compensated. 2 money etc. given as recompense. compere /'kDmpea(r)/ -n. person who introduces a variety show etc. -v. (-ring) act as compere (to). [French, = godfather] compete /kam'pi:t/ v. (-ting) 1 take part in a contest etc. 2 (often foil, by with, against a person, for a thing) strive. [Latin peto seek] competence /'kDmpit(a)ns/ n. (also etc.).

complaining. 2 griev-

ance, cause of dissatisfaction. 3 ailment. 4 formal accusation.

complicated

adj.)

complex; intricate.

[Latin plico to fold] complication /,kDmpirkeiJ(a)n/

n.1a

involved or confused condition or state, b complicating circumstance; difficulty. 2 (often in pi.) disease or condition aggravating or arising out of a previous one. [Latin: related to complicate]

complicity

comprise

170

/kam'plisiti/ n. partnership in wrongdoing. [French: related to com-

composure

plex]

compote

complicity

compliment -n.

/'kDmplimant/ 1 a poexpression of praise, b act implying praise. 2 (in pi.) a formal greetings accompanying a present etc. b praise. -v. /'kDmpli.ment/ (often foil, by on) lite

congratulate; praise. [Latin: related to

COMPLEMENT]

complimentary adj. 1

/.kompli'mentari/

expressing a compliment. 2 given

free of charge.

compline /'kDmplm/

n. 1 last of the canonical hours of prayer. 2 service

during

this. [Latin: related to

comply

/kam'plai/

v.

comply]

(-ies, -ied) (often

by with) act in accordance (with a request or command). [Latin compleo foil,

fill

up]

component /kam'paunant/ -n. part of a larger whole, —adj. being part of a larger whole. [Latin: related to compound 1 ] comport /kam'po:t/ v.refl. literary con-

duct oneself; behave. suit, befit.

comport with

comportment

n.

[Latin

porto carry] compose /kam'pauz/ v. (-sing) 1 create in music or writing. 2 constitute; make up. 3 arrange artistically, neatly, or for a specified purpose. 4 a (often reft.) calm; settle, b (as composed adj.) calm, self-possessed. 5 Printing a set up (type), b arrange (an article etc.) in type. composed of made up of, consisting of. composedly /-zidli/ adv. [French: related to pose]

(esp. music).

composite /'kompazit/ -adj.

1

made up

of parts. 2 of mixed Ionic and Corinthian style. 3 (of a plant) having a head of many flowers forming one bloom, —n. composite thing or plant. [Latin: related

compose]

composition /,kDmpa'ziJ(a)n/ n.1a

act

or method of putting together; composb thing composed, esp. music. 2 constitution of a substance. 3 school essay. 4 arrangement of the parts of a picture etc. 5 compound artificial sub-

ing,

stance.

compositional

compositor who sets up

adj.

/kam'pDzita(r)/ n. person type for printing. [Latin:

related to compose]

compos mentis /.kmnpDs

n.

tranquil

manner, [from compose] /'kDmpaut/ n. fruit preserved or cooked in syrup. [French: related to

compose]

compound

1

/'kompaund/ -n.

1

mixture

of two or more things. 2 word made up of two or more existing words. 3 substance formed from two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. —adj. 1 made up of two or more ingredients or parts. 2 combined; collective, -v. /kam'paund/ 1 mix or combine (ingredients or elements). 2 increase or complicate (difficulties etc.). 3 make up (a composite whole). 4 settle (a matter) by mutual agreement. 5 Law condone or conceal (a liability or offence) for personal gain. 6 (usu. foil, by with) Law come to terms with a person. [Latin compono -pos- put together]

compound

2

/'kompaund/ n. 1 enclosure or fenced-in space. 2 enclosure, esp. in India, China, etc., in which a factory or

house stands. [Malay kampong]

compound

fracture wound.

n.

fracture com-

n.

interest pay-

its

accumulated

plicated by a

compound

interest

able on capital and interest.

comprehend /.kompn'hend/ v.

1 grasp mentally; understand. 2 include. [Latin

comprehendo

seize]

comprehensible

adj. that can be understood. [Latin: related to compre-

hend]

Usage See note at comprise. composer n. person who composes

to

/k9m'p8U3a(r)/

'mentis/ adj.

sane. [Latin]

comprehension n.1a b text

understanding,

set as a test of understanding. 2

inclusion.

comprehensive

-adj. 1 including all or nearly all, inclusive. 2 (of motor insurance) providing protection against most risks, -n. (in full comprehensive school) secondary school for children

comprehensively of all abilities. adv. comprehensiveness n. compress -v. /kam'pres/ 1 squeeze together. 2 bring into a smaller space or shorter time. -n. /'kDmpres/ pad of lint etc. pressed on to part of the body to relieve inflammation, stop bleeding, etc. compressible /kam'presib(a)l/ adj. 1 [Latin: related to press ] compression /kam'prej(a)n/ n. 1 compressing. 2 reduction in volume of the fuel mixture in an internal-combustion engine before ignition.

/'kDmpDst/ -n. 1 mixture of decayed organic matter. 2 loam soil

compressor /kam'presaOr)/ n. machine

growing plants, - v. t treat with compost. 2 make into compost. [Latin: related to compose]

comprise

compost with

fertilizer for

for

compressing air or other gases.

/kam'praiz/ v. (-sing) 1 include. 2 consist of. 3 make up, compose. [French: related to comprehend]

compromise Usage The use of this word in sense 3 considered incorrect and compose generally preferred. is

is

compromise

/'kDmpra.maiz/ -n. 1 settlement of a dispute by mutual concession. 2 (often foil, by between) intermediate state between conflicting opinions, actions, etc. -v. (-sing) 1 a settle a dispute by mutual concession, b

modify one's opinions, demands, bring into disrepute or danger by

etc. 2 indiscretion. [Latin: related to promise] comptroller /kan'traula(r)/ n. controller (used in the title of some finan-

controller]

cial officers), [var. of

compulsion

/kam'pAlJXa)n/ n. 1 compelling or being compelled; obligation. 2 irresistible urge. [Latin: related to compel] compulsive /kam'pAlsiv/ adj. 1 compelling. 2 resulting or acting (as if) from compulsion {compulsive gambler). 3 {compulsive entertainirresistible ment). compulsively adv. [medieval Latin: related to compel] compulsory /kam'pAlsari/ adj. 1 required by law or a rule. 2 essential, compulsorily adv.

compulsory purchase

n.

enforced

sale of land or property to a local authority etc.

compunction

/kam'pAr)kJXa)n/ n. 1 pricking of conscience. 2 slight regret;

scruple. [Church Latin: related to point] compute /kam'pju:t/ ». (-ting) 1 reckon comor calculate. 2 use a computer, putation /,kDmpju:'teiJ(a)n/ n. [Latin

puto reckon]

computer

n. electronic device for storing and processing data, making calculations, or controlling machinery. computerize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 equip with a computer. 2 store, perform, or produce by computer,

computerization /-'zeiJXa)n/ n. computer-literate adj. able

to

use

computers.

computer science principles

n.

the study of the

and use of computers.

computer virus

n.

self-replicating

code maliciously introduced into a computer program and intended to corrupt the system or destroy data.

comrade

/'knmreid/

n.

1

associate or

some activity. 2 fellow comradely socialist or Communist. adj. comradeship n. [Spanish: related companion

tO

in

CHAMBER]

con

1

slang -n.

confidence trick, -v.

(-nn-) swindle; deceive, [abbreviation] con 2 -rc. (usu. in pi.) reason against. 2 -prep. & adv. against (cf. pro ). [Latin

contra against]

conceptual

171

con 3 con 4

n.

slang convict, [abbreviation]

v. {US conn) (-nn-) direct the steering of (a ship), [originally cond from French: related to conduct] con- see com-.

concatenation

/

1

kDnkaeti'neiJ"te)n/ n.

series of linked things or events. [Latin catena chain] concave /'konkeiv/ adj. curved like the interior of a circle or sphere, z con-

cavity

/-'kaeviti/

[Latin: related to

n.

cave]

conceal

/kan'si:l/

1

v.

concealment

hide. hide]

concede

/kan'si:d/

v.

keep

secret. 2 [Latin celo

n.

(-ding)

be true. 2 admit defeat right, privilege, etc.).

admit

1

to

3 grant (a [Latin: related to in.

cede]

conceit

/kan'si:t/ n. 1

personal vanity;

pride. 2 literary a far-fetched comparison, b fanciful notion, [from conceive]

conceited

adj.

conceitedly

vain.

adv.

conceivable

/kan'si:vab(a)l/ adj. capable of being grasped or imagined.

conceivably adv.

conceive

/kan'si:v/

v.

(-ving)

pregnant (with). 2 a (often

1

become

foil,

by

imagine, think, b (usu. in passive)

mulate pio

of)

for-

(a belief, plan, etc.). [Latin conci-

-cept-]

concentrate

/'kDnsan.treit/ -v. (-ting)

by on) focus one's attention or thought. 2 bring together to one 1

(often

foil,

point. 3 increase the strength of (a liquid by removing water etc. 4 (as concentrated adj.) intense, strong. -n. concentrated substance. [Latin: related to etc.)

centre]

concentration /.kDnsan'treiJXaW

n. 1

concentrating or being concentrated. 2 mental attention. 3 something concentrated. 4 weight of a substance in a given

amount of material. concentration camp

n.

camp where

political prisoners etc. are detained, concentric /kan'sentrik/ adj. having a

common centre,

concentrically adv.

[French or medieval Latin: related to centre] concept /'konsept/ n. general notion; abstract idea. [Latin: related to conceive] conception /kan'sepJXa)n/ n. 1 conceiving or being conceived. 2 idea, plan. 3 understanding {has no conception). adj. [French from Latin: related to concept] conceptual /kan'septjual/ adj. of menconceptal conceptions or concepts. tually adv.

conceptional

conceptualize conceptualize

v.

form a concept or idea conceptualization /-'zeiJXa)n/ n. -sing)

1 a be relevant or b relate to; be about. 2 (re/7.; often foil, by with, about, in) interest or involve oneself. 3 worry, affect. -n. 1 anxiety, worry. 2 a matter of interest or importance to one. b interest, connection (has a concern in politics). 3 business, firm. 4 colloq. complicated thing, contrivance. [Latin cerno

to.

sift]

concerned adj.

1 involved, interested. 2 troubled, anxious. be concerned (often foil, by in) take part. concernedly /-idli/ adv. concernedness

/-idnis/ n.

concerning prep, concert

about, regarding.

1 musical performance of usu. several separate composi2 agreement. tions. 3 combination of

/'kmisat/ n.

voices or sounds. [Italian: related to

concerto]

concerted

/kan's3:tid/

adj.

1

jointly

arranged or planned. 2 Mus. arranged -n. musical instrument like an accordion but smaller. -v. (-nas, -naed /-nad/ or -na'd, -naing) compress or collapse in folds like those of a concertina. concerto /kan'tjeatau/ n. (pi -s or -ti /-ti/) composition for solo instrument(s) and orchestra. [Italian] concert pitch n. pitch internationally agreed whereby the A above middle C = 440 Hz. concession /kan'sej(8)n/ n.1a conceding, b thing conceded. 2 reduction in price for a certain category of persons. 3 a right to use land etc. b right to sell congoods in a particular territory.

cessionary

/.konsa'ti-.na/

adj.

[Latin:

related

to

concede]

concessive

/kan'sesiv/ adj. Gram, (of a preposition or conjunction) introducing a phrase or clause which contrasts with the main clause (e.g. in spite of, although). [Latin: related to concede] conch /kontJ7 n. 1 thick heavy spiral shell of various marine gastropod molluscs. 2 any such gastropod. [Latin concha) conchology /knn'kDladsi/ n. the study of shells, [from conch]

concierge

/-

France) door-keeper or porter of a block of flats etc. [French] /,k5si'e93/ n. (esp. in

conciliate /kansili.eit/ v. (-ting) 1 make calm and amenable; pacify; gain

of.

2 reconcile.

eij(a)n/ n.

concili-

conciliator

n.

con-

ciliatory /-'siliatan/ adj. [Latin: related to council] concise /kan'sais/ adj. brief but comprehensive in expression. concisely adv. [

conciseness

n.

i

concision

/-'si3(a)n/ n.

[Latin caedo cut] /'kDnkleiv/

conclave

n. 1 private meet2RCCh.a assembly of cardinals for the election of a pope, b meeting-place for this. [Latin clavis key] conclude /kan'klu:d/ v. (-ding) 1 bring or come to an end. 2 (often foil, by from or that) infer. 3 settle (a treaty etc.). [Latin concludo: related to close 1 ] conclusion /kan'klu:3(8)n/ n. 1 ending, end. 2 judgement reached by reasoning. 3 summing-up. 4 settling (of peace etc.). 5 Logic proposition reached from given premisses. in conclusion lastly, to conclude. [Latin: related to conclude]

ing.

conclusive

/kan'klu:siv/ adj. decisive,

conclusively adv. convincing. [Latin: related to conclude] concoct /kan'kokt/ v. 1 make by mixing ingredients. 2 invent (a story, lie, etc.).

concoction

in parts for voices or instruments.

concertina

the goodwill

ation

of.

concern /kan's3:n/-u. important

concubine

172

(also -ise) (-zing or

coct-

/-'kDkJ(a)n/ n. [Latin coquo

cook]

concomitant /kan'komit^nt/

-adj.

by with) accompanying; ocaccompanying concomitance n. [Latin comes thing. comit- companion] (often

foil,

curring together, -n.

concord mony.

/'kDrjko:d/ n.

agreement, har-

concordant

/kan'ko:d(a)nt/

adj. [Latin cor cord- heart]

concordance

/k8n'ko:d(a)ns/

n.

1

agreement. 2 alphabetical index of words used in a book or by an author, [medieval Latin: related to concord] concordat /k9n'ko:daet/ n. agreement, esp. between the Church and a State. [Latin: related to concord] concourse /'kDnko:s/ n. 1 crowd, gathering. 2 large open area in a railway station etc. [Latin: related to concur] concrete /'konkrut/ -adj. 1 a existing in a material form; real, b specific, definite

a concrete pronoun) denoting a material object as opposed to a quality, state, etc. -n. (often attrib.) mixture of gravel, sand, cement, and water, used

(concrete posal). 2

evidence;

Gram,

(of a

for building, -v. (-ting) cover with or embed in concrete. [Latin cresco cret-

grow]

concretion

/k9n'kri:JX9)n/ n.

1

hard

solid mass. 2 forming of this by coalescence. [Latin: related to concrete] concubine /'konkju.bain/ n. 1 literary or joc. mistress. 2 (among polygamous concubinpeoples) secondary wife. age /kan'kju:bmid3/ n. [Latin cubo lie]

concupiscence /kan'kju:pis(a)ns/ n. concupiscent adj. [Latin

formal lust. cupio desire]

concur /kan'k3:(r)/

v.

(-rr-) 1 (often foil,

by with) have the same opinion. 2 coincide. [Latin curro run]

concurrent foil,

/kan'kArant/ adj.

(often at

1

by with) existing or in operation

same time or together. 2 (of three or more lines) meeting at or tending to-

the

wards one

point. 3 agreeing,

concurrence

nious.

n.

harmoconcur-

rently adv.

concuss

/kan'kAs/

v.

subject to concus-

sion. [Latin quatio shake]

concussion

/kan'kAj(a)n/ n. 1 temporary unconsciousness or incapacity due to a blow to the head, a fall, etc. 2 violent

shaking.

condemn

/kan'dem/ v. 1 express utter disapproval of. 2 a find guilty; convict, foil, by to) sentence to (a punish(usu. b ment). 3 pronounce (a building etc.) unfit for use. 4 (usu. foil, by to) doom or assign (to something unpleasant).

condemnation condemnatory [Latin: related to

kDndem neiJ(a)n/ ,

/

1

/-'demnatari/

n.

condense] /kan'dens/

v.

(-sing)

1

make

denser or more concentrated. 2 express in fewer words. 3 reduce or be reduced

from a gas or vapour

to a liquid. [Latin:

related to dense]

condensed milk

n. milk thickened by evaporation and sweetened. condenser n. 1 apparatus or vessel for condensing vapour. 2 Electr. - capacitor. 3 lens or system of lenses for concentrating light. condescend /.kDndi'send/ v. 1 be gracious enough (to do a thing) esp. while showing one's sense of dignity or superiority (condescended to attend). 2 (foil, by to) pretend to be on equal terms with (an inferior). 3 (as condescending

condescendingly condescension /-'senJXa)n/ n.

adj.) patronizing.

adv.

[Latin: related to descend] adj. (of a punish-

condign /kan'dam/ ment

etc.)

severe and well-deserved.

[Latin dignus worthy]

condiment

non-natural stimulus, established by training. conditioner n. agent that conditions, to a

esp. the hair. /kan'daul/

condole

v. (-ling) (foil, by with) express sympathy with (a person) over a loss etc. [Latin condoleo grieve with another]

Usage Condole is often confused with console"

condolence

damn]

/,kDnden'seiJ(a)n/ n. 1 condensing or being condensed. 2 condensed liquid (esp. water on a cold surface). 3 abridgement. [Latin: related to

affecting the functioning or existence of something (good working conditions). 1 a bring into a good or desired state, b make fit (esp. dogs or horses). 2 teach or accustom. 3 a impose conditions on. b be essential to. in (or out of) condition in good (or bad) condition, on condition that with the stipulation that. [Latin dico say] conditional adj. 1 (often foil, by on) dependent; not absolute; containing a condition. 2 Gram. (of. (-ring) guess. [Latin conjectura from jacio throw] conjoin /kan'd3Din/ v. formal join, combine. conjoint /kan'd3oint/ adj. formal associated, conjoined. conjugal /'kDnd3ug(a)l/ adj. of marriage or the relationship of husband and wife. [Latin conjux consort] conjugate -v. /'kDnd3u,geit/ (-ting) 1 Gram, list the different forms of (a verb). 2 a unite, b become fused, -adj. /'kDnd3ugat/ 1 joined together, paired. 2 fused. [Latin jugum yoke] /'kDmfa(r)/

conjugation

/t

n.

kDnd3u'geiJ(a)n/

Gram, system of verbal

conjunct

conjunction /kan'd3ArjkJ(8)n/ n. 1 joining; connection. 2 Gram, word used to connect clauses or sentences or words in the same clause (e.g. and, but, if). 3 combination (of events or circumstances). 4 apparent proximity to each other of two bodies in the solar system. conjunctiva / kDnd3Ank'taiva/ n. (pi. -s) mucous membrane covering the front of the eye and the lining inside the t

eyelids.

of a congregation. 2 (Congregational) of or adhering adj.

connective

176

congratulation

n.

inflection.

/kan'd3Ankt/ adj. joined together; combined; associated. [Latin from juntus joined]

conjunctive /kan'd3Anktiv/ adj.

1

serv-

ing to join. 2 Gram, of the nature of a conjunction.

conjunctivitis

/kan,d3Arjkti'vaitis/ n.

inflammation of the conjunctiva.

conjure

/'kAnd3a(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 pertricks which are seemingly maby movements of the hands. 2 summon (a spirit or demon) to appear. 3 /kan'd3ua(r)/ formal appeal solemnly to. conjure up 1 produce as if by magic. 2 evoke. [Latin juro swear] conjuror n. (also conjurer) performer of conjuring tricks. conk 1 v. (usu. foil, by out) colloq. 1 (of a machine etc.) break down. 2 (of a person) become exhausted and give up; fall asleep; faint; die. [origin unknown]

form

gical, esp.

conk 2 slang -n.

1 nose or head. 2 punch on the nose or head. -v. hit on the nose or head, [perhaps = conch]

conker n.

1

fruit of the

horse chestnut. 2 played with conker snail-

(in pi.) children's game conkers on strings, [dial,

shell]

con man n. confidence trickster. conn US var. of con 4 connect /ka'nekt/ v. 1 (often foil, by .

to,

with) join (two things, or one thing with another). 2 be joined or joinable. 3 (often foil, by with) associate mentally or practically. 4 (foil, by with) (of a train etc.) be timed to arrive with another, so passengers can transfer. 5 put into communication by telephone. 6 a (usu. in passive; foil, by with) associate with others in relationships etc. b be meaningful or relevant. 7 colloq. hit or strike effectively. [Latin necto nex- bind] connecting-rod n. rod between the piston and crankpin etc. in an internal combustion engine. connection /ka'nekj(a)n/ n. (also connexion) 1 connecting or being connected. 2 point at which two things are connected. 3 link, esp. by telephone. 4 connecting train etc. 5 (often in pi.) relative or associate, esp. one with in coninfluence. 6 relation of ideas. nection with with reference to. connective adj. connecting, esp. of body tissue connecting, separating, etc.,

organs

etc.

connector rc.

submarine containing the periscope. 2 armoured wheel-house of a warship, 4 [from con connive /ka'naiv/ v. (-ving) 1 (foil, by ]

disregard or tacitly consent to (a wrongdoing). 2 (usu. foil, by with) conconnivance n. [Latin conniveo spire, shut the eyes]

at)

connoisseur /,kDna's3:(r)/ n. by of

(often

foil,

expert judge in matters of taste. [French connaitre know] connote /ka'naut/ v. (-ting) 1 (of a word etc.) imply in addition to the literal or in)

primary meaning. 2 mean,

signify.

connotation notative

/,kDna'teiJXa)n/ n. con/'knna.teitiv/ adj. [medieval

Latin: related to note] /ka'nju:bial/ adj. of marriage or the relationship of husband and wife. [Latin nubo marry]

connubial

conquer

/'kDrjka(r)/

1

v.

a overcome

and control militarily, b be victorious. 2 overcome by effort. conqueror n. [Latin conquiro win]

conquest

/'kDnkwest/ n. 1 conquering or being conquered. 2 a conquered territory, b something won. 3 person whose affection has been won. consanguineous /.konsaer/gwinias/ adj. descended from the same ancestor; consanguinity n. [Latin sanakin. guis blood] conscience /'kDnJ\a)ns/ n. moral sense of right and wrong, esp. as affecting behaviour, z in all conscience colloq. by any reasonable standard, on one's conscience causing one feelings of

prisoner of conscience person imprisoned by the State for his or her guilt,

or religious related to science] political

conscience

money

views. n.

sum

[Latin:

paid to

relieve one's conscience, esp. regarding

a payment previously evaded. conscience-stricken adj. (also con-

science-struck)

made uneasy by

a bad

conscience.

conscientious /.konji'enjas/ adj. diligent and scrupulous, z conscientiously adv. conscientiousness n. [medieval Latin: related to conscience] n. person who for reasons of conscience objects to

conscientious objector military service etc. j

conscious /'konjas/ -adj. 1 awake and aware of one's surroundings and identity.

2 (usu.

knowing. 3

conservative

177

connector n. thing that connects. conning tower 1 superstructure of a

foil, by of or that) aware, (of actions, emotions, etc.)

realized or recognized by the doer; intentional. 4 (in comb.) aware of; concerned with (fashion-conscious), -n. (prec. by the) the conscious mind.

consciously adv. consciousness [Latin scio know]

n.

-v. /kan'skript/ summon for compulsory State (esp. military) service, -n. /'knnskript/ conscripted person, z conscription /kan'sknpJXa)n n. [Latin scribo write]

conscript

consecrate /'knnsi.kreit/ v. (-ting) 1 make or declare sacred; dedicate formally to religious or divine purpose. 2 (foil, by to) devote to (a purpose), z consecration /-'kreiJXatn/ n. [Latin:

related to sacred] /kan'sekjutiv/ adj.

consecutive

1

a

fol-

lowing continuously, b in an unbroken or logical order. 2 Gram, expressing a consequence, z consecutively adv. [Latin sequor secut- follow]

consensus

/kan'sensas/ n. (often foil, of; often attrib.) general agreement or opinion. [Latin: related to consent]

by

consent

/kan'sent/ -v. (often

foil,

by

to)

express willingness, give permission, agree, -n. voluntary agreement, permission. [Latin sentio feel] consequence /'kDnsikwans/ n. 1 result or effect of what has gone before. 2 importance, z in consequence as a result, take the consequences accept the results of one's choice or action. [Latin: related to consecutive]

consequent

adj.

1

(often

foil,

by on,

upon) following as a result or consequence. 2 logically consistent.

consequential

/.kDnsi'kwenJXa)!/ adj.

consequent; resulting indirectly. 2 important. 1

consequently

adv.

&

conj. as a result;

therefore.

conservancy /kan's3:vansi/

n. (pi. -ies)

body controlling a port, river, preserving the environment. 2 environmental conservation. 1

etc.,

or

official

[Latin:

related to conserve] /,kDnsa'veiJ(a)n/ n. preservation, esp. of the natural environment. [Latin: related to conserve] conservationist n. supporter of environmental conservation. conservation of energy n. principle that the total quantity of energy in any system that is not subject to external action remains constant. conservative /kan's3:vativ' -adj. 1 a averse to rapid change, b (of views,

conservation

avoiding moderate, etc.) extremes. 2 (of an estimate etc.) purposely low. 3 (usu. Conservative) of Conservatives or the Conservative Party. 4 tending to conserve, -n. 1 conservative person. 2 (usu. Conservative) supporter or member of the conservatism Conservative Party. n. [Latin: related to conserve] taste,

Conservative Party Conservative Party n.

ns

political party

promoting free enterprise and private ownership.

conservatoire

/kan's3:va,twa:(r)/

n.

European) school of music or other arts. [French from Italian]

(usu.

conservatory

/kan's3:vatari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 greenhouse for tender plants, esp. attached to a house. 2 esp. US =

conservatoire. [Latin related to conserve]

and

Italian:

conserve -d. /kan's3:v/ (-ving) keep from harm or damage, esp. for later use. -n. /'kons3:v/ fresh fruit jam. [Latin servo keep]

consider

/kan'sida(r)/

v. 1

sidered.

-prep. & conj. in view of; taking into consideration, -adv. colloq. taking everything into account (not so bad, considering).

considering

consign /kan'sain/

v. (often foil, by to) 1 over; deliver. 2 assign; commit. 3

transmit or send (goods). /.kDnsai'ni:/

n.

consignee

consignor

n.

[Latin:

related to sign]

related to

consistory

/kan'sistari/ n. (pi. -ies)

RC

Ch. council of cardinals (with or without the pope). [Latin: related to consist]

consolation

/,kDns9'leiJ(a)n/ n. 1 consoling or being consoled. 2 consoling thing or person. consolatory /kan'solatan/ adj. consolation prize n. prize given to a competitor who just fails to win a main prize.

console

1

/kan'saul/ v. (-ling) comfort, esp. in grief or disappointment. [Latin: related to solace]

Usage Console is often confused with which

condole,

is

different in that

it is

always followed by with.

console 2

/'konsaul/

n.

1

panel

for

switches, controls, etc. 2 cabinet for a television etc. 3 cabinet with the keyboards and stops of an organ. 4 bracket supporting a shelf etc. [French] consolidate /kan'sDli.deit/ v. ( ting) 1 make or become strong or secure. 2

combine

companies, debts, one whole. consolidation /-'deij(a)n/ n. consolidator n. [Latin: (territories,

etc.) into

related to solid]

consomme from meat

/kan'somei/

n.

clear soup

stock. [French]

consonance

/'kDnsanans/

n.

agree-

ment, harmony. [Latin sono sound ] consonant -rc. 1 speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed, and which forms a syllable by combining with a vowel. 2 letter(s) representing 1

-adj. (foil, by with, to) consistent; agreement or harmony. consonantal /-'naent(a)l/ adj. consort -n. /'kunsD:t/ wife or husband, this.

in

1

esp. of royalty. -v. /kan'so:t/ 1 (usu. foil, by with, together) keep company. 2 harmonize. [Latin: related to sort] consort 2 /'kDnso:t/ n. Mus. small group of players, singers, or instruments, [var.

of concert]

consortium

/kan'sa:tiam/ n. (pi. -tia or association, esp. of several business companies. [Latin: related to consort ] conspicuous /kan'spikjuas/ adj. 1 clearly visible; attracting notice. 2 noteconspicuously adv. [Latin worthy. specio look] conspiracy /kan'spirasi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 secret plan to commit a crime; plot. 2 conspiring. [Latin: related to conspire] -s)

consignment

n. 1 consigning or being consigned. 2 goods consigned. consist /kan'sist/ v. 1 (foil, by of) be composed; have as ingredients. 2 (foil, by in, of) have its essential features as

specified. [Latin sisto stop]

consistency /kan'sistansi/ n.

[Latin:

consist]

contemplate

mentally, esp. in order to reach a conclusion. 2 examine the merits of. 3 look attentively at. 4 take into account; show consideration or regard for. 5 (foil, by that) have the opinion. 6 regard as. 7 (as considered adj.) formed after careful thought (a considered opinion). all things considered taking everything into account. [French from Latin] considerable adj. 1 much; a lot of (considerable pain). 2 notable, important, considerably adv. considerate /kan'sidarat/ adj. thoughtful towards others; careful not to cause hurt or inconvenience. considerately adv. [Latin: related to consider] consideration /kan.sida'reil^n/ n. 1 careful thought. 2 thoughtfulness for others; being considerate. 3 fact or thing taken into account. 4 compensation; payment or reward. in consideration of in return for; on account of. take into consideration make allowance for. under consideration being con-

hand

conspirator consistently adv.

(pi. -ies) 1

degree of density, firmness, or viscosity, esp. of thick liquids. 2 being consistent. [Latin: related to consist] consistent adj. 1 (usu. foil, by with) compatible or in harmony. 2 (of a person) constant to the same principles.

1

conspiracy of silence to

n.

agreement

say nothing.

conspirator

who

/kan'spirata(r)/ n. person

takes part in a conspiracy.

spiratorial

/-'to:rial/ adj.

con-

conspire /kan'spaia(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 combine secretly for an unlawful or harmful act. 2 (of events) seem to be working together. [Latin spiro breathe] constable /'kAnstab(a)l/ n. 1 (also police constable) police officer of the lowest rank. 2 governor of a royal castle. [Latin comes stabuli count of the stable] constabulary /kan'staebjulari/ n. (pi. [medieval Latin: -ies) police force, related to constable] constancy /'konstansi/ n. being

unchanging and dependable; faithfulness. [Latin: related to constant]

constant

-adj.

1

continuous (constant

attention). 2 occurring frequently (con-

stant complaints). 3 unchanging, faithful, dependable, -n. 1 anything that does not vary. 2 Math. & Physics quantity or number that remains the same. constantly adv. [Latin sto stand] constellation /.kDnsta'leiJXaW n. 1 group of fixed stars. 2 group of associated persons etc. [Latin Stella star]

consternation

/,kDnsta'neiJXa)n/ n. anxiety, dismay. [Latin sterno throw

down] constipate

/'knnsti.peit/

constipation

v.

/,kDnsti'peiJXa)n/ n.

diffi-

culty in emptying the bowels.

constituency body

/kan'stitjuansi/ n. (pi of voters who elect a repres-

entative. 2 area so represented. constituent /kan'stirjuant/ -adj. 1 composing or helping to make a whole. 2

able to make or change a constitution (constituent assembly). 3 electing, -n. 1 member of a constituency. 2 component part. [Latin: related to constitute]

constitute /'kDnsti,rju:t/ v. (-ting) 1 be the components or essence of; compose. 2 a amount to (this constitutes a warning), b formally establish (constitutes a precedent). 3 give legal or constitutional form to. [Latin constituo establish] constitution /,kDnsti'tju:JXa)n/ n. 1 act or method of constituting; composition. 2 body of fundamental principles by which a State or other body is governed. 3 person's inherent state of health, strength, etc. [Latin: related to constitute] constitutional -adj. 1 of or in line with the constitution. 2 inherent (constitutional weakness), -n. walk taken constiregularly as healthy exercise.

tutionality

/-'naeliti/ n.

constitution-

ally adv.

constitutive /'kDnsti,tju:tiv/ adj. 1 able to form or appoint. 2 component. 3 essential.

constrain /kan'strem/

compel. 2 a confine forcibly; imprison, b restrict v. 1

constrained ad/'.) forced,

severely. 3 (as

embarrassed. [Latin stringo

strict- tie]

constraint /kan'stremt/

n. 1 constraining or being constrained. 2 restriction. 3

self-control.

constrict

/kan'strikt/

or tight; compress.

v.

make narrow

constriction

n.

constrictive adj. [Latin: related to constrain]

constrictor

n.

snake that

1

by

kills

compressing. 2 muscle that contracts an organ or part of the body. -v. /kan'strAkt/ 1 make by parts together; build, form. delineate figure). (a -n. /'kDnstrAkt/ thing constructed, esp. by the mind. constructor /kan'strAkta(r)/ n. [Latin struo struct-

construct fitting

2

Geom.

build]

construction /kan'strAkJXa)n/

n. 1 constructing or being constructed. 2 thing constructed. 3 interpretation or explanation. 4 syntactical arrangement of

constructional

words.

adj.

constructive

(-ting) (esp. as constipated adj.) affect with constipation. [Latin stipo cram]

-ies) 1

consultant

179

conspire

/kan'strAktiv/ adj. 1 a tending to form a basis for ideas, b helpful, positive. 2 derived by inference. constructively adv. (-strues, construe /kan'stru:/ v. -strued, -struing) 1 interpret. 2 (often foil, by with) combine (words) grammatically. 3 analyse the syntax of (a sentence). 4 translate literally. [Latin: related to construct]

consubstantial

/.konsab'staenKaH/

Theol. of one substance. [Church Latin: related to substance] /.konsab.staenji consubstantiation eij(a)n/ n. Theol. presence of Christ's adj.

,

body and blood together with the bread and wine in the Eucharist.

consul

/'kDns(a)l/ n.

by a State

1 official

appointed

to protect its citizens

and

interests in a foreign city. 2 hist, either of two chief magistrates in ancient

consular Rome. sulship n. [Latin]

/-sjula(r)/ adj.

consulate /'kDnsjulat/ n.

1 official

conbuild-

ing of a consul. 2 position of consul. /kan'sAlt/ v. 1 seek information or advice from. 2 (often foil, by with) refer to a person for advice etc. 3 take

consult

into account (feelings, interests, etc.). consultative adj. [Latin consulo consult-

take counsel]

consultancy

n.

(pi.

-ies) practice

or

position of a consultant.

consultant

n. 1 person providing professional advice etc. 2 senior medical specialist in a hospital.

consultation meeting

/,kDnsal'teiJ\a)n/ n. 1 arranged to consult. 2 act or

process of consulting.

consume /kan'sju:m/ v.

(-ming) 1 eat or drink. 2 destroy. 3 preoccupy, possess (consumed with rage). 4 use up. consumable adj. & n. [Latin consumo

person who consumes, esp. one who uses a product. 2 purchaser of goods or services. consumer durable n. durable household product (e.g. a radio or washingmachine). consumer goods n.pl. goods for consumers, not for producing other goods. n. 1

consumerism

protection of consumers' interests. 2 (often derog.) continual increase in the consumption of goods. consumerist adj. consummate -v. / knnsa.meit/ (-ting) 1 complete; make perfect. 2 complete (a marriage) by sexual intercourse, -adj. /kan'sAmit/ complete, perfect; fully n.

1

consummation /-'meiJXa)n/ n. [Latin summus utmost] consumption /kan'sAmpJXa)n/ n. 1 skilled.

consuming or being consumed. 2 amount consumed. 3 use by a particular group (a film unsuitable for children's consumption). 4 archaic tuberculosis of the lungs. 5 purchase and use of goods etc. [French: related to consume]

consumptive

/kan'sAmptiv/ archaic -adj. suffering or tending to suffer from consumption, -n. consumptive person, [medieval Latin: related to consumption]

cont. abbr.

way. 2 (of emotions etc.) likely to spread (contagious enthusiasm). contain /kan'tein/ v. 1 hold or be capable of holding within itself; include, comprise. 2 (of measures) be equal to (a gallon contains eight pints). 3 prevent from moving or extending. 4 control or this

etc.). 5 (of a number) be divisible by (a factor) without a remainder. [Latin teneo hold] container n. 1 box, jar, etc., for holding things. 2 large metal box for transporting goods.

restrain (feelings

sumpt-]

consumer

content

180

consultation

contents. 2 continued. contact /'kontaekt/ -n. 1 state or condition of touching, meeting, or communicating. 2 person who is or may be communicated with for information, assistance, etc. 3 connection for the passage of an electric current. 4 person likely to carry a contagious disease through being near an infected person. -v. 1 get in touch with (a person). 2 begin correspondence or personal dealings with. [Latin tango tact- touch] contact lens n. small lens placed directly on the eyeball to correct vision. contact print photographic print made by placing a negative directly on to printing paper and exposing it to 1

light.

contagion /kan'teid3(a)n/ n.

1 a spreading of disease by bodily contact, b contagious disease. 2 moral corruption,

[related to contact] contagious /kan'teid3as/ adj. 1 a (of a person) likely to transmit a disease by contact, b (of a disease) transmitted in

containerize

v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) pack in or transport by container.

containerization

containment

n.

/-'zeij*(a)n/ n.

action or policy of

preventing the expansion of a hostile country or influence.

contaminate 1

/kan'taemi.neit/ v. (-ting) pollute, esp. with radioactivity. 2 in-

contaminant n. contaminacontaminator n.

fect.

tion

/-'neij(a)n/ n.

[Latin tamen- related to tango touch] /'kontam.pleit/ v. (-ting) 1 survey visually or mentally. 2 regard (an event) as possible. 3 intend (he is not contemplating retiring). 4 meditate.

contemplate

contemplation

contemplative

/-'pleij(a)n/ n. [Latin]

/kan'templativ/ -adj.

of or given to (esp. religious) contemplation; thoughtful, -n. person devoted to religious contemplation. [Latin: related to

contemplate]

contemporaneous

/kan.tempa

adj. (usu. foil, existing or occurring at the

by

'reinias/

same

z contemporaneity /-'ni:iti/ related to com-, tempus time]

with) time,

n. [Latin:

contemporary /kan'temparan/ -adj. living or occurring at the

1

same time. 2 of

approximately the same age. 3 modern in style or design, -n. (pi. -ies) contemporary person or thing, [medieval Latin: related to

contemporaneous]

contempt /kan'tempt/ n.

1

feeling that a

person or thing deserves scorn or extreme reproach. 2 condition of being held in contempt. 3 (in full contempt of court) disobedience to or disrespect for a court of law. [Latin temno tempt- despise]

contemptible

adj.

deserving

contemptibly

tempt, z

contemptuous

con-

adv.

by of) feeling or showing contempt, z conadj. (often foil,

temptuously

adv. /kan'tend/ v. 1 (usu. foil, by with) fight, argue. 2 compete. 3 assert,

contend

maintain,

z

related to tend

content fied;

1

contender ]

/kan'tent/ -predic. adj.

adequately happy. 2

infin.)

[Latin:

n.

1

willing,

-v.

(foil,

make

1 satis-

by

to

+

content;

content

content 2

/'kDntent/ n.

1

(usu. in pi.)

what is contained, esp. in a vessel, book, or house. 2 amount (of a constituent) contained {high fat content). 3 substance (of a speech etc.) as distinct from form. 4 capacity or volume, [medieval Latin: related to contain] contented /kan'tentid/ adj. showing or feeling content; happy, satisfied. contentedly adv. contentedness n. contention /kan'ten.T(a)n/ n. 1 dispute or argument; rivalry. 2 point contended for in an argument. [Latin: related to

contend]

contentious

/kan'tenjas/ adj. 1 quarrelsome. 2 likely to cause an argument.

contentment

n.

satisfied state; tran-

quil happiness. -rc. /'kDntest/ 1 contending; strife. 2 a competition, -v. /kan'test/ 1 dispute (a decision etc.). 2 contend or compete for; compete in (an election). [Latin testis witness] contestant /kan'test(a)nt/ n. person taking part in a contest. context /'knntekst/ n. 1 parts that surround a word or passage and clarify its meaning. 2 relevant circumstances. in (or out of) context with (or without)

contest

the

words or circumcontextual /kan'tekstjual/ contextualize /kan'tekstjua.laiz/

surrounding

stances. adj.

contort

181

-n. contented state; satisfaction. to one's heart's content as much as one wishes. [Latin: related to contain] satisfy,

v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [Latin: related to text] contiguous /kan'tigjuas/ adj. (usu. foil, by with, to) touching; in contact.

contiguity /,konti'gju:iti/ related to contact]

n.

[Latin:

continent /'knntmant/ n. 1 any of the main continuous expanses of land (Eur1

contingency

/kan'tmd3ansi/ n. (pi -ies) 1 event that may or may not occur. 2 something dependent on another uncertain event. [Latin: related to contingent] contingent -adj. 1 (usu. foil, by on, upon) conditional, dependent (on an uncertain event or circumstance). 2 a that may or may not occur, b fortuitous. -n. 1 body (of troops, ships, etc.) forming part of a larger group. 2 group of people sharing an interest, origin, etc. (the Oxford contingent). [Latin: related to

contact]

continual

/kan'tmjual/ adj. constantly or frequently recurring; always happening. continually adv. [French: related to continue]

Usage Continual is often confused with continuous. Continual is used of something that happens very frequently (e.g. there were continual interruptions), while continuous is used of something that happens without a pause (e.g. continuous rain all day). continuance

,/kan'tmjuans/ n. 1 continuing in existence or operation. 2 duration. continuation /kan tinju'eij(a)n/ n. 1 continuing or being continued. 2 part that continues something else. continue /kan'tinju:/ v. (-ues, -ued, -uing) 1 maintain, not stop (an action etc.) (continued to read, reading). 2 (also absol.) resume or prolong (a narrative, journey, etc.). 3 be a sequel to. 4 remain, stay (will continue as (

manager,

weather continued contain]

continuity

/,kDnti'nju:iti/ n. (pi. -ies)

continuo

contain]

continuous

continent /'kontmant/

able to control one's bowels and bladder. 2 exercising self-restraint, esp. sexually. continence n. [Latin: related to contain] continental /,kDnti'nent(a)l/ adj. 1 of or characteristic of a continent. 2 (Continental) of or characteristic of mainland adj.

1

Europe.

continental breakfast n.

light break-

fast of coffee, rolls, etc.

continental quilt n. duvet. continental shelf n. area of shallow seabed bordering a continent.

1

state of being continuous. 2 a logical sequence. 3 detailed scenario of a film or broadcast. 4 linking of broadcast items.

ope, Asia, Africa, N. and S. America, Australia, Antarctica). 2 (the Continent) mainland of Europe as distinct from the British Isles. [Latin: related to 2

fine).

[Latin: related to

/kan'tinjuau/ n.

(pi. -s)

Mus.

accompaniment providing a bass line, played usu. on a keyboard instrument. [Italian]

/kan'tinjuas/ adj. uninterrupted, connected throughout in space continuously adv. [Latin: or time. related to contain]

Usage See note at continual continuous assessment n.

evaluation of a pupil's progress throughout a course of study. continuum /kan'tinjuam/ n. (pi. -nua) thing having a continuous structure. [Latin: related to continuous] contort /kan'to:t/ v. twist or force out of contortion n. its normal shape. [Latin torqueo tort- twist]

:

contortionist tcjanist ru entertainer who adopts contorted postures. contour kontua/n -tl 1 outline. 2 (in full contour Line) line on a map joining points of equal altitude. — r. mark with

contour

contribution

1:_

contortionist

lines. [Italian

coniomare draw

contradistinction snrjkj(am :

n.

Jrontradi

made by

distinction

cr.rrasccr.g

contraflow fkontra^lao

n.

transfer of

from its usual half of the road to the other half by oorrowing one or more traffic

of the other half s lanes.

in outline) -s> member of a counter-revolutionary force in Nicaragua, [abbreviation of Spanish contrarevolucionario counter-revolutionaryl contra- comb, form against, opposite.

contra kontra

ipL

n.

.'La nr.;

contraband

krrrre

smuggler goods

2

-z.

oaenc:

1

illegal

srr.ng.ghr.g:

trade, —adj. forbidden to be imported or exr-crted ^Spanish :rcm Italian. contraception Contra sepj(a)ni n. I

prevention of pregnancy; use of contraceptives, [from CONTRA-. CONCEPTION]

contraceptive

-adj.

kontra'septrv

preventing pregnancy. —n. contraceptive device cr drug C—irarl —n. Trontraekt 1 written or spoken agreement, esp. one enforceable by law. 2 document recording this. -c. kan trsekt 1 make or become smaller. 2

contralto kan traeltao

n. (pL -*) 1 lowest female singing-voice. 2 singer with this voice. [Italian: related to contra-.

altoJ

contraption kantraepjram n. machine or device, esp. a strange or cumbersome one. [origin unknown] contrapuntal kDnrrapAntfa)l adj. contra

Mus. of or in counterpoint.

pun tally

contrariwise cr.

-

zdc. [Italian]

the ether

V.er.

hand

2

trean waiz ode. ir.

the cppcsr.e

contn

1

way

(usu. folL rr.aer.cv

2

Lit

2

wmd»

a (usu. foil, by with) make a contract, b (often folL by out) arrange (work) to be done by contract. 3 become affected by (a disease;. 4 enter into (marriage). 5 incur (a debt etc). • draw together (the muscles,

brow,

etc.),

or be drawn

together, z contract in or out choose to enter (or withdraw from or not enter) a scheme or commirment. [Latin contractus: related to tract ] contractable zdj. (of a disease) that

contrast -z

contract bridge z cndge in which only tricks bid and won count towards contractible contractile

zz; cr.it rar. ce sh rz r.

-cv

-

.-:

fr

:

: rr.

17. (-fling) 1 etchings icnflicc ver.." e n Dn

.-a>

vim/

-

nratra to rate njry.ing

of a

currir.cir.cr.

word or words

ex

raektair)

n.

ract, esp. to

person conduct

tec

rr.

contribute c.

contractor

ne-:

(-ting) (o

rr.cr.ey

rise

etc

2 r.e'.r

n.

(pL

currer.ee

2 cm.-

Trer.ih; l'tnbjurL Tronm.bjurt. 6U. by ro) 1 give (time, errs i ccmrr.cn rrrngaotoit a result ett 3

alsc sisc." crael'it.'jel

zz;

:cr.rract

contrac-

c:

cr

tually ode.

others

:

contributor

Usage

contradict statement). 2 ( (a person). 3

ttrirlirancn

rr.ice cy :c

cr in

r

con-

scresse-d

c:

sidered inc

contribut

IZ.r

F'am

n.

1

trrrccoiter

contributory kan'tribjutari adj. 1 that contributes. 2 using contributions. contrite kDntrait adj. penitent, feeling great guilt, contritely adv. contrition /kan'trij\a)n/ n. [Latin: related to trite] contrivance kan'traiv(a)ns/ n. 1 something contrived, esp. a plan or mechanical device. 2 act of contriving. contrive kan'traiv/ v. (-ving) 1 devise;

make

plan or

resourcefully or with

(often foil, by to age. [French from Latin] skill. 2

+

infin.)

man-

contrived adj. artificial, forced. control kan'traul/ -n. 1 power of directing. 2 power of restraining, esp. selfrestraint. 3 means of restraint. 4 (usu. in pi.) means of regulating. 5 (usu. in pi.) switches and other devices by which a is controlled. 6 place where something is controlled or verified. 7 standard of comparison for checking the results of an experiment, -v. (-11-) 1 have control of, regulate. 2 hold in check. 3 check, verify. in control

machine

foil, by of) directing an activity, out of control no longer manageable, under control being controlled; in order. controllable adj. [medieval Latin, = keep copy of accounts: related

(often

tO

CONTRA-, ROLL]

controller

n. 1 person or thing that controls. 2 person in charge of expend-

iture.

control tower n. tall building at an airport etc. from which air traffic is controlled.

controversial

,kDntra'v3:J\a)l

adj.

causing

or subject to controversy. [Latin: related to controvert]

controversy 'trovasi/ n.

ment or

kan

'kDntra,v3:si,

(pi.

-ies)

prolonged argu-

dispute. [Latin: related to con-

Usage The second

pronunciation,

stressed on the second syllable, is considered incorrect by some people. ''kDntra.vs:!'

v.

dispute,

be well]

convalescent an

illness,

-adj. recovering from -n. convalescent person,

convalescence

convection transfer by

n.

kan'vekj(a)n

heat

n.

upward movement

of a

heated and less dense medium. [Latin veho vect- carry] convector kan'vekta(r) n. heating appliance that circulates warm air by convection. kan'vi:n v. (-ning) 1 summon or arrange (a meeting etc.). 2 assemble. [Latin venio vent- come]

convene

convener n. (also convenor) 1 person who convenes a meeting. 2 senior trade union

a workplace. kan'vi:nians n. 1 state of being convenient; suitability. 2 useful thing. 3 advantage. 4 lavatory, esp. a public one at one's convenience at a time or place that suits one. [Latin: related to convene] convenience food n. food requiring little preparation. convenient adj. 1 a serving one's comfort or interests, b suitable, c free of trouble or difficulty. 2 available or occurring at a suitable time or place. 3 well situated (convenient for the shops), z conveniently adv. convent 'konv(a)nt n. 1 religious community, esp. of nuns, under vows 2 official at

convenience

premises

occupied

by

this.

[Latin:

related to convene] conventicle kan'ventik(a)l n. esp. hist, secret or unlawful religious meeting, esp. of dissenters. [Latin: related to

convene]

contumacious

,kDntju:'meiJas/ adj. stubbornly or wilfully disobedient.

contumacy

'kontjomasi

n.

(pi.

-ies).

[Latin tumeo swell] contumely 'kDnrju:mli

n. 1 insolent or treatment. 2 disgrace. [Latin: related to contumacious]

language

contuse

kan'tju:z v. (-sing) bruise. contusion n. [Latin tundo tus- thump]

conundrum

ka'nAndram/ n. 1 riddle, one with a pun in its answer. 2 hard

question, [origin

conurbation

a n. 1 kan venf(a)n general agreement on social behaviour etc. by implicit majority consent, b a custom or customary practice. 2 conference of people with a common interest. 3 a formal agreement, esp. between States. [Latin: related to

deny. [Latin verto vers- turn]

esp.

several towns and merging suburbs. [Latin urbs city] convalesce .kDnva'les v. (cing) recover health after illness [Latin valeo

convention

trovert]

controvert

converge

183

contributory

unknown] /,kDn3:'beiJ(a)n/

adj. 1 depending on or according with convention. 2 (of a person) bound by social conventions. 3 usual; of agreed significance. 4 not spontaneous or sincere or original. 5 (of conweapons etc.) non nuclear.

ventionalism

extended urban area, esp. consisting of

n.

/-naeliti/ n. (pi -ies).

conventionality conventionally

adv.

kan'v3:d3/ v. (-ging) 1 come together or towards the same point. 2

converge

by on. upon) approach from difconvergence n. ferent directions. convergent adj. [Latin vergo incline] (foil,

n.

convene]

conventional

conversant conversant

kan'v3:s(a)nt/ adj. (foil, by with) well acquainted with. [French: related to converse 1 ] conversation ,kDnv9'seiJ(a)n/ n. 1 informal spoken communication. 2 instance of this. [Latin: related to con-

verse

1

adj. sation. 2 colloquial.

1

of or in conver-

conversation-

ally adv.

conversationalist

n.

person good at

or fond of conversation.

converse

kan'v3:s/ v. (-sing) (often with) talk. [Latin: related to

/'kDnv3:s/ -adj. opposite, contrary, reversed, -n. something, esp. a statement or proposition, that is opposite or reversed, z conversely adv. [Latin: related to convert] conversion /kan'v3:.f(a)n/ n. 1 converting or being converted. 2 converted building or part of this. [Latin: related to

convert] -v. /kan'v3:t/

1

(usu.

foil,

by

change in form or function. 2 cause person) to change belief etc. 3 change (moneys etc.) into others of a different into)

(a

kind. 4 make structural alterations in (a building) for a new purpose. 5 (also absol.) Rugby score extra points from (a try) by a successful kick at the goal, -n. /'knnv3:t/ (often foil, by to) person converted to a different belief etc. [Latin verto vers- turn] convertible /kan'v3:nb(a)l/ -adj. able to be converted, -n. car with a folding or roof, z convertibility [Latin: related to convert] convex /'konveks/ adj. curved like the exterior of a circle or sphere, z convexity /-'veksiti/ n. [Latin] convey /kan'vei/ v. 1 transport or carry

detachable /-'biliti/ n.

(goods, passengers, etc.). 2 communicate (an idea, meaning, etc.). 3 transfer the title to (a property). 4 transmit (sound etc.). z conveyable adj. [Latin via way] conveyance n. 1 conveying or being conveyed. 2 means of transport; vehicle. 3 Law a transfer of property, b document effecting this, z conveyancer n.

sense

3).

conveyancing n.

(in

sense

3).

conveyor n.

(also

conveyer) person or

thing that conveys.

conveyor belt

endless moving belt for conveying articles, esp. in a factory.

convict -v.

n.

/kan'vikt/ 1 (often foil, by of) prove to be guilty (of a crime etc.). 2 declare guilty by a legal process, -n. /'kDnvikt/ chiefly hist, person serving a prison sentence. [Latin vinco vict- con-

quer]

convict]

convince

/kan'vms/ v. (-cing) firmly persuade, z con vincible adj. convincadj.

convincingly

adv.

[Latin:

related to convict]

convivial /kan'vivial/ adj. fond of good company; sociable and lively, z conviviality

/-'aeliti/ n.

[Latin vivo live] n. 1 con-

.konva'keiJXa)^

voking or being convoked. 2 large

mal gathering.

for-

[Latin: related to con-

voke]

converse 2

(in

kan'vikj(a)n/ n. 1 convicting or being convicted. 2 a being convinced, b firm belief. [Latin: related to

convocation

1

by convert]

convert

conviction

ing

]

conversational

foil,

cook-chill

184

convoke

kan'vauk/ v. (-king) formal together; summon to assemble. [Latin voco call] convoluted "kDnva,lu:tid aa[/. 1 coiled, twisted. 2 complex. [Latin volvo volutcall

;

roll]

convolution

/ l

kDnva'lu:J(a)n/

n. 1 coil-

2 coil or twist. 3 complexity. 4 sinuous fold in the surface of the brain.

ing.

convolvulus

/kan'vDlvjolas/ n. (pi -luses) twining plant, esp. bindweed. [Latin] convoy /'kDnvai -n. group of ships, vehicles, etc., travelling together or under escort, -o. escort, esp. with armed force, z in convoy as a group. [French: related to convey] convulse /kan'vAls/ v. (-sing) 1 (usu. in passive) affect with convulsions. 2 cause to laugh uncontrollably, z convulsive adj. convulsively adv. [Latin vello vuls- pull]

convulsion

/kan'vAlJ(a)n/

n. 1

(usu. in

pi) violent irregular motion of the limbs or body caused by involuntary contraction of muscles. 2 violent disturbance. 3 (in pi) uncontrollable laughter. cony /'kauni/ n. (also coney) rabbit fur. [Latin cuniculus] coo -n. soft murmuring sound as of a dove. -v. (coos, cooed) 1 emit a coo. 2 talk or say in a soft or amorous voice. -int. slang expressing surprise or disbelief, [imitative]

cooee

'ku:i:/ n.

& int.

colloq. call

used

to

attract attention, [imitative] cook /kuk/ -v. 1 prepare (food) by heating it. 2 (of food) undergo cooking. 3 colloq. falsify (accounts etc.). 4 (as be

cooking) colloq. be happening or about to happen, -n. person who cooks, esp. professionally or in a specified

way

good cook), z cook up colloq. concoct

(a (a

story, excuse, etc.). [Latin coquus]

cookbook cook-chill etc.) sold in

form.

n.

US cookery book.

attrib. adj. (of food, meals, pre-cooked and refrigerated

cooker cooker

n.

1

appliance or vessel for

(esp. an apple) suitable for cooking. practice of cooking.

cooking food. 2 fruit

cookery n. art or cookery book

n.

book containing

recipes.

cookie colloq.

/'kuki/ n. US 1 sweet biscuit. 2 person (a tough cookie). [Dutch

koekje]

cool -adj.

of or at a fairly low tempercold. 2 suggesting or achieving coolness. 3 calm, unexcited. 4 lacking enthusiasm. 5 unfriendly (a cool reception). 6 calmly audacious. 7 (prec. by a) colloq. at least (cost a cool thousand). 8 slang esp. US marvellous, -n. 1 coolness. 2 cool air or place. 3 slang calmness, composure. -v. (often foil, by ature,

1

fairly

cool off) make or become cool. coolly slang relax, calm down.

down, it

/'ku:lli/

adv. coolness

n.

[Old English]

coolant n. cooling agent, esp. fluid. cool-bag n. (also cool-box) insulated container for keeping food cool. n. 1 vessel in which a thing is cooled. 2 US refrigerator. 3 slang prison

cooler cell.

coolie

unskilled native n. /'ku:li/ labourer in Eastern countries, [perhaps

from Kuli, tribe in India] cooling-ofF period n. interval to allow for a change of mind,

cooling tower

n. tall structure for cooling hot water before reuse, esp. in industry. coomb /ku:m/ n. (also combe) 1 valley on the side of a hill. 2 short valley running up from the coast. [Old Eng-

lish]

coon

n. 1 US racoon. 2 slang offens. Black, [abbreviation] -n. cage for keeping poultry, -v. (often foil, by up, in) confine (a person). [Latin cupa cask] co-op /'kauDp/ n. colloq. cooperative society or shop, [abbreviation] cooper n. maker or repairer of casks, barrels, etc. [Low German or Dutch: related to coop] cooperate /kau'opa.reit/ v. (also co-operate) (-ting) 1 (often foil, by with) work or act together. 2 be helpful and cooperation do as one is asked.

coop

/-'reij(8)n/ n. [related to co-]

cooperative

/kau'Dparativ/ (also co-operative) -adj. 1 willing to cooperate. 2 of or characterized by cooperation. 3 (of a business) owned and run jointly by its members, with profits shared, -n. cooperative farm, society, or business. /kau'Dpt/ v. appoint to membership of a body by invitation of the co-option n. coexisting members.

co-opt

copper

185

optive

adj.

from opto

[Latin coopto

choose]

coordinate

(also co-ordinate) -v. (-ting) 1 cause (parts, movements, etc.) to function together efficiently. 2 work or act together effectively, -adj. /kau'oidmat/ equal in rank or importance, -n. /kau'o:dinat/ 1 Math. each of a system of values used to fix the position of a point, line, or plane. 2 (in pi) matching items of clothing, z coordination / - neij(a)n, n. coordinator /-.neita(r)/ n. [Latin ordino: related to /kau'oidi.neit/

order]

coot n. horny

1 black aquatic bird with a white plate on its forehead. 2 colloq. stupid person, [probably Low German] cop slang —n. 1 police officer. 2 capture or arrest (it's a fair cop), -v. (-pp-) 1 catch or arrest (an offender). 2 receive, suffer. 3 take, seize, z cop it get into trouble; be punished, cop out 1 withdraw; give up. 2 go back on a promise, not much cop of little value or use. [French caper seize] copal /'kaup(a)l/ n. resin of a tropical tree, used for varnish. [Spanish from Aztec] copartner /kau'pa:tna(r)/ n. partner or associate, z copartnership n. cope 1 v. (-ping) (often foil, by with) deal contend; manage. or effectively [French: related to coup] 2 cope -n. priest's long cloaklike vestment, -v. (-ping) cover with a cope or coping. [Latin cappa cap] copeck /'kaupek/ n. (also kopek, kopeck) Russian coin worth onehundredth of a rouble. [Russian kopeika] Copernican system /ka'p3:nikan/ n. theory that the planets (including the earth) move round the sun. [Copernicus, name of an astronomer] copier /'kDpia(r)/ n. machine that copies

(esp.

documents).

copilot

/'kao.pailat/ n.

second

pilot in

an

aircraft.

coping n. top (usu. sloping) course of 2 masonry in a wall, [from cope ] coping saw n. D-shaped saw for cutting curves in wood, [from cope

1

]

coping-stone n. stone used in coping, copious /'kaupias/ adj. 1 abundant. 2 copiously adv. producing much. [Latin copia plenty] n. cowardly evasion. -n. 1 malleable red-brown metallic element. 2 bronze coin. 3 large metal vessel for boiling esp. laundry. -adj. made of or coloured like copper. -v. cover with copper. [Latin cuprum] copper 2 n. slang police officer, [from cop]

cop-out

copper

1

copper beech copper beech

n.

copper-coloured leaves.

copper-bottomed

adj.

1

tom sheathed with copper.

having a bot2 genuine or

reliable.

copperhead n. venomous N. American or Australian snake.

copperplate

1

a polished copper

plate for engraving or etching, b print made from this. 2 ornate style of handwriting. coppice /'kDpis/ n. area of undergrowth and small trees, [medieval Latin: related to coup] copra /'kopra/ n. dried coconut-kernels.

[Portuguese from Malayalam] n. = coppice, [shortened forml n. 1 native Egyptian in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. 2 native Christian of the independent Egyptian Church. [French from Arabic] Coptic -n. language of the Copts, -adj. of the Copts. copula /'kopjula/ n. (pi. -s) connecting word, esp. part of the verb be connecting

copse

Copt

subject and predicate. [Latin]

copulate

v. (-ting) (often of animals) have

/'kDpju.leit/

by with)

foil,

(esp.

copulation

sexual

intercourse. /-'leiJXaW n.

(pi. -ies) 1 thing made to imitate another. 2 single specimen of a publication or issue. 3 material to be printed, esp. regarded as good etc. reading matter (the crisis will make exciting copy), -v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make a copy of. 2 imitate, do the same as. [Latin copia transcript]

n. 1

book containing models

of handwriting for learners to imitate. 2

a exemplary. (attrib.)

copycat

n.

tritely colloq.

conventional,

person

who

b

copies

another, esp. slavishly.

copyist n. person who makes (esp.

writ-

ten) copies.

copyright -n.

exclusive legal right to print, publish, perform, film, or record material, -adj. protected by copyright. -v. secure copyright for (material). copy-typist n. typist who types from documents rather than dictation. copywriter n. person who writes or prepares advertising copy for publication.

coq au vin

/,knk au 'vae/ n. casserole of chicken pieces in wine. [French] coquette /kD'ket/ n. woman who flirts. coquetry /'kDkitn/ n. (pi. -ies).

coquettish adj. [French diminutive: related to cock ] 1

cor

slang expressing surprise [corruption of God] cor- see com-. int.

coracle /'kDrak(a)l/ n. small boat of wickerwork covered with watertight material. [Welsh]

coral

/'kDr(a)l/

-n. hard red, pink, or

white calcareous substance secreted by marine polyps for support and habitation, -adj. 1 red or pink, like coral. 2 made of coral. [Greek korallion] coral island n. (also coral reef) island (or reef) formed by the growth of coral. coralline /'kDra.lam/ -n. seaweed with a hard jointed stem. -adj. of or like coral.

[French and

Italian: related to

coral]

cor anglais anglais

/ko:r 'onglei/ n. (pi. cors /ko:z/) alto woodwind instru-

ment of the oboe corbel /'ko:b(a)l/

family. [French] n. projection of stone, jutting out from a wall to support a weight, c corbelled adj. [Latin corvus crow] cord -n. 1 a flexible material like thick string, made from twisted strands, b piece of this. 2 similar structure in the body. 3 a ribbed fabric, esp. corduroy, b (in pi.) corduroy trousers. 4 electric flex. -v. 1 fasten or bind with cord. 2 (as corded adj.) (of cloth) ribbed. [Greek

timber,

etc.,

khorde string]

cordial

copy /'kDpi/ -n.

copybook

core

186

variety of beech with

etc.

/'ko:dial/ -adj. 1 heartfelt. 2 friendly, -n. fruit-flavoured drink.

cordiality

n.

/-'aeliti/

cordially adv.

[Latin cor cord- heart]

cordite

/'ko:dait/ n. smokeless explos[from cord, because of its appearance] cordless adj. (of a hand-held electrical device) usable without a power cable because working from an internal source of energy or battery. cordon /'ko:d(a)n/ -n. 1 line or circle of police, soldiers, guards, etc., esp. preventing access. 2 ornamental cord or braid. 3 fruit-tree trained to grow as a single stem. -v. (often foil, by off) enclose or separate with a cordon of police etc. [Italian and French: related to cord] cordon bleu /,ko:dDn 'bl3:/ Cookery -adj. of the highest class, -n. cook of this class. [French]

ive,

cordon sanitaire n. 1

guarded

/,ko:d5 ,saeni'tea(r)/

between infected and measure 2 districts.

line

uninfected designed to prevent the spread of undesirable influences.

corduroy

/'kotfa.roi/ n. 1 thick cotton fabric with velvety ribs. 2 (in pi.) corduroy trousers, [cord = ribbed fabric] core -n. 1 horny central part of certain fruits, containing the seeds. 2 central or most important part of anything (also attrib.: core curriculum). 3 inner central region of the earth. 4 part of a

co-respondent reactor

[origin unknown] co-respondent /,k8uri'spDnd(8)nt/

n.

person cited in a divorce case as having committed adultery with the respondent. /'ko:gi/ n. (pi. -s) dog of a shortlegged breed with a foxlike head. [Welsh] coriander / kDn'aend8(r)/ n. 1 aromatic plant. 2 its seeds used for flavouring. [Greek koriannon] Corinthian /ka'rmGian/ adj. 1 of ancient Corinth in southern Greece. 2 Archit. of the order characterized by ornate decoration and acanthus leaves.

corgi

1

from Greek] cork-rc. 1 buoyant light-brown bark of a S. European oak. 2 bottle-stopper of [Latin

etc. 3 float of cork. 4 (attrib.) made of cork. -v. (often foil, by up) 1 stop or confine. 2 restrain (feelings etc.). [Spanish alcorque]

cork

corkage n. charge made by a restaurant etc. for serving a customer's own wine etc.

corked

adj. 1 stopped with a cork. 2 (of wine) spoilt by a decayed cork. corker n. slang excellent person or

thing.

corkscrew

-n. 1 spiral device for extracting corks from bottles. 2 (often attrib.) thing with a spiral shape, -i>.

move

spirally; twist.

corm n. underground swollen stem base of some plants. [Greek kormos lopped tree-trunk] cormorant /'koimarant/ n. diving sea bird with black plumage. [Latin corvus marinus sea-raven] corn 1 /*. 1 a cereal before or after harvesting, esp. the chief crop of a region, b grain or seed of a cereal plant. 2 colloq. something corny or trite. [Old English] corn 2 n. small tender area of horny skin, esp. on the toe. [Latin cornu horn] corn-cob n. cylindrical centre of a maize ear on which the grains grow. corncrake n. rail inhabiting grassland

and nesting on the ground. corn dolly n. figure of plaited straw.

cornea

/'ko:nia/ n. transparent circular corpart of the front of the eyeball. neal adj. [medieval Latin: related to

CORN 2 ]

corned

adj. (esp. of beef)

salt or brine,

[from corn

corollary

187

containing fissile material. 5 hist, structural unit in a computer, storing one bit of data (see 4 bit ). 6 inner strand of an electric cable. 7 piece of soft iron forming the centre of an electromagnet or induction coil. —v. (-ring) remove the core from. corer n.

nuclear

1

]

preserved in

cornelian nelian

(also cardull red variety of chal-

/ko:'ni:li8n/

/ka:-/)

n.

cedony. [French] -n. 1 place where converging sides or edges meet. 2 projecting angle, esp. where two streets meet. 3 internal space or recess formed by the meeting of two sides, esp. of a room. 4 difficult position, esp. one with no escape. 5 secluded place. 6 region or quarter, esp. a remote one. 7 action or result of buying or controlling the whole stock of a commodity. 8 Boxing & Wrestling corner of the ring where a contestant rests between rounds. 9 Football & Hockey free kick or hit from the corner of a pitch, -v. 1 force into a difficult or inescapable position. 2 establish a corner in (a commodity). 3 (esp. of or in a vehicle) go round a corner. [Latin:

corner

related to

corn 2 ]

cornerstone n.

1 a stone in the projecting angle of a wall, b foundation-stone. 2 indispensable part or basis. cornet /'ko nit/ n. 1 brass instrument resembling a trumpet but shorter and wider. 2 conical wafer for holding ice-

cornetist

cream.

cornettist).

CORN

/ko:'netist/ n. (also

[Latin cornu:

related to

2 ]

cornflake

n. 1 (in pi.) breakfast cereal of toasted maize flakes. 2 flake of this

cereal.

cornflour maize or

n.

fine-ground flour, esp. of

rice.

cornflower

n. plant with deep-blue flowers originally growing among corn.

ornamental mouldround a room just below the ceiling or as the topmost part of an entablature. [French from Italian]

cornice

/'ko:nis/ n.

ing, esp.

Cornish /'ko:niJ7 -adj.

of Cornwall, -n.

Celtic language of Cornwall.

Cornish pasty n.

pastry envelope con-

meat and vegetables. corn on the cob n. maize cooked and eaten from the corn-cob. cornucopia /.komju'kaupia/ n. 1 horn overflowing with flowers, fruit, and corn, as a symbol of plenty. 2 abundant 2 copisupply. [Latin: related to corn taining

,

ous]

corny

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

1

banal. 2

humorous. 3 sentimental, cornily adv. corniness n. [from CORN corolla /ka'rnla/ n. whorl of petals formfeebly 1

]

ing the inner envelope of a flower. [Latin diminutive of corona]

corollary /ka'mlan/

n. (pi. -ies) 1 proposition that follows from one already proved. 2 (often foil, by of) natural = gratuity: [Latin, consequence. related to corolla]

corona

ka'rauna it (pi. -nae -ni: ) 1 a halo round the sun or moon, b gaseous envelope of the sun. seen as an area of light around the moon during a total solar eclipse. 2 Anat. crownlike structure. 3 crownlike outgrowth from the inner side of a corolla. 4 glow around an electric conductor. coronal adj.

= crown]

[Latin.

coronary

'kuranari

-adj.

Anat.

resembling or encircling like a crown. -71. (pi. -ieS) = CORONARY THROMBOSIS. [Latin: related to corona] coronary artery n. artery supplying blood to the heart. coronary thrombosis n. blockage caused by a blood clot in a coronary artery.

coronation ,kDra'neiJ(a)n n. ceremony of crowning a sovereign or consort,

[medieval Latin: related to co-

rona]

coroner

'kDrana(r) n. official holding inquests on deaths thought to be violent or accidental. [Anglo-French: related to

crown]

coronet

'kuranit

n.

1

small crown. 2

circlet of precious materials, esp. as a

headdress. [French diminutive: related to

crown]

corpora pi of corpus. corporal 'ko:pr(a)l n. non-commissioned army or air-force officer ranking 1

next below sergeant. [French from

It-

alian]

corporal 2

human body,

'ko:par(a)l

adj.

z corporality

of -'rseliti

the n.

[Latin corpus body]

corporal punishment

n.

physical

punishment.

corporate

'ko:parat adj. 1 forming a corporation. 2 of. belonging to, or united in a group. [Latin: related to cor-

poral 2

]

corporation ,ka:pa'reijXa)n n. 1 group of people authorized to act as an individual, esp. in business. 2 municipal authorities of a borough, town, or city. 3 joc. large stomach. corporative 'ka:paratrv/ adj. 1 of a corporation. 2 governed by or organized in corporations. corporeal ko:'po:rial adj. bodily, physical, material, z corporeality corporeally adv. [Latin: -'aeliti n. 2 related to corporal ] corps ka:(r) n. (pi. corps ka:z ) 1 a body of troops with special duties (intelligence corps), b main subdivision of an army in the field. 2 body of people engaged in a special activity (diplomatic corps). [French: related to

corpse]

correspondence

188

corona

corps de ballet ensemble

of

,ko: da dancers

'ba^lei

in

n.

a

group ballet.

[French]

corpse

dead body.

n.

[Latin: related to

corpus]

corpulent

'ka.pjulant adj. physically bulky; fat. z corpulence n. [Latin: related to corpus] corpus 'ka:pas n. (pi. -pora) body or

collection of writings, texts, etc. [Latin,

= body]

corpuscle

'ko:pAS(a)l

n.

minute body

or cell in an organism, esp. (in pi.) the red or white cells in the blood of vertebrates, z corpuscular -'pAskjola(r)/ adj. [Latin diminutive of corpus] corral ka'ra:l -n. 1 US pen for cattle, horses, etc. 2 enclosure for capturing wild animals, -u. (-11-) put or keep in a

[Spanish

corral.

and

Portuguese:

related to kraal] correct ka'rekt -adj. 1 true, accurate. 2 proper, in accordance with taste or a standard, -v. 1 set right; amend. 2 mark errors in. 3 substitute a right thing for (a wrong one). 4 a admonish (a person), b punish (a person or fault). 5 counteract (a harmful quality). 6 adjust (an instrument etc.). z correctly adv. correctness n. corrector n. [Latin rego rectguide] correction ka'rekj(a)n n. 1 correcting or being corrected. 2 thing substituted for what is wrong. 3 archaic punishment, z correctional adj. [Latin: related to correct] correctitude ka'rekti,tju:d n. consciously correct behaviour, [from correct, rectitude] corrective -adj. serving to correct or counteract something harmful, -n. corrective measure or thing. [Latin: related to

correct]

correlate 'kora.leit/ -v. (-ting) (usu. foil, by with, to) have or bring into a mutual relation or dependence, -n. each of two related or complementary things,

correlation

z

-'leij(a)n/

n.

[medieval Latin correlation

correlative /ka'relativ, -adj. 1 (often foil, by with, to) having a mutual rewords) corresponding to each other and used together (as neither

lation. 2 (of

and

word or thing. .kori'spond/ v. 1 a (usu. be similar or equivalent, b by with, to) be in agreement,

nor), -n. correlative

correspond foil,

(usu.

by

to)

foil,

not contradict. 2 (usu. foil, by with) exchange letters, z correspondingly adv. [French from medieval Latin]

correspondence similarity. 2 a letters.

n. 1 agreement or exchange of letters, b

correspondence course correspondence course

n.

study conducted by post. correspondent n. 1 person who writes letters. 2 person employed to write or report for a newspaper or for broadcasting etc.

corridor

/'kDn.dotfr)/ n. 1

passage

giv-

ing access into rooms. 2 passage in a train giving access into compartments. 3 strip of territory of one State passing through that of another. 4 route which an aircraft must follow, esp. over a foreign country. [French from Italian] corridors of power n.pl places where covert influence is said to be exerted in

government.

corrigendum

/.kDri'gendam/

n.

(pi.

corrigendum] /ka'roba.reit/

v.

(-ting)

confirm or give support to (a statement or

corroboration etc.). n. corroborative /-rativ/ corroborator n. [Latin robur

belief

/-'reij(a)n/

adj.

strength] /ka'raud/ v. (-ding) 1 a wear away, esp. by chemical action, b decay. 2 destroy gradually. [Latin rodo ros-

corrode gnaw]

corrosion

/ka'rau3(a)n/ n. 1 corroding or being corroded. 2 corroded area.

corrosive

corrugate

adj.

& n.

/'kDra.geit/

v.

(-ting) (esp. as

corrugated adj.) form into alternate ridges and grooves, esp. to strengthen corrugation (corrugated iron). /-'geij(9)n/ n. [Latin ruga wrinkle]

corrupt /ka'rApt/ -ac(/.

dishonest, esp.

1

using bribery. 2 immoral; wicked. 3 (of a text etc.) made unreliable by errors or alterations, -u. make or become corrupt. ibility

/-

corruptible adj. corruptcorruption n. coradv. corruptly

biliti/ n.

adj. ruptive corruptness n.

[Latin

rumpo

rupt-

/'ko:teks/ n. (pi. -tices

/-ti,si:z

)

outer part of an organ, esp. of the brain or kidneys. cortical /-tik(a)l/ adj. [Latin, = bark]

cortisone esp. in allergy,

/'ko:ti,zaun/ n.

hormone used

treating inflammation and [abbreviation of chemical

name]

corundum

/ka'rAndam/

n.

extremely

hard crystallized alumina, used esp. as an abrasive. [Tamil from Sanskrit]

coruscate sparkle.

/'kDra.skeit/

coruscation

v.

(-ting)

/-'skeij(a)n/ n.

[Latin]

corvette

1 small naval warship with one tier of guns. [French from Dutch] corymb /'konmb/ n. flat-topped cluster of flowers with the outer flower-stalks proportionally longer. [Latin from Greek] cos n. lettuce with crisp narrow leaves. [Kos, Greek island]

/ko:'vet/

n.

1

COS 2 cos 3

/kDZ/ abbr. cosine. /kaz/ conj. colloq. because, [abbreviation] cosec /'kausek/ abbr. cosecant. cosecant /kau'si:kant/ n. Math, ratio of

the hypotenuse (in a right-angled triangle) to the side opposite an acute angle. 1 colloq. -n. heavy blunt weapon. -v. hit with a cosh, [origin unknown] 2 cosh /kDj, kDs'eitJV abbr. hyperbolic cosine. co-signatory /kao'signatan/ n. (pi. -ies) person or State signing a treaty etc. jointly with others. cosine /'kausain/ n. ratio of the side adjacent to an acute angle (in a rightangled triangle) to the hypotenuse. cosmetic /kDz'metik/ -adj. 1 beautifying, enhancing. 2 superficially improving or beneficial. 3 (of surgery or a prosthesis) imitating, restoring, or enhancing normal appearance, -n. cosmetic preparation, esp. for the face, cosmetically adv. [Greek, = orna-

cosh

ment] 1 of the cosmos or universal (of cosmic significance). 2 of or for space travel. cosmic rays n.pl. high-energy radiations from space etc. cosmogony /kDz'mogani/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 origin of the universe. 2 theory about this. [Greek -gonia -begetting] cosmology /kDz'mDlad3i/ n. science or theory of the universe. cosmological

cosmic /'kozmik/ adj.

break]

corsage /ko:'sa:3/ worn by women.

n.

small bouquet

[French: related to

CORPSE]

corsair

cortex

escort-vessel. 2 hist,

-da) error to be corrected. [Latin corrigo: related to correct] corrigible /'kDnd3ib(a)l/ adj. 1 able to corbe corrected. 2 submissive. rigibly adv. [medieval Latin: related to

corroborate

cosmonaut

189

course of

/'ko:sea(r)/ n. 1 pirate ship. 2

pirate. [French: related to course]

corselette /'ka:slit/ n. combined corset and bra. [French corslet armour covering trunk] n. closely-fitting underto shape the body or to corsetry n. injury. after support it [French diminutive: related to corpse] cortege /ko:'tei3/ n. procession, esp. for

corset /'ko:sit/ garment worn

a funeral. [French]

its scale:

1

1

/-malDd3ik(a)l/ adj. cosmologist n. [from cosmos, -logy] cosmonaut /'kDzma,no:t/ n. Soviet astronaut, [from cosmos, Greek nautes sailor]

cosmopolitan

world. 2 free from national limitations or prejudices, -n. cosmopolitan person.

cosmopolitanism

[Greek polites

n.

citizen]

cosmos kozmos

n. the universe as a well-ordered whole. [Greek] kusa?k rt member of a people of southern Russia. [Turki quzzaq)

Cossack cosset

'kDsit

r.

(-t-)

pamper,

[dialect

cosset =

pet lamb, probably from Old English. = cottager] cost -i'. {past and past part, cost) 1 be obtainable for (a sum of money): have as a price. 2 involve as a loss or sacrifice (it cost him his life). 3 {past and past part. costed) fix or estimate the cost of. -n. 1 what a thing costs; price. 2 loss or sacrifice. 3 (in pi) legal expenses, z at all costs (or at any cost) whatever the cost or risk may be. [Latin consto stand at a price] costal 'kust(e)l adj. of the ribs. [Latin costa rib]

cost-effective

adj. effective in relation

to its cost.

costermonger kDste mArjga(r) person who sells produce from a ,

1

rt

barrelated to

row, [costard large apple: COSTAL] rt estimation of cost(s). kDstiv adj. constipated. [Latin: related to constipate]

costing costive costly

adj.

(-ier.

-iest) costing

expensive, z costliness

much:

rt

cost of living

rt level of prices esp. of basic necessities. cost price rt price paid for a thing by

one who later

sells

it.

costume

'kostjium -n. 1 style of dress, esp. of a particular place or time. 2 set of clothes. 3 clothing for a particular ac-

(swimming-costume). 4 actor's clothes for a part. -i\ (-ming) provide with a costume. [Latin: related to custom] costume jewellery it artificial jewel tivity

lery.

costumier who makes

kD'stju:mi8(r) n. person or deals in costumes. [French: related to costume]

cosy

kauzi (US cozy)- adj.

(-ier. -iest)

comfortable and warm: snug. -n. (pL -ies) cover to keep a teapot etc. hot. [origin cosiness cosily adv. rt

unknown] cot

small bed with high sides for a ii baby. 2 small light bed. [Hindi] 2 cot n. 1 small shelter; cote. 2 poet. cottage. [Old English] cot J abbr. cotangent. 1

1

cotangent

cough

190

cosmopolitan .kuzma'puhuem — adj. 1 of. from, or knowing many parts of the

kau'ta?nd3(a)nt rt ratio of the side adjacent to an acute angle (in a

right-angled triangle) to the opposite side.

cot-death

rt unexplained death of a sleeping baby. rt shelter for animals or birds. [Old English] coterie 'keuton n. exclusive group of people sharing interests. [French]

cote

cotoneaster

ka,taoni*sesta(r) n. shrub bearing usu. bright red berries. [Latin cotoneum quince] cottage 'kutidj n. small simple house, esp. in the country. [Anglo-French: 2

related to cot

]

cottage cheese

rt soft white lumpy cheese made from skimmed milk curds. cottage industry rt business activity carried on at home. cottage pie rt dish of minced meat topped with mashed potato. cottager ft person who lives in a cot-

tage. it 1 bolt or wedge for securing parts of machinery etc. 2 (in full cotter pin) split pin that can be opened after passing through a hole, [origin

cotter

unknown] cotton 'kotom

rt 1 soft white fibrous substance covering the seeds of certain plants. 2 such a plant. 3 thread or cloth from this, z cotton on (often foil, by to) colloq. begin to understand. [French from Arabic] cotton wool n. fluffy wadding of a kind

orig. made from raw cotton, cotyledon koti li:d(a)n rt embryonic

leaf in seed-bearing kotule cup]

couch

plants.

[Greek

1

-n. 1 upholstered piece of furniture for several people: sofa. 2 long padded seat with a headrest at one end. -v. 1 (foil, by in) express in (certain terms). 2 archaic (of an animal) lie. esp. in its lair. [Latin colloco lay in place] couch : kautj. ku:tj rt (in full couch grass) a grass with long creeping roots, [var. of quitch]

couchette

ku:'Jet n. 1 railway carriage with seats convertible into sleeping-berths. 2 berth in this. [French. = little bed]

couch potato

rt

US slang person who

likes lazing at home, 'ku:ga(r) rt

cougar

US puma. [French

from Guarani]

cough

kuf -v. 1 expel air etc. from the lungs with a sudden sharp sound. 2 (off an engine etc.) make a similar sound. 3 slang confess, -n. 1 act of coughing. 2 condition of respiratory organs causing cough up 1 eject with coughing. coughs. 2 slang bring out or give (money or information) reluctantly, [imitative, related to Dutch kuchen]

cough mixture cough mixture

n.

relieve a cough. could past of can 1 v. colloq. feel inclined to (/ could murder him). couldn't /'kud(a)nt/ contr. could not. coulomb /'kuilom/ n. SI unit of electric charge. [Coulomb, name of a physicist] coulter /'kaulta(r)/ n. (US colter) vertical blade in front of a ploughshare. [Latin culter knife] council /'kaons(a)l/ n. 1 a advisory, deliberative, or administrative body, b meeting of such a body. 2 a local administrative body of a parish, district, town, etc. b (attrib.) provided by a local council (council flat). [Latin concilium] councillor n. member of a (esp. local) council. council tax n. proposed new local tax ,

based on the value of a property and the number of people living in it, to replace the community charge. counsel /'kaons(a)l/ -n.

1

keep one's own counsel not confide in others, take counsel (usu. counselling n. foil, by with) consult. [Latin consilium] action).

counsellor

n. (US counselor) 1 adperson giving professional guidance on personal problems. 3 US barris-

viser. 2 ter.

counsel of perfection

n.

ideal but

impracticable advice. of,

1

-v.

esp.

1

count 1 defeated.

determine the total number by assigning successive

'numbers. 2 repeat numbers in ascending order. 3 (often foil, by in) include or be included in one's reckoning or plan. 4 consider or regard to be (lucky etc.). 5 (often foil, by for) have value; matter 1 a (my opinion counts for little). counting or being counted, b total of reckoning. 2 Law each charge in an count against be reckindictment. oned to the disadvantage of. count one's blessings be grateful for what

one has. count on (or upon) rely on; expect, count out 1 count while taking from a stock. 2 complete a count of ten seconds over (a fallen boxer etc.). 3 colloq. exclude, disregard.

4 Polit. pro-

cure the adjournment of (the House of Commons) when fewer than 40 members are present, count up find the sum of. keep count take note of how many there have been etc. lose count forget the number etc. counted, out for the

2 unconscious; asleep.

compute] count n. foreign noble corresponding to an earl. [Latin comes companion] countable adj. 1 that can be counted. 2 Gram, (of a noun) that can form a plural or be used with the indefinite article. countdown n. 1 act of counting backwards to zero, esp. at the launching of a rocket etc. 2 period immediately before an event. [Latin: related to 2

countenance

/'kauntmans/ -n. 1 the face or facial expression. 2 composure. 3 moral support, -v. (-cing) support, approve. [French: related to contain] counter 1 n. 1 long flat-topped fitment in a shop etc., across which business is conducted. 2 a small disc for playing or scoring in board-games etc. b token representing a coin. 3 apparatus for counting. under the counter surrepesp.

titiously,

advice, esp. formally given. 2 consultation for advice. 3 (pi. same) legal adviser, esp. a barrister; body of these, -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 advise (a person). 2 give esp. professional advice to (a person) on personal problems. 3 recommend (a course of

count

countermeasure

191

liquid medicine to

COUNT

[related

illegally,

to

1

]

counter2

a oppose, contradict, b meet by countermove. 2 Boxing give a return blow while parrying, -adv. in the opposite direction or manner, -adj. parry; countermove. opposite, -n. [related to counter-] counter- comb, form denoting: 1 retaliation, opposition, or rivalry (counterthreat). 2 opposite direction (counterclockwise). 3 correspondence (counter[Latin contra countersign). part; -d.

1

against]

counteract

/.kaunta'raekt/

hinder or

v.

coun-

neutralize by contrary action,

teraction

n.

counteractive

adj.

counter-attack -n. attack in reply to a preceding attack, -v. attack in reply. weight or -n. influence balancing another, -v. (-cing) act as a counterbalance to.

counterbalance

counter-clockwise adv.

'klokwaiz/

&

adj.

/.kaunta anti-

US =

clockwise.

counter-espionage 'espia,na:3/

enemy

n.

action

taken

/.kauntar against

spying.

/'kauntafit/ -adj. made in imitation; not genuine; forged, -n. a forgery or imitation. -v. imitate fraudulently; forge. [French] counterfoil n. part of a cheque, receipt, etc., retained by the payer as a record,

counterfeit

2 [from foil

]

counter-intelligence

/.kauntann

'tehd3(a)ns/ n. « counter-espionage. countermand /,kaonta'ma:nd/ -v. 1 revoke (a command). 2 recall by a contrary order, -n. order revoking a previous one. [Latin: related to mandate] countermeasure n. action taken to

counteract a danger, threat,

etc.

countermove countermove

move

n.

or action in

opposition to another.

'kaunta.pem n. bedspread, [medieval Latin culcita puncta quilted mattress] counterpart n. 1 person or thing like another or forming the complement or equivalent to another. 2 duplicate. counterpoint 'kaanta.point n. 1 a art or practice of combining melodies according to fixed rules, b melody combined with another. 2 contrasting argument, plot, literary theme, etc. [medi-

contrapunctum

marked

'kaonta.poiz

-rc.

1

counterbalance. 2 state of equilibrium. -v. (-sing) counterbalance. [Latin pensum weight] counter-productive .kaontapra 'cL\ktiv adj. having the opposite of the desired effect.

counter-revolution

,kaunta,reva revolution opposing a former one or reversing its results. countersign — n add a signature to (a document already signed by another). -n. 1 password spoken to a person on guard. 2 mark used for identification n.

etc. [Italian:

related to sign]

countersink

r. (past and past part. -sunk) 1 shape (the rim of a hole) so that a screw or bolt can be inserted flush with the surface. 2 sink (a screw etc.) in such a hole.

counter-tenor

n. 1

male

alto singing-

voice. 2 singer with this voice. [Italian: related to contra-] countervail 'kaonta.veil v. literary counterbalance. 2 (often foil, by 1 successfully. usu. against) oppose,

[Latin valeo have worth]

counterweight

n.

counterbalancing

weight.

wife or widow of a count or earl. 2 woman holding the rank of count or earl. [Latin comitissa: 2 related to count ] countless adj. too many to be counted. countrified 'kAntn.faid adj. rustic in manner or appearance. country 'k\ntn n. {pi. -ies) 1 territory of a nation; State. 2 (often attrib.) rural districts as opposed to towns or the capital. 3 land of a person's birth or citizenship. 4 region with regard to its aspect, associations, etc. {mountainous country; Hardy country). 5 national population, esp. as voters, [medieval Latin contrata (terra) (land) lying op-

countess

sporting and social

n.

country dance

traditional dance. with couples facing

n.

esp. English, usu.

each other in

lines.

countryman n. 1

(Jem.

countrywoman)

person living in a rural area. 2 (also

fellow-countryman) person of one's

own country. country music

n.

=

country and

WESTERN.

countryside n. country-wide

rural areas. & adv. extending

adj.

throughout a nation.

county

counterpoise

'lu:J\a)n

country club

club in a rural setting,

counterpane

eval Latin opposite]

courageous

192

'kaontis

n. 1

posite]

country-and-western

n.

type of folk in the

music originated by Whites southern US.

'kaunti -n. (pi. -ies) 1 territordivision in some countries, forming the chief unit of local administration. 2 US political and administrative division of a State, -adj. of or like the gentry. 2 [Latin comitatus: related to count ] county council n. elected governing body of an administrative county. county court n. judicial court for civil cases. county town n. administrative capital of a county. coup ku: n. (pi. -s ku:z ) 1 successful stroke or move. 2 = coup d'etat. [medieval Latin colpus blow] ial

coup de grace

,ku:

da 'grcus

n. finish-

ing stroke. [French]

coup d'etat

,ku: dei'ta:/ n. (pi.

coups

d'etat pronunc. same) violent or illegal seizure of power. [French] coupe 'ku.pei n. (US coupe ku:p')car with a hard roof, two doors, and usu. a sloping rear. [French couper cut] couple 'kAp(a)l -n. 1 a two (a couple of girls), b about two (a couple of hours). 2 a two people who are married to. or in a sexual relationship with, each other, b pair of partners in a dance etc. — v. (-ling) 1 link together. 2 associate in thought or speech. 3 copulate. [Latin

copula]

couplet 'kApht n. two successive lines of verse, usu. rhyming and of the same length. [French diminutive: related to

couple]

coupling

'kAplirj n. 1 link connecting railway carriages etc. 2 device for connecting parts of machinery. coupon 'ku:pDn n. 1 form etc. as an application for a purchase etc. 2 entry form for a football pool or other competition. 3 discount voucher given with a purchase. [French couper cut] courage 'kAnds n. ability to disregard courage of one's confear, bravery, victions courage to act on one*s beliefs.

[Latin cor heart] ka'reid3as courageously adv.

courageous

adj. brave, z

courgette courgette

marrow. [French]

courier /'kuri8(r)/ n. to guide

and

person employed

assist tourists. 2 special

messenger. [Latin curro curs- run] /ko:s/ -n. 1 onward movement or progression. 2 direction taken (changed course). 3 stretch of land or water for races; golf-course. 4 series of

lessons etc. in a particular subject. 5 each successive part of a meal. 6 sequence of medical treatment etc. 7 line of conduct. 8 continuous horizontal layer of masonry, brick, etc. 9 channel in which water flows, -v. (-sing) 1 (esp. of liquid) run, esp. fast. 2 (also absol.) in use hounds to hunt (esp. hares). course of in the process of. in the course of during, of course naturally; as is or was to be expected; admittedly. [Latin cursus: related to courier] courser n. poet, swift horse, court /ko:t/ -n. 1 (in full court of law) a

body hearing legal cases, b = courtroom. 2 quadrangular area for

judicial

games (tennis-court; squash-court). 3 a yard surrounded by houses with entry from the street, b = courtyard. 4 a the residence, retinue, and courtiers of a sovereign, b sovereign and councillors, constituting the ruling power, c assembly held by a sovereign; State reception. 5 attention paid to a person whose

favour etc. is sought (paid court to her), -v. 1 a try to win affection or favour of. b pay amorous attention to. 2 seek to win (applause, fame, etc.). 3 invite (misgo to court fortune) by one's actions. take legal action, out of court 1 without reaching trial. 2 not worthy of consideration. [Latin: related to cohort] n. playing-card that is a king, queen, or jack, adj. polite, consid/'k3:ti8s/ courteous courteously adv. courteouserate. ness n. [French: related to court] courtesan /.koiti'zaen/ n. prostitute,

court-card

esp. one with wealthy or upper-class clients. [Italian: related to court]

courtesy /'k3:tasi/ n. (pi. -ies) courteous behaviour or act. by courtesy of with the formal permission related to courteous]

of.

courtesy

[French:

light n. light in switched on by opening a door,

a

car

n. 1

/'ko:ti8(r)/ n.

person

tends a sovereign's court. French: related to court]

courtly fined.

who

at-

[Anglo-

adj. (-ier, -iest) dignified, re-

courtliness

n.

members

/,ko:t 'ma:J(a)l/

of the

(court-martial)

court order

n.

armed

-tl

(pi.

(-11-;

US

services, -u. -1-) try by this,

direction issued by a

court or judge.

courtroom n. room in which a court of law meets.

courtship

n. 1 courting, wooing. 2 courting behaviour of animals, birds,

etc.

court shoe n. woman's light, usu.

highheeled, shoe with a low-cut upper. courtyard n. area enclosed by walls or buildings. couscous /'ku:sku:s/ n. N. African dish of crushed wheat or coarse flour steamed over broth, often with meat or fruit added. [French from Arabic]

cousin

/'kAz(8)n/ n.

1

(also first

cousin)

child of one's uncle or aunt. 2 person of a kindred race or nation. [Latin consobrinus]

Usage There is often some confusion as to the difference between cousin, first cousin, second cousin, first cousin once removed, etc. For definitions see cousin, second cousin and remove v. 5. couture

/ku:'tjoa(r)/

n.

design

manufacture of fashionable

and

clothes.

[French]

couturier

/ku:'tju8ri,ei/

n.

fashion

designer.

cove

1

-n. 1 small bay or creek. 2 sheltered recess. 3 moulding, esp. at the junction of a wall and a ceiling, -v. (-ving) 1 provide (a room etc.) with a cove. 2 slope (the sides of a fireplace) inwards. [Old English] cove 2 n. slang fellow, chap, [cant: origin

unknown]

coven /'kAv(a)n/ n. assembly of witches, [related to

convent]

covenant

/'kAvanant/ -n. 1 agreement; contract. 2 Law sealed contract, esp. a 3 (Covenant) Bibl. covenant. deed of agreement between God and the Israelites, -v. agree, esp. by legal covenant. [French: related to convene] Coventry / kovantn/ n. send a person to Coventry refuse to associate with or speak to a person. [Coventry in

England] 1 (often foil, by with) protect or conceal with a cloth, lid, etc. 2 a extend over; occupy the whole surface of. b (often foil, by with) strew thickly or thoroughly, c lie over. 3 a protect; clothe, b (as covered adj.) wearing a hat; having a roof. 4 include; comprise; deal with. 5 travel (a specified distance). 6 describe as a reporter. 7 be enough to defray (£20 should cover it). 8 a refl. take

cover /'kAva(r)/-i;.

building in which a judicial court is held. 2 US building containing the administrative offices of a county.

courtier

court martial

courts martial) judicial court trying 1

course

court-house

cover

193

/kua'3et/ n. small vegetable

coverage oneself, b (absol.; for.

9 a

b (of a fortress, guns,

etc. at.

mand

aim a gun etc.) com-

exposed by being able to return fire. 10 a esp. Cricket stand behind (another player) to stop any missed balls, b mark (an opposing player). 11 (of a stallion (territory), c protect (an

person

etc.)

copulate with. -n. 1 thing that covers, esp.: a lid. b book's binding, c either board of this, d envelope or wrapping (under separate cover). 2 shelter. 3 a pretence; screen, b pretended identity, c Mil. supporting force protecting an advance party from attack. 4 a funds, etc.)

esp. obtainable from insurance to meet a liability or secure against loss, b insurance protection (third-party cover). 5 person acting as a substitute. 6 placesetting at table. 7 Cricket = coverpoint. cover up completely cover or

conceal, take cover find shelter. [Latin cooperio] coverage n. 1 area or amount covered. 2 amount of publicity received by an

event

etc.

n. esp. US 1 thing that covers entirely. 2 (usu. in pi.) full-length protective garment.

coverall

cover charge

n.

service charge per

head in a restaurant, nightclub, etc. cover girl n. female model appearing on magazine covers etc. covering letter n. (also covering note) explanatory letter sent with an enclosure.

coverlet /'kAvalit/ n. bedspread. [AngloFrench: related to cover,

cover note

n.

temporary

lit

cover-point

Cricket 1 fielding position covering point. 2 fielder at this position. cover story n. news story in a magazine that is advertised etc. on the front cover. covert /'kAvat/ -adj. secret or disguised (covert glance), -n. 1 shelter, esp. a thicket hiding game. 2 feather covering the base of a bird's flight-feather. covertly adv. [French: related to n.

cover]

cover-up n. concealment of facts. covet /'kAvit/ v. (-t-) desire greatly

(esp.

a thing belonging to another person). [French: related to Cupid]

covetous /'kA vitas/ adj. coveting; grasping, n

cubo

cow

(usu. foil, by of) covetously adv.

brood of partgroup of people. [Latin

/'kAvi/ n. (pi. -s) 1

ridges. 2 small lie]

n. 1 fully grown female of any esp. domestic bovine animal, used as a source of milk and beef. 2 female of 1

other large animals, esp. the elephant, whale, and seal. 3 derog. slang woman. [Old English] cow 2 v. intimidate or dispirit. [Old Norse]

coward /'kauad/ n.

person

frightened. [Latin cauda

cowardice

who is easily

tail]

/'kauadis/

lack

n.

of

bravery.

cowardly

of or like a coward; lacking courage. 2 (of an action) done against one who cannot retaliate.

cowbell

adj.

1

worn round a cow's

bell

n.

neck.

cowboy n. tends

cowgirl) person who the western US. 2 unscrupulous or incompetent 1 (fern,

cattle, esp. in

colloq.

person in business. v. crouch or shrink back in fear

cower

or distress. [Low German] person who tends cattle, 1 cow's hide. 2 leather or

cowherd n. cowhide n.

whip made from this, n. 1 monk's cloak. 2 hood-shaped covering of a chimney or ventilating

cowl

shaft. [Latin cucullus]

cow-lick

n.

projecting lock of hair,

cowling n. removable cover of a vehicle or aircraft engine.

co-worker /kau'w3:ka(r)/ who works with another. cow-parsley n. hedgerow

n.

person

plant with

umbels of flowers. cow-pat n. flat round piece of cow-dung. cowpox n. disease of cows, whose virus was formerly used in smallpox vaccinalacelike

tion.

bed]

certificate of

insurance.

covey

coypu

194

measures to protect foil, by for) stand in

cowrie

/'kauri/ n.

with a bright

1

tropical mollusc

shell. 2 its shell as

in parts of Africa

and

S.

money

Asia. [Urdu

and

Hindi]

co-write

/kau'rait/

another person.

with

write

v.

co-writer

n.

cowslip /'kauslip/ n. primula with small yellow flowers, [obsolete slyppe dung] esp. of a racing-boat.

cox -n. coxswain, -v. act as cox

(of),

[abbreviation] ostentatiously

coxcomb /'kDkskaum/ n. conceited man. -ies).

coxcombry

n.

(pi.

person

who

[= cock's comb]

coxswain /'koks(a)n/ -n.

1

steers, esp. a rowing-boat. 2 senior petty a small ship. -v. act as cox-

officer in

[cock ship's boat, swain] affectedly shy. 2 irritatingly coyly adv. coyness n. [French: related to quiet]

swain

(of),

coy

adj. reticent.

1

coyote /kai'auti/ n. (pi. same or -s) N. American wolflike wild dog. [Mexican Spanish]

coypu

/'koipu:progress towards a cli& adj. increasing in loudness. [Italian: related to crescent]

max, -adv.

cozen cozen

/'kAz(9)n/ v. literary 1 cheat, defraud. 2 beguile. 3 act deceitfully. cozenage n. [cant] cozy US var. of cosy.

c.p. abbr. candlepower. Cpl. abbr. Corporal. cps abbr. (also c.p.s.) 1 Computing characters per second. 2 Set cycles per second. abbr. Computing central processing unit.

CPU

Cr symb. chromium. crab

1

n. 1 a ten-footed crustacean, with the first pair of legs as pincers, b crab as food. 2 (Crab) sign or constellation Cancer. 3 (in full crab-louse) (often in pi.) parasitic louse transmitted sexually to esp. pubic hair. 4 machine for hoistcatch a crab ing heavy weights. Rowing jam an oar or miss the water. crablike adj. [Old English]

crab 2 n.

1

(in full

crab-apple) small sour

apple. 2 (in full crab tree or crab-apple tree) tree (esp. uncultivated) bearing this. 3 sour person, [origin unknown]

crab 3

(-bb-)

v.

colloq.

1

criticize;

[Low German krabben] crabbed /'kraebid/ adj. 1 = crabby. 2 grumble. 2

spoil.

handwriting) ill-formed; [from crab 2 ]

(of

crabby

illegible,

morcrabbily adv. crabbiness n. crab wise adv. & attrib.adj. sideways or backwards. crack -n. 1 a sharp explosive noise, b sudden harshness or change in vocal pitch. 2 sharp blow. 3 a narrow opening; break or split, b chink. 4 colloq. joke or malicious remark. 5 colloq. attempt. 6 slang crystalline form of cocaine broken into small pieces, -v. 1 break adj. (-ier, -iest) irritable,

ose.

without separating the parts. 2 make or cause to make a sharp explosive sound. 3 break with a sharp sound. 4 give way or cause to give way (under torture etc.). 5 (of the voice) change pitch sharply; break. 6 colloq. find the solution to. 7 tell (a joke etc.). 8 colloq. hit sharply. 9 (as cracked adj.) crazy. 10 break (wheat) into coarse pieces, -attrib. adj. colloq. excellent; first-rate (crack shot). crack a bottle open a bottle, esp. of '

wine, and drink it. crack down on take severe measures against,

colloq.

crack of

dawn

colloq. 1 collapse

i

cramp

195

daybreak, crack

under

up

strain. 2 praise,

get cracking colloq. begin promptly and vigorously. [Old English]

crack-brained

crack-down n.

adj. crazy. colloq.

severe measures

(esp. against law-breakers).

cracker

n.

1

paper cylinder pulled

apart, esp. at Christmas, with a sharp noise and releasing a hat, joke, etc. 2

loud firework. 3 (usu. in pi.) instrument for cracking. 4 thin dry savoury biscuit. 5 slang attractive or admirable person. 6 US biscuit. crackers predic. cracking slang

adj.

and

(attrib.) fast

slang crazy.

-adj.

1 excellent. 2 exciting, -adv. out-

standingly.

crackle

/'kraek(a)l/

-v.

(-ling)

make

repeated slight cracking sound (radio crackled; fire was crackling). -n. such a sound. crackly adj. [from crack] crackling /'kraeklin/ n. crisp skin of roast pork.

cracknel cuit.

/'kra?kn(a)l/ n. light crisp bis[Dutch: related to crack] -n. eccentric person.

crackpot slang

-adj. mad, unworkable.

crack-up

n. colloq. mental breakdown. -cracy comb, form denoting a particular form of government etc. (bureaucracy).

[Latin -cratia]

-n.1a baby's bed or on rockers, b place in which something begins, esp. civilization

cradle

/'kreid(a)l/

cot, esp.

(cradle of democracy). 2 supporting framework or structure, -v. (-ling) 1 contain or shelter as in a cradle. 2 place in a cradle. [Old English] cradle-snatcher n. slang admirer or lover of a much younger person.

cradle-song craft

n.

lullaby. 1 special skill or tech-

-n.

/kra:ft/

nique. 2 occupation needing this. 3 (pi. craft) a boat or vessel, b aircraft or spacecraft. 4 cunning or deceit, -v. make in a skilful way. [Old English]

craftsman

n.

(fern,

skilled worker. 2

crafty

craftswoman)

person

1

who practises a

craftsmanship

craft.

n.

cunning, artful, craftily adv. craftiness n. steep or rugged rock. [Celtic]

adj. (-ier, -iest)

wily.

crag n. craggy

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

(of

facial

features, landscape, etc.) rugged; roughcragginess n. textured, crake n. bird of the rail family, esp. the corncrake. [Old Norse, imitative of cry] cram v. (-mm-) 1 a fill to bursting; stuff, b (foil, by in, into; also absol.) force (a thing) in or into. 2 prepare intensively for an examination. 3 (often foil, by with) feed to excess. [Old English] n. person or institution that

crammer

crams pupils

for examinations.

cramp

-n. 1 painful involuntary muscular contraction. 2 (also cramp-iron)

metal bar with bent ends for holding etc. together, -v. 1 affect with cramp. 2 (often foil, by up) confine narrowly. 3 restrict. 4 fasten with a cramp a person's style precramp, vent a person from acting freely or naturally. [Low German or Dutch]

masonry

cramped 1

(of a space) too small. 2

(of handwriting) small letters close together.

and with the

crampon /'kraempan/ n. (f/Scrampoon /-'pu:n/) (usu. in pi.) spiked iron plate fixed to a boot for climbing on ice. [French: related to cramp] cranberry /'kraenbari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 shrub with small red acid berries. 2 this berry used in cookery. [German Kranbeere crane-berry] crane —n. 1 machine with a long projecting arm for moving heavy objects. 2 tall

wading bird with long

legs, neck,

and

-v. (-ning) (also absol.) stretch out (one's neck) in order to see something. bill.

or -nia) 1 skull. 2 part of the skeleton enclosing the brain. cranial adj. craniology /-'Dlad3i/ n. [medieval Latin from Greek] crank -n. 1 part of an axle or shaft bent at right angles for converting reciprocal into circular motion or vice versa. 2 eccentric person, -v. cause to move by means of a crank. crank up start (a car engine) with a crank. [Old English] crankcase n. case enclosing a crank(pi. -s

shaft.

crankpin n.

pin by which a connectingrod is attached to a crank. crankshaft n. shaft driven by a crank. (-ier, -iest) 1 colloq. eccent-

working badly; shaky. 3 esp. US crankily adv. crankicrotchety. ness n. ric.

2

cranny /'kraeni/ n.

chink, crevice. crannied adj. [French] crap coarse slang -n. 1 (often as int. or attrib.) nonsense, rubbish. 2 faeces, —v. (-pp-) defecate. -iest).

crape

(pi. -ies)

crappy

adj.

(-ier,

[Dutch] n.

crepe, usu. of black silk, for-

merly used for mourning, [from crepe] n.pl. (also crap game) US gambling dice game, [origin uncertain]

craps

crapulent

ative]

crash 2

coarse plain fabric of linen,

n.

cotton, etc. [Russian]

crash barrier centre of a road

n.

barrier at the side or

etc.

crash-dive - v.

1 a (of a submarine or dive hastily in an emergency, b (of an aircraft or airman) dive and crash. 2 cause to crash-dive. -n. such a

its pilot)

crash-helmet

/'kraepjulant/ adj. suffering

n.

helmet worn esp. by

cyclists.

crashing

wild geranium.

cranium /'kremiam/ n.

cranky adj.

or system. 5 (attrib.) done rapidly or urgently (crash course in first aid), -adv. with a crash (go crash), [imit-

motor

also called daddy-long-legs. n.

floor etc. -n. 1 loud and sudden smashing noise. 2 violent collision or fall, esp. of a vehicle. 3 ruin, esp. financial. 4 Computing sudden failure of a machine

dive.

[Old English]

crane-fly n. two-winged long-legged fly:

cranesbill

crawl

196

cramped adj.

adj.

colloq.

overwhelming

(crashing bore). crash-land v. land or cause (an aircraft etc.) to land hurriedly with a crash.

crash landing n. crass adj. gross; grossly crassly adv. crassness n.

stupid. [Latin cras-

sus thick]

-crat comb, form member or supporter of a type of government etc.

crate -n.

1

slatted

wooden case

etc. for

conveying esp. fragile goods. 2 slang old aircraft or other vehicle, -v. (-ting) pack in a crate, [perhaps from Dutch] 1 mouth of a volcano. 2 bowlshaped cavity, esp. that made by a shell

crater -n.

or bomb. 3 hollow on the surface of a planet or moon, caused by impact, -v. form a crater in. [Greek, = mixing-

bowl] -cratic comb, form (also -cratical) denoting a type of government etc. -cratically comb, form (autocratic). forming adverbs, [forming adverbs] /kra'vaet/ n. man's scarf worn inside an open-necked shirt. [SerboCroatian, = Croat] crave v. (-ving) (often foil, by for) long or beg for. [Old English]

cravat

craven abject,

adj.

/'kreiv(a)n/

[probably

French

cowardly, cravante

defeated]

craputhe effects of drunkenness. lence n. crapulous adj. [Latin crapula inebriation] crash 1 -v. 1 (cause to) make a loud

craving

smashing noise. 2 throw, drive, move, or fall with a loud smash. 3 (often foil, by into) collide or fall, or cause (a vehicle etc.) to collide or fall, violently; overturn at high speed. 4 collapse financially. 5 colloq. gatecrash. 6 Computing (of a machine or system) fail suddenly. 7 colloq. pass (a red traffic-light etc.). 8 (often foil, by out) slang sleep, esp. on a

crawfish

n. strong desire or longing, stick crop of a bird or insect. in one's craw be unacceptable. [Low German or Dutch]

craw n.

/'krD:fiJ7 n.

(pi.

same) large

[var. of crayfish] crawl -v. 1 move slowly, esp. on hands body close to the with the and knees or

marine spiny lobster,

etc. 2 walk or move slowly. 3 behave obsequiously. 4 (often by with) be or appear to be covered

ground colloq. foil,

or filled with crawling or moving things or people. 5 (esp. of the skin) creep, -n. 1

crayfish

unknown] crayfish /'kreifij/ [origin

n. (pi. same) 1 small freshwater crustacean. 2 crawfish. [French crevice] crayon /'kreian/ -n. stick or pencil of coloured chalk, wax, etc. -v. draw with crayons. [French craie chalk]

lobster-like

craze -v.

1 (usu. as crazed adj.) (crazed with grief). 2 pro-

(-zing)

make insane duce

on (pottery glaze etc.); develop such cracks, -n. 1 usu. temporary enthusiasm (craze for skateboarding). 2 object of this, [perfine surface cracks

haps from Old Norse]

crazy adj. mad;

credit

197

crawling. 2 slow rate of movement. 3 high-speed overarm swimming stroke,

insane or by about)

(-ier, -iest) 1 colloq.

2 (usu.

foolish.

foil,

create

/krii'eit/

ativeness n. creativity /- tiviti/ n. creative accounting n. exploitation of loopholes in financial legislation to gain maximum advantage or present figures in a misleadingly favourable light.

creator

ness

creature

n.

creak -n. harsh scraping or squeaking sound, -u. 1 make a creak. 2 a move stiffly or with a creaking noise, b be poorly constructed (plot creaks), [imit-

ative]

creaky adj. 2a

(-ier, -iest) 1 liable to

stiff or frail,

creakiness

creak.

b decrepit, outmoded.

n.

cream

-n. 1 fatty part of milk. 2 its yellowish-white colour. 3 creamlike cosmetic etc. 4 food or drink like or containing cream. 5 (usu. prec. by the) best part of something, -u. 1 take cream from (milk). 2 make creamy. 3 treat (the skin etc.) with cosmetic cream. 4 form a cream or scum. -adj. pale yellowish white. cream off take (esp. the best part) from a whole. [Latin cramum and Church Latin chrisma oil for anointing] cream cheese n. soft rich cheese made from cream and unskimmed milk. creamer n. 1 cream-substitute for adding to coffee. 2 jug for cream. creamery n. (pi. -ies) 1 factory producing butter and cheese. 2 dairy.

cream of tartar

n.

purified tartar,

used in medicine, baking powder, etc. n. carbonated vanilla-

cream soda

flavoured soft drink. afternoon tea with scones, jam, and cream.

cream tea n.

creamy adj. rich

in

(-ier, -iest) 1 like

cream.

creaminess crease -n. 1

cream. 2

creamily

adv.

n.

line

caused by folding or

crushing. 2 Cricket line marking the position of a bowler or batsman, -v. (-sing) 1 make creases in. 2 develop creases. 3 slang (often foil, by up) make or become incapable through laughter, [from crest]

(-ting) 1 bring into 2 originate (actor

existence; cause. creates a part). 3 invest with rank (created him a lord). 4 slang make a fuss. [Latin creo] creation /kri:'eiJXa)n/ n. 1 creating or being created. 2 a (usu. the Creation) God's creating of the universe, b (usu. Creation) all created things, the universe. 3 product of the imagination, art, fashion, etc. creative adj. 1 inventive, imaginative. 2 able to create. creatively adv. cre-

extremely enthusiastic. 3 (attrib.) (of paving etc.) made up of irregular pieces. crazily adv. crazicolloq.

v.

n. 1 person the Creator) God.

who

creates. 2 (as

.

1 any living being, esp. an animal. 2 person of a specified kind (poor creature). 3 subservient person. creaturely adj. [French from Latin: related to create] creature comforts n.pl. good food,

warmth,

/'kri:tj9(r)/

n.

etc.

creche /kreJV n. day nursery. [French] credence /'kri:d(9)ns/ n. belief. give credence to

believe, [medieval Latin: related to credo] credential /kn'denJX8)l/ n. (usu. in pi.) 1 certificates, references, etc., attesting to a person's education, character, etc. 2 [medieval letter(s) of introduction, Latin: related to credence]

credibility

/.kredi'biliti/

n.

1

being

credible. 2 reputation, status,

credibility gap n. apparent difference between what is said and what is true,

credible /'kredib(a)l/ adj. believable or worthy of belief. [Latin: related to credo]

Usage Credible is sometimes confused with credulous. credit

/'kredit/ -n. 1

source of honour,

a credit to the school). 2 acknowledgement of merit. 3 good repupride, etc. (is

tation. 4 belief or trust. 5 a person's financial standing, esp. as regards money in the bank etc. b power to obtain goods etc. before payment. 6 (usu. in pi. ) acknowledgement of a contributor's services to a film etc. 7 grade above pass in an examination. 8 reputation for solvency and honesty in business. 9 a entry in an account of a sum paid into it. b sum entered, c side of an account recording such entries. 10 educational course counting towards a degree, -v. (-t-) 1 believe (cannot credit it). 2 (usu. foil, by to, with) enter on the credit side

creditable

crescendo

198

of an account, credit a person with ascribe (a good quality) to a person, do credit to (or do a person credit) enhance the reputation of. on credit with an arrangement to pay later, to one's credit in one's favour. [Italian or Latin: related to credo] creditable adj. bringing credit or creditably adv. honour, credit card n. plastic card from a bank etc. authorizing the purchase of goods

creepy-crawly

on credit. credit note n. note with a specific monetary value given by a shop etc. for

creme brulee

goods returned. n. person to whom a debt owing. [Latin: related to credit]

creditor

credit rating suitability for

n.

estimate of a person's

commercial

creditworthy

is

credit.

considered suitable to receive commercial credit. credit-

worthiness n. credo 'kri:dau. [Latin.

=

I

credulous

adj.

'krei-

n.

believe] 'kredjulas

n.

-s)

creed.

too ready

credulously adv.

[Latin:

related to credo]

Usage

Credulous

is

sometimes con-

fused with credible.

creed

n. 1

set of principles or beliefs. 2

system of religious belief. 3 (often the creed) formal summary of Christian doctrine. [Latin: related to credo] creek n. 1 a inlet on a sea-coast, b short arm of a river. 2 esp. US, Austral.. & tributary of a river: stream, z up the creek slang 1 in difficulties. 2 crazy. [Old Norse and Dutch] creel n. fisherman's large wicker basket, [origin unknown] creep —v. (pasr and past part, crept) 1 move with the body prone and close to the ground. 2 move stealthily or timidly. 3 advance very gradually (a feeling crept over her). 4 colloq. act obsequiously in the hope of advancement. 5 (of a plant) grow along the ground or up a wall etc. 6 (as creeping adj.) developing

NZ

slowly and steadily. 7 (of flesh) shiver or shudder from fear, horror, etc. -n. 1 act or spell of creeping. 2 (in pL\ prec. by the) colloq. feeling of revulsion or fear. 3 slang unpleasant person. 4 (of metals etc.) gradual change of shape under stress. [Old English] creepers. 1 climbing or creeping plant. 2 bird that climbs, esp. the treecreeper. 3 slang soft-soled shoe. creepy adj. (-ier. -iest) colloq. feeling or creepily adv. causing horror or fear,

creepiness

n.

n.

small crawling insect

cremate kn'meit

burn

(-ting)

v.

{pi.

etc.

(a

etc.) to ashes. cremation n. [Latin cremo burn] crematorium ,krema'to:riam n. (pi. -ria or -s) place where corpses are cre-

corpse

mated.

creme krem/

n.

= cream

1

n.

4.

2

liqueur (creme de cassis). [French, =

cream] bru:'lei

baked cream

n.

or custard pudding coated with caramel. creme caramel n. custard coated with caramel. creme de cassis da kse'si:s n. black-

currant liqueur.

creme de la creme

da

la:

'krem

n.

best

part: elite.

creme de menthe peppermint crenellate

da mat, 'mont

liqueur. 'krenaleit/

n.

(US cren-

v.

elate) (-ting) provide (a tower etc.) with adj.

credulity /kn

to believe; gullible. 'dju:liti

(pi.

-ies) colloq.

,kri:pi'kro:li,

crenellation -'leij(a)n [French crenel embrasure] 'kri:aul -n. 1 a descendant of

battlements. n.

Creole

European

settlers in the W. Indies or Central or S. America, b White descendant of French settlers in the southern US. c person of mixed European and

Black descent. 2 language formed from a European language and another (esp. African) language, -adj. 1 of Creoles. 2 (usu. Creole) of Creole origin etc. (Creole cooking). [French from Spanish] creosote 'kri:a,saut -n. 1 dark-brown oil distilled from coal tar, used as a wood-preservative. 2 oily fluid distilled

from wood tar. used as an antiseptic, —v. (-ting) treat with creosote. [Greek kreas flesh, soter preserver, because of its

antiseptic properties]

crepe

n. 1 fine gauzy wrinkled pancake with a savoury or 3 hard-wearing wrinkled sheet rubber used for the soles of shoes etc. crepey adj. crepy adj. [Latin:

kreip

fabric. 2 thin

sweet

filling.

related to crisp]

crepe de Chine da

'Ji:n

n.

fine silk

crepe.

crepe paper n. crepe Suzette

thin crinkled paper, small dessert pancake flamed in alcohol, crept past and past part, of creep. crepuscular kri'pAskjola(r) adj. 1 a of su:'zet n.

twilight, b dim. 2 Zool. appearing or active in twilight. [Latin crepusculum

twilight]

Cres. abbr. Crescent, cresc. abbr. (also cres.) Mus. = crescendo.

crescendo

kri'Jendao

-n.

(pi.

-s)

1

Mus. gradual increase in loudness. 2

crescent progress towards a climax, —adv. & adj. increasing in loudness. [Italian: related to crescent]

Usage Crescendo is sometimes wrongly used to mean the climax itself rather than progress towards it. crescent /'krez(9)nt/-rc. 1 curved sickle shape as of the waxing or waning moon. 2 thing of this shape, esp. a street forming an arc. -adj. crescent-shaped. [Latin cresco grow]

cress n. any of various plants with pungent edible leaves. [Old English] crest -n. 1 a comb or tuft etc. on a bird's or animal's head, b plume etc. on a top of a mountain, wave, Heraldry a device above a coat of arms, b such a device on writingpaper etc. -v. 1 reach the crest of. 2 provide with a crest or serve as a crest crested to. 3 (of a wave) form a crest.

helmet

etc. 2

roof, etc. 3

adj. [Latin crista] adj. dejected, dispirited.

crestfallen

cretaceous /kri'teijas/ -adj.

1 of or like chalk. 2 (Cretaceous) Geol. of the last period of the Mesozoic era, with deposits of chalk, -n. (Cretaceous) Geol. this era or system. [Latin creta chalk]

cretin

deformed and men-

/'kretin/ n. 1

retarded person, esp. as the result of thyroid, deficiency. 2 colloq. stupid cretinism n. cretinous adj. person. [French cretin: related to Christian] tally

cretonne

/kre'ton/

n.

(often

heavy cotton upholstery with a

crinoline

199

attrib.) fabric, usu.

floral pattern. [Creton in

Nor-

mandy] crevasse

/kra'vaes/ n. deep open crack, esp. in a glacier. [Latin crepo crack] crevice /'krevis/ n. narrow opening or fissure, esp. in rock etc. [French: related to crevasse] crew 1 /kru:/ -n. (often treated as pl.)1 a people manning a ship, aircraft, train, etc. b these as distinct from the captain

or officers, c people working together; team. 2 colloq. gang. -v. 1 supply or act as a crew or crew member for. 2 act as a crew. [Latin cresco increase] crew 2 past of crow 2 crew cut n. close-cropped hairstyle. crewel /'kru:al/ n. thin worsted yarn for [origin tapestry and embroidery, .

cribbage. -v. (-bb-) (also absol.) 1 colloq. copy unfairly. 2 confine in a small space. 3 colloq. pilfer. [Old English] cribbage /'knbid3/ n. card-game for up to four players, [origin unknown] crick -n. sudden painful stiffness, esp. in the neck. -v. cause this in. [origin

unknown] cricket /'knkit/ n. team game played on a grass pitch, with bowling at a wicket defended by a batting player of the other team, z not cricket colloq. 1

unfair behaviour. igin uncertain]

cricket

cricketer

n.

[or-

2

/'knkit/ n. grasshopper-like chirping insect. [French, imitative]

de cceur /,kri: da 'k3:(r)/ n. (pi. cris de coeur pronunc. same) passionate appeal, protest, etc. [French, = cry from

cri

the heart]

cried past and past part, of cry. crier /'krai9(r)/ n. (also cryer) 1 person who cries. 2 official making public announcements in a lawcourt or street, [related to cry]

crikey

/'kraiki/ int. slang expression of astonishment, [from Christ] crime n.1a offence punishable by law. b illegal acts (resorted to crime). 2 evil act (crime against humanity). 3 colloq. shameful act. [Latin crimen) criminal /'knmm(a)l/-n. person guilty of a crime, -adj. 1 of, involving, or concerning crime. 2 guilty of crime. 3 Law of or concerning criminal offences (criminal code; criminal lawyer). 4 colcriminloq. scandalous, deplorable, ality /-'naeliti/ n. criminally adv. [Latin: related to crime]

criminology

/,knmi'nDlad3i/

study of crime.

crimp - v.

3

n.

criminologist

the

n.

press into small folds; corin (hair), -n. crimped thing or form. [Low German or rugate. 2

1

make waves

Dutch]

Crimplene

/'knmpli:n/

n.

propr. syn-

thetic crease-resistant fabric. crimson /'krimz(a)n/ -adj. of a rich deep red. -n. this colour, [ultimately

from Arabic: related to kermes] v. (ging) 1 shrink in fear; cower. 2 (often foil, by to) behave obsequiously, [related to crank]

cringe /knnd3/

design in crewel, round close-fitting neck-

/'knnk(9)l/ -n. wrinkle or crease, -v. (-ling) form crinkles (in). crinkly adj. [related to cringe] crinkle-cut adj. (of vegetables) with

crib -n. 1 a baby's small bed or cot. b model of the Nativity with a manger. 2 rack for animal fodder. 3 colloq. a translation of a text used by students, b

crinoline /'krinahn/ n. 1 hist, stiffened or hooped petticoat. 2 stiff fabric of

unknown] crewel- work

crew neck

n.

crinkle n.

line.

plagiarized work etc. 4 colloq. a cribbage. b set of cards given to the dealer at

wavy

edges.

horsehair etc. used for linings, hats, etc. [French from Latin crinis hair, linum thread]

cripple

seriously (crippled by strikes). [Old English] crisis /'kraisis/ n. (pi. crises /-si:z/) 1 time of danger or great difficulty. 2 decisive moment; turning-point. [Greek, - decision] crisp -ac(/. 1 hard but brittle. 2 a (of air) bracing, b (of style or manner) lively, brisk and decisive, c (of features etc.) neat, clear-cut. d (of paper) stiff and crackling, e (of hair) closely curling, —n. (in full potato crisp) potato sliced thinly, fried, and sold in packets, -v. crisply adv. make or become crisp. crispness n. [Latin crispus curled] crispbread n. 1 thin crisp biscuit of crushed rye etc. 2 these collectively (packet of crispbread). crispy adj. (-ier, -iest) crisp. crispi-

ness n. criss-cross —n. pattern of crossing lines,

-adj.

crooked

200

cripple / knp(a)l/ -n. permanently lame person, -v. (-ling) 1 make a cripple of; lame. 2 disable, weaken, or damage

crossing; in cross lines.

-adv. crosswise; at cross purposes, -v. 1 a intersect repeatedly, b move crosswise. 2 mark or make with a criss-cross

/kn'ti:k/ n. critical analysis. [French: related to critic]

croak

-n. deep hoarse sound, esp. of a frog. -v. 1 utter or speak with a croak. 2 die. [imitative] croaky adj. (-ier, -iest) croaking;

slang

hoarse.

croakily adv. croakiness

n.

Croat

/'krauaet/ (also Croatian /krau'eij(a)n/) -n.1a native of Croatia in SE Europe, b person of Croatian descent. 2 Slavonic dialect of the Croats.

-adj. of the Croats or their dialect. [Serbo-Croatian Hrvat] /'kraujei/ -n. needlework in which yarn is hooked to make a lacy patterned fabric, -v. (crocheted /-Jeid/;

crochet

crocheting

/-Jenn/) (also absol.)

make

using crochet. [French: related to crotchet] crock 1 n. colloq. old or worn-out person or vehicle, [originally Scots] crock 2 n. 1 earthenware pot or jar. 2

broken piece of this. [Old English] n. earthenware or china dishes, plates, etc. [related to crock 2 ] crocodile /'kmka.dail/ n.1a large tropical amphibious reptile with thick scaly skin, a long tail, and long jaws, b (often

crockery

attrib.) its skin. 2 colloq. line of school-

pattern. [Christ's cross]

criterion /krai'tiarian/ n.

critique

(pi.

-ria) prin-

ciple or standard of judgement. [Greek,

= means of judging]

children etc. walking in pairs. [Greek krokodilos] n.pl. insincere grief. crocus /'kraukas/ n. (pi. -cuses) small plant with white, yellow, or purple flowers, growing from a corm. [Latin

crocodile tears

Usage The

plural form of criterion, used incorrectly as the singular. In the singular criterion should always be used.

criteria, is often

critic /'kntik/ n. 1 person who criticizes. 2 person who reviews literary, artistic, etc. works. [Latin criticus from Greek krites judge] critical adj. 1 a fault-finding, censorious, b expressing or involving criticism. 2 skilful at or engaged in criticism. 3 providing textual criticism (critical edition of Milton). 4 a of or at a crisis; dangerous, risky (in a critical condition), b decisive, crucial (at the critical moment). 5 a Math. & Physics marking a transition from one state etc. to another (critical angle), b (of a nuclear reactor) maintaining a self-sustaining critically adv. critchain reaction.

from Greek]

Croesus

/'kri:sas/ n. person of great wealth, [name of a king of ancient Lydia] croft -n. 1 enclosed piece of (usu. arable) land. 2 small rented farm in Scotland or N. England, -v. farm a croft; live as a crofter. [Old English] crofter n. person who farms a croft. Crohn's disease /kraunz/ n. chronic inflammatory disease of the alimentary tract. [E. Crohn, name of a US pathologist]

croissant /'krwAsd/ breakfast cent]

roll.

n. crescent-shaped [French: related to cres-

cromlech

/'kromlek/ n. 1 dolmen. 2 prehistoric stone circle. [Welsh] n. withered old woman. [Dutch croonje carcass]

icalness n. critical path n. sequence of stages determining the minimum time needed

crone

an operation. criticism /'kriti,siz(a)m/

panion. [Greek khronios long-lasting] crook /kruk/ -n. 1 hooked staff of a shepherd or bishop. 2 a bend, curve, or hook, b hooked or curved thing. 3 colloq. rogue; swindler; criminal, -v. bend, curve. [Old Norse] crooked /'krukid/ adj. (-er, -est) 1 not straight or level; bent. 2 colloq. not

for

finding; censure, b critical

a work of a

critic,

n.

1

a fault-

remark etc. 2

b analytical

article,

essay, etc.

criticize /'knti.saiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) (also absol.) 1 find fault with; censure. 2 discuss critically.

crony

/'krauni/ n.

(pi. -ies)

friend,

com-

croon

[

i

lish]

crop circle

n. circle

of crops that has

been inexplicably flattened. crop-eared adj. with the ears

(esp. of

animals) or hair cut short. n. crop-producing plant of a

cropper

come a cropper specified quality. fall heavily; fail badly. croquet /'kraukei/ -n. 1 lawn game in which wooden balls are driven through hoops with mallets. 2 act of croqueting a ball. -v. (croqueted /-keid/; croqueting /-kenn/) drive away (an opponent's ball) by placing and then striking one's own against it. [perhaps a dial, form of French crochet hook] croquette /kra'ket/ n. ball of breaded and fried mashed potato etc. [French slang

croquer crunch]

crosier bishop's

/'krauzia(r)/ n.

(also crozier)

hooked staff. cross-bearer and cros-

ceremonial

[French croisier

sier crook-bearer] —/I. 1 upright post with a transverse bar, as used in antiquity for crucifixion. 2 a (the Cross) cross on which Christ was crucified, b representation of this as an emblem of Christianity, c = sign of the cross. 3 staff surmounted by a cross, carried in a religious procession. 4 thing or mark like a cross, esp. two short intersecting lines ( + or x). 5 cross-shaped military etc. decoration. 6 a hybrid, b crossing of breeds etc. 7 (foil, by between) mixture of two things. 8 crosswise movement, pass in football, etc. 9 trial or affliction, -v. 1 (often foil, by over) go across. 2 intersect; (cause to) be across (roads cross; cross one's legs). 3 a draw line(s) across, b mark (a cheque) with two parallel lines to indicate that it cannot be cashed. 4 (foil, by off, out, through) cancel etc. by drawing lines across. 5 (often refl.) make the sign of the cross on or over. 6 a pass in opposite or different directions, b (of letters etc.) be sent at the same time, c (of telephone lines) be connected to an

cross

cross-grain

201

straightforward; dishonest, criminal. crookedly adv. crookedness n. croon -v. sing, hum, or say in a low sentimental voice, —n. such singing etc. crooner n. [Low German or Dutch] crop -n. 1 a produce of cultivated plants, esp. cereals, b season's yield. 2 group, yield, etc., of one time or place (a new crop of students). 3 handle of a whip. 4 a very short haircut, b cropping of hair. 5 pouch in a bird's gullet where food is prepared for digestion, -v. (-pp-) 1 a cut off. b bite off. 2 cut (hair etc.) short. 3 (foil, by with) sow or plant (land) with a crop. 4 (of land) bear a crop. crop up occur unexpectedly. [Old Eng-

unwanted conversation.

7 a cause to interbreed, b cross-fertilize (plants). 8 oppose or thwart (crossed in love), -adj. 1 (often foil, by with) peevish, angry. 2 (usu. attrib.) transverse; reaching from side to side. 3 (usu. attrib.) intersecting. 4 (usu. attrib.) contrary, opposed, reciprocal. at cross purposes misunderstanding; conflicting, cross one's

fingers (or keep one's fingers crossed) 1 put one finger across another to

ward off bad luck. 2 trust in good luck,

make a solemn by crossing one's front,

cross one's heart pledge, esp.

cross one's mind occur to one, esp. transiently, cross swords (often foil, by with) argue or dispute, cross wires (or get one's wires crossed) 1 become wrongly connected by telephone. 2 have a misunderstanding, on the cross diagcrossly adv. crossness n. onally. [Latin crux]

crossbar n.

horizontal bar, esp. that on

a man's bicycle.

cross-bench

n.

seat in the

Lords for non-party members.

-bencher

House of cross-

n.

crossbill n. finch with a bill with crossed mandibles for opening pine cones.

crossbones see skull and crossbones. crossbow n. bow fixed on a wooden stock, with a groove for an arrow. 1 hybrid breed of animals or plants. 2 individual hybrid, -v.

cross-breed -n.

produce by crossing. -v. check by alternative method(s). -n. such a check.

cross-check

-adj. & adv. 1 across open country. 2 not keeping to main roads, -n. (pi. -ies) cross-country race. cross-cut -adj. cut across the main grain, -n. diagonal cut, path, etc. cross-cut saw n. saw for cross-cutting. cross-dressing n. practice of dressing in the clothes of the opposite sex

cross-country

cross-dress

crosse

v.

lacrosse stick. [French] cross-examine v. question (esp. an opposing witness in a lawcourt). n.

cross-examination n. cross-eyed /'kmsaid/ adj. having one or both eyes turned inwards, cross-fertilize v. (also -ise) 1 fertilize (an animal or plant) from one of a different species. 2 interchange ideas cross-fertilization n. etc. crossfire n. 1 firing in two crossing directions simultaneously. 2 a attack or criticism from all sides, b combative exchange of views etc. cross-grain n. grain in timber, running across the regular gr ain.

cross-grained cross-grained

adj.

having a cross-

grain. 2 perverse, intractable.

cross-hatch v, shade with crossing parplace where things (esp. roads) cross. 2 place for crossing a street etc. 3 journey across water. cross-legged /kms'legd/ adj. (sitting) with legs folded one across the other. crossover -rc. 1 point or place of crossing. 2 process of crossing over, esp. from one style or genre to another, -attrib. adj. that crosses over, esp. from one style or genre to another. n. 1

crosspatch

n.

bad-tempered

collog.

person.

crosspiece n. transverse beam etc. cross-ply adj. (of a tyre) having fabric layers with crosswise cords, v. = cross-examine. cross-refer v. (-rr-) refer from one part of a book etc. to another, cross-reference -n. reference from one part of a book etc. to another, -v.

cross-question

provide with cross-references,

crossroad n. (usu. in pi.) intersection of two or more roads. at the crossroads at the critical point.

cross-section solid,

n.1aa

cutting across a

b plane surface so produced, c

drawing

etc.

of this. 2 representative

cross-sectional adj. cross-stitch n. cross-shaped stitch. sample.

crosstalk n. 1 unwanted signals between communication channels. 2 witty repartee. adv. = crosswise.

crossways crosswind

n.

wind blowing across

one's path etc.

crosswise adj. & adv.

1 in the form of a cross; intersecting. 2 diagonal or diagonally. crossword n. (also crossword puzzle) printed grid of squares and blanks for vertical and horizontal words to be filled in from clues. crotch n. fork, esp. between legs (of a person, trousers, etc.). [related to

crook]

crotchet

/'krntjit/ n. Mus. note equal to a quarter of a semibreve and usu. one

beat. [French diminutive of croc, related to crook]

crotchety

adj. peevish, irritable.

crouch

-v. lower the body with limbs close to the chest; be in this position. -n. crouching; crouching position. [Old Norse: related to crook] croup /kru:p/ n. childhood inflammation of the larynx etc., with a hard 1

cough, [imitative]

croup 2

croupier

n. person running a gaming-table, raking in and paying out money etc. [French: related to

/'kru:pia(r)/

CROUP 2 ]

allel lines.

crossing

Crown prince

202 1

/kru:p/ n.

rump,

esp. of a horse.

[French: related to crop]

crouton /'kru:tmi/ n.

small cube of fried or toasted bread served with soup etc. [French: related to crust] crow 1 /krau/ n. 1 large black bird with a powerful black beak. 2 similar bird, e.g. the raven, rook, and jackdaw. as the crow flies in a straight line. [Old English]

crow 2 /krau/ -v.

1

(past

/kru:/) (of a cock) utter

baby) utter over) gloat;

crowed or crew a loud cry. 2 (of a

happy cries. 3 (usu. foil, by show glee. -n. cry of a cock

or baby. [Old English] n. iron bar with a flattened end, used as a lever. crowd -n. 1 large gathering of people. 2 spectators; audience. 3 collog. particular set of people. 4 (prec. by the) majority, -y. 1 a (cause to) come together in a crowd, b force one's way (crowded into the cinema). 2 a (foil, by into) force or compress into a confined space, b (often foil, by with; usu. in passive) fill or make full of. 3 colloq. come aggressively close

crowbar

crowd out exclude by crowding. crowdedness n. [Old English]

to.

crown

-n.

1

monarch's jewelled head-

dress. 2 (the Crown) a monarch as head of State, b power or authority of the monarchy. 3 a wreath for the head as an emblem of victory, b award or distinction, esp. in sport. 4 crown-shaped ornament etc. 5 top part of the head, a hat,

6 a highest or central part (crown of the road), b thing that completes or forms a summit. 7 a part of a tooth visible outside the gum. b artificial replacement for this. 8 former British coin worth five shillings, -v. 1 put a crown on (a person or head). 2 invest with a royal crown or authority. 3 be a crown to; rest on top of. 4 a (often as crowning adj.) (cause to) be the reward, summit, or finishing touch to (crowning glory), b bring to a happy outcome. 5 fit a crown to (a tooth). 6 slang hit on the head. 7 promote (a piece in draughts) to king. [Latin corona] Colony n. British colony controlled by the Crown. Court n. court of criminal jurisdiction in England and Wales. Derby n. porcelain made at Derby and often marked with a crown. crown glass n. glass without lead or iron used formerly in windows, now as optical glass of low refractive index. crown jewels n.pl. sovereign's State regalia etc. prince n. male heir to a throne. etc.

Crown Crown Crown

Crown

Crown Crown

princess

princess

CRT

cruces pi.

and guide itself. cruiser n. 1 high-speed warship.

2 =

CABIN CRUISER.

cruiserweight

n.

=

light

heavy

crumb

of crux.

/'kru:J*(a)l/ adj. 1 decisive, crit-

crucially adv. ical. 2 very important. [Latin crux cruris cross]

Usage The use of crucial in sense 2 should be restricted to informal contexts.

crucible

/'kru:sib(a)l/ n.

1

melting-pot

for metals etc. 2 severe test, [medieval Latin: related to crucial]

cruciferous

/kru:'sifaras/ adj. having flowers with four petals arranged in a cross. [Latin: related to crucial]

crucifix /'kru:sifiks/ n. model of a cross with the figure of Christ on it. [Latin crucifixus fixed to a cross]

crucifixion

/,kru:si'fikj(9)n/ n.

1

cruci-

fying or being crucified. 2 (Crucifixion) crucifixion of Christ. [Church Latin: related to crucifix]

cruciform

adj.

/'kru:si,fo:m/

cross-

shaped. [Latin crux cruris cross]

crucify /'kru:si,fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 put to death by fastening to a cross. 2 persecute, torment. 3 slang defeat thoroughly; humiliate. [French: related to crucifix] crud n. slang 1 deposit of grease etc. 2

unpleasant person. cruddy adj. (-ier, -iest). [var. of curd] crude /kru:d/ -adj. 1 a in the natural state; not refined, b unpolished; lacking finish. 2 a rude, blunt, b offensive, indecent. 3 inexact, -n. natural mineral crudely adv. crudeness n. cruoil. dity n. [Latin crudus raw] crudites /,kru:di'tei/ n.pl. hors d'ceuvre of mixed raw vegetables. [French] cruel kru:al/ adj. (crueller, cruellest /

or crueler, cruelest) 1 causing pain or suffering, esp. deliberately. 2 harsh, cruelly adv. severe (a cruel blow).

cruelness

n.

cruelty

n.

{pi.

-ies).

[Latin: related to crude] /'kru:it/ n. 1 set of small salt, pepper, etc. containers for use at table. 2

cruet

a* container. [Anglo-French di2 minutive: related to crock ] cruise /kru:z/ - v. (-sing) 1 a travel by sea for pleasure, calling at ports, b sail

such

about. 2 travel at a relaxed or economical speed. 3 achieve an objective, esp. win a race etc. with ease. 4 slang search for a sexual (esp. homosexual) partner in bars, streets, etc. -n. cruising voyage. [Dutch: related to cross] cruise missile n. one able to fly low

WEIGHT.

grown]

crucial

cruse

203

wife of a Crown prince. 2 female heir to a throne. crown wheel n. wheel with teeth at right angles to its plane. crow's-foot n. wrinkle near the eye. crow's-nest n. shelter at a sailingship's masthead for a lookout man. crozier var. of crosier. abbr. cathode-ray tube. cru /kru:/ n. 1 French vineyard or wine region. 2 grade of wine. [French cru n. 1

/krAm/ -n. 1 a small fragment, esp. of bread, b small particle {crumb of comfort). 2 bread without crusts. 3 slang objectionable person, -v. cover with or break into breadcrumbs. [Old English] crumble /'krAmb(a)l/-u. (-ling) 1 break or fall into small fragments. 2 (of power etc.) gradually disintegrate, -n. dish of stewed fruit with a crumbly topping. crumbly adj. (-ier, -iest) consisting of, or apt to fall into, crumbs or fragments.

crumbliness

crumbs

n.

/krAmz/

int.

slang expressing

dismay or surprise, [euphemism

for

Christ]

crumby

/'krAmi/ adj. (-ier, -iest)

1

like

or covered in crumbs. 2 = crummy. crumhorn var. of krummhorn. adj. (-ier, -iest) slang dirty, crumsqualid; inferior, worthless. miness n. [var. of crumby] crumpet /'krAmpit/ n. 1 soft flat yeasty cake toasted and buttered. 2 joc. or offens. sexually attractive woman or women, [origin uncertain]

crummy

crumple

/'krAmp(a)l/

- v.

(-ling) (often

by up) 1 crush or become crushed into creases or wrinkles. 2 collapse, give way. -n. crease or wrinkle, [obsolete crump curl up] crunch -v. 1 a crush noisily with the teeth, b grind under foot, wheels, etc. 2 (often foil, by up, through) make a crunching sound, -n. 1 crunching; crunching sound. 2 colloq. decisive event or moment, [imitative] foil,

crunchy crisp,

adj.

(-ier,

crunchiness

-iest)

hard and

n.

strap looped under a hold the harness back. 2 hindquarters of a horse. [French:

crupper horse's

n.

1

tail to

related to croup

2 ]

1 hist any of several medieval military expeditions made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. 2 vigorous campaign for a cause. -v. (-ding) engage crusader n. [French: in a crusade. related to cross] cruse /kru:z/ n. archaic earthenware pot. [Old English]

crusade

/kru:'seid/ -n.

crush crush

-r. 1 compress with force or violence, so as to break, bruise, etc. 2 reduce to powder by pressure. 3 crease or crumple. 4 defeat or subdue completely, -rc. 1 act of crushing. 2 crowded mass of people. 3 drink from the juice of crushed fruit. 4 (usu. foil, by on) colloq. infatuation. [French] crust -n. 1 a hard outer part of bread, b hard dry scrap of bread, c slang livelihood. 2 pastry covering of a pie. 3 hard casing over a soft thing. 4 outer portion of the earth. 5 deposit, esp. from wine on a bottle, -v. cover or become covered with or form into a crust. [Latin crusta rind, shell]

crustacean

esp. /krA'steiJ\a)n/ -n. aquatic arthropod with a hard shell, e.g. the crab, lobster, and shrimp, -adj. of crustaceans. crusty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having a crisp crustily adv. crust. 2 irritable, curt,

crustiness

crutch

cubby-hole

204

usu. T-shaped support for a lame person fitting under the armpit. 2 support, prop. 3 crotch. [Old English] crux n. (pi cruxes or cruces /'kru:si:z/) decisive point at issue. [Latin, = cross] cruzado kru:'za:dau/ n. (pi -s) chief monetary unit of Brazil. [Portuguese] cruzeiro /kru:'zearao7 n. (pi -s) onethousandth of a cruzado. [Portuguese] cry krai/ -v. (cries, cried) 1 (often foil, by out) make a loud or shrill sound, esp. to express pain, grief, etc., or to appeal for help. 2 shed tears; weep. 3 (often foil, by out) say or exclaim loudly or excitedly. 4 (foil, by for) appeal, demand, or show a need for. 5 (of an animal, esp. a bird) make a loud call. -n. {pi. cries) 1 loud shout or scream of grief, pain, etc. 2 spell of weeping. 3 loud excited utterance. 4 urgent appeal. 5 a public demand or opinion, b rallying call. 6 call of cry down disparage, cry an animal, off withdraw from an undertaking, cry out for need as an obvious requirement or solution, cry wolf see wolf. [Latin quirito] n.

person

who weeps

fre-

quently.

cryer var. of crier. crying attrib. adj. (of injustice etc.) flagrant, demanding redress. cryogenics .kraiau^eniks/ n. branch of physics dealing with very low temcryogenic adj. [Greek peratures, kruos frost, -genes born] crypt /knpt/ n. vault, esp. beneath a church, used usu. as a burial-place. [Latin crypta from Greek kruptos hid-

mosses, and fungi, c cryptogamous tugemas/ adj. [as crypt, Greek gamos marriage]

cryptogram

/'kripta.graem/

n.

text

written in cipher, [related to crypt]

cryptography

/krip'tngrafi/ n. art of

writing or solving ciphers.

crypto-

grapher n. cryptographic

ta grsefik/

adj.

crystal

/'krist(a)l/ -n. 1 a transparent colourless mineral, esp. rock crystal, b piece of this. 2 a highly transparent glass; flint glass, b articles of this. 3 crystalline piece of semiconductor. 4 aggregation of molecules with a definite internal structure and the external form of a solid enclosed by symmetrically arranged plane faces, —adj. (usu. attrib.) made of, like, or clear as crystal.

[Greek krustallos] n.

glass globe used in

crystal-gazing.

crystal-gazing

n. supposed foretelling of the future by gazing into a crystal

ball.

crystalline /'knsta.lam/ adj. 1 of, like, or clear as crystal. 2 having the struccrystalture and form of a crystal. Unity /-'liniti/ n. crystallize /'krista.laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 form into crystals. 2 (often foil, by out) (of ideas or plans) make or become definite. 3 make or become coated or impregnated with sugar (crystallized fruit). lization /-'zeij(a)n/ n.

crystallography

crystal-

/.kristalografi/

n.

science of crystal formation and struccrystallographer n. ture

crystalloid

/'knsta.loid/ n. substance is able to pass through a

that in solution

semipermeable membrane.

Cs

symb. caesium. c/s abbr. cycles per second.

CSE abbr.

hist.

Certificate of

Secondary

Education.

Usage The CSE examination was replaced in 1988 by GCSE.

CS gas

n. tear-gas used to control riots [Corson and Stoughton, names of chemists]

etc.

CTC abbr. City Technology College. Cu symb. copper. [Latin cuprum] cu. abbr. cubic.

cub -n.

1

young of a fox,

bear, lion, etc. 2

(Cub) (in full Cub Scout) junior Scout. 3 colloq.

young newspaper

(-bb-) (also

reporter, -v.

absol) give birth to (cubs),

unknown] cubby-hole /'kAbi.haul/ [origin

den]

cryptic adj. obscure in meaning; mysterious,

/'knpta.gaem/ n. plant with no true flowers or seeds, e.g. ferns,

crystal ball

n.

n. 1

cry-baby

cryptogam

cryptically adv.

secret,

n. 1 very small room. 2 snug space. [Low German]

cube cube

-n. 1 solid contained by six equal squares. 2 cube-shaped block. 3 product of a number multiplied by its square, -y. (-bing) 1 find the cube of (a number). 2 cut (food etc.) into small cubes. [Latin a

cubic

adj. 1 cube-shaped. 2 of three dimensions. 3 involving the cube (and no higher power) of a number {cubic

equation).

cubical adj. cube-shaped. cubicle /'kju:bik(a)l/ n. 1 small screened 2

small

separate

compartment. [Latin cubo

sleeping-

lie]

cubic metre etc. n. volume whose edge is one metre etc.

of a cube

cubism /'kju:biz(a)m/ n.

style in art, esp. painting, in which objects are represcubist n. & adj. geometrically. ented cubit /'kjuibit/ n. ancient measure of length, approximating to the length of a forearm. [Latin cubitum elbow] cuboid /'kju:boid/ -adj. cube-shaped; like a cube. -n. Geom. rectangular parallelepiped. cuckold /'kAkauld/ -n. husband of an adulteress, -i>. make a cuckold of.

cuckoldry

n.

correct

moment,

[origin

unknown]

/'kuku:/ -n. bird having a characteristic cry, and laying its eggs in the nests of small birds, -predic. adj. slang crazy. [French, imitative] cuckoo clock n. clock with the figure

of a cuckoo emerging to the hour.

make

a call on

cuckoo-pint n. wild arum, cuckoo-spit n. froth exuded by larvae on leaves, stems, etc. /'kju:kAmba(r)/

cucumber

insect 1

long

from Latin]

cud n.

half-digested food returned to the of ruminants for further chewing. [Old English] cuddle /'kAd(9)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 hug, fondle. 2 nestle together, lie close and snug. —n. prolonged and fond hug. cuddlesome adj. [origin uncertain] cuddly adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of a person,

mouth

and

ball. -v. (cues,

[var. of

queue]

cue-ball

n. ball to be struck with a cue. n. 1 end part of a sleeve. 2 US trouser turn-up. 3 (in pi.) colloq. handcuffs. off the cuff colloq. without preparation, extempore, [origin unknown] cuff2 -v. strike with an open hand. -n. such a blow, [perhaps imitative] cuff-link n. two joined studs etc. for fastening a cuff. Cufic var. of Kufic.

cufF

cuirass /kwi'raes/ n. armour breastplate and back-plate fastened together. [Latin corium leather]

cuisine

/kwi'zi:n/ n. style or

method

of

cooking. [French]

cul-de-sac

/'kAlda.saek/ n. (pi. culs-de-

sac pronunc. same, or cul-de-sacs) 1 road etc. with a dead end. 2 futile course. [French, = sack-bottom] suffix

forming

(orig.

nouns (molecule). [Latin

culinary

diminutive)

-cuius]

/'kAlmari/ adj. of or for cook-

ing. [Latin culina kitchen] cull -v. 1 select or gather

(knowledge

culled from books). 2 gather (flowers etc.). 3 a select (animals), esp. for killing, b reduce the population of (an animal) by selective slaughter, -n. 1 culling or being culled. 2 animal(s) culled. [French: related to collect ] 1

n.

green fleshy fruit, used in salads. 2 climbing plant yielding this. [French

toy, etc.) soft

long rod for strikcued, cueing or cuing) strike (a ball) with or use a cue.

ing a

-cule

[French]

cuckoo

yielding. 2 given to

cuddling.

cudgel

cuing) 1 give a cue to. 2 put (audio equipment) in readiness to play a particular section, eg cue in 1 insert a cue for. 2 give information to. on cue at the

cue 2 Billiards etc. -n.

from Greek]

cube root n. number which produces given number when cubed,

space.

cultivate

205

/'kAd3(a)l/ -n. short thick stick

used as a weapon, - v. (-11-; US -1-) beat with a cudgel. [Old English] cue -n. 1 a last words of an actor's speech as a signal to another to enter or speak, b similar signal to a musician etc. 2 a stimulus to perception etc. b signal 1

for action, c hint on appropriate behaviour. 3 cueing audio equipment (see sense 2 of v.). -v. (cues, cued, cueing or

culminate

(-ting) (usu. foil, by in) reach its highest or final culminapoint (culminate in war), tion /-'neij(8)n/ n. [Latin culmen top]

culottes

/'kAlmi.neit/

/Kju:'lDts/

v.

n.pl.

women's

trousers cut like a skirt. [French, = knee-breeches] culpable /'kAlpab(8)l/ adj. deserving culpability /-'biliti/ n. [Latin blame, culpo blame] culprit /'kAlpnt/ n. guilty person, [perhaps from Anglo-French culpable: see

culpable] cult n. 1 religious system,

sect, etc.. esp.

a devotion to a person or thing (cult of aestheticism). b fashion, c (attrib.) fashionable (cult film). [Latin: related to cultivate] cultivar /'kAlti,va:(r)/ n. plant variety produced by cultivation, [from cultivate, variety] ritualistic. 2

cultivate /'kAlti.veit/ v. pare and use (soil etc.)

(-ting) 1 prefor crops or gardening. 2 a raise (crops), b culture

cultivator etc.)-

-

cultivator

mechanical implement for breaking up the ground etc. 2 person n. 1

or thing that cultivates. /'kAltJar(a)l/ adj. of or relating

to intellectual or artistic matters, or to a /'kAltJa(r)/

-n.

1

a intellectual

achievement or expression lacking in culture), b refined

artistic

(city

appreciation of the arts etc. (person of culture). 2 customs, achievements, etc. of a particular civilization or group (Chinese culture). 3 improvement by mental or physical training. 4 cultivation of plants; rearing of bees etc. 5 quantity of micro-organisms and nutrient material supporting their growth. -v. (-ring) maintain (bacteria etc.) in suitable growth conditions. [Latin: related to cultivate]

oyster after the insertion of a foreign

body into

its shell.

culture shock

n. disorientation felt by a person subjected to an unfamiliar way life.

culture vulture

n.

colloq.

person

eager for cultural pursuits.

culvert

/'kAlvat/ n.

underground chan-

nel carrying water under a road etc. [origin unknown] prep. (usu. in comb.) with, combined with, also used as (bedroom-cum-

cum

study). [Latin]

cumbersome cumbrous bulky

etc.;

cumin

/'kAmbasam/

adj.

(also

/'kAmbras/) inconveniently unwieldy, [cumber hinder]

kAmm/

(also cummin) 1 plant with aromatic seeds. 2 these as /

[Latin

/.kAni'lingas/

of

female

the

cunnus vulva, lingo

oral

n.

genitals.

lick]

cunning

-adj. (-er, -est) 1 deceitful, clever, or crafty. 2 ingenious (cunning device). 3 US attractive, quaint, -n. 1 craftiness; deception. 2 skill, ingenuity.

cunningly adv. [Old Norse: related to CAN

n.

flavouring. [Greek kuminon]

cummerbund

/'kAma.bAnd/ n. waist sash. [Hindustani and Persian]

cumquat var.

of

cumulative

/'kjuimjulativ/

kumquat. 1

adv. cumulus /'kju:mjulas/ n. (pi. -11 /-,lai/) of rounded masses formation cloud heaped up on a flat base. [Latin, = heap] cuneiform /'kju:ni,fo:m/ -adj. 1 wedgeshaped. 2 of or using wedge-shaped writing, -n. cuneiform writing. [Latin

cuneus wedge]

coarse slang 1 female genitals. 2 unpleasant person, [origin un-

n.

certain]

cup

-n.

small bowl-shaped container

1

for drinking from. 2 a its contents, b = cupful. 3 cup-shaped thing. 4 flavoured wine, cider, etc., usu. chilled. 5 cupshaped trophy as a prize. 6 one's fate or fortune (a bitter cup), -v. (-pp-) 1 form (esp. the hands) into the shape of a cup. 2 take or hold as in a cup. one's cup of tea colloq. what interests or suits one.

[medieval Latin cuppa] /'kAbad/ n. recess or piece of furniture with a door and (usu.) shelves.

cupboard

cupboard love

n.

false affection for

Cup Final

n. final match in a (esp. football) competition,

cupful n. (pi. -s) 1 amount held by a cup, esp. US a half-pint or 8-ounce measure. 2 full

cup.

Usage A cupful is a measure, and so three cupfuls is a quantity regarded in terms of a cup; three cups full denotes the actual cups as in brought us three cups full of water.

Cupid

/'kju:pid/ n.

1

Roman god of love,

represented as a naked winged boy archer. 2 (also cupid) representation of Cupid. [Latin cupio desire]

cupidity

/kju:'piditi/ n. greed; avarice.

[Latin: related to Cupid]

bow n. upper an archery bow.

Cupid's like

cupola

adorning a

roof. 2

lip etc.

shaped

dome forming or revolving dome pro-

/'kju:pala/ n.

1

mounted guns. 3 furnace for cupolaed /-lad/ adj. melting metals. tecting

[Italian

from Latin cupa cask] colloq. 1 cup of.

cuppa /'kApa/ n. adj.

increasing or increased progressively in amount, force, etc. (cumulative evidence). 2 formed by successive additions (learning is a cumulative process).

cumulatively

]

cunt

gain.

cultured adj. having refined taste etc. cultured pearl n. pearl formed by an

of

stimulation

offens.

culturally adv.

specific culture,

and

cunnilingus

1

cultural

culture

curable

206

3 a (often as cultivated adj.) improve (the mind, manners, etc.). b nurture (a person, friendship, etc.). cultivable adj. cultivation / veij(3)n/ n. [Latin colo cult- till, worship]

(bacteria

2

cup of

tea. [corruption]

cupreous

/'kju:pnas/ adj. of or like 1 copper. [Latin: related to copper ] cupric /'kju:pnk/ adj. of copper.

cupro-nickel

/,kju:prau'nik(a)l/

and nickel. match in a competition

n.

alloy of copper

cup-tie

n.

for a

cup.

cur

mangy

ill-tempered dog. 2 contemptible person, [perhaps from Old n. 1

Norse kurr grumbling]

curable cured.

/'kjuarab(a)l/ adj.

curability

able to be

/-'biliti/ n.

Curasao Curasao

curriculum

207

/'kjuara.sau/ n. (pi. -s) orange-

curiosity

/.kjuari'Dsiti/ n.

(pi -ies>

1

llavoured liqueur. [Curasao, Caribbean

eager desire to know; inquisitiveness. 2

island]

strange, rare, etc. object. [Latin: related

curacy

/'kjuarasi/ n. (pi. -ies) curate's

or tenure of

office

curare

/kjua'ra:n/ n. extract of various

used by American Indians

plants,

to

/'kjuarat/ n. assistant to a parish

[medieval Latin curatus: related cure] n. thing that is good in

priest,

to

curate's egg parts.

curative

/'kjoarativ/ -adj. tending or able to cure. —n. curative agent, [medieval Latin: related to curate] curator /kjua'reita(r)/ n. keeper or custodian of a museum etc. r curatorship n. [Anglo-Latin: related to cure] curb -n. 1 check, restraint. 2 strap etc. passing under a horse's lower jaw, used as a check. 3 enclosing border, e.g. the frame round a well or a fender round a hearth. 4 = kerb. -v. 1 restrain. 2 put a curb on (a horse). [French: related to

curve]

curd

curiously adv.

[Latin: related to cure] /'kjuariam/ n. artificial radioactive metallic element. [M. and P. Curie, name of scientists] curl -v. 1 (often foil, by up) bend or coil into a spiral. 2 move in a spiral form. 3 a (of the upper lip) be raised contemptuously, b cause (the lip) to do this. 4 play curling, -n. 1 lock of curled hair. 2 anything spiral or curved inwards. 3 a curling movement, b being curled, curl one's lip express scorn, curl up 1 lie or sit with the knees drawn up. 2 colloq.

writhe in embarrassment

etc.

[Dutch]

curler

n.

pin or roller

curling

etc. for

the hair.

curlew

wading

bird, usu. [French] decorative curl or twist, [from curly, cue 2 or q ] curling n. game resembling bowls, played on ice with round flat stones, curly adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having or arranged in curls. 2 moving in curves. /'k3:lju:/ n.

with a long slender

curlicue

bill.

/'k3:li kju:/ n. (

1

(often in pi.) coagulated acidic milk product made into cheese or eaten as food, [origin unknown] n.

curd cheese n. soft smooth cheese made from skimmed milk curds. curdle

/'k3:d(a)l/ v. (-ling) form into curds; congeal. make one's blood curdle horrify one. [from curd] cure -v. (-ring) 1 (often foil, by of) restore to health; relieve {cured of pleurisy). 2 eliminate (disease, evil, etc.). 3 preserve (meat, fruit, etc.) by salting, drying, etc. 4 vulcanize (rubber); harden (plastic etc.). -n. 1 restoration to health. 2 thing effecting a cure. 3 course of treatment. 4 curacy. [Latin cura care] cure /'kjuarei/ n. parish priest in France etc. [French]

cure-all

n.

curette

/kjua'ret/ -n. surgeon's small

panacea,

scraping-instrument, -v. (-tting) clean curettage or scrape with this. /-'retid3/ n. [French: related to cure] curfew /'k3:fju:/ n. 1 signal or time after which people must remain indoors. 2 hist, signal for extinction of fires at a fixed hour. [French: related to cover, Latin focus] Curia /'kjuaria/ n. (also curia) papal court; government departments of the Vatican. [Latin] :urie /'kjoari/ n. unit of radioactivity. [P. Curie, name of a scientist] :urio /'kjoariau/ n. (pi. -s) rare or unusual object, [abbreviation of curiv

osity]

/'kjoanas/ adj. 1 eager to learn; inquisitive. 2 strange, surprising, odd

curium

poison arrows. [Carib]

curate

to curious]

curious

it.

curliness

n.

n. = kale. /ka'mAd3(a)n/ n. badperson. curmudgeonly tempered

curly kale

curmudgeon adj. [origin

unknown]

currant

/'kArant/ n. 1 small seedless dried grape. 2 a any of various shrubs producing red, white, or black berries.

b such a berry. [Anglo-French from Corinth in Greece]

currency /'kAransi/ money in use in a

n. (pi. -ies) 1 a country, b other

commodity used as money. 2 being current; prevalence (e.g. of words or ideas).

current

-adj. 1 belonging to the present; happening now (current events). 2 (of money, opinion, rumour, etc.) in general circulation or use. -n. 1 body of moving water, air, etc., esp. passing

water etc. 2 a ordered of electrically charged parb quantity representing the ticles, intensity of this. 3 (usu. foil, by of) general tendency or course (of events, currentness n. [Latin opinions, etc.).

through

still

movement

curro curs- run]

current account ible

n.

instantly access-

bank account.

currently

adv.

at

the present time;

now.

curriculum

/ka'nkjulam/

n.

(pi.

-la)

subjects included in a course of study. [Latin, = course]

curriculum vitae curriculum vitae

/

count of one's education, career, etc. curry /'kAn/ -n. {pi. -ies) meat, vegetables, etc., cooked in a spicy sauce, usu. served with rice. -u. (-ies, -ied) prepare or flavour with a curry sauce. [Tamil] 1

curry 2

/'kAn/

v.

(-ies, -ied) 1

groom

(a

horse) with a curry-comb. 2 treat (tanned leather) to improve it. curry t

favour ingratiate

oneself. [Germanic:

related to ready]

curry-comb

n.

metal serrated device

grooming horses. n. mixture of turmeric, cumin, etc. for making curry. curse —n. 1 solemn invocation of divine wrath on a person or thing. 2 supposed for

curry-powder

resulting evil. 3 violent or profane exclamation or oath. 4 thing causing evil or harm. 5 (prec. by the) colloq. menstruation, -v. (-sing) 1 a utter a curse against, b (in imper.) may God curse. 2 (usu. in passive; foil, by with) afflict with. 3 swear profanely. [Old English]

cursed

/"k3:sid/ attrib. adj.

cursive

damned.

/'kaisiv/ -adj. (of writing)

with

joined characters, -n. cursive writing, [medieval Latin, = running: related to

current]

cursor

/'k3:sa(r)/ n. 1 Math. etc. transparent slide with a hairline, forming part of a slide-rule. 2 Computing indicator on a VDU screen identifying esp.

the position that the program will operate on with the next keystroke. [Latin, = runner: related to cursive] cursory /'k3:san/ adj. hasty, hurried. cursorily adv. cursoriness n. [Latin: related to cursor] curt adj. noticeably or rudely brief. curtly adv. curtness n. [Latin curtus short]

curtail /k3:'teil/ v. cut short; reduce. curtailment n. [corruption of obsolete adj. curtal. related to

curt]

curtain /'k3:t(a)n/ -n. 1 piece of cloth etc. hung as a screen, esp. at a window. 2 a rise or fall of a stage curtain between acts or scenes, b = curtain-call. 3 partition or cover. 4 (in pi.) slang the end. -v. 1 provide or cover with curtain(s). 2 (foil, by off) shut off with curtain(s). [Latin cortina]

curtain-call

summoning

n. audience's applause actors to take a bow.

curtain-raiser n. 1 short play before the main performance. 2 preliminary event. /'k3:tilid3/ n. esp. Law area attached to a house and forming one enclosure with it. [French: related to court] curtsy /'k3:tsi/ (also curtsey) -n. (pi. -ies or -eys) bending of the knees and

curtilage

custom

208

vi:tai/ n. brief ac-

made by

lowering of the body

woman

a girl or

acknowledgement of

in

ap-

plause or as a respectful greeting etc. -v. (-ies, -ied or -eys, -eyed) make a curtsy, [var. of courtesy]

curvaceous /k3:'veijas/ adj. (esp. of a woman) having a

colloq.

shapely

figure.

curvature

/'k3:vatja(r)/ n.

1

curving. 2

curved form. 3 deviation of a curve or curved surface from a plane. [French from Latin: related to curve] curve -rc. 1 line or surface of which no part is straight or flat. 2 curved form or thing. 3 curved line on a graph, -v. (-ving) bend or shape to form a curve. curved adj. [Latin curvus curved]

curvet

-n. horse's frisky leap. or -t-) perform a curvet. [Italian diminutive: related to curve]

-v.

/k3:'vet/

(-tt-

curvilinear

,

adj. con/ k3:vi lmia(r)/ tained by or consisting of curved lines. curvilinearly adv. [from curve 1

after rectilinear] adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having many curves. 2 (of a woman's figure) shapely.

curvy

curviness

n.

cushion with

/'kuj(9)n/ -n. 1 bag stuffed soft material, for sitting or leaning

on etc. 2 protection against shock; measure to soften a blow. 3 padded rim of a billiard-table etc. 4 air supporting a hovercraft etc. -i>. 1 provide or protect with cushion(s). 2 mitigate the adverse effects of. [Latin culcita mattress]

cushy /'kuji/ adj. job

etc.)

easy

(-ier, -iest) colloq. (of a

and pleasant. [Hindi

khush pleasant]

cusp n.

point at which two curves meet, the horn of a crescent moon etc. [Latin cuspis -id- point, apex] cuss colloq. —n. 1 curse. 2 usu. derog. person; creature, -v. curse, [var. of curse] cussed /'kAsid/ adj. colloq. stubborn. e.g.

cussedness

n.

custard

/'kAstad/ n. pudding or sweet sauce of eggs or flavoured cornflour and

custodian keeper.

custody

related

crustade:

milk, [obsolete crust]

/kA'staudian/

n.

custodianship /'kAstadi/ n.

1

to

guardian or n.

guardianship;

take custodial

protective care. 2 imprisonment.

into

custody

/kA'staodial/

arrest.

adj.

[Latin

custos

-od-

guard]

custom

/'kAStam/ n. 1 a usual behaviour, b particular established way of behaving. 2 Law established usage having the force of law. 3 regular business dealings or customers. 4 (in pi.; also treated as sing.) a duty on imports and

customary

custom-built adj. made to order.

(also

custom-made)

n. 1 person who buys goods or services from a shop or business. 2 person of a specified kind colloq. (awkward customer). [Anglo-French:

customer

related to custom]

custom-house

n.

customs

office at

a

port or frontier etc.

customize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make or modify to order; personalize. -v. (-tt-; past and past part, cut) 1 wound with a sharp-edged instrument. 2 (often foil, by into) divide or be divided with a knife etc. 3 trim or detach by cutting. 4 (foil, by loose, open, etc.) loosen etc. by cutting. 5 (esp. as cutting adj.) wound (cutting remark). 6 (often foil, by down) reduce (wages, time, etc.) or cease (services etc.). 7 a make (a coat, gem, key, record, etc.) by cutting, b make (a path, tunnel, etc.) by removing material. 8 perform, make (cut a caper, cut a sorry

cut

(also absol.) penetrate or

figure). 9 (also absol.) cross, intersect. 10 (foil, by across, through, etc.) traverse, esp. as a shorter way (cut across the grass). 11a deliberately ignore (a

person one knows), b renounce

(a con-

nection). 12 esp. US deliberately miss (a class etc.). 13 Cards a divide (a pack) into two parts, b do this to select a dealer etc. 14 a edit (film or tape), b (often in imper.) stop filming or recording, c (foil, to) go quickly to (another shot). 15 switch off (an engine etc.). 16 chop (a ball), -n. 1 cutting. 2 division or wound made by cutting. 3 stroke with a knife, sword, whip, etc. 4 a reduction (in wages etc.). b cessation (of power supply etc.). 5 removal of lines etc. from a play, film, etc. 6 wounding remark or act. 7 style of hair, garment, etc. achieved by cutting. 8 particular piece of butchered meat. 9 colloq. commission; share of profits. 10

by

stroke

made by

cutting. 11 deliberate

a ignoring of a person. 12 = woodcut, cut above colloq. noticeably superior to. be cut out (foil, by for, or to + infin.) be suited, cut across 1 transcend (normal limitations etc.). 2 see sense 10 of v. cut and run slang run away, cut back 1 reduce (expenditure etc.). 2 prune (a tree etc.). cut both ways 1 serve both sides of an

cutler

209

exports, b official department administering this, c area at a port, frontier, etc., dealing with customs etc. [Latin consuetudo] customary adj. in accordance with customarily adv. custom, usual. customariness n. [medieval Latin: related to custom]

argument etc.

have both good and bad

2 (of an action) effects,

cut a

corner go across

it.

cut corners do

perfunctorily or incompletely, esp. to save time, cut a dash make a brilliant show, cut a person dead deliberately ignore (a person one knows), cut down 1 a bring or throw down by cutting, b kill by sword or disease. 2 see sense 6 of v. 3 reduce the length of (cut down trousers to make shorts). 4 (often foil, by on) reduce consumption (cut down on beer), cut a person down to size colloq. deflate a person's pretensions, cut in 1 interrupt. 2 pull in too closely in front of another vehicle, cut it fine allow very little margin of time etc. cut it out (usu. in imper.) slang stop doing that, cut one's losses abandon an unprofitable scheme, cut no ice slang have no influence, cut off 1 remove by cutting. 2 a (often in passive) bring to an abrupt end or (esp. early) death, b intercept, interrupt, c disconnect (a person on the telephone). 3 a prevent from travelling, b (as cut off ad/.) isolated or remote. 4 disinherit, cut out 1 remove from inside by cutting. 2 make by cutting from a larger whole. 3 omit. 4 colloq. stop doing or using (something) (cut out chocolate). 5 (cause to) cease functioning (engine cut out). 6 outdo or supplant (a rival), cut short interrupt; terminate, cut one's teeth on acquire experience from, cut a tooth have it appear through the gum. cut up 1 cut into pieces. 2 (usu. in passive) distress greatly, cut up rough slang show anger or resentment. [Old English]

cut and dried cided;

1 completely de2 (of opinions etc.)

adj.

inflexible.

ready-made, lacking freshness.

cut and thrust

n. lively argument etc. /kju:'temi8s/ adj. of the skin. [Latin: related to cuticle] cutaway attrib. adj. (of a diagram etc ) with parts of the exterior left out to reveal the interior. cut-back n. cutting back, esp. a reduc-

cutaneous

tion in expenditure.

cute

adj. colloq.

1

esp.

US

attractive,

cutely quaint. 2 clever, ingenious. adv. cuteness n. [shortening of ACUTE] cut glass n. (often hypenated when attrib.) glass with patterns cut on it. cuticle /'kju:tik(o)l/ n. dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail. [Latin diminutive of cutis skin] cutis /'kju:tis/ n. true skin, beneath the epidermis. [Latin] /'kAtlas/ n. hist, short sword with a slightly curved blade. [Latin cultellus: related to cutler] cutler n. person who makes or deals in knives etc. [Latin cultellus diminutive: related to coulter]

cutlass

cutlery /'kAtlan/ n. knives, forks, and spoons for use at table. [Anglo-French: related to cutler]

cutlet

/'kAtlit/ n. 1 neck-chop of mutton or lamb. 2 small piece of veal etc. for frying. 3 flat cake of minced meat or nuts and breadcrumbs etc. [French diminutive from Latin costa rib] cut-off n. 1 (often attrib.) point at which something is cut off. 2 device for stopping a flow. cut-out n. 1 figure cut out of paper etc. 2 device for automatic disconnection, the release of exhaust gases, etc. cut-price adj. (also cut-rate) at a

reduced price.

cutter n.1a person or thing that cuts, b a small fast sailingb small boat carried by a large

(in pi. ) cutting tool. 2

ship, ship.

1 murderer. 2 (in full cutthroat razor) razor with a long

unguarded blade

set in a handle, -adj. 1 (of competition) ruthless and intense. 2 (of a card-game) three-handed.

cutting -n.

1 piece cut from a newsetc. 2 piece cut from a plant for propagation. 3 excavated channel in a hillside etc. for a railway or road. -adj. cuttingly adv. see cut v. 5. cuttlefish /'kAt(8)lftJ7 n. (pi. same or -es) mollusc with ten arms and ejecting a black fluid when threatened. [Old English] cutwater n. 1 forward edge of a ship's prow. 2 wedge-shaped projection from a pier or bridge. cuvee /kju:'vei/ n. blend or batch of wine. [French, = vatful] c.v. abbr. (also CV) curriculum vitae. /ku:m/ n. (in Wales) = coomb. [Welsh] cwt abbr. hundredweight. -cy suffix denoting state, condition, or status (idiocy, captaincy). [Latin -cia,

paper

cwm

-kia]

cyanic acid

/sai'aenik/ n. unstable colourless pungent acid gas. [Greek kuanos a blue mineral] cyanide /'saia.naid/ n. highly poisonous substance used in the extraction of gold

and

silver.

cyanogen

/sai'aenad3(a)n/

poisonous gas used in

cyanosis

n.

highly

fertilizers.

bluish skin due to oxygen-deficient blood. /.saia'nausis/ n.

cybernetics

with unconventional or nihilistic social values, [from cybernetics, punk] cycad /'saikaed/ n. palmlike plant often growing to a great height. [Greek koix Egyptian palm] cyclamate /'saikla.meit/ n. former artificial sweetener, [chemical name] cyclamen /'siklaman/ n. 1 plant with pink, red, or white flowers with backward-turned petals. 2 cyclamen red or pink. [Latin from Greek] cycle /'saik(a)l/ -n. 1 a recurrent round or period (of events, phenomena, etc.). b time needed for this. 2 a Physics etc. recurrent series of operations or states, b Electr. = hertz. 3 series of related songs, poems, etc. 4 bicycle, tricycle, etc. -v. (-ling) 1 ride a bicycle etc. 2 move in cycles. [Greek kuklos circle]

cycle-track n.

cutthroat -n.

Greek

cynic

210

cutlery

/.saiba'netiks/ n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) science of communications and control systems in machines cybernetic adj. and living things. [Greek kubernetes steersman] cyberpunk /'saiba.pAnk/ n. science fiction writing combining high-tech plots

(also cycle-way) path or road for bicycles. cyclic /'saiklik/ adj. (also cyclical /'siklik(a)l/) 1 a recurring in cycles, b belonging to a chronological cycle. 2 with constituent atoms forming a ring. cyclically adv. cyclist /'saiklist/ n. rider of a bicycle. cyclo- comb, form circle, cycle, or cyclic. cyclone /'saiklaun/ n. 1 winds rotating inwards to an area of low barometric

pressure; depression. 2 violent hurricane of limited diameter. cyclonic

[Greek kukloma wheel] n. apparatus for the acceleration of charged atomic and subatomic particles revolving in a magnetic field. cygnet /'signit/ n. young swan. [Latin cygnus swan from Greek] cylinder /'silmda(r)/ n. 1 uniform solid or hollow body with straight sides and a /-'klonik/ adj.

cyclotron

/'saikla.tron/

circular section. 2 thing of this shape, e.g. a container for liquefied gas, a cylinpiston-chamber in an engine. drical /-'lmdnk(a)l/ adj. [Latin cylin-

drus from Greek]

cymbal

/'simb(a)l/

n.

concave

disc,

struck usu. with another to make a cymbalist n. [Latin ringing sound. from Greek] cyme /saim/ n. flower cluster with a single terminal flower that develops cymose adj. [Greek kuma wave] first. Cymric /'kimnk/ adj. Welsh. [Welsh Cymru Wales] cynic /'smik/ n. 1 person with a pessimistic view of human nature. 2 (Cynic) one of a school of ancient Greek philosophers showing contempt for cynical adj. cynease and pleasure. ically adv. cynicism /-,siz(a)m/ n. [Greek kuon dog]

cynosure cynosure

/'sama.zjuafr)/ n. centre of

attraction or admiration. [Greek, dog's tail (name for Ursa Minor)]

cypher

=

var. of cipher.

cypress /'saipras/ n. conifer with hard wood and dark foliage. [Greek kuparis/'sipnat/ (also

Cypriote

/-aut/)

-n. native or national of Cyprus, -adj. of Cyprus. [Cyprus in E. Mediterranean] Cyrillic /si'nlik/ -adj. of the alphabet used by the Slavonic peoples of the

Orthodox Church, now used esp. for Russian and Bulgarian, -n. this alphabet. [St Cyril, d. 869] /sist/ n. sac formed in the body, containing liquid matter. [Greek kustis bladder] cystic adj. 1 of the bladder. 2 like a cyst, cystic fibrosis n. hereditary disease usu. with respiratory infections.

cyst

cystitis /si'staitis/ n. inflammation of the bladder usu. causing frequent painful urination.

-cyte comb, form mature cell [Greek kutos vessel]

{leucocyte).

cytology

/sai'tDlad3i/ n. the study of cytological /-ta'lDd3ik(9)l/ adj. cytologist n. [Greek kutos vessel] cells.

sos]

Cypriot

Czechoslovak

211

cytoplasm

/'saitau plaez(9)m/ n. protocell apart from its (

plasmic content of a nucleus.

cytoplasmic

/-'plaezmik/

adj.

czar

var. of tsar

Czech

/tjek/ -n. 1 native or national of Czechoslovakia. 2 one of the two official languages of Czechoslovakia, -adj. of Czechoslovakia, its people, or language.

[Bohemian Cech]

Czechoslovak

/.tjeka'slguvaek/ (also /-sla'vaekian/) -n.

Czechoslovakian

native or national of Czechoslovakia. -adj. of Czechoslovakia, [from Czech,

Slovak]

D D

1

(also d) (pi

n.

di:

Ds

or D's)

letter of the alphabet. 2

1

fourth

Mus. second

note of the diatonic scale of C major. 3 (as a

roman numeral)

500. 4

= dee. 5

fourth highest class or category (of aca-

demic marks

D

2

etc.).

symb. deuterium.

d. abbr. 1 died. 2 departs. 3 daughter. 4 hist (pre-decimal) penny, [sense 4 from

Latin denarius]

pronouns) had, [abbreviation] dab -v. (-bb-) 1 (often foil, by at) repeatedly press briefly and lightly with a cloth etc. (dabbed at her eyes). 2 press (a cloth etc.) thus. 3 (foil, by on) apply by dabbing. 4 (often foil, by at) aim a feeble blow; strike lightly, -n. 1 dabbing. 2 small amount thus applied (dab of paint). 3 light blow. 4 (in pi) slang fingerprints, [imitative] dab 2 n. (pi same) a kind of marine flat'd

collog. (usu. after

v.

would

(I'd; he'd),

1

fish, [origin

dabble

unknown]

v. (-ling) 1 (usu. foil, (in an activity etc.) superficially. 2 move the feet, hands, etc. in esp. shallow liquid. 3 wet partly;

by

in,

'daeb(a)L

at)

engage

dabbler n. [from dab = little grebe. 1

stain, splash, z

dabchick

]

'dasbtjik, n.

[Old English]

dab hand

n. (usu. foil, by at) colloq. expert, [dab adept, origin unknown] da capo da: 'ka:pao7 adv. Mus. repeat

from the beginning. [Italian] n. (pi same) small freshwater

dace

related to the related to dart]

dacha

"daetja

carp.

n.

[French

fish

dars:

Russian country

cot-

tage. [Russian]

'daekshund/ n. dog of a short-legged long-bodied breed. [Ger-

man, = badger-dog] dactyl 'daektil n. metrical

foot consist-

ing of one long syllable followed by two short syllables (-u u). z dactylic tilik adj. [Greek, = finger] dad n. colloq. father, [imitative of a child's da da] Dada /'daida:/ n. early 20th-c. artistic and literary movement repudiating conventions, z Dadaism -da,iz(a)m n. -

-

istik

daddy

-daist/ n.

adj.

&

adj.

Dadaistic

[French dada hobby-horse]

daedi/ n. (pi -ies) colloq. father.

crane-fly.

ation]

daffodil /'daefadil/ n. spring bulb with a yellow trumpet-shaped flower, [related to asphodel] daft /da:ft/ adj. colloq. silly, foolish, crazy. [Old English, = meek] dagger n. 1 short pointed knife used as a weapon. 2 Printing = obelus, z at daggers drawn in bitter enmity, look daggers at glare angrily at. [origin uncertain]

dago

/'deigau/ n. (pi -s) slang offens. foreigner, esp. a Spaniard, Portuguese, or Italian. [Spanish Diego = James] daguerreotype /da'gerau.taip/ n. early photograph using a silvered plate and mercury vapour. [Daguerre, name of its

inventor]

dahlia

/'deilia/ n.

n.

(pi

same)

large-flowered

showy

garden plant. [Dahl, name of a botanist] Dail dail/ n. (in full Dail Eireann /'eiran/) lower house of parliament in the Republic of Ireland. [Irish, = assembly (of Ireland)] daily /'deili -adj. done, produced, or occurring every day or every weekday. -adv. 1 every day. 2 constantly, -n. (pi -ies) colloq. 1 daily newspaper. 2 cleaning

woman.

bread

n.

necessary

food;

livelihood. dainty i'demtil -adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 delicately pretty. 2 delicate or small. 3 (of food) choice. 4 fastidious; discriminating, -n. (pi -ies) choice delicacy, z daintily adv. daintiness n. [Latin dignitas dignity] daiquiri /'daikari/ n. (pi -s) cocktail of rum, lime juice, etc. [Daiquiri in Cuba] dairy /'dean/ n. (pi -ies) 1 place for processing, distributing, or selling milk and its products. 2 (attrib.) of, contain-

used for, dairy products (and sometimes eggs) (dairy cow). [Old

ing, or

English]

dairying

n.

dairy

farming

and

woman

employed

in a

distribution.

dairymaid

[from dad]

daddy-long-legs

'deidao/ n. (pi -s) 1 lower, differently decorated, part of an interior wall. 2 plinth of a column. 3 cube of a pedestal between the base and the cornice. [It2 alian: related to die ] daemon var. of demon 4. daff n. colloq. = daffodil, [abbrevi-

daily

dachshund

Dadaist

dado

n.

dairy.

dairyman

n.

dealer in dairy products.

dais

dance

213

dais /'dens/ n. low platform, usu. at the upper end of a hall. [Latin discus disc, (later) table]

daisy

circumstance, evidence, etc.) show or prove to be guilty, b be the ruin of. -n. 1 uttered curse. 2 slang negligible

/'deizi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 small wild plant with white-petalled flowers. 2 plant with similar flowers. [Old English,

amount, -adj. &adv.

= day 's

(damn

eye]

daisy wheel

spoked disc bearing

n.

printing characters, used in cessors and typewriters. dal var. of dhal.

Dalai

word

Lama /.daelai 'la:ma/ n.

pro-

spiritual

head of Tibetan Buddhism. [Mongolian dalai ocean]

dalliance

n.

Dalmatian

[French]

/dael'meij\9)n/

large

n.

white spotted short-haired dog. [Dalmatia in Croatia]

dal segno /dael 'seinjau/ adv. Mus. repeat from the point marked by a sign. [Italian, = from the sign] 1

-n.

barrier across river

1

etc.,

forming a reservoir or preventing flooding. 2 barrier made by beaver, -v. (-mm-) 1 provide or confine with a dam. 2 (often foil, by up) block up; obstruct. [Low German or Dutch] dam 2 n. mother, esp. of a four-footed animal, [var. of dame]

damage /'daemid3/-«. 1 harm or injury. 2 (in pi. ) Law financial compensation for loss or injury. 3 (prec. by the) slang cost. -v. (-ging) inflict damage on. [Latin

damnum] /'daema,si:n/

-v.

(-ning)

decorate (metal) by etching or inlaying esp. with gold or silver, -n. design or article produced in this way. -adj. of

[Damascus in Syria] reversible /'daemask/ -n. figured woven fabric, esp. white table linen, -adj. 1 made of damask. 2 velvety pink. -v. weave with figured designs. this process,

damask

[as

DAMASCENE]

damask rose n. to

dame

make

n.

1

old sweet-scented rose

attar.

(Dame) a

title

given to a

woman holding any of several orders of chivalry, b woman holding this title. 2 comic middle-aged female pantomime character, usu. played by a man. 3 US slang woman. [Latin domina lady] dame-school n. hist, primary school kept by an elderly woman.

dammit

well

well do as I say),

damn with

faint praise commend feebly, and so imply disapproval. I'm (or I'll be) damned if colloq. I certainly do not. will not, etc. not give a damn see give, well I'm (or I'll be) damned colloq. exclamation of surprise etc. [Latin damnum

damnable

/'daemnab(a)l/ adj. hateful, damnably adv. /daem'neij(a)n/ -n. eternal punishment in hell. -int. expressing

annoying.

damnation anger.

damned

/daemd/ colloq. -attrib. adj.

damnable, -adv. extremely (damned hot), damned well = damn well, do one's damnedest do one's utmost.

damp -adj.

slightly wet. -n. slight diffused or condensed moisture, esp. when unwelcome. -v. 1 make damp; moisten. 2 (often foil, by down) a temper; mute (damps my enthusiasm), b make (a fire) burn less strongly by reducing the flow of air to it. 3 reduce or stop the vibration of (esp. strings of a musical damply adv. dampinstrument).

ness

n.

[Low German]

damp course

n.

(also

damp-proof

course) layer of waterproof material in a wall near the ground, to prevent rising

damp.

damascene

used

damn

all slang nothing at all. colloq. (for emphasis) simply

loss]

dale n. valley. [Old English] dally /'daeli/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 delay; waste time. 2 (often foil, by with) flirt, trifle.

dam

= damned.

colloq.

damn

/'daemit/

int. colloq.

damn

it.

damn /daem/ -v. 1 (often absol. or as int. of anger or annoyance, = may God damn) curse (a person or thing). 2 doom to hell; cause the damnation of. 3 condemn, censure (review damning the

book). 4 a (often as

damning

adj.) (of

dampen (often

make

1

v.

foil,

or become damp. 2

by down) = damp

damper

n.

damson

/'daemz(a)n/

v.

2a.

discouraging person or thing. 2 device that reduces shock or noise. 3 metal plate in a flue to control the draught. 4 Mus. pad silencing a put a damper on take piano string. the vigour or enjoyment out of. damp squib n. unsuccessful attempt to impress etc. damsel /'daemz(e)l/ n. archaic or literary young unmarried woman. [French diminutive: related to dame] damselfly n. insect like a dragonfly but with wings folded when resting. 1

n. 1 (in full

dam-

son plum) small dark-purple plum.

2

dark-purple colour. [Latin: related to

damascene]

dan

n. 1 grade of proficiency in judo. 2 holder of such a grade. [Japanese] dance /da:ns/ -v. (-cing) 1 move rhyth mically, usu. to music. 2 skip or jump about. 3 perform (a specified dance, role, etc.). 4 bob up and down. 5 dandle (a child). -n. 1 a dancing as an art form, b style or form of this. 2 social gathering

dancehall

darkroom

2U

for dancing. 3 single round or turn of a dance. 4 music for dancing to. 5 lively

daphne

motion, dance attendance on serve obsequiously, lead a person a dance (or merry dance) cause a person much

dapper

danceable

trouble.

adj.

dancer

n.

dancehall

n. public hall for dancing, dilatation (of the cervix) and curettage (of the uterus),

and c. n.

dandelion

/'daendi.laian/ n. wild plant

with jagged leaves, a yellow flower, and a fluffy seed-head. [French dent-de-lion,

=

lion's tooth]

dander n. colloq.

temper, indignation. get one's dander up become angry. [origin uncertain]

dandify

/'daendi.fai/

(-ies, -ied)

v.

make

a dandy.

dandle

n.

any of various

flowering shrubs. [Greek] adj. 1 neat and precise, esp. in dress. 2 sprightly. [Low German or

Dutch dapper strong]

dapple

/'daep(9)l/ -v.

mark

(-ling)

or

become marked with spots of colour or

[French] d.

/'daefni/

/'daend(a)l/

on unknown] child)

v.

(-ling)

knees

one's

bounce

etc.

(a

[origin

dandruff /'daendrAf/

n. 1 flakes of dead skin in the hair. 2 this as a condition, [origin uncertain] dandy /'daendi/ -n. (pi. -ies) 1 man

greatly devoted to style

and fashion.

2

colloq. excellent thing, -adj. (-ier, -iest)

US colloq. splendid, [perhaps from name Andrew] dandy-brush n. brush for grooming a esp.

the

horse.

shade,

-n.

dappled

effect,

[origin

unknown] dapple-grey

adj. (of an animal's coat) grey or white with darker spots, n. dapple-grey horse.

dapple grey

Darby and Joan /,da:bi and

'd3aun/ n.

devoted old married couple, [names of a couple in an 18th-c. poem]

Darby and Joan club

n. club for pensioners. -v. (-ring; 3rd sing, present usu. dare before an expressed or implied

dare

without to) 1 (foil, by infin. with or without to) have the courage or impudence (to) (dare he do it?; if they dare to come; how dare you?). 2 (usu. foil, by to + infin.) defy or challenge (/ dare you to own up), -n. 1 act of daring. 2 challenge, esp. to prove courage, p I dare say 1 (often foil, by that) it is probable. 2 probably; I grant that much. infinitive

[Old English]

daredevil -n.

recklessly daring person, -adj. recklessly daring, z dare-

devilry

n.

daring -n. adventurous

causing

courage, -adj. adventurous, bold; prepared to take risks, p daringly adv. dariole /'daeri.aul/ n. dish cooked and served in a small mould. [French] dark -adj. 1 with little or no light. 2 of deep or sombre colour. 3 (of a person) with dark colouring. 4 gloomy, dismal. 5 evil, sinister. 6 sullen, angry. 7 secret, mysterious. 8 ignorant, unenlightened. -n. 1 absence of light. 2 lack of knowledge. 3 dark area or colour, esp. in after dark after nightfall, painting. the Dark Ages (or Age) 1 period of

danger, z dangerously adv. dangle /'daeng(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 be loosely

European history from the 5th-10th c. 2 period of supposed unenlightenment.

Dane

native or national of Denmark. 2 hist. Viking invader of England in the 9th-llth c. [Old Norse] danger /'demd39(r)/ n. 1 liability or exposure to harm. 2 thing that causes or may cause harm, p in danger of likely to incur or to suffer from, [earlier = 'power', from Latin dominus lord] danger list n. list of those dangerously n.

1

ill.

danger money

n.

extra

payment

for

dangerous work.

dangerous

adj. involving or

suspended and able

to

sway. 2 hold or

carry thus. 3 hold out (hope, temptation, etc.) enticingly, [imitative]

Danish

/'demiJV -adj. of Denmark or the Danes, -n. 1 Danish language. 2 (prec. by the; treated as pi.) the Danish people. [Latin: related to Dane] Danish blue n. white blue-veined cheese. Danish pastry n. yeast cake topped with icing, fruit, nuts, etc. dank adj. disagreeably damp and cold, dankly adv. dankness n. [probably

Scandinavian]

in the dark 1 lacking information. 2 with no light, z darkish adj. darkly adv. darkness n. [Old English] darken v. make or become dark or darker, z never darken a person's door keep away permanently, z dark-

ener

n.

dark glasses

n.pl. spectacles with dark-tinted lenses. dark horse n. little-known person who is unexpectedly successful. darkie var. of darky. darkroom n. darkened room for photo-

graphic work.

darky darky offens.

(also

darkie)

(pi.

-ies)

slang

Black person.

darling

-n.

beloved, lovable, or endearing person or thing. 2 favourite, -ad/. 1 beloved, lovable. 2 colloq. charming or pretty. [Old English: related to dear] darn -v. mend (cloth etc.) by filling a hole with stitching, -n. darned area, [origin uncertain] /'dailin/

1

1

darn 2 v., (in

int., adj.,

&adv.

colloq.

= damn

imprecatory senses), [corruption]

&

darned

adj.

darnel

/'da:n(a)l/ n.

adv. colloq. = damned. grass growing in cereal crops, [origin unknown]

darner n. needle for darning. darning n. 1 act of darning. 2

things to

be darned. dart -n. 1 small pointed missile. 2 (in pi. usu. treated as sing.) indoor game of throwing darts at a dartboard to score points. 3 sudden rapid movement. 4 ;

dartlike structure, e.g. an insect's sting. 5 tapering tuck in a garment, -v. (often by out, in, past, etc.) move, send, or go suddenly or rapidly. [French from

foil,

Germanic]

dartboard

circular target in darts. Darwinian /darwinian/ -adj. of Darwin's theory of evolution, -n. adherent Darwinism / da: / n. Darwinof this. ist /'da:-/ n. [Darwin, name of a naturn.

alist]

dash

rush. 2 strike or fling forcefully, esp. so as to shatter (dashed it to dispirit frustrate, the ground). 3 (dashed their hopes). 4 colloq. (esp. dash it or dash it all) = damn v. 1. -n. 1 rush or onset; sudden advance. 2 horizontal stroke (-) in writing or printing to mark a pause etc. 3 impetuous vigour; capacity for or appearance of this. 4 US sprinting-race. 5 longer signal of two in Morse code (cf. dot n. 2). 6 slight admixture, esp. of a liquid. 7 = dashboard. dash off write or draw hurriedly, -u.

1

[imitative]

dashboard

instrument panel of a

n.

vehicle or aircraft.

dashing adj.

1

spirited, lively. 2

showy.

dashingly adv. dashingness n. dastardly /'daestadh/ adj. cowardly, despicable. uncertain]

dastardliness

DAT /daet/ abbr. data

dative

215

n.

digital

n.

[origin

audio tape.

Usage (1) In scientific, philosophical, and general use,

as the singular. allied subjects

give]

(2)

In computing

(and

sometimes

and in

treated as a

it is

in a computer.

datable

/'deit8b(8)l/ adj. (often foil, by capable of being dated, data capture n. entering of data into a computer. to)

data processing

n.

series of opera-

on data, esp. by a computer, data processor n. date -n. 1 day of the month, esp. as a number. 2 particular, esp. historical, day or year. 3 day, month, and year of writing etc., at the head of a document etc. 4 period to which a work of art etc. belongs. 5 time when an event takes tions 1

place. 6 colloq. a appointment, esp. social with a person of the opposite sex. b US person to be met at this. -v. (-ting) 1 mark with a date. 2 a assign a date to (an object, event, etc.). b (foil, by to) assign to a particular time, period, etc. 3

(often foil, by from, back to, etc.) have its origins at a particular time. 4 appear or expose as old-fashioned (design that does not date: that hat dates you). 5 US colloq. a make a date with, b go out out of together as sexual partners. date (attrib. out-of-date) old-fashioned, obsolete, to date until now. up to date (attrib. up-to-date) modern; fashionable; current. [French: related to data] date 2 n. 1 dark oval single-stoned fruit. 2 (in full date-palm) tree bearing it. [Greek: related to dactyl, from the shape of the leaf] date-line n. 1 north south line partly along the meridian 180 from Greenwich, to the east of which the date is a day earlier than to the west. 2 date and place of writing at the head of a news-

paper article

from do

usually

data bank n. store or source of data, database n. structured set of data held

date-stamp

[Latin data

is

verbs, e.g. useful data has been collected. Some people consider use (2) to be incorrect but it is more common than use (1). However, data is not a singular countable noun and cannot be preceded by a. every, each, either, or neither, or be given a plural form datas.

although the singular form is strictly datum) 1 known facts used for inference or in reckoning. 2 quantities or characters operated on by a computer etc.

word

mass (or collective) noun and used with words like this, that, and much, with singular general use),

treated as sing.,

/'deita/ n.pl. (also

this

considered to denote a number of items and is thus treated as plural with datum

etc.

adjustable rubber record a date. -v. mark with a date-stamp. dative /'deitiv/ Gram. -n. case expressing the indirect object or recipient.

stamp

etc.

-n.

used

to

datum

DD

216

-adj. of or in this case. [Latin: related to

when

data]

end a period of

datum deitam daub do:t>/ -v.

1 spread (paint etc.) crudely or roughly. 2 coat or smear (a surface) with paint etc. 3 paint crudely or unskilfully, -n. 1 paint etc. daubed on a surface. 2 plaster, clay, etc., esp. coating laths or wattles to form a wall. 3 crude painting. [Latin: related to de-, alb] daughter ,/'do:ta(r)/ n. 1 girl or woman in relation to her parent(s). 2 female descendant. 3 (foil, by of) female member of a family etc. 4 (foil, by of) female descendant or inheritor of a quality etc. z daughterly adj. [Old English]

n.

(pi.

daughters-

in-law) son's wife. /do:nt/ v. discourage, intimidate, z daunting adj. [Latin domito from domo tame] dauntless adj. intrepid, persevering.

daunt

dauphin the King

'doifm/ n. hist, eldest son of of France. [French from Latin

delphinus dolphin, as a family name] /'daevan.po^/ n. 1 small writing-desk with a sloping top. 2 US

Davenport large sofa,

davit

[name of the maker] small crane on board for moving or holding a life-

/'daevit/ n.

ship, esp. boat. [French diminutive of David]

Davy

/'deivi/ n. (pi. -ies) (in full

Davy

lamp) miner's safety lamp, [name of its inventor]

Davy Jones

/.deivi 'd3aunz/ n.

slang (in

Davy Jones's locker) bottom of the

full

sea, esp. as the sailors' graveyard, [ori-

gin

unknown]

daw

n.

= jackdaw. [Old English]

dawdle

/'do:d(a)l/

v.

(-ling)

1

walk

slowly and idly. 2 waste time; procrastinate, [origin

said

and done, call it a day day after day

activity,

without respite, day and night

see data.

daughter-in-law

all is

unknown]

dawn

-n. 1 daybreak. 2 beginning or birth of something, -v. 1 (of a day) begin; grow light. 2 (often foil, by on, upon) begin to become obvious (to). [Old English]

dawn chorus n. bird-song at daybreak. day

n. 1 time between sunrise and suna 24 hours as a unit of time, b corresponding period on other planets (Martian day). 3 daylight (clear as day). 4 time during which work is normally

set. 2

done (eight-hour day). 5 a

(also pi.) historical period (in those days), b (prec. by the) present time (issues of the day). 6 prime of a person's life (have had my day; in my day). 7 a future time (will do it one day). 8 date of a specific festival or event etc. (graduation day, Christmas day). 9 battle or contest (win the

day), z all in a day's work part of the normal routine, at the end of the day

time,

all

the

day by day gradually, day in, day

out routinely, constantly, not one's day day when things go badly (for a person), one of these days soon, one of those days day when things go badly, that will be the day colloq. that will never happen. [Old English] day-bed n. bed for daytime rest.

day-boy

n. (also day-girl) non-boarding pupil, esp. at a boarding school. daybreak n. first light in the morning. day care n. care of young children, the elderly, the handicapped, etc. during the working day. day centre n. place for care of the elderly or handicapped during the day. day-dream -n. pleasant fantasy or reverie, -u. indulge in this, z day-

-dreamer n. daylight n.

1 light of day. 2 dawn. 3 visible gap, e.g. between boats in a race. 4 (usu. in pi.) slang life or consciousness (scared the daylights out of me; beat the living daylights out of them). daylight robbery n. colloq. blatantly excessive charge. daylight saving n. longer summer evening daylight, achieved by putting clocks forward. day nursery n. nursery for children of working parents. day off n. day's holiday.

day of reckoning n.

time when something must be atoned for or avenged. n. part-time education for employees. day return n. reduced fare or ticket for a return journey in one day.

day release

day-room tion,

n. room, esp. in an used during the day.

institu-

day-school n. school for pupils living at home.

daytime n. natural

part of the day

when there is

light.

day-to-day adj. mundane, routine, day-trip n. trip completed in one day. z day-tripper

n.

daze

-v. (-zing) stupefy, bewilder, -n. state of bewilderment. [Old Norse] dazzle /'daez(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 blind or

confuse temporarily with a sudden bright light. 2 impress or overpower with knowledge, ability, etc. -n. bright confusing light, z dazzling adj. dazzlingly adv. [from daze]

dB

abbr. decibel(s). 1 direct-broadcast satellite. 2

DBS abbr.

direct broadcasting by satellite. abbr. 1 (also dc) direct current. 2 District of Columbia. 3 da capo. abbr. Doctor of Divinity.

DC

DD

D-Day D-Day

day (6 June 1944) on which Allied forces invaded N. France. 2 important or decisive day. [D for day]

DDT

/'di:dei/ n. 1

abbr. colourless chlorinated hy-

drocarbon used as insecticide, [from the chemical name] de- prefix 1 forming verbs and their derivatives: a down, away (descend; deduct), b completely (denude). 2 added to verbs and their derivatives to form verbs and nouns implying removal or reversal (de-ice; decentralization).

deacon /'di:kan/ n.

senses 2 and 3) deaconess /-'nes/) 1 (in Episcopal churches) minister below bishop and priest. 2 (in Nonconformist churches) lay officer. 3 (in the early Church) minister of charity. [Greek diakonos servant]

deactivate

(fern, (in

/di:'aekti,veit/

make inactive or dead /ded/ -adj.

v.

(-ting)

less reactive. 1

no longer

alive. 2

extremely tired or unwell. 3 numb (fingers are dead). 4 (foil, by to) insensitive to. 5 no longer effective or in use; extinct. 6 (of a match, coal, etc.) extinguished. 7 inanimate. 8 a lacking force or vigour, b (of sound) not resonant. 9 quiet; lacking activity (dead season). 10 (of a microphone, telephone, etc.) not transmitting sounds. 11 (of a colloq.

game) out of

play. 12 abrupt,

complete (come to a dead stop; a dead calm; dead certainty), -adv. 1 absolutely, completely (dead on target; dead tired). 2 colloq. very, extremely (dead easy), -n. time of silence or inactivity as dead as the (or a) (dead of night). dodo entirely obsolete, dead to the world colloq. fast asleep; unconscious. adj. colloq. exhausted. n. colloq. derelict, tramp.

dead-beat

dead duck

slang unsuccessful or useless person or thing. deaden v. 1 deprive of or lose vitality, force, brightness, sound, feeling, etc. 2

by

n.

make

to)

dead end

n. 1

insensitive. closed end of road, pas-

sage, etc. 2 (often, with hyphen, attrib.) hopeless situation, job, etc. deadhead -n. 1 faded flower-head. 2 non-paying passenger or spectator. 3

useless person, -v.

from

remove deadheads

(a plant).

race in which competitors tie. 2 result of such a race. dead language n. language no longer

dead heat spoken,

it.

n. 1

e.g. Latin.

dead letter n. law or practice no longer observed or recognized,

deadline

deadlock

-v.

bring or come to a

standstill.

dead loss

n. colloq.

useless person or

thing.

deadly

-adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 causing or able to cause fatal injury or serious damage. 2 intense, extreme (deadlydullness). 3 (of aim etc.) true; effective. 4 deathlike (deadly pale). 5 colloq. dreary, dull. -adv. 1 like death; as if dead (deadly faint). 2 extremely (deadly serious).

nightshade

poisonous

n.

plant with purple-black berries.

dead man's handle

n.

dead

(also

man's pedal) device on an electric train disconnecting the power supply if released.

dead march n. funeral march, dead on adj. exactly right, deadpan adj. & adv. lacking expression or emotion.

dead reckoning ship's position etc.,

when

n.

calculation of a

from the

log,

compass,

visibility is bad.

be dead set n. determined attack. dead set against strongly oppose, be dead set on be determined to do or get. dead shot n. person who shoots extremely accurately. dead weight n. (also dead-weight) 1 a inert mass, b heavy burden. 2 debt not covered by assets. 3 total weight carried on a ship.

dead wood

n. colloq.

useless person(s)

or thing(s).

wholly or partly unable by to) refusing to listen or turn a deaf ear (usu. foil, by comply. deafness n. [Old to) be unresponsive,

deaf /def/

adj.

1

to hear. 2 (foil,

English]

[Old English]

dead beat

(foil,

or close

deadly

[Latin]

ball in a

deal

217

n. time-limit,

-n.

conflict. 2 lock

state of unresolved 1 requiring a key to open

deaf-aid

n.

hearing-aid.

deaf-and-dumb alphabet

(also

n.

deaf-and-dumb language) = sign language.

Usage Sign language is the preferred term in

officia l use.

(often as deafening adj. overpower with noise or make deaf by noise, deafeningly adv. esp. temporarily, deaf mute n. deaf and dumb person. past part, dealt and (past -v. deal /delt/) 1 (foil, by with) a take measures to

deafen v.

)

1

resolve, placate, etc. b do business with; associate with, c discuss or treat (a subject). 2 (often foil, by by, with) behave in specified way (dealt honourably by them). 3 (foil, by in) sell (deals in

insurance). 4 (often foil, by out, round) distribute to several people etc. 5 (also absol.) distribute (cards) to players. 6 administer (was dealt a blow). 7 assign, esp. providentially (were dealt much

.

deal

debate

218

happiness), -n. 1 (usu. a good or great deal) colloq. a large amount (good deal of trouble), b considerably (great deal better). 2 colloq. business arrangement; transaction. 3 specified treatment (a rough deal). 4 a dealing of cards, b player's turn to do this. [Old English] deal 2 n. 1 fir or pine timber, esp. as boards of a standard size. 2 board of this.

thing.

death certificate

in (esp. retail) goods (car-dealer; dealer in tobacco). 2 player dealing at cards. 3 jobber on the Stock

Exchange.

contacts,

Oct. 1986 (see

conduct, or

transactions. 1

dealt past and past part, of deal dean n. 1 a head of the chapter of a .

1

cathedral or collegiate church, b (usu. rural dean) clergyman supervising parochial clergy. 2 a college or university official with disciplinary and advisory functions, b head of a university faculty or department or of a medical school. [Latin decanus] dean 2 var. of dene. deanery n. (pi. -ies) 1 dean's house or position. 2 parishes presided over by a rural dean. dear -adj. 1 a beloved or much esteemed, b as a merely polite or ironic form (my dear man). 2 as a formula of address, esp. beginning a letter (Dear Sir). 3 (often foil, by to) precious; cherished. 4 (usu. in super I.) earnest (my dearest wish). 5 a expensive, b having high prices, -n. (esp. as a form of address) dear person, -adv. at great cost (will pay dear), -int. expressing surprise, dismay, pity, etc. (dear me!; oh dear!). for dear life desperately, z dearly adv. [Old English] dearie n. my dear, z dearie me! int. expressing surprise, dismay, etc.

dearth /d3:6/ n. scarcity, lack. death /de8/ n. 1 irreversible ending

of life; dying or being killed. 2 instance of this. 3 destruction; ending (death of our hopes). 4 being dead (eyes closed in death). 5 (usu. Death) personification of death, esp. as a skeleton. 6 lack of at death's door close to spiritual life. death, be the death of 1 cause the death of. 2 be annoying or harmful to. catch one's death colloq. catch a serious chill etc. do to death 1 kill. 2 overdo, fate

worse than death

statement

property tax levied

n. hist,

Usage This term was replaced in 1975 by capital transfer tax and in 1986 by inheritance tax. deathly

Usage In sense 3, this name has been merged with broker since BROKER 2, JOBBER 2). n.pl.

n. official

of a person's death.

death duty after death.

[Low German] dealer n. 1 trader

dealings

utmost, extremely (bored to death). deathlike adj. [Old English] deathbed n. bed where a person dies. deathblow n. 1 blow etc. causing death. 2 event etc. that destroys or ends some-

colloq.

very un-

pleasant experience, put to death or cause to be killed, to death to the

kill

-adj. (-ier, -iest) suggestive of

death (deathly silence), -adv. in a deathly way (deathly pale). death-mask n. cast taken of a dead person's face.

death penalty

punishment by

n.

death.

death rate

number

n.

of deaths per

thousand of population per year, death-rattle n. gurgling in the throat sometimes heard at death,

death row

n. US part of a prison for those sentenced to death, death squad n. armed paramilitary group.

death-trap

n. colloq.

dangerous build-

ing, vehicle, etc.

death-warrant n.

order of execution. 2 anything that causes the end of an 1

established practice

death-watch

n.

etc.

(in full

death-watch

beetle) small beetle which makes a ticking sound, said to portend death. death-wish n. Psychol, alleged usu. unconscious desire for death. deb n. colloq. debutante, [abbreviation]

debacle

/dei'ba:k(a)l/ n.

(US debacle)

1

a utter defeat or failure, b sudden collapse. 2 confused rush or rout. [French] debag /di:'baeg/ v. (-gg-) slang remove the trousers of (a person), esp. as a joke.

debar

/di'ba:(r)/

v.

(-rr-) (foil,

by from)

exclude; prohibit (debarred from the debarment n. [French: related club). to

BAR

1 ]

debark

/di:'ba:k/

debarkation

v.

land from a ship. [French n. ,

/-'keij (e)n/

debarquer]

debase

/di'beis/ v. (-sing) 1 lower in quality, value, or character. 2 deprecidebaseate (a coin) by alloying etc.

ment

n.

[from

debatable

de-, (a)base] /di'beitab(a)l/ adj. question-

able; disputable, [related to debate] (-ting) 1 (also absol.) discuss or dispute, esp. formally. 2 con-

debate /di'beit/-u.

sider aspects of (a question); ponder. -n. 1 formal discussion on a particular mat2 discussion (open to debate).

ter.

[French: related to battle]

debauch debauch

debauched

adj.) dissolute. 2 corrupt, deprave. 3 debase (taste or judgement), -n. bout of

sensual indulgence. [French]

debauchee

/.diboi'tjl:/

debauched

n.

debutante

/'debjui.taint/ n.

(US debut-

ante) (usu. wealthy) young making her social debut.

woman

Dec. abbr. December. deca- comb, form ten. [Greek deka

ten] /'dekeid, di'keid/ n. 1 period of ten years. 2 series or group of ten. [Greek: related to deca-]

decade

person.

debauchery

excessive sensual in-

n.

dulgence.

debenture /di'bentja(r)/ n. acknowledgement of indebtedness, esp. a company for payment of interest at fixed intervals. [Latin debentur are

bond providing

owed] debilitate

/di'bih.teit/

v.

(-ting)

en-

enervate. debilitation [Latin debilis weak] debility /di'biliti/ n. feebleness, esp. of feeble,

/-'teij(a)n/ n.

health.

debit

decathlon

219

/di'bo:tJ7 -v. 1 (as

/'debit/

recording a

-n.

1

entry in an account 2 sum recorded.

sum owed.

Usage The

second pronunciation

given, with the stress on the second syllable, is considered incorrect by some people, even though it is much used in broadcasting.

decadence

/'dekad(9)ns/ n. 1 moral or cultural decline. 2 immoral behaviour. decadent adj. & n. decadently adv. [Latin: related to decay]

decaffeinated /di:'kaefi,neitid/ with caffeine removed or reduced,

adj.

decagon /'dekagan/ n.

plane figure with ten sides and angles, z decagonal

3 total of such sums. 4 debit side of an account, -v. (-t-) 1 (foil, by against, to) enter on the debit side of an account (debit £50 to my account). 2 (foil, by with) charge (a person) with a debt (debited me with £500). [Latin debitum

[Greek: related to deca-, -gonos -angled] decahedron /.deka'hrdran/ n. solid figure with ten faces. : decahedral

debt]

decalitre

debonair

/.deba'nea(r)/ adj.

cheerful,

pleasant-mannered.

2

self-assured.

1

/di'baotJV

v.

1

(of troops or a

stream) come out into open ground. 2 foil, by into) (of a river, road, etc.) merge into a larger body or area. debouchment n. [French bouche (often

mouth] question (a diplomat, pilot, etc.) about a completed debriefing mission or undertaking. /di:'bri:f/ u. colloq.

n.

debris /'debri:/ n.

1 scattered fragments, esp. of wreckage. 2 accumulation of loose rock etc. [French briser break] debt /det/ n. 1 money etc. owed (debt of gratitude). 2 state of owing (in debt; get

in a person's debt under into debt). obligation to a person. [Latin debeo debit-

adj. [after

polyhedron] /'dek8,li:ta(r)/ n.

(US

-liter)

metric unit of capacity, equal to 10 litres.

Decalogue

[French]

debouch

debrief

/di'kaegan(9)l/ adj.

owe]

debt of honour recoverable, esp. a

/'deka.mg/ n. Ten Commandments. [Greek: related to deca-, logos word, reason]

decametre

/'deka,mi:t8(r)/

debt not legally

sum

lost in

gamb-

to

10 metres.

decamp /di'kaemp/ v.

1 depart suddenly; abscond. 2 break up or leave camp. decampment n. [French: related to

CAMP decanal /di'kem(a)l/ adj. 1

]

1 of a dean. 2 of the south side of a choir (where the dean sits). [Latin: related to dean ] decant /di'kaent/ v. 1 gradually pour off (esp. wine), esp. leaving the sediment behind. 2 transfer as if by pouring. [Greek kanthos lip of jug] decanter n. stoppered glass container for decanted wine or spirit. 1

decapitate n.

(US

n.

-meter) metric unit of length, equal

/di'ksepi.teit/

decapitation

head.

v.

(-ting) be-

/-'teij(a)n/

n.

[Latin: related to capital]

concealed microphones from (a room

decapod /'deka.pDd/ n. 1 crustacean with ten limbs for walking, e.g. the shrimp. 2 ten-tentacled mollusc, e.g. the squid. [Greek: related to deca-, pous

etc.). 2 remove defects from (a computer program etc.). 3 = delouse.

decarbonize

ling.

debtor

n.

person owing money

debug /di:'bAg/ v.

debunk

(-gg-) colloq. 1

/di:'bAnk/

person, claim,

etc.)

[French]

remove

expose (a as spurious or false. v.

colloq.

debunker n. debut /'deibju:/ n. (US debut) he appearance

etc.

(as a

pod- foot]

etc.

engine first

performer

pubetc.).

/di:'ka:ba,naiz/

v.

(also

or -sing) remove the carbon from (an internal-combustion

-ise) (-zing

etc.).

decarbonization

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

decathlon test of ten

/di'kaeGlan/ n. athletic con-

events for

all

competitors.

decay decathlete /-li:t/ Greek athlon contest]

decay

n.

[from deca-,

(cause to) rot or decompose. 2 decline or cause to decline in quality, power, etc. 3 (usu. foil, by to) (of a substance) undergo change by radioactivity. -n. 1 rotten state; wasting away. 2 decline in health, quality, etc. 3 radioactive change. [Latin cado fall] decease /di'siis/ formal esp. Law -n. death, -v. (-sing) die. [Latin cedo go] deceased formal -adj. dead. -n. (usu. /di'kei/ -v.

1

prec. by the) person recently.

deceit

/di'si:t/

n.

who has

died, esp.

deception, esp. by

1

concealing the truth. 2 dishonest trick. [Latin capio take] deceitdeceitful adj. using deceit. fully adv. deceitfulness n.

deceive

/di'si:v/

(-ving)

v.

make

1

(a

person) believe what is false; purposely mislead. 2 be unfaithful to, esp. sexdeceive oneself ually. 3 use deceit. deceiver persist in a mistaken belief. n.

decelerate (cause

to)

eration

/di:'sel9,reit/

reduce

/-'reij(8)n/

v.

n.

(-ting)

decel-

speed.

[from

de-,

ac-

celerate]

December

twelfth /di'semba(r)/ n. month of the year. [Latin decern ten, originally 10th month of Roman year] decency /'di:sansi//z. (pi. -ies) 1 correct, honourable, or modest behaviour. 2 (in [Latin: manners. proprieties; pi.) related to decent] decennial /di'semal/ adj. lasting, recurring every, ten years. [Latin decern ten, annus year]

decent

a conforming with standards of decency, b avoiding obscenity. 2 respectable. 3 acceptable, good enough. 4 kind, obliging. /'di:s(a)nt/ adj. 1

decently adv. [Latin decet is fitting] decentralize /di:'sentr9,laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 transfer (power etc.) from central to local authority. 2 reorganize to give greater local auto-

nomy.

decentralization

/-zeij(9)n/

n.

deception

,

/di'sepj (a)n/ n. 1 deceiving or being deceived. 2 thing that deceives. [Latin: related to deceive]

deceptive

/di'septiv/ adj. likely to dedeceptively adv. ceive; misleading.

deceptiveness n. deci- comb, form one-tenth. [Latin

mus

decisive

220

deci-

tenth]

decibel /'desi.bel/ n. unit used in the comparison of sound levels or power levels of electrical signals. /di'said/ v. (-ding) 1 (usu. foil, by to, that, or on, about) resolve after consideration {decided to stay; decided

decide

quickly weather decided me; decided on a blue hat). 2 resolve or settle (an issue etc.). 3 (usu. foil, by between, for, against, in favour of, or that) give a ;

decidable

judgement. caedo cut]

decided

[Latin

adj.

(usu. attrib.) definite, unquestionable (decided tilt). 2 positive, wilful, resolute. decidedly adv. undoubtedly, undeniably. decider n. 1 game, race, etc., as a tiebreak. 2 person or thing that decides. deciduous /di'sidjuas/ adj. 1 (of a tree) shedding leaves annually. 2 (of leaves, horns, teeth, etc.) shed periodically. [Latin cado fall] decigram /'desi.graem/ n. (also decigramme) metric unit of mass, equal to adj.

0.1 gram. decilitre

1

/'desi,li:t8(r)/

(US

n.

-liter)

metric unit of capacity, equal to 0.1

decimal /'desim(a)l/ -adj.

1

decimal

n.

litre.

system of numbers, weights, measures, etc.) based on the number ten. 2 of tenths or ten; reckoning or proceeding by tens. -n. decimal fraction. [Latin decern ten]

fraction

(of a

fraction

expressed in tenths, hundredths, etc., esp. by units to the right of the decimal point

(e.g. 0.61).

decimalize v.

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing)

express as a decimal. 2 convert to a decimal system (esp. of coinage). 1

decimalization

decimal point

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

dot placed before the fraction in a decimal fraction.

decimate

n.

/'desi.meit/

v.

(-ting)

1

des-

of. 2 orig. Rom. remove one in every ten of. decimation /-'meij(8)n/ n.

troy a large proportion Hist, kill or

Usage Sense 1 is now the usual sense, but it is considered inappropriate by some people. This word should not be used to mean decimetre

'defeat utterly'. /'desi,mi:t9(r)/

n.

(US

-meter) metric unit of length, equal to 0.1 metre. decipher /di'saifa(r)/ v. 1 convert (coded information) into intelligible language. 2 determine the meaning of de(unclear handwriting etc.).

cipherable adj. decision /di'si3(a)n/

n. 1 act or process of deciding. 2 resolution made after consideration (made my decision). 3 (often foil, by of) a settlement of a formal judgement. 4 b question, resoluteness. [Latin: related to decide] decisive /di'saisiv/ adj. 1 conclusive, settling an issue. 2 quick to decide. decisiveness n. decisively adv. [medieval Latin: related to decide]

deck

decorous

221

deck -n.

a platform in a ship serving as a floor, b the accommodation on a particular deck of a ship. 2 floor or compartment of a bus etc. 3 section for playing discs or tapes etc. in a sound system. 4 esp. US pack of cards. 5 slang ground, -v. 1 (often foil, by out) decorate. 2 provide with or cover as a deck. below deck(s) in or into the space below the main deck. [Dutch, "\

-n.

gradual loss of vigour or excellence. 2 deterioration. [Latin clino bend] 1

declining years declivity

old age.

n.pl.

/di'kliviti/ n. (pi. -ies)

down-

ward slope. [Latin clivus slope] declutch /di:'klAtJ7 v. disengage

the

clutch of a motor vehicle. ,

decoction /di kDkJ (a)n, n. 1 boiling down to extract an essence. 2 the result,

ing liquid. [Latin coquo boil] /di:'kaud/ v. (-ding) decipher,

decode

cover]

deck-chair n. folding garden chair of wood and canvas. -decker comb, form having a specified number of decks or layers {doubledecker).

deck-hand n. cleaner on a ship's deck. declaim /di'kleim/ v. 1 speak or say as if addressing an audience. 2 (foil, by against) protest forcefully. declama,

tion /,dekla'meij (9)n/ /di'klaematari/ adj.

n.

declamatory

[Latin:

related to

claim]

decoder

colloq. -v. /di:'kauk/ (-king) decarbonize, -n. ,'di:kauk/ process of

this.

decolletage /.deikol'ta^/ line of a woman's dress

declaring. 2 formal, emphatic, or deliberate statement. [Latin: related to den.

1

clare]

low neck[French

n.

etc.

collet collar]

decollete

/dei'kDltei/ adj. (also decolle-

a dress, woman, wearing a low neckline, tee) (of

decompose rot. 2

declaration /.dekla'reiJXaW

n.

decoke

having or

etc.)

/,di:kam'pauz/

v.

separate (a substance,

(-sing)

1

light, etc.)

into its elements. decomposition /,di:kDmp9'ziJ(a)n/ n. decompress /,di:kam'pres/ v. subject to

decompression.

declare /di'kle9(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 announce openly or formally (declare

decompression

war). 2 pronounce (declared it invalid). 3 (usu. foil, by that) assert emphatically. 4 acknowledge possession of (dutiable goods, income, etc.). 5 (as declared adj.) admitting to be such (declared atheist). 6 (also absol.) Cricket close (an innings) voluntarily before the

/.drkam'preJXaJn/ n. 1 release from compression. 2 gradual reduction of high pressure on a deep-sea diver etc. decompression chamber n. enclosed space for decompression. decompression sickness n. condition caused by the sudden lowering of air pressure.

team

decongestant

out. 7 (also absol.) Cards declare (the trump suit). oneself reveal one's intentions or declarative /-'klaerativ/ identity. is

name

declaratory /-'klaeratan/ adj. declarer n. [Latin clarus clear] declassify /di:'klaesi,fai/ v. (-ies,

adj.

-ied)

declare (information etc.) to be no declassification longer secret. /-fi'keij\a)n/ n.

/di'klenJXa)n/ n. 1 Gram, a variation of the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective to show its grammatical case etc. b class of nouns with the same inflexions. 2 deterioration, declining. [Latin: related to decline]

declension

medicine

etc.

/,di:kan'd3est(a)nt/

n.

that relieves nasal con-

gestion.

decontaminate

/.drkan'taemi.neit/

v.

remove contamination from, decontamination /-'neij(a)n/ n. decor /'deika:(r)/ n. furnishing and (-ting)

decoration of a room, stage [French: related to decorate]

decorate tify,

/'deka.reit/

v.

set,

(-ting)

adorn. 2 paint, wallpaper,

1

etc.

beauetc. (a

room or building). 3 give a medal or award to. [Latin decus -oris beauty]

Decorated style ornamented

late

Archit. highly n. English Gothic style

(14th c).

declination /,dekli'neij(8)n/ n. 1 downward bend or turn. 2 angular distance of

decoration

a star etc. north or south of the celestial equator. 3 deviation of a compass need!e declinational adj. from true north. [Latin: related to decline] decline /di'klam/ -v. (-ning) 1 deteriorate; lose strength or vigour; decrease. 2 (also absol.) politely refuse (an invitation, challenge, etc.). 3 slope or bend downwards, droop. 4 Gram, state the forms of (a noun, pronoun, or adjective).

as an honour. 4 (in pi) flags, put up on a festive occasion. decorative /'dekarativ/ adj. pleasing in decoratively adv. appearance,

/,deka'reij(a)n/ n. 1 decorating. 2 thing that decorates. 3 medal

etc.

worn

tinsel, etc.,

decorator

n.

person

who

decorates for

a living.

decorous

/'dekaras/

showing decorum,

decorousness seemly]

n.

adj.

having or

decorously adv. [Latin

decorus

decorum decorum

di'ko:ram n. polite dignified behaviour, [as decorous] -n. di:koi person or thing used as a lure; bait, enticement. — v. di'koi lure. esp. using a decoy. [Dutch] decrease —v. di'kri:s (-sing) make or become smaller or fewer, -n. 'di:kri:s 1 decreasing. 2 amount of this. de-

decoy

creasingiy adv.

[Latin: related to de-.

cresco grow]

decree

di'kri: —n. 1 official legal order. 2 legal judgement or decision, esp. in divorce cases, —v. (-ees. -eed. -eeing) ordain by decree. [Latin decretum from cerno sift] decree absolute n. final order for completion of a divorce, decree nisi 'naisai n. provisional order for divorce, made absolute after a fixed period. [Latin nisi unless]

di'krepit adj. 1 weakened by age or infirmity. 2 dilapidated. decrepitude n. [Latin crepo creak]

decrepit

decrescendo .dirkn'Jendau adv.. adj., & n. (pi. -s) = diminuendo. [Italian: related to decrease]

decretal

di'kri:t(a)l

n.

papal decree.

[Latin: related to decree]

decriminalize (also -ise)

as

di:'knmm9,laiz v. (-zing or -sing) cease to treat

criminal,

-'zeij(a)n

decry

decriminalization

z

n.

di'krai

v.

(-ies. -ied)

disparage.

belittle.

dedicate by

'dedi.keit

r.

(-ting)

(often

devote (esp. oneself) to a special task or purpose. 2 address (a book etc.) to a friend, patron, etc. 3 devote (a building etc.) to a deity, saint, etc. 4 (as dedicated adj.) a (of a person) loyal to an aim. single-mindedly vocation, etc. b (of equipment, esp. a computer) designed for or assigned to dedicator n. dedica specific task. foil,

atory

to)

1

adj. [Latin dico declare]

dedication

,dedi'kerj(a)n n.

1

dedicat-

ing or being dedicated. 2 words with which a book etc. is dedicated. [Latin: related to dedicate]

deduce

di'dju:s

v.

(-cing) (often

from) infer logically. [Latin duco duct- lead]

foil,

deducible

by

adj.

deduct

di'dAkt v. (often foil, by from) subtract, take away, or withhold (an amount, portion, etc.). [related to de-

duce]

deductible esp.

deerstalker

222

adj. that

may

be deducted,

from tax or taxable income.

deduction di'dAkJ(a)n ing, b amount deducted.

n. 1 a deduct2 a inferring of particular instances from a general law or principle, b conclusion deduced. [Latin: related to deduce]

deductive

adj. of or reasoning by deduction. deductively adv. [medieval Latin: related to deduce] dee n. 1 letter D. 2 thing shaped like this, [name of the letter D] deed n. 1 thing done intentionally or consciously. 2 brave, skilful, or conspicuous act. 3 action (kind in word and

deed). 4 legal

document used

esp. for

transferring ownership of property. [Old English: related to do ] deed-box n. strong box for deeds etc. 1

deed of covenant

n.

agreement

to

pay

a regular sum, esp. to charity.

deed poll

deed made by one party only, esp. to change one's name. deem v. formal consider, judge (deem it n.

my duty). [Old English] deemster n. judge in the

Isle of

Man.

[from deem]

deep

-adj. 1 extending far down or in (deep water; deep wound: deep shelf). 2 (predic.) a to or at a specified depth (water 6 feet deep), b in a specified number of ranks (soldiers drawn up six deep). 3 situated or coming from far down, back, or in (deep in his pockets; deep sigh). 4 low-pitched, full-toned (deep voice). 5 intense, extreme (deep sleep: deep colour; deep interest). 6 (predic.) fully absorbed or overwhelmed (deep in a book; deep in debt). 7 profound: difficult to understand (too deep

for me).-n.

1

(prec.

by

the) poet, sea, esp.

when

deep. 2 abyss, pit, cavity. 3 (prec. by the) Cricket position of a fielder distant from the batsman. 4 deep state (deep of the night), -adv. deeply: far down or in (dig deep), z go off the deep end colloa. give way to anger or emotion, in deep water in trouble or difficulty, z deeply adv. [Old English]

deep breathing n.

breathing with long

breaths, esp. as exercise. deepen v. make or become deep or deeper. deep-freeze -n. cabinet for freezing and keeping food for long periods, -v. freeze or store in a deep-freeze. deep-fry v. immerse in boiling fat to cook. deep-laid adj. (of a scheme) secret and elaborate.

deep-rooted

adj.

(also

deep-seated)

firmly established, profound, deer n. (pi. same) four-hoofed grazing animal, the male of which usu. has antlers. [Old English] deerskin n. (often attrib.) leather from a deer's skin. deerstalker n. soft cloth peaked cap

with ear-flaps.

de-escalate

/-'leiJXa)n/ n.

from

excellent, [perhaps

DEFINITE Or DEFINITIVE]

deface /di'feis/ v. (-cing) disfigure, z defacement n. [French: related to /dei 'faektau/ -adv. in fact (whether by right or not). -adj. existing or so in fact (a de facto ruler). [Latin] defalcate /'di:fael,keit/ v. (-ting) formal

[Latin defalcare lop,

n.

n.

in a [Latin defendo etc.)

defendant

n. person etc. sued or accused in a lawcourt. [French: related to defend] defense US var. of defence.

amount

:

defensibility

defence. 2 over-reacting to criticism, z

/,di:fael'keiJXa)n/ n.

misappropriated.

2

short-

/-'biliti/

n.

1 expecting criticism. 2 Mil ready to defend, z defensively adv. defensiveness n. [medieval Latin: related to defend]

defer /di'f3:(r)/ v. (-rr-) postpone, z deferment n. deferral n. [originally the same as differ] defer2 /di'f3:(r)/ v. (-rr-) (foil, by to) yield 1

coming.

defame

/di'feim/

slander; speak

v.

ill

(-ming)

libel;

defamation

of.

defamatory /di /,defa'meiJXa)n/ n. 'faematari/ adj. [Latin fama report] default /di'foiltj -n. 1 failure to appear, pay, or act as one should. 2 preselected '

option adopted by a computer program when no alternative is specified, -v. fail to fulfil (esp. a legal) obligation. by default because of lack of an alternative or opposition, in default of defaulter because of the absence of. n. [French: related to fail] defeat /di'fiit/— u. 1 overcome in battle, a contest, etc. 2 frustrate, baffle. 3 reject (a etc.) by voting, -n. defeating or being defeated. [Latin: related to dis-,

motion fact]

defeatism

excessive readiness to defeatist n. & adj. defecate /'defi.keit/ v. (-ting) evacuate the bowels. defecation /-'keiJXa)n/ n. [Latin faex faecis dregs] defect -n. /'di:fekt/ fault, imperfection, shortcoming, -v. /di'fekt/ leave one's defeccountry or cause for another. n.

accept defeat.

defector

n.

[Latin deficio

-feet-

or make concessions to. [Latin defero carry away] 'defarans n. 1 courteous regard, respect. 2 compliance with another's wishes, z in deference to out of respect for.

deference

deferential spectful, z

/,defa'renf(a)l/

adj.

re-

deferentially adv.

deferred payment

n.

payment by

in-

stalments.

defiance

/di'faians/ n.

open disobedi-

ence; bold resistance. [French: related to defy] defiant adj. showing defiance; disobedient. : defiantly adv.

deficiency

/di'fijansi

n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

being deficient. 2 (usu. foil, by of) lack or shortage. 3 thing lacking. 4 deficit, esp. financial.

deficiency disease n. disease caused by the lack of an essential element of diet.

adj. (often foil, by in) incomplete or insufficient in quantity, quality,

deficient

defect] deficit /'defisit/ n. 1 amount by which a thing (esp. money) is too small. 2 excess of liabilities over assets. [French from Latin: related to defect] defile di'fail/ v. (-ling) 1 make dirty; etc. [Latin: related to

fail]

defective

/di'fektiv/

having dedefectiveness n. adj.

fects); imperfect. [Latin: related to defect]

defence

/di'fens/

n.

(US defense)

1

defending, protection. 2 means of this. 3 (in pi.) fortifications. 4 justification, vindication. 5 defendant's case or counsel in a lawsuit. 6 defending play or players.

defenceless adj. defencelessly adv. defencelessness n. [related to defend]

defence mechanism n.

/di'fend/

v.

1

pollute. 2 desecrate, profane, ment n. [earlier defoul, from

body's resis-

(also absol.)

1

(often

by against, from) resist an attack made on; protect. 2 uphold by argument. 3 conduct a defence in a lawsuit. 4

defile-

French

defouler trample down] defile 2 /di'fail/ -n. narrow gorge or pass. -v. (-ling) march in file. [French: related to file ] define /di'fam/ v. (-ning) 1 give the meaning of (a word etc.). 2 describe or explain the scope of (define one's position). 3 outline clearly (well-defined image). 4 mark out the boundary of. definable adj. [Latin finis end] 1

1

tance to disease. 2 usu. unconscious mental process to avoid anxiety.

defend

be defended militarily.

defalc-

formal misappropriation of money, b

n.

/di'fensib(a)l adj. 1 justifiable; supportable by argument. 2 able to

on the defensive

defalcation

foil,

defender

contest, z

title

from falx

sickle]

tion

retain (a

defensibly adv. [Latin: related to defend] defensive adj. 1 done or intended for

misappropriate, esp. money.

a

to

defensible

face]

de facto

1

compete -fens-]

def adj. slang

ator

define

223

de-escalate /di:'eska,leit/ v. make or become less intense. de-escalation

definite

definitely adv. [Latin: related to de-

See note at

definitive.

definite article n. the word {the in English) preceding a noun and implying a specific instance.

definition

a defining, b statement of the meaning of a word etc. 2 distinctness in outline, esp. of a photographic image. [Latin; related to define] ./.defi'niJXaJn/ n. 1

definitive /di'finitiv/ adj. 1 (of an answer, verdict, etc.) decisive, unconditional, final. 2 (of a book etc.) most authoritative.

Usage In sense 1, this word is often confused with definite, which does not imply authority and conclusiveness. A definite no is a firm refusal, while a definitive no is an authoritative judgement or decision that something is not the case.

deflate

/di'fleit/

v.

(-ting)

1

empty

(a

tyre, balloon, etc.) of air, gas, etc.; be so emptied. 2 (cause to) lose confidence or

conceit. 3 a subject (a currency or economy) to deflation, b pursue this as a policy, [from de-, inflate] deflation /di'fleij(a)n/ n. 1 deflating or being deflated. 2 reduction of money in circulation, intended to combat infla-

deflationary adj. tion. deflect /di'flekt/ v. 1 bend or turn aside from a course or purpose. 2 (often foil, deflecby from) (cause to) deviate. tion n. (also deflexion), deflector n. [Latin flecto bend]

deflower

/di'flaua(r)/

literary 1 de-

v.

prive of virginity. 2 ravage, spoil. [Latin: related to flower] defoliate /di:'f9uli,eit/ v. (-ting) destroy defothe leaves of (trees or plants). liant n. defoliation /-'eij (a)n/ n. [Latin: 2 related to foil ] deforest /di:'fbnst/ v. clear of forests or trees, z deforestation /-'steij(a)n/ n. deform /di'fo:m/ v. make ugly or misdeformation shapen, disfigure. /,di:fD:'meiJX9)n/ n. [Latin: related to ,

adj.

(of a

person or limb)

misshapen.

deformity

1 being n. (pi. -ies) deformed. 2 malformation, esp. of a

body or limb.

defraud

n.

v.

frock]

frozen.

deft

adj. neat; dexterous; adroit. deftly adv. deftness n. [var. of daft =

'meek']

defunct

/di'fAnkt/

adj.

no longer

1

existing or used. 2 dead or extinct. defunctness n. [Latin fungor perform] defuse /di:'fju:z/ v. (-sing) 1 remove the fuse from (a bomb etc.). 2 reduce tension etc. in (a crisis, difficulty, etc.). defy /di'fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 resist openly; refuse to obey. 2 (of a thing) present insuperable obstacles to (defies solution). 3 (foil, by to + infin.) challenge (a person) to do or prove something. [Latin fides faith] degenerate -adj. /di'd3enarat/ 1

having lost its usual or good qualities; immoral, degraded. 2 Biol, having changed to a lower type. -n. /di'd3enarat/ degenerate person or animal,

-i?.

become

/di'd3ena,reit/ (-ting)

degeneracy

degenerate.

n.

[Latin

genus race]

degeneration

/di d3ena'reij(a)n/ (

n.

1

becoming degenerate. 2 Med. morbid deterioration of body tissue etc. [Latin: related to degenerate]

degrade

/di'greid/ v. (-ding) 1 humilidishonour. 2 reduce to a lower rank. 3 Chem. reduce to a simpler molecular structure. degradation /.degra ate,

'deij(a)n/

degrading

n.

adj.

[Latin:

related to grade]

degree

/di'gri:/ n.

1

stage in a scale,

series, or process. 2 stage in intensity or

amount (in some degree). measurement of an angle or

3 unit of arc. 4 unit

in a scale of temperature, hardness, etc. 5 extent of burns. 6 academic rank conferred by a polytechnic, university, etc. 7 grade of crime (first-degree murder). 8 step in direct genealogical by degrees descent. 9 social rank. gradually. [Latin gradus step] degrees of comparison see compar-

ison

4.

/di:'his/ v. (-cing) (esp.

of a pod,

cut, etc.)

gape or burst open, z de-

hiscence

n.

dehiscent

adj. [Latin hio

gape]

dehumanize

/di:'hju:ma,naiz/ v. (also (-zing or -sing) 1 take human qualities away from. 2 make imperdehumanization /-'zeiJXa)n/ sonal. -ise)

(often foil, by of) cheat by fraud. [Latin: related to fraud] defray /di'frei/ v. provide money for (a defrayal n. defraycost or expense). /di'fro:d/

deprive (esp. a [French: related to de-,

/di:'frDk/

priest) of office.

dehisce

form]

deformed

ment

defrock

defrost /di:'frost/ v. 1 remove frost or ice from (a refrigerator, windscreen, etc.). 2 unfreeze (frozen food). 3 become un-

fine]

Usage

dehydrate

224

definite /'defmit/ adj. 1 certain, sure. 2 clearly denned; not vague; precise.

v.

[medieval Latin fredum

fine]

n.

dehydrate /,di:hai'dreit/ v. (-ting) 1 remove water from (esp. foods). 2 make or

de-ice dry, esp. too dry.

ration

/-'dreij(8)n/

n.

water]

remove

de-ice prevent the formation of /di:'ais/ v. 1

icer

ice from. 2

de-

ice on.

/-fi'keiJXa)n/ n. [Latin

deus god]

to + infin.) think condescend. [Latin dignus worthy]

deign /dem/

v. (foil,

by

deinstitutionalize 'tju:Jana,laiz/

v.

(also

/.di.msti -ise)

(-zing or

deinstitutionalized adj.) remove from an institution or help recover from the effects of institudeinstitutionalization tional life. -sing)

(usu.

as

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

deism

/'di:iz(a)m,

reasoned

n.

'dei-/

deist

belief in the existence of a god.

[Latin deus god] deity /'dinti, 'den-/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 god or goddess. 2 divine status or nature. 3 (the n.

deistic

/-'istik/ adj.

God.

Deity)

from

[French

Church

Latin]

dejd vu

/,dei3a:

'vu:/

n.

1

feeling of

having already experienced the present situation. 2 something tediously familiar. [French, = already seen] deject /di'd3ekt/ v. (usu. as dejected dejectedly adj.) make sad; depress. adv. dejection n. [Latin jacio throw] de jure /dei 'juan/ -adj. rightful, -adv. rightfully; by right. [Latin]

dekko

/'dekau/ n. (pi -s) slang look, glance. [Hindi] delay /di'lei/ -v. 1 postpone; defer. 2

make or be late; loiter, -n.

1 delaying or being delayed. 2 time lost by this. 3 hindrance. [French]

delayed-action

attrib. adj. (esp. of a

bomb, camera, etc.) operating after a set interval.

delectable

/di'lektab(a)l/ adj. esp. liter-

delectably ary delightful, delicious. adv. [Latin: related to delight]

delectation

/,di:lek'teij(a)n/ n. literary

pleasure, enjoyment. elected representative sent to a conference. 2 member -v. delegation, of a committee or

delegate -n.

/'dehgat/

1

(often foil, by to) a to an agent or deputy, b entrust (a task) to another. 2 send or authorize (a person) as a representative. [Latin: related to legate] delegation /.deli'geiJXaW n. 1 group representing others. 2 delegating or /'deh.geit/ (-ting)

commit (power

1

etc.)

being delegated.

delete

delft n. (also delftware) glazed, usu. blue and white, earthenware. [Delft in Holland] deli /'deli/ n. (pi. -s) colloq. delicatessen shop, [abbreviation]

deliberate -adj.

n.

deify /'di:i,fai, 'den-/ v. (-ies, -ied) make a of. n deification idol or god

fit,

deliquesce

225

dehyd[Greek hudor

become

/di li:t/ v. (-ting)

remove (a letter,

deleword, etc.), esp. by striking out. tion n. [Latin deleo] deleterious /.deh'tianas/ adj. harmful. [Latin from Greek] i

di'libarat 1 a intenb considered; careful. 2 (of movement, thought, etc.) unhurried; cautious, -v. /di'hba.reit/ (-ting) 1 think tional,

carefully; consider. 2 discuss (jury deliberated). deliberately /di'libaretli

adv. [Latin libra balande]

deliberation

,

/

1

diliba reiJ(a)n/ n.

1

care-

ful consideration; discussion. 2 careful

slowness.

deliberative /di'libarativ/ adj. (esp. of an assembly etc.) of or for deliberation or debate.

delicacy

being

/'delikasi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

delicate (in all senses). 2 a choice food,

[from delicate]

delicate

/'delikat/ adj. 1 a fine in texture, quality, etc.; slender, slight, b (of a colour, flavour, etc.) subtle, hard to

discern. 2 susceptible; weak, tender. 3 a requiring tact; tricky (delicate situation), b (of an instrument) highly sensitive. 4 deft (delicate touch). 5 modest. 6 delic(esp. of actions) considerate.

ately adv. [Latin]

delicatessen

/,delika'tes(a)n/ n.

1

shop

cooked meats, exotic cheeses, etc. 2 (often attrib.) such foods. [French: related to delicate] delicious /di'hjas/ adj. highly enjoydeliable, esp. to taste or smell. ciously adv. [Latin deliciae delights] delight /di'lait/ -v. 1 (often as delighted adj.) please greatly (her singing delighted us; delighted to help). 2 selling

esp.

by in) take great pleasure in (delights in surprising everyone), -n. 1 great pleasure. 2 thing that delights,

(foil,

delightful adj. delighted delightfully adv. [Latin delecto]

adj.

delimit /di'limit/ v. (-t-) fix the limits or boundary of. delimitation /-'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin:

related to limit]

delineate /di'lmi.eit/ v. (-ting) portray delinby drawing etc. or in words. eation LINE

/-'eij(a)n/ n.

[Latin: related to

1

]

delinquent

/di'hnkwant/ -n. offender

(juvenile delinquent), -adj. 1 guilty of a minor crime or misdeed. 2 failing in delinquency n. [Latin one's duty. delinquo offend] deliquesce /.deh kwes/ v. (-cing) 1 become liquid, melt. 2 dissolve in water deliquesabsorbed from the air. I

cence

n.

deliquescent

related to liquid]

adj.

[Latin:

delirious delirious

/di'lirias/ adj. 1 affected with delirium. 2 wildly excited, ecstatic, deliriously adv. delirium /di'liriam/ n. 1 disorder involving incoherent speech, hallucinations, etc., caused by intoxication, fever, etc. 2 great excitement, ecstasy. [Latin lira ridge between furrows]

tremens

delirium

/'triimenz/

n.

psychosis of chronic alcoholism involving tremors and hallucinations. deliver /di'liva(r)/ v a distribute (letters, goods, etc.) to their destination(s). b (often foil, by to) hand over. 2 (often foil, by from) save, rescue, or set free. 3 a give birth to (delivered a girl), b assist at the birth of or in giving birth (delivered six babies). 4 utter (an opinion, speech, etc.). 5 (often foil, by up, over) abandon; resign (delivered his soul up). be 6 launch or aim (a blow etc.). delivered of give birth to. deliver the goods colloq. carry out an undertaking. *\

.

[Latin liber free]

deliverance

n.

rescuing or being res-

cued.

delivery

(pi -ies) 1 delivering or being delivered. 2 regular distribution of letters etc. (two deliveries a day). 3 thing delivered. 4 childbirth. 5 deliverance. 6 style of throwing a ball, delivering a speech, etc. [Anglo-French: related n.

to DELIVER]

small usu. wooded valley. [Old English]

dell

n.

delouse Delphic

(-sing) rid of lice. (also Delphian /-fian/) 1 obscure, ambiguous, or enigmatic. 2 of the ancient Greek oracle at /di:'laus/ /

demesne

226

v.

delfik/ adj.

Delphi.

delphinium

delve

v.

(-ving)

1

(often

by

foil,

in, into)

search or research energetically or deeply (delved into his pocket, his family history). 2 poet. dig. [Old English]

demagnetize

/di:'maegni,taiz/

-ise) (-zing or -sing) netic properties of.

tion

v.

(also

remove the magdemagnetiza-

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

demagogue

/'dema.gDg/

(US -gog)

n.

political agitator appealing to mob instincts, z demagogic /-'gDgik/ adj.

demagogy

n.

[Greek, = leader of the

people]

demand

/di'ma:nd/ -n. 1 insistent and peremptory request. 2 desire for a commodity (no demand for fur coats). 3 urgent claim (makes demands on her), -v. 1 (often foil, by of, from, or to + infin., or that + clause) ask for insist-

ently (task

(demanded to know). demanding skill). 3

2 require insist on

being told (demanded her age). 4 (as demanding adj.) requiring skill, effort, etc. (demanding job; demanding child), z in demand sought after, on demand as soon as requested

attention,

(payable on demand). [French from Latin: related to

mandate]

demand feeding when it cries. demarcation

n.

feeding a baby

/,di:ma:'keij(a)n/ n. limits.

1

marking of a boundary or

2

trade-union practice of restricting a spedemarcate cific job to one union. /'di:-/ v. (-ting). [Spanish marcar mark ] 1

dematerialize (also -ise)

/.drma'tiaria.laiz/

(-zing or -sing)

v.

make

or

become non-material; vanish, z dematerialization

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

/del'fmiam/ n. (pi -s) gartall spikes of usu. blue flowers. [Greek: related to dolphin] delta /'delta/ n. 1 triangular area of earth, alluvium etc. at the mouth of a river, formed by its diverging outlets. 2 a fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (A, 8). b fourth-class mark for work etc. [Greek] delta wing n. triangular swept-back wing of an aircraft. delude /di'lu:d/ v. (-ding) deceive, mislead. [Latin ludo mock] deluge /'delju:d3/ -n. 1 great flood. 2 (the Deluge) biblical Flood (Gen. 6-8). 3 overwhelming rush. 4 heavy fall of rain, -u. (-ging) flood or inundate (deluged with complaints). [Latin diluvium]

demean /di'mi:n/ v. (usu. refl.) lower the

delusion

demerit

den plant with

/di'lu:3(a)n/ n. 1 false belief,

delusive hallucination. adj. delusory adj. [related to delude] de luxe /da 'L\ks/ adj. luxurious; superior; sumptuous. [French, = of luxury] hope,

etc. 2

dignity of (would not

[from

mean 2

demean

myself).

]

demeanour

/di'mi:na(r)/

n.

(US

demeanor) outward behaviour or bearing. [Latin

minor threaten]

demented

/di'mentid/ adj. mad. adv. [Latin mens mind] /di'menja/ n. chronic indementia sanity. [Latin: related to demented]

dementedly

dementia

praecox

/'pri:kDks/

n.

formal schizophrenia.

demerara

/.dema'reara/

n.

light-brown

cane sugar. [Demerara in Guyana]

demerger

/di:'m3:d3a(r)/ n. dissolution

of a commercial merger.

demerge

v.

(-ging).

/di:'ment/

n. fault;

blemish.

demesne

/di'mi:n, -'mem/ n. 1 a terdomain, b land attached to a mansion etc. c landed property. 2 (usu. foil, by of) region or sphere. 3 Law hist.

ritory;

possession (of real property) as one's

demilord]

demi-

prefix half; partly. [Latin dimi-

dius half]

demigod /'demi.gDd/ n.

1 a partly divine being, b child of a god or goddess and a mortal. 2 colloq. godlike person. demijohn /'demi,d3on/ n. large bottle usu. in a wicker cover. [French] demilitarize /dr.'milita.raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) remove an army etc. from (a frontier, zone, etc.). demi-

litarization

/-'zeiJXa)n/ n.

demi-monde /'demi.mDnd/ n. 1 class of women considered to be of doubtful morality. 2 any semi-respectable group. [French, = half- world] demise /di'maiz/ -n. 1 death; termination. 2 Law transfer of an estate, title, etc. by demising, -v. (-sing) Law transfer (an estate, title, etc.) by will, lease, or death. [Anglo-French: related to dismiss]

/.demi'semi to half

Mus. note equal

.kweiva(r)/ n.

a semiquaver. /di:'mist/

windscreen

demo

etc.).

/'demau/

monstration

v.

clear mist

demister

from

= de-

n. (pi. -s) colloq.

2, 3.

ation]

demobilize /dL'maubi.laiz/ v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) disband (troops, ships,

demobilization

/-

zeij(a)n/ n.

democracy /di'mDkrasi/ n.

(pi. -ies) 1 a government by the whole population, usu. through elected representatives, b State so governed. 2 classless and tolerant society. [Greek demokratia rule of the people] democrat /'dema.krset/ n. 1 advocate of democracy. 2 (Democrat) (in the US) member of the Democratic Party.

democratic

/.dema'kraetik/ adj.

1

of,

like, practising, or being a democracy. 2 demofavouring social equality. cratically adv.

Democratic Party n. more liberal of the two main US political parties. democratize /di'mDkra.taiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make democratic. democratization

demodulate

/-'zeij*(a)n/ n.

/di:'mDdju,leit/

v.

(-ting)

extract (a modulating signal) from carrier.

/di'mDliJV v. 1 a pull down (a building), b destroy. 2 overthrow (an institution). 3 refute (an argument, theory, etc.). Ajoc. eat up voraciously, demolition /,dema'liJXa)n/ n. [Latin

moles mass]

demon

/'di:man/ n. 1 a evil spirit or b personification of evil passion. 2 (often attrib.) forceful or skilful perdevil,

former {demon player). 3 cruel person. 4

daemon) supernatural being in ancient Greece. demonic /di'mDnik/ [Greek daimon deity] (also

adj.

demonetize /di:'mAni,taiz/ or

(-zing etc.)

from

/-'zeij(a)n/

n.

v.

(also -ise)

withdraw (a coin demonetization

-sing) use.

[French: related to

de-,

money]

demoniac

/di'maom.aek/ -adj. 1 fiercely energetic or frenzied. 2 supposedly possessed by an evil spirit. 3 of or like demons, -n. demoniac person. demo-

niacal /,di:ni9 nai8k(a)l/ adj. demoniacally /,di:ma'naiak9li/ adv. [Church Latin: related to demon]

demonism (a

n.

[abbreviation] demob /di:'mDb/ colloq. -v. (-bb-) demobilize, -n. demobilization, [abbrevi-

etc.).

demolish

,

demisemiquaver demist

demonstrator

227

own. [Latin dominicus from dominus

its

demodulation /.drmndju

'leiJXa)n/ n.

demography

/di'mografi/ n. the study of the statistics of births,, deaths, demographic disease, etc. /.dema'graefik/ adj. demographically /.dema'graefikali/ adv. [Greek demos the people, -GRAPHY]

/'di:ma,niz(a)m/

n.

belief in

demons.

demonolatry

/.drma'nDlatn/ n. worship of demons, [from demon, Greek latreuo worship] demonology /,di:ma'nDl8d3i/ n. the study of demons etc.

demonstrable

/'demDnstrab(a)l, di'mDnstrab(a)l/ adj. able to be shown demonstrably adv. or proved. demonstrate /'deman.streit/ v. (-ting) 1 show (feelings etc.). 2 describe and explain by experiment, practical use, etc. 3 logically prove or be proof of the truth or existence of. 4 take part in a public demonstration. 5 act as a demonstrator. [Latin monstro show] demonstration /.deman'streiftajn/ n. 1 (foil, by of) show of feeling etc. 2 (esp. political) public meeting, march, etc. 3 the exhibiting etc. of specimens or experiments in esp. scientific teaching. 4 proof by logic, argument, etc. 5 Mil. display of military force. demonstrative /di'mDnstrativ/ adj. 1 showing feelings readily; affectionate. 2 (usu. foil, by of) logically conclusive; giving proof (demonstrative of their skill). 3 Gram, (of an adjective or pronoun) indicating the person or thing

referred to

(e.g.

this,

demonstratively iveness

that,

adv.

those).

demonstrat-

n.

demonstrator n.

1

person

who demon-

strates politically. 2 person who demonstrates machines etc. to prospective customers. 3 person who teaches by esp. scientific

demonstration.

demoralize demoralize

(-zing or -sing) of; dishearten.

demote

,/di'maut/

rank or

lower

v.

(also -ise)

destroy the morale

demoralization

[French]

/-'zeij"(a)n/ n.

demotion

-'mauJXaJn/ n. [from de-, promote] /di'mDtik/ -n. 1 colloquial

form of a language. 2 simplified form of ancient Egyptian writing (cf. hieratic). -adj. 1 (esp. of language) colloquial or vulgar. 2 of ancient Egyptian or modern Greek demotic. [Greek demos the people] (also absol.)

/.dii'mauti.veit/

(-ting)

v.

cause to lose motivation or

demotivation

incentive.

/-'veiJXa)n/

/di'naial/ n.

denying the truth

1

or existence of a thing. 2 refusal of a request or wish. 3 disavowal of a leader

denier /'denja(r)/ n.

unit of weight meassilk, nylon, etc. [originally the name of a small coin, from Latin denarius]

uring the fineness of

denigrate

/'deni.greit/

(-ting)

v.

blacken the reputation of. denigration /-greij(a)n/ n. denigrator n.

denigratory

/-'greitan/

[Latin

adj.

niger black]

denim /'denim/

n. 1

(often attrib.) hard-

wearing usu. blue cotton

twill

used

for jeans, overalls, etc. 2 (in pi.) colloq:

made of this. [French de of, in France] 1 (usu. foil, by of) inhabitant or occupant. 2 foreigner having certain rights in an adopted country. 3 naturalized foreign word, animal, or plant. [Latin de intus from

jeans

etc.

Nimes

n.

demur /di'm3:(r)/ -v.

(-rr-) 1 (often foil,

by to, at) raise objections. 2 Law put in a demurrer, -n. (usu. in neg.) objection; objecting (agreed without demur).

moror delay]

[Latin

demure

/di'mjua(r)/ adj. (demurer, 1 quiet, reserved; modest. 2

demurest)

demurely

coy.

demureness

adv.

n.

[French: related to demur]

demurrer /di'mAra(r)/ n. Law objection raised or exception taken.

demystify

/di:'misti,fai/

v.

remove the mystery from; demystification

den

denial

etc.

reduce to a

(-ting) class. v.

demotic

demotivate

dent

228

/di'mora.laiz/

n.

1

(-ies, -ied)

clarify.

/-fi'keij(a)n/ n.

wild animal's

lair.

2 place of

crime or vice (opium den). 3 small private room. [Old English] denarius /di'neanas/ n. (pi. denarii /-n.ai/)

ancient

Roman

silver

coin.

[Latin deni by tens]

denary

/'di:nan/ adj. often; decimal. v. (also

denationalize /di:'naejana,laiz/

-ise) (-zing or -sing) transfer (an industry etc.) from public to private owner-

ship,

z denationalization

/-

zeij(a)n/

n.

denature

/di:'neitja(r)/

v.

(-ring)

1

change the properties of (a protein etc.) by heat, acidity, etc. 2 make (alcohol) undrinkable. [French]

dendrochronology

/.dendraukra dating of trees by their annual growth rings. 2 the study of these. [Greek dendron tree] dendrology /den'drDlad3i/ n. the study dendrological /-dra of trees, z 'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. dendrologist n. [Greek 'nDlad3i/ n.

1

dendron

tree] n. (also dean) valley. [Old English]

dene

dengue

/'derjgi/

n.

narrow wooded

infectious tropical

viral fever. [W. Indian

Spanish from

Swahili]

deniable denied.

/di'naiab(a)l/ adj. that

may be

denizen /'deniz(a)n/ n.

within]

denominate /di nDmi.neit/ v. give a name to, call, describe as.

(-ting) [Latin:

related to nominate] denomination /di,nDmi neiJ(a)n/ n. 1 Church or religious sect. 2 class of measurement or money. 3 name, esp. a characteristic or class name, z denominational adj. [Latin: related to

denominate]

denominator number below

/di'nDmi,neita(r)/

n.

the line in a vulgar frac-

tion; divisor. [Latin

nomen name]

denote

/di'naut/ v. (-ting) 1 (often foil, that) be a sign of; indicate; mean. 2 stand as a name for; signify, z denotation /,di:na'teiJXa)n/ n. [Latin: related

by

to note]

denouement denouement)

1

/dei'nu:md/ n. (also final unravelling of a

plot or complicated situation. 2 final scene in a play, novel, etc. [French, from

Latin nodus knot]

denounce /di'nauns/

v.

(-cing)

1

accuse

condemn. 2 inform against. 3 announce withdrawal from (an armis-

publicly;

tice, treaty, etc.).

z

denouncement

n.

[Latin nuntius messenger] de novo /di: 'naovau/ adv. starting again; anew. [Latin] dense adj. 1 closely compacted; crowded together; thick. 2 colloq. stupid, z densely adv. denseness n. [Latin densus] density n. (pi. -ies) 1 denseness of thing(s) or a substance. 2 Physics degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume. 3 opacity of a photographic image. dent -n. 1 slight hollow as made by a blow or pressure. 2 noticeable adverse

i

I

(

dental with a dent. 2 adversely indent]

mark

affect,

[from

dental

/'dent(a)l/ adj. 1 of the teeth or dentistry. 2 (of a consonant) produced

with the tongue-tip against the upper front teeth (as th) or the ridge of the teeth (as n,s,t). [Latin dens dent- tooth] dental floss n. thread used to clean between the teeth.

dental surgeon n. dentate /'denteit/

dentist. Bot.

&

adj.

Zool.

toothed; with toothlike notches. dentifrice /'dentifns/ n. toothpaste or tooth powder. [Latin: related to dental, frico rub]

dentine

/'dentirn/ n.

(US dentin

/-tin/)

hard dense tissue forming the bulk of a tooth.

dentist

/'dentist/ n.

person qualified to dentistry n.

treat, extract, etc., teeth.

dentition /den'tij(a)n/ n. 1 type, number, and arrangement of teeth in a species etc. 2 teething.

denture /'dentj8(r)/ n. removable artificial tooth or teeth. denuclearize /dir'njuikliaTaiz/

weapons from (a country denuclearization /-'zeij(9)n/

denude

(also

v.

or -sing) remove nuclear

-ise) (-zing

/di'nju:d/

naked or bare. 2

v.

etc.).

n.

(-ding)

(foil,

by

1

make

of) strip

of

denuda(covering, property, etc.). tion /.diinjur'deiJXaM n. [Latin nudus naked]

denunciation denouncing;

n. /di.nAnsi'eiJXaW condemnation. public

[Latin: related to

deny

deplorable

229 1

our funds), -v.

effect (dent in

/di'nai/

v.

denounce] (-ies,

-ied) 1

declare

untrue or non-existent. 2 repudiate or disclaim. 3 (often foil, by to) withhold (a

from (denied him the satisfacdeny oneself be tion; denied it to me). abstinent. [Latin: related to negate] thing)

deodar

/'di:a,dcu(r)/

cedar. [Sanskrit,

deodorant

Himalayan

n.

= divine

tree]

/di:'audarant/

n.

(often

substance applied to the body or sprayed into the air to conceal smells, [related to odour]

attrib.)

deodorize

/di:'9od8,raiz/

v.

(also -ise)

remove or destroy the deodorization /-'zeij(8)n/ n. /,di:oksi acid deoxyribonucleic (•zing or -sing)

smell of.

.raibaunju'klenk/ see

DNA.

[from

de-,

OXYGEN, RIBONUCLEIC ACID]

dep. abbr.

departs. 2 deputy. 1 a (often foil, by from) go away; leave, b (usu. foil, by for) start; set out. 2 (usu. foil, by from) deviate (departs from good taste). 3 esp. formal or literary leave by death; die (departed this life). [Latin dispertio divide] 1

depart /di'pa:t/ v.

departed

-adj. bygone, -n. (prec. by the) euphem. dead person or people. department n. 1 separate part of a complex whole, esp.: a a branch of

administration (Housing Department). b a division of a school, college, etc., by subject (physics department), c a section of a large store (hardware department). 2 colloq. area of special expertise. 3 administrative district, esp. in France. [French: related to depart]

departmental

,

/,di:pa:t

ment(a)l/ adj.

departmentally

of a department. adv.

department store many departments.

n.

large shop with

departure

/di'pa:tja(r)/ n. 1 departing. 2 (often foil, by from) deviation (from the truth, a standard, etc.). 3 (often attrib.) departing of a train, aircraft, etc. (departure lounge). A new course of action or thought (driving is rather a departure for him).

depend

/di'pend/ v. 1 (often foil, by on, upon) be controlled or determined by (it depends on luck). 2 (foil, by on, upon) a need (depends on his car), b rely on (I'm depending on good weather). [Latin pendeo hang]

dependable ability

/-

dependdependableness n.

adj. reliable.

biliti/ n.

dependably

dependant

adv.

n.

(US dependent) person

supported, esp. financially, by another. [French: related to depend] dependence n. 1 depending or being dependent, esp. financially. 2 reliance; trust.

dependency

n. (pi. -ies) country or province controlled by another. dependent -adj. 1 (usu. foil, by on, upon) depending, conditional. 2 unable to do without (esp. a drug). 3 maintained at another's cost. 4 (of a clause etc.) subordinate to a sentence or word. -n.

US

var. of

dependant.

depict /di'pikt/ v. or painting

n. [Latin:

depilate

2 portray in words;

depicter

describe.

piction

represent in drawing

1

etc.

n.

(also -tor), de-

related to picture]

/'depi.leit/

v.

(-ting)

depilation hair from. [Latin pilus hair] I

;

remove

/-'leij(9)n/ n.

depilatory /di'pilatan/-ad/. removing unwanted hair. -n. (pi. -ies) depilatory substance.

deplete sive)

/di'plirt/ v.

quantity; [Latin pleo

in

I

fill]

deplorable ingly bad.

(-ting) (esp. in pas-

numbers, force, or depletion n. exhaust.

reduce

/di'pb:rab(8)l/ adj. exceed-

deplorably adv.

deplore deplore

deploy

v.

spread out (troops) into a line ready for action. 2 use (arguments, forces, etc.) effectively, z dedi'pbi

ployment

n.

-ise) (-zing

v.

1

[Latin plico fold]

depoliticize

v

/.drpa'lrti.saiz/

or -sing)

.

(also

make non-political,

depoliticization

/di'paunant/ —adj. (of esp. a Latin or Greek verb) passive in form but active in meaning. -n. 1 deponent verb. 2 person making deposition under oath. [Latin depono put down, lay aside]

depopulate

'dii'popju.leit/

duce the population tion leij(8)n/ n.

of.

v.

(-ting) re-

z depopula-

-

remove

forcibly or exile to another country; banish. 2 re/7, behave (in a specified manner) /di'po:t/

v.

1

depository

(deported himself well), z deportation /,di'P3:'teiJ(a)n/ n. (in sense 1). [Latin

b store (of wisdom, knowledge, etc.). 2 = depositary. [Latin: related to deposit] /'depau/ n. 1 a storehouse, esp. for military supplies, b headquarters of a regiment. 2 a place where vehicles, e.g. buses, are kept, b US railway or bus

depot

station. [French: related to deposit]

deprave

deprecate cation

deposit /di'pDzit/ -n. 1 a money in a bank account, b anything stored for safe keeping. 2 a payment made as a pledge for a contract or as an initial part payment for a thing bought, b returnable sum paid on the hire of an item. 3 a natural layer of sand, rock, coal, etc. b layer of accumulated matter on a surface, -v. (-t-) 1 a put or lay down (deposited the book on the shelf), b (of water etc.) leave (matter etc.) lying. 2 a store or entrust for keeping, b pay (a sum of money) into a bank account. 3 pay (a sum) as part of a larger sum or as a pledge for a contract. [Latin pono posit- put]

deposit account

n.

bank account that

pays interest but

is

not usu. immedi-

ately accessible.

depositary n.

(pi. -ies)

person to

whom

a thing is entrusted. [Latin: related to deposit]

deposition /.depa'ziJXaJn/ n. 1 deposing, esp. dethronement. 2 sworn evidence; giving of this. 3 (the Deposition) taking down of Christ from the Cross. 4 depositing or being deposited. [Latin: related to deposit] depositor n. person- who deposits money, property, etc.

-ies)

(-ting)

v.

ex-

deprecatory

n.

Usage Deprecate with depreciate. depreciate

is

often confused

/di'prrji.eit/

v.

(-ting)

1

diminish in value. 2 belittle, z depreciatory /di'pri:Ji9t9n/ adj. [Latin: related to price]

Depreciate

depreciation

DEPOSIT]

(pi.

/-'keitan/ adj. [Latin: related to pray]

bearing,

n.

n.

deplore, z depre-

of;

/-'keij(9)n/

with deprecate.

demeanour. [French: related to deport] depose /di'pauz/ v. (-sing) 1 remove from office, esp. dethrone. 2 Law (usu. foil, by to, or that + clause) testify, esp. on oath. [French from Latin: related to

(-ving) corrupt,

/'depri.keit/

press disapproval

deported person,

/di'po:tmant/

v.

pravus crooked]

/di'praeviti/

moral corruption; wickedness.

Usage

/,di:po:'ti:/ n.

deportment

,/di'preiv/

depravity

porto carry]

deportee

a storehouse,

n. (pi. -ies) 1

esp. morally. [Latin

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

deponent

deport

deprive

230

(-ring) 1 regret deeply. 2 find exceedingly bad. [Latin ploro wail] di'pb:(r)/

is

often confused

/di,pri:ji'eij\a)n/ n. 1

decline in value, esp. due to tear,

made

b allowance

a

wear and

for this. 2 be-

littlement.

depredation

/,depri'deij\8)n/ n. (usu. in pi.) despoiling, ravaging. [Latin: related to prey] depress /di'pres/ v. 1 make dispirited or sad. 2 push down; lower. 3 reduce the activity of (esp. trade). 4 (as depressed adj.) a miserable, b suffering from depression, z depressing adj. depressingly adv. [Latin: related to press 1 ]

depressant esp. of a

-adj.

i

i

|

reducing activity,

body function, -n. depressant

substance.

depressed area

n.

area of economic

depression.

depression

c

1 extreme melancholy, often with a reduction in

/di'prej(a)n/ n.

and physical symptoms. 2 Econ. long period of slump. 3 lowering of winds etc. pressure; atmospheric caused by this. 4 hollow on a surface. 5 pressing down. depressive -adj. 1 tending to depress (depressive drug, influence). 2 of or tending towards depression (depressive illness; depressive father), -n. person suffering from depression. vitality

deprivation

/,depn'veij(a)n/ n. depriving or being deprived (suffered many deprivations).

deprive

/di'praiv/

(-ving)

(usu.

i

i

)d

]

i

\

i

(

j

i

foil,

s

of) prevent from having or enjoying. 2 (as deprived adj.) lacking what is needed for well-being; underprivileged.

A

by

v.

1

i

r

Dept. 1

1

related to priva-

n. [Latin:

tion]

Dept. abbr. Department.

depth n.1a

deepness, b measurement

from the top down, from the surface inwards, or from front to back. 2 difficulty; abstruseness. 3 a wisdom, b intensity of emotion etc. 4 intensity of colour, darkness, etc. 5 (usu. in pi.) a deep water or place; abyss, b low, depressed state, c lowest, central, or inmost part {depths of the country depth in depth thoroughly, out of winter). of one's depth 1 in water over one's head. 2 engaged in a task etc. too difficult for one. [related to deep] ;

jdepth-charge n. bomb exploding under water. ^deputation depjo'teiJ(8)n/ n. delegaj

/

1

tion. [Latin: related to

1

depute

/di'pju:t/

v.

depute]

(-ting) (often

foil,

by

delegate (a task, authority, etc.). 2 authorize as representative. [Latin puto think] to) 1

i

deputize

/'depju.taiz/

(-zing or -sing) (usu. deputy.

!

I

(also

-ise)

by for)

act as

v.

foil,

deputy

/'depjoti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 person appointed to act for another (also attrib.: deputy manager). 2 parliamentary representative in some countries, [var. of depute] derail /di:'reil/ v. (usu. in passive) cause derail(a train etc.) to leave the rails. ment n. [French: related to rail 1 ]

/di'remd3/ v. (-ging) 1 make derangeinsane. 2 disorder, disturb. ment n. [French: related to rank 1 ] Derby /'da:bi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 a annual flat horse-race at Epsom, b similar race elsewhere. 2 important sporting contest. 3 (derby) US bowler hat. [Earl of

ierange

Derby]

lerecognize

/di:'rekag,naiz/ v. (also cease to recognize

-ise) (-zing or -sing)

the status of (esp. a trade union).

derecognition /-'niJXa)n/ n. leregulate /di:'regju,leit/ v. regulations from. tion /-'leiJXa)n/ n. ierelict /'deralikt/ -adj.

(-ting) re-

deregula-

move

1

(esp. of a

property) dilapidated. 2 abandoned, ownerless, -n. 1 vagrant. 2 abandoned property. [Latin: related to relinquish]

t

\

:

descale

231

deprival

iereliction /,dera'likj(a)n/ n. 1 (usu. foil, by of) neglect; failure to carry out obligations. 2 abandoning or being abandoned. derestrict /,di:ri'stnkt/ v. remove restrictions (esp. speed limits) from. derestriction n. deieride /di'raid/ v. (-ding) mock. rision /-'ri3(a)n/ n. [Latin rideo laugh] '

de rigueur

/da n'g3:(r)/ predic. adj. required by fashion or etiquette (drugs were de rigueur). [French]

derisive

/di'raisiv/ adj.

=, derisory.

derisively adv. [from deride]

derisory

/di'raisan/ adj. (derisory cheers).

scoffing,

1

ironical 2 ridiculously small (derisory offer). derivation /,den'veij(a)n/ n. 1 deriving or being derived. 2 a formation of a word from another or from a root, b tracing of the origin of a word, c statement of this. derivative /di'nvativ/ -adj. derived; not original (his music is derivative), -n. 1 derived word or thing. 2 Math. quantity measuring the rate of change of another. derive /di'raiv/ v. (-ving) 1 (usu. foil, by from) get or trace from a source (derived satisfaction from work). 2 (foil, by from) arise from, originate in (happiness derives from many things). 3 (usu. foil, by from) show or state the origin or formation of (a word etc.). [Latin rivus

stream]

dermatitis

/,d3:ma'taitis/ n.

inflamma-

tion of the skin. [Greek derma skin, -itis] dermatology /,d3:ma'tDlad3i/ n. the dermatolostudy of skin diseases.

gical logist

adj.

/-ta'lDd3ik(a)l/

dermato-

[from dermatitis, -logy] dermis /'d3:mis/ n. 1 (in general use) the skin. 2 layer of living tissue below the epidermis, [from epidermis] n.

derogate

/'dera.geit/

v.

(-ting)

derogation

etc.).

1

by

right,

/-'geij(a)n/ n. [Latin

rogo ask]

derogatory /di'mgatan/ ing; insulting

adj. disparag-

(derogatory remark).

derogatorily adv. /'denk/ n. 1 crane for heavy weights, with a movable pivoted arm. 2 framework over an oil well etc., holding the drilling machinery. [Derrick, name of a hangman] derring-do /.denn'du:/ n. literary Joe heroic courage or actions, [daring to do]

derrick

/'dens/ n. 1 tropical climbing plant. 2 insecticide made from its root.

derris

[Latin from Greek] n. diesel oil for road vehicles, [diesel-engined road-uehicle] dervish /'d3:viJ7 n. member of a Muslim fraternity vowed to poverty and austerity. [Turkish from Persian, - poor] abbr. Department of Education and

derv

DES

Science.

desalinate

move

/di:'saeh,neit/

v.

(-ting) re-

the salt from (esp. sea water),

desalination

/-'neij(a)n/

n.

r

i

[from

saline]

!

1

(foil,

from) formal detract from (merit,

descale

/di:'skeil/

scale from.

v.

(-ling)

remove

descant descant

act), be descended from have as an ancestor, z descendent adj. [Latin scondo climb] descendant n. person or thing descended from another. [French: related to

DESCEND] di'sent n. 1 act or way of descending. 2 downward slope. 3 lineage, family origin. 4 decline: fall. 5

describe

di'skraib v. (-bing) 1 a state the characteristics, appearance, etc. of. b (foil, by as) assert to be: call {described him as a liar). 2 a draw (esp. a geometrical figure), b move in (a specified way. esp. a curve) (described a parabola through the air). [Latin scribo write] description drskripjom n. 1 a describing or being described, b representation, esp. in words. 2 sort, kind (no food of any description). [Latin: related to DESCRIBE] descriptive di'sknpnv adj. describing, esp. vividly. [Latin: related to describe] descry di skrai v. (-ies. -ied) literary' catch sight of: discern. [French: related to cry] (a

'desi.kreit

sacred place

etc.)

v.

(-ting) violate

with violence, pro-

desecration kreij(a)n desecrator n. [from de-. consec-

fanity, etc. z n.

-

rate]

desegregate

di:segn geit

abolish racial segregation segregation -geij(8)n n,

v.

in.

(-ting^

z

de-

deselect

,di:si lekt v. reject (a selected candidate, esp. a sitting MP) in favour of another, z deselection it

desensitize

di:

sensi.taiz

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) reduce or destroy the desensitization sensitivity of. z zeil(8)n n. desert- di'z3:t v. 1 leave without intending to return. 2 (esp. as deserted adj.) forsake, abandon. 3 run away (esp. from military service), z deserter n. (in sense 3). desertion n. [Latin desero sen- leave] -

dezet -n. dry barren, esp. sandy, tract, -adj. uninhabited, desolate, barren. [Latin desertus: related to

DESERT

1

]

desert

3

diz3:t

n.

(in

1

pi) deserved

reward or punishment (got his deserts). 2 being worthy of reward or punishment. [French: related to deserve] n. suede etc. ankle-high

desert boot boot.

desertification di Z3:tifi 'keijom n. making or becoming a desert. desert island n. (usu. tropical) uninhabited island. drz3:v r. (-ving) (often foil, by to - infin.) be worthy of (a reward, punishment, etc.) (deserves a prize), z

deserve

deservedly

adv. [Latin servio

-vidli

deserving adj.

(often

foil,

worthy

by

of)

n.

(also

(esp. of help, praise, etc.).

deshabille

,deza?'bi:ei

habille

attack.

desecrate

desert 2

serve]

descent

sudden

designing

232

deskaBnt 1 harmonizing treble melody above the basic melody, esp. of a hymn tune. 2 poet, melody; song. — r. dis'kaent (foil, by on. upon) talk prosily, esp. in praise of. [Latin cantus song: related to chant] descend di'send v. 1 go or come down. 2 sink. fall. 3 slope downwards. 4 (usu. foil, by on) make a sudden attack or visit. 5 (of property etc.) be passed on by inheritance. 6 a sink in rank, quality, etc. b (foil, by to) stoop to (an unworthy -n.

bi:l

)

des-

deizae biJ dishabille dise state of partial undress. [French. .

= undressed]

desiccate

desi keit

(-ting)

v.

remove

moisture from (esp. food) (desiccated coconut), z desiccation -keijom a [Latin siccus dry]

desideratum -ta)

di zida

ra:tam

n.

(pi

something lacking but desirable.

[Latin: related to desire]

design

-n,

di'zain

preliminary-

a

1

plan or sketch for making something, b art of producing these. 2 lines or shapes forming a pattern or decoration. 3 plan, purpose, or intention. 4 a arrangement or layout of a product, b established version of a product, -v. 1 produce a design for (a building, machine, etc.). 2 intend or plan (designed for beginners). 3 be a designer, z by design on pur" ?se have designs on plan to appropriate, seduce, etc. [Latin signum mark]

designate

dezig nert (-ting) 1 -v. (often foil, by as) appoint to an office or function. 2 specify (designated timesy 3 (often foil, by as) describe as: style. 4 serve as the name or symbol of. -adj. 'dezignat (after the noun) appointed to office but not yet installed. [Latin: related to design]

designation

1 n, dezig'neijom name, description, or title. 2 designat-

ing.

designedly

di

zamidli

adv.

on pur-

pose.

person who designs e.g. sets; theatre machines, clothing, draughtsman. 2 (attrib.) bearing the

designer

label of a

n.

1

famous designer:

designer drug n. an

prestigious,

synthetic analogue of

illegal drug.

designing

adj. crafts-,

scheming.

desirable desirable

adj.

1

worth

having or doing. 2 sexually attractive. desirability biliti n. desirableness -

n.

desirably adv.

desire

predic. adj.

1

(usu.

foil,

by

of)

desiring, wanting (desirous of stardom). 2 wanting: hoping (desirous to do the right thing).

desist

(often foil, by abstain: cease. [Latin desisto]

desk

di'zist

v.

from)

|

1

printer.

desolate -adj. i

desalat

left

1

alone:

dreary (desolate moor). 3 forlorn: wretched. solitary. 2 uninhabited, ruined,

— v.

'desa.leit

(-ting)

1

depopulate, dev-

desolated desolately

astate: lay waste. 2 (esp. as

make wretched,

r adv. desolateness -latnis n. [Latin solus alone] desolation desa'leijVam n. 1 desolating or being desolated. 2 loneliness, grief, etc.. esp. caused by desertion. 3 adj.)

-lath

!

neglected, ruined, or empty state, di spea(r) -n. 1 complete loss or absence of hope. 2 cause of this. -v. (often foil, by of) lose or be without hope (despaired of ever winning). [Latin

lespair

spero hope]

despatch var. of dispatch. lesperado ,despa'ra:dau n. (pi. -es or US -s) desperate or reckless criminal etC. [as

vile:

despikab(a)l. di'spik- adj.

contemptible, esp. morally.

spicably adv. [Latin specio

de-

spect- look

DESPERATE]

lesperate "desparat

adj.

1

reckless 2 a

from despair: violent and lawless.

extremely dangerous, serious, or bad (desperate situation), b staking all on a small chance (desperate remedy). 3 (usu. foil, by for) needing or desiring very much (desperate for recognition)

desperately adv. desperateness n. [Latin: n. -*reij(am desperation i

related to despair]

despise

di spaiz v. . (-t-) 1 harm the good reputation of. 2 cause to be disbelieved. 3 refuse to believe.

discreditable

adj.

bringing discredit;

discreditably adv.

shameful,

discreet

a circumspect, b tactful; judicious, prudent. 2 unobtrusive, discreetly adv. discreetness n. [Latin: related to discern] ,/di'skri:t/ adj.

discrepancy

(-er, -est) 1

/dis'krepansi/

n. (pi. -ies)

discrep-

difference; inconsistency.

ant adj. [Latin discrepo be discordant] discrete /di'skri:t/ adj. individually disdiscontinuous.

tinct; separate,

creteness

dis-

[Latin: related to discern] /di'skreJXa)n/ n. 1 being dis-

n.

discretion

disgust

246

/dis'kredit/ -n.

prudence; good judgement. 3 freedom or authority to act according to one's judgement. use one's discretion act according to one's own judgement. discretionary adj. creet. 2

from embarrassment.

rassment

disembar-

n.

disembodied

/.disim'bodid/ adj.

1

(of

the soul etc.) freed from the body or concrete form. 2 lacking a body. dis-

embodiment n. disembowel /.disim'baual/ -1-)

remove the bowels or

disenchantment

sion.

disencumber

v.

(-J1-;

entrails

disembowelment n. disenchant /,dism'tja:nt/

v.

US

of.

disillu-

n.

/.dism'kAmbafr)/ v free .

from encumbrance.

disenfranchise

/.dism'fraentjaiz/ v. (also disfranchise) (-sing) 1 deprive of the right to vote or to be represented. 2 deprive of rights as a citizen or of a franchise held. disenfranchise-

ment

n.

disengage

/,disin'geid3/ v. (-ging) 1 detach, loosen, release. 2 remove (troops) from battle etc. 3 become detached. 4 (as disengaged adj.) a at leisure, b uncommitted. disengagement n.

disentangle / dism taerig(8)l/ v. (-ling) free or become free of tangles or complications. disentanglement n. ,

[Latin: related to discern]

discriminate

1

/di'sknmi.neit/

v.

(-ting)

(often foil, by between) make or see a distinction. 2 (usu. foil, by against or in favour of) treat unfavourably or favourably, esp. on the basis of race, gender, discriminatory /-natan/ adj. etc. [Latin discrimino: related to discern] discriminating adj. showing good 1

judgement or

taste.

discrimination /di.skrimi'neiJXaW

run]

discus

/'diskas/ n. (pi. -cuses) heavy thick-centred disc thrown in athletic events. [Latin from Greek]

discuss

/di'skAs/ v. 1 talk about (discussed their holidays). 2 talk or write about (a subject) in detail. discussion

[Latin discutio -cuss- disperse] /dis'dem/ -n. scorn, contempt. -v. 1 regard with disdain. 2 refrain or disdainful adj. refuse out of disdain. disdainfully adv. [Latin: related to de-, n.

disdain

deign]

disestablish-

of.

n.

(US disfavor)

/dis'feiva(r)/

1 disapproval or dislike. 2 being disliked, -v. regard or treat with dis-

-n.

disfigure /dis'figa(r)/ v. (-ring) spoil the disfigurement n. appearance of. disfranchise var. of disenfranchise.

disgorge from the

/dis'go:d3/

throat. 2

gorgement

v.

(-ging)

pour

forth,

1

eject

c dis-

n.

disgrace

/dis'greis/ -n. 1 shame; ignominy. 2 shameful or very bad person or thing (bus service is a disgrace), -v. (-cing) 1 bring shame or discredit on. 2 dismiss from a position of honour or in disgrace out of favour. favour. [Latin: related to dis-, grace] disgraceful adj. shameful; causing disdisgracefully adv. grace.

disgruntled

/dis'grAnt(9)id/ adj.

contented; sulky. [from dis-, grunt]

dis-

disgruntlement n.

disguise

disease

unhealthy condition of the body or mind, plants, society, etc. 2 particular kind of disease. diseased adj. [French: related to dis-, /di'zi:z/

n.

1

ease]

disembark

/,disim'ba:k/ v. put or go ashore; get off an aircraft, bus, etc.

disembarkation

disembarrass by

the establishment

ment

disfavour favour.

n.

unfavourable treatment based on racial, sexual, etc. prejudice. 2 good taste or judgement. discursive /di'sk3:siv/ adj. tending to digress, rambling. [Latin curro curs1

foil,

disestablish /.disi'staebhJV v. 1 deprive (a Church) of State support. 2 terminate

/-'keiJX8)n/ n.

/.disim'baeras/

of) relieve (of

a load

v. 1

etc.).

(usu. 2 free

/dis'gaiz/-i;. (-sing) 1 conceal the identity of; make unrecognizable. 2 conceal (disguised my anger), -n. 1 a

costume, make-up, etc., used to disguise, b action, manner, etc., used to deceive. 2 disguised state. 3 practice of disguising. [French: related to dis-] disgust /dis'gAst/ -n. strong aversion; repugnance, -v. cause disgust in. disgusting adj. disgustingly adv. [French or Italian: related to dis-, gusto]

dish dish -fi.1a shallow flat-bottomed con-

tainer for food, b its contents, c particukind of food or food prepared to a particular recipe (meat dish). 2 (in pi.) crockery, pans, etc. after a meal (wash the dishes). 3 a dish-shaped object or cavity, b = satellite dish. 4 colloq. sexually attractive person, —v. 1 colloq. outmanoeuvre, frustrate. 2 make dishlar

dish out

shaped.

dish up

1

disharmonious

harmony; discord. /-'maunias/ adj. dishcloth n. cloth for

dishearten

washing

/dis'ha:t(a)n/

disheartenment n. dishevelled /di'Jev(a)ld/

v.

dishes.

cause to

adj.

(US dish-

disheveleveled) untidy; ruffled. ment n. [from dis-, chevel 'hair', from Latin capillus] dishonest /dis'omst/ adj. fraudulent or

honesty

dishonestly adv. dis-

n.

dishonour

/dis'ona(r)/

(US dishonor)

-n. 1 loss of honour or respect; disgrace. 2 thing causing this. -v. 1 disgrace (dishonoured his name). 2 refuse to accept or pay (a cheque etc.).

dishonourable

adj.

(US dishonor-

able) 1 causing disgrace; ignominious. 2 dishonourably adv. unprincipled. dishwasher n. machine or person that

washes dishes. adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. sexually

attractive.

disillusion /,disi'lu:3(a)n/ -v. free from an illusion or mistaken belief, -n. disildisillusionment n. lusioned state.

disincentive

/.dism'sentiv/

n.

thing

discouraging action, effort, etc. (-ning) /.dism'klam/ v. disinmake unwilling or reluctant. clination /-kli'neij(a)n/ n. infecof cleanse disinfect /.dism'fekt/ v. disinfection, esp. with disinfectant. tion n. disinfectant -n. substance that des-

disincline

troys germs etc. -adj. disinfecting. disinformation /.dismfa'meiftajn/ n. false information, propaganda. disingenuous /,dism'd3enjuas/ adj. indisingenuously sincere, not candid. adv. disinherit /.dism'hent/ v. (-t-) reject as one's heir; deprive of the right of in-

disinheritance n. heritance, disintegrate /dis'mti.greit/ v. ( ting) 1 separate into component parts or fragments, break up. 2

disinter

/,dism't3:(r)

colloq.

break down,

dig

(-rr-)

dl

disinterment

(esp. a corpse),

disinterested

/dis'mtristid

partial. 2 uninterested.

:

up

n.

adj.

1

im-

disinterest

n.

disinterestedly adv.< is

Usage Use of disinterested in sense 2 common in informal use, but is widely

regarded as incorrect. The use of the

noun

disinterest to

est' is

mean

'lack of inter-

also objected to but

it is

rarely

used in any other sense and the alternative uninterest

disinvest

lose courage, hope, or confidence,

insincere.

esp. mentally. 3 (of an atomic nucleus) emit particles or divide into smaller nuclei. disintegration -'greijo)n n.

colloq. distribute,

put (food) in dishes for serving. 2 colloq. present as a fact or argument. [Old English from Latin discus] dishabille var. of deshabille. disharmony /dis'ha:mani/ n. lack of

dishy

dismember

247

is

rare.

/.dism'vest/

v.

pose of one's investment,

ment

reduce or disdisinvest-

n.

disjoint /disjoint/

v. 1 take apart at the joints. 2 (as disjointed adj.) incoherent; disconnected. 3 disturb the working

of;

disrupt.

disjunction

/dis'd3ArikJ\a)n/

n.

sep-

aration.

disjunctive

/dis'd3Arjktiv

adj.

1

involving separation. 2 (of a conjunction) expressing an alternative, e.g. or in is it wet or dry? disk var. of disc (esp. US & Computing).

disk drive

n.

Computing mechanism and reading or writ-

for rotating a disk

ing data from or to

diskette

/di'sket/

it.

n.

Computing

=

floppy n. dislike /dis'laik/ -v. (-king) have an aversion to; not like. -n. 1 feeling of repugnance or not liking. 2 object of this.

dislocate /'disla.keit/ v. (-ting) 1 disturb the normal connection of (esp. a joint in the body). 2 disrupt.

dislocation

/-'keij(a)n/ n.

dislodge /dis'lDd3/ V. (ging) disturb or dislodgement n. move, not loyal; adj. dis'bial/ disloyal unfaithful.

loyalty

dismal

disloyally

adv.

dis

n.

adj. 1 gloomy; miser sombre. 3 colloq. feeble,

/'dizm(o)l

able. 2 dreary;

dismally inept (dismal attempt). adv. [medieval Latin dies mali unlucky days] dismantle /dis'maent(a)l/ v. ling) 1 take to pieces; pull down. 2 deprive of (

defences or equipment. dis'mei/ -n. intense disappointment or despair, -v. fill with dismay. [French from Germanic: related to

dismay dis-,

may]

dismember /dis'memba(r)/ v. 1 remove the limbs from. 2 partition or divide up.

dismemberment

n.

dismiss dismiss

disposable income

248

/dis'mis/

send away, esp.

1

v.

dispatch-box

case for esp. parlia-

n.

from one's presence; disperse. 2 terminate the employment of, esp. dishonourably; sack. 3 put from one's mind or emotions. 4 consider not worth talking or thinking about; treat summarily. 5

mentary documents. dispatch-rider n. messenger on a motor cycle. dispel /di'spel/ v. (-11-) drive away; scat-

Law refuse further hearing to (a case). 6

dispensable

Cricket put (a batsman or side) out (usu. dismissal n. stated score). [Latin mitto miss- send]

dispensary

for a

dismissive

dismissing rudely or

adj.

dismissively casually; disdainful. adv. dismissiveness n. dismount /dis'maunt/ v. 1 a alight from a horse, bicycle, etc. b unseat. 2 remove (a thing) from its mounting.

disobedient

adj.

/,disa'bi:diant/

dis-

disobedience

obeying; rebellious.

n.

disobediently adv.

disobey

/.disa'bei/ v.

refuse or

fail to

obey.

disoblige

/,disa'blaid3/

to help or cooperate

v.

(-ging) refuse

with (a person).

disorder

/dis'o:da(r)/ n. 1 lack of order; confusion. 2 public disturbance; riot. 3 disordered adj. ailment or disease. disorderly adj. 1 untidy; confused. 2 riotous, unruly. disorderliness n.

disorganize /dis'D:ga,naiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 throw into confusion or disorder. 2 (as disorganized adj.) disorganbadly organized; untidy.

ization

/-'zeiJXa)n/ n.

disorient

/dis'oinont/

v.

= disorient-

ate.

disorientate

/dis'o:nan,teit/

v.

(also

disorient) (-ting) confuse (a person), disoriesp. as to his or her bearings.

entation

/-'teij(a)n/ n.

disown /dis'aun/

v.

deny or give up any

connection with; repudiate. (-ging) 1 criti2 bring discredit on. disparagement n. [French: related to dis-,

belittle.

parage rank]

disparate

/'disparat/ adj. different; not comparable.

essentially

disparate-

ness n. [Latin disparo separate] disparity /di'spaenti/ n. (pi.

-ies)

inequality; difference; incongruity.

dispassionate /di'spaej\a)nat/ adj. from emotion; impartial.

free

dispassion-

ately adv.

dispatch

/di'spaetJV (also

/di'spensan/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

where medicines are dispensed. dispensation /,dispen'seij(a)n/ n. 1 displace

pensing or distributing. 2 exemption rule, etc. 3 ordering or management of the world by Provid-

from penalty, ence.

dispense

/di'spens/ v. (-sing) ute; deal out. 2 administer. 3

and give out (medicine

1

distrib-

make up

4 (foil, by with) do without; make unnecessary. [French from Latin pendo pens- weigh] dispenser n. 1 person or thing that dispenses e.g. medicine, good advice. 2 automatic machine dispensing a specific

etc.).

amount.

disperse

/di'sp3:s/ v. (-sing) 1 go, send, drive, or scatter widely or in different directions. 2 send to or station at different points. 3 disseminate. 4 Chem. distribute (small particles) in a medium. 5 divide (white light) into its coloured constituents. dispersal n. dispersive adj. [Latin: related to dis-, sparse]

dispersion /di'sp3:J(a)n/ n.

1 dispersing or being dispersed. 2 (the Dispersion)

= Diaspora. dispirit /di'spirit/

(esp. as dispirit-

v.

ing, dispirited adjs.)

make despond-

ent, deject.

displace /dis'pleis/ v. (-cing) from its place. 2 remove from take the place

of;

1

move

office.

3

oust.

n. refugee in war or from persecution. displacement n. 1 displacing or being displaced. 2 amount of fluid displaced by an object floating or immersed in it. etc.,

display

/di'splei/ -v. 1 exhibit; show. 2 reveal; betray, -n. 1 displaying. 2 a exhibition or show, b thing(s) displayed. 3 ostentation. 4 mating rituals of some birds etc. 5 what is shown on a visual display unit etc. [Latin plico fold] displease /dis'pli:z/ v. (-sing) make up-

set or angry;

despatch) -v.

send off to a destination or for a purpose. 2 perform (a task etc.) promptly; finish off. 3 kill, execute. 4 colloq. eat quickly, -n. 1 dispatching or being dispatched. 2 a official written message, esp. military, b news report to a newspaper etc. 3 promptness, efficiency. [Italian dispacciare or Spanish despachar] 1

can be dispensed with.

displaced person

disparage /di'spaend3/ v. cize;

ter (fears etc.). [Latin pello drive] /di'spensab(a)l/ adj. that

annoy.

displeasure

/-'ple3(a)r/ n.

disport

/di'spo:t/

v.

(often

refl.)

play,

[Anglo-French frolic, enjoy oneself. porter carry, from Latin] disposable /di'spauzab(a)l/ -adj. 1 intended to be used once and discarded. 2 able to be disposed of. ~n. disposable article.

disposable income rc., income tax and other fixed payments.

after

disposal disposal

/di'spauz(a)l/ n. disposing of, at one's disposal availe.g. waste. able.

Usage

Disposal is the noun corresponding to the verb dispose of (get rid of. deal with,

etc.).

Disposition

from dispose (arrange,

dispose

is

the

noun

incline).

(usu. foil, by to, or to + infin.) a make willing; incline (was disposed to agree), b tend (wheel was disposed to buckle). 2 arrange suitably. 3 (as disposed adj.) have a specified inclination (illdisposed; well-disposed). 4 determine events (man proposes, God disposes). dispose of 1 a deal with, b get rid of. c finish, d kill. 2 sell. 3 prove (an argument etc.) incorrect. [French: related to pose] /di'spauz/

v.

(-sing)

1

disposition /,disp9'zij(9)n/ n. 1 natural tendency; temperament. 2 a ordering; arrangement (of parts etc.). b arrangement. 3 (usu. in pi.) preparations; plans.

Usage

/.dispa'zes/

v. 1

(usu.

foil,

by

as dispossessed adj.) deprive (a

person)

of.

session

dispos-

2 dislodge; oust.

n.

lack of proportion; being out of propor-

disproportional

portionate adv. disproportionate adj.

dispro-

adj.

1

out of proporsmall etc.

disproportionately adv. /dis'pru:v/

v.

disputant

open to disputably adv.

/di'spju:tab(a)l/ adj.

question; uncertain. !

/di spju:t(a)nt/ n.

person in a

disputation esp.

,

/

1

diskwi ziJ(8)n

dis-

n.

cursive treatise or discourse.

[Latin

quaero quaesit- seek]

disregard treat as neglect.

/.disn'ga.d/ -v.

1

ignore. 2

unimportant.—^, indifference;

disrepair /,disn'pea(r) n. poor condition due to lack of repairs. disreputable /dis'repjotab(a)lac(/. 1 of bad reputation. 2 not respectable in disreput-

character or appearance.

ably adv.

disrepute

/,disn'pju:t/ n. lack of

good

reputation; discredit.

disrespect

/.disri'spekt/ n. lack of re-

disrespectful discourtesy. disrespectfully adv.

spect; adj.

disrobe

/dis'raob/

v.

(-bing)

literary

undress.

disrupt

/dis'rApt/

v.

1

interrupt the

to. 2 break disruption n. disruptive adj. disruptively adv. [Latin: related to rupture] dissatisfy /di'saetis.fai/ v. (-ies. -ied)

continuity

of;

bring disorder

make

discontented;

fail

to

satisfy,

/-'faekJX8)n/ n.

dissect /di'sekt/ v. 1 cut into pieces, esp. for examination or post mortem. 2 anadissection lyse or criticize in detail, n. [Latin: related to section] /di'semb(a)l' v. (-ling) 1 be hypocritical or insincere. 2 disguise or conceal (a feeling, intention, etc.). [Latin

disseminate

/di'semi.neit v. ( ting) spread (esp. ideas) scatter about, dissemination nei.f(o)n n. widely, [Latin: related to dis-, semen]

dissension

/di'senj*(8)n

agreement. [Latin: related

dispute. bate,

disquiet.

n.

disquisition

simulo simulate]

(-ving) prove

false.

disputable

make anxious.

dissemble

tion. 2 relatively too large or

disprove

-v.

-n. anxiety; uneasiness.

disquietude

dissatisfaction

/-'zej(9)n/ n.

disproof /dis'pru:f/ n. refutation. disproportion /.dispra'po^^n/ tion.

disquiet /dis'kwaiat

apart.

See note at disposal.

dispossess of) (esp.

dissident

249

/.dispjui'teiJXaW n. formal. 2 argument;

1

de-

con-

troversy.

disputatious adj. argumentative. dispute /di'spju:t/ -v. (-ting) 1 debate, argue. 2 discuss, esp. heatedly; quarrel. 3 question the truth or validity of (a statement etc.). 4 contend for (disputed territory). 5 resist, oppose, -n. 1 controversy; debate. 2 quarrel. 3 disagreein ment leading to industrial action, dispute 1 being argued about. 2 (of a workforce) involved in industrial action. [Latin puto reckon]

disqualify /dis'kwDli.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 debar from a competition or pronounce ineligible as a winner. 2 make or pronounce ineligible, unsuitable, or unqualified (disqualified from driving).

disqualification /-fi'keiJX^n/

n.

angry dia to dissent]

n.

/di'sent/-i;. (often foil, by from) disagree, esp. openly. 2 differ, esp.

dissent 1

from the established or official opinion. -n. 1 such difference. 2 expression of this. [Latin: related to dis-, sentio feel) n. 1 person who dissents. 2 (Dissenter) Protestant dissenting from the Church of England.

dissenter

dissentient

/di'senj(.))nt

-adj.

dia

agreeing with the established or official view. -n. person who dissents. dissertation /.disa'teiJO on n. detailed discourse, esp. one submitted towards

an academic degree. [Latin disserto

dis-

cuss]

disservice /dis's3:vis/ n. harmful action, harm. dissident /'disid(a)nt/ -adj. disagreewith the established government, system, etc. -n. dissident person.

ing, esp.

dissimilar sedeo

n. [Latin:

related to

dis-,

adj.

/di'simila(r)/

unlike,

dissimilarity /-'laeriti/

not similar,

n.

(pi. -ies).

dissimulate

/di'simju.leit/ v. ( ting) dissemble. dissimulation /-'leij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to dissemble]

dissipate

/'disi.peit/

v.

(-ting)

1

dis-

perse, disappear, dispel. 2 squander. 3 (as dissipated adj.) dissolute. [Latin dissipare -pat-]

dissipation

/

1

disi'peiJ(a)n/

n.

1

dis-

solute way of life. 2 dissipating or being dissipated. dissociate /di'sauji.eit/ v. (-ting) 1 disconnect or separate. 2 become disconnected. dissociate oneself from declare oneself unconnected with. dissociation /- eij(9)n/ n. dissociative /-ativ/ adj. [Latin: related to dis-, associ-

ate]

dissoluble

/di'sDljub(a)l/ adj. that

can

be disintegrated, loosened, or disconnected.

dissolute

/'disa,lu:t/ adj. lax in morals; licentious. [Latin: related to dissolve] /,disa'lu:J(9)n/ n. 1 dissolving or being dissolved, esp. of a partnership or of parliament for a new election. 2 breaking up, abolition (of an institution). 3 death.

dissolution

dissolve /di'zDlv/ v. (-ving) 1 make or become liquid, esp. by immersion or dispersion in a liquid. 2 (cause to) disappear gradually. 3 dismiss (an assembly, esp. Parliament). 4 annul or put an end to (a partnership, marriage, etc.). 5 (often foil, by into) be overcome (by tears, laughter, etc.). [Latin: related to dis-, solvo solut- loosen] /'disanant/ adj. 1 harsh-

dissonant

toned; unharmonious. 2 incongruous. dissonance n. [Latin: related to dis-,

sono SOUND

1

]

(-ding) (often foil, by from) discourage (a person); dissuasion persuade against. /di'sweid/

/-'swei3(a)n/ n. related to dis-,

v.

dissuasive adj. [Latin: suadeo advise]

dissyllable var. of disyllable. distaff /'dista:f/ n. cleft stick holding wool or flax for spinning by hand. [Old English]

distaff side

n.

female branch of a

stand]

distant

adj. 1 far away; at a specified distance (three miles distant). 2 remote in time, relationship, etc. (distant prospect; distant relation). 3 aloof. 4 abstracted (distant stare). 5 faint (distant memory). distantly adv.

distaste

/dis'teist/ n. (usu. foil, by for) aversion. distasteful adj. distastefully adv. distastefulness n. 1 distemper /di'stempa(r)/ hist-n. paint using glue or size as a base, for use on walls, -v. paint with this. [Latin, = soak: see distemper 2 ] distemper 2 /di'stempa(r)/ n. disease of esp. dogs, with coughing and weakness. [Latin: related to dis-, tempero mingle] distend /di'stend/ v. swell out by pressure from within (distended stomach), a distensible /-'stensib(a)l/ adj. distension /-'stenj(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to

dislike;

1

TEND ] distich

/'distik/ n. verse couplet. [Greek stikhos line] distil /di'stil/ v. (US distill) (-11-) 1 purify or extract the essence from (a substance) by vaporizing and condensing it and collecting the resulting liquid. 2 extract the essential meaning of (an idea etc.). 3 make (whisky, essence, etc.) by distilling raw materials. 4 fall or cause to in drops, n distillation fall /-'leij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to de-, stillo

drip]

distiller

/'dist(a)ns/

-n.

1

being far

off;

remoteness. 2 space between two points. 3 distant point or place. 4 aloofness; reserve. 5 remoter field of vision (in the distance). 6 interval of time. -v. (-cing) (often reft.) 1 place or cause to seem far off; be aloof. 2 leave far behind in a race etc. c at a distance far off. keep one's

n.

person

who

distils,

esp.

alcoholic liquor. distillery n. (pi -ies) place where alcoholic liquor is distilled, distinct /di'stinkt/ adj. 1 (often foil, by from) not identical; separate; different. 2 clearly perceptible. 3 unmistakable,

advantage). (distinct decided distinctly adv. [Latin: related to tinguish]

distinction

dis-

/di'stirjkj(a)n/ n. 1 discrim-

inating or distinguishing. 2 difference between two things. 3 thing that differentiates or distinguishes. 4 special consideration or honour (treat with dis5 excellence (person of tinction). distinction). 6 title or mark of honour. [Latin: related to distinguish] distinctive adj. distinguishing, characdistinctively adv. distinctteristic.

iveness

family.

distance

distance remain aloof. [Latin: related to dis-, sto

sit]

dissimilar

dissuade

distinguish

250

c dissidence

n.

distingue

/di'staengei/

adj.

tinguished in appearance, manner, [French]

distinguish

disetc.

/di'stingwiJV v. 1 (often differentiate; see or draw distinctions. 2 be a mark or property of; characterize.. 3 discover by listening, looking, etc. 4 (usu. refl.\ often foil,

by from, between)

distinguished foil,

by

251

make prominent

by)

(dis-

tinguished himself by winning). distinguishable adj. [Latin: related to dis-, stinguo stinct- extinguish] distinguished adj. 1 eminent; famous. 2 dignified.

distort

/di'sto:t/ v. 1 pull or twist out of shape. 2 misrepresent (facts etc.). 3 transmit (sound etc.) inaccurately. distortion n. [Latin torqueo tort- twist]

distract /di'strsekt/ v. 1 (often foil, by from) draw away the attention of. 2 bewilder, perplex. 3 (as distracted adj.) confused, mad, or angry. 4 amuse, esp. to divert from pain etc. [Latin: related to dis-, traho tract- draw]

distraction

/di'straek.f(8)n/

n.1a

dis-

tracting or being distracted, b thing that distracts. 2 relaxation; amusement. 3 confusion; frenzy, madness. distrain /di'strem/ v. (usu. foil, by upon) impose distraint (on a person, goods, etc.). [Latin: related to dis-, stringo strict- draw tight] distraint /di'streint/ n. seizure of goods to enforce

distrait

payment.

/di'strei/ adj.

(fern,

distraite

inattentive; distraught. [French: related to distract] distraught /di'stro:t/ adj. distracted /-'streit/)

with worry, fear,

etc.;

extremely

agit-

ated, [related to distrait]

distress /di'stres/ —n. 1 anguish or suffering caused by pain, sorrow, worry, etc. 2 poverty. 3 Law = distraint, -v. cause distress to, make unhappy. in distress suffering or in danger. distressful adj. [Romanic: related to distrain] distressed adj. 1 suffering from distress. 2 impoverished. 3 (of furniture, clothing, etc.) aged, torn, etc. artificially.

distressed area n. region of high unemployment and poverty, distribute /di'stnbju:t, 'dis-/ v. (-ting) 1 give shares of; deal out. 2 scatter; put at different points. 3 arrange; classify. [Latin tribuo -but- assign]

Usage The second

pronunciation

given, with the stress on the first sylconsidered incorrect by some people.

lable, is

distribution

,

/,distn bju:J(8)n/ n.

1 dis-

tributing or being distributed'. 2 a commercial dispersal of goods etc. b extent to which different classes etc. share in a nation's total wealth etc. distributive /di'stnbjutiv/-ad/. 1 of or produced by distribution. 2 Logic & Gram, referring to each individual of a class, not to the class collectively (e.g.

ditto each, either), -n.

marks

Gram, distributive

word.

distributor

n. 1 person or thing that distributes, esp. goods. 2 device in an internal-combustion engine for passing current to each spark-plug in turn. district /'distnkt/ n. 1 (often attrib.) area regarded as a geographical or administrative unit (the Peak District;

postal district; wine-growing district). 2 administrative division of a county etc. [Latin: related to distrain] (in the US) prosecuting officer of a district.

district attorney n.

nurse

district

home

visits in

distrust

n.

nurse

who makes

an area.

/dis'trAst/

suspicion, -v. have

-n. lack of trust;

no

trust in.

dis-

trustful adj. distrustfully adv. disturb /di'st3:b/ v. 1 break the rest, calm, or quiet of. 2 agitate; worry. 3 move from a settled position (disturbed my papers). 4 (as disturbed adj.) emotionally or mentally unstable. [Latin: related to dis-, turba tumult] disturbance n. 1 disturbing or being disturbed. 2 tumult; uproar; agitation.

disunion

/dis'ju:nian/ n. lack of union;

separation; dissension.

disunite

move

/,disju:'nait/

(-ting)

v.

1

re-

the unity from. 2 separate.

disunity

/-'ju:niti/ n.

disuse -n. /-'ju:z/

disused state, -v.

/dis'ju.s/

(-sing) cease to use.

disyllable /dai'silab(a)l/ n. (also dissyllable) Prosody word or metrical foot disyllabic /-'laebik/ of two syllables. adj.

ditch -n. long narrow excavation

esp. for drainage or as a boundary, -v. 1 and (hedging repair ditches or make ditching). 2 slang abandon; discard,

dull as ditch-water extremely dull. [Old English] dither /'dioa(r)/ -u. 1 hesitate; be inde2 tremble; quiver, -n. state of agitation or hesitation, cisive.

erer n. dithery DODDER

adj.

COllOQ.

dith-

[var. of didder

1

]

dithyramb /'di9i,raem/ n. 1 wild choral hymn in ancient Greece. 2 passionate or inflated poem etc. /-'raembik/ adj. [Latin

ditto

/'ditau/ n.

(pi.

dithyrambic from Greek]

-s) 1

(in

accounts,

inventories, etc.) the aforesaid, the same. 2 colloq. (used to avoid repetition) the same (came late today and ditto yeste rday). [Latin dictum]

Usage In sense 1, the word ditto is often replaced by * under the word or sum to be repeated. ditto

marks n.pl. inverted commas etc.

representing

'ditto'.

ditty short simple song. [Latin: related to dictate] diuretic .daiju'retik -adj. causing increased output of urine, -n. diuretic drug. [Greek: related to dia-, oureo urinditi

n.

(pi.

-ies)

ate]

diurnal

dai'3:n(a)l adj. 1 of the day or daytime. 2 daily. 3 occupying one day. diurnally adv. [Latin diurnalis from dies day] diva dirva n. (pi. -s) great woman opera singer; prima donna. [Italian from Latin. = goddess] divalent dai'veilant adj. Chem. having a valency of two. divan di'vaen n. low couch or bed without a back or ends, [ultimately from Persian divan bench]

dive

-v. (-ving) 1 plunge head first into water. 2 a (of an aircraft, person, etc.) plunge steeply downwards, b (of a submarine) submerge; go deeper. 3 (foil, by into) colloq. a put one's hand into (a pocket, handbag, etc.). b become enthusiastic about (a subject, meal. etc.). 4 move suddenly (dived into a shop), -n. 1 act of diving; plunge. 2 steep descent or fall. 3 colloq. disreputable nightclub, bar, etc. [Old English]

dive-bomb

v.

bomb (a target) from a dive-bomber n. who dives, esp. work-

diving aircraft. z

diver

divisive

252

ditty

n. 1

person

ing under water. 2 diving bird.

diverge

dai'v3:d3 v. (-ging) 1 a spread out from a central point, become dispersed, b take different courses (their interests diverged). 2 a (often foil, by from) depart from a set course, b (of opinions etc.) differ, z divergence n. divergent adj. [Latin: related to di- 2

divest

dai'vest

v.

(usu.

foil,

by

of)

1

unclothe; strip. 2 deprive, rid. [Latin: related to vest] divide di'vaid -v. (-ding) 1 (often foil, by in, into) separate into parts; break up; split. 2 (often foil, by out) distribute; deal; share. 3 a separate (one thing) from another, b classify into parts or groups. 4 cause to disagree. 5 a find how many times (a number) contains or is contained in another (divide 20 by 4; divide 4 into 20). b (of a number) be

contained in (a number) without remainder (4 divides into 20). 6 Pari, vote (by members entering either of two

House divided). -n. 1 dividing line. 2 watershed. [Latin divido -vis-] dividend 'dividend n. 1 share of profits paid to shareholders or to winners in a football pool etc. 2 number to be divided. 3 benefit from an action. [Anglo-French: related to divide] divider n. 1 screen etc. dividing a room. lobbies) (the

measuring-compasses. ,divi'neij (a)n n. supposed supernatural insight into the future etc.

2 (in pi.)

,

divination

[Latin: related to divine] di'vam -adj. (diviner, divinest) 1 a of. from, or like God or a god. b sacred. 2 colloq. excellent; delightful. — v. (-ning) 1 discover by intuition or guessing. 2 foresee. 3 practise divination, -n. theologian or clergyman, z

divine

divinely adv. [Latin divinus] n. person who practises divina-

diviner tion.

diving-bell

n. open-bottomed enclosure, supplied with air, for descent into

deep water.

diving-board

n.

elevated board for

diving from.

,

vergo incline]

divers

archaic various; several. [Latin: related to diverse] 'daiv3:z

diverse related to

adj.

varied. verto vers- turn]

dai'v3:s di-

diversify

make

2 ,

adj.

dai'v3:si,fai

v.

[Latin:

(-ies,

-ied)

vary. 2 spread (investment) over several enterprises. 3 (often foil, by into) expand one's range of products, z diversification 1

-fi'keiKa)n

diverse;

n.

diversion

dai'v3:J(a)n n. 1 diverting or being diverted. 2 a diverting of attention, b stratagem for this. 3 recreation,

pastime. 4 alternative route when a road is temporarily closed, z diver-

sionary adj. diversity dai'v3:siti n. variety. divert dai'v3:t v. 1 a turn aside; deflect, b distract (attention). 2 (often as divert[Latin: adj.) entertain; amuse. related to diverse]

ing

diving-suit

n.

watertight

suit,

usu.

with helmet and air-supply, for work

under water.

divining-rod n. = dowsing-rod. divinity di'vmiti n. (pi. -ies) 1 being divine. 2 god; godhead. 3 theology.

divisible

di'vizib(a)l adj. capable of being divided, z divisibility -'biliti n. division di'vi3(9)n n. 1 dividing or being divided. 2 dividing one number by another. 3 disagreement (division of opinion). 4 Pari, separation of members for counting votes. 5 one of two or more parts into which a thing is divided. 6 unit of administration, esp. a group of army brigades, regiments, or teams in a sporting league, z divisional adj. division sign n. sign (-) indicating that one quantity is to be divided by another. divisive di'vaisrv adj. causing disagreement. divisivelycdi;. divisive-

ness

n.

[Latin: related to divide]

divisor

divorce

by

-n. 1 legal dissolution of a marriage. 2 separation {divorce /di'vois/

thought

between

and

feeling),

-v.

a (usu. as divorced adj.) (often foil, by from) legally dissolve the marriage of. b separate by divorce, c end one's marriage with. 2 separate (divorced from reality). [Latin: related to diverse] divorcee /,divo:'si:/ n. divorced person, divot /'divat/ n. piece of turf cut out by a blow, esp. by the head of a golf club. (-cing)

1

unknown] divulge /dai'vAld3/ [origin

v.

(-ging) disclose,

divulgence n. reveal (a secret etc.). [Latin divulgo publish] divvy /'divi/ colloq. -n. (pi. -ies) dividend, -v. (-ies, -ied) (often foil, by up) share out. [abbreviation]

Diwali

Hindu and

Jainist

illuminations,

held

/di:'wa:li/ n.

festival

with

between

September and November.

[Sanskrit dlpa lamp]

Dixie

/'diksi/ n. southern States of the US. [origin uncertain] dixie /'diksi/ n. large iron cooking-pot used by campers etc. [Hindustani from

Persian]

Dixieland

n.

1

=

Dixie. 2 traditional

kind of jazz.

DIY abbr.

do-it-yourself.

dizzy

/'dizi/ -adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 a giddy, b feeling confused. 2 causing giddiness.

-v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make dizzy. 2 bewilder. dizzily adv. dizziness n. [Old English]

DJ abbr.

1

dinner-jacket. 2 disc jockey. (also jellaba) n.

djellaba /'d3elaba/ loose hooded cloak men. [Arabic] dl abbr.

do

253

divisor /di'vaiza(r)/ n. number which another is divided.

(as)

worn by Arab

decilitre(s).

D-layer

n. lowest layer of the ionosphere. [D arbitrary] D.Litt. abbr. Doctor of Letters. [Latin Doctor Litterarum] abbr. Deutschmark. abbr. decimetre(s). D.Mus. abbr. Doctor of Music. abbr. deoxyribonucleic acid, esp. carrying genetic information in chro-

proceed (do as I do; would do well

to

wait). 5 work at (do carpentry; do chemistry). 6 be suitable or acceptable; satisfy (will never do; will do me nicely). 7 deal with; attend to (do one's hair). 8 on (did badly in the test). 9 solve; work out (did the sum). 10 a

fare; get

traverse (a certain distance) (did 50 miles today), b travel at a specified

speed (was doing eighty). 11 colloq. act or behave like; play the part of. 12 produce (a play, opera, etc.) (will do Shakespeare). 13 a colloq. finish (I've in the garden), b (as done adj.) be finished (day is done). 14 cook, esp. completely (do it in the oven; potatoes aren't done). 15 be in progress (what's

done

doing?).

16

museums). 17

colloq. colloq.

visit

(did

adj.) exhaust; tire out.

the

done

a (often as

b defeat,

kill,

ruin. 18 (foil, by into) translate or transform. 19 colloq. cater for (they do one very well here). 20 slang a rob (did a big bank), b swindle. 21 slang prosecute, convict (done for shoplifting). 22 slang undergo (a term of imprisonment). 23 slang take (an illegal drug), -v.aux. 1 in questions and negative statements or commands (do you understand?; I don 't smoke; don't be silly). 2 ellipt. or in place of a verb (you know her better than I do; I wanted to go and I did; tell me, do!). 3 for emphasis (I do want to; do tell me; they did go). 4 in inversion (rarely does it happen), -n. (pi. dos or do's) colloq. elaborate party, operation, be done with see done, be etc. nothing to do with 1 be no business of. 2 be unconnected with, be to do with be concerned or connected with, do away

with colloq. 1 get rid of; abolish. 2 kill, do down colloq. 1 cheat, swindle. 2 overcome, do for 1 be satisfactory or sufficient for. 2 colloq. (esp. as done for adj.) destroy, ruin, kill. 3 colloq. act as

cleaner

etc. for.

do

in

1

slang a

kill,

b

DM

2 colloq. exhaust, tire out. do justice to see justice, do nothing for

DNA

(or to) colloq. not flatter or enhance, do or die persist recklessly, do out colloq. clean or redecorate (a room), do a per-

dm

mosomes. D-notice n. government

notice to news editors not to publish certain items for security reasons, [defence, notice] do 1 /du:/ -y. (3 sing. pres. does /dAz/; past did; past part, done /(Lin/; pres. part,

doing)

1

perform,

carry

out,

achieve, complete (work etc.) (did his homework; a lot to do). 2 produce, make, provide (doing a painting; we do lunches). 3 grant; impart (does you good; do me a favour). 4 act, behave,

ruin.

son out of colloq. cheat of. do over 1 slang attack; beat up. 2 colloq. redecorate, refurbish, do proud see proud, dos and don'ts rules of behaviour, do something for (or to) colloq. enhance the appearance or quality of. do up 1 fasten. 2 colloq. a refurbish, renovate, b adorn, dress up. do with (prec. by could) would be glad of; would profit by (could do with a rest), do without manage without; forgo, to do with in connection with, related to (what has that to do

;

do

it?; something to do with the weather), doable adj. [Old English] var. of doh. do. ahbr. ditto.

with

do 2

Dobermann pinscher German

/.daubaman

large dog of a smooth-coated breed with a docked tail. [Ger-

'pmja(r)/

n.

man]

doc

dog

254

n. colloq.

doctor, [abbreviation]

docile /'dausail/ adj. submissive, easily docilely adv. docility managed. [Latin doceo teach]

/-'siliti/ n.

dock

1

1 enclosed harbour for the loading, unloading, and repair of ships. 2 (in pi.) docks with wharves and offices. -v. 1 bring or come into dock. 2 a join (spacecraft) together in space, b be joined thus. [Dutch docke] dock 2 n. enclosure in a criminal court for the accused. [Flemish dok cage] dock 3 n. weed with broad leaves. [Old English] dock 4 v. 1 cut short (an animal's tail). 2 take away part of, reduce (wages, supplies, etc.). [Old English]

-rc.

docker

person employed

n.

to load

and

unload ships.

docket

-n. document or label listing goods delivered, jobs done, contents of a package, etc. -v. (-t-) label with, or enter on, a docket, [origin /'dokit/

unknown]

dockland mer

n. district

near docks or

for-

docks.

dockyard n.

area with docks and equipment for building and repairing ships. doctor /'dokta(r)/ -rc. 1 qualified practitioner of medicine; physician. 2 person who holds a doctorate, -v. colloq. 1 treat medically. 2 castrate or spay. 3 patch up (machinery etc.). 4 adulterate. 5 tamper what the doctor with, falsify.

ordered

colloq.

something welcome.

[Latin doceo teach] adj. of or for the degree of doctor. doctorate /'dDktarat/ n. highest university degree in any faculty, often honorary. doctrinaire /,dDktn'nea(r)/ adj. applying theory or doctrine dogmatically. [French: related to doctrine] doctrine /'doktrm/ n. 1 what is taught; body of instruction. 2 a principle of religious or political etc. belief, b set doctrinal of such principles. /-'tram(a)l/ adj. [Latin: related to doctor] docudrama /'dDkju dra:ma/ n. television drama based on real events.

doctoral

(

[from DOCUMENTARY, DRAMA] document -rc. /'dokjumant/ thing providing a record or evidence of events, agreement, ownership, identification,

-v. /'dokju.ment/ 1 prove by or support with documents. 2 record in a [Latin: related to doctor]

etc.

document.

documentary

/.dDkju'mentari/ -adj. 1 consisting of documents (documentary evidence). 2 providing a factual record or report, -n. (pi. -ies) documentary film etc. documentation /,dDkjumen'teiJX9)n/ n. 1 collection and classification of information. 2 material so collected. 3 Computing etc. material explaining a system. dodder 1 v. tremble or totter, esp. from age. dodderer n. solete dial, dadder]

dodder

2

doddery

adj. [ob-

threadlike climbing parauncertain] colloq. easy task,

n.

sitic plant, [origin

doddle

/'dDd(a)l/ n.

[perhaps from doddle = toddle] /dau'dekagan/ n. plane figure with twelve sides. [Greek dodeka twelve, -gonos angled]

dodecagon

dodecahedron

/,daudeka'hi:dran/

n.

solid figure with twelve faces, [from

dodecagon, Greek hedra base] (-ging) 1 (often foil, by about, behind, round) move quickly to elude a pursuer, blow, etc. 2 evade by cunning or trickery, -n. 1 quick movement to avoid something. 2 clever trick or expe-

dodge -v.

dodger

dient.

[origin

n.

unknown]

dodgem /'dod3am/ n.

small electricallydriven car in an enclosure at a funfair, bumped into others for fun. [from dodge, 'em]

dodgy

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. unreliable, risky.

dodo

/'daudau/ n. (pi. -s) large extinct of Mauritius etc. [Portuguese

bird

doudo simpleton] abbr. Department of the Environ-

DoE

ment.

doe n.

(pi. same or -s) female fallow deer, reindeer, hare, or rabbit. [Old English]

doer

/'du:a(r)/

n.

1

something. 2 person than theorizing.

does

person

who

who

does

acts rather

1

see do doesn't /'dAz(a)nt/ contr. does not. doff v. remove (a hat or clothes), [from

do

.

off]

dog

-n. 1 four-legged flesh-eating animal akin to the fox and wolf, and of many breeds. 2 male of this, or of the fox or wolf. 3 colloq. a despicable person, b person of a specified kind (lucky dog). 4 mechanical device for gripping. 5 (in pi. prec. by the) colloq. greyhound-racing. -v. (-gg-) follow closely; pursue, track, n go to the dogs slang deteriorate, be ruined, like a dog's dinner colloq. smartly or flashily (dressed etc.). not a

dogcart

255

dog's chance no chance at

all.

[Old

English]

dogcart

n. two-wheeled driving-cart with cross seats back to back.

dog-collar n.

1

collar for a dog. 2 colloq.

clerical collar.

dog days

n.pl.

hottest period of the

year.

doge

chief magistrate of Venice or Genoa. [Italian from Latin dux leader] dog-eared adj. (of a book etc.) with bent or worn corners. dog-eat-dog adj. colloq. ruthlessly competitive. dog-end n. slang cigarette-end. dogfight n. 1 close combat between fighter aircraft. 2 rough fight, dogfish n. (pi. same or -es) a kind of small shark. dogged /'dogid/ adj. tenacious; grimly persistent. doggedly adv. dogged-

ness

/daud3/

n. hist,

n.

doggerel

/'dogar(a)l/ n.

poor or

trivial

verse, [apparently from dog] /'dDgau/ adv. z lie doggo slang

doggo

motionless or hidden, 1 of or like a dog. 2 devoted to dogs. -n. (also doggie) (pi. -ies) pet name for a dog. doggy bag n. bag for leftovers given to a customer in a restaurant etc. doggy -paddle n. (also dog-paddle) elementary swimming stroke like that of a lie

doggy -adj.

dog.

doghouse

n.

US &

Austral, dog's ken-

in the doghouse slang in

nel.

dis-

grace.

dog in the manger

n.

person

who

stops others using a thing for which he or she has no use. dogma /'dogma/ n. 1 principle, tenet, or system of these, esp. of a Church or political party. 2 arrogant declaration of opinion. [Greek, = opinion] dogmatic /dog'maetik/ adj. asserting or imposing personal opinions; intolerdogantly authoritative; arrogant. matically adv. dogmatism /'dogm8 tiz(a)m/ n. tend1

ency

to be dogmatic,

dogmatist

n.

dogmatize

/'dDgma.taiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 speak dogmatically. 2 express (a principle etc.) as dogma. do-gooder n. well-meaning but unrealistic or patronizing philanthropist or

reformer.

dog-paddle var. dog-rose n. wild

dogsbody

n. (pi.

of doggy-paddle. hedge-rose, -ies) colloq. drudge,

dog's breakfast n. colloq.

dog's

(also dog's

mess.

life

n. life

of misery

etc.

dinner)

dolly-bird dog-star

chief star of the constellation Canis Major or Minor, esp. Sirius. n.

dog-tired adj. dog-tooth n.

tired out.

V-shaped pattern moulding; chevron. dogtrot n. gentle easy trot.

or

dogwatch

n. either of two short watches on a ship (4-6 or &-8 p.m.). dogwood n. shrub with dark-red branches, greenish-white flowers, and

purple berries.

DoH abbr.

Department of Health, (also do) Mus. first note of a

doh /dau/ n.

major scale. doily /'doih/

[Italian do] n. (also doyley) (pi. -ies or -eys) small lacey usu. paper mat used on a plate for cakes etc. [Doiley, name of a

draper]

doing

/'du:in/ pres. part, of do n. 1 a action (famous for his doings), b effort (takes a lot of doing). 2 (in pi.) slang unspecified things (have we got all the doings?). doing-over n. slang attack, beating-up. do-it-yourself -adj. (of work) done or to be done by a householder etc. -n. 1

,

such work.

Dolby /'dDlbi/ n. propr.

electronic noise-

reduction system used esp. in taperecording to reduce hiss, [name of its inventor] doldrums /'dDldramz n.pl. (usu. prec. by the) 1 low spirits. 2 period of inactivity. 3 equatorial ocean region with little or no wind, [perhaps after dull, tantrum] dole -n. 1 (usu. prec. by the) colloq. unemployment benefit. 2 a charitable distribution, b thing given sparingly or reluctantly. -v. (-ling) (usu. foil, by out) on the dole distribute sparingly. colloq. receiving fit.

unemployment bene-

[Old English]

doleful

/'daulful/ adj.

1

mournful, sad. 2

dolefully adv. dole dreary, dismal, fulness n. [Latin doleo grieve] doll -n. 1 small model of esp. a baby or child as a child's toy. 2 colloq. a pretty but silly young woman, b attractive woman. 3 ventriloquist's dummy, -v. (foil, by up) colloq. dress smartly, [pet form of Dorothy] dollar /'dDla(r)/ n. chief monetary unit in the US. Australia, etc. [Low German daler from German Taler] dollop /'dDlap/ -n. shapeless lump of food etc. -v. (-p-) (usu. foil, by out) serve in dollops, [perhaps

dolly doll.

n.

2

(pi.

from Scandinavian]

child's name for a for a cine3 easy catch in cricket. n. colloq. attractive and -ies)

1

movable platform

camera dolly-bird stylish young woman. etc.

dolma dolma

or dolmades /-'ma:oez/) E. European delicacy of spiced rice or meat etc. wrapped in vine or cabbage leaves, [modern Greek] dolman sleeve /'dolman/ n. loose sleeve cut in one piece with a bodice. [Turkish] dolmen /'dolman/ n. megalithic tomb with a large flat stone laid on upright ones. [French] dolomite / dola.mait/ n. mineral or rock of calcium magnesium carbonate, [de Dolomieu, name of a French geologist] dolour /'dDla(r)/ n. (US dolor) literary sorrow, distress. dolorous adj. [Latin dolor pain] dolphin /'dolfin/ n. large porpoise-like sea mammal with a slender pointed snout. [Greek delphis -in-] dolphinarium /.dDlfi'neanam/ n. (pi. -s) public aquarium for dolphins, doltish dolt /dault/ n. stupid person. adj. [apparently related to obsolete dol = dull] n. title of some Roman Catholic dignitaries, and Benedictine and Carthusian monks. [Latin dominus master] -dom suffix forming nouns denoting: 1 condition (freedom). 2 rank, domain (earldom; kingdom). 3 class of people (or associated attitudes etc.) regarded collectively (officialdom). [Old English] domain /da'mem/ n. 1 area under one rule; realm. 2 estate etc. under one control. 3 sphere of control or influence. [French: related to demesne] dome -n. 1 rounded (usu. hemispherical) vault forming a roof. 2 domeshaped thing, -v. (-ming) (usu. as domed adj.) cover with or shape as a dome. [Latin domus house] domestic /da'mestik/ -adj. 1 of the home, household, or family affairs. 2 of one's own country. 3 (of an animal) tamed, not wild. 4 fond of home life. -n. domestically household servant. /'dDlma/

n. (pi. -s

Dom

adv. [Latin domus home] domesticate /da'mesti.keit/

v.

(-ting)

1

tame (an animal) to live with humans. 2 domestaccustom to housework etc. ication

/-'keij(a)n/ n.

[medieval Latin:

related to domestic]

domesticity

/.doma'stisiti/ n.

domestic. 2 domestic or

domestic science

n.

1

being

home life. = home

eco-

nomics.

domicile

/'domi.sail/ -n. 1 dwellingLaw a place of permanent residence, b residing, -u. (-ling) (usu. as domiciled adj.) (usu. foil, by at, in) settle in a place. [Latin domus home] domiciliary /.domi'silian/ adj. formal (esp. of a doctor's etc. visit) to, at, or of a

place. 2

Don Juan

256

person's home, [medieval Latin: related to domicile] dominant / dominant/ -adj. 1 dominating, prevailing. 2 (of an inherited characteristic) appearing in offspring even when the opposite characteristic is also inherited, -n. Mus. fifth note of the diatonic scale of any key. dominance n. dominantly adv.

dominate

/'dDmi.neit/ v. (-ting) 1 comcontrol. 2 be the most influential or obvious. 3 (of a high place) overlook.

mand,

domination

/-'neij(a)n/

dominor from dominus

domineer

domineering

n.

[Latin

lord]

/.donu'maOr)/

v.

(often

as

behave arrogantly or tyrannically. [French: related to domadj.)

inate]

Dominican

/da'mmikan/ -adj. of St

Dominic or his order, -n. Dominican friar or nun. [Latin Dominicus Dominic]

dominion /da'minjan/ n.

1

sovereignty,

control. 2 realm; domain. 3 hist, selfgoverning territory of the British Commonwealth. [Latin dominus lord] domino /'domi.nau/ n. (pi. -es) 1 any of 28 small oblong pieces marked with 0-6 pips in each half. 2 (in pi.) game played with these. 3 loose cloak with a mask.

[French, probably as dominion] effect n. (also domino theory) effect whereby (or theory that) one event precipitates others in causal sequence. don n. 1 university teacher, esp. a senior member of a college at Oxford or

domino

1

Cambridge. 2 (Don) Spanish title prefixed to a forename. [Spanish from Latin

dominus

don 2 v.

lord] (-nn-) put on (clothing). [ = do on] /dau'neit/ v. (-ting) give (money

donate

etc.), esp. to

charity, [from donation]

donation /dau'neij(a)n/ n. 1 donating or being donated. 2 thing, esp. money, donated. [Latin donum gift] 1 completed. 2 cooked. 3 colloq. socially acceptable (the done thing). 4 (often with in) colloq. tired out.

done /cL\n/ adj.

5 (esp. as int. in reply to an offer etc.) accepted, z be done with have or be finished with, done for colloq. in serious trouble, have done with be rid of; 1 finish dealing with, [past part, of do ] doner kebab /'dDna, 'dau-/ n. spiced lamb cooked on a spit and served in slices, often with pitta bread. [Turkish:

related to kebab] /'dDnd3(a)n/ n. great tower or innermost keep of a castle, [archaic spelling of dungeon] Juan /'d3u:an, 'wa:nArc. seducer of

donjon

Don

women.

donkey donkey

ass. 2 colloq.

from Duncan:

cf.

donkey jacket workman's

n.

(pi

-s) 1

Neddy]

n.pl. colloq.

very long

time.

donkey-work

laborious part of a

n.

job.

Donna

/'dona/ n. title of an Italian, or Portuguese lady. [Latin mistress] domina donnish adj. like a college don; pe-

Spanish,

dantic.

donor

. 1 feel uncertain or undecided about. 2 hesitate to believe. 3 call in question, z in doubt open to question, no doubt certainly; probably; admittedly, without doubt (or a doubt) certainly. [Latin dubito hesitate] doubtful adj. 1 feeling doubt. 2 causing doubt. 3 unreliable. doubtfully adv

doubtfulness n. doubtless adv. certainly; probably.

douche

,'du:J7

-n.

1

jet of liquid applied

for cleansing or medicinal purposes. 2 device for producing such a jet. -u. (-ching) 1 treat with a douche. 2 use a douche. [Latin: related to duct] dough /dao7 n. 1 thick mixture of flour etc. and liquid for baking. 2 slang to part of the

body

money, c doughy English]

adj. (-ier, -iest). [Old

woman.

[French:

related

to

dower]

dowdy

situation etc.

normal

ate] v. (also dowse) ( sing) 1 a throw water over, b plunge into water. 2 ex-

/'daudi' adj.

(-ier.

-iest)

1

(of

clothes) unattractively dull. 2 dressed dowdily adv. dowdinessn. [origin unknown] /'daual/ -n. cylindrical peg for dowel components structural holding together, -ft (-11-; US -1-) fasten with a

dowdily.

dowel. [Low German] n. rods for cutting into dowels. dower n. 1 widow's share for life of a husband's estate. 2 archaic dowry. [Latin dos dowry] dower house n. smaller house near I big one, as part of a widow's dower. Dow-Jones index /dau'd3aunz/ n. (also

dowelling

Dow-Jones average) a figure indie ating the relative price of shares on the Stock Exchange. [Dow and of American economists] down -adv. 1 into or towards a lower place, esp. to the ground (fall down). 2 in a lower place or position (blinds were down). 3 to or in a place regarded as lower, esp.: a southwards, b away from a major city or a university. 4 a in or into a low or weaker position or condition (hit a man when he's down, down with a cold), b losing by (three goals down; £5 down), c (of a computer system) out of action. 5 from an earlier to a later time (down to 1600). 6 to a finer or thinner consistency or smaller amount

New York

Jones,

1

names

down

down). 7 cheaper (bread is down; shares are down). 8 into a more settled state (calm down). 9 in writing or recorded form (copy it down; down on tape; down to speak next). 10 paid or dealt with as a deposit or part (£5 down, £20 to pay; three down, six to go). 11 with the current or wind. 12 (of a crossword clue or answer) read vertically (five down), -prep. 1 downwards along, through, or into. 2 from the top to the bottom of. 3 along (walk down the road). 4 at or in a lower part of (lives down the road), —attrib. adj. 1 directed down(a down draught). 2 from a capital or centre (down train; down platform), -v. colloq. 1 knock or bring down. 2 swallow, -n. 1 act of putting down. 2 reverse of fortune (ups and downs). 3 colloq. period of depression. be down to 1 be the responsibility of. 2 have

wards

nothing left but (down to my last penny). 3 be attributable to. down on one's luck colloq. temporarily unfortunate, down to the ground colloq. completely, down tools colloq. cease work, go on strike, down with expressing rejection of a specified person or thing, have a down on colloq. show hostility towards, [earlier adown: related to

DOWN 3

]

down 2

n.

1

a

first

covering of young

birds, b bird's under-plumage. c fine soft feathers or hairs. 2 fluffy substance. n. 1

open rolling land. 2

chalk uplands, esp. in

S.

(in pi.)

England. [Old

colloq. of or

cheaper sector of the market. partial initial pay-

n.

ment.

downpipe from a

pipe to carry rainwater

n.

roof.

downpour n.

heavy fall of rain. -adj. 1 plain, straightforward. 2 utter (downright nonsense),

downright

-adv. thoroughly (downright rude). n. congenital disorder with mental retardation and physical abnormalities. [Down, name of a physician] downstage adj. & adv. nearer the front of a theatre stage. downstairs -adv. 1 down the stairs. 2 to or on a lower floor, -attrib. adj. situated downstairs, -n. lower floor. downstream adv. & adj. in the direction in which a stream etc. flows.

Down's syndrome

down-to-earth adj. practical, realistic. downtown esp. US -attrib. adj. of the lower or more central part of a town or city. -n. downtown area. -adv. in or into the downtown area.

downtrodden

adj.

oppressed; badly

treated.

downturn n.

decline, esp. in

economic

activity.

down under

adv. colloq. in the antipodes, esp. Australia.

downward

-adv.

/'daunwad/

downwards) towards what inferior, less important, or

is

(also

lower,

later, -adj.

downwind adj. & adv. in

dowry

of the bar. -adj. 1 pessimistic, gloomy. 2 relaxed. downcast adj. 1 dejected. 2 (of eyes) first

looking downwards. downer n. slang 1 depressant or tranquillizing drug. 2 depressing person or experience; failure. 3 = downturn. downfall n. 1 fall from prosperity or power. 2 cause of this. downgrade v. (-ding) reduce in rank or adj. dejected.

down-

heartedly adv. downheartedness

n.

downhill -adv.

in a descending direction, -adj. sloping down, declining, —n. 1 downhill race in skiing. 2 downward

go downhill

down

in the mouth unhappy. downland n. = down 3 .

colloq.

adj.

is

adj. (-ier,

soft and fluffy. /'dauari/ n. (pi. -ies) property or

money brought by a

bride to her husband. [Anglo-French, = French douaire

DOWER]

dowse

1

deteri-

looking

/daus/

(-sing)

v.

search for

underground water or minerals by holding a stick or rod which dips abruptly

dowser

dowse

2

when over n. [origin

the right spot.

unknown]

var. of douse.

dowsing-rod n. rod for dowsing. doxology /dDk'sDlad3i/ n. (pi -ies) turgical

status.

downhearted

in the direction blowing. -iest) 1 of, like, or

which the wind

covered with down. 2

person.

downbeat-/!. Mus. accented beat, usu.

slope. orate.

to the

down payment

downy

English]

down-and-out n. destitute down and out predic. adj. the

down-market adj. & adv.

moving or extending downwards.

[Old Norse]

down 3

doze

260

or size (grind down; water down; boil

hymn

doxological doxa glory]

etc.

li-

of praise to God.

/-sa'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj.

[Greek

doyenne /doian/ n. (fern, /doi'en/) senior member of a group. 1 [French: related to dean ] doyley var. of doily. doz. abbr. dozen. doze -v. (-zing) sleep lightly; be half doze off asleep, -n. short light sieep.

doyen

fall lightly

asleep, [origin

unknown]

dozen dozen

1

(prec.

;

very many (dozens of errors). talk nineteen to the dozen talk incess-

colloq.

antly. [Latin

dozy adj.

duodecim twelve] drowsy. 2

(-ier, -iest) 1

stupid or lazy. abbr. Director of Public Prosecu-

dirty, wet, or trailing, [from

(drabber, drabbest)

1

dull,

uninteresting. 2 of a dull brownish colour, n drably adv. drabness n. [obsol-

drap

cloth]

drachm

/draem/ n. weight formerly used by apothecaries, = V 8 ounce. [Latin from Greek]

drachma

/'draekma/ n. (pi. -s) 1 chief monetary unit of Greece. 2 silver coin of ancient Greece. [Greek drakhme] Draconian /dra'keunian/ adj. (of laws) very harsh, cruel. [Drakon, name of an Athenian lawgiver] draft /dra:ft/ -n. 1 preliminary written version of a speech, document, etc., or outline of a scheme. 2 a written order for payment of money by a bank, b drawing of money by this. 3 a detachment from a larger group, b selection of this. 4 US conscription. 5 US = draught, -v. 1 prepare a draft of (a document, scheme, etc.). 2 select for a special duty or purpose. 3 US conscript, [phonetic spelling of draught] draftsman n. 1 person who drafts documents. 2 = draughtsman 1. [phonetic spelling of draughtsman] drafty US var. of draughty. drag -v. (-gg-) 1 pull along with effort. 2 a trail or allow to trail along the ground, b (often foil, by on) (of time, a meeting, etc.) go or pass slowly or tediously. 3 a use a grapnel, b search the bottom of (a river etc.) with grapnels, nets, etc. 4 (often foil, by to) colloq. take (an esp. unwilling person) with one. 5 (foil, by on, at) draw on (a cigarette etc.). -n. 1 a obstruction to progress, b retarding force or motion. 2 colloq. boring or tiresome person, duty, etc. 3 a lure before hounds as a substitute for a fox. b hunt using this. 4 apparatus for dredging. 5 = drag-net. 6 slang inhalation. 7 slang women's clothes worn by men. drag one's feet be deliberately slow or reluctant to act. drag in introduce (an irrelevant subject), drag out protract, drag up colloq. introduce or revive (an unwelcome subject). [Old English or

Old Norse]

(-ling)

1

trailing. 2

make hang

1 net drawn through a river or across the ground to trap fish or game. 2 systematic hunt for criminals

dragon

/'draegan/ n. 1 mythical usu. like a reptile, able to breathe fire. 2 fierce woman. [Greek, =

serpent] large insect with a long

n.

body and two pairs of transparent

Doctor.

adj.

v.

limp by drag]

drag-net n.

dragonfly

Dr abbr.

ete

/'draeg(8)l/

winged monster

tions.

drab

draggle

etc.

colloq.

D.Phil, abbr. Doctor of Philosophy.

DPP

dramatis personae

261

by a or a number) (pi. dozen) twelve (a dozen eggs; two dozen eggs). 2 set of twelve (sold in dozens). 3 (in pi. usu. foil, by of) /'dAz(8)n/ n.

wings.

dragoon /dra'gum/ -n.

1 cavalryman. 2 fierce fellow, -v. (foil, by into) coerce or bully into. [French dragon: related to

dragon]

drag queen n.

slang derog. male homosexual transvestite. drain -f. 1 draw off liquid from. 2 draw off (liquid). 3 flow or trickle away. 4 dry or become dry as liquid flows away. 5 exhaust of strength or resources. 6 a drink to the dregs, b empty (a glass etc.) by drinking the contents, -n. 1 a channel, conduit, or pipe carrying off liquid, sewage, etc. b tube for drawing off discharge etc. 2 constant outflow or down the drain colloq. expenditure, lost, wasted. [Old English: related to dry]

drainage drains. 3

n.

draining. 2 system of

1

what

drained

is

draining-board surface

beside

washed

dishes.

drainpipe

n.

1

off.

sloping grooved sink for draining

n.

a

pipe for carrying off

water etc. 2 (attrib.) (of trousers) very narrow. 3 (in pi.) very narrow trousers. drake n. male duck, [origin uncertain]

Dralon

/'dreilDn/ n. propr. 1 synthetic acrylic fibre. 2 fabric made from this, [invented word, after nylon] sp n. 1 small drink of spirits. whisky. 2 = drachm. [Latin drama:

dram

>

t

related to drachm] /'dra:ma/ n. 1 play for stage or broadcasting. 2 art of writing, acting, or presenting plays. 3 dramatic event or quality (the drama of the situation). [Latin from Greek drao do] dramatic /dra'maetik/ad/'. 1 of drama. 2 sudden and exciting or unexpected. 3 vividly striking. 4 (of a gesture etc.) dramatically adv. theatrical. [Greek: related to drama] dramatics n.pl (often treated as sing.) 1 performance of plays. 2 exaggerated

drama

behaviour.

dramatis personae "saunai/ n.pl.

1

/.draematis

p3:

characters in a play. 2 list persons of the drama]

of these. [Latin,

dramatist dramatist

n.

writer of

v.

(also -ise)

dramas.

dramatize

'draema.taiz/

(-zing or -sing) 1 turn (a novel etc.) into a play. 2 make a dramatic scene of. 3 behave dramatically. dramatiza-

tion

/-'zeij(9)n/ n.

drank past

of drink. (-ping) 1 hang or cover loosely, adorn with cloth etc. 2 arrange

drape

-v.

(hangings

etc.) esp. in folds,

—n. (in pi.)

US curtains. [Latin drappus cloth] draper n. dealer in textile fabrics. drapery n. (pi. -ies) 1 clothing or hangings arranged in folds. 2 draper's trade or fabrics. drastic /'draestik/ adj. far-reaching in severe, effect; z drastically adv. [Greek drastikos: related to drama] drat colloq. -v. (-tt-) (usu. as int.) curse (drat the thing!). -int. expressing anger or annoyance, z dratted adj. [(Go)drot] draught /dra.ft/ n. (US draft) 1 current of air in a room or chimney etc. 2 pulling, traction. 3 depth of water needed to float a ship. 4 drawing of liquor from a cask etc. 5 a single act of drinking or inhaling, b amount drunk thus. 6 (in pi.) game for two with 12 pieces each on a draughtboard. 7 a drawing in of a fishing-net. b fish so caught, z feel the draught colloq. suffer from esp. financial hardship, [related to

draw]

draught beer

n. beer from the cask, not bottled or canned,

draughtboard draught-horse

n.

= chessboard. horse for heavy

n.

work.

draughtsman

n. 1 person who makes drawings, plans, or sketches. 2 piece in draughtsmanship n. draughts, draughty adj. (US drafty) (-ier, -iest) (of a room etc.) letting in sharp currents of air. z draughtiness n. draw -v. (past drew /dru:/; past part. drawn) 1 pull or cause to move towards

or after one. 2 pull (a thing) up, over, or across. 3 pull (curtains etc.) open or shut. 4 take (a person) aside. 5 attract; bring; take in (drew a deep breath; felt

drawn

drawstring

262

/'draematist/

to her;

drew my

attention;

drew

a crowd). 6 (foil, by at, on) inhale from (a cigarette, pipe, etc.). 7 (also absol.) take out; remove (a tooth, gun, cork, card,

8 obtain or take from a source (draw a salary; draw inspiration; drew £100 out). 9 a (also absol.) make (a line or mark), b produce (a picture) etc.).

thus, c represent (something) thus. 10 (also absol.) finish (a contest or game) with equal scores. 11 proceed (drew near the bridge; draw to a close; drew level). 12 infer (a conclusion). 13 a elicit,

evoke (draw

b induce (a person) to reveal facts etc. 14 haul up (water) from a well. 15 bring out (liquid from a tap etc. or blood from a wound). 16 extract a liquid essence from. 17 (of a chimney etc.) promote or allow a draught. 1 8 (of tea) infuse. 19a obtain by lot (drew the winner), b absol. draw lots. 20 (foil, by on) call on (a person or a person's skill etc.). 21 write out or compose (a cheque, document, etc.). 22 formulate or perceive (a comparison or distinction). 23 disembowel. 24 search (cover) for game. 25 drag (a badger or fox) from a hole. -n. 1 act of drawing. 2 person or thing attracting custom, attention, etc. 3 drawing of lots, raffle. 4 drawn game. 5 inhalation of smoke etc. z draw back withdraw from an undertaking, draw a bead on see bead, draw a blank see blank, draw in 1 (of days)

become

criticism),

shorter. 2 persuade to join. 3 (of

a train) arrive at a station, draw in one's horns become less assertive or ambitious, draw the line at set a limit of tolerance etc. at. draw lots see lot. draw on 1 approach, come near. 2 lead to. 3 allure. 4 put (gloves, boots, etc.) on. draw out 1 prolong. 2 elicit. 3 induce to talk. 4 (of days) become longer. 5 (of a train) leave a station, draw up 1 draft (a document etc.). 2 bring into order. 3 come to a halt. 4 make (oneself) erect, quick on the draw quick to react. [Old English] drawback n. disadvantage. drawbridge n. hinged retractable bridge, esp. over a moat. drawer /'dro:a(r)/ n. 1 person or thing that draws, esp. a cheque etc. 2 also /dro:(r)/ lidless boxlike storage compartment, sliding in and out of a table etc. (chest of drawers). 3 (in pi.) knickers, underpants. drawing n. 1 art of representing by line with a pencil etc. 2 picture etc. made thus.

drawing-board paper

is

fixed for

n. board on which drawing on.

drawing-pin

flat-headed pin for n. fastening paper etc. to a surface. drawing-room n. 1 room in a private house for sitting or entertaining in. 2 (attrib.) restrained, polite (drawing-

room manners),

[earlier

withdrawing-

room]

drawl -v.

speak with drawn-out vowel sounds, -n. drawling utterance or way of speaking. [Low German or Dutch] drawn adj. looking strained and tense. drawstring n. string or cord threaded through a waistband, bag opening, etc.

{

dray loads,

esp.

beer-barrels,

[related

to

draw]

dread

/dred/ -v. fear greatly, esp. in — n. great fear or apprehen1 dreaded. 2 archaic aweinspiring, dreadful. [Old English] dreadful adj. 1 terrible. 2 colloq. very annoying, very bad. dreadfully adv. dreaidlocks n.pl. Rastafarian hairstyle with hair hanging in tight braids on all

advance.

sion, -adj.

sides.

dream -n.

1

series of scenes or feelings

mind of a sleeping person. 2 daydream or fantasy. 3 ideal, aspiration. 4 in the

beautiful or ideal person or thing, -v. (past and past part, dreamt /dremt/ or dreamed) 1 experience a dream. 2 imagine as in a dream. 3 (with neg.) consider possible (never dreamt that he would come; would not dream of it). 4 (foil, by away) waste (time). 5 be indream up active or unpractical. imagine, invent, like a dream colloq. dreamer n. [Old easily, effortlessly. English] dreamboat n. colloq. sexually attractive or ideal person. dreamland n. ideal or imaginary land. dreamy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 given to daydreaming or fantasy. 2 dreamlike; dreamily vague. 3 colloq. delightful. adv. dreaminess n. dreary adj. (-ier, -iest) dismal, dull, drearily adv. dreariness n. gloomy. [Old English]

dredge

dribble

263

dray n. low cart without sides for heavy

-n. apparatus used to scoop up oysters etc., or to clear mud etc., from a river or sea bed. -v. (-ging) 1 (often foil, by up) a bring up or clear (mud etc.) with a dredge, b bring up (something forgotten) (dredged it all up). 2 clean with or use a dredge, [origin uncertain] dredge 2 v. (-ging) sprinkle with flour, sugar, etc. [earlier = sweetmeat, from 1

French]

dredger

1

n.

1

boat with a dredge. 2

dredge.

dredger 2 n.

container with a perforated lid, for sprinkling flour, sugar, etc. dregs n.pl. 1 sediment; grounds, lees. 2 = scum n. 2 (dregs of humanity). [Old Norse] drench -v. 1 wet thoroughly. 2 force (an animal) to take medicine, -n. dose of medicine for an animal. [Old English] dress -v. 1 a (also absol.) put clothes on. b have and wear clothes (dresses welt). 2 put on evening dress. 3 arrange or adorn (hair, a shop window, etc.). 4 treat (a wound) esp. with a dressing. 5 a prepare (poultry, crab, etc.) for cooking or eating, b add dressing to (a salad etc.). 6 apply manure to. 7 finish the surface of

(fabric, leather, stone, etc.). 8 correct the alignment of (troops). 9 make (an artificial fly) for fishing, -n. 1 woman's

garment of a bodice and skirt. 2 clothwhole outfit. 3 formal or

ing, esp. a

ceremonial costume. 4 external coveroutward form, r dress down col-

ing;

loq. 1 reprimand or scold. 2 dress informally, dress up 1 put on special clothes. 2 make (a thing) more attractive or interesting. [French dresser, ultimately related to direct] dressage /'dresa:3/ n. training of a

horse in obedience and deportment; display of this. [French] dress circle n. first gallery in a theatre.

dress coat

man's swallow-tailed

n.

evening coat.

dresser

1

n. kitchen sideboard with shelves for plates etc. [French dresser prepare] dresser 2 n. 1 person who helps to dress actors or actresses. 2 surgeon's assistant in operations. 3 person who dresses in a specified way (snappy dresser). dressing n. 1 putting one's clothes on. 2 a sauce, esp. of oil and vinegar etc., for salads (French dressing), b sauce or

stuffing etc. for food. 3 bandage, ointment, etc., for a wound. 4 size or stiffening used to coat fabrics. 5 compost etc. spread over land.

dressing-down n. colloq. scolding. dressing-gown n. loose robe worn when one is not fully dressed. dressing-room n. room for changing one's

esp.

clothes,

in

a

theatre,

or

attached to a bedroom.

dressing-table n. table with a Qa1 top, mirror, and drawers, used while applying make-up etc. dressmaker n. person who makes women's clothes, esp. for a living,

dressmaking

n.

dress rehearsal full

n. final

rehearsal

In

costume.

n. waterproof materia] Ln the armpit of a dress to protect it from sweat.

dress-shield

n. man's shirt worn with evening dress, usu. whito with concealed buttons or studs.

dress-shirt

dressy

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

colloq.

(of

clothes or a person) smart, elaborate, dressiness n. elegant, drew past of draw. drey /drei/ n. squirrel's nest, [origin

unknown] dribble /dnb(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 allow saliva to flow from the mouth. 2 flow or allow to flow in drops. 3 (also absol. ) esp. Football & Hockey move (the ball) forward with slight touches of the feet or

driblet act of dribbling. 2 dribbling flow, [obsolete drib = drip] driblet /'dnblit/ n. small quantity. 1

dribs and drabs

n.pl.

colloq.

small

dried past and past part, of dry. drier compar. of dry. drier2 /'draia(r)/ n. (also dryer) device 1

for drying hair, laundry, etc.

driest super

I.

of dry.

drift -n. 1 a slow movement or variation, b this caused by a current. 2 intention, meaning, etc. of what is said etc. 3 mass of snow etc. heaped up by the wind. 4 esp. derog. state of inaction. 5 slow deviation of a ship, aircraft, etc., from its course. 6 fragments of rock heaped up (glacial drift). 7 S.Afr. ford. -v. 1 be carried by or as if by a current of air or water. 2 progress casually or aimlessly (drifted into teaching). 3 pile or be piled into drifts. 4 (of a current) carry, cause to drift. [Old Norse and Germanic trift movement of cattle] drifter n. 1 aimless person. 2 boat used for drift-net fishing. drift-net n. net for sea fishing, allowed to drift.

driftwood

n.

wood

floating

on moving

water or washed ashore. or machine for boring holes, sinking wells, etc. 2 instruction in military exercises. 3 routine procedure in an emergency (fire-drill). 4 thorough training, esp. by repetition. 5 colloq. recognized procedure (what's the drill?), -v. 1 a make a hole in or through with a drill, b make (a hole) with a drill. 2 train or be trained by drill. [Dutch] drill 2 -n. 1 machine for making furrows, sowing, and covering seed. 2 small furrow. 3 row of seeds sown by a -v. [origin drill, plant in drills, 1

-rc. 1 tool

unknown] drill 3

n.

fabric.

toast;

drink up (also or the remainder of. drinker n. [Old Eng-

wish success

absol.) drink all drinkable adj.

to.

lish]

drink-driver

scattered amounts.

drill

driven

264

-n.

stick,

coarse twilled cotton or linen having three [Latin trilix

threads] drill 4 n. W. African baboon related to the mandrill, [probably native] drily adv. (also dryly) in a dry manner. drink -u. (past drank; past part. drunk) 1 a (also absol.) swallow (liquid), b swallow the contents of (a vessel). 2 take alcohol, esp. to excess. 3 (of a plant, sponge, etc.) absorb (moisture). 4 bring (oneself etc.) to a specified condition by drinking. 5 wish (a person good health etc.) by drinking (drank his health), -n. 1 a liquid for drinking, b draught or specified amount of this. 2 a alcoholic liquor, b portion, glass, etc. of this, c excessive use of alcohol (took to drink). 3 (the drink) colloq. the sea. drink in listen eagerly to. drink to

n. person who drives with excess alcohol in the blood.

drink-driving

drip -u. (often

(-pp-)

foil,

n.

1 fall

or

let fall in

by with) be so wet as

drops. 2 to

shed

drops, -n. 1 a liquid falling in drops (steady drip of rain), b drop of liquid, c sound of dripping. 2 colloq. dull or ineffectual person. 3 = drip-feed. be dripping with be full of or covered with. [Danish: cf. drop] drip-dry -v. dry or leave to dry creasefree when hung up. — adj. able to be dripdried.

drip-feed -v. feed intravenously in drops, -n.

1

feeding thus. 2 apparatus

for doing this.

dripping

n.

fat

melted from roasted

meat.

drippy

adj. (-ier, -iest)

slang ineffec-

tual; sloppily sentimental.

drive

-v. (-ving; past drove; past part. driven /'dnv(a)n/) 1 urge forward, esp. forcibly. 2 a compel (was driven to complain), b force into a specified state (drove him mad), c (often refl.) urge to overwork. 3 a operate and direct (a vehicle, locomotive, etc.). b convey or be conveyed in a vehicle, c be competent to drive (a vehicle) (does he drive?), d travel in a private vehicle. 4 (of wind etc.) carry along, propel, esp. rapidly (driven snow, driving rain). 5 a (often foil, by into) force (a stake, nail, etc.) into place by blows, b bore (a tunnel etc.). 6 effect or conclude forcibly (drove a hard bargain; drove his point home). 7 (of power) operate (machinery). 8 (usu. foil, by at) work hard; dash, rush. 9 hit (a ball) forcibly, -n. 1 journey or excursion in a vehicle. 2 a (esp. scenic) street or road, b private road through a garden to a house. 3 a motivation and energy, b inner urge (sex-drive). 4 forcible stroke of a bat etc. 5 organized effort (membership drive). 6 a transmission of power to machinery, wheels, etc. b position of the steering-wheel in a vehicle (left-hand drive), c Computing = disk drive. 7 organized whist, bingo, etc. competidrive at seek, intend, or mean tion. (what is he driving at?). [Old English]

drive-in -attrib. adj. (of a bank, cinema, etc.) used while sitting in one's car. -ft. such a bank, cinema, etc. drivel /'dnv(a)l/ -n. silly talk; nonsense, -v. (-11-; t/S-l-, -ling) 1 talk drivel. 2 run at the mouth or nose. [Old English]

driven past part,

of drive.

drive-on drive-on

on

to

which

may

vehicles

driver n.

1

be driven. person who drives a vehicle.

2 golf-club for driving from a tee. n. = drive n. 2b. driving-licence n. licence permitting

driveway

one to drive a vehicle.

driving test

n.

official

test of

com-

petence to drive.

driving-wheel n. wheel communicating motive power in machinery. drizzle

/'dnz(a)l/ ~n. very fine rain. -v. (-ling) (of rain) fall in very fine drops. drizzly adj. [Old English] droll /draul/ adj. quaintly amusing;

strange, odd.

drolly

drollery

n.

(pi.

-ies).

[French] /'dromidan/ n. (pi. -ies) one-humped (esp. Arabian) camel bred for riding. [Greek dromas -ados runner] /'draulli/ adv.

dromedary drone

non-working male of the honey-bee. 2 idler. 3 deep humming sound. 4 monotonous speaking tone. 5 bass-pipe of bagpipes or its continuous note. -v. (-ning) 1 make a deep humming sound. 2 speak or utter monoton-rc.

1

ously. [Old English] v. 1 slobber, dribble. 2 (often foil, by over) admire extravagantly, [from

drool

drivel] droop -v. 1 bend or hang down, esp. from weariness; flag. 2 (of the eyes) look downwards, -n. 1 drooping attitude. 2 droopy adj. [Old Norse: loss of spirit. related to drop] drop -n.1a globule of liquid that hangs, falls, or adheres to a surface, b very small amount of liquid (just a drop left). c glass etc. of alcohol. 2 a abrupt fall or slope, b amount of this (drop of fifteen feet), c act of dropping, d fall in prices, temperature, etc. e deterioration (drop in status). 3 drop-shaped thing, esp. a pendant or sweet. 4 curtain or scenery let down on to a stage. 5 (in pi.) liquid medicine used in drops (eye drops). 6 minute quantity. 7 slang hiding-place for stolen goods etc. 8 slang bribe, -v. (-pp-) 1 fall or let fall in drops, shed (tears, blood). 2 fall or allow to fall; let go. 3 a sink down from exhaustion or injury, b die. c fall naturally (drop asleep; drop into the habit). 4 a (cause to) cease or lapse; abandon, b colloq. cease to associate with or discuss. 5 set

down

(a

passenger

etc.)

(drop

me here).

6 utter or be uttered casually (dropped a hint). 7 send casually (drop a line). 8 a fall or allow to fall in direction, amount, condition, degree, pitch, etc. (voice dropped; wind dropped; we dropped the

b (of a person) jump down lightly; oneself fall, c allow (trousers etc.) to fall to the ground. 9 omit (a letter) in

price), let

drub

265

adj. (of a ship)

speech (drop one's h's). 10 (as dropped adj.) in a lower position than usual (dropped handlebars; dropped waist). 11 give birth to (esp. a lamb). 12 lose (a

game, point, etc.). 13 deliver by parachute etc. 14 Football send (a ball), or score (a goal), by a drop-kick. 15 colloq. dismiss or omit (dropped from the team). at the drop of a hat promptly, instantly, drop back (or behind) fall back; get left behind, drop a brick colloq. make an indiscreet or embarrassing remark, drop a curtsy curtsy,

drop in (or by) colloq. visit casually, drop off 1 fall asleep. 2 drop (a passenger), drop out colloq. cease to pardroplet

ticipate.

drop-curtain

n. [Old English] painted curtain low-

n.

ered on to a stage. n. Football kick as the ball touches the ground having been dropped. drop-out n. colloq. person who has dropped out of conventional society, a course of study etc. dropper n. device for releasing liquid in

drop-kick

,

drops.

droppings

n.pl. 1

dung

of animals or

birds. 2 thing that falls or

has fallen in

drops.

drop scone

n. scone made by dropping a spoonful of mixture into the pan etc. drop-shot n. (in tennis) shot dropping abruptly over the net.

dropsy

/'dropsi/ n.

= oedema,

drop-

sical adj. [earlier hydropsy from Greek hudrops: related to hydro ]

drosophila

/dra'sDftla/ n. fruit fly

used

in genetic research. [Greek, = dewloving] dross n. 1 rubbish. 2 a scum from melted metals, b impurities. [Old English] drought /draot/ n. prolonged absence of rain. [Old English] drove past of drive. 1

drove 2

a

n. 1

moving crowd, b

(in

/;/.

number

(people arrived in droves). 2 herd or flock driven or moving together. [Old English: related to

colloq. great

drive]

drover

n.

drown

v. 1

herder of kill

cattle.

or die by submersion

m

2 submerge; flood; drench. 3 deaden (grief etc.) by drinking. 4 (often foil, by out) overpower (sound) with liquid.

louder sound, [probably Old English] /drauz/ v. (-sing) be lightly asleep, [from drowsy] drowsy /'drauzi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) very drowsily adv. sleepy, almost asleep, drowsiness n. [probably Old English]

drowse

drub

v.

(-bb-)

thoroughly,

aba beat]

1

beat, thrash. 2 defeat

drubbings. [Arabic dar-

drudge

-n. person who does dull, laborious, or menial work. -v. (-ging)

work

laboriously,

toil,

p drudgery

n.

[origin uncertain]

drug -n.

1 medicinal substance. 2 (esp. addictive) narcotic, hallucinogen, or stimulant, -v. (-gg-) 1 add a drug to (food or drink). 2 a give a drug to. b stupefy.

[French]

drugget /'drAgit/ n.

coarse woven fabric etc. [French] pharmacist, [related to

used for floor coverings

druggist

n.

drug]

drugstore shop and

Druid

n.

US combined

chemist's

cafe.

/'dru:id/ n. 1 priest of

an ancient

Celtic religion. 2 member of a modern Druidic order, esp. the Gorsedd.

Druidic /-'idik/ adj. [Latin from Celtic]

Druidism

n.

drum -n.

1 hollow esp. cylindrical percussion instrument covered at the end(s) with plastic etc. 2 (often in pi.) percussion section of an orchestra etc. 3 sound made by a drum. 4 thing resembling a drum, esp. a container, etc. 5 segment of a pillar. 6 eardrum, -v. (-mm-) 1 play a drum. 2 beat or tap continuously with the fingers etc. 3 (of a bird or insect) make a loud noise with the wings, d drum into drive (a lesson or facts) into (a person) by persistence, drum out dismiss with ignominy, drum up summon or get by vigorous effort (drum up support). [Low Ger-

man]

drumbeat n. stroke or sound of a stroke on a drum.

drum brake

n.

brake in which brake

shoes on a vehicle press against the brake drum on a wheel, drumhead n. part of a drum that is hit. drum kit n. set of drums in a band etc. drum machine n. electronic device that simulates percussion, drum major n. leader of a marching band. drum majorette n. female batontwirling member of a parading group. drummer n. player of drums. drumstick n. 1 stick for beating drums. 2 lower leg of a dressed fowl. drunk -adj. 1 lacking control from drinking alcohol. 2 (often foil, by with) overcome with joy, success, power, etc. -n. person who is drunk, esp. habitually, [past part, of drink] drunkard /'drAnkad/ n. person who is habitually drunk.

drunken

DSS

266

drudge

= drunk 1. 2 caused by or involving drunkenness (drunken brawl). 3 often drunk. adj. (usu. attrib.) 1

drunkenly

adv.

drunkenness

n.

drupe

/dru:p/ n. fleshy stone-fruit, e.g. the olive and plum. [Latin from Greek] dry /drai/ -adj. (drier; driest) 1 free

from moisture, esp.: a with moisture having evaporated, drained away, etc. (clothes are not dry yet), b (of eyes) free from tears, c (of a climate etc.) with insufficient rain; not rainy (dry spell), d (of a river, well, etc.) dried up. e using or

producing no moisture (dry shampoo; dry cough), f (of a shave) with an electric razor. 2 (of wine) not sweet (dry sherry). 3 a plain, unelaborated (dry facts), b uninteresting (dry book). 4 (of a sense of humour) subtle, ironic, understated. 5 prohibiting the sale of alcohol (a dry State). 6 (of bread) without butter etc. 7 (of provisions etc.) solid, not liquid. 8 impassive. 9 (of a cow) not yielding milk. 10 colloq. thirsty (feel dry), -v. (dries, dried) 1 make or become dry. 2 (usu. as dried adj.) preserve (food etc.) by removing moisture. 3 (often foil, by up) colloq. forget one's lines. -n. (pi. dries) 1 act of drying. 2 dry ginger ale. 3 dry place (come into the dry). dry out 1 make or become fully dry. 2 treat or be treated for alcoholism, dry up 1 make or become utterly dry. 2 dry dishes. 3 colloq. (esp. in imper.) cease talking. 4 become unproductive. 5 (of supplies) run out. dryness n. [Old English] dryad /'draiaed/ n. wood nymph. [Greek

drus tree]

dry battery

n. (also

dry

cell) electric

battery or cell in which electrolyte is absorbed in a solid. dry-clean v. clean (clothes etc.) with solvents without water. dry-cleaner n.

dry dock

n. dock that can be pumped dry for building or repairing ships. dryer var. of drier 2 dry-fly attrib. adj. (of fishing) with a .

floating artificial fly. solid carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant. dry land n. land as distinct from sea etc. dryly var. of drily. dry measure n. measure for dry goods, dry rot n. decayed state of unventilated

dry ice n.

wood; fungi causing

i

this,

dry run n. colloq. rehearsal, dry-shod adj. & adv. without wetting one's shoes.

drystone

attrib. adj. (of a wall etc.) built without mortar.

DSC abbr.

Distinguished Service Cross.

D.Sc. abbr. Doctor of Science.

DSM

abbr.

Distinguished

Service

Medal.

DSO abbr. Distinguished Service Order. DSS ity

abbr. Department of Social Secur-

(formerly DHSS).

. (-pp-) 1 a grasp tightly, b take a firm hold, esp. by friction. 2 compel the attention of. -n. 1 a firm hold; tight grasp, b manner of grasping or holding. 2 power of holding attention. 3 a intellectual mastery, b effective control of one's behaviour etc. (lose one's grip). 4 a part of a machine that grips, b part by which a weapon etc. is held. 5 = hair-v. (-nn-)

1

grip. 6 travelling bag.

to grips

come

(or get)

with approach purposefully;

begin to deal with. [Old English] -v. (-ping) 1 colloq. complain. 2 affect with gastric pain. -n. 1 (usu. in pi.) colic. 2 colloq. complaint. 3 grip, clutch. [Old English] Gripe Water n. propr. preparation to

gripe

relieve colic in infants.

grisly

/'gnzli/ adj. (-ier, -iest)

causing

grisliness n. horror, disgust, or fear. [Old English] grist n. corn to grind, n grist to the (or a person's) mill source of profit or advantage. [Old English: related to grind]

gristle

adj. [Old English]

grit -rc.

1 particles of stone or sand, esp. as irritating or hindering. 2 coarse sandstone. 3 colloq. pluck, endurance, -v. (-tt-) 1 spread grit on (icy roads etc.). 2 clench (the teeth). 3 make a grating

gritter n. [Old English] grits n.pl. 1 coarsely oatmeal. 2 oats that but not ground. [Old

gritty adj.

sound.

(-ier,

-iest).

grizzle

/'griz(a)l/

v.

ground grain, esp. have been husked English]

(-ling) colloq.

1

(esp.

of a child) cry fretfully. 2 complain

grizzly

whiningly.

adj.

[origin

unknown] grizzled

/'gnz(a)ld/ adj. 1 (of hair) grey or streaked with grey. 2 having grizzled hair, [grizzle grey from French grisel] grizzly /'gnzli/ -adj. (-ier, -iest) grey, grey-haired. -n. (pi. -ies) (in full grizzly

bear) large variety of brown bear, found in N. America. groan -v. 1 a make a deep sound expressing pain, grief, or disapproval, b utter with groans. 2 (usu. foil, by under, beneath, with) be loaded or oppressed.

made

-n. sound English]

groat

n. hist,

groaning.

in

[Old

worth four old or Dutch: related

silver coin

German

pence. [Low to

great]

groats n.pl hulled or crushed

grain,

esp. oats. [Old English] grocer n. dealer in food

and household provisions. [Anglo-French grosser from Latin grossus gross]

grocery

grocer's trade or shop. 2 (in pi.) goods, esp. food, sold by a grocer. grog n. drink of spirit (orig. rum) and water, [origin uncertain]

groggy

ground

386

gristle ,"gns(9)l/ n. tough flexible animal tissue; cartilage. gristly /-sli/

n. (pi. -ies) 1

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

incapable or

groggily adv. grogginess

unsteady. n.

groin -n.

depression between the belly and the thigh. 2 Archit. a edge formed by intersecting vaults, b arch supporting a vault, -v. Archit. build with groins, [origin uncertain] grofrr US var. of groyne. 1

grommet

1

/'grumit/

n.

(also

grummet

/'grAmit/) 1 metal, plastic, or rubber eyelet placed in a hole to protect or insulate a rope or cable etc. passed through it. 2 tube passed through the

eardrum

to

make

a communication

with the middle ear. [French] groom —n. 1 person employed to take care of horses. 2 = bridegroom. 3 Mil. any of certain officers of the Royal Household, -v. 1 a curry or tend (a horse), b give a neat appearance to (a

person

an ape

clean and the fur of (its fellow). 3 prepare or train (a person) for a particular purpose or job. [origin unknown] groove -n. 1 channel or elongated hollow, esp. one made to guide motion or receive a corresponding ridge. 2 spiral track cut in a gramophone record, -v. (-ving) 1 make a groove or grooves in. 2 slang enjoy oneself. [Dutch] groovy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 slang excellent. 2 of or like a groove. grope -v. (-ping) 1 (usu. foil, by for) feel about or search blindly. 2 (foil, by for, after) search mentally. 3 feel (one's way) towards something. 4 slang fondle clumsily for sexual pleasure, -n. act of groping. [Old English] grosgrain /'graugrem/ n. corded fabric of silk etc. [French, = coarse grain: related to gross, grain] gros point /grao "pwse/ n. cross-stitch embroidery on canvas. [French: related to gross, point] gross /graus/ -adj. 1 overfed, bloated. 2 (of a person, manners, or morals) coarse, unrefined, or indecent. 3 flagrant (gross negligence). 4 total; not net (gross tonnage). 5 (of the senses etc.) dull. -v. produce as gross profit, -n. (pi. same) amount equal to twelve dozen, z grossly adv. grossness n. [Latin grossus] etc.).

2 (of

etc.)

comb

gross domestic product value of goods produced and

total

n.

services

provided in a country in one year.

gross national product

n.

gross

domestic product plus the total of net income from abroad. grotesque /grau'tesk/-ad/. 1 comically or repulsively distorted. 2 incongruous, absurd, -n. 1 decorative form interweaving human and animal features. 2 comically distorted figure or design, z

grotesquely adv. grotesqueness [Italian: related to

grotto /'gmtau/ esque

n.

grotto] or

picturcave. 2 artificial ornamental cave.

grotta

[Italian

n. (pi. -es

from

-s) 1

Greek

krupte

crypt]

grotty

/'gmti/ adj. (-ier, -iest) slang unpleasant, dirty, shabby, unattractive, [shortening of grotesque] grouch colloq. -v. grumble, -n. 1 discontented person. 2 fit of grumbling or the sulks, z grouchy adj. (-ier, -iest). [related to

ground

1

grudge]

-n. 1 a surface of the earth, esp. as contrasted with the air around it. b part of this specified in some way (low ground). 2 a position, area, or distance on the earth's surface, b extent of a subject dealt with (the book covers a lot

ground

:

predominant colour. 8 (in pi.) solid particles, esp. of coffee, forming a residue. 9 USElectr. - earth n. 4. 10 bottom of the

room etc. 12 (in full ground bass) Mus. short theme in the sea. 11 floor of a

bass constantly repeated with the upper parts of the music varied. 13 (attrib.) (of animals) living on or in the ground; (of plants) dwarfish or trailing, -u. 1 refuse authority for (a pilot or an aircraft) to fly. 2 a run (a ship) aground; strand, b (of a ship) run aground. 3 (foil, by in) instruct thoroughly (in a subject). 4 (often as grounded adj.) (foil, by on) base (a principle, conclusion, etc.) on. 5

US Electr. = earth

v.

break new

(or

fresh) ground treat a subject previously not dealt with, get off the ground colloq. make a successful start,

give (or lose) ground retreat, decline,

go to ground

1

(of a fox etc.) enter its

become

inac-

cessible for a prolonged period, one's ground not retreat, on

hold the

earth

a person)

etc. 2 (of

grounds of because

of.

[Old English]

ground 2 past and past part, of grind. ground control n. personnel directing the landing etc. of aircraft etc.

ground cover

n. low-growing plants covering the surface of the earth. ground elder n. garden weed spreading by means of underground stems. ground floor n. floor of a building at

ground

level.

ground

frost n. frost on the surface of the ground or in the top layer of soil. ground glass n. 1 glass made nontransparent by grinding etc. 2 glass ground to a powder. grounding n. basic training or instruction. groundless adj. without motive or foundation.

groundnut

n.

ground-plan

= peanut

1, 2.

plan of a building at ground level. 2 general outline of a scheme. ground-rent n. rent for land leased for n. 1

building.

groundsel

growing pains

387

of ground). 3 (often in pi.) reason, justification. 4 area of a special kind or use (often in comb. cricket-ground; fishinggrounds). 5 (in pi.) enclosed land attached to a house etc. 6 area or basis for agreement etc. (common ground). 7 (in painting etc.) the surface giving the

/'grauns(8)l/ n. wild plant with small yellow flowers, used as a food for cage-birds etc. [Old English] groundsheet n. waterproof sheet for spreading on the ground. groundsman n. person who maintains a sports ground.

ground speed

n.

aircraft's

speed

rel-

ative to the ground.

ground swell n. heavy sea caused by a distant or past storm or an earthquake. water found in soil or in pores, crevices, etc., in rock. groundwork n. preliminary or basic

groundwater n. work.

group

/gru:p/ -n. 1 number of persons or things located close together, or considered or classed together. 2 number of people working together etc. 3 number

of commercial companies under comownership. 4 ensemble playing popular music. 5 division of an air force etc. -v. 1 form or be formed into a group. 2 (often foil, by with) place in a group or groups. [Italian gruppo] group captain n. RAF officer next below air commodore. groupie n. slang ardent follower of touring pop groups, esp. a young woman seeking sexual relations with

mon

their

members.

group therapy

n. therapy in which people are brought together to assist

one another psychologically. n. (pi same) 1 game-bird with a plump body and feathered legs. 2 its

grouse

1

flesh as food, [origin uncertain] colloq. -v. (-sing) grumble or complain, -n. complaint, [origin

grouse 2

unknown] grout —n. thin or

fill

grove

fluid mortar, -v. provide with grout, [origin uncertain] n. small wood or group of trees.

[Old English]

grovel ,/'grDv(8)l/

v. (-11-;

US-1-)

1

behave

obsequiously. 2 lie prone in abject humility, z grovelling adj. [obsolete grovelling (adv.) from Old Norse a

grufu face down]

grow

/grau/

v.

(past

grew; past part.

grown) 1 increase in size, height, quantdegree, etc. 2 develop or exist as a living plant or natural product. 3 a produce (plants etc.) by cultivation, b allow (a beard etc.) to develop. 4 become gradually (grow rich). 5 (foil, by on) become gradually more favoured by. 6 (in passive; foil, by over etc.) be covered grow out of 1 become with a growth, too large to wear. 2 become too mature to retain (a habit etc.). 3 develop from, grow up 1 advance to maturity. 2 (of a custom) arise. [Old English] ity,

grower

n. 1 (often in comb.) person growing produce (fruit-grower). 2 plant that grows in a specified way (fast

grower).

growing pains n.pl.

1 early difficulties development of a project etc. 2 neuralgic pain in children's legs due to

in the

fatigue etc.

growl -v. foil, by an make a low guttural sound, usu. of anger, b 2 rumble. 3 (often foil, by out) utter with a growl, -n. 1 growling sound. 2 angry murmur. 3 rumble, [probably imitative] grown past part, of grow.

a (often

1

murmur angrily.

grown-up

-adj. adult, -n. adult per-

son.

grauB n. 1 act or process of growing. 2 increase in size or value. 3 something that has grown or is growing. 4 Med. morbid formation. growth industry n. industry that is developing rapidly. groyne n. US groin) timber, stone, or concrete wall built at right angles to the i

coast to check beach erosion, [dial. groin snout, from French] -it 1 larva of an insect. 2 colloq.

grub

food. -i'. l

illustration

r

:

illustrious

ri.\strias

adj.

dis-

tinguished, renowned. ILatin illustris: related to illustrateI ill will 1 bad feeling; animosity. im- prefix assim. form of in- in-- before b, m, or p. 1

,

I'm una

image

oofilr.

I

am.

imid3 -n.

1

representation of

an object, e.g. a statue. 2 reputation or persona of a person, company, etc. 3 appearance as seen in a mirror or through a lens. 4 mental picture or idea. 5 simile or metaphor, -t (ging) 1 make an image of; portray. 2 reflect, mirror. 3 be the describe or imagine vividly. image of be or look exactly like. [Latin imago imagin-] '

imagery

n.

figurative illustration,

1

esp. in literature. 2 images; statuary, carving. 3 mental images collectively.

imaginary I'msedsman

adj.

1

exist-

ing only in the imagination. 2 Math. being the square root of a negative quantity. [Latin: related to image] imagination i,ma?d3i'neij\a)n/ n. 1 mental faculty of forming images or concepts of objects or situations not existent or not directly experienced. 2 mental creativity or resourcefulness. imaginative imaedsmativ adj. having or showing imagination, imaginatively adv. imaginativeness rt imagine ma?d3in v. (-ning) 1 a form a mental image or concept of. b picture to oneself. 2 think of as probable (can't imagine he'd be so stupid). 3 guess {can't imagine what he is doing). 4 i

suppose

(/

imagine you

imaginable

adj. [Latin

imago imeigau an

need help). imaginor)

'11

n. {pi. -s

or imagines

fully developed stage of insect, e.g. a butterfly. [Latin; see

rma?d3i,ni:z

)

image]

imam mo:m i

mosque.

n. 1

2 title leaders. [Arabic]

leader of prayers in a of various Muslim

imbalance

imbaelans n. 1 lack of balance. 2 disproportion. imbi,si:l -n. 1 colloq. stupid person. 2 person with a mental age of about five. -adj. mentally weak; stupid,

imbecile

idiotic

cility Latin]

imbecilic siliu

immense

438

silik

n. (pi. -ies).

adj.

imbe-

[French from

imbed var of imbed. imbibe tm'baib v (-Ding) 1 drink (esp. alcohol) 2 a assimilate (ideas etc.). b

absorb (moisture etc.).

etc.).

inhale (air

3

[Latin bibo drink] im'braulieu/

imbroglio

n.

{pi.

-s)

1

confused or complicated situation. 2 confused heap. [Italian: related to in- 2 ,

broil]

imbue

bues.

-bued. by with) 1 inspire or permeate (with feelings, opinions, or im'bju: -buing) (often foil,

qualities).

v.

(

saturate.

2

dye.

3

[Latin

imbuo]

IMF

Monetary

International

abbr.

Fund.

imitate example

v. (-ting) 1 follow the copy. 2 mimic. 3 make a imitable adj. copy of. 4 be like. imitator n. [Latin imitor -tat-} imitation ,imi'teij\a)n n. 1 imitating or being imitated. 2 copy. 3 counterfeit (often attrib.: imitation leather). imitative imitativ adj. 1 (often foil, by of) imitating; following a model or example. 2 (of a word) reproducing a natural sound (e.g. fizz), or otherwise suggestive (e.g. blob).

imi.teit

of;

immaculate fectly clean

I'maekjulat-

and

adj.

tidy. 2 perfect

1

per-

(immacu-

late timing). 3 innocent, faultless,

adv. immaculateness related to in- macula spot] Immaculate Conception n. RC Ch. doctrine that the Virgin Mary was without original sin from conception.

immaculately

1

n. [Latin:

,

immanent by

in)

'imenant adj. 1 (often foil, naturally present, inherent. 2 (of

immanence

God) omnipresent. [Latin: related to in-

immaterial

2 ,

n.

maneo remain]

.ima'tiarial/ adj.

1

unim-

portant; irrelevant. 2 not material; incorporeal, immateriality aeliti/ n. immature .ima'tjo^r) adj. 1 not mature. 2 undeveloped, esp. emotionally. 3 immaturely adv. immaturunripe, ity n. immeasurable i'me3arab(a)l/ adj. not -

immeasur-

measurable; immense.

ably adv.

immediate

I'mirdiat

adj.

1

occurring

or done at once (immediate reply). 2 nearest, next; direct (immediate vicinity: immediate future: immediate cause of death). 3 most pressing or urgent (our immediacy n. immediate concern). immediateness n. [Latin: related to IN-

1 ,

MEDIATE]

immediately -adv.

1

without pause or

delay. 2 without intermediary, -conj. as

soon

as.

immemorial

,imi'mo:nal adj. ancient

beyond memory or record (from time immemorial).

immense

t'mens

adj.

1

large; huge. 2 considerable

extremely

(immense

immensely difference),

mensity

im-

mens-

metior

[Latin

n.

n.

measure]

immensely

adv.

very

colloq.

1

much

{enjoyed myself immensely). 2 to an

immense degree (immensely

immerse

rich).

v. (-sing) 1 a (often plunge, b submerge (a person). 2 (often refl. or in passive; often foil, by in) absorb or involve deeply. 3 (often foil, by in) bury, embed. [Latin mergo mers- dip]

foil,

by

/i'm3:s/

in) dip,

immersion

/i'm3:JXa)n/ n.

immersing

1

or being immersed. 2 baptism by total bodily immersion. 3 mental absorption. immersion heater n. electric device immersed in a liquid to heat it, esp. in a hot-water tank. immigrant /'imigrant/ -n. person who immigrates, —adj. 1 immigrating. 2 of

immigrants.

immigrate

/'imi.greit/

country and

come into a immigration

v.

settle.

2

migrate] imminent /'immant/ adj. impending; about to happen (war is imminent). /-'greij(a)n/ n. [related to in-

imminence [Latin

imminently

n.

immiscible /i'misib(a)l/ adj. by with) not able /-

to

adv.

(often

be mixed.

foil,

immis-

biliti/ n.

immobile /I'maubail/ adj. move

2 unable to

mobility

/-

1 not moving. imor be moved.

biliti/ n.

immobilize

/I'maubi.laiz/

(also -ise)

v.

(-zing or -sing) 1 make or keep immobile. 2 keep (a limb or patient) still immobilizafor healing purposes.

tion

/-'zeiJXa)n/ n.

immoderate

immoder-

lacking moderation. ately adv.

/I'modist/ adj. 1 lacking modesty; conceited. 2 shameless, in-

esty

immodestly

adv.

immod-

n.

as

offer

/'ima.leit/

v.

n.

(-ting) kill or

immolation

a sacrifice.

/-'leiJXa)n/

= sprinkle with

[Latin,

meal]

immoral /i'mDr(a)l/ adj.

1 not conformaccepted morality; morally wrong. 2 sexually promiscuous or devi-

ing

ant. -ies).

to

immorality /.ima'raeliti/ immorally adv.

immortal /i*mo:t(a)l/ -adj.

n. (pi.

a living for ever; not mortal, b divine. 2 unfading. 3 famous for all time. -n. 1 a immortal 1

being, b (in pi.) gods of antiquity. 2 person, esp. an author, remembered immortality long after death, i

immortalize v. (also or -sing), immortally adv.

/.imai'taeliti/

-ise) (-zing

n.

immune

against, from, to) protected against infection through inoculation etc. b relating to immunity (immune system). 2 (foil, by from, to) exempt from or proof against a charge, duty, criticism, etc. [Latin immunis exempt] , immunity n. (pi. -ies) 1 ability of an organism to resist infection by means of antibodies and white blood cells. 2 (often foil, by from) freedom or exemption.

immunize

/'imju:,naiz/

(-zing or -sing) by inoculation.

(also -ise)

v.

make immune, usu. immunization

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

immunodeficiency 'fijansi/ n.

/ imju:,naudi reduction in normal immune (

defences.

immunoglobulin

/,imju:nau 'globjulm/ n. any of a group of related proteins functioning as antibodies. immunology /,imju: nDlad3i/ n. the immunological study of immunity. ,

/-na'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj.

immunotherapy

immunologist

n.

/,imju:nau 9erapi/

n.

prevention or treatment of disease with substances that stimulate the immune response. immure /i'mjua(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 imprison. 2 refl. shut oneself away. [Latin

mums wall] geable,

n

immutability

immutably

imp n.

immodest

immolate

/i'mu:vab(a)l/ adj. (also immoveable) 1 not able to be moved. 2 steadfast, unyielding. 3 emotionless. 4 not subject to change (immovable law). 5 motionless. 6 (of property) consisting immovability of land, houses, etc. /- biliti/ n. immovably adv. /i'mju:n/ adj. 1 a (often foil, by

immutable /i'mju:tab(a)l/ adj.

/I'modarat/ adj. excess-

ive;

decent,

immovable

,

immineo be impending]

cibility

impalpable

439

immenseness

i

1

unchan-

/-'biliti/

n.

adv.

mischievous

child. 2 small devil

or sprite. [Old English, =

young shoot] sudden contact between two solid

impact -n. forcible

/'impaekt/

1

effect of

bodies etc.; collision. 2 strong effect or impression, -v. /im'paekt/ 1 press or fix firmly. 2 (as impacted adj.) (of a tooth) wedged between another tooth and the jaw. 3 (often foil, by on) have an impact

impaction /im'paekJXa)n/ n. on. [Latin: related to impinge] impair /im'pea(r)/ v. damage, weaken. impairment n. [Latin, = make worse, from pejor] impala /im'pa:la/ n. (pi. same or -s) small African antelope. [Zulu] impale /im'peil/ v. (-ling) transfix or pierce with a sharp stake etc. n impalement n. [Latin palus pale 2 ] impalpable /im'paelpab(a)l/ adj. 1 not easily grasped by the mind; intangible. 2 imperceptible to the touch. 3 (of powder)

impanel very

impalpability

fine.

impalpably

/-'biliti/ n.

adv.

impanel var. of empanel. impart im'pa:t v. (often communicate (news

foil,

by

to) 1

2 give a share of (a thing). (Latin: related to part] impartial ma pa: J(a)l/ adj. treating all alike;

ality

etc.).

impartifair. impartially adv.

unprejudiced, JYaeliti/ n.

impassable

im'pa:s8b(a)l/

n.

not

adj.

impassability n. impass-

able to be traversed, biliti

impassableness

ably adv.

impasse

impermanent

-4-40

'aempaes,

'im-/

(French: related to pass

n.

deadlock.

1

]

impassible

im'paesib(8)l/ adj. 1 impassive. 2 incapable of feeling, emotion, or impassibility /-biliti/ n. injury.

impassibly adv. [Latin potior passsuffer]

impassioned

/im'paej(a)nd/ adj. filled with passion; ardent. [Italian impassionato: related to passion] impassive im'paesiv/ adj. incapable of or not showing emotion; serene. impassively adv. impassiveness n.

impassivity

/-'siviti/ n.

impasto

im'paestau/ n. Art technique of laying on paint thickly. [Italian] impatiens /im'peiji.enz/ n. any of several plants including the busy Lizzie. [Latin: related to impatient] impatient /im'peij\8)nt/ adj. 1 lacking, or showing a lack of, patience or tolerance. 2 restlessly eager. 3 (foil, by of) intolerant of. impatience n. impatiently adv.

impeach

a stammer. [Latin: related to impede]

e.g.

Usage See note at impedance. impedimenta /im.pedi'menta/ n.pl. encumbrances. 2 baggage, army.

esp. of

impel

/im'pel/ v. (-11-) 1 drive, force, or urge. 2 propel. [Latin pello drive] impend /im'pend/ v. (often foil, by over) 1 (of a danger, event, etc.) be threatenimpending ing or imminent. 2 hang. adj. [Latin pendeo hang] impenetrable /im'penitr8b(a)l/ adj. 1 not able to be penetrated. 2 inscrutable. 3 inaccessible to ideas, influences, etc.

impenetrability /- biliti/ n. impenetrableness n. impenetrably adv.

impenitent

/im'penit(8)nt/

obligatory. 2 commanding, peremptory. 3 Gram, (of a mood) expressing a com-

mand

(e.g. come here!), -n. 1 Gram. imperative mood. 2 command. 3 essential or urgent thing. [Latin impero

command] imperceptible

/,impa'septib(8)l/ adj.

n.

imperceptibly adv.

imperfect

/im'p3:fikt/ -adj. 1 not perincomplete. 2 Gram, (of a tense) denoting action in progress but not completed (e.g. they were singing), imperfectly -n. imperfect tense. adv. fect; faulty,

imperfection /,impa'fekj;(8)n/ n. imperial /im'pianal/ adj.

impeachment

adj.

n.

[French empecher from Latin pedica

impeccable -'biliti

in-

/im'pekab(9)l/ adj.

1

n.

impeccably

adv. [related to

Latin pecco sin]

,

impecunious ing

fault-

impeccability

exemplary.

less,

little

osity

impecuniimpecuniousness n.

or no money.

[related to pecuniary]

impedance /im'pi:d(a)ns/ n. ive resistance of to

an

1

state

of being imperfect. 2 fault, blemish. 1 of or characteristic of an empire or similar sovereign State. 2 a of an emperor, b majestic, august; authoritative. 3 (of non-metric weights and measures) statutory in the UK, esp. formerly (imperial gallon), z imperially adv. [Latin imperium do-

minion]

/,impi'kju:ni3s/ adj. hav-

/-'Dsiti/ n.

1

not perceptible. 2 very slight, gradual, or subtle. imperceptibility /-'biliti/

conduct. 3 call in question, disparage.

impeachable

not

adj.

sorry, unrepentant. impenitence n. imperative /im'perativ/-ad/. 1 urgent;

/im'pi:tJ7 v. 1 charge with a crime against the State, esp. treason. 2 US charge (a public official) with mis-

fetter]

1

an

total effectelectric circuit etc.

an alternating current, [from impede]

Usage Impedance

is sometimes confused with impediment, which means 'a hindrance' or 'a speech defect'.

impede

imperialism

n. 1 imperial rule or system. 2 usu. derog. policy of dominating other nations by acquiring dependencies etc. z imperialist n. & adj.

imperialistic

imperil

/-'listik/ adj.

/im'penl/

v.

(-11-;

US

-1-)

endanger.

imperious ing,

/im'pianas/ adj. overbearimperiously adv.

domineering.

imperiousness

n.

im'pj:d/ v. (-ding) obstruct; hinder. [Latin impedio from pes ped-

imperishable

foot]

impermanent /im'p3:m9nant/ adj.

not

impermanence

n.

impediment

im'pedimant/ n. 1 hindrance or obstruction. 2 speech defect,

/im'perijab(a)l/ adj. not

able to perish, indestructible,

permanent.

impermanency

n.

impermeable impermeable /im'p3:miab(a)l/ adj.

not permeable, not allowing fluids to pass impermeability /- biliti/ n. through.

impermissible

/,impa'misib(a)l/ adj.

not allowable.

impersonal /im'p3:san(a)l/ adj. 1 without personal reference; objective, impartial. 2 without human attributes; cold, unfeeling. 3 Gram, a (of a verb) used esp. with it as a subject (e.g. it is snowing), b (of a pronoun) = indef-

impersonality impersonally adv. inite.

n.

/-'naeliti/

(-ting) 1 pretend to be (another person), esp. as entertainment or fraud. 2 act (a characv.

impersonation /-'neij*(a)n/ n. impersonator n. [from in- 2 Latin perter).

,

sona]

impertinent /im'p3:tmant/ adj. ent, disrespectful. 2 esp.

impertinence

1

insol-

Law irrelevant. impertinently

n.

adv. /

(

impa't3:bab(a)l/ adj.

imperturbabimperturbably adv.

not excitable; calm. ility

/-'biliti/ n.

impervious

/im'p3:vias/ adj. (usu.

foil,

impermeable. 2 not responsive

by

to) 1

(to

argument

etc.).

impetigo

/.impi'taigau/ n. contagious infection forming pimples and sores. [Latin impeto assail] impetuous /im'petjuas/ adj. 1 acting or done rashly or with sudden energy. 2 moving forcefully or rapidly.

skin

impetuosity

/-'ositi/ n.

impetuousness

adv.

impetuously

n. [Latin:

related

to impetus]

impetus /'impitas/ n.

1 force with which a body moves. 2 driving force or impulse. [Latin impeto assail] impiety /im'paiati/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 lack of piety or reverence. 2 act etc. showing

this.

impinge

/im'pmd3/ v. (-ging) (usu. foil, by on, upon) 1 make an impact or effect.

impingement

2 encroach.

pango pact-

n.

[Latin

fix]

impious

/'impias/ adj. 1 not pious. 2 wicked, profane. impish adj. of or like an imp; mischiev-

impishly adv. impishness

ous.

n.

implacable /im'plaekab(a)l/ adj. unable to /-

be

appeased.

biliti/ n.

implacably

implant -v.

implausible plausible.

implacability adv.

/im'plaint/ 1 (often foil, by in) insert or fix. 2 (often foil, by in) instil (an idea etc.) in a person's mind. 3 plant. 4 a insert (tissue etc.) in a living body, b (in passive) (of a fertilized ovum) become attached to the wall of the womb. -n. /'impla:nt/ thing implanted, esp. a piece of tissue. implantation /-'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to plant]

/im'pb:zib(a)l/

implausibility

adj.

not

/-'biliti/ n.

implausibly adv.

implement

-n. /'implimant/ tool, instrument, utensil, -v. /'implement/ plan, contract, etc.) into put (a decision, effect, n implementation /.implimen 'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin impleo fulfil]

implicate /'impli.keit/ v. (-ting) 1 foil, by in) show (a person)

(often

to be involved (in a crime etc.). 2 imply. [Latin

plico fold]

implication

impersonate /im'p3:sa,neit/

imperturbable

impose

441

/,impli'keij(a)n/ n.

1

thing

implied. 2 implicating or implying. implicit /im'phsit/ adj. 1 implied though not plainly expressed. 2 absolute, unquestioning (implicit belief). implicitly adv. [Latin: related to implicate] implode /im'plaud/ v. (-ding) (cause to)

burst

implosion

inwards.

/im'plau3(a)n/ n. [from in- 2 cf. explode] implore /im'plo:(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 (often foil, by to + infin.) entreat (a person). 2 beg earnestly for. [Latin ploro weep] imply /im'plai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (often foil, by that) strongly suggest or insinuate without directly stating (what are you implying?). 2 signify, esp. as a consequence (silence implies guilt). [Latin: related to implicate] impolite /.impa lait/ adj. (impolitest) ill-mannered, uncivil, rude. impolitely adv. impoliteness n. impolitic /im'politik/ adj. inexpedient, unwise. impoliticly adv. imponderable /im'pDndarab(a)l/ -adj. 1 not able to be estimated. 2 very light; weightless, -n. (usu. in pi.) imponderable thing. imponderability /-'biliti/ n. imponderably adv. import — y. /im'po:t, 'im-/1 bring in (esp. foreign goods or services) to a country. 2 imply, indicate, signify, -n. /'impa:t/ 1 (esp. in pi.) imported article or service. 2 importing. 3 what is implied; meanimportation ing. 4 importance. :

importer /im n. /,impD:'teiJ(a)n/ po:ta(r)/ n. [Latin importo carry in] /im'pa:t(a)nt/ adj. 1 (often

important

by to) of great effect or consequence; momentous. 2 (of a person) having high rank or authority. 3 pomimportance n. importantly pous. adv. [Latin importo carry in, signify] foil,

importunate

/im'pD:tjunat/ adj.

mak-

ing persistent or pressing requests. importunity /.impa^tjumiti/ n. [Latin importunus inconvenient] importune /,impa'tju:n/ v. (-ning) 1 pester (a person) with requests. 2 solicit as a prostitute. impose /im'pauz/ v. (-sing) 1 (often foil, by on, upon) lay (a tax, duty, charge, or

imposing

impono]

imposing

adj. impressive, formidable,

esp. in appearance. imposition ,impa'zij(a)n/ n.

impossible

impos-

1

ing or being imposed. 2 unfair or burden. 3 tax, duty.

demand

1 not posnot easy, convenient, or believable. 3 colloq. (esp. of a person) impossiboutrageous, intolerable. ility bihti n. (pi -ies). impossibly adv. impost impaust/ n. tax, duty, or tribute. [Latin impono impost- impose] impost 2 /'impaust/ n. upper course of a pillar, carrying an arch.

im'pDsib(a)l/ac(/.

1

/im'posta(r)/

n.

im-

(also

poster) 1 person who assumes a false character or pretends to be someone else. 2 swindler. imposture /im'pDstJa(r)/ n. fraudulent deception.

impotent

"imp9t(a)nt/ adj. 1 powerless, 2 (of a male) unable achieve an erection or orgasm,

ineffective. to

impotence

n.

/im'paund/ v. 1 confiscate. 2 take legal possession of. 3 shut up (animals) in a pound. impoverish /im'pDvanJ/ v. make poor, impoverishment n. [French: related to POVERTY]

impracticable

/im'praektikab(a)l/ adj.

impracticability impracticably adv. impractical /im'praektik(a)l/ adj. 1 not not practicable. /-'bihti/ n.

practical. 2 esp.

impracticality

US /-

not practicable,

/,impn'keiJXa)n/ n. foroath, curse. [Latin precor pray] imprecise /.impri'sais/ adj. not precise. imprecisely adv. impreciseness n.

mal

/-'si3(a)n/ n.

impregnable

/im'pregnab(a)l/

adj.

strong enough to be secure against

at-

impregnability

n.

/-bihti/

impregnably

adv. [French: related to in-. Latin prehendo take] impregnate /'impreg.neit/ v. (-ting) 1 (often foil, by with) fill or saturate. 2 (often foil, by with) imbue (with feelings etc.). 3 a make (a female) pregnant, b fertilize (an ovum). impregnation /-'neij(9)n/ n.

[Latin: related to preg-

nant)

impresario

favourably (was most foil, by on) emphas(must impress on you the need to be prompt). 3 a (often foil, by on) imprint or make (a mark), b mark (a thing) with a stamp, seal, etc. -n. /'impres/ 1 mark made by a seal, stamp, affect (a person)

impressed). 2 (often

ize (an idea etc.)

mark or quality, /im'presib(a)l/ adj. [French: related to press 1 ] impression /im'prej(a)n/ n. 1 effect (esp. on the mind or feelings). 2 notion or belief (esp. vague or mistaken). 3 etc. 2 characteristic

imitation of a person or sound, esp. as entertainment. 4 a impressing, b mark impressed. 5 unaltered reprint from standing type or plates. 6 number of copies of a book etc. issued at one time. 7 print taken from a wood or copper engraving.

impressionable

easily

adj.

impressionability

enced.

impressionably

/,impri'sa:nau/

n.

(pi.

-s)

organizer of public entertainment, esp. a theatrical etc.

manager.

influ-

/-'biliti/ n.

adv.

impressionism /im'preja,niz(9)m/ n. 1 style or movement in art concerned with conveying the effect of natural on objects. 2 style of music or writing seeking to convey esp. fleeting light

ist n.

impressionistic

impression-

impressive

nistik/ adj.

/im'presiv/ adj. arousing

approval,

respect,

/-

or admiration.

impressively adv. impressiveness

imprimatur

/,impri'ma:ta(r)/ n.

1

n.

RC

Ch. licence to print (a religious book etc.). 2 official approval. [Latin, = let it be printed]

Usage Imprimatur is sometimes confused with sense 2 of imprint.

imprint

kaeliti/ n.

imprecation

tack,

-v. /im'pres/ 1 (often foil, by with) a affect or influence deeply, b

feelings or experience.

impound

imprecision

impress

impressible

sible. 2 eolloq.

impostor

impromptu

4 12

obligation) on. 2 enforce compliance with. 3 also re/7, (foil, by on, upon, or absol.) take advantage of (will not impose on you any longer). 4 (often foil, by on. upon) inflict (a thing) on. [Latin

[Italian]

-v. /im'prmt/ 1 (often foil, by on) impress firmly, esp. on the mind. 2 a (often foil, by on) make a stamp or impression of (a figure etc.) on a thing, b make an impression on (a thing) with a stamp etc. -n. /'imprint/ 1 impression, stamp. 2 printer's or publisher's name etc. printed in a book.

Usage See note at imprimatur. imprison /im'pnz(a)n/ v. 1 put in imprisonment n. prison. 2 confine. improbable /im'prDbab(a)l/ adj. 1 unz improbimprobably adv.

likely. 2 difficult to believe,

ability

/-

bihti/ n.

improbity

/im'praubiti/ n.

(pi.

-ies) 1

wickedness; dishonesty. 2 wicked or dishonest act. /im'piDmptju:/ -adj. & adv. extempore, unrehearsed, -n. (pi -s) 1 extempore performance or speech.

impromptu

improper

which the numerator

is greater than or equal to the denominator.

impropriety

/.impra'praiati/

n.

(pi.

-ies) 1 lack of propriety; indecency. 2 instance of this. 3 incorrectness. improve /im'pru:v/ v. (-ving) 1 a make or become better, b (foil, by on, upon) produce something better than. 2 (as improving adj.) giving moral benefit

(improving adj.

improvable

literature).

improvement

[Anglo-French

n.

emprower from French prou

profit]

improvident

/im'prDvid(a)nt/ adj. 1 lacking foresight. 2 profligate; wasteful. improvidence n. 3 incautious. improvidently adv. improvise /'impra.vaiz/ v. (-sing) (also absol.) 1 compose or perform (music, verse, etc.) extempore. 2 provide or

construct from materials not intended improvisation for the purpose. /-'zeij(a)n/

improvisational improvisatory

n.

adj.

/-'zeij8n(8)l/

adj.

/-'zeitan/

improvisus

[Latin

unforeseen]

imprudent /im'pru:d(a)nt/ adj. imprudence

indiscreet. dently adv.

impudent

/'impjud(a)nt/

impudence

tinent.

adv. [Latin

n.

adj.

unwise,

impruimper-

impudently

n.

pudeo be ashamed]

impugn /im'pjum/ v. challenge or call in impugnment

question.

pugno

n.

[Latin

fight]

impulse

/'impAls/ n.

an impulse

1

sudden urge (felt tendency to

to laugh). 2

follow such urges (man of impulse). 3 impelling; a push. 4 impetus. 5 Physics a large temporary force producing a change of momentum (e.g. a hammerblow), b change of momentum so produced. 6 wave of excitation in a nerve. 1 [Latin: related to pulse ]

impulse buying

n.

purchasing goods

on impulse.

impulsion 2

,

,

/im pAlJ (a)n/

n. 1

impelling.

mental impulse. 3 impetus,

impulsive

/im'pAlsiv/ adj.

1

j

impure /im'pjua(r)/ad/.

1

adulterated. 2

dirty. 3 unchaste.

impurity

n. (pi. -ies) 1

being impure. 2

impure thing or

part. impute /im'pju:t/ v. (-ting) (foil, by to) imputation attribute (a fault etc.) to. /-'teij(a)n/ n.

[Latin puto reckon]

In symb. indium. in -prep.

1

expressing inclusion or posi-

tion within limits of space, time, circumstance, etc. (in England; in bed; in 1989; in the rain). 2 a within (a certain time) (finished it in two hours), b after (a certain time) (will be leaving in an hour). 3 with respect to (blind in one eye; good in parts). 4 as a proportionate part of (one in three failed; gradient of one in six). 5 with the form or arrangement of (packed in tens; falling in folds). 6 as a member of (in the army). 7 involved with (is in banking). 8 as the content of (there is something in what you say). 9 within the ability of (does he have it in him?). 10 having the condition affected by (in bad health; in of;

danger). 11 having as a purpose (in search of in reply to). 12 by means of or using as material (drawn in pencil; modelled in bronze). 13 a using as the language of expression (written in French), b (of music) having as its key (symphony in Q. 14 (of a word) having as a beginning or ending (words in un-). 15 wearing (in blue; in a suit). 16 with the identity of (found a friend in Mary). 17 (of an animal) pregnant with (in calf). 1 8 into (with a verb of motion or change: put it in the box; cut it in two). 19 introducing an indirect object after a verb (believe in; engage in; share in). 20 forming adverbial phrases (in any case; in reality; in short), -adv. expressing position within limits, or motion to such a position: 1 into a room, house, etc. ;

2 at home, in one's office, etc. 3 so as to be enclosed (locked in). 4 in a publication (is the advert in?). 5 in or to the inward side (rub it in). 6 a in fashion or season (long skirts are in). b elected or in office (Democrat got in). 7 favourable (their luck was in). 8 Cricket (of a player or side) batting. 9 (of transport) at the platform etc. (the train is in). 10 (of a season, order, etc.) having arrived or been received. 11 (of a fire)

(come (is

not

in).

in).

continuing to burn. 12 denoting tending to

on impulse. 2 done on impulse. 3 tending to impel. impulsively adv. impulsiveness n. impunity /im'pju:mti/ n. exemption from punishment, bad consequences, etc. with impunity without punishment etc. [Latin poena penalty] act

in

443

2 short, usu. solo, instrumental composition, often improvisatory in style. [French from Latin in promptu in readiness] improper /im'propa(r)/ adj. 1 unseemly; indecent. 2 inaccurate, wrong. improperly adv. improper fraction n. fraction in

effec-

tive action (join in). 13 (of the tide) at the highest point. 14 (in comb.) colloq. denoting prolonged concerted action, esp. by large numbers (sit-in; teach-in), -adj. 1 internal; living in; inside (inpatient). 2 fashionable (the in thing to do). 3 confined to a small group (injoke). in all see all. in between see

in.

betwekn adv. in lor 1 about to undergo or get. 2 competing in or for. in on Sharing In; privy to. ins and outs (often foil, by of) all the details, in so far as see far. in that because; in so far as. in with on good terms with; favourably placed for (in with a chance). [Old Englishl in. abbr. inch(es). in- prefix (also il-, im-, 1

ir-)

added

to: 1

adjectives, meaning 'not' {inedible; insane). 2 nouns, meaning 'without, lacking' (inaction). [Latin] In- prefix (also il-. im-, ir-) in, on, into, towards, within (induce; influx; insight; intrude), [from in, or from Latin in (prep.)]

inability

.ma'biliti/ n. 1 being unable. 2 lack of power or means. in absentia /,m aeb'sentia/ adv. in (his, her, or their) absence. [Latin] inaccessible mak'sesib(9)l/ adj. 1 not accessible. 2 (of a person) unapproach/

able,

1

inaccessibility

/-'biliti/ n.

inaccurate /m'aekjurat/ adj. not accurinaccuracy n. (pi. -ies). inacate, curately adv.

inaction /m'aekJXa^/ n. lack of action, inactive /m'aektiv/ adj. 1 not active. 2 not operating. 3 indolent.

::

inactivity

-'tiviti/ n.

inadequate

/m'agdikwat/ adj. 1 not adequate; insufficient. 2 (of a person) in-

inadequacy

competent; weak.

n. (pi.

inadequately adv. inadmissible /.mad'misibte)!/ adj. that -ies).

cannot be admitted or allowed. inadmissibility /- biliti/ n. inadmissibly adv.

inadvertent

/,inad'v3:t(8)nt/ adj.

1

un-

intentional. 2 negligent, inattentive. inadvertence n. inadvertently adv.

[from IN- ADVERT 2 inadvisable /,m8d'vaiz8b(9)l/ 1

]

,

advisable.

inadvisability

adj.

not

/-'biliti/ n.

inalienable

/m'eilian8b(9)l/ adj. that cannot be transferred to another or taken away (inalienable rights).

inamorato /m aema'ra:t8o7 (

inamorata)

n.

(fern.

literary lover. [Italian inamorato; related to in- 2 Latin amor love] (pi.

-s)

,

inane

i

nem/

adj.

empty, void.

1

silly,

senseless. 2

inanely adv. inanity

/-'aeniti/ n. (pi. -ies).

[Latin inanis]

t

inanimate

/m'aenimat/

adj.

1

not

endowed life

incandescent

444

with, or deprived of, animal (an inanimate object). 2 spiritless,

dull.

inapplicable (often

evant,

inapposite posite.

/,ina'plikab(8)l/

adj.

by to) not applicable or relinapplicability /- biliti/ n.

foil,

/m'aepazit/

adj.

not

ap-

inappropriate /.ma'praupnat/ adj. not inappropriately adv. appropriate. inappropriateness n. inapt /m'aspt/ adj. 1 not apt or suitable. 2 inaptitude n. unskilful, inarticulate /,ma:'tikjulat/ unable

adj.

1

to express oneself clearly. 2 (of

speech) not articulate; indistinct. 3 dumb. 4 esp. Anat. not jointed. : inarticulately adv.

inasmuch /.inaz'mAtJV adv. 1

(foil, by as) since, because. 2 to the extent that,

[from in as much] inattentive /.ma'tentiv/

adj.

ing attention. 2 neglecting to

inattention

tesy.

n.

1

not pay-

show cour-

inattentively

adv.

inaudible

/m'a:dib(a)l/ adj.

be heard.

inaudibly adv.

inaugural

unable to

/i'na:gjoT(a)l/ -adj. of

or for

an inauguration, -n. inaugural speech, lecture, etc. [French from Latin auguro take omens: related to augur]

inaugurate

/i'nD:gju,reit/

admit formally undertaking) or

v.

(-ting)

1

to office. 2 begin (an initiate the public use

of (a building etc.), with a ceremony. 3 begin, introduce. inauguration /-'reiJXa)n/ n. inaugurator n. inauspicious /.ma^spijas/ adj.

1

ill-

omened, not favourable. 2 unlucky. inauspiciously adv. inauspiciousness n.

in-between

attrib.

adj.

colloq.

inter-

mediate.

inboard /'inbo:d/ -adv.

within the sides or towards the centre of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, -adj. situated inboard. inborn /'mbo:n, m'bo:n/ adj. existing from birth; natural, innate. inbred /m'bred/ adj. 1 inborn. 2 produced by inbreeding.

inbreeding

/m'bri:dirj/

n.

breeding

from closely related animals or persons. inbreed v. (past and past part. -bred).

inbuilt

/m'bilt/ adj. built-in.

Inc. abbr.

Inca

US Incorporated. member of a

/'inka/ n.

Peru [Quechua, =

before

the

Spanish

people of conquest.

lord] incalculable /in'kaelkjulab(a)l/ adj.

1

too great for calculation. 2 not calculable beforehand. 3 uncertain, unincalculability /-'biliti/ predictable. n. incalculably adv. incandesce /.mkaen'des/ v. (-cing) (cause to) glow with heat. incandescent adj. 1 glowing with heat. 2 shining. 3 (of artificial light) produced incanby a glowing filament etc. descence n. [Latin candeo be white]

incantation incantation

/

gical formula; spell, charm. tional adj. [Latin canto sing]

n.

incapable

/m'keipab(a)l/ adj. 1 a not capable, b too honest, kind, etc., to do

(incapable of hurting anyone). 2 not capable of rational conincapduct (drunk and incapable). ability /- biliti/ n. incapably adv.

something

incapacitate

make

/.mka'paesi.teit/

v.

(-ting)

/.inka'paesiti/ n. 1 inability;

lack of power. 2 legal disqualification.

incarcerate

/in'karsa.reit/

(-ting)

v.

incarceration /-'reij(a)n/ imprison. n. [medieval Latin career prison] incarnate -adj. /in'ka:nat/ embodied in flesh, esp. in human form (is the devil incarnate), -v. /'mka: neit, -'ka:neit/ (-ting) 1 embody in flesh. 2 put (an idea etc.) into concrete form. 3 be the living embodiment of (a quality). [Latin incarnor be made flesh: related to carnage] incarnation /,mka:'neij(9)n/ n. 1 a (

embodiment

in (esp.

human) flesh, b embodiment of

(the Incarnation) the

God

in Christ. 2 (often foil, by of) living type (of a quality etc.). incautious /m'koijas/ adj. heedless, incautiously adv. rash. incendiary /in'sendiari/ -adj. 1 (of a bomb) designed to cause fires. 2 a of arson, b guilty of arson. 3 inflam-

matory.-/!,

(pi. -ies) 1

incendiary bomb.

incendiarism

2 arsonist.

incendo -cens- set fire to] /'msens/ n. 1

incense

1

gum

n.

[Latin

or spice

producing a sweet smell when burned. 2 smoke of this, esp. in religious ceremonial. [Church Latin incensum]

incense 2

/in'sens/

v.

(-sing)

make

angry. [Latin: related to incendiary] /in'sentiv/ -n. 1 motive or incitement. 2 payment or concession

incentive

encouraging effort in work, -attrib. adj. serving to motivate or incite (incentive scheme). [Latin incentivus that sets the tune] /m'sepj(a)n/ n. beginning. [Latin incipio -cept- begin] inceptive /in'septiv/ adj. 1 a beginning. b initial. 2 (of a verb) denoting the beginning of an action, incessant /in'ses(a)nt/ adj. unceasing, continual, repeated. incessantly

inception

adv. [Latin cesso cease]

incest /'msest/ n. sexual intercourse between persons too closely related to marry. [Latin castus chaste]

incestuous

linear measure of of a foot (2.54 cm). 2 (as a unit of rainfall) 1 inch depth of water. 3 (as a unit of map-scale) so many inches representing 1 mile. 4 small amount (usu. with neg. would not yield an inch), -v. move gradually. every inch entirely (looked every inch a queen), within an inch of almost to the point of. [Old English from Latin

inch-rc.

1

:

uncia ounce 1 ]

inchoate

incapable or unfit.

incapacity

inclement

445

maincanta-

'.inkaen'teiJXaW

n.

1

1

just begun. 2

inchoation

/-'eij(8)n/

[Latin inchoo, incoho begin]

Usage

Inchoate

incorrectly to coherent'.

incidence

is

mean

sometimes used or

'in-

(often

foil,

'chaotic'

/'msid(a)ns/ n.

1

by of) range, scope, extent, or rate of occurrence or influence (of disease, tax, etc.).

2 falling of a line, ray, particles,

on a surface. 3 coming into contact with a thing. [Latin cado fall] incident -n. 1 occurrence, esp. a minor one. 2 public disturbance (the march took place without incident). 3 clash of etc.,

armed

forces (frontier incident). 4 distinct piece of action in a play, film, etc. -adj. 1 (often foil, by to) apt to occur; naturally attaching. 2 (often foil, by on, upon) (of light etc.) falling. [Latin cado fall]

incidental

/,msi'dent(8)l/ -adj. (often

small and relatively unimportant, minor; supplementary. 2 not essential, -n. (usu. in pi.) minor detail, expense, event, etc. incidentally adv. 1 by the way. 2 in an foil,

by

to) 1

incidental way.

incidental music n. background music in a film, broadcast, etc. incinerate /m'sma.reit/ v. (-ting) burn incineration /-'reij(8)n/ n. to ashes. [medieval Latin cinis ciner- ashes] n. furnace or device for incineration. incipient /m'sipiant/ adj. 1 beginning. 2 in an early stage. [Latin incipio begin] incise /rn'saiz/ v. (-sing) 1 make a cut in. 2 engrave. [Latin caedo cut] incision /m'si3(a)n/ n. 1 cutting, esp. by a surgeon. 2 cut made in this way. incisive /in'saisiv/ adj. 1 sharp. 2 clear

incinerator

and effective. incisor /m'saiz9(r)/

n. cutting- tooth, esp. at the front of the mouth. incite /m'sait/ v. (-ting) (often foil, by to)

urge or

stir up.

incitement

n.

[Latin

cito rouse]

incivility

of or guilty of incest. 2 having relationships restricted to a particular group or organization. incestuously adv. /in'sesrjuas/ adj.

/m'kaueit/ adj.

undeveloped.

/.msi'viliti/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

rudeness. 2 impolite act. inclement /m'klemant/ adj. (of the weather) severe or stormy. in-

clemency

n.

inclination dis-

1

position or propensity 2 liking, affection. 3 slope, slant. 4 angle between lines. 5 dip of a magnetic needle. 6 slow nod of the head. [Larin: related to incline J incline -v. in klam -ning 1 DHL Id passu*) a dispose or influence (am inclined to think so: does not incline me to agree, don t feel inclined), b have a specified tendency the door is inclined to bang). 2 a be disposed (/ incline to think so), b (often foil, by to. towards) tend. 3 (cause to) lean. usu. from the vertical: slope. 4 bend forward or downward, -n inklain slope. _ incline one's ear listen favourably. [Latin clino <

incommunicable kabnt -adj. 1 free from mora] wrong. 2 'usu. of a crime etc.). less

4

foil, by of) not 3 simple: guile harmless -n. innocent person.

young child innocence innocently mdl Latin noceo hurt]

esp. a

n.

mope-ramworking or taking effect.

inopportune

in

ope r'u:n

adj.

not

adj. not ap-

propriate, esp. not timely. rn o:drnet adj. excessive, z inordinately adv. [Latin: related to

inordinate ordain]

inorganic mo: gaenik adj 1 Chen a compound) not organic, usu. l

of

mineral origin. 2 without organized physical structure. 3 extraneous.

in-patient n. patient who lives in hospital while under treatment. input input -n. 1 what is put in or taken in. 2 place where energy, information, etc.. enters a system. 3 action of putting in or feeding in. 4 contribution

of inform a t:on e*: -i\ inputting; past and past pan. input or inputted foil, by into) 1 put in. 2 supply (data, i

computer etc.). inquest mkwest n. 1 La w inquiry by programs,

etc.. to

a

a

coroner's court into the cause of a death. 2 colloq. discussion analysing the

outcome of

a game, election, manic: related to in quirk]

inquietude

etc. [Ro-

m'kwaii,rju:d n, uneasiness. [Latin: related to quiet] v. (-ring) 1 seek information formally; make a formal = enquire. [Latin investigation. 2 quaero quisit- seek] inquiry n. (pi -ies) 1 investigation, esp. an official one. 2 = enquiry.

inquire mkwaia/n

inquisition

RC

1

1

1

inquisitorial /m.kwizi'toirial/ adj. 1 of or like an inquisitor. 2 prying. 1

inquisitorially adv.

inquorate

/m'kwa:reit/ adj. not consti-

quorum.

tuting a

prep. = re [Latin] abbr. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. [Latin Iesus Nazarenus Rex /in

1

'ri:/

.

INRI

ludaeorum]

n.

substance

for killing insects.

insectivore

/in'sekti,vo:(r)/ n. 1

that feeds on insects. 2 plant

animal which

captures and absorbs insects. insectivorous /-'tivaras/ adj. [from insect, Latin voro devour] insecure /,msi'kjua(r)/ adj. 1 a unsafe; not firm, b (of a surface etc.) liable to give way. 2 uncertain; lacking confidence,

i

)

insecurity

inseminate

/-'kjonti/ n.

/m'semi.neit/

v.

(-ting)

insemination

1

etc.).

/-'neij(a)n/ n. [Latin:

related to semen] insensate /m'senseit/ adj. 1 without physical sensation. 2 without sensibility. 3 stupid. [Latin: related to sense] insensible /m'sensib(a)l/ adj. 1 unconscious. 2 (usu. foil, by o/, to) unaware (insensible of her needs). 3 callous. 4 too small or gradual to be perceived. 1

inroad

n. 1 (often in pi) encroachment; using up of resources etc. 2 hostile

insensibility

/-'biliti/

insensibly

n.

adv.

insensitive /m'sensitiv/ adj.

attack.

inrush n. rapid influx. insalubrious /.msa'luibnas/ adj.

foolish.

adj. (of a

mad. 2 colloq. extremely insanely adv. insanity 1

/m'saenitari/ adj. not san-

itary; dirty.

insatiable

/m'seijab(a)l/ adj.

1

unable

be satisfied. 2 extremely greedy. insatiability /-'biliti/ n. insatiably to

I

I

adv.

insatiate

never

/m'seijiat/ adj.

satis-

insensitivity

insentient

/-'tiviti/ n.

/in'senl(9)nt/ adj. not sen-

inanimate.

inseparable

/m'separab(a)l/ adj. (esp. of friends) unable or unwilling to be inseparability separated. /-'biliti/ n. inseparably adv. insert -v. /m's3:t/ place or put (a thing) into another, -n. /'ms3:t/ something (esp. pages) inserted. [Latin sero sert1

1

join]

fied.

inscribe /m'skraib/

a (usu. foil, by in, on) write or carve (words etc.) on a surface, page, etc. b (usu. foil, by with) mark (a surface) with characters. 2 (usu. foil, by to) write an informal dedication in or on (a book etc.). 3 enter the name of (a person) on a list or in a book. 4 Geom. draw (a figure) within another so that points of it lie on the v.

(-bing)

1

boundary of the other. [Latin scribo write]

inscription /m'sknpJXa)n/

n.

1

words

inscribing. inscriptional adj. [Latin: related to inscribe] inscrutable /m'skru:tab(a)l/ adj. mysterious, impenetrable. inscrutability /-'biliti/ n. inscrutably adv. [Latin scrutor search] insect /'msekt/ n. small invertebrate of a class characteristically having a head, thorax, abdomen, two antennae, three pairs of thoracic legs, and usu. one or two pairs of thoracic wings. [Latin: related to section]

inscribed.

to) 1

tient;

/-'saeniti/ n. {pi. -ies).

insanitary

(often foil, unfeeling; boorish; crass. 2 not sensitive to physical stimuli. insensitively adv. insensitiveness n.

by

climate or place) unhealthy.

insane

insecticide /m'sekti.said/

introduce semen into. 2 sow (seed

sition.

in re

inside

457

intensinquisition /,mkwi'zij(a)n/ ive search or investigation. 2 judicial or official inquiry. 3 (the Inquisition) Ch. hist, ecclesiastical tribunal for the violent suppression of heresy, esp. in inquisitional adj. [Latin: Spain. related to inquire] inquisitive /m'kwizitiv/ adj. 1 unduly curious; prying. 2 seeking knowledge. inquisitively adv. inquisitiveness n. inquisitor /m'kwizita(r)/ n. 1 official investigator. 2 hist, officer of the Inquin. 1

2

1

1

insertion

/m's3:J(a)n/ n.

1

inserting. 2

thing inserted.

in-service

attrib. adj. (of training) for

those actively engaged in the profession or activity concerned. inset -rc. /'inset/ 1 a extra section inserted in a book etc. b small map etc. within the border of a larger one. 2 piece let into a dress etc. -v. /in'set/ (insetting; past and past part, inset or insetted) 1 put in as an inset. 2 decorate with

an

inset.

adv. & adj. at sea but close to the shore. inside -n. /m'said/ 1 a inner side, b inner part; interior. 2 side away from the road. 3 (usu. in pi.) colloq. stomach and bowels, -adj. /'msaid/ 1 situated on or in the inside. 2 Football & Hockey nearer to the centre of the field, -adv. /m'said/ 1 on, in, or to the inside. 2 slang in prison, -prep, /m'said/ 1 on the inner side of; within. 2 in less than (inside an hour). inside out 1 with the inner

inshore

inside information

inside job n. colloq. crime committed by a person living or working on the premises burgled etc. n. 1 person who is within an organization etc. 2 person privy to a secret. insider dealing n. Stock Exch. illegal practice of trading to one's own advantage through having access to confidential information. insidious /m'sidias/ adj. 1 proceeding 2 harmfully. inconspicuously but crafty. insidiously adv. insidious-

insider m'saida(r)/

ness n. [Latin insidiae ambush] insight n. (usu. foil, by into) 1 capacity of understanding hidden truths etc. 2 instance of this.

insignia

/in'signia/ n. (treated as sing.

signum sign] insignificant /.msig'nifikant/ adj. or pi.) badge. [Latin

unimportant. 2 meaningless. nificance n.

insincere cere.

/.msm'siaCr)/ adj.

insig-

not sin-

/-'senti/ n. (pi. -ies).

(-ting) 1 hint obliquely, esp. unpleasantly. 2 (often refl.; usu. foil, by into) a introduce (a

/m'smju.eit/

v.

person etc.) into favour etc., by subtle manipulation, b introduce (a thing, oneself, etc.) deviously into a place, o insinuation /-'eij(a)n/ n. [Latin sinuo curve]

insipid

lacking vigour or character; dull. 2 tasteless. insipidity /-'piditi/ n. insipidly adv. [Latin sapio have savour] insist /in'sist/ v. (usu. foil, by on or that; also absol.) maintain or demand assertively (insisted on my going; insisted that he was innocent). [Latin sisto /in'sipid/ adj. 1

stand]

insistent

adj.

1

foil, by on) insiston the attention.

(often

ing. 2 forcing itself

insistence n. insistently adv. in situ /in 'sirju:/ adv. in its proper or original place. [Latin] /.msa'braiati/ n. intemperance, esp. in drinking. insofar /,msau'fa:(r)/ adv. = in so far (see far). insole n. fixed or removable inner sole of a boot or shoe.

insobriety

insolent

/'insalant/ adj.

impertinently

insulting insolence n. insolently adv. [Latin soleo be accustomed]

insoluble

/in'snljub(a)l/

adj.

1

in-

capable of being solved. 2 incapable of being dissolved, insolubility /-'biliti/ n.

insolubly adv.

insolvent

/m'sDlv(a)nt/ -adj. unable to pay one's debts; bankrupt, -/i. insolvent

insolvency

person.

insomnia

n.

/m'snmnia/

esp. habitual. [Latin

n.

sleeplessness,

somnus

sleep]

insomniac /m'sDmni.aek/ n. person suffering from insomnia. /.insau'mAtJV adv. 1 (foil, by that) to such an extent. 2 (foil, by as) inasmuch, [originally in so much] insouciant /m'su:siant/ adj. carefree;

insomuch

unconcerned. [French souci care]

inspect /in'spekt/ v. examine officially.

insouciance 1

look closely

n.

at.

inspection

2 n.

[Latin specio sped- look]

inspector n. 1 person who inspects. 2 official employed to supervise. 3 police next above sergeant in rank. inspectorate n. inspector of taxes n. Inland Revenue officer

responsible for assessing taxes. /,msp9'reij(a)n/ n.1a creative force or influence, b person etc. stimulating creativity etc. c divine influence, esp. on the writing of Scripture etc. 2 sudden brilliant idea. inofficial

inspiration 1

insincerely adv. insincerity

insinuate

instance

458

surface turned outwards. 2 thoroughly (knew his subject inside out). inside information n. information not normally accessible to outsiders,

spirational

inspire

adj.

/m'spaia(r)/

v.

(-ring)

stimu-

1

late (a person) to esp. creative activity. 2

a (usu. foil, by with) animate (a person) with a feeling, b create (a feeling) in a person (inspires confidence). 3 prompt; give rise to (a poem inspired by love). 4 (as inspired adj.) characterized by in-

inspiring

spiration.

adj. [Latin spiro

breathe]

inspirit

1

/in spirit/ v. (-t-) 1 put life into; animate. 2 encourage, inst. abbr. = instant adj. 4 (the 6th

inst).

instability stability.

2

/.msta'biliti/

n.

1

unpredictability

lack of in

be-

haviour etc. install /m'stail/ v. (also instal) (-11-) 1 place (equipment etc.) in position ready for use. 2 place (a person) in an office or rank with ceremony. 3 establish (oneinstallation self, a person, etc.). /,msta'leij(9)n/

n.

[Latin:

related

to

STALL 1 ]

instalment

n.

(US installment)

1

any

usu. equal payments for something. 2 any of several parts, esp. of a broadcast or published story. [Angloof several

French

estaler fix] /'mst(a)ns/ -n. 1 example or illustration of. 2 particular case (that's not true in this instance), -v. (-cing)

instance

an instance. for instance as an example, in the first (or second etc.) instance in the first (or second etc.) place; at the first (or second etc.) stage cite as

instant

paration. 3 urgent; pressing. 4 Commerce of the current month {the 6th instant), -n. 1 precise moment (come here this instant). 2 short space of time (in an instant). [Latin insto be urgent] instantaneous /.mstan'temias/ adj. occurring or done in an instant. instantaneously adv. instantly adv. immediately; at once. instead /in'sted/ adv. 1 (foil, by of) in place of. 2 as an alternative. instep n. 1 inner arch of the foot between the toes and the ankle. 2 part of etc. over or under this, [ultimately from in- 2 step] instigate /'msti.geit/ v. (-ting) 1 bring about by incitement or persuasion. 2 instigation urge on, incite. /-'geij(a)n/ n. instigator n. [Latin stigo

a shoe

,

by

into)

1

(US

(often introduce (a feeling, idea,

v.

instill)

(-11-)

a person's mind etc. gradually. 2 put (a liquid) into something in drops. instillation /-'leij*(a)n/ n. instilment n. [Latin stillo drop] instinct -n. /'mstinkt/ 1 a innate pattern of behaviour, esp. in animals, b innate impulse. 2 intuition, -predic. adj. /m'stinkt/ (foil, by with) imbued, filled etc.) into

(with

instruction

/m'strAkJ*(a)n/ n. 1 (often in pi.) a order, b direction (as to how a thing works etc.). 2 teaching (course of instruction). instructional adj. instructive /m'strAktiv/ adj. tending to instruct; enlightening. instrument /'mstramant/ n. 1 tool or implement, esp. for delicate or scientific work. 2 (in full musical instrument) device for producing musical sounds. 3 a thing used in performing an action, b

made use

person

4

of.

measuring-

device, esp. in an aeroplane. 5 formal, esp. legal, document. [Latin instrumentum: related to instruct] instrumental /,mstra'ment(a)l/ adj. 1 serving as an instrument or means. 2 (of music) performed on instruments. 3 of, or arising from, an instrument (instru-

mental

error).

instrumentalist

performer on a

n.

musical instrument,

instrumentality /.mstramen'taeliti/ n. agency or means.

prick]

instil /m'stil/ foil,

insuperable

459

[French from Latin instantia contrary example] instant -adj. 1 occurring immediately. 2 (of food etc.) processed for quick pre(of a proceeding).

life,

beauty,

etc.).

adj.

/-'stinktiv/

instinctive instinctively instinctual

adv. [Latin stinguo prick] -n. 1 society or organization for the promotion of science, education, etc. 2 its premises, - v. (-ting) 1 establish; found. 2 initiate (an inquiry etc.). 3 (usu. foil, by to, into) appoint (a person) as a cleric in a church etc. [Latin statuo set up] /-'stinktivli/

/-'stirjkrjual/ adj.

institute

/'msti.tjuit/

institution

/.msti'rjuiJXa)!!/ n. 1

organ-

ization or society founded for a particular purpose. 2 established law, practice, or custom. 3 colloq. (of a person etc.) familiar object. 4 instituting or being instituted. institutional adj. 1 of or like an institution. 2 typical of institutions. institutionally adv. institutionalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 (as institutionalized adj.) made dependent after a long period in an institution. 2 place or keep (a person) in an institution. 3 make institutional. instruct /m'strAkt/ v. 1 teach (a person) a subject etc.; train. 2 (usu. foil, by to + infin.) direct;

(a lawyer),

command. 3 Law a employ

b inform.

instructor

[Latin instruo -struct- build, teach]

n.

instrumentation 'teij(a)n/

n.

/.instramen a provision or use of

1

instruments, b instruments collectively. 2 a arrangement of music for instruments, b the particular instruments used in a piece. insubordinate /.msa'bordmat/ adj. dis-

insubordina-

obedient; rebellious.

tion

/-'neij(a)n/ n.

insubstantial

/,msab'staBnJXa)l/ adj. 1 lacking solidity or substance. 2 not real. insufferable /m'sAfarab(a)l/ adj. 1 intolerable. 2 unbearably conceited etc.

insufferably adv. insufficient /.msa'fiJXa^t/ adj. not sufinsufficiency n. ficient; inadequate. insufficiently adv.

insular /'msjula(r)/ adj.

1

a of or like an

island, b separated or remote. 2

insularity

minded.

narrow-

/-'laenti/ n.

[Latin

insula island]

insulate

/'msju.leit/

v.

(-ting)

1

prevent

the passage of electricity, heat, or sound etc.) by interposing non-conductors. 2 isolate. insulation /-'leij(a)n/ n. insulator n. [Latin insula

from (a thing, room,

island]

insulin

/'insjulm/ n.

hormone

regulat-

ing the amount of glucose in the blood, the lack of which causes diabetes. [Latin insula island] insult -v. /m'sAlt/ 1 speak to or treat with scornful abuse. 2 offend the selfrespect or modesty of. -n. /'msAlt/ insulting remark or action. insulting adj.

insultingly adv. [Latin insulto

leap on, assail]

insuperable

/in'su:parab(a)l/ adj.

1

(of

a barrier) impossible to surmount. 2 (of a difficulty etc.) impossible to overcome.

insupportable

insupportable

msa'po:tab(a)l adj. 1 unable to be endured. 2 unjustifiable. insurance in'Joarans n. 1 insuring. 2 a sum paid for this, b sum paid out as compensation for theft, damage, etc. [French: related to ensure] insure m'J"ua

I

[Latin intra inside]

I

intractable

'

I

ji

/in'traektab(a)l/ adj. 1 hard to control or deal with. 2 difficult, stub-

born.

intractability

n.

/-'biliti/

intractably adv.

i

'

\

j

intramural

/,mtra'mjuar(a)l/

'J

1

situated or done within the walls of an institution etc. 2 forming part of normal university etc. studies. intramurally adv. [Latin murus wall]

intramuscular I

adj.

adj. in or into

intransigent

/

1

muscle

mtra'mAskjula(r)/

stubborn.

-n.

duco lead] /,intra'dAkJXa)n/ n.

adj. [Latin

1

introducing or being introduced. 2 formal presentation of one person to another. 3 explanatory section at the beginning of a book etc. 4 introductory treatise. 5 thing introduced.

introductory /.mtra'dAktari/ad/.

serv-

ing as an introduction; preliminary. introit /'intrait/ n. psalm or antiphon sung or said as the priest approaches the altar for the Eucharist. [Latin introitus entrance]

introspection

/.mtra'spekJXa)!!/ n. ex-

amination of one's own thoughts. introspective adj. [Latin specio spectlook]

introvert

tissue.

/m'traensid3(a)nt/ -adj.

uncompromising,

introducible

introduction

/'intra,v3:t/ —n. 1 person predominantly concerned with his or her thoughts. 2 shy thoughtful person.

own

intrude -adj. (also introverted) characteristic introversion of an introvert. /m'tru:d/

v.

(-ding)

(foil,

by on,

come

uninvited or unwanted. 2 force on a person. [Latin trudo trus- thrust] intruder n. person who intrudes, esp. a upon,

into)

1

trespasser. 1 intruding. 2 influx of molten rock between existing intrusive adj. strata etc. intrust var. of entrust.

intuition /.mrjui'iKa^/

n.

immediate

insight or understanding without conscious reasoning. intuit /m'tju:it/ v. intuitional adj. [Latin tueor tuit- look] intuitive /m'tjuntiv/ adj. of, possessing, or perceived by intuition. intuitively adv. intuitiveness n. [medieval Latin: related to intuition] Inuit /'muit/ n. (also Innuit) (pi. same or -s) N. American Eskimo. [Eskimo inuit people] inundate /'mAn.deit/ v. (-ting) (often foil, by with) 1 flood. 2 overwhelm. inundation /-'deiJXa)n/ n. [Latin unda

wave]

inure

/i'njua(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 (often in passive; foil, by to) accustom (a person) to an esp. unpleasant thing. 2 Law take

inurement

[Anglo-French: eure work, from Latin n.

related to in, opera] /m'veid/ v. (-ding) (often absol.) 1 enter (a country etc.) under arms to control or subdue it. 2 swarm into. 3 (of a disease) attack. 4 encroach upon (a person's rights, esp. privacy). invader n. [Latin vado vas- go] invalid 1 /'invalid, -,li:d/ —n. person enfeebled or disabled by illness or injury. -attrib. adj. 1 of or for invalids. 2 sick, disabled, -v. (-d-) 1 (often foil, by out etc.) remove (an invalid) from active service. 2 (usu. in passive) disable

invade

(a n.

person) by illness. invalidism invalidity /.mva'liditi/ n. [Latin:

related to in- 1 ] /m'vaelid/ adj.

invalid 2

invalidity claim

not valid.

[Latin invehor -vect- assail] /m'veig(a)l/ v. (-ling)

inveigle

etc.) invalid.

invaluable

or to +

infin.) entice;

(foil, by persuade by

guile. inveiglement n. [AngloFrench from French aveugler to blind] /m'vent/ v. 1 create by thought, originate (a method, device, etc.). 2 concoct (a false story etc.). inventor n.

invent

[Latin invenio -vent- find] /m'venJXa)n/ n. 1 inventing or being invented. 2 thing invented. 3 fictitious story. 4 inventiveness. inventive adj. able to invent; imagin-

invention

inventively adv. inventive-

ative.

ness

n.

inventory /'mvantan/

-n. (pi. -ies) 1 of goods etc. 2 goods listed in this. -v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make an inventory of. 2 enter (goods) in an inventory, [medieval Latin: related to invent] inverse /m'v3:s/ —adj. inverted in position, order, or relation, -n. 1 inverted state. 2 (often foil, by of) the direct opposite. [Latin: related to invert]

complete

list

inverse proportion

n.

(also

inverse

ratio) relation between two quantities such that one increases in proportion as the other decreases. inversion /m'v3:J(a)n/ n. 1 turning upside down. 2 reversal of a normal order, position, or relation, invert /m'v3:t/ v. 1 turn upside down. 2 reverse the position, order, or relation of. [Latin verto vers- turn] invertebrate /in'v3:tibrat/ -adj. (of an animal) not having a backbone, -n. invertebrate animal,

inverted

commas

n.pl.

= quotation

MARKS. v. 1 a (often foil, by in) apply or use (money), esp. for profit, b (foil, by in) put money for profit into (stocks etc.). 2 (often foil, by in) devote

invest /m'vest/

(time etc.) to an enterprise. 3

(foil,

by

in)

buy (something

invalidation

useful). 4 a (foil, by with) provide or credit (a person etc. with qualities) (invested her with

above

magical importance; invested his tone with irony), b (foil, by in) attribute or en-

v.

(-ting)

make

/-'deij(9)n/ n.

/m'vaeljuab(a)l/ adj.

valuation; very valuable. invaluably adv. /m'veanab(a)l/ 1 adj. unchangeable. 2 always the same. 3 Math, constant. invariably adv. invasion /m'vei3(a)n/ n. invading or being invaded. invasive /m'veisiv/ adj. 1 (of weeds, cancer cells, etc.) tending to spread. 2 (of

invariable

/m'vei/ v. (foil, by against) speak or write with strong hostility.

colloq.

/.mva'liditi/ n.

invalidate /m'vaeli.deit/ (a

inveigh

into,

intrusion /m'tru:3(a)n/ n.

effect.

surgery) involving large incisions etc. 3 tending to encroach. /in'vektiv/ n. strong verbal attack. [Latin: related to inveigh]

invective

/-'V3:j(a)n/ n.

intrude

investigate

466

trust (qualities or feelings) to (a person (power invested in the doctor). 5 (often foil, by with, in) clothe with the insignia of office; install in an office, investor n. [Latin vestis clothing] investigate /m'vesti.geit/ v. (-ting) 1 inquire into; examine. 2 make a sysinvestigation tematic inquiry. etc.)

/-'geij(9)n/

n.

investigative

/-gativ/

investiture investigator

adj.

n.

investigatory

formal investing of a person with honours or rank, [medieval Latin: related to invest] /m'vesti,tja(r)/ n.

n. 1 investing. 2 money 3 property etc. in which money is invested. investment trust n. trust that buys and sells shares in selected companies to make a profit for its members. inveterate /m'vetarat/ adj. 1 (of a person) confirmed in a habit etc. 2 (of a inveterhabit etc.) long-established. acy n. [Latin vetus old] invidious /m'vidias/ adj. likely to cause resentment or anger (invidious position; invidious task). [Latin invidiosus: related to envy] invigilate /m'vid3i,leit/ v. (-ting) superinvigilavise people taking an exam.

investment invested.

[

1

tion

/-'leiJXa)n/ n.

i

1

invigilator

n.

[Latin:

related to vigil]

invigorate

/m'viga.reit/

v.

(-ting) give

vigour or strength to. invigorating [medieval Latin: related to vigour] invincible /m'vmsib(a)l/ adj. unconinvincibility /-biliti/ n. querable. invincibly adv. [Latin vinco conquer] inviolable /m'vaialab(a)l/ adj. not to be violated or dishonoured. inviolabadj.

ility /- biliti/ n. inviolably adv. inviolate /m'vaialat/ adj. 1 not violated.

2

safe

(from violation or harm).

inviolacy n. invisible /m'vizib(a)l/ adj. not visible to the eye. invisibility ibly adv.

/-'biliti/ n.

invis-

invisible exports n.pl. (also invisible imports etc.) intangible commodities,

payment

services, involving between countries. esp.

invitation

or being invited. 2 letter or card

etc.

tend to call forth unintentionally. 4 a attract, b be attractive, -n. ^

for. 3

/'invait/ colloq. invitation. [Latin invito]

inviting adj.

1 attractive. 2 tempting. invitingly adv. in vitro /in 'vi:trau/ adv. (of biological processes) taking place in a test-tube or other laboratory environment. [Latin,

=

adj. [Latin: related

invoice

/'mvois/ -n. bill for usu. itemized goods or services, -v. (-cing) 1 send an invoice to. 2 make an invoice of. [earlier invoyes pi. of invoy: related to

envoy]

invoke

/m'vauk/ v. (-king) 1 call on (a deity etc.) in prayer -or as a witness. 2 appeal to (the law, a person's authority, etc.). 3 summon (a spirit) by charms etc. 4 ask earnestly for (vengeance etc.). [Latin voco call]

involuntary /m'vDlantan/

adj.

1

done

without exercising the will; unintentional. 2 (of a muscle) not under the control of the will. involuntarily adv. involuntariness n. involute /'inva,lu:t/ adj. 1 involved, intricate. 2 curled spirally. [Latin: related to involve] involuted adj. complicated, abstruse. involution /,mva'lu:J(a)n/ n. 1 involving. 2 intricacy. 3 curling inwards. 4 part that curls inwards. involve /in'vDlv/ v. (-ving) 1 (often foil, by in) cause (a person or thing) to share the experience or effect (of a situation, activity, etc.). 2 imply, entail, make necessary. 3 (often foil, by in) implicate (a person) in a charge, crime, etc. 4 include or affect in its operations. 5 (as involved adj.) a (often foil, by in) concerned, b complicated in thought or inform, c amorously associated. volvement n. [Latin volvo roll] invulnerable /m'vAlnarab(a)l/ adj. that cannot be wounded, damaged, or hurt, physically or mentally, n invul-

nerability

/-'biliti/

n.

invulnerably

adv.

inward

/,invi'teij(a)n/ n. 1 inviting

used to invite. invite -v. /m'vait/ (-ting) 1 (often foil, by to, or to + infin.) ask (a person) courteously to come, or to do something. 2 make a formal courteous request

atory /m'vokatari/ to invoke]

/-gatan/ adj. [Latin vestigo track]

investiture

ion

467

in glass]

invocation

/,inva'keiJXa)n/ n. 1 invoking or being invoked, esp. in prayer. 2 summoning of supernatural beings, e.g. the Muses, for inspiration. 3 Eccl. the words 'In the name of the Father' etc. used to preface a sermon etc. invoc1

1

/'mwad/ -adj. 1 directed toinside; going in. 2 situated within. 3 mental, spiritual, -adv. (also inwards) 1 towards the inside. 2 in the

wards the

mind or soul.

[Old English: related to

in,

-ward]

inwardly

adv. 1 on the inside. 2 in the soul. 3 not aloud. 1 (often foil, by with) (of a fabric) decorated (with a pattern). 2 (often foil, by in, on) (of a pattern) wrought (in or on a fabric).

mind or

inwrought /m'rD:t/ adj.

/'aia.daid/ n. any compound of iodine with another element or group. iodine /'aia,di:n/ n. 1 black crystalline element forming a violet vapour. 2 solution of this as an antiseptic. [French iode

iodide

from Greek iodes

IOM abbr.

Isle of

violet-like]

Man.

ion /'aian/ n. atom or group of atoms that has lost one or more electrons ( = cation), or gained one or more electrons

(

= anion). [Greek, = going]

«

-ion

(excision). 2 instance of this (a suggestion). 3 resulting state or product (vexation: concoction). [Latin -io] ai onik adj. of the order of Greek architecture characterized by a column With scroll shapes on either side of the capital, [from Ionia in Greek Asia

Ionic

/

Minor] ionic ai nnik ionically adc.

ionize

adj. of or

using ions.

t

ionization

ions,

/-'zeiJXa)n/ n.

ionizer n. device producing ions improve the quality of the air.

ionosphere

to

IOU

/ai'Dna,sfia(r)/

n.

iota]

signed document acknowledging a debt, [from / owe you] abbr. Isle of Wight. IPA abbr. International Phonetic Alphabet. .aiau'ju:/ n.

IOW

ipecacuanha

/.ipi.kaekju'ama/ n. root

American shrub, used as an emetic and purgative. [Portuguese from S. American Indian, = emetic creeper] of a S.

ipso facto very

/.ipsau 'faektau/ adv.

by that

fact. [Latin]

IQ abbr.

intelligence quotient.

ir- prefix assim.

form of in-

1 ,

in-

2

before

r.

IRA abbr.

Irish Republican Army. Iranian /I'remian/ -adj. 1 of Iran (formerly Persia). 2 of the group of lan-

guages including Persian, -n. 1 native or national of Iran. 2 person of Iranian descent. Iraqi /i'ra:ki/ -adj. of Iraq. -n. (pi. -s) 1 a native or national of Iraq, b person of Iraqi descent. 2 the form of Arabic

spoken in Iraq. irascible /i'raesib(a)l/ adj.

irritable; hot-

tempered, irascibility /-'biliti/ n. irascibly adv. [Latin irascor grow angry, from ira anger] irate /ai'reit/ adj. angry, enraged. irately adv. irateness n. [Latin iratus from ira anger] ire 'aia(r)/ n. literary anger. [Latin ira]

iridaceous

/.iri'deijas/ adj. of

the iris

family of plants.

iridescent

/,in'des(a)nt/ adj.

1

showing

rainbow-like luminous colours. 2 changing colour with position. iri-

descence n. iridium I'ridiam/ lic

[Greek

n. 1

rainbow]

iris iridos

-adj. of Ireland or its people. -n. 1 Celtic language of Ireland. 2 (prec. by the; treated as pi.) the people of Ireland. [Old English] /'aiariJV

Irish bull n. = bull 3 Irish coffee n. coffee with a dash of whiskey and a little sugar, topped with .

cream.

ionized region of the atmosphere above the stratosphere, reflecting radio waves. ionospheric /- sfenk/ adj. iota ai'auta/ n. 1 ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (/, ). 2 (usu. with neg.) a

[Greek

circular coloured membrane behind the cornea of the eye, with a circular opening (pupil) in the centre. 2 plant of a family with bulbs or tuberous roots, sword-shaped leaves, and showy flowers. 3 adjustable diaphragm for regulating the size of a central hole, esp. for the admission of light to a lens.

iris /'aians/

Irish

(also -ise) ( zing or -sing) convert or be converted into an ion or

jot.

iron in the fire

468

-ion suffix (usu. as -sion, -tion, -xion) forming nouns denoting: 1 verbal action

n. hard white metalelement of the platinum group.

Irishman

n.

man who

is

Irish

by birth

or descent.

Irish stew and onion.

stew of mutton, potato,

n.

Irishwoman n. woman who is Irish by birth or descent.

irk v. irritate, bore, annoy, unknown]

irksome

[origin

annoying, tiresome.

adj.

irksomely adv. iron /'aian/ -n. 1 grey metallic element used for tools and constructions and found in some foods, e.g. spinach. 2 this as a symbol of strength or firmness (man of iron; iron will). 3 tool made of iron. 4 implement with a flat base which is heated to smooth clothes etc. 5 golf club with an iron or steel sloping face. 6 (usu. in pi.) fetter. 7 (usu. in pi.) stirrup. 8 (often in pi.) iron support for a malformed leg. -adj. 1 made of iron. 2 very robust. 3 unyielding, merciless, -v. smooth (clothes etc.) with an iron. iron out remove (difficulties etc.). [Old English] Iron Age n. period when iron replaced bronze in the making of tools and

weapons.

ironclad -adj.

clad or protected with

1

iron. 2 impregnable, -n. hist, protected by iron plates.

Iron Cross

n.

warship

German military decora-

tion.

Iron Curtain

n. hist, former notional barrier to the passage of people and information between the Soviet bloc and the West. ironic /ai'rnnik/ adj. (also ironical) ironically using or displaying irony. adv. ironing n. clothes etc. for ironing or just ironed. ironing-board n. narrow folding table on which clothes etc. are ironed. iron in the fire n. undertaking, opportunity (usu. in pi too many irons in the :

fire).

iron lung iron lung patient's

longed

rigid case fitted over a

n.

body for administering pro-

artificial respiration.

ironmaster

n.

ironmonger n.

manufacturer of iron. dealer in hardware etc.

ironmongery

rock containing much iron. 2 a kind of hard white pottery. n. 1

ironware n. articles made of iron. ironwork n. 1 articles made of iron. where iron

or pi.) factory smelted or iron goods are

made.

irony

/'airam/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 expression of meaning, often humorous or sarcastic, using language of a different or opposite tendency. 2 apparent perversity of an event or circumstance in reversing human intentions. 3 Theatr. use of language with one meaning for a privileged audience and another for those addressed or concerned. [Greek eironeia pretended ignorance] irradiate /I'reidi.eit/ v. (-ting) 1 subject to radiation. 2 shine upon; light up. 3

throw light on (a subject). irradiation /i,reidi'eij(a)n/ n. [Latin irradio shine on, from radius ray]

irrational

/iTaeJan(a)l/ adj.

1 illogical;

endowed with reason. 3 Math, not commensurate with

unreasonable.

not

2

the natural numbers. /-'naeliti/ n.

irrationality irrationally adv.

irreconcilable

/i'rekan,sailab(a)l/ adj.

implacably hostile. 2 (of ideas etc.) incompatible. irreconcilability /-'biliti/ n. irreconcilably adv. 1

irrecoverable

/,in'kAvarab(a)l/

adj.

not able to be recovered or remedied.

irrecoverably adv.

irredeemable

/,iri'di:mab(a)l/

adj.

1

not able to be redeemed. 2 hopeless.

irredeemably irredentist

adv.

person advocating the restoration to his or her country of any territory formerly belonging to it. irredentism n. [It/.iri'dentist/

alian irredenta

irreducible

n.

ducibility

adj.

/,iri'dju:sib(a)l/

/-'biliti/ n. ,

/,iri

not irre-

irreducibly adv. adj.

fju:t8b(a)l/

that

cannot be refuted, n irrefutably adv.

irregular /i'regjula(r)/-ad/. lar;

that

cannot be remedied, a irremediably adv. /,iri'mu:vab(a)l/ adj. that

irremovably

cannot be removed.

irreparable

1

not regu-

unsymmetrical, uneven; varying in

form. 2 not occurring at regular intervals. 3 contrary to a rule, principle, or custom; abnormal. 4 (of troops) not belonging to the regular army. 5 (of a verb, noun, etc.) not inflected according to the usual rules. 6 disorderly, -n. (in

/i'reparab(a)l/ adj. (of

an

injury, loss, etc.) that cannot be rectified or made good. irreparably adv. irreplaceable /,in'pleisab(a)l/ adj. that cannot be replaced. irrepressible /,in'presib(a)l/ adj. that cannot be repressed or restrained. irrepressibly adv.

irreproachable

/,iri'praut.fab(a)l/ adj.

irreproach-

blameless.

faultless,

ably adv. irresistible

adj. too strong, delightful, or convincing to be resisted. irresistibly adv. irresolute /i'reza,lu:t/ adj. 1 hesitant. 2 lacking in resoluteness, q irresolutely adv. irresoluteness n. irresolution /,iri'zistib(a)l/

/-'lu:J*(a)n, -'lju:JXa)n/ n.

irrespective of)

/.iri'spektiv/ adj. (foil,

by

not taking into account; regardless

of.

irresponsible /,in'spDnsib(a)l/ adj. 1 acting or done without due sense of 2 not responsible for

responsibility.

irresponsibility irresponsibly adv. irretrievable / iri'tri:vab(a)l/ adj. that ircannot be retrieved or restored. retrievably adv. one's

conduct.

/-'biliti/ n.

(

irreverent /Trevarant/ adj. lacking irreverence n. irreverreverence. ently adv.

irreversible

/,in'v3:sib(a)l/

reversible or alterable. adv.

irrevocable alterable. 2

unredeemed]

able to be reduced or simplified.

irrefutable

lacking or

adv.

n. (as sing,

is

/,in'lid3as/ adj.

hostile to religion; irreverent,

irremovable 2

in iron.

ironworks

/-'laenti/ n. (pi. -ies).

irremediable /,iri'mi:diab(a)l/ adj.

supply of food.

work

irregularity irregularly adv.

irregular troops.

pi.)

irrelevant /i'reliv(a)nt/ adj. (often foil. irrelevance n. by to) not relevant. irrelevancy n. (pi. -ies). irreligious

n. (pi. -ies).

iron rations n.pl small emergency

ironstone

irritable

469

revocably

[

not

adj.

irreversibly

i

/i'revakab(a)l/ adj. recall,

gone beyond

1

d

unir-

adv.

irrigate /'iri.geit/ v. (-ting) 1 a water (land) by means of channels etc. b (of a stream etc.) supply (land) with water. 2 supply (a wound etc.) with a constant irrigable adj. irrigaflow of liquid, tion /-'geij(a)n/ n. irrigator n. [Latin i

rigo moisten]

irritable

/'intab(a)l/ adj.

noyed. 2 (of an organ to contact.

irritably adv. ritate]

etc.)

1

easily an-

very sensitive

irritability /-'biliti/ [Latin: related to

n.

ir-

irritant —adj. causing ritation, -n. irritant substance. 'int(a)nt/

ir-

irritate 'm.teit v. (-ting) 1 excite to anger; annoy. 2 stimulate discomfort in the body). 3 Biol, stimulate (an irritating adj. irorgan) to action. ritation -'teij(a)n/ n. irritative adj. (a part ol

[Latin irrito) Tiwpt/

irrupt

forc ibly

v.

by into) enter irruption n. rupture] (foil,

or violently.

[Latin: related to is 3rd sing, present of be.

ISBN abbr.

international standard book

number. -ise var. of

Usage

See note at

isinglass

groups,

lar

-ize.

/'aizin,gla:s/

n.

1

gelatin

Muslims, proclaimed by Muhammad. 2 the Muslim world, z Islamic /iz'laemik/ adj. [Arabic, = submission (to God)] island /'ailand/ n. 1 piece of land surrounded by water. 2 = traffic island. 3 detached or isolated thing. [Old English Igland; first syllable influenced by isle]

native or inhabitant of an

island.

isle

/ail/ n. poet, (and in place-names) island, esp. a small one. [French He from Latin insula]

islet /'ailit/ n. 1 small island. 2 Anat. structurally distinct portion of tissue. [French diminutive of isle] ism /'iz(a)m/ n. colloq. usu. derog. any distinctive doctrine or practice, [from -ism]

-ism

^

/ai'sokranas/ adj. 1 occurring at the same time. 2 occupying equal time. isolate /'aisa.leit/ v. (-ting) 1 a place apart or alone, b place (a contagious or infectious patient etc.) in quarantine. 2 separate (a substance) from a mixture. 3 insulate (electrical apparatus), esp. by a physical gap; disconnect. isolation /-'leij\a)n/ n. [Latin insulatus made into an island] isolationism n. policy of holding aloof from the affairs of other countries or i

isolationist

/'aisama(r)/ n.

n.

one of two or

more compounds with the same molecu-

obtained from fish, esp. sturgeon, and used in making jellies, glue, etc. 2 mica. [Dutch huisenblas sturgeon's bladder] Islam /'izla:m/ n. 1 the religion of the

n.

isochronous

isomer

-ize.

-ish suffix forming adjectives: 1 from nouns, meaning: a having the qualities of (boyish), b of the nationality of (Danish). 2 from adjectives, meaning 'somewhat' (thickish). 3 colloq. denoting an approximate age or time of day (fortyish; six-thirty ish). [Old English]

islander

issue

470

irritant

suffix forming nouns, esp. denoting: 1 action or its result (baptism; organism). 2 system or principle (Conservatism; jingoism). 3 state or quality (heroism; barbarism). 4 basis of prejudice or discrimination (racism; sexism). 5 peculiarity in language (Americanism). [Greek -ismos]

isn't /'iz(a)nt/ contr. is not. iso- comb, form equal. [Greek isos equal] isobar /'aisau,ba:(r)/ n. line on a map connecting places with the same atmospheric pressure. isobaric /-'baerik/ adj. [Greek baros weight]

formula but a different arrangement

isomeric /-'menk/

of atoms.

merism /ai'sDma,riz(a)m/ n.

adj. iso-

[Greek

iso-,

meros share]

isometric /.aisau'metrik/ adj.

of equal measure. 2 (of muscle action) developing tension while the muscle is prevented from contracting. 3 (of a drawing etc.) with the plane of projection at equal angles to the three principal axes of the object shown. [Greek isometria equality of measure]

isomorphic isomorphous

1

/,aisau'mo:fik/ adj. /-fas/)

exactly

(also corres-

ponding in form and relations, [from iso-, Greek morphe form] isosceles /ai'sDsi,li:z/ adj. (of a triangle) having two sides equal, [from iso-, Greek skelos leg] isotherm /'aisau,03:m/ n. line on a map connecting places with the same temperature. isothermal /-'03:m(a)l/ adj. [from iso-, Greek therme heat] isotope /'aisa.taup/ n. one of two or more forms of an element differing from each other in relative atomic mass, and in

nuclear but not chemical properties. isotopic /-'tDpik/ adj. [from iso-, Greek topos place]

isotropic

/.aisau'tropik/ adj. having the in all direc-

same physical properties

isotropy /ai'sntrapi/ n. [from iso-, Greek tropos turn] Israeli /iz'reili/ -adj. of the modern tions.

State of Israel, -n. (pi. -s) 1 native or national of Israel. 2 person of Israeli descent. [Hebrew] Israelite /'izria.lait/ n. hist, native of ancient Israel; Jew. [Hebrew] issue /'iju:/ -n. 1 a act of giving out or circulating shares, notes, stamps, etc. b quantity of coins, copies of a newspaper, etc., circulated at one time, c each of a regular series of a magazine etc. (the May issue). 2 a outgoing, outflow, b way out, outlet, esp. the place of the emergence of a stream etc. 3 point in question; important subject of debate or

-ist

-ive

471

outcome. 5 Law children, progeny {without male issue). -v. (issues, issued, issuing) 1 literary go or come out. 2 a send forth; publish; put into circulation, b supply, esp. officially or authoritatively (foil, by to, with: issued passports to them; issued them with passports). 3 a (often foil, by from) be derived or result, b (foil, by in) end, result. 4 (foil, by from) emerge from a at issue under discussion; condition, in dispute, join (or take) issue (foil, by with a person etc., about, on, over a

italicize /I'taeli.saiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) print in italics. itch -n. 1 irritation in the skin. 2 im-

subject) disagree or argue. [Latin exi-

it'd

litigation. 4 result;

tus: related to exit]

using, or concerned with something as an interest or profession (balloonist; tobacconist). 3 person who does something expressed by a verb in -ize (plagiarist). 4 person who subscribes to a prejudice or practises discrimination

isthmus

[Greek

-istes]

(pi

/'ismas/ n.

-es)

narrow

piece of land connecting two larger bodies of land. [Greek isthmos] IT abbr. information technology. it pron. (poss. its; pi. they) 1 thing (or occasionally an animal or child) previously named or in question (took a stone and threw it). 2 person in question (Who is it? It is I). 3 as the subject of an impersonal verb (it is raining; it is winter; it is two miles to Bath). 4 as a substitute for a deferred subject or object (it is silly to talk like that; I take it that you agree). 5 as a substitute for a vague object (brazen it out). 6 as the antecedent to a relative word or clause (it was an owl that I heard). 7 exactly what is needed. 8 extreme limit of

achievement. 9 colloq. a sexual intercourse, b sex appeal. 10 (in children's games) player who has to perform a required feat. that's it colloq. that is:

what

required. 2 the difficulty. 3 the end, enough. [Old English] Italian /I'taeljan/ -n. 1 a native or national of Italy, b person of Italian descent. 2 Romance language of Italy, -adj. of or relating to Italy. Italianate /i'taelja,neit/ adj. of Italian style or appearance. Italian vermouth n. sweet kind of 1

is

vermouth. italic

/I'taelik/

kind of letters

-adj.

English]

itching palm n. avarice. itchy adj. (-ier, -iest) having or causing an itch. have itchy feet colloq. 1 be restless. 2 have a strong urge to travel. itchiness

n.

/'itad/ contr.

colloq.

1

it

had. 2

it

would.

-ist suffix forming personal nouns denoting: 1 adherent of a system etc. in -ism: (Marxist; fatalist). 2 person pursuing,

(racist; sexist).

patient desire. 3 (prec. by the) (in general use) scabies, -v. 1 feel an irritation in the skin. 2 feel a desire to do something (itching to tell you). [Old

1

a of the sloping

now used

esp. for

em-

phasis and in foreign words, b (of handwriting) compact and pointed like early Italian handwriting. 2 (Italic) of ancient Italy, -n. 1 letter in italic type. 2 this type. [Latin italicus: related to Italian]

forming nouns meaning 'a person or thing connected with' (Israelite; Trotsky ite; graphite; dynamite). [Greek -ites] item /'aitam/ n. 1 any of a number of -ite suffix

enumerated

things. 2 separate or distinct piece of news etc. [Latin, = in like

manner] itemize state

v.

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing)

item by item.

itemization

/-'zeij\a)n/ n.

iterate

/'ita.reit/ v. (-ting) repeat; state repeatedly, z iteration /-'reiJXa)n/ n. iterative /-rativ/ adj. [Latin iterum again] -itic suffix forming adjectives and nouns corresponding to nouns in -ite, -itis, etc. (Semitic; arthritic). [Latin -iticus, Greek

-itikos]

itinerant /ai'tmarant/ —adj. travelling from place to place, —n. itinerant person. [Latin iter itiner- journey] n. (pi -ies) 1 detailed route. 2 record of travel. 3

itinerary /ai'tmaran/ guidebook.

forming nouns, esp.: 1 names inflammatory diseases (appendicitis). 2 colloq. with ref. to conditions

-itis suffix

of

compared

diseases

to

(electionitis).

[Greek] it'll /'it(a)l/ contr. colloq.

its poss. pron. of

it

will; it shall.

of itself. it's contr. 1 it is. 2 it has. itself /it'self/ pron. emphatic and refl. be itself see oneself, by form of it. itself see by oneself, in itself viewed in its essential qualities (not in itself a bad thing). [Old English: related to it, self] ITV abbr. Independent Television. -ity suffix forming nouns denoting: 1 quality or condition (humility; purity). 2 instance of this (monstrosity). [Latin it;

-Has]

IUD

abbr. intrauterine (contraceptive) device.

I've -ive

/aiv/ contr.

I

have,

forming adjectives meaning 'tending to', and corresponding nouns suffix

IVF

ivy aivi/rc. (pi. -ies) climbing evergreen shrub with shiny five-angled leaves. [Old English] -ize suffix (also

-ize

472

palliative). corrosive; (suggestive; [Latin ivus] IVF abbr. in vitro fertilization. ivory /'aivan/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 hard substance of the tusks of an elephant etc. 2 creamy-white colour of this. 3 (usu. in pi.) a article made of ivory, b slang thing made of or resembling ivory, esp. a piano key or a tooth. [Latin ebur] ivory tower n. seclusion or withdrawal from the harsh realities of life (often attrib.: ivory tower professors).

-ise) forming verbs, meaning: 1 make or become such (Americanize; realize). 2 treat in such a

way (monopolize;

pasteurize). 3 a follow a special practice (economize). b have a specified feeling (sympathize).

-ization /-'zeij(a)n/ suffix forming nouns. [Greek -izo]

Usage The form -ize has been in use in English since the 16th c; it is widely used in American English, but is not an Americanism. The alternative spelling ise (reflecting a French influence) is in

common

use, esp. in British English,

and is obligatory in certain cases: (a) where it forms part of a larger wordelement, such as -mise (= sending) in compromise, and -prise (= taking) in surprise; and (b) in verbs corresponding to nouns with -s- in the stem, such as advertise and televise.

J J

1

/d3ei/ n. (also j) (pi.

Js or J's) tenth

letter of the alphabet. J 2 abbr. (also J.) joule(s).

jab -v.

Jack Frost n. frost personified. jack-in-the-box n. toy figure that springs out of a box.

a poke roughly, b stab. 2 (foil, by into) thrust (a thing) hard or abruptly, -n. 1 abrupt blow, thrust, or (-bb-) 1

stab. 2 co I log. hypodermic [var. of job = prod]

injection.

jackknife-rc. 1 large clasp-knife. 2 dive in which the body is bent and then straightened, -v. (-fing) (of an articulated vehicle) fold against itself in an accident.

-v. 1 chatter volubly. 2 utter (words) in this way. — n. chatter; gabble.

jack of

[imitative]

jack-o'-lantern

jabber

jabot /'3aebao7 n. ornamental frill etc. on the front of a shirt or blouse. [French] /,d3aek9'raenda/ n. tropical

jacaranda

all

trades

n.

multi -skilled

person. will o'-the wisp. 2

n. 1

pumpkin lantern, jack plane n. medium-sized joinery plane.

with trumpet-shaped blue flowers or hard scented wood.

jack plug n. plug for use with a jack (see

[Tupi]

jackpot n.

American

tree

jacinth

/'d3aesm0/ n. reddish-orange zircon used as a gem. [Latin: related to

hyacinth]

jack

-n. 1 device for raising heavy objects, esp. vehicles. 2 court-card with a picture of a soldier, page, etc. 3 ship's flag, esp. showing nationality. 4 device

using a single-pronged plug to connect an electrical circuit. 5 small white target ball in bowls. 6 a = jackstone. b (in pi.) game of jackstones. 7 (Jack) familiar form of John, esp. typifying the common man, male animal, etc. (I'm all right, Jack). -v. (usu. foil, by up) 1 raise with or as with a jack (in sense 1). 2 colloq. raise (e.g. prices).

every

man

jack every person, jack in slang abandon (an attempt etc.). [familiar form of the name John] jackal /'d3aek(a)l/ n. 1 African or Asian wild animal of the dog family, scavenging in packs for food. 2 colloq. menial. /'d3aek8,neips/ n. archaic rascal, [earlier Jack Napes, supposed to refer to the Duke of Suffolk] ^ jackass n. 1 male ass. 2 stupid person.

military boot reaching above the knee. 2 this as a militaristic or fascist

n.

1

symbol. n. grey-headed bird of the

jackdaw

crow family.

jacket

large prize, esp. accumulated etc. hit the jackpot win a large prize. 2 have remarkable luck or success. in a

game, lottery,

colloq.

1

jackrabbit n. US large prairie hare. Jack Russell /d3aek 'rAs(a)l/ n. shortlegged breed of terrier.

jackstone

n. 1

metal

/'d3aekit/ n. 1

a short coat with

n.

potato baked in

its

piece used in

game with a ball

Jack tar n. sailor. Jacobean /,d3aek8'bi:9n/

-adj.

1

of the

reign of James I. 2 (of furniture) heavy and dark in style, -n. Jacobean person. [Latin Jacobus James]

Jacobite

/'d3aek9,bait/

porter of James the Stuarts.

Jacquard

II

n.

hist,

sup-

after his flight, or of

/'d3aeka:d/

n.

1

apparatus

perforated cards, for weaving figured fabrics. 2 (in full Jacquard loom) loom with this. 3 fabric or article so made, [name of its inventor]

with

(pi.

-s)propr. large

bath with massaging underwater jets of its inventor and manu-

water, [name of facturers]

jade

n. 1 hard usu. green stone used for ornaments etc. 2 green colour of jade. [Spanish ijada from Latin ilia flanks (named as a cure for colic)] 1

jade 2

inferior or worn-out horse. 2 disreputable woman, [origin

n. 1

unknown]

jaded

adj. tired out; surfeited. /3a:'du:b/ int. Chess declaration of the intention to adjust a piece without moving it. [French, = I adjust] jag -n. sharp projection of rock etc. -v. (-gg-) 1 cut or tear unevenly. 2 make indentations in. [imitative]

fadoube 1

[French]

jacket potato

etc.

tossing-games. 2 (in pi.) and jackstones.

derog.

sleeves, b protective or supporting garment (life-jacket). 2 casing or covering round a boiler etc. 3 = dust-jacket. 4 skin of a potato. 5 animal's coat.

skin.

n. 4).

Jacuzzi /d3a'ku:zi/ n.

[Persian]

jackanapes

jackboot

jack

jag jag

n. slang 1 drinking bout. 2 period of indulgence in an activity, emotion, etc.

load] [originally dial.. jagged d3aegid/ adj. 1 unevenly cut or jaggedly torn. 2 deeply indented. ttdv.

jaggedness

jaguar

n.

American

/'d3aegjua(r)/ n. large

flesh-eating spotted animal of the cat family. [Tupi] jail (also gaol) -n. 1 place for the detention of prisoners. 2 confinement in a jail. -v. put in jail. [French jaiole, ultimately from Latin cavea cage] jailbird n. (also gaolbird) prisoner or habitual criminal,

jailbreak

n. (also gaolbreak) escape from jail. jailer n. (also gaoler) person in charge

of a jail or prisoners.

Jain /d3am/

-n. adherent of an Indian religion resembling Buddhism, —adj. of

Jainism n. Jainist

this religion.

n.

&

adj. [Hindi]

jalap

purgative drug from the tuberous roots of a Mexican climbing plant. [Spanish Xalapa, name of a Mexican city, from Aztec] /'d3aelap/ n.

jalopy

/d3a'lopi/ n. (pi. -ies) colloq. di-

lapidated old vehicle, [origin

jalousie

/^aelu.zi:/ n.

unknown]

slatted blind or

shutter to keep out rain etc. and control [French: related to jealousy] -v. (-mm-) 1 a (usu. foil, by into, together, etc.) squeeze, cram, or wedge into a space, b become wedged. 2 cause (machinery etc.) to become wedged or light.

jam

(of

jaundice

474

2

1

machinery

etc.)

become wedged and

unworkable. 3 a block (a passage, road, by crowding etc. b (foil, by in) obstruct the exit of (was jammed in). 4 (usu. foil, by on) apply (brakes etc.) etc.)

forcefully or abruptly. 5 make (a radio transmission) unintelligible by interference. 6 colloq. (in jazz etc.) im-

provise with other musicians. — n. 1 squeeze, crush. 2 crowded mass (traffic colloq. predicament. 4 stoppage (of a machine etc.) due to jamming. 5 (in full jam session) colloq. (in jazz etc.) improvised ensemble playing, [imitative] jam 2 n. 1 conserve of boiled fruit and sugar. 2 colloq. easy or pleasant thing

jam). 3

(money for jam).

jam tomorrow

promise of future treats etc. that never materialize, [perhaps from jam ] d3aem/ n. side post or side face of a doorway, window, or fireplace. [French jambe leg, from Latin] 1

jamb

jamboree

/.dsaemba'ri:/

n.

1

cele-

bration. 2 large rally of Scouts, [origin

unknown]

jamjar

jammy jam. 2

n.

glass jar for jam.

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 covered with colloq. a lucky, b profitable.

jam-packed adj. colloq. full to capacity. Jan. abbr. January. jangle /'d3aeng(a)l/ -v. to)

(-ling)

1

(cause

make a (esp. harsh) metallic sound. 2

irritate (the nerves etc.) by discord etc. -n. harsh metallic sound. [French] /"d3aenit9(r)/ n. 1 doorkeeper. 2 caretaker. [Latin janua door]

janitor

January

/'d3aenjuan/ n. (pi. -ies) first of the year. [Latin Janus, guardian god of doors] Jap n. & adj. colloq. often offens. = Japanese, [abbreviation] japan /d3a'paen/ -n. hard usu. black varnish, orig. from Japan, -v. (-nn-) 1 varnish with japan. 2 make black and glossy. [Japan in E. Asia]

month

Japanese

/,d3aepa'ni:z/ -n. (pi. same) 1 a native or national of Japan, b person of Japanese descent. 2 language of Japan, -adj. of Japan, its people, or its

language.

jape -rc.

practical joke. -v. (-ping) play a joke, [origin unknown] japonica /d3a'pnnika/ n. flowering shrub with bright red flowers and round [Latinized name for edible fruits.

Japanese] 1 n. 1 a container, usu. of glass and cylindrical, b contents of this. 2 colloq. glass of beer. [French from Arabic]

jar

jar2

-v. (-rr-)

1

(often

foil,

by on)

(of

sound, manner, etc.) sound discordant, grate (on the nerves etc.). 2 a (often foil, by against, on) (cause to) strike (esp. part of the body) with vibration or shock (jarred his neck), b vibrate with shock etc. 3 (often foil, by with) be at variance or in conflict, -n. 1 jarring sound or sensation. 2 physical shock or jolt, [imitative]

jar3

n.

on the jar

turn: see ajar,

jardiniere

ajar, [obsolete

char 2

char

]

ornamental pot or stand for plants. 2 dish of mixed vegetables. [French] jargon /'d3a:gan/ n. 1 words or expressions used by a particular group or profession (medical jargon). 2 debased or pretentious language. [French] /,3a:di'njea(r)/

n.

1

jasmine

/'d3aezmin/ n. ornamental shrub with white or yellow flowers. [French from Arabic from Persian] jasper /'d3aespa(r)/ n. opaque quartz, usu. red, yellow, or brown. [French from Latin from Greek iaspis]

jaundice

/'d3o:ndis/ -n. 1 yellowing of the skin etc. caused by liver disease, bile disorder, etc. 2 disordered (esp. mental) vision. 3 envy. -v. (-cing) 1 affect with jaundice. 2 (esp. as jaundiced adj.) affect (a person) with envy, resentment, etc. [French jaune yellow]

jaunt jaunt

/d3o:nt/ -n. short pleasure trip.

-v. take a jaunt, [origin

jaunting car

n.

unknown]

light

horse-drawn

vehicle formerly used in Ireland.

jaunty /'d3o:nti/ adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1

cheer-

ful and self-confident. 2 sprightly. jauntily adv. jauntiness n. [French: related to gentle] Javanese /,d3a:v8'ni:z/ -n. (pi. same) 1 a native of Java, b person of Javanese descent. 2 language of Java. -adj. (also

Javan) of Java,

its people, or guage. [Java in Indonesia]

javelin thrown

jerbil

475

/'dsaevalm/ in sport or,

its lan-

small sturdy esp. military vehicle with four-wheel drive, [originally US, from the initials of general purposes] jeepers /'d3i:paz/ int. US slang expressing surprise etc. [corruption of Jesus] jeer -v. (often foil, by at) scoff derisively; deride, -n. taunt. jeeringly adv. [origin unknown] jehad var. of jihad. Jehovah /d3a'hauv8/ n. Hebrew name of God in the Old Testament. [Hebrew

yahveh]

spear formerly, as a

n.

Jeep n. propr.

light

weapon. [French] 1 a upper or lower bony structure in vertebrates containing the teeth, b corresponding parts of certain invertebrates. 2 a (in pi.) the mouth with its bones and teeth, b narrow mouth of a valley, channel, etc. c gripping parts of a tool etc. d grip (jaws of death). 3 colloq. tedious talk (hold your jaw). -v. colloq. speak, esp. at tedious length. [French]

Jehovah's Witness

n. member of a millenarian Christian sect rejecting the supremacy of the State and religious institutions over personal conscience,

jaw -n.

jawbone

n.

lower

jaw

in

most

mammals.

jaw-breaker

n.

colloq.

long or hard

word.

jay

noisy European bird of the crow family with vivid plumage. [Latin gaius, gaia, perhaps from the name Gaius: cf. jackdaw, robin] jaywalk v. cross a road carelessly or dangerously. jaywalker n. n.

jazz — n.

1 rhythmic syncopated esp. improvised music of Black US origin. 2 slang pretentious talk or behaviour (all that jazz), -v. play or dance to jazz. jazz up brighten or enliven. jazzer n. 1

1

[origin uncertain] n. jazz-player.

vivid,

JCB

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of

propr. mechanical excavator with a shovel and a digging arm. [J. C. Bamford, name of the makers] abbr. Junior Common (or Combination) Room. jealous /'d3elas/ adj. 1 resentful of rivalry in love. 2 (often foil, by of) envious (of a person etc.). 3 (often foil, by of) fiercely protective (of rights etc.). 4 (of God) intolerant of disloyalty. 5 (of inquiry, supervision, etc.) vigilant, jealously adv. [medieval Latin zelosus: related to zeal] jealousy n. (pi. -ies) 1 jealous state or feeling. 2 instance of this. [French: related to jealous] jeans /d3i:nz/ n.pl. casual esp. denim = trousers, [earlier geane fustian, material from Genoa]

JCR

/d3i'd3u:n/ adj. 1 intellectually unsatisfying; shallow, meagre, scanty, dry. 2 puerile. 3 (of land) barren. [Latin jejunus] jejunum /d3i'd3u:nam/ n. small intestine between the duodenum and ileum. [Latin: related to jejune]

Jekyll and

Hyde /,d3ekil and 'haid/ n.

person having opposing good and evil personalities, [names of a character in a story by R. L. Stevenson] jell v. colloq. 1 set as jelly. 2 (of ideas etc.) take a definite form; cohere, [backformation from jelly] jellaba var. of djellaba. jellify /'d3eli,fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) turn into jelly; make or become like jelly. jellification /-fi'keij(a)n/ n. jelly /'d3eli/ -n. (pi. -ies) 1 a (usu. fruitflavoured) translucent dessert set with gelatin, b similar preparation as a jam, condiment, or sweet (redcur rant jelly). c similar preparation from meat, bones,

and gelatin (marrowbone jelly). 2 any similar substance. 3 slang gelignite. or like jazz. 2

showy. n.

faith, etc.

etc.,

jazzman jazzy

^

jejune

-v. (-ies, -ied) (cause to) set as or in a jelly-like congeal (jellied eels). adj. [French gelee from Latin gelo

jelly,

freeze]

jelly

baby

n.

baby-shaped

jelly-like

sweet.

jellyfish n. (pi. same or -es) marine animal with a jelly-like body and stinging tentacles.

jemmy

/'d3emi/ n.

(pi.

-ies) burglar's

short crowbar, [from the

jenny

/'d3eni/ n.

(pi.

name James]

-ies)

1

hist.

=

spinning-jenny. 2 female donkey, [from the name Janet]

jenny- wren n. female wren. jeopardize /'d3epa,daiz/ v. (also

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) endanger.

jeopardy severe,

/'d3epadi/ n. danger, esp. [obsolete French iu parti

divided play] jerbil var. of gerbil.

jerboa d33:'b9ua/ n. small jumping desert rodent. [Arabic] jeremiad ,d3eri'maiaed/ n. doleful complaint or lamentation. [Church Latin: related to Jeremiah] Jeremiah /,d3eri'mai8/ n. dismal prophet, denouncer of the times. [Lamentations of Jeremiah, in the Old

Testament]

jerk -n.

sharp sudden

1

1

pull, twist,

twitch, start, etc. 2 spasmodic muscular twitch. 3 (in pi.) colloq. exercises (physical jerks). 4 slang fool. - v. move, pull, thrust, twist, throw, etc., with a jerk, jerk off coarse slang masturbate, [imitative] jerk 2 v. cure (beef) by cutting it in long slices and drying it in the sun. [Quechua echarqui dried fish in strips] jerkin /'d33:km/ n. 1 sleeveless jacket. 2 hist, man's close-fitting, esp. leather, jacket, [origin unknown] jerky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 moving suddenly or abruptly. 2 spasmodic. jerkily adv. jerkiness n. jeroboam /.dsera'bauam/ n. wine bottle of 4-12 times the ordinary size. [Jeroboam in the Old Testament] Jerry /'d3en/ n. (pi -ies) slang 1 German (esp. soldier). 2 Germans collectively, [probably an alteration of

German] jerry /'d3en/ pot,

slang chamberabbreviation of

n. (pi. -ies)

an

[probably

JEROBOAM] n.

uncertain]

jerry can n. (also jerrican) a kind of (orig. German) petrol- or water-can. [from Jerry]

jersey

/'d33:zi/ n. (pi. -s) 1 a knitted usu. woollen pullover, b plain-knitted (orig. woollen) fabric. 2 (Jersey) light brown

cow from Jersey. [Jersey in the Channel Islands] dairy

Jerusalem artichoke

/d3a'ru:salam/ a kind of sunflower with edible tubers. 2 this as a vegetable, [corruption of Italian girasole sunflower] jest -n. 1 joke; fun. 2 a raillery, banter, b object of derision, -v. joke; fool about, in jest in fun. [Latin gesta exploits] jester n. hist, professional clown at a 1

medieval court

etc.

'd3ezjuit/

Jesuits. 2 casuistic.

exclamation

of surprise, dismay, etc. [name of the founder of the Christian religion] jet -n. 1 stream of water, gas, flame, etc., shot esp. from a small opening. 2 spout or nozzle for this purpose. 3 jet engine or jet plane, -v. (-tt-) 1 spurt out in jets. 2 colloq. send or travel by jet plane. 1

[French jeter throw from Latin jacto] jet 2 n. (often attrib.) hard black lignite often carved and highly polished. [French jaiet from Gagai in Asia Minor] jet black adj. & n. (as adj. often hyphenated) deep glossy black. jet engine n. engine using jet propulsion, esp. of

an

aircraft.

jet lag n. exhaustion etc. felt after a long flight across time zones. jet plane n. plane with a jet engine. jet-propelled adj. 1 having jet propulsion. 2 very fast. jet propulsion n. propulsion by the backward ejection of a high-speed jet of gas etc.

jetsam

/'d3etsam/ n. objects washed ashore, esp. jettisoned from a ship, [contraction of jettison] jet set n. wealthy people who travel widely, esp. for pleasure. :: jet-setter n. jet-setting rc. & attrib. adj.

jettison /'d3etis(a)n/-i;. 1 a throw (esp. heavy material) overboard to lighten a ship etc. b drop (goods) from an aircraft. 2 abandon; get rid of. -n. jettisoning. 1

[Anglo-French getteson: related to jet jetty /'d3eti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 pier or breakwater to protect or defend a harbour, coast, etc. 2 landing-pier. [French jetee: related to jet

member of the Roman Catholic founder of the

often offens.

1 of the equivocating,

]

person of Hebrew descent or whose religion is Judaism. 2 slang miserly person. [Greek ioudaios] offens.

Usage The sense 2

is

stereotype conveyed in deeply offensive. It arose from

associations of Jews as moneylenders in medieval England. historical

jewel

/'d3u:al/ -n. 1 a precious stone, b used in watchmaking. 2 jewelled personal ornament. 3 precious person or thing, -v. (-11-; US -1-) (esp. as jewelled adj.) adorn or set with jewels. [French] jeweller n. (US jeweler) maker of or dealer in jewels or jewellery,

this

jewellery

/'d3u:aln/ n. (also

jewelry)

necklaces,

brooches,

etc.,

regarded collectively.

Jewess

/'d3u:es/ n. often offens.

or girl of religion

/,d3ezjo'itik(8)l/ adj.

1

Jew /d3u:/ n. 1

rings, n.

Society of Jesus, a order. [Latin Jesus, Christian religion]

Jesuitical

/'d3i:zas/ int. colloq.

]

incompetent builder using cheap materials, z jerrybuilding n. jerry-built adj. [origin

Jesuit

Jesus

a

jerry-builder

n.

Jewry

476

jerboa

Jewish

Hebrew descent or whose

Judaism. adj. 1 of Jews. 2 of Judaism. is

Jewishness

Jewry

woman

n.

/'d3uan/

n.

Jews

collectively.

jew's harp

ment] jib 1 n. 1 triangular staysail. 2 projecting of a crane, [origin unknown] (-bb-) 1 (esp. of a horse) stop and refuse to go on. 2 (foil, by at) show

arm jib 2

v.

aversion

jibber

to.

[origin

n.

unknown]

unknown] /'d3ifi/ n.

propr. padded en-

velope. 1 a lively leaping dance, b music for this. 2 device that holds a piece of work and guides the tools operating on it. -v. (-gg-) 1 dance a jig. 2 (often foil, by about) move quickly and jerkily up and

}ig-n.

down; jig

work on or equip with a [origin unknown]

fidget. 3

or jigs,

jigger

/'d3ig8(r)/ n. 1 Billiards colloq.

cue-rest. 2 a

measure of

small glass holding

spirits etc.

this, [partly

b

from

jig]

jiggered

mild be jiggered).

/'d3igad/ adj. colloq. (as a

confounded [euphemism]

oath)

jiggery-pokery

{I'll

/.dsigari'paukan/

colloq. trickery; swindling, [origin

n.

un-

certain]

jiggle about

/'d3ig(a)l/ -v. (-ling) (often foil, etc.)

shake or jerk

by

lightly; fidget.

shake, [from jig] n. 1 a (in full jigsaw puzzle) picture on board or wood etc. cut into irregular interlocking pieces to be reassembled as a pastime, b problem consisting of various pieces of information. 2 mechanical fretsaw with a fine blade.

-7i. light

jigsaw

jihad

/d3i'haed/ n. (also

jehad) Muslim

holy war against unbelievers. [Arabic Jihad] jilt v. abruptly reject or abandon (esp. a lover), [origin

Jim Crow

unknown] /'krau/

n.

US

colloq.

1

segregation of Blacks. 2 offens. a Black,

[nickname]

jim-jams

/'d3imd3aemz/

delirium tremens. 2 ness; depression,

n.pl. 1

colloq.

[fanciful

slang = nervous-

reduplica-

tion] /'d3ing(a)l/ -n. 1 mixed ringing or clinking noise. 2 a repetition of sounds in a phrase etc. b short catchy verse or song in advertising etc. -u. (-ling) 1 (cause to) make a jingling sound. 2 (of writing) be full of alliteration, rhymes,

jingle

etc. [imitative]

/'d3ing8o7 n. {pi -es) supporter of war; blustering patriot. by jingo! jingoism n. jingoist n. mild oath.

jingoistic word]

jink -v.

adj.

/-'istik/

[conjuror's

move elusively; dodge. 2 elude

1

by dodging, -n. dodging or eluding, [originally Scots: imitative] jinnee /d3i'ni:/ n. (also jinn, djinn /d3in/) (pi. jinn or djinn) (in Muslim

abic]

jiff n. (also jiffy, pi. -ies) colloq. short time; moment {in a jiffy), [origin

bag

jingo

mythology) spirit in human or animal form having power over people. [Ar-

1

jibe var. of gibe. jibe 2 US var. of gybe.

Jiffy

job lot

477

jew's harp n. small musical instrument held between the teeth. Jezebel /'d3ez8,bel/ n. shameless or immoral woman. [Jezebel in the Old Testa-

jinx

colloq. -n. person or thing that seems to cause bad luck. -v. (esp. as jinxed adj.) subject to bad luck, [perhaps var. of jynx wryneck, charm] jitter colloq. -n. (the jitters) extreme

nervousness, -v. be nervous; act nerjittery adj. jitteriness n.

vously.

[origin unknown] jitterbug -n. 1 nervous person. fast

popular dance, -v.

(-gg-) hist,

2 hist.

dance

the jitterbug.

jiu-jitsu var. of ju-jitsu. jive -n. 1 lively dance popular esp. in the 1950s. 2 music for this. -v. (-ving) dance to or play jive music. jiver n. [origin uncertain] Jnr. abbr. Junior. job -n. 1 piece of work to be done; task. 2 position in, or piece of, paid employment. 3 colloq. difficult task {had a job to find it). 4 slang crime, esp. a robbery. 5 state of affairs etc. {bad job), -v. (-bb-) 1 do jobs; do piece-work. 2 deal in stocks; buy and sell (stocks or goods). 3 deal corruptly with (a matter). just the job colloq. exactly what is wanted, make a job (or good job) of do well, on the job colloq. 1 at work. 2 engaged in sexual intercourse, out of a job unemployed, [origin

unknown]

n. 1 person who jobs. 2 hist. principal or wholesaler on the Stock

jobber

Exchange.

Usage Up to Oct. 1986 jobbers were permitted to deal only with brokers, not directly with the public. From Oct. 1986 the name ceased to be in official use (see broker

2).

jobbery jobbing

n.

corrupt dealing.

attrib.

adj.

freelance; piece-

working (jobbing gardener). jobcentre n. local government

office

advertising available jobs. job-hunt v. colloq. seek employment. jobless adj. unemployed. jobless-

ness

n.

job lot etc.

n.

mixed

lot

bought

at auction

Job's comforter who

person

n.

intends to comfort but increases

Old Testament]

distress. [Job in the

etc.

job by two or n.

&

sharing of a full-time

n.

more

job-share

people,

v.

jobsheet

sheet for recording details

n.

of jobs done.

Jock n. slang Scotsman. [Scots form of the name Jack] jockey d3Dki/-rc. (pi. -s) rider in horseraces,

-v.

professional,

esp.

(-eys,

trick, cheat, or outwit. 2 (foil,

-eyed)

1

away,

out, into, etc.)

by

manoeuvre (a perjockey for position manoeuvre

son),

for advantage, [diminutive of Jock]

jockstrap

n. support or protection for the male genitals, worn esp. in sport, [slang jock genitals] jocose /d3a'kaus/ adj. playful; jocular. jocosely adv. jocosity /-'kositi/ n. (pi. -ies). [Latin jocus jest] jocular /'d3Dkjola(r)/ adj. 1 fond of jok-

ing. 2

humorous. jocularity jocularly adv.

/-'laeriti/

n. (pi. -ies).

jocund

/'d3Dk3nd/ adj. literary merry, cheerful, jocundity /dsa'kAnditi/ n. (pi. -ies). jocundly adv. [French from Latin jucundus pleasant] jodhpurs /'d3odp9z/ n.pl. riding breeches tight below the knee. [Jodhpur in India] Joe Bloggs n. colloq. hypothetical aver-

age man.

jog

1 run slowly, esp. as expush or jerk, esp. unsteadily. 3

-y. (-gg-)

ercise. 2

nudge, esp. to

alert. 4

stimulate (the memory). 5 (often foil, by on, along) trudge; proceed ploddingly (must jog on somehow). 6 (of a horse) trot. -n. 1 spell of jogging; slow walk or trot. 2 push, jerk, or nudge, [probably imitative]

jogger

n.

person

who

jogs,

esp.

for

move

in

exercise.

joggle

/'d3ng(a)l/ -v.

(-ling)

jerks, -n. slight shake,

jogtrot

joie de vivre /,3wa: da ance; high spirits.

join —v.

1 (often foil, by to, together) put together; fasten, unite (with one or several things or people). 2 connect (points) by a line etc. 3 become a member of (a club, organization, etc.). 4 a take one's place with (a person, group, etc.). b (foil, by in, for, etc.) take part with (others) in an activity etc. (joined them in prayer). 5 (often foil, by with, to) come together; be united. 6 (of a river etc.) be or become connected or continuous with. -n. point, line, or surface at which things are joined, n join battle

begin fighting, join forces combine efforts, join hands 1 clasp hands. 2 combine in an action etc. join in (also absol.) take part in (an activity), join up 1

enlist for military service. 2 (often foil,

by with) unite, connect. [Latin jungo junct-]

joiner

n.

1

maker

fittings. 2 colloq.

two bones fit together. 3 division of an animal carcass as meat. 4 slang restaurant, bar, etc. 5 slang marijuana cigarcrack in rock. -adj. 1 held, to, two or more (joint mortgage; joint action-). 2 sharing with another (joint author, joint favourite), -v. 1 connect ette. 6 Geol.

done by, or belonging

persons

etc.

by

joint(s). 2 divide at a joint or into out of joint 1 (of a bone) jointly adv. dislocated. 2 out of order. [French: related to join] joint stock n. capital held jointly; com-

joints.

mon

fund.

joint-stock company n. company formed on the basis of a joint stock.

jointure /'d3omtj8(r)/ -n. estate settled on a wife by her husband for use after his death, —v. provide with a jointure. [Latin: related to join] n. supporting beam in a floor, ceiling, etc. [French giste from Latin

joist

John Bull

jojoba /hau'hauba/

n.

England or the

typical Englishman, [name of a character in an 18th-c. satire]

John Dory -ies) edible

johnny condom.

/d3Dn 'do.n/

marine

/'d3oni/

n.

n.

(pi

fish, [see (pi.

2 colloq. fellow;

same or

dory] 1 slang

-ies)

man. [dimin-

utive of John]

johnny-come-lately comer; upstart.

n.

colloq.

new-

of finished wood who joins an

person

organization or who readilyjoins societjoinery n. (in sense 1). ies etc. joint -n. 1 place at which two or more things or parts of a structure are joined; device for joining these. 2 point at which

slow regular trot, john /d3nn/ n. US slang lavatory, [from the name John] n.

/d3on/

exuber[French, = joy of 'vi:vra/ n.

living]

jobs for the boys n.pl. colloq. appointments for members of one's own group

job-sharing

joke

•178

Job's comforter dsaubz/

jaceo

lie]

n. plant with seeds yielding an oily extract used in cos-

metics etc. [Mexican Spanish] -n. 1 thing said or done to cause laughter; witticism. 2 ridiculous person or thing, -v. (-king) make jokes; tease

joke

(only joking). no joke colloq. serious matter. jokingly adv. joky adj. (also jokey), jokily adv. jokiness n. [probably Latin jocus jest]

joker joker

n.

1

person

who

jokes. 2 slang

person. 3 playing-card used in

some

games. jollify /'d3Dli,fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) make jollification /-fi'keiJX9)n/ n. merry. jollity /'d3Dhti/ n. (pi. -ies) merrymaking; festivity. [French jolivete: related to jolly ] jolly /'d3Dli/ -adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 cheerful; merry. 2 festive, jovial. 3 colloq. pleasant, delightful, -adv. colloq. very. -v. (-ies, -ied) (usu. foil, by along) colloq. coax or humour in a friendly way. -n. (pi. -ies) colloq. party or celebration. jollily adv. jolliness n. [French jolif gay, pretty: perhaps related to yule] jolly 2 /'d3Dli/ n. (pi. -ies) (in full jolly boat) clinker-built ship's boat smaller than a cutter, [origin unknown: perhaps related to yawl] Jolly Roger n. pirates' black flag, usu. with skull and crossbones. jolt /d3ault/ -v. 1 disturb or shake (esp. in a moving vehicle) with a jerk. 2 shock; perturb. 3 move along jerkily. jolty -n. 1 jerk. 2 surprise or shock. 1

1

adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin

Jonah /'d39una/ n.

unknown]

person

who seems to

bring bad luck. [Jonah in the Old Testa-

ment]

jonquil

/'d3Drjkwil/ n. narcissus with small fragrant yellow or white flowers, [ultimately from Latin juncus rush

plant]

josh slang -v.

tease, banter. 2 indulge in ridicule, -n. good-natured or teasing joke, [origin unknown] joss n. Chinese idol, [ultimately from 1

Latin deus god] joss-stick n. incense-stick for burning. jostle /'d3Ds(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 (often foil, by away, from, against, etc.) push against; elbow, esp. roughly or in a crowd. 2 (foil, by with) struggle roughly. -n. jostling, [from joust]

jot -v. briefly

judge

479

(-tt-)

or

(usu.

by down) write very small [Greek iota]

foil,

hastily,

-n.

amount (not one jot). jotter n. small pad or notebook. jotting n. (usu. in pi.) jotted note. joule /d3u:l/ n. [Joule,

or

periodical. 2 daily record of events; diary. 3 book in which transactions and accounts are entered. 4 part of a shaft or axle that rests on bearings. [Latin diurnalis diurnal]

journalese

/,d33:n8'li:z/ n.

hackneyed

writing characteristic of newspapers. profession of writing for or editing newspapers etc.

journalism n.

/-'listik/ adj.

journey

/'d33:ni/ -n. (pi. -s) 1 act of going from one place to another, esp. at a long distance. 2 time taken for this (a day's journey), -v. (-s, -ed) make a journey. [French jornee day, day's work or travel, from Latin diurnus daily]

journeyman or artisan derog.

n.

1

qualified mechanic for another. 2

who works but

reliable

outstanding

not

worker.

joust

/d3aust/ hist. -n. combat between two knights on horseback with lances. -v. engage in a joust. j ouster n. [French jouste from Latin juxta near] Jove n. (in Roman mythology) Jupiter. by Jove! exclamation of surprise etc. [Latin Jupiter Jov-] jovial /'d38uvi8l/ adj. merry, convivial, hearty. joviality /- aeliti/ n. jovially adv. [Latin jovialis: related to Jove] 1 jowl n. 1 jaw or jawbone. 2 cheek (cheek by jowl). [Old English] jowl 2 n. loose hanging skin on the throat jowly adj. [Old English] or neck. joy n. 1 (often foil, by at, in) pleasure; extreme gladness. 2 thing causing joy. 3 colloq. satisfaction, success (got no joy). joyful adj. joyfully adv. joyfulness n.

joyless

adj.

joyous

adv. [French joie

adj. joyously from Latin gaudium]

joyride

colloq. -n. pleasure ride in esp. a stolen car. -v. (-ding; past -rode; past part -ridden) go for a joyride. joyrider n.

joystick n. 1 colloq. control column of an aircraft. 2 lever controlling movement of an image on a VDU screen etc.

JP abbr.

Justice of the Peace.

Jr. abbr. Junior.

jubilant

/'d3u:bilant/

rejoicing.

jubilee

exultant,

adj.

jubilance

adv. jubilation jubilo shout]

n.

jubilantly

/-'leij(a)n/

/'d3u:bi,li:/

n.

1

n.

[Latin

anniversary,

esp. the 25th or 50th. 2 time of rejoicing.

[Hebrew, trumpet]

ultimately,

=

ram's-horn

Judaic

SI unit of work or energy.

name of a physicist] journal /'d33:n(a)l/ n. 1 newspaper

journalist n. person writing for or editing newspapers etc. journalistic

/d3u:'denk/ adj. of or characteristic of the Jews. [Greek: related to Jew] Judaism /*d3u:dei,iz(8)m/ n. religion of the Jews.

Judas

/'d3u:das/ n.

traitor.

who betrayed Christ] judder -v. shake noisily or

[Judas

Is-

cariot

violently.

-n. juddering, [imitative: cf. shudder] /d3Ad3/ -n. 1 public official appointed to hear and try legal cases. 2 person appointed to decide in a contest, dispute, etc. 3 a person who decides a question, b person regarded as having judgement of a specified type (am no

judge

judgement

a try (a case) at law. b pronounce sentence on. 4 (often foil, by to + infin. clause) conclude, consider. or that »

[Latin judex judic-]

judgement

n.

judgment)

(also

1

crit-

ical faculty; discernment (error of judgement). 2 good sense. 3 opinion or estimate (in my judgement). 4 sentence of a court of justice. 5 often joc. deserved against one's better misfortune. judgement contrary to what one really feels to be advisable.

judgemental (also

/d3Ad3'ment(a)l/ adj. 1 of or by way of

judgmental)

judgement. 2 condemning,

judgementally

critical.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) day on which mankind will be judged by God. judicature /'d3u:dikatja(r)/ n. 1 admin(in

istration of justice. 2 judge's position. 3

judges collectively, judico judge]

[medieval

/d3u:'dij(8)l/ adj. 1 of,

Latin

done by,

or proper to a court of law. 2 having the function of judgement (judicial assembly). 3 of or proper to a judge. 4 impartial. judicially adv. [Latin judi-

cium judgement]

judiciary

/d3u:'dij9ri/ n. (pi. -ies) judges of a State collectively. judicious /d3u:'dijas/ adj. sensible,

judiciously adv. /'d3u:dao7 n. sport derived

prudent.

judo

from ju-

[Japanese, = gentle way] jug -n. 1 deep vessel for liquids, with a handle and a lip for pouring. 2 contents of this. 3 slang prison, -v. (-gg-) (usu. as jugged adj.) stew or boil (esp. hare) in a casserole etc. jugful n. (pi. -s). [origin uncertain] juggernaut /'d3Aga,no:t/ n. 1 large heavy lorry etc. 2 overwhelming force or object. [Hindi Jagannath, = lord of the world] juggle /'d3Ag(8)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 a (often foil, by with) keep several objects in the air at once by throwing and catching, b jitsu.

perform such feats with (balls etc.). 2 deal with (several activities) at once. 3 (often foil, by with) misrepresent or rearrange (facts) adroitly, -n. 1 juggling. 2 fraud. juggler n. [French from Latin jocus jest] Jugoslav var. of Yugoslav. jugular /'d3Agjula(r)/ -adj. of the neck or throat, -n. « jugular vein. [Latin

jugulum

collar-bone]

jugular vein

juice

/d3u:s/ n. 1 liquid part of vegetables or fruits. 2 animal fluid, esp. a secretion (gastric juice). 3 colloq. petrol; electricity. [French from Latin] juicy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of juice; succulent. 2 colloq. interesting; racy,

scandalous. 3 colloq. profitable. juicily adv. juiciness n. ju-jitsu /d3u:'d3itsu:/ n. (also jiu-jitsu, ju-jutsu) Japanese system of unarmed combat and physical training. [Japanese jujutsu gentle skill] ju-ju /'d3u:d3u:/ n. 1 charm or fetish of some W. African peoples. 2 supernatural power attributed to this, [perhaps French joujou toy] jujube /'d3u:d3u:b/ n. small flavoured Jelly-like lozenge. [Greek zizuphon]

ju-jutsu

adv.

Judgement Day n.

judicial

jump

480

judge; good judge of art), -v. (-ging) 1 form an opinion or judgement (about); estimate, appraise. 2 act as a judge (of). 3

n. any of several large veins in the neck carrying blood from the head.

jukebox

var. of ju-jitsu. /'d3u:kbnks/ n. coin-operated

record-playing machine.

[Black juke

disorderly]

Jul. abbr. July.

julep /'d3u:lep/ n.

1 a sweet drink, esp. as a vehicle for medicine, b medicated drink as a mild stimulant etc. 2 US iced and flavoured spirits and water (mint julep). [Persian gulab rose-water] Julian /'d3u:lian/ adj. of Julius Caesar.

[Latin Julius]

Julian calendar

n.

calendar intro-

duced by Julius Caesar, with a year of 365 days, every fourth year having 366. julienne /,d3u:li'en/ vegetables cut into short thin strips, -adj. cut into thin strips. [French from name Jules or Julien] Juliet cap /'d3u:liat/ n. small net skullcap worn by brides etc. [ Juliet in Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet]

July /d3u:'lai/ n. (pi. Julys) seventh month of the year. [Latin Julius Caesar]

jumble

/'d3Amb(a)l/ -v. (-ling) (often

by up) confuse; mix up; muddle. -n. 1 confused state or heap; muddle. 2 articles in a jumble sale, [probably

foil,

imitative] #

jumble sale

n.

sale of second-hand

articles, esp. for charity.

jumbo

/'d3Amb9u/

n.

(pi.

-s) colloq.

1

animal (esp. an elephant), person, or thing (jumbo packet). (often attrib.) large

2 (in full

jumbo

jet) large airliner for

several hundred passengers, [probably from mumbo-jumbo]

Usage In sense 2, jumbo is usu. applied specifically to the Boeing 747.

jump

-v. 1 rise off the ground etc. by sudden muscular effort in the legs. 2 (often foil, by up, from, in, out, etc.) move suddenly or hastily (jumped into the car). 3 jerk or twitch from shock or excitement etc. 4 a change, esp. advance

jumped-up or

status

rise,

sudden transition, b gap in a series, logical sequence, etc. jump at accept eagerly, jump bail fail to appear for trial

having been released on bail, jump

down a person's throat colloq. and or contradict a person

reprimfiercely,

jump the gun colloq. begin prematurely, jump on colloq. attack or criticize severely, jump out of one's skin colloq. be extremely startled, jump the queue take unfair precedence, jump ship (of a seaman) desert, jump to it colloq. act promptly, one jump ahead one stage further on than a rival

etc. [imitative]

jumped-up adj. colloq. upstart. jumper n. 1 knitted pullover. 2 1

loose

outer jacket worn by sailors. 3 US pinafore dress, [probably jump short coat] jumper2 n. 1 person or animal that jumps. 2 short wire used to make or

break an electrical

circuit.

jumping bean

n. seed of a Mexican plant that jumps with the movement of a larva inside.

jump-jet n.

vertical take-off jet aircraft. cable for conveying curthe battery of one vehicle to

jump-lead

n.

rent from that of another. jump-off n. deciding round in show-

jumping.

jump-start pushing

-v.

start

vehicle) by

(a

or with jump-leads, -n. act of jump-starting. jump suit n. one-piece garment for the whole body. jumpy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 nervous; easily it

startled. 2

making sudden movements,

n jumpiness n. Jun. abbr. 1 June. 2 Junior.

junction

/'d3AnkJXa)n/ n. 1 joint; joining-point. 2 place where railway lines or roads meet. 3 joining. [Latin: related to join]

junction box

Jurassic

481

rapidly (prices jumped), b cause to do this. 5 (often foil, by about) change the subject etc. rapidly. 6 pass over (an obstacle etc.) by jumping. 7 skip (a passage in a book etc.). 8 cause (a horse etc.) to jump. 9 (foil, by to, at) reach (a conclusion) hastily. 10 (of a train) leave (the rails). 11 pass (a red traffic-light etc.). 12 get on or off (a train etc.) quickly, esp. illegally or dangerously. 13 attack (a person) unexpectedly, -n. 1 act of jumping. 2 sudden jerk caused by shock or excitement. 3 abrupt rise in amount, value, status, etc. 4 obstacle to be jumped. 5 a in

n.

box containing a junc-

month of the year. [Latin Junius from Juno, name of a goddess] n.

sixth

Jungian

/'junian/ -adj. of the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung or his theories. —n. supporter of Jung or of his theories. jungle /'d3Ang(a)l/ n. 1 a land overgrown with tangled vegetation, esp. in the tropics, b an area of this. 2 wild tangled mass. 3 place of bewildering complexity, confusion, or struggle. law of the jungle state of ruthless competition, n jungly adj. [Hindi from Sanskrit]

junior /'d3u:nia(r)/ -adj. to)

1 (often foil, by inferior in age, standing, or position.

2 the younger (esp. appended to the name of a son for distinction from his father). 3 of the lower or lowest position (junior partner). 4 (of a school) for younger pupils, usu. aged 7-11. -n. 1 junior person. 2 person at the lowest level (in an office etc.). [Latin, tive of juvenis young]

1

critical con-

vergence of events; point of time (at this juncture). 2 joining-point. 3 joining.

compara-

junior common room n. (also junior combination room) 1 common-room undergraduates in a college. 2 undergraduates of a college collect-

for

ively.

juniper

/'d3u:nipa(r)/ evergreen n. shrub or tree with prickly leaves and

dark-purple berry-like cones. [Latin juniperus] 1 -n. 1 discarded articles; rubbish. 2 anything regarded as of little value. 3 slang narcotic drug, esp. heroin, -v. discard as junk, [origin unknown] junk 2 n. flat-bottomed sailing-vessel in the China seas. [Javanese djong] junk bond n. bond bearing high interest but deemed to be a risky invest-

junk

ment.

junket

/'d3Ankit/ -n. 1 pleasure outing. 2 official's tour at public expense. 3 sweetened and flavoured milk curds. 4 feast, -v. (-t-) feast, picnic. [French jonquette rush-basket (used for junket 3

and

from Latin juncus rush] n. food, such as sweets and crisps, with low nutritional value. junkie n. slang drug addict. 4),

junk food

junk mail

n.

unsolicited advertising

matter sent by post. junk shop n. second-hand or cheap antiques shop.

junta

/'d3Anta/ n. (usu. military) clique taking power in a coup d'etat. [Spanish:

related to join]

jural /'d3uar(a)l/ adj. 1 of law. and obligations. [Latin jus

2 of rights jur- law,

right]

Jurassic

tion of electric cables etc.

juncture /'d3AnktJa(r)/ n.

June

/d3ua'raesik/ Geol. -adj. of the

second period of the Mesozoic era. -n. this era or system. [French from Jura mountains]

juridical of judicial proceedings. 2 relating to the law. [Latin jus jur- law, dico say]

jurisdiction

adj.

1

.dsuaris'dikJXajn/

by over,

n.

1

administration of justice. 2 a legal or other authority, b extent of this; territory it extends over, jurisdictional adj. (often

foil,

of)

jurisprudence

/,d3uaris'pru:d(a)ns/ n. jurisscience or philosophy of law. ]

prudential jurist

expert in law.

/'d3U9rist/ n.

/'d3uara(r)/ n.

2 person taking

jury

/'d3uan/

1

member of a jury.

an oath.

n. (pi. -ies) 1

body of usu.

twelve people giving a verdict in a court of justice. 2 body of people awarding prizes in a competition,

jury-box

n.

enclosure for the jury in a

lawcourt. adj.

Naut.

having temporary makeshift rigging. [origin uncertain] 1

3 well-grounded; justified (just anger). 4 right in amount etc.; proper, —adv. 1 exactly (just what I need). 2 a little time ago; very recently (has just seen them). 3 colloq. simply, merely (just good friends; just doesn't make sense). 4 barely; no more than (just managed it). 5 colloq. positively; indeed (just splendid; won 't I just tell him!). 6 quite (not

just about colloq. almost

exactly; almost completely, just in case as a precaution, just now 1 at this moment. 2 a little time ago. just the same = all the same, just so 1 exactly

arranged (everything just so). 2 it is exactly as you say. justly adv. justness n. [Latin justus from jus right]

justice

/'d3Astis/ rc. 1 justness, fairness. 2 authority exercised in the maintenance of right. 3 judicial proceedings

(brought

1

justitia]

Justice of the Peace

unpaid lay

n.

magistrate appointed to hear minor cases.

justifiable /'d3Asti,faiab(8)l/ adj. able to be justified, n justifiably adv.

justify

/'d3Asti,fai/

v.

(-ies, -ied) 1

show

the justice or correctness of (a person, act, assertion, etc.). 2 (esp. in passive) cite or constitute adequate grounds for (conduct, a claim, etc.); vindicate. 3 (as justified adj.) just, right (justified in assuming). 4 Printing adjust (a line of type) to give even margins. justifica-

tion

/-fi'keij(a)n/

n.

justificatory

/-fi.keitari/ adj.

to justice;

(-tt-) (often foil, by out, forth) protrude, project, -n. projection, [var. of JET 1 ]

jute

morally right or fair. 2 (of treatment etc.) deserved (just reward).

just yet).

1

jut -v.

jury-rigged /'d3U8nngd/

just -adj.

magistrate; judge. do justice to 1 treat fairly. 2 appreciate properly, do oneself justice perform at one's best, reasonably. with justice [Latin

/-'denj(8)l/ adj.

juristic /-'nstik/ adj.

juror

juxtapose

482

juridical d3ua'ndik(a)l/

Court of Justice). 4

n. 1 fibre from the bark of an E. Indian plant, used esp. for sacking, mats, etc. 2 plant yielding this. [Bengali]

juvenile ful,

/'dsuiva.nail/ -adj.

1

a youth-

b of or for young people. 2 often

derog. immature (juvenile behaviour), -n. 1 young person. 2 actor playing a juvenile part. [Latin juvenis young]

juvenile court under

n.

court for children

17.

juvenile delinquency

n.

offences

committed by people below the age of legal responsibility. juvenile delin-

quent

n.

juvenilia

/.dsuiva'mlia/ n.pl. author's

or artist's youthful works.

juxtapose

v. (-sing) 1 / d3Aksta'pauz/ place (things) side by side. 2 (foil, by to, with) place (a thing) beside another. (

juxtaposition /-pa'ziJXa)n/ n. juxtapositional /-pa'zijan(8)l/ adj. [Latin juxta next, pono put]

K K

1

K

k)

/kei/ n. (also

eventh

(pi.

Ks

or K's)

el-

letter of the alphabet.

abbr. (also K.) 1 kelvin(s). 2 King, King's. 3 Kochel (catalogue of Mozart's works). 4 (also k) (prec. by a numeral) a Computing unit of 1,024 (i.e. 2 10 ) bytes or bits, or loosely 1,000. b 1,000. [sense 4 as abbreviation of kilo-] 3 symb. potassium. [Latin Kalium] k abbr. 1 kilo-. 2 knot(s).

K

Kaffir /'kaefa(r)/ n. 1 hist, member or language of a S. African people of the Bantu family. 2 S.Afr. offens. any Black African. [Arabic, = infidel] Kafkaesque /.kaefka'resk/ adj. impenetrably oppressive or nightmarish, as in the fiction of Franz Kafka. kaftan var. of caftan.

kaiser /'kaiza(r)/ n. hist, emperor, esp. of Germany, Austria, or the Holy type of sub-machine-gun.

Soviet rifle or [Russian] kale n. variety of cabbage, esp. with wrinkled leaves and no heart, [northern English var. of cole] 1

containing mirrors and pieces of

tube col-

producing changing reflected patterns when shaken. 2 constantly changing pattern, group, etc. kaleidoscopic /-'sknpik/ adj. [Greek

oured glass

etc.

kalos beautiful, eidos form, -scope]

kalends var. of calends. kaleyard n. Scot, kitchen

garden. kamikaze /.kaemi'kaizi/ -n. hist. 1 explosive-laden Japanese aircraft deliberately crashed on a ship etc. during the war of 1939-45. 2 pilot of this. -attrib. adj. 1 of a kamikaze. 2 reckless, esp. suicidal. [Japanese, = divine wind]

kangaroo

Australian marsupial with strong hind legs for jumping. [Aboriginal] /.kaenga'ru:/ n. (pi. -s)

kangaroo court

illegal court, e.g.

n.

held by strikers or mutineers.

kaolin

/'keialm/ n. fine soft white clay used esp. for porcelain and in medicines. [Chinese kao-ling high hill] kapok /'keipnk/ n. fine fibrous cottonlike substance from a tropical tree, used for padding. [Malay] kappa /'kaepa/ n. tenth letter of the

Greek alphabet

(K,

*)•

kaput /ka'pot/ predic. ruined. [German]

[Greek] slang broken,

adj.

/.kaera'biinaO*)/ n.

coupling

by mountaineers. [German,

literally 'carbine']

karakul

/'kaera.kul/ n. (also caracul) 1 Asian sheep with a dark curled fleece when young. 2 fur of or like this.

[Russian]

karaoke

/.kaen'aoki/ n. entertainment in nightclubs etc. with customers singing to a backing track. [Japanese, =

empty orchestra]

karate /ka'ra.ti/ n. Japanese system of unarmed combat using the hands and weapons. [Japanese, = empty

feet as

hand]

karma

/'ka:ma/ n. Buddhism & Hinduism person's actions in previous lives, believed to decide his or her fate in future existences. [Sanskrit, = action, fate]

Roman Empire. [Latin Caesar] kalashnikov /ka'laeJni.kDf/ n.

kaleidoscope /ka'laide.skaup/ n.

karabiner link used

2

kauri

/kau'n/

n. (pi. -s)

coniferous

New

Zealand tree yielding timber and resin. [Maori]

kayak

/'kaiaek/ n. 1

Eskimo one-man

canoe of wood and sealskins. 2 small covered canoe. [Eskimo] kazoo /ka'zu:/ n. toy musical instru-

ment

into which the player sings or [origin uncertain] abbr. Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. abbr. King's Counsel. kc/s abbr. kilocycles per second.

hums,

KBE KC

/'ki:a, 'keia/ n. New Zealand parrot with brownish-green and red plumage.

kea

[Maori, imitative]

kebab

/ki'baeb/ n. pieces of

meat, veget-

cooked on a skewer (cf. DONER KEBAB, SHISH KEBAB). [Urdu from ables,

etc.

Arabic]

kedge -u.

(-ging)

hawser attached

move

1

move (a

ship) with a

to a small anchor. 2 (of

way. -n. (in full kedge-anchor) small anchor for this a ship)

in this

purpose, [origin uncertain] dish offish, rice, hard-boiled eggs, etc. [Hindi] keel - n. main lengthwise member of the base of a ship etc. -v. 1 (often foil, by over) (cause to) fall down or over. 2 turn

kedgeree /,ked3a'ri:/ n.

on an even keel keel upwards. steady; balanced. [Old Norse] keelhaul v. 1 drag (a person) under the keel of a ship as a punishment. 2 scold or rebuke severely.

keen uncertain]

keen

1

adj. 1 enthusiastic, eager. 2 (foil, of. 3 (of the senses) sharp. 4 intellectually acute. 5 (of a knife etc.) sharp. 6 (of a sound, light, etc.) penetrating, vivid. 7 (of a wind etc.) piercingly cold. 8 (of a pain etc.) acute. 9 (of a price) competitive. keenly adv. keenness n. [Old English] keen 2 -n. Irish wailing funeral song. -v. (often foil, by over, for) wail mournfully, esp. at a funeral. [Irish caoine from caoinim wail] keep -v. (past and past part, kept) 1 have continuous charge of; retain possession of. 2 (foil, by for) retain or reserve for (a future time) (kept it for later). 3 retain or remain in a specified condition, position, place, etc. (keep

by on) enthusiastic about, fond

keep out; keep them happy; knives are kept here). 4 (foil, by from) restrain, hold back. 5 detain (what kept you?). 6 observe, honour, or respect (a law, custom, commitment, secret, etc.) (keep one's word; keep the sabbath). 7 own and look after (animals). 8 a clothe, feed, maintain, etc. (a person, oneself, etc.). b (foil, by in) maintain (a person) with a supply of. 9 carry on; manage (a business etc.). 10 maintain (a diary, house, accounts, etc.) regularly and in proper order. 11 normally have on sale (do you keep buttons?). 12 guard or protect (a person or place). 13 preserve (keep order). 14 (foil, by verbal noun) continue; repeat habitually (keeps telling me). 15 continue to follow (a way or cool;

course). 16 a (esp. of food) remain in good condition, b (of news etc.) not suffer from delay in telling. 17 (often foil, by to) remain in (one's bed, room, etc.). 18 maintain (a person) as one's mistress etc. (kept woman), -n. 1 maintenance, food, etc. (hardly earn your keep). 2 hist, tower, esp. the central stronghold of a castle. for keeps

permanently, indefinitely, how are you keeping? how are you? keep at

colloq.

(cause to) persist with,

keep away

by from) avoid, prevent from being near, keep back 1 remain or keep

(often

Kenyan

484

ship's floor-timbers to its keel, [origin

foil,

at a distance. 2 retard the progress of. 3

conceal. 4 withhold (kept back £50). keep down 1 hold in subjection. 2 keep low in amount. 3 stay hidden. 4 not vomit (food eaten), keep one's hair on see hair, keep one's hand in see hand. keep in with remain on good terms with, keep off 1 (cause to) stay away from. 2 ward off. 3 abstain from. 4 avoid (a subject) (let's keep off religion), keep on 1 continue; do continually (kept on laughing). 2 continue to employ. 3 (foil.

keep out 1 keep or remain outside. 2 exclude, keep to 1 adhere to (a

by

at) nag.

course, promise, etc.). 2 confine oneself to. keep to oneself 1 avoid contact with others. 2 keep secret, keep track of see track, keep under repress, keep up 1 maintain (progress, morale, etc.). 2 keep in repair etc. 3 carry on (a correspondence etc.). 4 prevent from going to bed. 5 (often foil, by with) not fall behind, keep

up with the Joneses compete

socially

with one's neighbours. [Old English] keeper n. 1 person who looks after or is in charge of animals, people, or a thing. 2 custodian of a museum, forest, etc. 3 a = WICKET-KEEPER, b = GOALKEEPER. 4 a sleeper in a pierced ear. b ring that keeps another on the finger, keep-fit n. regular physical exercises, keeping n. 1 custody, charge (in safe keeping). 2 agreement, harmony (esp. in or out of keeping (with)). keepsake n. souvenir, esp. of a person, keg n. small barrel. [Old Norse] keg beer n. beer kept in a metal keg

under pressure.

kelp

n. 1 large brown seaweed suitable manure. 2 its calcined ashes, formerly a source of sodium, potassium,

for

etc. [origin

kelpie

unknown]

/'kelpi/

n.

Scot.

1

malevolent

water-spirit, usu. in the form of a horse. 2 Australian sheepdog, [origin

unknown]

kelson

var. of keelson. var. of Celt. salmon or sea trout after spawning, [origin unknown] kelter var. of kilter. kelvin /'kelvm/ n. SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. [Kelvin, name of a physicist] Kelvin scale n. scale of temperature with zero at absolute zero. ken -n. range of knowledge or sight (beyond my ken), -v. (-nn-; past and past part, kenned or kent) Scot. & N.Engl. 1 recognize at sight. 2 know. [Old English, = make known: related to

Kelt

kelt

CAN

n.

1

]

kendo

/'kendau/ n. Japanese fencing two-handed bamboo swords. [Japanese, = sword-way]

with

kennel

/'ken(a)l/ -n. 1 small shelter for a dog. 2 (in pi.) breeding or boarding place for dogs. -v. (-11-; US -1-) put into or keep in a kennel. [French chenil from Latin canis dog] kent past and past part, of ken. Kenyan /'kenjan/ -adj. of Kenya in E. Africa, -n. 1 native or* national of Kenya. 2 person of Kenyan descent.

kepi kepi

kg

485

French military

/'keipi/ n. (pi. -s)

cap with a horizontal peak. [French kepi]

kept past and past part, of keep. keratin /'keratin/ n. fibrous protein

in hair, feathers, hooves, claws, horns, etc. [Greek keras kerat- horn] kerb n. stone edging to a pavement or raised path. [var. of curb]

for solving a cipher or code, c explanatory list of symbols used in a map, table, etc. 8 Mus. system of notes related to each other and based on a particular note (key of C major). 9 tone or style of

thought or expression. 10 piece of wood or metal inserted between and securing

/'k3:n(a)l/ n. 1 (usu. soft) edible

others. 11 coat of wall plaster between the laths securing other coats. 12 roughness of a surface helping the adhesion of plaster etc. 13 winged fruit of the sycamore etc. 14 device for making or breaking an electric circuit, —v. (keys, keyed) 1 (foil, by in, on, etc.) fasten with a pin, wedge, bolt, etc. 2 (often foil, by in) enter (data) by means of a keyboard. 3 roughen (a surface) to help the adhesion of plaster etc. 4 (foil, by to) align or link keyed up (one thing to another). tense, nervous, excited. [Old English] 2 key /ki:/ n. low-lying island or reef, esp. in the W. Indies. [Spanish cayo] keyboard -n. 1 set of keys on a typewriter, computer, piano, etc. 2 electronic musical instrument with keys arranged as on a piano. — v. enter (data) by means of a keyboard. keyboarder

centre within the hard shell of a nut, whole seed of a cereal. 3 essence of anything. [Old Eng1 lish: related to corn ]

keyhole n. hole in a door etc. for a key. keyhole surgery n. colloq. minimally

kerb-crawling

colloq.

n.

driving

slowly in order to engage a prostitute. drill n. precautions before crossing a road. kerbstone n. stone forming part of a

kerb

kerb.

kerchief /'k3:tjif/

headscarf, neck-

n. 1

erchief. 2 poet, handkerchief. [AngloFrench courchef: related to cover,

chief]

kerfuffle /ka'fAf(a)l/

n. colloq. fuss,

com-

motion, [originally Scots] kermes /'k3:miz/ n. 1 female of an insect with a berry-like appearance. 2 (in full kermes oak) evergreen oak on which this feeds. 3 red dye made from these insects dried. [Arabic]

kernel

fruit stone, seed, etc. 2

kerosene /'kera,si:n/ n. (also kerosine) esp. US fuel oil for use in jet engines, boilers, etc.; paraffin

oil.

[Greek keros

kestrel

/'kestr(a)l/

n.

small hovering

invasive surgery carried out through a very small incision.

Keynesian

/'keinzian/ adj. of the ecoJ. M. Keynes, esp. State intervention in the

small two-masted sailing-boat, [probably from catch] ketchup /ketjAp/ n. (US catsup /'kaetsap/) spicy esp. tomato sauce used as a condiment. [Chinese] ketone /'ki:taun/ n. any of a class of organic compounds including propanone (acetone). [German Keton, alteration of Aketon acetone] n.

kettle /'ket(a)l/ n. vessel for boiling water in. a different kettle offish a different matter altogether, a fine (or pretty) kettle offish iron, an awkward state of affairs. [Old Norse]

kettledrum

n.

large

bowl-shaped

drum. /ki:/

-n.

(pi.

-s)

1

regarding

economy.

falcon, [origin uncertain]

ketch

key

n. (in

nomic theories of

wax]

1

sense 1 of n.). keyboardist sense 2 of n.). n. (in

(usu. metal)

instrument for moving the bolt of a lock. 2 similar implement for operating a switch. 3 instrument for grasping screws, nuts, etc., or for winding a clock etc. 4 (often in pi.) finger-operated but-

ton or lever on a typewriter, piano, computer terminal, etc. 5 means of advance, access, etc. (key to success). 6 (attrib.) essential (key element). 7 a solution or explanation, b word or system

keynote

n. 1 (esp. attrib.) prevailing tone or idea, esp. in a speech, conference, etc. 2 Mus. note on which a key is based. keypad n. miniature keyboard etc. for a portable electronic device, telephone,

etc.

keypunch

-rc. device for recording data by means of punched holes or notches on cards or paper tape. — v. record (data) thus. key-ring n. ring for keeping keys on. key signature n. Mus. any of several combinations of sharps or flats indicating the key of a composition. keystone n. 1 central principle of a system, policy, etc. 2 central locking stone in an arch. keystroke n. single depression of a key on a keyboard, esp. as a measure of

work.

keyword

n. 1

key

to a

cipher

word of great significance, b word used in indexing.

KG

etc. 2 a significant

abbr. Knight of the Order of the Garter. kg abbr. kilogram(s).

KGB KGB

kiln

486

State security police of the former USSR. [Russian abbreviation. = committee of State security] khaki ka:ki -adj. dull brownishyellow, -n. (pi. -s) 1 khaki fabric or 2 brownish-yellow uniform. dull colour. [Urdu. = dusty] khan ka:n n. title of rulers and officials in Central Asia. Afghanistan, etc. khanate n. [Turki. = lord] kHz abbr. kilohertz. kibbutz ki'buts n. (pi. kibbutzim n.

communal

farming settlement in Israel. [Hebrew. = gathering] kibosh kaiboj n. slang nonsense, z put the kibosh on put an end to. [origin -'tsi:m

)

esp.

unknown] kick -v. 1

kiddo

'kidau

n. (pi. -s)

kidnap a

unknown] illegal)

colloq.

n.

payment

1

recoil.

2

(usu.

for help or favours,

esp. in business.

kick-off n. Football

start or

resumption

of a match.

kickstand

n.

rod for supporting a

bi-

cycle or motor cycle when stationary. kick-start -n. (also kick-starter) device to start the engine of a motor cycle etc. by the downward thrust of a pedal. —v. stan ( a motor cycle etc.) in this way. kid -n. 1 young goat. 2 leather from this. 3 colloq. child.

-v. (-dd-) (of a goat)

handle with kid gloves

give birth.

treat carefully. [Old Norse] kid- v. (also refl.) (dd) colloq. deceive,

tease (don't kid yourself, only kidding), no kidding slang that is the truth, [origin uncertain] trick,

kiddie

kidi

slang = kid

1

n.

n. 3.

(also

kiddy;

(pi.

-ies)

n.

1

,

unknown]

kidney bean

n.

red-skinned

dried

bean.

kidney machine

n.

machine able to damaged

take over the function of a kidney.

kill -i\

kickback

-p-)

1

by at. against) protest at: rebel against. 3 slang give up (a habit). 4 (often foil, by out etc.) expel or dismiss forcibly. 5 refl. be annoyed with oneself. 6 Football score (a goal) by a kick. -n. 1 kicking action or blow. 2 colloq. a sharp stimulant effect, esp. of alcohol, b (often in pi. ) thrill (did it for kicks). 3 strength, resilience (no kick left). 4 colloq. specified temporary interest (on a jogging kick). 5 recoil of a gun when fired, z kick about (or around) colloq. 1 a drift idly from place to place, b be unused or unwanted. 2 a treat roughly, b discuss

,

US

abduct (a (-pp-; person etc.), esp. to obtain a ransom. 2 kidnapper n. [from steal (a child). kid nap = NAB] kidney kidni n. (pi. -s) 1 either of two organs in the abdominal cavity of vertebrates which remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood and excrete urine. 2 animal's kidney as food, [origin

kidney-shaped

unsystematically. kick the bucket slang die. kick one's heels see heel. kick off 1 a Football start or resume a match, b colloq. begin. 2 remove (shoes etc.) by kicking, kick over the traces see trace kick up (or kick up a fuss, dust, etc.) colloq. create a disturbance; object, kick a person upstairs dispose of a person by promotion etc. [origin

1

3.

strike, strike out. or propel forcibly, with the foot or hoof. 2 (often

foil,

slang = kid

adj. having one side concave and the other convex.

1 (also absol.) deprive of life or cause death or the death of. 2 destroy (feelings etc.). 3 refl. colloq. a overexert oneself (don't kill yourself trying), b laugh heartily. 4 colloq. overwhelm with amusement. 5 switch off (a light, engine, etc.). 6 Computing colloq. delete. 7 colloq. cause pain or discomfort to (my feet are killing me). 8 pass (time, or a specified period) usu. while waiting (an hour to kill before the interview). 9 defeat (a bill in Parliament). 10 a Tennis etc. hit (the ball) so that it cannot be returned, b stop (the ball) dead. 1 1 make ineffective (taste, sound, pain, etc.) (carpet killed the sound), -n. 1 act of killing (esp. in hunting). 2 animal(s) killed, esp. by a hunter. 3 colloq. destruction or

vitality:

disablement of an enemy aircraft etc. z dressed to kill dressed showily or alluringly, in at the kill present at a successful conclusion, kill off 1 destroy completely. 2 (of an author) bring about the death of (a fictional character), kill or cure (usu. attrib.) (of a remedy etc.)

two birds with one stone achieve two aims at once, kill with kindness spoil with overdrastic, extreme, kill

indulgence, [perhaps related to quell] n. 1 a person, animal, or thing that kills, b murderer. 2 colloq. a impressive, formidable, or excellent thing, b hilarious joke. killer instinct n. 1 innate tendency to kill. 2 ruthless streak. killer whale n. dolphin with a prominent dorsal fin. killing -n. 1 a causing of death, b instance of this. 2 colloq. great (esp. financial) success (make a killing). -adj. colloq. 1 very funny. 2 exhausting, killjoy n. gloomy or censorious person. esp. at a party etc. kiln n. furnace or oven* for burning, baking, or drying, esp. for calcining

killer

kilo

kilobyte (i.e.

2

)

Computing 1,024 bytes as a measure of memory /'kila.bait/ n.

some extent (/ kind of a kind of loosely resem-

kind of colloq.

expected it), bling (he's a kind of doctor). [Old English]

Usage kinds of kind of.

kilocycle

= large

/'kila,saik(8)l/

n.

kilo-

hist,

hertz. /'kila.graem/ n. (also SI unit of mass, approx. 2.205

-gramme)

/'kil9,h3:ts/

n.

1,000

hertz,

1,000 cycles per second,

kind-heartedly adv. kind-

n.

(US

-liter)

1,000 litres (220 imperial gallons). /'kila,mi:t8(r), ki'lomita(r)/

kilometre

(US -meter) 1,000 metres (approx. 0.62 kilometric /.kila'metrik/ adj. miles). n.

Usage The second

pronunciation given, with the stress on the second syllable, is considered incorrect by people. /

kila.tAn/ n. (also

unit of explosive 1,000 tons of TNT.

kilovolt

kilotonne)

power equivalent

to

/'kila.volt/ n. 1,000 volts.

kilowatt /'kila.wot/ n. 1,000 watts. kilowatt-hour n. electrical energy equivalent to a power consumption of 1,000 watts for one hour. kilt -n. pleated knee-length usu. tartan skirt, traditionally

worn by Highland

1 tuck up (the skirts) round the body. 2 (esp. as kilted adj.) gather in vertical pleats. [Scandinavian] kilter /'kilta(r)/ n. (also kelter /'kel-/) good working order (esp. out of kilter).

men. -v.

[origin

unknown]

kimono

/ki'maunau/ n. (pi. -s) 1 long sashed Japanese robe. 2 similar dressing-gown. [Japanese]

kin

-n. one's relatives or family. -predic. adj. related. [Old English]

-kin

suffix

forming diminutive nouns

(catkin; manikin). [Dutch] kind /kamd/ -n. 1 race,

species, or

natural group of animals, plants,

(human

(-ling) 1 light, catch, 2 arouse or inspire. 3

[Old

kindling n. small sticks etc. for lighting fires.

kindly

foods. /'kil9,li:ta(r)/

fire.

become aroused or animated. Norse]

kilojoule /'kila,d3u:l/ n. 1,000 joules, esp. as a measure of the energy value of kilolitre

class

heartedness n. kindle /'kmd(a)l/ v. or set on

lb.

kilohertz

n.

or school for very young children. [German, = children's garden] kind-hearted adj. of a kind disposition.

kilogram

some

In sense 2 of the noun, these usually preferred to these

is

1

/'kila.kaelan/ n.

calorie (see calorie).

kiloton

to

kindergarten /'kmd8 ga:t(8)n/

size etc.

kilocalorie

m

king

487

lime or firing pottery etc. [Old English from Latin culina kitchen] kilo /'ki:lao7 n. (pi. -s) kilogram. [French, abbreviation] kilo- comb, form 1,000 (esp. in metric units). [Greek khilioi]

etc.

kind). 2 class, type, sort, variety. 3 natural way, fashion, etc. (true to kind), -adj. (often foil, by to) friendly, in kind 1 in generous, or benevolent. the same form, likewise (was insulted and replied in kind). 2 (of payment) in goods or labour, not money. 3 character, quality (differ in degree but not in kind).

adv. 1 in a kind manner (spoke kindly). 2 often iron, please (kindly go 1

away), z look kindly sympathetically, pleased by; like.

upon regard

take kindly to be

kindly 2

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 kind, kindhearted. 2 (of a climate etc.) pleasant, mild. kindlily adv. kindliness n. kindness n. 1 being kind. 2 kind act. kindred /'kindnd/ -adj. related, allied, or similar, -n. 1 one's relations collectively. 2 blood relationship. 3 resemblance in character. [Old English, = kinship] kindred spirit n. person like or in

sympathy with

oneself.

kinematics

/.kini'maetiks/ n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects kinewithout reference to cause.

matic

adj.

[Greek

kinema

-matos

motion]

kinetic

/ki'netik/

adj.

of or due

to

kinetically adv. [Greek motion. kineo move] kinetic art n. sculpture etc. designed to

move. kinetic energy n. energy of motion. kinetics n.pl. 1 = dynamics la. 2 (usu. treated as sing.) branch of physical chemistry measuring and studying the rates of chemical reactions. n. 1 (as a title usu. King) male sovereign, esp. a hereditary ruler. 2 preeminent person or thing (oil king). 3 (attrib.) large (or the largest) kind of plant, animal, etc. (king penguin). 4 Chess piece which must be checkmated for a win. 5 crowned piece in draughts. 6 court-card depicting a king. 7 (the King) national anthem when the sovereign is male. kingly adj. kingship n. [Old English]

king

King Charles spaniel King Charles spaniel

n.

small black

and tan spaniel.

kingcup n marsh

marigold. kingdom n. 1 territory or State ruled by a king or queen. 2 spiritual reign or sphere of God. 3 domain. 4 division of the natural world {plant kingdom). 5 specified sphere {kingdom of the heart). [Old English] kingdom come n. colloq. the next world. kingfisher n. small bird with brightly coloured plumage, diving for fish etc. King of Arms n. a chief herald.

king of beasts n. lion. king of birds n. eagle. kingpin n. 1 main, large,

or vertical person or

bolt, esp. as a pivot. 2 essential

thing.

king-post n. upright post from the tiebeam of a roof to the apex of a truss. King's Counsel n. = Queen's Counsel.

King's King's King's King's

English n. = Queen's English. evidence see evidence.

Guide n. = Queen's Guide. highway n. = Queen's high-

way. king-size

very large. = Queen's Proc-

adj. (also -sized)

King's Proctor

n.

tor.

King's Scout

kink -n.1a wave

tight

n.

= Queen's Scout. bend in wire etc. b mental twist or

twist or

in hair. 2

quirk, esp. when perverse. -v. (cause to) form a kink. [Low German or Dutch]

kinky

a sexually perverted or unconventional, b (of clothing etc.) bizarre and sexually provocative. 2 having kinks, z kinkily adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 colloq.

ness:

n. 1

relations, blood relationship. 2 like-

sympathy.

kinsman

n. (fern,

kinswoman)

relation. 2 relation

1

blood

by marriage.

Usage Use of kinsman in sense 2 considered incorrect by some people.

is

ki:Dsk/ n. 1 light open-fronted booth selling food, newspapers, tickets, etc. 2 telephone box. [Turkish from

Persian]

kip slang -n.

1 sleep; nap. 2 bed or cheap lodgings, —v. (-pp-) (often foil, by down) sleep, [cf. Danish kippe mean hut] kipper 'kip9(r) -n. fish, esp. a herring, split, salted, dried, and usu. smoked, -u. cure (a herring etc.) thus, [origin uncer-

tain] k3:(r) n.

de cassis.

n. (also Kirbigrip propr.) type of sprung hairgrip. [Kir by, name of the manufacturer] kirk n. Scot. & N.Engl. 1 church. 2 (the Kirk or the Kirk of Scotland) Church

of

Norse

[Old

Scotland.

=

kirkja

CHURCH]

Kirk-session n. lowest court in the Church of Scotland. kirsch /kiaJV n. brandy distilled from cherries. [German, = cherry] /'kizmet/ n. destiny, fate. [Turkish from Arabic] kiss -v. 1 touch with the lips, esp. as a sign of love, affection, greeting, or reverence. 2 (of two people) touch each others' lips in this way. 3 lightly touch. -n. 1 touch with the lips. 2 light touch, z kiss and tell recount one's sexual

kismet

exploits, kiss a person's arse coarse slang toady to. kiss the dust submit abjectly. [Old English] kiss-curl n. small curl of hair on the forehead, nape, etc. kisser n. 1 person who kisses. 2 slang

mouth; face. kiss of death n. apparent good luck etc. which causes ruin. kiss of life n. mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

kissogram gram propr.

n. (also Kissanovelty telegram or greeting delivered with a kiss. kit -n. 1 articles, equipment, etc. for a /

kisa.graem/

)

specific purpose (first-aid kit). 2 specialized, esp. sports, clothing or uniform

(football kit). 3 set of parts needed to assemble furniture, a model, etc. -v. (-tt-) (often foil, by out, up) equip with kit.

[Dutch]

kitbag

n.

large usu. cylindrical bag

kitchen /'kitjm/ n.

1

place

kit.

where food is

prepared and cooked. 2 kitchen fitments (half-price kitchens). [Latin coquina]

kitchenette

/.kitji'net/

n.

small

kit-

chen or cooking area. n. garden with veget-

kitchen garden

kiosk

kir

kirby-grip 'k3:bignp/

used for a soldier's or traveller's

kinkiness n. kinsfolk n.pl. one's blood adv.

kinship

kitten

488

dry white wine with creme

ables, fruit, herbs, etc.

kitchenware

n. cooking utensils. n. 1 light framework with a thin covering flown on a string in the wind. 2 soaring bird of prey. [Old English] Kitemark n. official kite-shaped mark on goods approved by the British Standards Institution. kith n. kith and kin friends and

kite

originally English, [Old 1 'knowledge': related to can ] vulgar, attrib.) n. (often /kit J/ worthless art. pretentious, or relations.

kitsch

kitschy adj. (-ier, -iest). [German] kitten /kit(a)n/ -n. youiig cat, ferret, etc.

-v. (of a cat etc.) give birth

(to).

kittenish

be very upset or anxious. [Anglo-French diminutive of chat cat] kittenish adj. playful, lively, or colloq.

flirtatious.

kittiwake 'km weik

n.

a kind of small

kitty for

fund of money

/'kiti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

communal

use. 2 pool in

some

card-

games, [origin unknown]

kitty 2

'kiti' n.

(pi.

-ies) childish

name

for a kitten or cat.

kiwi billed

"ki:wi:

n. (pi. -s) 1

flightless long-

New Zealand bird. 2 (Kiwi) colloq.

New kiwi

Zealander. [Maori] fruit n. green-fleshed fruit of a climbing plant. kJ abbr. kilojoule(s). kl abbr. kilolitre(s). Klaxon 'klaeks(a)n n. propr. horn or warning hooter. [name of the

manufacturer]

Kleenex

'kli:neks n. (pi same or -es) propr. disposable paper handkerchief. ,klepta'memia n. obsessive apparently motiveless urge to steal.

kleptomania

kleptomaniac [Greek kleptes

-ni.aek

n.

&

adj.

n.pl.

close-fitting

trousers to the knee or just below. -n. 1 convex bone in front of the knee. 2 protective covering for the knee. -r. (-pp-) slang (of a terrorist) shoot (a person) in the knee or leg as a

kneecap

knee-deep

adj. 1 (usu. foil, by in) a to the knees, b deeply involved. 2 so deep as to reach the knees. knee-high adj. so high as to reach the knees. knee-jerk n. 1 sudden involuntary kick caused by a blow on the tendon just below the knee. 2 (attrib.) predictable, automatic, stereotyped. kneel v. (past and past part, knelt nelt or esp. US kneeled) fall or rest on the knees or a knee. [Old English: related to

immersed up

KNEE]

knee-length adj. reaching the knees, kneeler n. 1 cushion for kneeling on. 2 person who kneels. knees-up n. colloq. lively party or gathering.

knell -n.

1 sound of a bell, esp. for a or funeral. 2 announcement, event, etc., regarded as an ill omen. -v. 1 ring a knell. 2 proclaim bv or as bv a knell. [Old English] knelt past and past part, of kneel. past of know. knickerbocker 'nika,boka(r) n. (in

death

thief]

km abbr.

kilometre(s). knack n. 1 acquired faculty or trick of doing a thing. 2 habit (a knack of offending people), [origin unknown] knacker -n. buyer of useless horses etc. for slaughter, or of old houses, ships, etc. for the materials, —v. slang (esp. as knackered adj.) exhaust, wear out. [origin unknown] knapsack 'naepsaek n. soldier's or hiker's usu. canvas bag carried on the back. [German knappen bite, sack ] knapweed 'naepwi:d n. plant with thistle-like purple flowers, [from knop ornamental knob or tuft] knave n. 1 rogue, scoundrel. 2 = jack n. 2. ~ knavery n. (pi. -ies). knavish adj. 1

[Old English, originally = boy, servant] v. 1 a work into a dough, paste, etc. by pummelling, b make (bread, pottery, etc.) thus. 2 massage (muscles etc.) as if kneading. [Old English] knee -n. 1 a (often attrib.) joint between the thigh and the lower leg in humans, b corresponding joint in other animals, c area around this, d lap (sat on his knee). 2 part of a garment covering the knee. —v. (knees, kneed, kneeing) 1 touch or strike with the knee (kneed him in the groin). 2 colloq. make (trousers) bulge at the knee, bring a person (or thing) to his (or her or its) knees reduce to submission or a state of weakness. [Old English] knee-bend n. bending of the knee, esp. as a physical exercise.

knead

knee-breeches

punishment.

seagull, [imitative of its cry] 1

knight

489

have kittens

knew

pi.) loose-fitting

the knee or

breeches gathered

calf, [the

pseudonym

of

at

W.

Irving, author of History' of New York]

Knickerbocker Glory served with fruit

knickers

n.pl.

etc. in

n.

ice

cream

a tall glass.

woman's or girl's under-

garment for the lower torso, [abbreviaKNICKERBOCKER]

tion Of

knick-knack

'niknaek

n.

(also nick-

nack) trinket or small dainty ornament etc.

[from knack in the obsolete sense

'trinket']

knife -n.

(pi. knives) 1 metal blade for cutting or as a weapon, with usu. one long sharp edge fixed in a handle. 2 cutting-blade in a machine. 3 (as the knife) surgical operation. -v. (-fing> cut at knife-point or stab with a knife. threatened with a knife or an ultimatum etc. get (or have got) one's knife into treat maliciously, persecute. [Old English] n. 1 knife-edge edge of a knife. 2 position of extreme danger or uncertainty. knife-pleat n. narrow flat usu. overlapping pleat on a skirt etc. knight nait -n. 1 man awarded a nonhereditary title (Sir) by a sovereign. 2 hist, a man. usu. noble, raised to honourable military rank after service

knight commander

commander

knight errant

n. 1 medieval knight in search of chivalrous adventures. 2 chivknightman. quixotic alrous or

errantry n. knit v. (-tt-; past and past part, knitted or (esp. in senses 2-A) knit) 1 (also absol.) a make (a garment etc.) by interlocking loops of esp. wool with knitting-

needles or a knitting-machine, b make (a plain stitch) in knitting {knit one,

purl one). 2 momentarily wrinkle (the forehead) or (of the forehead) become momentarily wrinkled. 3 (often foil, by together) make or become close or compact. 4 (often foil, by together) (of a broken bone) become joined; heal. knit up make or repair by knitting. knitter n. [Old English] knitting n. work being knitted.

knitting-machine

n.

machine

for

thin pointed rod used esp. in pairs for knitting by hand. knitwear n. knitted garments. knives pi. of knife. n.

rounded protuberance, esp. at the end or on the surface of a thing, e.g. 1

the handle of a door, drawer, a radio control, etc. 2 small piece (of butter etc.). with knobs on slang that and more

(same adj.

to you with knobs on). knobby knoblike adj. [Low German

knobbe knot, knob]

knobbly

knock down

strike (esp. a person) to the ground. 2 demolish. 3 (usu. foil, by

/'nDbli/ adj. (-ier, -iest)

and lumpy,

[knobble,

hard

diminutive of

knob]

1

to) (at an auction) sell (an article) to a bidder by a knock with a hammer. 4 colloq. lower the price of (an article). 5 US slang steal, knock off 1 strike off with a blow. 2 colloq. finish (work)

(knocked off at 5.30; knocked off work early). 3 colloq. produce (a work of art or do (a task) rapidly. 4 (often foil, by from) deduct (a sum) from a price etc. 5 slang steal. 6 coarse slang offens. have sexual intercourse with (a woman). 7 slang kill, knock on the head colloq. put an end to (a scheme etc.). knock on (or knock) wood US = touch wood. knock out 1 make unconscious by a blow on the head. 2 defeat (a boxer) by knocking him or her down for a count of 10. 3 defeat, esp. in a knockout competition. 4 slang astonish. 5 (often reft.) etc.)

colloq.

knock sideways colloq. knock spots off defeat

exhaust,

astonish, shock, easily,

knock together assemble

hast-

or roughly, knock up 1 make hast2 waken by a knock at the door. 3 esp. US slang make pregnant. 4 practise tennis etc. before formal play begins. [Old English] ily

ily.

knockabout

knitting.

knitting-needle

knob n.

knot

490

as a page and squire, b military follower, attendant, or lady's champion in a war or tournament. 3 man devoted to a cause, woman, etc. 4 Chess piece usu. shaped like a horse's head. -v. confer a knighthood n. knighthood on. knightly adj. poet. [Old English, originally = boyl knight see commander.

attrib. adj. 1 (of

comedy)

boisterous; slapstick. 2 (of clothes) hard-

wearing.

knock-down attrib.

adj.

1

overwhelm-

very low. 3 (of a price at auction) reserve. 4 (of furniture etc.)

ing. 2 (of a price)

and reassembled. hinged esp. metal instrument on a door for knocking with. 2 (in pi) coarse slang woman's breasts. knocking-shop n. slang brothel. knock knees n.pl. abnormal curvature of the legs inwards at the knee. easily dismantled

knocker

n. 1

knock-kneed

adj.

knock-on

effect n. secondary, incumulative effect. knockout n. 1 act of making unconscious by a blow. 2 (usu. attrib.) Boxing etc. such a blow. 3 competition in which the loser in each round is eliminated (also attrib/. knockout round). 4 colloq. outstanding or irresistible person or direct, or

knock

1 a strike with an audible sharp blow, b (often foil, by at) strike (a door etc.) to gain admittance. 2 make (a hole etc.) by knocking. 3 (usu. foil, by in,

out, off, etc.) drive (a thing, person, etc.)

by striking (knocked the ball into the hole; knocked those ideas out of him). 4 slang criticize. 5 a (of an engine) make a thumping or rattling noise, b = pink 3 6 coarse slang offens. = knock off 6.-n. 1 act or sound of knocking. 2 knocking sound in esp. an engine. knock about .

(or around) colloq. 1 strike repeatedly; treat roughly. 2 a wander aimlessly or

adventurously, b be present, esp. by chance (a cup knocking about somewhere), c (usu. foil, by with) be associated socially, knock back 1 slang eat or drink, esp. quickly. 2 slang disconcert.

thing.

knock -up knoll

n.

practice at tennis etc.

/naul/ n.

English] knot -n. 1

1

a

hillock,

mound. [Old

intertwining of rope,

string, hair, etc., so as to fasten, b set this (reef knot), c knotted ribbon etc. as an ornament, d tangle in hair, knitting, etc. 2 unit of a ship's or

method of

aircraft's speed, equivalent to one nautical mile per hour. 3 (usu. foil, by of)

cluster (knot of journatists). 4 bond, esp. of marriage. 5 hard lump of organic

knot hard mass in a tree-trunk where a branch grows out. b round cross-grained piece in timber marking this. 7 central point in a problem etc. -v. tissue. 6 a

in a knot. 2 entangle. 3 unite at a rate of knots colloq. very in knots colloq. baffle or confuse completely. [Old English] knot 2 n. small sandpiper, [origin (-tt-) 1 tie

closely,

fast, tie

unknown]

knotgrass

n. wild plant with creeping stems and small pink flowers. knot-hole n. hole in timber where a knot has fallen out.

knotty adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1 full of

knots. 2

puzzling {knotty problem).

know

/nau/ v. (past knew; past part. /naun/) 1 (often foil, by that, how, what, etc.) a have in the mind; have learnt; be able to recall (knows a lot about cars), b (also absol.) be aware of (a fact) (/ think he knows), c have a good command of (knew German; knows his tables). 2 be acquainted or friendly with. 3 a (often foil, by to + infin.) recognize; identify (/ knew him at once; knew them to be rogues), b (foil, by from) be able to distinguish (did not know him from Adam). 4 be subject to (joy knew no bounds). 5 have personal experience of (fear etc.). 6 (as known adj.) a publicly acknowledged (known

known

b Math, (of a quantity etc.) having a value that can be stated. 7 have understanding or knowledge. in the know colloq. knowing inside information, know of be aware of; have heard of (not that I know of), know one's own mind be decisive, not vacillate, know what's what have knowledge of the world, life,

fact),

you know

implying something generally known etc. (you know, the pub on the corner). 2 expression used as a gap-filler in conversation, you

etc.

colloq. 1

never know it is possible,

knowable

adj. [Old English]

know-all

person who claims everything. practical knowledge;

n. colloq.

or seems to

know

know-how natural

n.

skill.

knowing adj.

suggesting that one has inside information (a knowing look). 2 showing knowledge; shrewd. knowingly adv. 1 consciously; intentionally (wouldn't knowingly hurt him). 2 in a knowing manner (smiled knowingly). 1

knowledge /'nDlid3/ n.1a

(usu. foil, by of) awareness or familiarity (of or with a person or thing) (have no knowledge of that), b person's range of information. 2 foil, by of) understanding of a subject etc. (good knowledge of Greek). b sum of what is known (every branch of

a (usu.

kowtow

491

knowledge). as

I

:

to

my knowledge as far

know.

knowledgeable able)

adj. (also

well-informed;

knowledgeability ledgeably adv.

/

knowledg-

intelligent. 'biliti/

n.

know-

known past part,

of know. -n. 1 bone at a that connecting the finger to the hand. 2 a knee- or anklejoint of a quadruped, b this as a joint of meat, esp. of bacon or pork. —v. (-ling) strike, press, or rub with the knuckles.

knuckle

/'nAk(a)l/

finger-joint,

esp.

knuckle down

(often

apply oneself seriously

knuckle under)

(also

[Low German knoke bone]

foil,

by

to) 1

(to a task etc.). 2

submit. or Dutch diminutive of give

in;

knuckleduster

n. metal guard worn over the knuckles in fighting, esp. in order to inflict greater damage. knuckle sandwich n. slang punch in

the mouth. n. small projecting knob, ridge, etc. [Low German or Dutch] abbr. knockout,

knurl

KO

koala

/kau'a:la/ n. (in full koala bear) small Australian bearlike marsupial with thick grey fur. [Aboriginal] kohl /kaul/ n. black powder used as eye make-up, esp. in Eastern countries.

[Arabic]

kohlrabi

/kaul'raibi/ n. (pi. -bies) cab-

bage with an edible turnip-like swollen stem. [German, from Italian cavolo rapa]

kola

var. of cola.

kolkhoz

/kaI'xoiz/ n. collective

farm

in

the former USSR. [Russian] koodoo var. of kudu. kook n. US slang crazy or eccentric kooky adj. (-ier, -iest). person. [probably from cuckoo] kookaburra /'kuka.bAra/ n. Australian kingfisher with a strange laughing cry. [Aboriginal] kopek (also kopeck) var. of copeck.

koppie small

/'kDpi/

n.

(also

kopje) S.Afr.

[Afrikaans koppie little head] /k3.'ra:n/ n. Islamic sacred book.

hill.

Koran

[Arabic, = recitation]

Korean

/ka'rian/ -n. 1 native or national of N. or S. Korea. 2 language of Korea, -adj. of Korea, its people, or

language.

kosher

/'kauja(r)/ -adj. 1 (of food or a food-shop) fulfilling the requirements of Jewish law. 2 colloq. correct, genuine, legitimate, -n. kosher food or shop. [Hebrew, = proper] kowtow /kau'tau/ -n. hist. Chinese custom of kneeling with the forehead

k.p.h.

sequiously. 2 hist, perform the kowtow. [Chinese. knock the head] k.p.h. abbr. kilometres per hour. Kr symb. krypton. kraal kra:l n. S.Afr. 1 village of huts enclosed by a fence. 2 enclosure for cattle or sheep. [Afrikaans from Portuguese curral, of Hottentot origin]

Kraut

/kraut/ n. slang offens. [shortening of sauerkraut]

German,

kremlin

/'kremlin,' n. 1 (the Kremlin) Moscow, b Russian Government housed within it. 2 citadel within a

a citadel in

Russian town. [Russian] krill n. tiny planktonic crustaceans. [Norwegian kril tiny fish]

krona

/'krauna/ n. 1 (pi kronor) chief monetary unit of Sweden. 2 (pi kronur) chief monetary unit of Iceland. [Swedish and Icelandic, = crown] krone /'krauna/ n. (pi kroner) chief monetary unit of Denmark and Nor= way. [Danish and Norwegian, crown]

krugerrand

/'kru:ga,ra:nt/

n.

S.

Af-

rican gold coin. [Kruger, name of a S. African statesman] /'krAmho:n/ n. (also crumhorn) medieval wind instrument.

krummhorn [German]

krypton

kyle

4\n

touching the ground, esp. in submission. -t>. 1 (usu. foil, by to) act ob-

/'kriptnn/ n. inert gaseous element used in fluorescent lamps etc. [Greek krupto hide]

Kt. abbr. Knight, kt. abbr. knot. symb. kurchatovium.

Ku

kudos

/'kjiudus/

n.

colloq.

glory;

re-

nown. [Greek]

kudu

,'ku:du:/

n.

(also

koodoo)

(pi

same or

-s)

stripes

and corkscrew-shaped ridged

African antelope with white

horns. [Xhosa]

Kufic

/'kju.fik/ (also

Cufic) -n. early

angular form of the Arabic alphabet used esp. in decorative inscriptions. —adj. of or in this script, [from Kufa, city in Iraq]

Ku Klux Klan

/.kuiklAks'klaen/ n. racist society in the southern US. [origin uncertain]

secret

White

kummel

!

n. sweet liqueur / kum(a)l/ flavoured with caraway and cumin seeds. [German: related to cumin]

kumquat

/'kAmkwnt/ n. (also cumquat) 1 small orange-like fruit. 2 shrub or small tree yielding this. [Chinese kin kii gold orange] kung fu /kAn 'fu:/ n. Chinese form of karate. [Chinese] /,k3.tja'tauviam/ n. = rutherfordium. [Kurchatov, name of a Russian physicist]

kurchatovium

kV abbr.

kilovolt(s).

kW abbr. kilowatt(s).

kWh abbr. kilowatt-hour(s). kyle

/kail/ n. (in

Scotland) narrow chan-

nel, strait. [Gaelic caol strait]

L L

el n. (also 1) {pi Ls or L's) 1 twelfth letter of the alphabet. 2 (as a roman

labourer

numeral)

Labour Exchange

L

1

50.

2

abbr. (also L.) 1 learner driver. 2 Lake. 1 abbr. (also L) 1 left. 2 line. 3 litre(s). £ abbr. pound(s) (money). [Latin libra] abbr. Los Angeles.

LA

La symb. lanthanum, la var. of lah. Lab. abbr. Labour. lab n. label

etc. n.

(pi

-ies)

room, building, or establishment for scientific experiments, research, chemical manufacture, etc. [Latin: related to laborious] laborious la'boxias adj. 1 needing hard work or toil. 2 (esp. of literary laboristyle) showing signs of toil. ously adv. [Latin: related to labour]

labour

Labour Party n.

colloq.

or

hist.

to

formed represent the interests of working political party

people.

Labrador

1

la'bDratarr

work for wages.

to

reduce

or eliminate work.

piece of paper etc. attached to an object to give information about it. 2 short classifying phrase applied to a person etc. 3 logo, title, or trademark of a company, -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 attach a label to. 2 (usu. foil, by as) assign to a category. 3 replace (an atom) by an atom of a usu. radioactive isotope as a means of identification. [French] labial 'leibial - adj. 1 a of the lips, b of, like, or serving as a lip. 2 (of a sound) requiring partial or complete closure of the lips. -n. labial sound (e.g. p, m, v). [Latin labia lips] labium 'leibiam n. (pi. labia) (usu. in pi) each fold of skin of the two pairs enclosing the vulva. [Latin. = lip] labor etc. US & Austral, var. of labour

laboratory

n.

employment exchange.

labour-saving adj. designed

colloq. laboratory, [abbreviation]

leib(9)l -n.

(US laborer) person doing

n.

unskilled, usu. manual,

'leiba(r) (US & Austral, labor) -n. 1 physical or mental work; exertion. 2 a workers, esp. manual, considered as a political and economic force, b (Labour) Labour Party. 3 process of childbirth. 4 particular task. -v. 1 work hard; exert oneself. 2 a elaborate needlessly (don't labour the point), b (as laboured adj.) done with great effort; not spontaneous. 3 (often foil, by under) suffer under (a delusion etc.). 4 proceed with trouble or difficulty. [French from Latin labor, -oris] labour camp n. prison camp enforcing a regime of hard labour. Labour Day n. May 1 (or in the US and Canada the first Monday in September), celebrated in honour of working people.

/'laebra.do^r)/ n. retriever of

a breed with a black or golden coat.

[Labrador in Canada]

laburnum

/la'b3:nanV n. tree with drooping golden flowers yielding pois-

onous seeds.

labyrinth

[Latin] 'laebannG;

network of passages

n. 1

complicated or

etc. 2 intricate

tangled arrangement. 3 the complex structure of the inner ear. laby-

rinthine /-'rmGain/

adj. [Latin from Greek] lac n. resinous substance secreted as a protective covering by a SE Asian insect.

[Hindustani]

lace -n. 1 fine open fabric or trimming, made by weaving thread in patterns. 2 cord etc. passed through holes or hooks for fastening shoes etc. -v. (-cing) 1 (usu. foil, by up) fasten or tighten with a lace or laces. 2 add spirits to (a drink). 3 (often foil, by through) pass (a shoelace etc.) through. [Latin laqueus noose] lacerate "laesa.reit/ v. (-ting) 1 mangle or tear (esp. flesh etc.). 2 cause pain to laceration etc.). feelings (the reij(8)n/ n. [Latin lacer torn] ,

lace-up -n. shoe fastened with a

lace.

-attrib. adj. (of a shoe etc.) fastened by a lace or laces. lachrymal laekrim(9)l adj. (also lacrimal) of or for tears (lacrimal duct). [Latin lacrima tear] /,

lachrymose

/

/'laekn.maus/ adj. formal

given to weeping; tearful. lack -n. (usu. foil, by of) want, deficiency, -u. be without or deficient in. [Low German or Dutch]

lackadaisical

/,laek9'deizik(a)l/

adj.

lackaunenthusiastic; listless; idle. [from archaic daisically adv. lackaday] lackey /'laeki/ n. (pi -s) 1 servile follower; toady. 2 footman, manservant. [Catalan alacay] lacking adj. absent or deficient (money was lacking; is lacking in determination).

lacklustre lacklustre tag

m

(US lackluster)

lack

1

vitality etc. 2 dull,

laconic lo'knnik adj. terse, using few words laconically adv. [Greek Lakon Spartan] 'laeka(r) -n. 1 varnish made of shellac or a synthetic substance. 2 substance sprayed on the hair to keep it in place, -v. coat with lacquer. [French lacre lac] lacrimal var. of lachrymal.

lacquer

lacrosse

game

/la'krDs/ n.

like hockey,

but with the ball carried in a crosse. [French la the, crosse]

lactate

1

laek'teit/

v.

(-ting) (of

mam-

mals) secrete milk, [as lactation] lactate 2 /'laekteit/ n. salt or ester of

milk. 2 LACTIC]

secretion of [Latin: related to

/laek'teiJXa)n/ n.

suckling.

1

lacteal /'laektial/ -adj. 1 of milk. 2 conveying chyle etc. -n. (in pi.) Anat. vessels which absorb fats. [Latin lacteus: related to lactic]

lactic

/'laektik/ adj.

of milk. [Latin lac

lactis milk] n.

acid formed esp. in sour

milk. /'laektaus/ n.

sugar that occurs

in milk.

lacuna or

/la'kjuina/ n. (pi.

lacunae

/-ni:/

gap. 2 missing portion etc., esp. ancient etc. [Latin: related to

-s) 1

in an LAKE lacy /'leisi/

MS

1

]

adj. (-ier, -iest) of or

bling lace fabric. lad n. 1 boy, youth. 2 colloq.

unknown] ladder -n.

1

resem-

chapel dedicated to the

Virgin Mary.

Lady Day n.

Feast of the Annunciation,

25 Mar.

lady-in-waiting queen or princess. n.

lady attending a

n.

habitual

seducer

of

women. ladylike adj. like or befitting a lady, ladyship n. her (or your) ladyship respectful to

form of reference or address

a Lady.

lady's man var. of ladies' man. lady's slipper n. plant of the orchid family with a slipper-shaped lip on its

man.

[origin

set of horizontal bars fixed

unravelled stitching in a stocking etc. 3 hierarchical structure, esp. as a means of career advancement, -l>. 1 cause a ladder in (a stocking etc.). 2 develop a ladder. [Old English] ladder-back n. upright chair with a back resembling a ladder. lade v. (-ding; past part, laden) 1 a load (a ship), b ship (goods). 2 (as laden adj.) (usu. foil, by with) loaded, burdened.

unknown] lager /'la:ga(r)/

n. a kind of light vescent beer. [German, = store]

effer-

youth behaving badly as a result of heavy drinking. laggard /'laegod/ n. person who lags n.

colloq.

behind.

lagging

n. material used to lag a boiler against loss of heat. lagoon /la'gu:n/ n. stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a sandbank, reef, etc. [Latin lacuna pool] lah /la:/ n. (also la) Mus. sixth note of a major scale. [Latin labii, word arbitrarily taken] laid past and past part, of lay 1 laid-back adj. relaxed; easygoing, laid paper n. paper with the surface

etc.

.

marked

in fine ribs.

up adj. 1 confined to bed or the house. 2 (of a ship) out of service. lain past part, of lie 1 lair n. 1 wild animal's resting-place. 2 person's hiding-place. [Old English] laird n. Scot, landed proprietor, [from lord] laid

[Old English] /,la:di'da:/ adj.

1 (-gg-) fall behind; not keep pace. -n. delay, [origin uncertain] 2 lag —v. (-gg-) enclose in heat-insulating material, —n. insulating cover. [Old Norse] lag3 n. slang habitual convict, [origin

lag —v.

lager lout

between two uprights and used for climbing up or down. 2 vertical strip of

la-di-da

black spots.

Lady chapel n.

flowers.

lactic acid

lactose

status or as having refined manners, b (Lady) title of peeresses, female relatives of peers, the wives and widows of knights, etc. 2 (often attrib.) woman; female (ask that lady; lady butcher). 3 colloq, wife, girlfriend. 4 ruling woman (lady of the house). 5 (the Ladies or Ladies') women's public lavatory. [Old English, = loaf-kneader] ladybird n. small beetle, usu. red with

lady-killer

lactic acid.

lactation

laity

494

adj.

colloq. preten-

tious or snobbish, esp. in manner or speech, [imitative] ladies' n. (also lady's man) man fond of female company,

man

ladle /'leid(9)l/ -n. deep long-handled spoon used for serving liquids, -v. (-ling) (often foil, by out) transfer (liquid) with a ladle. [Old English] lady /'leidi/ n. (pi -ies) 1 a

woman

regarded as being of superior social

.

laissez-faire

/,lesei'fe3(r)/

n.

(also

nonof policy laisser-faire) interference. [French, = let act] laity /'lenti/ n. lay people, as distinct from the clergy, [from lay 2 ]

lake lake

n.

n. 1 reddish pigment orig. made from lac. 2 pigment obtained by combining an organic colouring matter with a

lake 2

metallic oxide, hydroxide, or of lac]

Lake

land

495

large body of water surrounded by land. [Latin lacus] 1

salt. [var.

(also

n.

stani lakh]

lam

v. (-mm-) slang thrash; hit. [perhaps Scandinavian] /'la:ma/ n. Tibetan or Mongolian Buddhist monk. [Tibetan]

lama

lamasery

/'la:masan/ n. (pi. -ies) monastery of lamas. [French] lamb /laem/ -n. 1 young sheep. 2 its flesh as food. 3 mild, gentle, or kind person. -v. give birth to lambs. The Lamb (or Lamb of God) name for Christ. [Old English] lambada /laem'ba:da/ n. fast erotic Brazilian dance in which couples dance with their stomachs touching each other. [Portuguese, = a beating]

lambaste lambast

/laem'beist/

lambda

v.

/-'baest/) colloq.

[from LAM, BASTE

(-ting) (also

thrash, beat.

1

]

/'laemda/ n. eleventh letter of

the Greek alphabet (A,

A). [Greek] 1 (of a flame or a light) playing on a surface. 2 (of the

lambent /'laembant/ adj.

eyes, sky, wit, etc.) lightly brilliant. lambency n. [Latin lambo lick] lambswool n. soft fine wool from a

young sheep. 1 disabled in the foot or leg. 2 a (of an excuse etc.) unconvincing; feeble, b (of verse etc.) halting, -v. (-ming) make lame; disable. lamely adv. lameness n. [Old English] lame /'la:mei/ n. fabric with gold or silver threads interwoven. [French] lame duck n. helpless person or firm. lament /la'ment/ -n. 1 passionate expression of grief. 2 song etc. of mourning etc. -v. (also absol.) 1 express or feel grief for or about. 2 (as lamented adj.) used to refer to a recently dead person, z lament for (or over) mourn or regret. [Latin lamenlor]

lamentable

/'laemantab(a)l/ adj. delamentably regrettable.

lamentation

/1

laeman'teiJ(a)n/

n.

1

lamenting. 2 lament.

lamina /'laemma/ n. plate or scale,

laminate -v.

(pi.

-nae

/-,ni:/)

laminar adj.

thin

[Latin]

/'laemi.neit/ (-ting) 1 beat or roll into thin plates. 2 overlay with metal plates, a plastic layer, etc. 3 split into layers, -n. /'laemmat/ laminated

/-'neij(9)n/ n.

/'laemas/ n. (in full

Lammas

Day)

first day of August, formerly kept as harvest festival. [Old English: related

LOAF

lamp

1 ,

MASS 2 ]

device for producing a steady a an electric bulb, and usu. holder, b an oil-lamp, c a gas-jet and mantle. 2 device producing esp. ultraviolet or infrared radiation. [Greek lamn. 1

light, esp.: its

pas torch]

lampblack n. pigment made from soot, lamplight n. lamplighter

light n.

from a lamp,

hist,

person

street lamps. /laem'pu:n/ -n.

lampoon

tack on a person

lampoonist

lamppost

n.

n.

etc. -v.

who

lit

satirical atsatirize.

[French lampon] tall post supporting a

street-light.

lamprey

/'laempn/ n. (pi. -s) eel-like aquatic animal with a sucker mouth. [Latin lampreda]

lampshade

n.

translucent cover for a

lamp.

Lancastrian

/laen'kaestnan/ -n. 1 native of Lancashire or Lancaster. 2 hist, member or supporter of the House of Lancaster in the Wars of the Roses. -adj. of or concerning Lancashire or Lancaster, or the House of Lancaster. [Lancaster in Lancashire] lance /la:ns/ -n. long spear, esp. one used by a horseman, -v. (-cing) 1 prick or cut open with a lancet. 2 pierce with a lance. [French

lame -adj.

plorable, adv.

lamination

plates.

Lammas tO

the Lakes) region of lakes in Cumbria. (usu. foil, by of) Ind. lakh /laek/ n. hundred thousand (rupees etc.). [Hindu-

District

structure, esp. of layers fixed together. -adj. /'laemmat/ in the form of thin

from Latin]

lance-corporal n. lowest rank of NCO in the Army. lanceolate /'la:nsialat/ adj. shaped like a lance-head, tapering at each end. n. 1 hist, soldier of a cavalry regiment armed with lances. 2 (in pi.) a

lancer

quadrille, b

lancet

music for

this.

small broad twoedged surgical knife with a sharp point. (also lancet light or arch n. lancet window) narrow arch or window with a pointed head. land -n. 1 solid part of the earth's surface. 2 a expanse of country; ground, soil, b this in relation to its use, quality, etc., or as a basis for agriculture. 3 country, nation, State. 4 a landed property, b (in pi.) estates, -v. 1 a set or go ashore, b (often foil, by at) disembark. 2 bring (an aircraft) to the ground or another surface. 3 alight on the ground etc. 4 bring (a fish) to land. 5 (also re/7.; often foil, by up) colloq. bring to, reach, or find oneself in a certain situation or place. 6 colloq. a deal (a person etc. a blow etc.). b (foil, by with) present (a /'la:nsit/

n.

land-agent

position, job, etc.,

landless

by luck.

adj. [Old English]

land-agent

n. 1

steward of an

estate. 2

agent for the sale of estates, four-wheeled /'laendo:/ n. enclosed carriage with a divided top.

landau

[Landau

landed

in

adj.

Germany] 1 owning land.

2 consisting

of land.

landfall n. approach to land, esp. after a sea or air journey. landfill n. 1 waste material etc. used to landscape or reclaim land. 2 process of disposing of rubbish in this way. land-girl n. woman doing farm work, esp. in wartime. landing n. 1 platform at the top of or part way up a flight of stairs. 2 coming to land. 3 place where ships etc. land. landing-craft n. craft designed for putting troops and equipment ashore. landing-gear n. undercarriage of an

landing-stage n. platform for disembarking goods and passengers. landlady n. "1 woman who owns and land or premises. 2 woman who keeps a public house, boarding-house, lets etc. n.

means

of telecommunica-

tion over land.

landlocked

language

almost or entirely

n. 1

man who owns and

lets

land or premises. 2 man who keeps a public house, boarding-house, etc. landlubber n. person unfamiliar with the sea.

landmark

n. 1 conspicuous object in a landscape, etc. 2 prominent and event etc. land mass n. large area of land. land-mine n. explosive mine laid in or on the ground.

district,

critical

landowner

n.

owner

of (esp.

much)

landowning adj. & n. landscape /'laendskeip/ -n. 1 scenery land.

as seen in a broad view. 2 (often attrib.) picture representing this; this genre of painting, -v. (-ping) improve (a piece of land) by landscape gardening. [Dutch landscap] landscape gardening n. laying out of grounds to resemble natural scenery. landslide n. 1 sliding down of a mass of land from a mountain, cliff, etc. 2 overwhelming victory in an election.

landslip n. landslide 1. lane n. 1 narrow road. 2 division of a road for a stream of

traffic.

3 strip of

laboratory

n.

room

equipped with tape recorders

etc. for

learning a foreign language, /'laengwid/ adj. lacking vigour;

languid

languidly adv.

idle; inert.

[related to

languish]

languish

/'laengwiJV

v.

lose or lack vi-

languish for droop or pine for. languish under suffer under (depres-

tality.

sion, confinement, etc.). [Latin langueo] /'laenga(r)/ n. 1

idleness. 2 soft or tender 3 oppressive stillness.

lack of energy; mood or effect.

languorous

adj.

lank adj.

1

(of hair, grass, etc.) long

and

limp. 2 thin

and

[Old English] lanky adj. (-ier, -iest) ungracefully thin lankiness n. and long or tall.

lanolin

adj.

enclosed by land.

landlord

track etc. for a competitor in a race. 4 path regularly followed by a ship, aircraft, etc. 5 gangway between crowds of people. [Old English] language /'laengwid3/ n. 1 use of words in an agreed way as a method of human communication. 2 system of words of a particular community or country etc. 3 a faculty of speech, b style of expression; use of words, etc. (poetic language). 4 system of symbols and rules for writing computer programs. 5 any method of communication. 6 professional or specialized vocabulary. [Latin lingua tongue]

languor

aircraft.

land line

Laodicean

496

person) with (a problem, job, etc.). 7 colloq. win or obtain (a prize, job, etc.). how the land lies what is the state of affairs, land on one's feet attain a good

tall.

/'laenalm/

n.

fat

found

on

sheep's wool and used in cosmetics etc. [Latin lana wool, oleum oil] lantern /'laent(a)n/ n. 1 lamp with a transparent case protecting a flame etc. 2 raised structure on a dome, room, etc., glazed to admit light. 3 light-chamber of a lighthouse. [Greek lampter torch] lantern jaws n.pl. long thin jaws and chin.

lanthanide

/'laenGa.naid/ n. any element of the lanthanide series. [German: related to lanthanum]

lanthanide series

n. Chem. series of elements from lanthanum to lutetium in the periodic table, having similar chemical properties.

15 metallic

lanthanum

/'laenGanam/

n.

metallic

first of the lanthanide series. [Greek lanthano escape notice] lanyard /'laenjad/ n. 1 cord worn round the neck or the shoulder, to which a knife etc. may be attached. 2 Naut. short rope or line used for securing, tightening, etc. [French laniere, assimilated to

element,

yard

1

]

Laodicean

/,leiaudi'si:an/ half-hearted,

esp. in religion or politics. [Laodicea in

Asia Minor (Rev.

3:16)]

lap

n. 1 front of the body from the waist knees of a sitting person. 2 clothin the lap of the ing covering this. gods beyond human control, in the lap of luxury in extremely luxurious surroundings. [Old English] lap 2 -rc. 1 a one circuit of a racetrack etc. b section of a journey etc. 2 a amount of overlapping, b overlapping part. 3 single turn of thread etc. round a reel etc. —v. (-pp-) 1 lead or overtake (a competitor in a race) by one or more laps. 2 (often foil, by about, round) fold or

lap

to the

wrap (a garment etc.) round. 3 (usu. foil, by in) enfold in wraps etc. 4 (as lapped adj.) (usu. foil, by in) enfolded caressingly. 5 cause to overlap, [prob-

ably from lap lap 3 -v. (-pp-)

1

]

a (esp. of an animal) drink with the tongue, b (usu. foil, by up, down) consume (liquid) greedily, c (usu. foil, by up) consume (gossip, 1

praise, etc.) greedily. 2 (of waves etc.) ripple; make a lapping sound against (the shore), -n. 1 a act of lapping, b amount of liquid taken up. 2 sound of

wavelets. [Old English] n. small pet dog. /la'pel/ n. part of either side of a coat-front etc., folded back against

lap-dog lapel

itself,

[from lap

lapidary

1

]

concerned with stone or stones. 2 engraved upon /'laepidari/ -adj. 1

stone. 3 concise, well-expressed, epigrammatic, -n. (pi. cutter, -ies) polisher, or engraver, of gems. [Latin lapis lapid- stone]

lapis lazuli /.laepis "laezjuli/ n. 1 blue mineral used as a gemstone. 2 bright blue pigment. 3 its colour, [related to LAPIDARY, AZURE] Laplander /'laep,laenda(r)/ n. native or inhabitant of Lapland; Lapp, [as Lapp] lap of honour n. ceremonial circuit of a racetrack etc. by a winner. Lapp n. 1 member of a Mongol people of N. Scandinavia and Russia. 2 their language. [Swedish] lappet /'laepit/ n. 1 small flap or fold of a garment etc. 2 hanging piece of flesh, [from lap ] lapse -n. 1 slight error; slip of memory etc. 2 weak or careless decline into an inferior state. 3 (foil, by of) passage of time. -v. (-sing) 1 fail to maintain a position or standard. 2 (foil, by into) fall back into an inferior or previous state. 3 (of a right or privilege etc.) become

NW

1

invalid through disuse, failure to renew, etc. 4 (as lapsed adj.) that has lapsed. [Latin lapsus from labor lapsslip]

larva

497

1

laptop

(often attrib.) portable microfor use while travel-

n.

computer suitable ling.

lapwing

/'laepwin/

n.

plover with a

shrill cry. [Old English: related to leap,

wink: from

its

mode

of flight]

& adj. archaic = ladaoard, perhaps 'side on which cargo was taken in': related to lade]

larboard port 3

/'la:bad/ n.

[originally

,

larceny

/'la:s9ni/ n.

-ies) theft of

(jpl.

personal property. larcenous adj. [Anglo-French from Latin latrocinium]

Usage In 1968 larceny was replaced as a statutory crime in English law by theft.

larch

n. 1 deciduous coniferous tree with bright foliage. 2 its wood. [Latin

larix

-icis]

lard -n. pig fat used in cooking etc. -v. 1 insert strips of fat or bacon in (meat etc.) before cooking. 2 (foil, by with) garnish (talk etc.)

with strange terms. [French

= bacon, from Latin lardum] n. room or large cupboard

larder

for

storing food.

lardy adj. like lard. lardy-cake n. cake made with

lard,

currants, etc. adj. 1 of relatively great size or extent. 2 of the larger kind (large intestine). 3 comprehensive. 4 pursuing an activity on a large scale (large farmer). at large 1 at liberty. 2 as a body or whole. 3 at full length, with all details, largeness n. largish adj. [Latin largus copious] large as life adj. colloq. in person, esp.

large

prominently.

largely adv.

to a great extent (largely

my own fault). large-scale adj. made or occurring on a large scale.

largesse

money

or

/la:'3es/

n.

(also

largess)

gifts freely given. [Latin lar-

gus: related to large]

largo /'la:g9u/ Mus. -adv. & adj. in a slow tempo and dignified style, -n. (pi. -s) largo passage or movement. [Italian, = broad] lariat /'laenat/ n. 1 lasso. 2 tetheringrope [Spanish la reata] lark n. small bird with a tuneful song, 1

esp. the skylark. [Old English]

lark

2

colloq.

-n.

1

frolic;

amusing

in-

cident. 2 type of activity (fed up with this digging lark), -v. (foil, by about) play tricks, [origin uncertain]

larkspur

n.

plant with a spur-shaped

calyx.

larva

/'la:va/ n. (pi.

-vae

/-vi:/)

stage of

an insect's development between egg and pupa, larval adj. [Latin, = ghost]

laryngeal laryngeal

adj. of the lar-

ynx.

laryngitis

,la?nn'd3aitis tion of the larynx.

larynx

n.

inflamma-

(pi.

n.

throat holding the vocal cords. [Latin

from Greek]

lasagne

la'sivias

adj.

1

lustful. 2

lasciviously adv.

inciting to lust. [Latin]

laser 'leiza(r)/ n. device that generates an intense beam of coherent light, or other electromagnetic radiation, in one direction, [/ight amplification by stimulated emission of radiation]

lash -v. 1 make a sudden whiplike movement. 2 beat with a whip etc. 3 (often

foil,

by against, down,

etc.) (of

rain etc.) beat, strike. 4 criticize harshly. 5 rouse, incite. 6 (foil, by down, together, etc.) fasten with a cord etc. -n. 1 sharp blow made by a whip etc. 2 flexible end of a whip. 3 eyelash, z lash out 1 speak or hit out angrily. 2 colloq. spend money extravagantly, [imitative]

lashings lass

n.

n.pl. colloq. (foil,

esp. Scot.

&

by

of) plenty.

N.Engl, or poet.

girl.

[Old Norse]

Lassa fever

'laesa/

n.

in Nigeria]

lassitude

'laesi.tjuid/ n. 1 languor. 2 disinclination to exert oneself. [Latin lass us tired] lasso /lae'su:/ -n. (pi. -s or -es) rope with a noose at one end, esp. for catching cattle, -v. (-es, -ed) catch with a lasso. [Spanish lazo: related to lace] last la:st/ -adj. 1 after all others; coming at or belonging to the end. 2 most recent; next before a specified time (last Christmas). 3 only remaining (last chance). 4 (prec. by the) least likely or suitable (the last person I'd want). 5 lowest in rank (last place), -adv. 1 after all others (esp. in comb.: last-mentioned). 2 on the most recent occasion (when did you last see him?). 3 lastly, —it 1 person or thing that is last, lastmentioned, most recent, etc. 2 (prec. by the) last mention or sight etc. (shall never hear the last of it). 3 last performance of certain acts (breathed his last). 4 (prec. by the) the end; death (fighting to the last), at last (or long last) in the end; after much delay. [Old English, = 1

etc.) final,

attrib.

(of

adj.

an attempt

desperate.

lasting adj. permanent; durable. lastly adv. finally; in the last place. last minute n. (also last moment) the time just before an important event (with hyphen) aitrib.: last(often minute panic). last name n. surname. last post n. bugle-call at military funerals or as a signal to retire for the night.

last rites

n.pl. rites for

a person about

to die.

last

straw

tion to a

n. (prec. by the) slight addiburden that makes it finally

unbearable. last trump blast to

n. (prec.

wake

by

trumpet-

the)

the dead on

Judgement

Day. last word n. (prec. by the) definitive statement. 2 (often

1

final or

foil,

by

in)

latest fashion.

latch -n.

1 bar with a catch and lever as a fastening for a gate etc. 2 spring-lock preventing a door from being opened from the outside without a key. -v. fasten with a latch, z latch on (often foil, by to) colloq. 1 attach oneself (to). 2 understand, on the latch fastened by the latch (sense 1) only. [Old English] latchkey n. (pi. -s) key of an outer door. late -adj. after the due or usual time; occurring or done after the proper time. 2 a far on in the day or night or in a specified period, b far on in development. 3 flowering or ripening towards the end of the season. 4 no longer alive; no longer having the specified status,

former (my

late husband; the late minister). 5 of recent date. -adv. 1 after the due or usual time. 2 far on in time. 3 at or till a late hour. 4 at a late stage of development. 5 formerly but not now (late of the Scillies). late in the day colloq. at a late stage in the proceedings, z lateness n. [Old English] latecomer n. person who arrives late. lateen la'ti:n' adj. (of a ship) rigged with a lateen sail. [French voile latine

prime

Latin

sail]

n. triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast. lately adv. not long ago;* recently. [Old

lateen sail

latest] la:st/ v. 1

last-ditch

lat. abbr. latitude.

acute febrile viral disease of tropical Africa. [Lassa

last 2

last 3 ,la:st, n. shoemaker's model for shaping a shoe etc. stick to one's last not meddle in what one does not understand. [Old English]

pasta in the form of sheets. [Italian pi., from Latin lasanum cooking-pot] la'sa?nja' n.

lascivious

specified time (match lasts an hour). last out be strong enough or sufficient for the whole of a given period. [Old

English]

larynges or -xes) hollow organ in the

laennks

lc)'nnd3i:z

lately

498

la'nnd3ial

remain unexhausted or

alive for a specified or considerable time (food to last a week). 2 continue for a

English: related to late]

latent latent

developed dormant. hidden]

latent heat

n. Physics heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapour, or a liquid into a vapour, without change of temperature.

lateral

/'laetar(9)l/

-adj.

at,

of,

1

to-

wards, or from the side or sides. 2 descended from the sibling of a person in direct line. -n. lateral shoot or laterally adv. [Latin latus branch. later- side]

lateral thinking n. method of solving problems other than by using conventional logic.

latex

/'leiteks/ n. (pi. -xes)

of esp.

1

the rubber tree.

product

resembling

this.

milky

fluid

synthetic

2

[Latin,

=

liquid]

lath

(pi laths /la:0s, la:oz/) thin of wood. [Old English]

/la:8/ n.

flat strip

lathe

launch

499

existing but not or manifest; concealed, latency*^. [Latin lateo be

/'leit(a)nt/ adj.

/leio/

wood, metal,

n.

machine for shaping by rotating the article

etc.,

against cutting tools, [origin uncertain]

lather /'la:6a(r)/ -n. 1 froth produced by agitating soap etc. and water. 2 frothy sweat. 3 state of agitation, -v. 1 (of soap form a lather. 2 cover with lather. 3 colloq. thrash. [Old English] Latin /'laetm/ -n. language of ancient Rome and its empire, -adj. 1 of or in Latin. 2 of the countries or peoples using languages descended from Latin. 3 of the Roman Catholic Church. [Latin etc.)

Latium district around Rome] Latin America n. parts of Central and S. America where Spanish or Portuguese is the main language. Latinate /'laeti.neit/ adj. having the character of Latin.

Latinize

/'laeti.naiz/ v. (also -ise)

or -sing) give a Latin form

to.

(-zing

Latin-

ization /-'zeij(9)n/ n. latish adj. & adv. fairly late. latitude /'laeti,rju:d/ n.1a angular distance on a meridian north or south of the equator, b (usu. in pi.) regions or climes. 2 tolerated variety of action or opinion, z latitudinal /-'rju:dm(8)l/ adj. [Latin latus broad]

latitudinarian

/.laeti.rju.di'neanan/

-adj. liberal, esp. in religion, -n. latitudinarian person. latrine /la'triin/ n. communal lavatory, esp. in a camp. [Latin latrina] latter adj. 1 a second-mentioned of two, or last-mentioned of three or more, b (prec. by the; usu. absol.) the second- or last-mentioned person or thing. 2 nearer the end (latter part of the year). 3 recent. 4 of the end of a period, the world, etc. [Old English, = later]

Usage The use of latter to mean

'last

mentioned of three or more' is considered incorrect by some people.

latter-day attrib.

adj.

modern, contem-

porary.

Latter-day Saints

n.pl.

Mormons'

name

for themselves. 1 recently. 2 in the latter part of life or a period! lattice /'laetis/ n. 1 structure of crossed laths or bars with spaces between, used as a screen, fence, etc. 2 regular periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules, z latticed adj. [French lattis

latterly adv.

from latte lath] lattice window n. window with small panes set in diagonally crossing strips of lead.

Latvian

/'laetvian/ -n. 1 a native or national of Latvia in eastern Europe, b person of Latvian descent. 2 language of Latvia, -adj. of Latvia, its people, or language. laud /b:d/ -v. praise or extol, -n. 1 praise; hymn of praise. 2 (in pi.) the first morning prayer of the Roman Catholic Church. [Latin laus laud-] laudable adj. commendable, z laudability /-'biliti/ n. laudably adv.

Usage Laudable

sometimes con-

is

fused with laudatory.

laudanum

/'toidnam/

n.

pared from opium, medieval Latin]

laudatory

solution pre-

[perhaps

from

/'bidatari/ adj. praising.

Usage Laudatory

is

sometimes con-

fused with laudable. /la.f/ - v. 1 make the sounds and movements usual in expressing lively

laugh

etc. 2 express by laughing. 3 (foil, by at) ridicule, make fun of. —n. 1 sound, act, or manner of laughing. 2 colloq. comical thing. laugh off get rid of (embarrassment or humiliation) by joking, laugh up one's sleeve laugh secretly. [Old English] laughable adj. ludicrous; amusing.

amusement, scorn,

laughably

adv. laughter. serious matter.

laughing matter

no laughing laughingly

n.

adv.

laughing-gas

n.

nitrous oxide as an

anaesthetic.

laughing jackass n. = kookaburra. laughing stock n. person or thing open

to general ridicule,

laughter

act or

/'la:fta(r)/ n.

sound of

laughing. [Old English]

launch

1

/b:ntJ7 -v.

1

set

(a

vessel)

hurl or send forth (a weapon, rocket, etc.). 3 start or set in motion (an afloat. 2

launch etc.).

LANCE]

launch

: b:ntj ft 1 large motor boat. 2 man-of-war's largest boat. [Spanish lan-

cha]

launcher

structure to hold a rocket

n.

during launching.

launch pad

n.

(also

launching pad)

platform with a supporting structure, launching rockets from, launder b:nda(r) v. 1 wash and iron for

(clothes etc.). 2 colloq. transfer (funds) to conceal their origin. [French: related to lave]

launderette bm'dret

(also launwith coinoperated washing-machines and driers

drette)

n.

establishment

for public use.

'b:ndris n. woman who launders, esp. professionally. n. (pi. -ies) 1 a place for washing clothes etc. b firm washing clothes etc. commercially. 2 clothes or linen for laundering or newly laundered. laureate luriat. la:- -adj. wreathed with laurel as a mark of honour, -n. = Poet Laureate, z laureateship n.

laundress

laundry 'b:ndn

[related to laurel]

laurel 'lur(a)l n. 1 = bay 2 2 (in sing, or pi.) wreath of bay-leaves as an emblem of victory or poetic merit. 3 any of .

various plants with dark-green glossy leaves, look to one's laurels beware of losing one's pre-eminence, rest on one's laurels see rest. [Latin laurus

bay]

lav

lawyer

500

4 formally introduce (a new product) with publicity etc. 5 (foil, by out, into, etc.) a make a start on (an enterprise etc.). b burst into (strong language etc.). -n. act of launching. [Anglo-Norman launcher: related to enterprise, person,

n. colloq.

lavatory, [abbreviation]

lava

'la:v8 n. matter flowing from a volcano and solidifying as it cools. [Latin lavo wash]

lavatorial

.laeva'toxial

adj. of or like

lavatories: (esp. of humour) relating to excretion. lavatory 'laevatan n. (pi -ies) 1 receptacle for urine and faeces, usu. with a means of disposal. 2 room or compartment containing this. [Latin: related to

laver

'leiva(r), 'la:-

n.

perfume

light

lavender, n. edible seaweed.

[Latin]

lavish

laevij" -adj. 1 giving or producing in large quantities; profuse. 2 generous, —v. (often foil, by on) bestow or

spend (money, effort, praise, etc.) abundantly. lavishly adv. [French lavasse deluge: related to lave] law n.1a rule enacted or customary in a community and recognized as commanding or forbidding certain actions, b body of such rules. 2 controlling influence of laws; respect for laws. 3

laws collectively as a social system or subject of study. 4 binding force (her word is law). 5 (prec. by the) a the legal profession, b colloq. the police. 6 (in pi) jurisprudence. 7 a the judicial remedy, b the lawcourts as providing this (go to law). 8 rule of action or procedure. 9 regularity in natural occurrences (laws of nature: law of gravity). 10 divine commandments. be a law unto oneself do what one considers right; disregard custom, lay down the law be dogmatic or authoritarian, take the law into one's own hands redress a grievance by one's own means, esp. by force. [Old English from Old Norse, = thing laid down]

law-abiding

adj.

lawbreaker

n.

obedient to the laws. person who breaks the

lawbreaking n. & law. lawcourt n. court of law. lawful

adj.

conforming with or recognized by law; not illegal, z lawfully adv.

adj.

lawfulness

lawgiver

n.

n.

person

who

formulates

laws; legislator.

lawless

adj. 1 having no laws or law enforcement. 2 disregarding laws, z

lawlessness

Law Lord

n.

n.

member

Lords qualified work.

to

of the

perform

House of its

legal

lawmaker n. legislator. lawn n. piece of closely-mown 1

grass in a garden etc. [French launde glade] 2 lawn n. fine linen or cotton, [probably

from Laon

in France]

lawnmower

n.

machine

for cutting

lawns.

lawn tennis

lava]

lavatory paper n. = toilet paper. lave r. (-ving) literary' 1 wash, bathe. 2 (of water) wash against; flow along. [Latin lavo wash]

lavender

laevmde(r) n.1a evergreen shrub with purple aromatic flowers, b its flowers and stalks dried and used to scent linen etc. 2 pale [Latin lavandula]

lavender-water made with distilled

mauve

colour.

soft ball

n. tennis played with a on outdoor grass or a hard

court.

lawrencium

b'rensiam

n. artificially

made transuranic metallic element. [Lawrence, name of a physicist] lawsuit n. bringing of a dispute, claim, etc.

before a lawcourt.

lawyer

'b:j8(r)

esp. a solicitor.

n.

legal practitioner.

lax

lead

501

lacking care or precision. 2 not strict. : laxity n. laxly adv. laxness n. [Latin lax us loose] laxative /'laeksativ/ -adj. facilitating evacuation of the bowels, -ai. laxative medicine. [Latin: related to lax] lay — b. (past and past part, laid) 1 place on a surface, esp. horizontally or in the proper or specified place. 2 put or bring into the required position or state (lay carpet). 3 make by laying (lay foundations). 4 (often absol.) (of a hen bird) produce (an egg). 5 cause to subside or lie flat. 6 (usu. foil, by on)\ attribute or impute (blame etc.). 7 prepare or make ready (a plan or trap). 8 prepare (a table) for a meal. 9 arrange the material for (a fire). 10 put down as a wager; stake. 11 (foil, by with) coat or strew (a surface). 12 slang offens. have sexual intercourse with (esp. a woman). -n. 1 way, position, or direction in which something lies. 2 slang offens. partner (esp. female) in, or act of, sexual intercourse. lay about one hit out on all sides, lay aside 1 put to one side. 2 cease to consider, lay at the door of impute to. lay bare expose, reveal, lay claim to claim as one's own. lay down 1 put on a flat surface. 2 give up (an office). 3 formulate (a rule). 4 store (wine) for maturing. 5 sacrifice (one's life), lay (one's) hands on obtain, locate, lay hands on seize or attack, lay hold of seize, lay in provide oneself with a stock of. lay into colloq. punish or scold harshly, lay it on thick (or with a trowel) colloq. flatter or exaggerate grossly, lay low overthrow or humble, lay off 1 discharge (unneeded workers) temporarily; make redundant. 2 colloq. desist, lay on 1 provide. 2 impose. 3 inflict (blows). 4 spread on (paint etc.). lay open 1 break the skin of.

lay-by n. (pi. -bys) area at the side of a road where vehicles may stop. layer -n. 1 thickness of matter, esp. one

by to) expose (to criticism etc.). lay out 1 spread out, expose to view. 2

multiple. abbr. Lance-Corporal. Ld. abbr. Lord. abbr. Local Education Authority, lea n. poet, meadow, field. [Old English] leach v. 1 make (a liquid) percolate through some material. 2 subject (bark, ore, ash, or soil) to the action of percolating fluid. 3 (foil, by away, out) remove (soluble matter) or be removed in this way. [Old English] lead /li:d/ -v. (past and past part, led) 1 cause to go with one, esp. by guiding or going in front. 2 a direct the actions or opinions of. b (often foil, by to, or to +

lax adj.

1

1

2

(foil,

prepare (a corpse) for burial. 3 colloq. knock unconscious. 4 arrange (grounds etc.) according to a design. 5 expend (money), lay to rest bury in a grave, lay up store, save, lay waste ravage, destroy. [Old English]

Usage The

intransitive use of lay, as in she was laying on the incorrect in standard English.

meaning floor, is

lay 2 adj.

lie,

a non-clerical, b riot ordained into the clergy. 2 a not professionally qualified, b of or done by such persons. [Greek laos people] lay 3 n. 1 short poem meant to be sung. 2 song. [French] lay 4 past of lie 1 layabout n. habitual loafer or idler. 1

.

of several, covering a surface. 2 person or thing that lays. 3 hen that lays eggs. 4 shoot fastened down to take root while attached to the parent plant, -v. 1 arrange in layers. 2 cut (Jiair) in layers. 3 propagate (a plant) by a layer. layette /lei'et/ n. set of clothing etc. for a

newborn child. [French from Dutch] lay figure n. 1 jointed figure of a human body used by artists for arranging drapery on etc. 2 unrealistic character in a novel etc. [Dutch led joint]

layman

n. (fern, laywoman) 1 nonordained member of a Church. 2 person without professional or specialized knowledge. lay-off n. temporary discharge of workers; a redundancy. layout n. 1 way in which land, a building, printed matter, etc., is arranged or set out. 2 something arranged in a particular way; display. lay reader n. lay person licensed to conduct some religious services. laze -v. (-zing) 1 spend time idly. 2 (foil, by away) pass (time) idly. -n. spell of lazing, [back-formation from lazy]

lazy

adj.

(-ier,

work, doing idleness.

-iest) 1

disinclined to

work. 2 of or inducing lazily adv. laziness n. [perlittle

haps from Low German] n. (pi. same)

lazybones

colloq. lazy person. lb abbr. pound(s) (weight). [Latin libra] abbr. London Broadcasting Company. l.b.w. abbr. leg before wicket. I.e. abbr. 1 = loc. cit. 2 lower case. abbr. 1 liquid crystal display. 2 lowest (or least) common denominator. abbr. lowest (or least) common

LBC

LCD

LCM

L/Cpl

LEA

1

infin.)

guide by persuasion or example

(what led you to think that). 3 (also absol.) provide access to; bring to a certain position (gate leads you into a field;

road leads to Lincoln). 4 pass or go

lead

card) or a card of (a particular suit) as first player in a round. 8 (foil, by to) result in. 9 (foil, by with) (of a newspaper or news broadcast) have as its main story (led with the royal wedding). 10 (foil, by through) make (a liquid, strip of material, etc.) pass through a certain course, -n. 1 guidance given by going in front; example. 2 a leading place (take the lead), b amount by which a competitor is ahead of the others. 3 clue. 4 strap etc. for leading a dog etc. 5 conductor (usu. a wire) conveying electric current to an appliance. 6 a chief part in a play etc. b person playing this, c (attrib.) chief performer or instrument of a specified type (lead guitar). 7 Cards a act or right of playing lead by the nose first, b card led. cajole into compliance, lead off begin, lead on entice dishonestly, lead up the garden path colloq. mislead, lead up to form a preparation for; direct conversation towards. [Old English] lead 2 /led/ -n. 1 heavy bluish-grey soft metallic element. 2 a graphite, b thin length of this in a pencil. 3 lump of lead used in sounding water. 4 (in pi. ) a strips of lead covering a roof, b piece of leadcovered roof. 5 (in pi) lead frames holding the glass of a lattice etc. 6 blank space between lines of print, -u. 1 cover, weight, or frame with lead. 2 space (printed matter) with leads. [Old English]

leaden

lean

502

through (a life etc. of a specified kind). 5 a have the first place in. b (absol.) go first; be ahead in a race etc. c (absol.) be pre-eminent in some field. 6 be in charge of (leads a team). 7 (also absol.) play (a

of or like lead. 2 heavy or slow. 3 lead-coloured. leader «.1a person or thing that leads, b person followed by others. 2 principal player in a music group or of the first violins in an orchestra. 3 = leading article. 4 shoot of a plant at the apex of a stem or of the main branch. leader/'led(a)n/ adj.

1

ship n. lead-free adj. (of petrol) without added lead compounds. lead-in n. introduction, opening, etc. leading adj. chief; most important. leading 2 /'ledin/ n. Printing - lead 2 n. 1

6.

leading aircraftman n. rank above aircraftman in the RAF. leading article n. newspaper article giving editorial opinion,

leading

light

n.

prominent

and

influential person.

leading note diatonic scale.

n.

Mus. seventh note of a

leading question n. question prompting the answer wanted.

Usage Leading question does not mean a 'principal' or 'loaded' or 'searching' question.

lead pencil

n.

pencil of graphite in

wood.

lead-poisoning

n. poisoning by absorption of lead into the body. (pi. leaves) 1 each of several flattened usu. green structures of a plant, growing usu. on the side of a stem. 2 a foliage regarded collectively, b state of bearing leaves (tree in leaf). 3 single thickness of paper. 4 very thin sheet of metal etc. 5 hinged part, extra section, or flap of a table etc. -v. 1 put forth leaves. 2 (foil, by through) turn over the pages of (a book etc.). leafage n. leafy adj. (-ier, -iest). [Old English] leaflet /'liiflit/ -n. 1 sheet of paper, pamphlet, etc. giving information. 2

leaf -n.

young pound

leaf. leaf.

3 Bot. division of a com-v. (-t-) distribute leaflets

(to).

leaf-mould

n. soil or compost consisting chiefly of decayed leaves. n. stalk joining a leaf to a stem. league /li:g/ -n. 1 people, countries, groups, etc., combining for a particular purpose. 2 agreement to combine in this way. 3 group of sports clubs which compete for a championship. 4 class of contestants etc. -v. (-gues, -gued, -guing) (often foil, by together) join in a league, z in league allied, conspiring. [Latin ligo bind]

leaf-stalk 1

league 2 /li:g/ n.

hist, varying measure of distance, usu. about three miles. [Latin

from

Celtic]

league table success

n. list

in

ranked order of

etc.

leak -/i.1a hole through which matter passes accidentally in or out. b matter passing through thus, c act of passing through thus. 2 a similar escape of electrical charge, b charge that escapes. 3 disclosure of secret information, -v. 1 a pass through a leak, b lose or admit through a leak. 2 disclose (secret information). 3 (often foil, by out) become known. have (or take) a leak leaky adj. (-ier, -iest). slang urinate. [Low German or Dutch] leakage n. action or result of leaking. (past and past part, leaned or lean leant /lent/) 1 (often foil, by across, back, over, etc.) be or place in a sloping position; incline from the perpendicular. 2 (foil, by against, on, upon) (cause to) rest for support againstjetc. 3 (foil, by on, upon) rely on. 4 (foil, by to, towards) 1

lean

not less than, in the least (or the least) (usu. with neg.) at all (not in the least offended), to say the least putting the case moderately. [Old English, superlative of less]

common denominator n. = LOWEST COMMON DENOMINATOR. least common multiple n. = lowest least

lish]

lean 2 -adj.

person or animal) thin; having no superfluous fat. 2 (of meat) containing little fat. 3 meagre. -n. 1

(of a

lean part of meat. English]

leaning

n.

lean-to n.

leanness

partiality, -tos) building with its roof

piece of leather for polishing with. 3 leather part(s) of a thing. 4 slang cricket-ball or football. 5 (in pi.) leather clothes, -v. 1 beat, thrash. 2 cover with leather. 3 polish or wipe with a leather. [Old English] leatherback n. large marine turtle with a leathery shell,

wall.

lean years n.pl. years of scarcity. leap -v. (past and past part, leaped or leapt /lept/) jump or spring forcefully. by leaps and -n. forceful jump. bounds with startlingly rapid progress, leap in the dark daring step or enterprise. [Old English] leap-frog -n. game in which players vault with parted legs over others bending down. -v. (-gg-) 1 perform such a vault (over). 2 overtake alternately. leap year n. year with 366 days (including 29th Feb. as an intercalary day). learn /l3:n/ v. (past and past part. learned /l3:nt, l3:nd/ or learnt) 1 gain knowledge of or skill in. 2 commit to memory. 3 (foil, by of) be told about. 4

by that, how,

etc.)

become aware of.

5 receive instruction. 6 archaic or dial. teach. [Old English] /'l3:nid/ adj. 1 having much knowledge acquired by study. 2 show-

learned

ing or requiring learning (a learned work). 3 (of a publication) academic. n. 1 person who is learning a subject or skill. 2 (in full learner driver) person who is learning to drive and has not yet passed a driving test.

learner

learning

n.

MULTIPLE.

leather /led9(r)/ -n. 1 material made from the skin of an animal by tanning

tendency or

(pi.

COMMON

[Old

n.

leaning against a larger building or a

(foil,

leaved

503

be inclined or partial to. -n. deviation from the perpendicular; inclination. lean on colloq. put pressure on (a person) to act in a certain way. lean over backwards see backwards. [Old Eng-

knowledge acquired by

study.

lease -n. contract by which the owner of property allows another to use it for a specified time, usu. in return for payment, —v. (-sing) grant or take on lease.

new lease of ( US on) life improved prospect of living, or of use after repair. [Anglo-French lesser let, from Latin laxo loosen] leasehold n. 1 holding of property by lease. 2 property held by lease. lease-

etc. 2

leather-bound leatherette

adj.

bound

/.leda'ret/

n.

in leather,

imitation

leather.

leather-jacket n. crane-fly grub with a tough skin.

leathery adj. 1 like leather. 2 tough. leave v. (-ving; past and past part, left) 1 a go away from, b (often foil, by for) 1

depart. 2 cause to or let remain; depart without taking. 3 (also absol.) cease to reside at or belong to or work for. 4 abandon; cease to live with (one's family etc.). 5 have remaining after one's death. 6 bequeath. 7 (foil, by to + infin.) allow (a person or thing) to do something independently. 8 (foil, by to) commit to another person etc. (leave that to me). 9 a abstain from consuming or dealing with, b (in passive; often foil, by over) remain over. 10 a deposit or entrust (a thing) to be attended to in one's absence (left a message with his secretary), b depute (a person) to perform a function in one's absence. 11 allow to remain or cause to be in a specified state or position (left the door leave alone open; left me exhausted). refrain from disturbing, not interfere with, leave a person cold not impress or excite a person, leave off 1 come to or make an end. 2 discontinue, leave out omit; exclude. [Old English] leave 2 n. 1 (often foil, by to + infin.) permission. 2 a (in full leave of ab-

:

holder n. leash -n. strap

for holding a dog etc.; lead. -v. 1 put a leash on. 2 restrain. straining at the leash eager to begin. [French lesse: related to lease] least -adj. 1 smallest, slightest. 2 (of a species etc.) very small, -n. the least at amount, -adv. in the least degree, least 1 at any rate. 2 (also at the least)

sence) permission to be absent from

on duty, b period for which this lasts. leave legitimately absent from duty, take one's leave (of) bid farewell (to), take leave of one's senses go mad. [Old English] leaved adj. having a leaf or leaves, esp. (in comb.) of a specified kind or number (four-leaved clover).

leaven leaven

-n.

1

substance caus-

ing dough to ferment and rise. 2 pervasive transforming influence; admixture, -v. A ferment (dough) with leaven. 2 permeate and transform; modify with a tempering element. [Latin levo lift]

leaves pi. of leaf. leave-taking n.

act of taking one's

leave.

leavings

n.pl.

things

left

over.

Lebanese

/,leba'ni:z/ -adj. of Lebanon. same) 1 native or national of Lebanon. 2 person of Lebanese descent. lech colloq. -v. (often foil, by after) lust.

-n.

(pi.

1 lecherous man. 2 lust, [backformation from lecher] lecher n. lecherous man. [French lechier live in debauchery] lecherous adj. lustful, having excessive sexual desire. lecherously adv. lechery n. excessive sexual desire. lectern /'lekt(a)n/ n. 1 stand for holding a book in a church etc. 2 similar stand for a lecturer etc. [Latin lectrum from

-n.

lego read]

lecture

-n. 1 talk giving specified information to a class etc. 2 long serious speech, esp. as a reprimand, -v. (-ring) 1 (often foil, by on) deliver lecture(s). 2 talk seriously or reprovingly to. lectureship n. [Latin: related to lectern] lecturer n. person who lectures, esp. as a teacher in higher education. /'lektj9(r)/

LED abbr.

light-emitting diode. led past and past part, of lead 1

lederhosen

/'leida,hauz(a)n/

leather shorts as

Bavaria

n.pl.

worn by some men [German,

etc.

= leather

trousers]

ledge

n. narrow horizontal or shelflike projection, [origin uncertain] ledger n. main record of the accounts of a business. [Dutch] lee n. 1 shelter given by a close object (under the lee of). 2 (in full lee side) side

away from the wind. [Old English] leech n. 1 bloodsucking worm formerly

much used

medically. 2 person who sponges on others. [Old English] leek n. 1 plant of the onion family with flat leaves forming a cylindrical bulb, used as food. 2 this as a Welsh national emblem. [Old English] leer-u. look slyly, lasciviously, or maliciously, -n. leering look, [perhaps from obsolete leer cheek]

leery sly.

lees

2

slang 1 knowing, wary, sediment of wine etc. 2

adj. (-ier, -iest) (foil,

/li:z/

by

of)

n.pl. 1

dregs. [French]

leeward

from the wind. -n. leeward region or side.

leeway

n. 1 allowable scope of action. 2 sideways drift of a ship to leeward of the desired course. left -adj. 1 on or towards the west side of the human body, or of any object, when facing north. 2 (also Left) Polit. of the Left. -adv. on or to the left side. -n. 1 left-hand part, region, or direction. 2 Boxing a left hand, b blow with this. 3 (often Left) group or section favouring socialism; socialists collectively. [Old English, originally = 'weak, worthless'] 5 left pas* and past part, of leave 1 left bank n. bank of a river on the left facing downstream. left-hand attrib. adj. 1 on or towards the left side of a person or thing. 2 done with the left hand. 3 (of a screw) = left1

.

handed 4b. left-handed adj. 1 naturally using the left hand for writing etc. 2 (of a tool etc.) for use by the left hand. 3 (of a blow) struck with the left hand. 4 a turning to the left, b (of a screw) turned anticlockwise to tighten. 5 awkward, clumsy. 6 a (of a compliment) ambiguous, b of doubtful sincerity. left-handedly adv. left-handedness n. left-hander n. 1 left-handed person.

2

left-handed blow.

leftism

n. socialist political

leftist n.

left

principles.

& adj.

luggage

n.

luggage deposited for

later retrieval.

.

in

leg

504

/'lev(a)n/

,"li:wad, Naut. 'lu:ad/ -adj. & adv. on or towards the side sheltered

leftmost adj. furthest to the left, leftover -n. (usu. in pi.) surplus item (esp. of food), -attrib. adj.

remaining

over, surplus.

leftward

/'leftwad/

wards) towards the

-adv. left.

(also

left-

-adj. going

towards or facing the left. left wing-rc. 1 more socialist section of a political party or system. 2 left side of a football etc. team on the field, -adj. left(left-wing) socialist, radical.

winger lefty

n.

/'lefti/ n.

(pi.

-ies) colloq. 1 Polit.

often derog. left-winger. 2 left-handed person. leg n. 1 each of the limbs on which a person or animal walks and stands. 2 leg of an animal or bird as food. 3 part of a garment covering a leg. 4 support of a chair, table, etc. 5 Cricket the half of the field (divided lengthways) in which the batsman's feet are placed. 6 a section of a journey, b section of a relay race, c leg it (-gg-) stage in a competition. colloq. walk or run hard, not have a leg to stand on be unable to support one's argument by facts or sound reasons, on one's last legs near death or the end of

legacy etc.

legalistic

/.liiga'listik/

adj.

adhering

excessively to a law or formula, z legalism /li:g8,liz(a)m/ n. legalist /'legalist/ n.

legality

/li'gaeliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 lawfulness. 2 (in pi.) obligations imposed by law. legalize /'li:ga,laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make lawful. 2 bring into harmony with the law. z legalization

/-'zeij(a)n

leg

505

z legged /legd, 'legid/ adj. (also in comb.). [Old Norse] legacy /'legasi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 gift left in a will. 2 thing handed down by a predecessor. [Latin lego bequeath] legal /'li:g(a)l/ adj. 1 of or based on law; concerned with law. 2 appointed or required by law. 3 permitted by law. z legally adv. [Latin lex leg- law] legal aid n. State assistance for legal advice or action. legalese /,li:ga'li:z/ n. colloq. technical language of legal documents,

usefulness

n.

lower

leggy

leg.

adj. (-ier, -iest)

legionnaire

terial pneumonia. legislate /'led3is leit/ laws, z legislator

Pope. [Latin lego depute] legatee /.lega'ti:/ n. recipient of a legacy. [Latin lego bequeath]

legation

/h'geij(a)n/ n. 1 diplomatic minister and his or her staff. 2 this minister's official residence. [Latin: related to legate] legato /li'ga:tao7 Mus. -adv. & adj. in a smooth flowing manner, -n. (pi. -s) 1 legato passage. 2 legato playing. [Italian, = bound, from ligo bind] leg before -adj. & adv. (in full leg before wicket) Cricket (of a batsman) out because of stopping the ball, other than with the bat or hand, which would otherwise have hit the wicket, —n. such a dismissal. leg-bye n. Cricket run scored from a ball that touches the batsman. legend /'led3(a)nd n. 1 a traditional story; myth, b these collectively. 2 colloq. famous or remarkable event or person. 3 inscription. 4 explanation on a map etc. of symbols used. [Latin legenda what is to be read] legendary adj. 1 of, based on, or described in a legend. 2 colloq. remarkable.

legerdemain

led^ada'mem/

n.

1

sleight of hand. 2 trickery, sophistry. [French, = light of hand] leger line /'led3a(r)/ n. Mus. short line added for notes above or below the range of a staff, [var. of ledger] legging n. (usu. in pi.) 1 close-fitting knitted trousers for women or children.

v.

(

member

n.

(-ting)

make

[from

legis-

lation]

legislation /,led3is'leij(a)n/ n. 1 lawmaking. 2 laws collectively. [Latin lex legis law, latus past part,

legislature

n.

/,li:d3a'nea(r)/ n.

of a legion. [French: related to legion] legionnaires' disease n. form of bac-

payment of a debt, ambassador of the

/'legat/

long-legged. 2

read; readable, z legibility /-'biliti/ n. legibly adv. [Latin lego read] legion /'li:d3(a)n,' -ru 1 division of 3,000-6,000 men in the ancient Roman army. 2 large organized body, -predic. adj. great in number (his good works were legion). [Latin legio -onis] legionary -adj. of a legion or legions. -n. (pi. -ies) member of a legion.

legislative

legally be refused in

1

long-stemmed and weak, z legginess n. legible /'led3ib(a)l/ adj. clear enough to

legal separation see separation. legal tender n. currency that cannot

legate

up

2 stout protective outer covering for the

empowered

/'led3islativ/

to

make

oifero carry] adj. of or

legislation.

/'led3is,leitja(r),

-latja(r)/

n. legislative body of a State. legit /li'd3it/ adj. colloq. legitimate (in sense 2). [abbreviation] legitimate /li'd3itamat/ adj. 1 (of a child) born of parents married to each other. 2 lawful, proper, regular. 3

logically acceptable, z legitimacy n. legitimately adv. [Latin legitimo legitimize, from lex legis law] legitimatize /li'd3itama,taiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) legitimize. legitimize /li'dsita.maiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make legitimate. 2

serve as a justification

for.

ization /-'zeij\a)n/ n. legless adj. 1 having no very drunk.

Lego

legitim-

legs. 2

slang

/'legau/ n. propr. toy consisting of

interlocking

plastic

building

blocks.

[Danish legetoj toys]

leg-of-mutton sleeve n. sleeve which is full and loose on the upper arm but close-fitting on the forearm. n. colloq. hoax. leg-room n. space for the legs of a

leg-pull

seated person.

legume

/'legju:m/ n. 1 leguminous plant. 2 edible part of a leguminous plant. [Latin legumen -minis from lego pick, because pickable by hand]

leguminous

/li'gju:mmas/ adj. of the family of plants with seeds in pods (e.g. peas and beans). leg up n. help given to mount a horse etc., or to overcome an obstacle or problem; boost.

leg

warmer

leg

warmer n.

leisured adj. having ample leisure, leisurely /'le3ali/ -adj. unhurried, without

-adv. leisureliness n. relaxed,

leisurewear

hurry.

informal clothes, esp.

n.

sportswear.

composition representing a particu[German: related to LEAD MOTIVE] lemming /'lemin/ n. small Arctic rodent reputed to rush into the sea and drown during migration. [Norwegian] lemon /'leman/ /i.1a yellow oval citrus fruit with acidic juice, b tree bearing it. 2 pale yellow colour. 3 colloq. person or lemony thing regarded as a failure. etc.

lar person, idea, etc. 1

,

adj.

[Arabic laimuri] /.lema'neid/ n.

1

drink

made

from lemon juice. 2 synthetic substitute for this.

lemon balm

bushy plant smelling

n.

and tasting of lemon,

lemon curd

(also

n.

lemon cheese)

creamy conserve made from lemons,

lemon geranium pelargonium. sole /'leman/

lemon

n.

lemon-scented

n. (pi.

same or

-s)

of the plaice family. [French

flat -fish

limande]

lemur

/'li:ma(r)/

n.

tree-dwelling pri-

mate of Madagascar. [Latin lemures ghosts]

lend

v.

foil,

by

(past to)

(a thing)

length (length of cloth). 8 Prosody quantity of a vowel or syllable. 9 Cricket a distance from the batsman at which the ball pitches, b proper amount of this. 10 length of a swimming-pool as a measure of distance swum.D at length 1 in detail. 2 after a long time. [Old 1 English: related to long ] lengthen v. make or become longer, lengthways adv. in a direction parallel with a thing's length, lengthwise -adv. lengthways, -adj. lying or moving lengthways, lengthy adj. (-ier, -iest) of unusual lengthily adv. or tedious length.

lengthiness n. lenient /'li:niant/ adj. merciful, not lenience n. leniency n. severe. leniently adv. [Latin

leitmotif /'laitmau.tLf/ n. (also leitmotiv) recurrent theme in a musical

lemonade

leprechaun

506

either of a pair of tubular knitted garments covering the leg from ankle to knee or thigh. lei n. Polynesian garland of len: flowers. [Hawaiian! leisure le3a(r)/ n. 1 free time. 2 enjoyment of free time. at leisure 1 not occupied. 2 in an unhurried manner, at one's leisure when one has time. [Anglo-French leisour from Latin licet it is allowed] leisure centre n. public building with sports facilities etc.

and past part, lent)

grant

(to a

1

(usu.

person) the use of

on the understanding that it or

equivalent shall be returned. 2 allow the use of (money) at interest. 3 bestow or contribute (lends a certain charm). lend an ear listen, lend a hand help, lend itself to (of a thing) be suitable for. lender n. [Old English: related to its

loan]

lengths. 1 measurement or extent from end to end. 2 extent in or of time. 3 distance a thing extends. 4 length of a horse, boat, etc., as a measure of the lead in a race. 5 long stretch or extent. 6 degree of thoroughness in action (went to great lengths). 7 piece of a certain

lenis gentle]

lens

/lenz/ n. 1 piece of a transparent substance with one or (usu.) both sides curved for concentrating or dispersing light-rays esp. in optical instruments. 2 combination of lenses used in photography. 3 transparent substance behind the iris of the eye. 4 = contact lens. [Latin lens lent- lentil (from the similarity of shape)]

Lent n.

Eccl. period of fasting and penitence from Ash Wednesday to Holy Lenten adj. [Old English, Saturday.

= spring] lent past and past part, of lend. lentil

/'lentil/ n.

seed., esp.

lento

1

pea-like plant. 2 its

used as food. [Latin lens] Mus. -adj. slow. -adv.

/'lentau/

slowly. [Italian]

Leo

constellation and sign of the zodiac (the Lion). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. /'li:au/ n. (pi. -s) 1

fifth

[Latin]

leonine

/'lLa.nam/ adj. 1 like a lion. 2 of or relating to lions. [Latin: related to Leo] leopard /'lepad/ n. large African or Asian animal of the cat family with a black-spotted yellowish or all black coat, panther. [Greek leon lion, pardos panther] leotard /"li:a,ta:d/ n. close-fitting onepiece garment worn by dancers etc. [Leotard, name of a trapeze artist]

leper

person with leprosy. shunned. [Greek lepros

/'lepa(r)/ n. 1

2 person scaly]

who

is

lepidopterous

/.lepi'dDptaras/ adj. of the order of insects with four scalecovered wings, including butterflies

and moths.

lepidopterist pteron wing]

n.

[Greek

lepis -idos scale,

leprechaun

/'lepra.kam/ n. small mischievous sprite in Irish folklore. [Irish lu small, corp body]

leprosy

leprous adj. [related to leper] lesbian /'lezbian/ —n. homosexual woman, —adj. of female homosexuality. lesbianism n. [Lesbos, name of an island in the Aegean Sea] lese-majesty /li:z "maed3isti/ n. 1 treason. 2 insult to a sovereign or ruler. presumptuous conduct. [French 3 lese-majeste injured sovereignty] lesion /'li:3(a)n/ n. 1 damage. 2 injury. 3 morbid change in the functioning or texture of an organ etc. [Latin laedo laes- injure] less -adj. 1 smaller in extent, degree, duration, number, etc. 2 of smaller quantity, not so much (less meat). 3 colloq. fewer (less biscuits), -adv. to a smaller extent, in a lower degree, -n. smaller amount, quantity, or number (will take less; for less than £10). -prep. minus (made £1,000 less tax). [Old English]

use of less to mean sense 3, is regarded as incorrect in standard English.

Usage The

'fewer', as in

-less suffix forming adjectives and adverbs: 1 from nouns, meaning 'not having, without, free from' (powerless). 2 from verbs, meaning 'not accessible to, affected by, or performing the action of the verb' (fathomless; ceaseless). [Old English]

lessee

/le'si:/ n. (often foil, by of) person holding a property by lease. [French: related to lease] lessen /'les(a)n/ v. make or become less, diminish. lesser adj. (usu. attrib.) not so great as the other(s) (lesser evil; lesser mor-

tals).

lesson

letter

507

leprosy /'leprasi/ n. contagious disease that damages the skin and nerves.

/'les(a)n/ n. 1 spell of teaching. 2

enter. 3 grant the use of (rooms, land, etc.) for rent or hire. 4 allow or cause (liquid or air) to escape (let blood). 5 aux. supplying the first and third persons of the imperative in exhortations (let us pray), commands (let it be done at once; let there be light), assumptions, etc. (letAB equal CD).*-n. act of letting a

house, room, etc. let alone 1 not to mention, far less or more (hasn't got a television, let alone a video). 2 = let be. let be not interfere with, attend to, or do. let down 1 lower. 2 fail to support or satisfy, disappoint. 3 lengthen (a garment). 4 deflate (a tyre), let down gently reject or disappoint without humiliating, let drop (or fall) drop (esp. a word or hint) intentionally or by accident, let go 1 release. 2 a (often foil, by of) lose one's hold, b lose hold of. let oneself go 1 act spontaneously. 2 neglect one's appearance or habits, let in 1 allow to enter (let the dog in; let in a flood of light). 2 (foil, by for) involve (a person, often oneself) in loss or difficulty. 3 (foil, by on) allow (a person) to share a secret, privileges, etc. let loose release, unchain, let off 1 a fire (a gun), b explode (a bomb). 2 allow or cause (steam etc.) to escape. 3 a not punish or compel, b (foil, by with) punish lightly, let off steam release pent-up energy or feeling, let on colloq. 1 reveal a secret. 2 pretend, let out 1 release. 2 reveal (a secret etc.). 3 make (a garment) looser. 4 put out to rent or to contract, let rip 1 act without restraint. 2 speak violently,

up

let

colloq. 1

become

less intense or

severe. 2 relax one's efforts, to let available for rent. [Old English] 2 let -n. obstruction of a ball or player in tennis etc., requiring the ball to be served again, -v. (-tt-; past and past part, letted or let) archaic hinder, ob-

without let or hindrance unimpeded. [Old English: related to

by in) systematic instructhing learnt by a pupil. 4 experience that serves to warn or encourage (let that be a lesson). 5 passage from the Bible read aloud during a church service. [French leqon from Latin lego

-let suffix forming nouns, usu. diminutive (flatlet) or denoting articles of ornament or dress (anklet). [French]

lect-]

let-down

(in pi; foil,

tion. 3

lessor

/le'sa:(r)/ n.

property

by

who lets a [Anglo-French:

person

lease.

related to lease] lest conj. formal 1 in order that not, for fear that (lest he forget). 2 that (afraid lest we should be late). [Old English: related to less]

Usage Lest is followed by should or the subjunctive (see examples above). let -v. (-tt-; past and past part, let) 1 a allow to, not prevent or forbid, b cause to (let me know). 2 (foil, by into) allow to 1

struct.

late]

n.

disappointment.

lethal /'li:9(a)l/ adj. causing or sufficient lethally adv. [Latin to cause death. letum death]

lethargy 2

/'Ie9ad3i/ n. 1 lack of

morbid drowsiness.

energy.

lethargic

adj. lethargically /Ir9a:d3ik/ /li '9a:d3ikali/ adv. [Greek lethargos forgetful]

let-out

n. colloq.

commitment

opportunity to escape a

etc.

character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech. 2 a written or printed message, usu. sent

letter -n.

1

letter-bomb in

post,

b (in

pi.) ad-

dressed legal or formal document. 3 precise terms of a statement, the strict verbal interpretation (letter of the law). 4 (in pi.) a literature, b acquaintance with books, erudition, -v. 1 inscribe to letters on. 2 classify with letters. the letter with adherence to every detail. [French from Latin littera] letter-bomb n. terrorist explosive device in the

letter-box

form of a postal packet. n. box or slot into which

letters are posted or delivered. adj. well-read or educated.

lettered

letterhead

printed heading on stationery. 2 stationery with this. letter of credit n. letter from a bank authorizing the bearer to draw money from another bank. letterpress n. 1 printed words of an illustrated book. 2 printing from raised n.

1

type.

lettuce /'letis/ n. plant with crisp leaves used in salads. [Latin lactuca from lac lact-

milk]

let-up

gun). 4 (also absol.; foil, by at, against) direct (an accusation etc.). do one's level best colloq. do one's utmost, find one's level reach the right social, intellectual, etc. position, level down bring down to a standard, level off make or become level, level out make or become level, level up bring up to a standard, on the level 1 honestly, without deception. 2 honest, truthful, on a level with 1 in the same horizontal plane as. 2 equal with. [Latin diminutive of libra

balance]

level crossing n. crossing of a railway and a road, or two railways, at the same level.

level-headed

n. colloq. 1

reduction in intensity.

2 relaxation of effort,

white]

level-headedness

n. 1 person who advocates the abolition of social distinctions. 2 person or thing that levels.

leveller

n.

(US leveler)

level pegging

n.

equality of scores etc.

lever

/'li:va(r)/ -n. 1 bar resting on a used to prise. 2 bar pivoted about a fulcrum (fixed point) which can be acted upon by a force (effort) in order to move a load. 3 projecting handle moved

mechanism. 4 means of exerting moral pressure, -v. 1 use a

to operate a

leucocyte

/'luika.sait/ n.

white blood

lever. 2 (often

cell.

leukaemia

/lu:ki:mia/ n. (US leukemia) malignant disease in which the bone-marrow etc. produces too many

leucocytes. [Greek leukos white, blood]

haima

Levant /li'vaent/ n.

(prec. by the) archaic eastern Mediterranean countries. [French, = point of sunrise, from Latin lift]

Levantine

,

/ levan tain/-ad./. of or trading to the Levant, -n. native or inhabitant of the Levant.

levee

sensible, mentally

adj.

well-balanced.

pivot,

leuco- comb, form white. [Greek leukos

levo

levy

508

an envelope by

/'levi/

I

n.

US

1

embankment

against river floods. 2 natural embankment built up by a river. 3 landing-place. [French levee past part, of lever raise: related to levy] level /'lev(a)l/ -n. 1 horizontal line or plane. 2 height or value reached; position on a real or imaginary scale (eye level; sugar level; danger level). 3 social, moral, or intellectual standard. 4 plane of rank or authority (talks at Cabinet level). 5 instrument giving a line parallel to the plane of the horizon. 6 level surface. 7 flat tract of land. -adj. 1 flat and even; not bumpy. 2 horizontal. 3 (often foil, by with) a on the same horizontal plane as something else, b having equality with something else. 4 even, uniform, equable, or wellbalanced, -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 make level. 2 raze. 3 (also absol.) aim (a missile or

lift,

move,

by away, out, up, etc.) with a lever. [Latin levo

foil,

etc.

raise]

leverage n. 1 action or power of a lever. 2 power to accomplish a purpose, leveraged buyout /'levand3d/ n. buyout in which outside capital is used management to buy up the company. to enable the

Usage The

pronunciation

is

Amer-

ican because the practice takes place mainly in the US. /'levant/ n. young hare, esp. one in its first year. [Latin lepus lepor- hare] /li'vaia6(a)n/ n. 1 Bibl. seamonster. 2 very large or powerful thing. [Latin from Hebrew]

leveret

leviathan Levis

/'li:vaiz/ n.pl.

propr. type of (orig.

blue) denim jeans or overalls reinforced with rivets. [Levi Strauss, name of the manufacturer] levitate /'levi.teit/ v. (-ting) 1 rise and float in the air (esp. with reference to levspiritualism). 2 cause to do this. itation /-'teiJXa)n/ n. [Latin levis light, after gravitate] levity /'leviti/ n. lack of serious thought, frivolity. [Latin levis light]

levy

/'levi/

1 impose or (payment etc.). 2

-v. (-ies, -ied)

collect compulsorily

enrol (troops etc.). 3 wage (war), -n. (pi a collecting of a contribution, tax, b contribution etc. levied. 2 a act of

-ies) 1 etc.

lewd

lexicography

/.leksi'kDgran/ n. comlexicographer piling of dictionaries.

[from lexicon, -graph y]

n.

lexicon

/'leksikan/ n. 1 dictionary, esp. of Greek, Hebrew. Syriac, or Arabic. 2 vocabulary of a person etc. [Greek lexis

word]

Ley den jar /'laid(a)n/ n.

early capacitor consisting of a glass jar with layers of metal foil on the outside and inside. [Leyden (now Leiden) in Holland] LF abbr. low frequency. Li symb. lithium.

liability

being

/.laia'biliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

2

liable.

troublesome responsibility;

handicap. 3 (in

pi.)

debts

etc. for

which

one is liable. liable /'laiab(a)l/ predic. adj. 1 legally bound. 2 (foil, by to) subject to. 3 (foil, by to + infin.) under an obligation. 4 (foil, by to) exposed or open to (something undesirable). 5

(foil,

by

to

+

infin.) apt,

by for) answerable. [French Her bind, from

likely

(it is

Latin

ligo]

liable to rain). 6

(foil,

Usage Use of liable in sense 5, though common, is considered some people.

incorrect by

liaise ,/li'eiz/ v. (-sing) (foil, by with, between) colloq. establish cooperation, act as a link, [back-formation from liaison]

liaison

/li'eiznn/ n. 1

cooperation. 2 ship.

liana

communication or

sexual relation[French Her bind: see liable] /li'a:na/ n. climbing plant of trop-

ical forests.

liar

illicit

[French]

/'laia(r)/ n.

person

who

a

lie

or

Lib. abbr. Liberal. n. colloq. (in

names of political move-

ments) liberation, [abbreviation] libation /lai'beij*(a)n/ n. 1 pouring out of a drink-offering to a god. 2 such a drinkoffering. [Latin]

libel

Law

a published to a person's reputation, b act of publishing this. 2 false and defamatory misrepresentation or statement, -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 defame by libellous statements. 2 Law publish a libel against. :: libellous adj. [Latin libellus diminutive of liber book] liberal /'libar(9)l/ -adj. 1 abundant, ample. 2 giving freely, generous. 3 openminded. 4 not strict or rigorous. 5 for the false

-n. 1 statement that

/'laib(a)l/

is

general broadening of the mind (liberal studies). 6 a favouring moderate political and social reform, b (Liberal) of or characteristic of Liberals, -n. 1 person of liberal views. 2 (Liberal) supporter or member of a Liberal Party, z liberalism n. liberality /-'raeliti/ n. liberally adv. [Latin liber free]

Usage

In the

UK

the

name

Liberal

was discontinued in official political use in 1988 when the party regrouped to form the Social and Liberal Democratic Party. In 1989 this name was officially replaced by Liberal Democratic Party.

Liberal Democrat

n. member of the party formed from the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party.

Usage

See note at

liberalize

liberal.

/'libara.laiz/

(-zing or -sing)

v.

(also

-ise)

make

liberal or less strict,

or become more z liberalization

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

liberate /'liba.reit/ v. (-ting) 1 (often foil, by from) set free. 2 free (a country etc.) from an oppressor or enemy. 3 (often as liberated adj.) free (a person)

from rigid social conventions, z liberation /-'reij(a)n/ n. liberator n. [Latin liberare liberat- from liber free] libertine /'lib8,ti:n/ -n. licentious person, rake. -adj. licentious. [Latin, = freedman, from liber free] liberty /'libati/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 freedom from captivity etc. 2 right or power to do as one pleases. 3 (usu. in pi.) right or privilege granted by authority, z at liberty 1 free. 2 (foil, by to + infin.) permitted, take liberties (often foil, by with) behave in an unduly familiar manner. [Latin: related to liberal] libidinous /li'bidmas/ adj. lustful. [Latin: related to libido]

tells

lies.

lib

library

509

enrolling troops etc. b (in pi.) troops enrolled. [Latin levo raise] lewd /lju:d/ adj. 1 lascivious. 2 obscene. [Old English, originally = lay, vulgar] lexical /'leksik(a)l/ adj. 1 of the words of a language. 2 of or as of a lexicon. [Greek lexikos, lexikon: see lexicon]

damaging

libido

/li'bi:,dao7 n. (pi. -s) psychic drive or energy, esp. that associated with libidinal /li'bidm(a)l/ sexual desire,

adj. [Latin,

Libra

=

/'li:bra/

lust] n.

1

constellation

and

seventh sign of the zodiac (the Scales). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [Latin, = pound weight] librarian /lai'breanan/ n. person in charge of or assisting in a library.

librarianship n. library /'laibran/

n. (pi. -ies) 1 collec-

tion of books. 2 room or building where these are kept. 3 a similar collection of films, records, computer routines, etc. b place where these are kept. 4 set of books issued in similar bindings. [Latin liber

book]

libretto -s) n.

= little book] lice pi of louse. [Italian.

licence

lais(a)ns

(US license)

n.

1

permit to own or use something, do something, or carry on a trade. 2 permission. 3 liberty of action, esp. official

when excessive. 4 writer's or artist's deliberate deviation from fact, correct grammar, etc. (poetic licence). [Latin licet it is

license

allowed]

v. (-sing) 1 grant a 2 authorize the use of (premises) for a certain purpose. licensee .laisan'si:/ n. holder of a licence, esp. to sell alcoholic liquor. licentiate lai'senjiat/ n. holder of a certificate of professional competence, [medieval Latin: related to licence]

licence

'lais(a)ns/

to.

licentious

/lai'senjas/

adj.

sexually

promiscuous. [Latin: related to licence]

lichee var. of lychee. lichen /'laikan, *litj(a)n/ n. plant composed of a fungus and an alga in association, growing on and colouring rocks, tree-trunks, etc. [Greek leikhen] lich-gate n. (also lych-gate) roofed gateway to a churchyard where a coffin awaits the clergyman's arrival, [from lich = corpse] licit /'lisit/ adj. formal permitted, law-

related to licence] pass the tongue over. 2 bring into a specified condition by licking (licked it all up; licked it clean). 3 (of a flame etc.) play lightly over. 4 colloq. defeat. 5 colloq. thrash, -n. 1 act of licking with the tongue. 2 colloq. fast pace (at a lick). 3 smart blow, lick a person's boots be servile, lick into shape make presentable or efficient, lick one's lips (or chops) look forward with relish, lick one's wounds be in retirement regaining strength etc. after defeat. [Old English] lick and a promise n. colloq. hasty performance of a task, esp. washing ful. [Latin:

lick -v.

1

oneself.

licorice var. of liquorice. lid n. 1 hinged or removable cover, esp. for a container. 2 = eyelid, ti put the lid on colloq. 1 be the culmination of. 2 put a stop to. lidded adj. (also in comb.). [Old English] li:dao, "lai-/ n. (pi

lido

life

510

libretto h'bretau, n. (pi -ti /-ti/ or text nt an opera etc. librettist

-s)

public open-

air swimming-pool or bathing-beach. [Lido, name of a beach near Venice] lie lai -v. (lies; lying; past lay; past part, lain) 1 be in or assume a hori-

zontal position on a surface; be at rest on something. 2 (of a thing) rest flat on a surface. 3 remain undisturbed or undiscussed etc. (let matters lie). 4 a be kept,

remain, or be in a specified state or place (lie hidden; lie in wait; books lay unread), b (of abstract things) exist; be in a certain position or relation (answer lies in education). 5 a be situated (village lay to the east), b be spread out to view. -n. way, direction, or position in which lie down assume a lying a thing lies. position; have a short rest, lie down under accept (an insult etc.) without protest, lie in stay in bed late in the morning, lie low 1 keep quiet or unseen. 2 be discreet about one's intentions, lie with be the responsibility of (a person) (decision lies with you), take lying down (usu. with neg.) accept (an insult etc.) without protest. [Old English]

Usage The

transitive use of lie, her on the bed, is incorrect in standard English.

meaning

lie

2

lay, as in lie

-n.

intentionally false state2 something that deceives, -v. (lies, lied, lying) 1 tell a lie or lies. 2 (of a thing) be deceptive. give the lie to show the falsity of (a supposition etc.). [Old English] lied /li:d/ n. (pi lieder) German song, esp. of the Romantic period. [German] /lai/

ment

(tell

a

1

lie).

lie-detector n. instrument supposedly determining whether a person is lying, by testing for certain physiological changes.

lie-down

n. short rest. hist. -adj. entitled to receive, or bound to give, feudal service or allegiance. -n.\ (in full liege lord) feudal superior or sovereign. 2 (usu. in pi) vassal, subject, [medieval Latin laet-

liege usu.

probably from Germanic] n. prolonged stay in bed in the morning. lien /'li:an/ n. Law right to hold another's property until a debt on it is icus,

lie-in

paid. [Latin ligo bind] lie of the land n. state of affairs. lieu /lju:/ n. in lieu 1 instead. 2 (foil, by of) in the place of. [Latin locus place] Lieut, abbr. Lieutenant. lieutenant /leftenant/ n. 1 a army officer next in rank below captain, b naval officer next in rank below lieutenant commander. 2 deputy, p lieutenancy n. (pi -ies). [French: related to lieu place, tenant holder] lieutenant colonel n. (also lieu-

tenant commander or general) ofranking next below colonel, commander, or general. ficers

life

n.

(pi lives)

1

capacity for growth,

functional activity, and continual change until death. 2 living things and their activity (insect life; is there life on Mars?). 3 a period during which life

life

assurance

death {have done

my

will regret it all my life), b duration of a thing's existence or ability to function. 4 a person's state of existence as a living individual {sacrificed their lives), b living person {many lives were lost). 5 a individual's actions or fortunes; manner of existence {start a new life), b particular aspect of this {private life). 6 business and pleasures of the world (in Paris you really see life). 7 energy, liveliness (full of life). 8 biography. 9 for dear (or colloq. = life sentence. one's) life as if or in order to escape death, for life for the rest of one's life, not on your life colloq. most certainly it

all

life;

not. [Old English] life assurance n. = life insurance. lifebelt n. buoyant belt for keeping a person afloat. lifeblood n. 1 blood, as being necessary to life. 2 vital factor or influence. lifeboat n. 1 special boat for rescuing those in distress at sea. 2 ship's small boat for use in emergency. lifebuoy n. buoyant support for keeping a person afloat. life cycle n. series of changes in the life of an organism, including reproduction. lifeguard n. expert swimmer employed to rescue bathers from drowning. Life Guards n.pl. regiment of the royal

household cavalry.

insurance n. insurance for a sum be paid after a set period or on the death of the insured person if earlier. life-jacket n. buoyant jacket for keeping a person afloat. lifeless adj. 1 dead. 2 unconscious. 3 lacking movement or vitality. lifelessly adv. [Old English] lifelike adj. closely resembling life or the person or thing represented. lifeline n. 1 rope etc. used for lifelife to

saving. 2 sole or transport.

lifelong

means

of

communication

adj. lasting a lifetime,

life peer death.

n.

peer whose

title

lapses on

life-preserver n. 1 short stick with a heavily loaded end. 2 life-jacket etc. lifer n. slang person serving a life sentence. life sciences n.pl. biology and related subjects. life sentence n. sentence of imprisonment for an indefinite period. life-size adj. (also -sized) of the same size as the person or thing represented. lifestyle n. way of life of a person or

group.

life-support

light

511

or the period from birth to the present time or from the present time to lasts,

machine

n.

respirator.

lifetime

n.

duration of a person's

life.

1 (often foil, by up, off, out, etc.) raise or remove to a higher position. 2 go up; be raised; yield to an upward force. 3 give an upward direction to (the eyes or face). 4 elevate to a higher plane of thought or feeling. 5 (of fog etc.) rise, disperse. 6 remove (a barrier or restriction). 7 transport (supplies, troops, etc.) by air. 8 colloq. a steal, b plagiarize (a passage of writing etc.). 9 dig up (esp.

lift -v.

potatoes etc.). -n. 1 lifting or being 2 ride in another person's vehicle {gave them a lift). 3 a apparatus for raising and lowering persons or things to different floors of a building etc. b apparatus for carrying persons up or down a mountain etc. 4 a transport by air. b quantity of goods transported by air. 5 upward pressure which air exerts on an aerofoil. 6 supporting or elevating influence; feeling of elation. lift down pick up and bring to a lower position. [Old Norse: related to loft] lift-off rc. vertical take-off of a spacecraft or rocket. ligament /'hgamant/ n. band of tough fibrous tissue linking bones. [Latin ligo bind] ligature /'lig9tfa(r)/ -n. 1 tie or bandage. 2 Mus. slur, tie. 3 two or more letters joined, e.g. ae. 4 bond; thing that unites, - v. (-ring) bind or connect with a ligature. [Latin ligo bind] lifted.

Usage Sense

3 of this

word

is

some-

times confused with digraph, which means 'two separate letters together representing one sound'. 1 /lait/ -n. 1 the natural agent (electromagnetic radiation) that stimulates sight and makes things visible. 2 the medium or condition of the space in which this is present (Just enough light to see). 3 appearance of brightness (saw a distant light). 4 source of light, e.g. the sun, a lamp, fire, etc. 5 (often in pi.) traffic-light. 6 a flame or spark serving to ignite, b device producing this. 7 aspect in which a thing is regarded (appeared in a new light). 8 a mental illumination, b spiritual illumination by divine truth. 9 vivacity etc. in a person's face, esp. in the eyes. 10 eminent person (leading light). 11 bright parts of a picture etc. 12 window or opening in a wall to let light in. -v. (past lit; past part, lit or lighted) (attrib.) 1 set burning; begin to burn. 2 (often foil, by up) provide with light or lighting;

light

make prominent by means of light. 3 show (a person) the way or surroundings with a light. 4 (usu.

foil,

by up)

(of

light

intensity, etc. (light arms, traffic, metal, rain), b deficient in weight (light a carrying or suitable for small loads (light railway), b (of a ship) unladen, c carrying only light arms, armaments, etc. 4 (of food) easy to digest. 5 (of coin). 3

entertainment, music, etc.) intended for amusement only; not profound. 6 (of sleep or a sleeper) easily disturbed. 7 easily borne or done (light duties). 8 nimble; quick-moving (light step; light rhythm). 9 (of a building etc.) graceful, elegant. 10 a free from sorrow; cheerful (light heart), b giddy (light in the head), -adv. 1 in a light manner (tread light; sleep light). 2 with a minimum load (travel light), -v. (past and past part, lit or lighted) (foil, by on, upon) come upon or find by chance. make light of treat as unimportant. lightish adj. lightly adv. lightness n. [Old English] light-bulb n. glass bulb containing an inert gas and a metal filament, providing light when an electric current is passed through it. lighten v. 1 a make or become lighter in weight, b reduce the weight or load of. 2 bring relief to (the mind etc.). 3 mit1

igate (a penalty).

lighten* v. 1 shed light on. 2 make or grow bright. lighter n. device for lighting cigarettes 1

etc.

lighter 2

n. boat, usu. flat-bottomed, for transferring goods from a ship to a wharf or another ship. [Dutch: related 2 to light in the sense 'unload']

lighter-than-air attrib. adj. (of an aircraft) weighing less than the air it displaces.

this weight.

light-footed

weight in certain sports between middleweight and heavyweight, in amateur boxing 75-81 kg: also called cruiserweight. 2 n.

1

sportsman of this weight. n. tower etc. containing a beacon light to warn or guide ships at

lighthouse sea.

industry

light

manufacture of

n.

small or light articles.

lighting

n.

1

equipment in a room or producing light. 2 ar-

street etc. for

rangement or effect of lights. lighting-up time n. time after which vehicles must show the prescribed lights.

light

meter n.

instrument for measur-

ing the intensity of the light, esp. to show the correct photographic exposure.

light

middleweight

n.

amateur boxing of 67-71

1

weight in

kg. 2

amateur

boxer of this weight.

lightning -n. duced by an

flash of bright light proelectric discharge between

clouds or between clouds and the ground, -attrib. adj. very quick, [from

LIGHTEN 2 ]

lightning-conductor

n.

(also light-

ning-rod) metal rod or wire fixed to an exposed part of a building or to a mast to divert lightning into the earth or sea.

lights n.pl lungs of sheep, pigs, etc., used as a food esp. for pets, [from light2 cf. lung] lightship n. moored or anchored ship with a beacon light. lightweight -adj. 1 of below average weight. 2 of little importance or :

influence, -n. 1 lightweight person, animal, or thing. 2 a weight in certain sports between featherweight and welterweight, in amateur boxing 57-60 kg. b sportsman of this weight. light welterweight n. 1 weight in amateur boxing of 60-63.5 kg. 2 amateur boxer of this weight. light-year n. distance light travels in one year, nearly 6 million million miles. ligneous /'hgnias/ adj. 1 (of a plant) woody. 2 of the nature of wood. [Latin

lignum wood] lignite /'lignait/

n.

brown coal of woody

lignum vitae /.lignam wooded likable

tree. [Latin,

'vaiti/ n.

a hard-

= wood of life]

var. of likeable.

like -adj. (more like, most like) 1 a having some or all of the qualities of another, each other, or an original, b resembling in some way, such as (good 1

adj.

light-headed

nimble,

adj. giddy, delirious.

light-headedness n. light-hearted adj. (unduly)

heavyweight

light

texture.

light-fingered adj. given to stealing, light flyweight n. 1 amateur boxing weight up to 48 kg. 2 amateur boxer of

adv.

like

512

the face or eyes) brighten with animation, pleasure, etc. —adj. 1 well provided with light; not dark. 2 (of a colour) pale bring (light blue; light-blue ribbon). (or come) to light reveal or be revealed, in a good (or bad) light giving a favourable (or unfavourable) impression, in the light of taking account of. light up 1 colloq. begin to smoke a cigarette etc. 2 = sense 2 of v. 3 = sense 4 of y. lightish adj. [Old English] light 2 /lait/ -adj. 1 not heavy. 2 a relatively low in weight, amount, density,

casual.

:

1

cheerful.

2

light-heartedly

writers like Dickens). 2 characteristic of (not like them to be late). 3 in a suitable state or mood for (felt like

like

lime

513

working;/e/£ like a cup of tea), -prep, in the manner of; to the same degree as (drink like a fish; acted like an idiot), -adv. 1 slang so to speak (did a quick

pinkish-violet colour, -adj. of this colour. [Persian] liliaceous /.lili'eijas/ adj. of the lily family, [related to lily]

like). 2 colloq. likely, probably (as like as not), —conj. colloq. 1 as (cannot do it like you do). 2 as if (ate like they were starving), -n. 1 counterpart; equal; similar person or thing. 2 (prec. by the) thing or things of the same kind (will never do the like again). and the like and similar things, like anything colloq. very much, vigorously, the likes

lilliputian /,lili'pju:I(8)n/ -n. diminutive person or thing, -adj. diminutive.

getaway,

a person such as. more like it colloq. nearer what is required, what is he (or it etc.) like? what sort of person is he (or thing is it etc.)? [Old English]

of colloq.

Usage The use of like as a conjunction is considered incorrect by some people. like 2 -v. (-king) 1 find agreeable or enjoyable. 2 a choose to have; prefer (like my tea weak), b wish for or be inclined to (would like a nap; should like to come), -n. (in pi) things one likes or prefers. [Old English] -like comb, form forming adjectives from nouns, meaning 'similar to, characteristic of (dog like; she 11- like; tortoise-like).

Usage In formations not generally current the hyphen should be used. It may be omitted when the first element is of one syllable, unless it ends in -/. likeable easy to

adj.

like.

likelihood

(also likable) pleasant;

likeably adv. /'laikli.hud/ n. probability.

in all likelihood very probably. /'laikh/ -adj. -iest) 1 (-ier, probable; such as may well happen or be true. 2 to be reasonably expected (not likely to come now). 3 promising; apparently suitable (a likely spot), -adv. probably. not likely! colloq. certainly not, I refuse. [Old Norse: related to LIKE ] like-minded adj. having the same tastes, opinions, etc. liken v. (foil, by to) point out the resemblance of (a person or thing to another), [from like 1 ] likeness n. 1 (usu. foil, by between, to) resemblance. 2 (foil, by of) semblance or guise (in the likeness of a ghost). 3 portrait, representation. likewise adv. 1 also, moreover. 2 similarly (do likewise). liking n. 1 what one likes; one's taste (is

likely

1

it to your liking?). 2 (foil, by for) regard or fondness; taste or fancy. lilac /'lailak/ -n. 1 shrub with fragrant pinkish-violet or white blo'ssoms. 2 pale

[Lilliput in Swift's Gulliver's Travels]

Lilo

/'lailau/ n. (also

Li-Lo propr.)(pl.

type of inflatable mattress, [from

-s) lie

low]

with

light springing rhythm. 2 tune this. -v. (esp. as lilting adj.) speak

etc.

with a

lilt —n.

1

lilt;

have a

[origin

lilt,

unknown] lily /'lili/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 bulbous plant with large trumpet-shaped flowers on a tall stem. 2 heraldic fleur-de-lis. [Latin lilium]

lily-livered

adj.

cowardly.

lily of the valley n. plant with white bell-shaped fragrant flowers. lily white adj. & n. (as adj. often hyphenated) pure white. limb /lim/ n. 1 arm, leg, or wing. 2 large branch of a tree. 3 branch of a cross. out on a limb isolated. [Old English] limb 2 /lim/ n. specified edge of the sun, moon, etc. [Latin limbus hem, border] limber 1 -adj. 1 lithe. 2 flexible. -v. (usu. foil, by up) 1 make (oneself or a part of the body etc.) supple. 2 warm up in preparation for athletic etc. activity, [origin uncertain] limber 2 -n. detachable front part of a gun-carriage, -v. attach a limber to. 1

[perhaps from Latin limo -onis shaft]

limbo

1

/'limbau/ n.

(pi.

-s) 1

(in

some

Christian beliefs) supposed abode of the souls of unbaptized infants, and of the just who died before Christ. 2 intermediate state or condition of awaiting a decision etc. [Latin in limbo: related to

LIMB 2 ]

limbo 2

/'limbau/ n. (pi. -s) W. Indian dance in which the dancer bends backwards to pass under a horizontal bar which is progressively lowered. [W. Indian word, perhaps = limber lime -n. 1 (in full quicklime) white substance (calcium oxide) obtained by heating limestone. 2 (in full slaked lime) calcium hydroxide obtained by reacting quicklime with water, used as a fertilizer and in making mortar, -v. 1

]

1

(-ming) treat with lime.

limy

adj.

[Old English] lime n. 1 a fruit like a lemon but green, rounder, smaller, and more acid, b tree which produces this fruit. 2 (in full lime-green) yellowish-green colour. [French from Arabic] lime 3 n. (in full lime-tree) tree with heart-shaped leaves and fragrant (-ier, -iest). 2

limekiln [alteration of line

=

Old English lind = linden]

limekiln n. kiln for heating limestone, limelight n. 1 intense white light used formerly in theatres. 2 (prec. by the) the glare of publicity. /'hmarik/ n. humorous fiveline verse with a rhyme-scheme aabba. [origin uncertain] limestone n. rock composed mainly of

limerick

calcium carbonate.

Limey /'laimi/ n.

(pi. -s)

US slang offens.

British person (orig. a sailor) or ship, [from lime 2 because of the former enforced consumption of lime juice in the British Navy] limit /'limit/ -n. 1 point, line, or level ,

beyond which something does not or

may

not extend or pass. 2 greatest or smallest amount permissible, -v. (-t-) 1 set or serve as a limit to. 2 (foil, by to) restrict. be the limit colloq. be intolerable, within limits with some degree limitless adj. [Latin of freedom. limes limit- boundary, frontier] limitation /,limi'teij(9)n/ n. 1 limiting or being limited. 2 limit (of ability etc.) (often in pi: know one's limitations). 3 limiting circumstance. limited adj. 1 confined within limits. 2 not great in scope or talents. 3 restricted to a few examples (limited edition). 4 (after a company name) being a limited

company. limited company

n.

(also

limited

company) company whose owners are legally responsible only to a liability specified

amount

limn /km/

for its debts.

archaic paint. [French luminer from Latin lumino illuminate] limo /'krnao/ n. (pi. -s) US colloq. limousv.

ine, [abbreviation]

limousine

/.kmu'zim/ n. large luxurious car. [French] -u. walk or proceed lamely or awkwardly, —n. lame walk, [perhaps from obsolete limphalt: related to halt 2 ] limp 2 adj. 1 not stiff or firm. 2 without energy or will. limply adv. limpness n. [perhaps from limp ] limpet /'kmpit/ n. marine gastropod with a conical shell, sticking tightly to rocks. [Old English] limpet mine n. delayed-action mine attached to a ship's hull, limpid /'limpid/ adj. clear, transparent.

limp

line

514

creamy blossom,

1

1

limpidity

/-'piditi/ n.

linage lamid3/

[Latin]

n. 1 number of lines in / printed or written matter. 2 payment by the line. linchpin n. 1 pin passed through an axle-end to keep a wheel in position. 2 person or thing vital to an organization etc. [Old English lynis axle-tree] ----

linctus /'hnktas/ n. syrupy medicine, esp. a soothing cough mixture. [Latin lingo lick] /'knd(8)n/ n. lime-tree. [Old Eng-

linden

lish lind(e)] 1

line -n.

1

continuous mark made on a

surface. 2 similar mark, esp. a furrow or wrinkle. 3 use of lines in art. 4 a straight or curved continuous extent of length without breadth, b track of a moving point. 5 contour or outline (has a slimming line). 6 a curve connecting all points having a specified common property, b (the Line) the Equator. 7 a limit or boundary, b mark limiting the area of play, the starting or finishing point in a race, etc. 8 a row of persons or things, b direction as indicated by them, c US queue. 9 a row of printed or written words, b portion of verse written in one line. 10 (in pi.) a piece of poetry, b words of an actor's part, c specified amount of text etc. to be written out as a school

punishment. 11 short letter or note (drop me a line). 12 length of cord, rope, usu. serving a specified purpose. 13 a wire or cable for a telephone or telegraph, b connection by means of this. 14 a single track of a railway, b one branch or route of a railway system, or the etc.,

whole system under one management. 15 a regular succession of buses, ships, etc., plying between certain places, b company conducting this. 16 connected series of persons following one another in time (esp. several generations of a family); stock. 17 course or manner of procedure, conduct, thought, etc. (along these lines; don't take that line). 18 direction, course, or channel (lines of communication). 19 department of activity; branch of business. 20 type of product (new line in hats). 21 a connected series of milaircraft,

itary field works, b arrangement of soldiers or ships side by side. 22 each of the very narrow horizontal sections forming a television picture. 23 level of the base of most letters in printing and writing, -v. (-ning) 1 mark with lines. 2

cover with lines. 3 position or stand at intervals along (crowds lined the route). all along the line at every point, bring into line make conform, come into line conform, get a line on colloq. get information about, in line for likely to receive, in (or out of) line with in (or not in) accordance with, lay (or put) it on the line colloq. speak frankly, line up 1 arrange or be arranged in a line or lines. 2 have ready, out of line not in alignment; inappropriate. [Latin linea

from linum

flax]

line

line v. (-ning) cover the inside surface of (a garment, box, etc.) with a layer of usu. different material. 2 serve as a 1

lining for. 3 colloq. fill, esp. plentifully, [obsolete line linen used for linings] lineage I'linndzl n. lineal descent; an1 cestry. [Latin: related to line ] lineal /'linial/ adj. 1 in the direct line of descent or ancestry. 2 linear, lineally adv. lineament /'lmiamant/ n. (usu. in pi.) distinctive feature or characteristic, esp. of the face. [Latin: related to line ] linear /'lmi8(r)/ adj. 1 of or in lines. 2 long and narrow and of uniform 1

linearity

breadth.

/-'aenti/

n.

on) be slow in dying. [Old English lengan: related to long 1

]

lingerie 'la^ari n. women's underwear and nightclothes. [French linge linen]

lingo

'lingau n. (pi. -s or -es) colloq. 1 foreign language. 2 vocabulary of a special subject or group, [probably from Portuguese lingoa from Latin lingua tongue] lingua franca .lingwa 'fraenka n. (pi.

lingua francas) 1 language used in common by speakers with different native languages. 2 system for mutual understanding. [Italian, = Frankish tongue]

lingual

linearly adv.

Linear B

form of Bronze Age writing found in Greece: an earlier undeciphered form (Linear A) also exists. lineation ,lini'eij(a)n n. marking with or drawing of lines. line-drawing n. drawing in which images are produced with lines. linen /'limn/ -n. 1 cloth woven from n.

/

flax. 2 (collect.) articles

made

or orig.

made

of linen, as sheets, shirts, underetc. -adj. made of linen. [Old English: related to Latin linum flax] linen basket n. basket for dirty wash-

wear,

ing.

/'lir)gw(8)l adj. 1 of or formed by the tongue. 2 of speech or languages, z lingually adv. [Latin lingua tongue,

language]

linguist

'ling wist n. person skilled in languages or linguistics. linguistic lin'gwistik adj. of language or the study of languages, z linguis-

tically adv.

linguistics n. the study of language and its structure. liniment "lmimant: n. embrocation. [Latin linio smear] lining n. material which lines a surface etc.

line of fire

n.

expected path of gunfire

etc.

line of vision n. straight line along which an observer looks. line-out n. (in Rugby) parallel lines of opposing forwards at right angles to the touchline for the throwing in of the ball. line printer n. machine that prints output from a computer a line at a time. liner n. ship or aircraft etc. carrying passengers on a regular line. liner 2 n. removable lining. linesman n. umpire's or referee's assistant who decides whether a ball has 1

fallen within the playing area or not.

line-up n. 1 line of people for inspection. 2 arrangement of persons in a team, band,

etc.

same) long slender marine [probably Dutch] n. any of various heathers. [Old Norse] -ling suffix 1 denoting a person or thing: a connected with (hireling), b having the property of being (weakling) or undergoing (starveling). 2 denoting a diminutive (duckling), often derogatory (lordling). [Old English] linger /'linga(r)/ v. 1 stay about. 2 (foil, by over, on, etc.) dally (linger over dinner, lingered on the final note). 3 (esp. of an illness) be protracted. 4 (often foil, by

ling

linocut

515

2

1

fish,

ling 2

n. (pi.

link -n.

1

one loop or ring of a chain

etc.

2 a connecting part; one in a series, b state or means of connection. 3 cufflink, -v. 1 (foil, by together, to, with)

connect or join (two things or one to another). 2 clasp or intertwine (hands or arms). 3 (foil, by on, to, in to) be joined; attach oneself to (a system, company, link up (foil, by with) connect or etc.). combine. [Old Norse] linkage n. 1 linking or being linked, esp. the linking of quite different political issues in negotiations. 2 link or system of links. linkman n. person providing continuity in a broadcast programme. links n.pl. (treated as sing, or pi.) golfcourse. [Old English, = rising ground] link-up n. act or result of linking up. Linnaean adj. of Linnaeus or his system of classifying plants and animals.

Usage Linnean

linnet [French

This word

is

spelt

Linnean

in

Society.

lmit linette

n.

from

brown-grey finch. lin flax, because it

eats flax-seed]

lino 'lamau

n. (pi. -s)

linoleum, [abbre-

viation]

linocut

design carved in relief on a block of linoleum. 2 print made from

this.

n. 1

linoleum linoleum

etc., I

esp.

as a floor covering. [Latin

in urn flax,

oleum

oil]

linseed

'linsi:d/ n. seed of flax. [Old English: related to line ] linseed oil n. oil extracted from linseed and used in paint and varnish. linsey-woolsey /.lmzi'wulzi/ n. fabric of coarse wool woven on a cotton warp, [probably from Lindsey in Suffolk + 1

wool] lint

linen or cotton with a raised

n. 1

fluff,

nap

used for dressing wounds. 2 [perhaps from French linette from

on one

side,

lin flax]

lintel

horizontal timber, / stone, etc., across the top of a door or window. [French: related to limit] lion /'laian/ n. 1 (fern, lioness) large tawny flesh-eating wild cat of Africa and S. Asia. 2 (the Lion) zodiacal sign or constellation Leo. 3 brave or celebrated person. [Latin leo] lion-heart n. courageous person. lmt(a)l/

n.

lion-hearted adj. lionize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) treat as a celebrity. lion's share n. largest or best part. lip -n. 1 either of the two fleshy parts forming the edges of the mouth-opening. 2 edge of a cup, vessel, etc., esp. the part shaped for pouring from. 3 colloq. impudent talk. -u. (-pp-) 1 touch with the lips; apply the lips to. 2 touch lightly. lipped adj. (also in comb.). [Old English]

lipid /'lipid/ n. any of a group of fatlike substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, including fatty acids, oils, waxes, and steroids. [Greek lipos fat]

liposuction

/'laipau,SAkJ(a)n/ n. tech-

nique in cosmetic surgery for removing excess fat from under the skin by suc-

substance. 2 Phonet. sound of [Latin liqueo be liquid]

or

/

r.

liquidate /'hkwi.deit/ v. (-ting) 1 wind up the affairs of (a firm) by ascertaining liabilities and apportioning assets. 2 pay off (a debt). 3 wipe out, kill. liquidator n. [medieval Latin: related to liquid]

liquidation

/,likwi'deij(a)n/

n.

liqui-

dating, esp. of a firm. go into liquidation (of a firm etc.) be wound up and have its assets apportioned. liquid crystal n. turbid liquid with some order in its molecular arrange-

ment.

liquid crystal display

n. visual dis play in electronic devices, in which the reflectivity of a matrix of liquid crystals changes as a signal is applied.

liquidity

/li'kwiditi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 state

of being liquid. 2 availability of liquid assets.

liquidize

/'likwi.daiz/

(also

v.

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) reduce to a liquid state.

liquidizer

n. (also -iser)

machine

for

liquidizing foods.

liquor

alcoholic (esp. distilled) drink. 2 other liquid, esp. that produced in cooking. [Latin: related to liquid] /'lika(r)/ n. 1

liquorice

/'likaris,

-riJ7

n.

(also lico-

rice) 1 black root extract used as a sweet and in medicine. 2 plant from which it is obtained. [Greek glukus sweet, rhiza root] lira /'liara/ n. (pi lire pronunc. same or /-rei/) 1 chief monetary unit of Italy. 2 chief monetary unit of Turkey. [Latin libra pound] lisle /lail/ n. fine cotton thread for stockings etc. [Lille in France] lisp -n. speech defect in which s*is pronounced like th in thick and z is pronounced like th in this. -v. speak or utter with a lisp. [Old English]

lissom

/'lisam/ adj.

lithe,

agile,

[ulti-

mately from lithe]

tion. v. understand (speech) from observing a speaker's lip-movements. lip-service n. insincere expression of support etc. lipstick n. stick of cosmetic for colour-

lip-read

ing the

listen

516

canvas-backed material thickly coated with a preparation of linseed oil and powdered cork /li'nauliam/ n.

lips.

liquefy /'hkwi.fai/ v. or become liquid.

(-ies, -ied)

make

liquefaction

/-'faekj(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to liquid]

liqueur

/li'kjua(r)/ n. any of several strong sweet alcoholic spirits. [French] liquid /'likwid/ -adj. 1 having a consistency like that of water or oil, flowing freely but of constant volume. 2 having the qualities of water in appearance. 3 (of sounds) clear and pure. 4 (of assets) easily converted into cash. -n. 1 liquid

1

list -n.

1

number

of items, names,

etc.,

written or printed together as a record or aid to memory. 2 (in pi.) a palisades enclosing an area for a tournament, b scene of a contest, -v. 1 make a list of. 2 enter in a list. 3 (as listed adj.) a (of securities) approved for dealings on the Stock Exchange, b (of a building) of historical importance and officially protected. enter the lists issue or accept

a challenge. [Old English] 2 list -v. (of a ship etc.) lean over to one side. -n. process or instance of listing, [origin unknown]

listen /'hs(a)n/ v. 1 a make an effort to hear something, b attentively hear a 'person speaking. 2 (foil, by to) a give

listener

517

attention with the ear. b take notice of; heed. 3 (also listen out) (often foil, by for) seek to hear by waiting alertly. listen in 1 tap a telephonic communication. 2 use a radio receiving set. [Old

English] n. 1 person who listens. 2 person who listens to the radio. listeria /li'stiana/ n. any of several bacteria infecting humans and animals eating contaminated food. [Lister, name of a surgeon] listless adj. lacking energy or enthusilistlessly adv. listlessness n. asm. [from obsolete list inclination] list price n. price of something as shown in a published list. 2 lit past and past part, of light light litany /'litani/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 a series of

little

lithograph

/'liGa.qratf/ -n. lithographic print, -v. print by lithography. [Greek lithos stone] lithography /li'GDgrafi/ n. process of printing from a plate so treated that ink adheres only to the design to be printed.

lithographer

listener

1

,

supplications to

God

recited

.

by a priest

with set responses by the congregation, b (the Litany) that in the Book of etc.

Common Prayer. 2 tedious recital (litany of woes). [Greek litaneia prayer] litchi var. of lychee. liter US var. of litre. literacy /'litarasi/ n. ability to read and write. [Latin littera letter] /'litar(8)l/ -adj. 1 taking words in their basic sense without metaphor or allegory. 2 corresponding exactly to the original words (literal translation). 3 prosaic; matter-of-fact. 4 so called without exaggeration (literal bankruptcy). 5 of a letter or the letters of the alphabet. literally adv. [Latin -n. misprint.

literal

littera letter] n. insistence on a literal interpretation; adherence to the letter. literalist n. literary /'litarari/ adj. 1 of or concerned with books or literature etc. 2 (of a word or idiom) used chiefly by writers; formal. literariness n. [Latin: related

literalism

tO LETTER] /'litarat/ -adj. able to read and write; educated, -n. literate person. literati /.lita'raiti/ n.pl. the class of learned people.

literate

literature

/litar9tja(r)/

n.

1

written

form and

works, esp. those valued for style. 2 writings of a country or period or on a particular subject. 3 literary production. 4 colloq. printed matter,

/.liGa'graefik/

adj.

n. lithographic lithographically

/.liGa'graefikali/ adv. 1 /,liGju:'einian/ -n. a native or national of Lithuania in eastern Europe, b person of Lithuanian descent. 2 language of Lithuania, -adj. of Lithuania, its people, or language. litigant /'litigant/ -n. party to a lawsuit. -adj. engaged in a lawsuit, [related to litigate] litigate /'liti.geit/ v. (-ting) 1 go to law. 2 contest (a point) at law. litigation /-'geij(a)n/ n. litigator n. [Latin lis litlawsuit] litigious /li'tid3as/ adj. 1 fond of litigation. 2 contentious. [Latin: related to LITIGATE]

Lithuanian

litmus

/'litmas/ n. dye from lichens, turned red by acid and blue by alkali. [Old Norse, = dye-moss] litmus paper n. paper stained with litmus, used to test for acids or alkalis, litmus test n. colloq. real or ultimate test.

litotes /lai'tauti:z/ n. (pi. same) ironic understatement, esp. using the negative (e.g. / shan *t be sorry for / shall be glad). [Greek litos plain, meagre] litre /'li:ta(r)/ n. (US liter) metric unit of capacity equal to 1 cubic decimetre (1.76 pints). [Greek litrd] Litt.D. abbr. Doctor of Letters. [Latin Litterarum Doctor] litter -n. 1 a refuse, esp. paper, discarded in a public place, b odds and ends lying about. 2 young animals brought forth at one birth. 3 vehicle containing a couch and carried on men's shoulders or by animals. 4 a kind of stretcher for the sick and wounded. 5 straw etc., as bedding for animals. 6 granulated material for use as an animal's, esp. a cat's, toilet

indoors, -v.

1

make (a place)

untidy with refuse. 2 give birth to (whelps etc.). 3 a provide (a horse etc.) with litter as bedding, b spread straw etc.

on

(a stable-floor etc.). [Latin lectus

bed]

supple. [Old

n. colloq. person who drops litter in the street etc. litter-lout n. colloq. = litterbug.

/'liGiam/ n. soft silver-white metallic element. [Greek lithion from lithos stone] litho /'laiGau/ colloq. -n. = lithography, -v. (-oes, -oed) lithograph, [abbreviation]

little /'lit(a)l/ -adj. (littler, littlest; less or lesser, least) 1 small in size, amount, degree, etc.; often used affectionately or condescendingly (friendly little chap; silly little fool). 2 a short in stature, b of short distance or duration. 3 (prec. by a)

litterbug

leaflets, etc.

lithe

,/laio/

adj.

flexible,

English]

lithium

Little

Bear

.

ally.

little end n. the smaller end of a connecting-rod, attached to the piston. little grebe n. small water-bird of the grebe family. little people n.pl (prec. by the) fairies. little n. (prec'. by the) colloq. often derog. one's wife. littoral /'litar(a)l/ -adj. of or on the shore, -n. region lying along a shore. [Latin litus litor- shore]

woman

liturgy /'Iitad3i/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 prescribed form of public worship. 2 (the Liturgy) liturthe Book of Common Prayer. gical

/-'t3:d3ikali/ lic

liturgically adv. [Greek leitourgia pub-

/-'t3:d3ik(a)l/

livery

518

a certain though small amount of {give me a little butter). 4 trivial (questions every little thing). 5 only a small amount (had little sleep). 6 operating on a small scale; humble, ordinary (the little shopkeeper; the little man). 7 smaller or the smallest of the name (little hand of a clock; little auk). 8 young or younger (little boy; my little sister), -n. 1 not much; only a small amount (got little out of it; did what little I could). 2 (usu. prec. by a) a a certain but no great amount (knows a little of everything), b short time or distance (after a little), -adv. (less, least) 1 to a small extent only (little-known author; little more than speculation). 2 not at all; hardly (they little thought). 3 (prec. by a) somewhat (is a little deaf). [Old Englishl Little Bear see bear 2 little by little adv. by degrees; gradu-

adj.

worship]

livable var. of liveable. live /liv/ v. (-ving) 1 have life; be or remain alive. 2 have one's home (lives up the road). 3 (foil, by on) subsist or feed (lives on fruit). 4 (foil, by on, off) depend for subsistence (lives off the State; lives on a pension). 5 (foil, by on, by) sustain one's position (live on their reputation; lives by his wits). 6 a spend or pass (lived a full life), b express in one's life (lives his faith). 7 conduct 1

not married to each other) share a home and have a sexual relationship, live up to fulfil, live with 1 share a home with. 2 tolerate. [Old English] live 2 /laiv/ -adj. 1 (attrib.) that is alive; living. 2 (of a broadcast, performance, etc.) heard or seen at the time of its performance or with an audience present. 3 of current interest or importance (a live issue). 4 glowing, burning (live coals). 5 (of a match, bomb, etc.) not yet kindled or exploded. 6 (of a wire etc.) charged with or carrying electricity. -adv. 1 in order to make a live broadcast (going live now to the House of Commons). 2 as a live performance etc. (show went out live), [from alive] liveable /'livab(a)l/ adj. (also livable) 1 colloq. (usu. liveable-in) (of a house etc.) fit to live in. 2 (of a life) worth living. 3 colloq. (usu. liveable-with) (of a person) easy to live with. lived-in adj. 1 (of a room etc.) showing signs of habitation. 2 colloq. (of a face) marked by experience. live-in attrib. adj. (of a sexual partner, employee, etc.) cohabiting; resident. livelihood /'laivli.hod/ n. means of living; job, income. [Old English: related to life]

livelong

/'livlnn/

adj.

in

its

entire

length (the livelong day), [from obsolete lief, assimilated to live ] 1

lively

/'laivli/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of vigorous, energetic. 2 vivid (lively imagination). 3 cheerful. 4 joc. exciting, dangerous (made things lively for him). liveliness n. [Old English] liven /'laiv(a)n/ v. (often foil, by up) colloq. make or become lively, cheer up. liver 1 /'liva(r)/ n. 1 large glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates. 2 liver of some animals as food. [Old English] liver 2 /'liva(r)/ n. person who lives in a specified way (a fast liver). life;

liveried liverish

wearing

/'livarid/ adj.

livery,

suffering from a liver disorder. 2 peevish, glum. -n. /.liva'pAdlian/ Liverpudlian native of Liverpool, -adj. of Liverpool. England] [Liverpool in liver sausage n. sausage of cooked /'livanj/ adj.

1

oneself, arrange one's habits, etc., in a specified way (live quietly). 8 (often foil, by on) (of a person or thing) survive; remain (memory lived on). 9 enjoy life to the full (not really living). live and let live condone others' failings so as to be similarly tolerated, live down cause (past guilt, a scandal, etc.) to be forgotten by blameless conduct thereafter, live for regard as one's life's purpose

plant sometimes lobed like a liver. livery /'livan/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 distinctive uniform of a member of a City Company

for her music), live in (or out) reside on (or off) the premises of one's work, live it up colloq. live gaily and extravagantly, live a lie keep up a pretence, live together (esp. of a couple

or of a servant. 2 distinctive guise or marking (birds in their winter livery). 3 distinctive colour scheme in which a company's vehicles etc. are painted, at livery (of a horse) kept for the owner

(lives

NW

liver etc.

liverwort

n.

small mosslike or leafless

livery stable

lives pi. of LIFE.

livestock n. (usu. treated as pi.) animals on a farm, kept for use or profit. live wire n. spirited person. livid /'livid/ adj. 1 colloq. furious. 2 of a bluish leaden colour (livid bruise). [Latin]

living

/'livin/ -n. 1 being alive {that's living is all about). 2 livelihood. 3 position held by a clergyman, providing an income, -adj. 1 contemporary; now alive. 2 (of a likeness) exact, lifelike. 3 (of a language) still in vernacular use.

what

within living

memory

memory

of people

living-room

n.

within

the

still alive.

room

for general

day

use.

wage n. wage on

living live

lobby

519

for a fixed charge. [Anglo-French livere, past part, of livrer deliver] livery stable n. stable where horses are kept at livery or let out for hire,

which one can

without privation,

by up) (of a vehicle or person) take a load aboard. 3 (often foil, by with) burden, strain (loaded with food). 4 (also load up) (foil, by with) overburden, overwhelm (loaded us with work, with foil,

abuse). 5 a put ammunition in (a gun), film in (a camera), a cassette in (a tape recorder), a program in (a computer), etc. b put (a film, cassette, etc.) into a device. 6 give a bias to. get a load of slang take note of. [Old English, = way] loaded adj. 1 slang a rich, b drunk, c US drugged. 2 (of dice etc.) weighted. 3 (of a question or statement) carrying some hidden implication. loader n. 1 loading-machine. 2 (in

comb.) gun, machine, lorry, etc., loaded in a specified way (breech-loader, -loading adj. (in comb.) front- loader). (in sense 2).

load line n. = Plimsoll line. loadstone var. of lodestone. loaf n. (pi loaves) 1 unit of baked 1

lizard /'lizad/ n. reptile with usu. a long body and tail, four legs, and a rough or scaly hide. [Latin lacertus] (pi. L JJ) Lord Justice. '11 v. (usu. after pronouns) shall, will (/'//; that'll), [abbreviation]

LJ abbr. llama

/'la:ma/ n. S.

American ruminant

kept as a beast of burden and for its soft woolly fleece. [Spanish from Quechua]

LL B

abbr. Bachelor of Laws. [Latin legum baccalaureus] LL D abbr. Doctor of Laws. [Latin legum doctor]

M

LL

abbr. Master of Laws. [Latin legum magister]

Lloyd's

/bidz/ n. incorporated society of underwriters in London. [Lloyd, proprietor of the coffee-house where the society originally met] Lloyd's List n. daily publication

devoted to shipping news.

Lloyd's Register

n.

annual

classified

of all ships. In abbr. natural logarithm. list

archaic look. lo and behold joc. formula introducing mention of a surprising fact. [Old English] loach n. (pi same or -es) small freshwater fish. [French] load -rc. 1 a what is carried or to be carried, b amount usu. or actually carried (often in comb.: lorry-load of bricks). 2 burden or commitment of

lo

/lau/ int.

work, responsibility, care, etc. 3 colloq. a (in pi; often foil, by of) plenty, a lot (loads of money, people), b (a load of) a quantity (a load of nonsense). 4 amount of power carried by an electric circuit or

supplied by a generating station. -y.1a put a load on or aboard, b place (a load) aboard a ship, on a vehicle, etc. 2 (often

bread, usu. of a standard size or shape. 2 other food made in the shape of a loaf and cooked. 3 slang head as the seat of common sense. [Old English] loaf2 v. (often foil, by about, around) spend time idly; hang about, [back-

formation from loafer]

loafer n.

1

idle person. 2 (Loafer) propr.

flat soft-soled

leather shoe, [origin un-

certain]

loam

rich soil of clay, sand, and humus, n loamy adj. [Old English] loan -n. 1 thing lent, esp. a sum of money. 2 lending or being lent. -v. lend on loan (money, works of art, etc.). being lent. [Old English] colloq. person who lends loan shark n. money at exorbitant rates of interest. loathpredic. adj. (also loth) disinclined, reluctant (loath to admit it). [Old Engn.

lish]

loathe

v. (-thing) detest, hate. [Old English] /'lauosam/ adj. arousing hatred or disgust; repulsive, loaves pi of loaf lob -v. (-bb-) hit or throw (a ball etc.) slowly or in a high arc. -n. such a ball. [probably Low German or Dutch] lobar /'lauba(r)/ adj. of a lobe, esp. of the lung (lobar pneumonia). lobate /'laubeit/ adj. having a lobe or

/lauo/

loathing

n.

loathsome

1

.

lobes.

lobby

/'lDbi/

-n. (pi -ies)

1

porch, ante-

room, entrance-hall, or corridor. 2 a (in the House of Commons) large hall used esp. for interviews between MPs and the public, b (also division lobby) each of two corridors to which MPs retire to

lobbyist

government (lobby correspondent), -u. (-ies. -ied)

1

support of (an

solicit the

influential person). 2 (of members of the public) inform in order to influence an MP. etc.). 3 frequent a parliamentary lobby. [Latin lobia lodge]

(legislators,

lobbyist etc.. esp.

lobe

n. 1

person

n.

who

lobbies an

MP

professionally.

lower

soft

pendulous pan of the

outer ear. 2 similar part of other organs, esp. the brain, liver, and lung, z lobed adj. [Greek lobos lobe, pod] lobelia la'bi:lia n. plant with bright, esp. blue, flowers. [Lobel, name of a botanist]

lobotomy

la'botami

1

(pi.

-ies)

in-

marine crustacean with two

pincer-like claws. 2 its flesh as food. [Latin locusta lobster, locust] lobster-pot n. basket for trapping lobsters.

lobworm

n.

large

earthworm used

as

fishing-bait, [from lob in obsolete sense 'pendulous object'] local lauk(a)l -adj. 1 belonging to.

existing in. or peculiar to a particular place (local history). 2 of the neighbourhood (local paper). 3 of or affecting a part and not the whole (local anaesthetic). 4 ( of a telephone call) to a nearby place and charged at a lower rate. — n. 1 inhabitant of a particular place. 2 (often prec. by the) colloq. local public house. 3 local anaesthetic, z locally adv. [Latin locus place]

local authority n. administrative body in local government, local colour n. touches of detail in a story etc. designed to provide a realistic background. locale lau'ka:l n. scene or locality of an event or occurrence. [French local] local government n. system of administration of a county, district, parish, etc., by the elected representatives of those who live there.

locality

lao'kaeliti

n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

dis-

or scene of a thing. 3 thing's position. [Latin: related to local] localize 'lauka laiz v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 restrict or assign to a particular place. 2 invest with the characteristics of a particular place. 3 decentralize. trict. 2 site

local time n. time in a particular place, local train n. train stopping at all the stations on its route, locate lau'keit v. (-ting) 1 discover the exact place

of. 2 establish in a place; situate. 3 state the locality of. [Latin: related to local]

Usage In standard English, it is not acceptable to use locate to mean merely 'find'

locate

my

lau'keij"(a)n

n.

as in can

location

't

key. 1

particular

place. 2 locating. 3 natural, not studio, setting for a film etc. {filmed on location).

loc. cit. abbr. in the passage cited. [Latin loco citato] loch k>k. Idx n. Scot, lake or narrow inlet of the sea. [Gaelic] loci pi of LOCUS. lock -n. 1 mechanism for fastening a door etc., with a bolt that requires a key of a particular shape to work it. 2 confined section of a canal or river within sluice-gates, for moving boats from one level to another. 3 a turning of a vehicle's front wheels, b (in full full lock) maximum extent of this. 4 interlocked or jammed state. 5 wrestlinghold that keeps an opponent's limb fixed. 6 (in full lock forward) player in the second row of a Rugby scrum. 7 mechanism for exploding the charge of a gun. -i". 1 a fasten with a lock, b (foil, by up) shut (a house etc.) thus, c (of a door etc.) be lockable. 2 a (foil, by up. in. into) enclose (a person or thing) by locking, b (foil, by up) colloq. imprison (a person). 3 (often foil, by up. away) store inaccessibly (capital locked up in land). 4 (foil, by in) hold fast (in sleep, an embrace, a struggle, etc.). 5 (usu. in passive) (of land, hills, etc.) enclose. 6 make or become rigidly fixed. 7 f cause to) jam or catch, lock on to (of a missile etc.) automatically find and then track (a target), lock out 1 keep out by locking the door. 2 (of an employer) subject (employees) to a lockout, under 1

n.

cision into the frontal lobe of the brain, formerly used in some cases of mental disorder, [from lobe] lobscouse lDbskaus n. sailor's dish of meat stewed with vegetables and ship's biscuit, [origin unknown]

lobster n.

lock-keeper

520

vote. 3 a body of lobbyists (anti-abortion lobby ), b organized rally of lobbying members of the public. 4 (prec. by the) group of journalists who receive unattributable briefings from the

lock and kev locked up.

lockable

[Old English] n. 1 portion of hair that hangs together. 2 (in pi.) the hair of the head {golden locks). [Old English] adj.

lock-

locker

(usu. lockable) cupboard or esp. for public use. locket lDkit n. small ornamental case for a portrait or lock of hair, worn on a n.

compartment,

chain round the neck. [French dimin1

utive of loc latch, lock ] n. form of tetanus in

lockjaw

which the jaws become rigidly closed. lock-keeper n. person in charge of a river or canal lock.

lockout lockout

employer's

exclusion

of

employees from the workplace until certain terms are agreed to. locksmith n. maker and mender of locks.

and barrel

lock, stock,

adv. com-

lock-up -n.

1

house or room for the

temporary detention of prisoners. 2 premises that can be locked up, esp. a small shop, -attrib. adj. that can be locked up (lock-up garage). 1

become (money

fixed or caught; stick. 4 deposit etc.) for security. 5 (foil, by in, with) place (power etc.) in a person. [French loge: related to leaf] lodger n. person paying for accommodation in another's house.

lodging n.

pletely.

loco

loggerhead

521 n.

/'laukau/ n.

(pi.

-s)

loco-

colloq.

motive engine, [abbreviation] loco 2 /'laukau/ predic. adj. slang crazy. [Spanish]

locomotion

/,lauka'mauJX3)n/

n.

motion or the power of motion from place to place. [Latin locus, motion] locomotive /.lauka'mautiv/ -n. engine for pulling trains, -adj. of, having, or effecting locomotion.

locum tenens

1

temporary accommodation

(a lodging for the night). 2 (in pi.) room or rooms rented for lodging in. loess /'lauis/ n. deposit of fine windblown soil, esp. in the basins of large rivers. [Swiss German, = loose] loft -rc. 1 attic. 2 room over a stable. 3 gallery in a church or hall. 4 pigeonhouse. 5 backward slope on the face of a golf-club. 6 lofting stroke, -v. send (a ball etc.) high up. [Old English, = air,

upper room] lofty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of things) of imposing height. 2 naughty, aloof. 3 exalted, noble (lofty ideals), z loftily adv. loftiness n.

/ti'nenti:z/) (also

log -n. 1 unhewn piece of a felled tree; any large rough piece of wood, esp. cut

locum) deputy acting esp. for a doctor or clergyman. [Latin, = (one) holding a place]

for firewood. 2 hist, floating device for gauging a ship's speed. 3 record of events occurring during the voyage of a

/.laukam 'ti.nenz,

locum tenentes

(pi.

'te-/ n.

colloq.

locus

/'laukas/ n. (pi. loci /-sai/) 1 position or locality. 2 line or curve etc. formed by all the points satisfying certain conditions, or by the defined motion of a point, line, or surface. [Latin, = place]

locus classicus (pi.

/, laukas 'klassikas/ n. loci classici /.lausai 'klaesi.sai/) best

known or most authoritative passage on a subject. [Latin: related to locus] /'laukast/ n. African or Asian

locust

1

ship or aircraft. 4 any systematic record of deeds, experiences, etc. 5 = logbook. -v. (-gg-) 1 a enter (a ship's speed, or other transport details) in a logbook, b enter (data etc.) in a regular record. 2 attain (a distance, speed, etc., thus recorded) (had logged over 600 miles). 3 cut into logs, z log in = log on. log on (or off) open (or close) one's online

access to a computer system, sleep like a log sleep soundly, [origin unknown] n. logarithm, [abbreviation]

grasshopper migrating in swarms and

log 2

consuming

logan

all vegetation. locusta locust, lobster]

locution

/la'kju:J(a)n/

n.

[Latin 1

word,

phrase, or idiom. 2 style of speech. [Latin loquor locut- speak] lode n. vein of metal ore. [var. of load] lodestar n. 1 star used as a guide in navigation, esp. the pole star. 2 a guiding principle, b object of pursuit, [from lode in obsolete sense 'way, journey']

lodestone

n. (also loadstone) 1 magnetic oxide of iron. 2 a piece of this used as a magnet, b thing that attracts.

lodge -n.

1 small house at the entrance park or grounds of a large house, occupied by a gatekeeper etc. 2 small house used in the sporting seasons (hunting lodge). 3 porter's room at the

to a

gate of a college, factory, etc. 4 members or meeting-place of a branch of a society such as the Freemasons. 5 beaver's or otter's lair. -v. (-ging) 1 a reside or live, esp. as a lodger, b provide with temporary accommodation. 2 submit or present (a complaint etc.) for attention. 3

/'laugan/ n. (in full logan-stone) poised heavy stone rocking at a touch. [= (dial.) logging, = rocking] loganberry /'lauganban/ n. (pi. -ies) dark red fruit, hybrid of a blackberry and a raspberry. [Logan, name of a

horticulturalist] /'lDga,nd(a)m/ n. one of a series of arithmetic exponents tabulated to simplify computation by making it possible to use addition and subtraction instead of multiplication and division. : logarithmic /-'ridmik/ adj. /-'riomikali/ adv. logarithmically arithmos reckoning, logos [Greek

logarithm

number]

logbook n. record or

1

book containing a detailed

log.

2 vehicle registration

document.

log cabin n. hut built of logs. logger n. US lumberjack.

loggerhead

/'lDga.hed/ n. at logger(often foil, by with) disagreeing or disputing, [probably dial, from logger wooden block]

heads

loggia loggia

'Id-/

n.

[related to -logic]

-logic comb, form (also -logical) forming adjectives corresponding esp. to

nouns in -logy (pathological; zoological). [Greek -logikos] logical adj. 1 of or according to logic logical conclusion). 2 correctly reasoned. 3 defensible or explicable on the ground of consistency. 4 capable of correct reasoning. logicality /-'kseliti/ n. logically adv. [Greek logos word, reason] -logist comb, form forming nouns meaning 'person skilled in -logy' (geologist). logistics /la'd3istiks/ n.pl. 1 organization of (orig. military) services and supplies. 2 organization of any complex operation. logistic adj. logistical adj. logistically adv. [French loger (the

lodge]

log-jam n. deadlock. logo /'laugau/ n. (pi.

-s)

emblem

of an

organization used in its display mater[abbreviation of logotype from

ial etc.

Greek logos word] -logy comb, form forming nouns denot1 a subject of study (biology). 2 speech or discourse or a characteristic this (trilogy; tautology; phraseology). [Greek -logia from logos word]

ing:

of

loin n. 1 (in pi. ) side and back of the body between the ribs and the hip-bones. 2 joint of meat from this part of an animal. [French loigne from Latin lumbus] loincloth n. cloth worn round the hips, esp. as a sole garment. loiter v. 1 stand about idly; linger. 2 go slowly with frequent stops. loiter with intent linger in order to commit a felony. loiterer n. [Dutch] loll v. 1 stand, sit, or recline in a lazy attitude. 2

lollipop

hang

loosely, [imitative]

/'IdIi.pdp/ n.

stick, [origin

lollipop

hard sweet on a

uncertain]

man

n.

(also lollipop lady)

warden using a circular sign on a pole to stop traffic for children to cross the road. lollop /'lDlap/ v. (-p-) colloq. 1 flop about. 2 move in ungainly bounds, [probably from LOLL, TROLLOP] colloq.

long

522

open-sided gallery or arcade. [Italian, = lodge] logging n. work of cutting and preparing forest timber. logic /"lDd3ik/ n. 1 a science of reasoning, b particular system or method of reasoning. 2 a chain of reasoning (regarded as sound or unsound), b use of or ability in argument. 3 inexorable force, compulsion, or consequence (the logic of events). 4 a principles used in designing a computer etc. b circuits logician /la'd3iJXa)n/ n. using this. /'laud38,

lolly

/'IdIi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

colloq. lollipop. 2

= ice lolly. 3 slang money, [abbreviation] /'lAndana(r)/ n. native or in-

Londoner

habitant of London.

London pride

/'L\nd(a)n/

n.

pink-

flowered saxifrage.

lone attrib.

adj.

1

solitary;

without com-

panions. 2 isolated. 3 unmarried, single (lone parent), [from alone] lone hand n. 1 hand played or player playing against the rest at cards. 2 person or action without allies. lonely /'launli/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 without companions (lonely existence). 2 sad because of this. 3 unfrequented, isolated, uninhabited. loneliness n. lonely hearts n.pl. people seeking friendship or marriage through a news-

paper column, club,

etc.

loner n. person or animal that prefers to be alone.

lonesome lonely. 2

/'launsam/ adj.

making one

esp.

US

1

feel forlorn (a

lonesome song).

lone wolf n. loner. long -adj. (longer 1

/'lDnga(r)/;

longest

measuring much from end end in space or time. 2 (following a measurement) in length or duration (2 metres long; two months long). 3 a /'lDngist/) 1

to

consisting of many items (a long list), b seemingly more than the stated amount; tedious (ten long miles). 4 of

elongated shape. 5 lasting or reaching far back or forward in time (long friendship). 6 far-reaching; acting at a distance; involving a great interval or difference. 7 (of a vowel or syllable) having the greater of the two recognized durations. 8 (of odds or a chance) reflecting a low level of probability. 9 (of stocks) bought in large quantities in advance, with the expectation of a rise in price. 10 (foil, by on) colloq. well supplied with. -n. long interval or period (will not take long; won't be

(longer /'lDnga(r)/; longest by or for a long time (long long before; ago). 2 (following nouns of duration) throughout a specified time (all day long). 3 (in compar.) after an implied point of time (shall not wait any longer). as (or so) long as provided that, before long soon, in the long), -adv.

/'lDngist/) 1

long run (or term) eventually, ultimately, the long and the short of it 1 all that need be said. 2 the eventual outcome, not by a long shot (or chalk) longish adj. [Old Engby no means. lish]

long2 v.

(foil, by for or to + infin.) have a strong wish or desire for. [Old English,

= seem long

1

to]

long.

look

523

long-sighted adj.

long. abbr. longitude.

longboat

n.

longbow

n.

sailing-ship's largest boat.

bow drawn by hand and

shooting a long feathered arrow,

having long sight. 2 far-sighted, long-sightedness n. long-standing adj. that has long existed.

long-distance

-attrib. adj. travelling or operating between distant places.

long-suffering

-adv. between distant places (phone

long-term adj.

long-distance).

long division

n.

division of

numbers

with details of the calculations written

down.

long-drawn

adj. (also long-drawn-out) prolonged. longeron /'lDnd38ran/ n. longitudinal member of a plane's fuselage. [French]

longevity life.

/lDn'd3eviti/ n.

[Latin longus long,

long face

formal long

aevum

/'lDnin/ -n. intense -adj. having or showing this. ingly adv.

long in the tooth

desire.

long-

predic. adj. colloq.

old.

longitude

/'lDngi,tju:d,

'lDnd3-/

n.

1

angular distance east or west from a standard meridian such as Greenwich to the meridian of any place. 2 angular distance of a celestial body, esp. along the ecliptic.

[Latin

longitudo length,

from longus long]

longitudinal

pants.

long jump

n. athletic contest of jumping as far as possible along the ground in

one leap. long-life adj. (of milk etc.) treated to prolong its period of usability. long-lived adj. having a long life; durable. attrib. adj. that

has been

lost

for a long time.

long-playing

adj.

(of a

gramophone

record) playing for about 20-30 minutes

on each

side.

long-range

adj. 1 having a long range. 2 relating to a period of time far into the future (long-range weather forecast). long-running adj. continuing for a long time (a long-running musical). longshore attrib. adj. 1 existing on or frequenting the shore. 2 directed along the shore, [from along shore]

longshoreman

n. US docker, wild guess or venture. 2 bet at long odds. long sight n. ability to see clearly only

long shot what

is

bearing provoca-

of or for a long period of time (long-term plans). * long wave n. radio wave of frequency less than 300 kHz. longways adv. (also longwise) =

LENGTHWAYS.

long-winded

adj. (of a speech or writing) tediously lengthy, loo n. colloq. lavatory, [origin uncertain]

loofah

/'lu:fa/ n. rough bath-sponge the dried pod of a type of gourd. [Arabic] look /luk/ -v. 1 a (often foil, by at, down, up, etc.) use one's sight; turn one's eyes in some direction, b turn one's eyes on; examine (looked me in the eyes; looked us up and down). 2 a make a visual or mental search (I'll look in the morning). b (foil, by at) consider, examine (must look at the facts). 3 (foil, by for) search for, seek, be on the watch for. 4 inquire (when one looks deeper). 5 have a specified appearance; seem (look a fool; future looks bleak). 6 (foil, by to) a consider; be concerned about (look to the future), b rely on (look to me for sup(foil, by into) investigate. 8 (foil, by what, where, whether, etc.) ascertain or observe by sight. 9 (of a thing) face some direction. 10 indicate (emotion etc.) by one's looks. 1 1 (foil, by that) take care; make sure. 12 (foil, by to + infin.)

port). 7 /.lnngi'tjuidinte)!,

,lDnd3-/ adj. 1 of or in length. 2 running lengthwise. 3 of longitude, longitudinally adv. long johns n.pl. colloq. long under-

long-lost

adj.

tion patiently.

made from

age]

dismal expression. longhand n. ordinary handwriting. long haul n. 1 transport over a long distance. 2 prolonged effort or task. n.

longing

1

n. 1

comparatively distant.

aim (am looking to finish it soon), -n. 1 act of looking; gaze, glance. 2 (in sing, or appearance of a face; expression. 3 appearance of a thing (by the look of it). 4 style, fashion (this year's look; the wet look), -int. (also look here!) calling attention, expressing a protest, etc.

pi.)

look after attend to; take care of. look one's age appear as old as one really is. look back 1 (foil, by on, to) turn one's thoughts to (something past). 2 (usu. with neg.) cease to progress (he's never looked back), look down on (or look down one's nose at) regard with contempt or superiority, look forward to await (an expected event) eagerly or with specified feelings, look in make a short visit or call, look on 1 (often foil, by as) regard. 2 be a spectator, look oneself appear well (esp. after illness etc.). look out 1 direct one's sight or put one's head out of a window etc. 2 (often foil, by for) be vigilant or prepared. 3 (foil, by on, over, etc.) have or afford an outlook. 4 search for and produce. 5 (as imper.) warning of immediate danger

look-alike etc.

look over inspect, look smart

make haste, look up 1 search for (esp. information in a book). 2 colloq. visit (a person). 3 improve in prospect, look up to respect or admire, not like the look of find alarming or suspicious. [Old English] look-alike n. person or thing closely resembling another. looker n. 1 person of a specified appearance {good- looker). 2 colloq. attractive

woman. looker-on

n.

(pi.

lookers-on) spec-

tator.

look-in

n. colloq. chance of participation or success (never gets a look-in).

looking-glass n. mirror. lookout n. 1 watch or looking out (on the lookout). 2 a observation-post, b etc. stationed to keep w atch. 3 prospect (it's a bad lookout). 4 colloq. person's own concern (that's your look-

person

r

out).

loom

1

n.

apparatus for weaving. [Old

English]

loom

2

v. 1

appear dimly, esp. as a vague

and often threatening shape. 2 (of an event) be ominously close, [probably

Low German

Lord Lieutenant

524

or Dutch] loon n. 1 a kind of diving bird. 2 colloq. crazy person (cf. loony). [Old Norse] loony slang -n. (pi -ies) lunatic, -adj. (-ier, -iest) crazy, z looniness n. [abbreviation] loony-bin n. slang offens. mental home or hospital. loop -n. 1 a figure produced by a curve, or a doubled thread etc., that crosses itself, b thing, path, etc., forming this figure. 2 similarly shaped attachment used as a fastening. 3 ring etc. as a handle etc. 4 contraceptive coil. 5 (in full loop-line) railway or telegraph line that diverges from a main line and joins it again. 6 skating or aerobatic manoeuvre describing a loop. 7 complete circuit for an electric current. 8 endless band of tape or film allowing continuous repetition. 9 sequence of computer operations repeated until some condition is satisfied, -v. 1 form or bend into a loop. 2 fasten with a loop or loops. 3 form a loop. 4 (also loop the loop) fly in a circle vertically, [origin unknown] loophole n. 1 means of evading a rule etc. without infringing it. 2 narrow vertical slit in the wall of a fort etc. loopy adj. (-ier, -iest) slang crazy, daft. loose -adj. 1 not tightly held, fixed, etc. (loose handle; loose stones). 2 free from bonds or restraint. 3 not held together (loose papers). 4 not compact or dense (loose soil). 5 inexact (loose translation). 6 morally lax. 7 (of the tongue)

indiscreet. 8 tending to diarrhoea. 9 (in comb.) loosely (loose-fitting), -v. (-sing) 1 free; untie or detach; release. 2 relax (loosed my hold). 3 discharge (a missile). at a loose end unoccupied, on the loose 1 escaped from captivity. 2 enjoying oneself freely, loosely adv. looseness n. loosish adj. [Old Norse] loose cover n. removable cover for an

armchair etc. loose-leaf adj. (of a notebook etc.) with pages that can be removed and replaced.

loosen

v.

make

or

become loose or

loosen a person's tongue make a person talk freely, loosen up 1 relax. 2 limber up. loot -n. 1 spoil, booty. 2 slang money. z

looser,

1 rob or steal, esp. after rioting etc. 2 plunder. looter n. [Hindi] v. (-pp-) 1 a (often foil, by off, away) cut or remove (a part or parts) from a whole, esp. branches from a tree, b

-v.

lop

remove branches from (a tree). 2 (often by off) remove (items) as super-

foil,

fluous. [Old English] (-ping) run with a long bound-

lope — v.

ing stride, -n. long bounding stride. [Old Norse: related to leap]

lop-eared

adj.

having drooping ears,

[related to lob]

lopsided

unevenly balanced, z n. [related to lob] la'kweijas adj. talkative, z loquacity /-'kwaesiti, n. [Latin loquor speak] adj.

lopsidedness

loquacious loquat shaped

1 small yellow eggbearing it. [Chinese]

/'laukwDt, n. fruit. 2 tree

lord —/2.

master or ruler. 2 hist, feudal superior, esp. of a manor. 3 peer of the realm or person with the title Lord. 4 (Lord) (often prec. by the) God or Christ. 1

5 (Lord) a prefixed as the designation of a marquis, earl, viscount, or baron, or (to the Christian name) of the younger son of a duke or marquis, b (the Lords) = House of Lords, -int. (Lord, good Lord, etc.) expressing surprise, dismay, etc. z lord it over domineer. [Old English, = bread-keeper: related to loaf 1

,

ward]

Lord Chamberlain

n.

official

in

charge of the Royal Household.

Lord Chancellor

n. (also

Lord High

Chancellor) highest officer of the Crown, presiding in the House of Lords etc.

Lord Chief Justice n.

president of the

Queen's Bench Division.

Lord Lieutenant

n. 1 chief executive authority and head of Magistrates in each county. 2 hist, viceroy of Ireland.

lordly lordly

-iest)

(-ier,

Lord Mayor some

n.

title

1

of the

mayor

in

large cities.

Lord Privy Seal minister without

n.

senior Cabinet

official duties.

lords and ladies n. wild arum. Lord's Day n. Sunday. lordship n. 1 (usu. Lordship) title used in addressing or referring to a

man with

the rank of Lord (Your Lordship; His Lordship). 2 (foil, by over) dominion, rule.

Lord's Prayer

n.

Lords spiritual House of Lords. Lord's Supper

n.

Lords temporal

the Our Father. n.pl bishops in the

Eucharist. n.pl members of the

House of Lords other than bishops, lore n. body of traditions and knowledge on a subject or held by a particular group (bird lore; Gypsy lore). [Old Engrelated to learn] /loi'njet/ n. pair of eyeglasses opera-glasses on a long handle. [French lorgner to squint] lorn adj. archaic desolate, forlorn. [Old English, past part, of lose] lorry /'Ion/ n. (pi. -ies) large vehicle for transporting goods etc. [origin uncertain] lish:

lorgnette or

lose

loud

525

haughty, imperious. 2 suitable for a lord. lordliness n. adj.

past and past part. lost) 1 be deprived of or cease to have, esp. by negligence. 2 be deprived of (a person) by death. 3 become unable to find, follow, or understand (lose one's way). 4 let or have pass from one's control or reach (lost my chance; lost his composure). 5 be defeated in (a /lu:z/ v. (-sing;

game, lawsuit, battle, etc.). 6 get rid of (lost our pursuers; lose weight). 7 forfeit (a right to a thing). 8 spend (time, efforts, etc.) to no purpose. 9 a suffer loss or detriment, b be worse off. 10 cause (a person) the loss oi(will lose you

your

job). 11 (of a clock etc.) become slow; become slow by (a specified time). 12 (in passive) disappear, perish; be dead (lost at sea; is a lost art). be lost (or lose oneself) in be engrossed in. be lost on be wasted on, or not noticed or appreciated by. be lost to be no longer affected by or accessible to (is lost to pity; is lost to the world), be lost with1

out be dependent on (am

my

lost

1

without

diary), get lost slang (usu. in imper.) go away, lose face see face, lose out 1 (often foil, by on) colloq. be unsuccessful; not get a full chance or advantage (in). 2 (foil, by to) be beaten in competition or replaced by. [Old

English]

loser n.

person or thing that loses, esp. a contest (is a bad loser). 2 colloq. person who regularly fails. loss n. 1 losing or being lost. 2 thing or amount lost. 3 detriment resulting from losing. at a loss (sold etc.) for less than was paid for it. be at a loss be 1

puzzled or uncertain, [probably backformation from lost] loss-leader n. item sold at a loss to attract customers. lost past and past part, of lose. lost cause n. hopeless undertaking. lot n. 1 colloq. (prec. by a or in pi.) a a large number or amount (a lot ofpeople; lots of milk), b colloq. much (a lot warmer; smiles a lot). 2 a each of a set of objects used to make a chance selection, b this method of deciding (chosen by lot). 3 share or responsibility resulting from it. 4 person's destiny, fortune, or condition. 5 (esp. US) plot; allotment of land (parking lot). 6 article or set of articles for sale at an auction etc. 7 group of associated persons or things. cast (or draw) lots decide by lots, throw in one's lot with decide to share the fortunes of. the (or the whole) lot the total number or quantity, a whole lot colloq. very much (is a whole lot better). [Old English]

Usage

In sense la, a lot of is someinformal, but acceptable in serious writing, whereas lots of is not acceptable.

what

loth

var. of loath.

Lothario /la'9a:riau, lotion

-'Geanau/

n. (pi. -s)

[name of a character in a play]

libertine,

/'lauJXa)n/ n.

medicinal or cos-

metic liquid preparation applied ternally. [Latin lavo lot- wash]

lottery raising

/'lDtari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

ex-

means

of

selling numbered giving prizes to the holders

money by

tickets and numbers drawn at random. 2 thing whose success is governed by chance.

of

[Dutch: related to lot]

lotto

/'lDtau/

n.

game

of chance like

bingo, but with numbers drawn by players instead of called. [Italian] lotus /'lautas/ n. 1 legendary plant inducing luxurious languor when eaten. 2 a kind of water lily etc., esp. used symbolically in Hinduism and Bud-

dhism. [Greek

lotus-eater

n.

lotos]

person given to indolent

enjoyment.

lotus position

n. cross-legged position of meditation with the feet resting on the thighs. loud -adj. 1 strongly audible, noisy. 2 (of colours etc.) gaudy, obtrusive, -adv. out loud aloud, n loudish loudly, i

loud hailer adj.

n.

[Old Eng-

lish]

loud hailer

n. electronic device for amplifying the voice. loudspeaker n. apparatus that converts electrical signals into sound. lough /Ink, Idx/ n. Ir. lake, arm of the sea. [Irish: related to loch] lounge —v. (-ging) 1 recline comfortably; loll. 2 stand or move about idly. -n. 1 place for lounging, esp.: a a sitting-room in a house, b a public room (e.g. in a hotel), c a place in an airport etc. with seats for waiting passengers. 2 spell of lounging, [origin uncertain] lounge bar n. more comfortable bar in

a pub etc.

man's

suit for ordinary wear. lour v. (also lower) 1 frown; look sullen. 2 (of the sky etc.) look dark and n.

(esp. business)

threatening, [origin unknown] louse -n. 1 (pi. lice) parasitic insect. 2 (pi. louses) slang contemptible person. -v. (-sing) delouse. louse up slang make a mess of. [Old English]

lousy

/'lauzi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 colloq.

very bad; disgusting; (often

foil,

ill

(feel lousy). 2

by with) colloq. well supplied,

teeming. 3 infested with lice. adv. lousiness n.

lousily

lout

n. rough-mannered person. loutish adj. [origin uncertain] louvre /'lu:v8(r)/ n. (also louver) 1 each of a set of overlapping slats designed to admit air and some light and exclude rain. 2 domed structure on a roof with side openings for ventilation etc. louvred adj. [French lover skylight] lovable /'lAV9b(a)l/ adj. (also loveable) inspiring love or affection. lovage /'L\vid3/ n. herb used for flavouring etc. [French levesche from Latin ligusticum Ligurian]

/'lAvat/ n. & adj. muted green. [Lovat in Scotland] love /1a v/ -n. 1 deep affection or fondness. 2 sexual passion. 3 sexual relations. 4 a beloved one; sweetheart (often as a form of address), b colloq. form of address regardless of affection. 5 colloq. person of whom one is fond. 6 affectionate greetings (give him my love). 7 (in games) no score; nil. -v. (-ving) 1 feel love or a deep fondness for. 2 delight in; admire; greatly cherish. 3 colloq. like very much (loves books). 4 (foil, by verbal noun, or to + infin.) be inclined, esp. as a habit; greatly enjoy (children love dressing up; loves to run), fall in love (often foil, by with) suddenly begin to love, for love for pleasure not profit, for the love of for the sake of. in love (often foil, by with)

lovat

enamoured

make

(of),

love (often

foil,

by to) 1 have sexual intercourse (with). 2 archaic pay amorous attention (to), not for love or money colloq. not in any circumstances. [Old English]

loveable var. of lovable. love affair n. romantic or sexual relationship between two people. love-bird n. parrot, esp. one seeming to show great affection for its mate. love bite n. bruise made by a partner's biting etc. during lovemaking. n. child of unmarried parents.

love-child

love-hate relationship

n. intense relationship involving ambivalent emo-

tions.

lounge suit day

low

526

loudly adv. loudness

love-in-a-mist

n.

blue-flowered cul-

tivated plant.

loveless

unloving or unloved or

adj.

both.

love-lies-bleeding

n.

cultivated plant

with drooping spikes of purple-red blooms. lovelorn adj. pining from unrequited love.

lovely -adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1 colloq. pleas-

ing, delightful. 2 beautiful, -n. (pi. -ies) colloq.

woman.

pretty

colloq. delightfully (lovely

loveliness

n.

lovemaking

n.

lovely and and warm).

[Old English] 1 sexual play,

esp.

intercourse. 2 archaic courtship. love-nest n. colloq. secluded retreat for (esp. illicit) lovers.

lover n.

1 person in love with another. 2 person with whom another is having

sexual relations. 3 (in pi.) unmarried couple in love or having sexual relations. 4 person who likes or enjoys a specified thing (music lover). love-seat n. small sofa in the shape of an S, with two seats facing in opposite directions.

lovesick

adj.

languishing with love,

lovey-dovey

/.Lwi'dAvi/

adj.

colloq.

fondly affectionate, sentimental, —adj. feeling or showing love; affection; love. affectionate, -n.

loving

lovingly adv.

loving-cup

n.

two-handled drinking-

cup.

low

1

/lau/ -adj. 1

not high or

tall

(low

wall). 2 a not elevated in position (low altitude), b (of the sun) near the horizon. 3 of or in humble rank or position (of low birth). 4 of small or less than normal amount, extent, or intensity (low temperature; low in calories). 5 small or reduced in quantity (stocks are low). 6 coming below the normal level

(low neck). 7 dejected; lacking vigour (feeling low). 8 (of a sound) not shrill or

low loud. 9 not exalted or sublime; commonplace. 1 unfavourable (low opinion). 11 abject, mean, vulgar (low cunning; low slang). 12 (of a geological period) earlier, —n. 1 low or the lowest level or

number (pound reached a new low). 2 area of low pressure, -adv. 1 in or to a low position or state. 2 in a low tone (speak low). 3 (of a sound) at or to a low lowish

pitch.

adj.

lowness

n.

[Old

Norse]

low 2

lubricious

527

class.

low comedy

n.

comedy bordering on

farce.

Low

Countries n.pl. the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. dishonourable. —n. colloq. (prec. by the; usu. foil, by on) relevant information. lower -adj. (compar. of low 1 ). 1 less high in position or status. 2 situated below another part (lower lip). 3 a situated on less high land (Lower Egypt), b

low-down -adj. mean, 1

situated to the South (Lower California). 4 (of a mammal, plant, etc.) evolved to only a slight degree, -adv. in or to a lowerlower position, status, etc.

most adj. lower 2 v. 1

let

become lower.

or haul down. 2 3 degrade.

make

or

Lower House

level.

low-pitched

adj. 1 (of a sound) low. 2 having only a slight slope. n. 1 low degree of activity or exertion. 2 atmospheric condition with the pressure below average. low-rise -adj. (of a building) having few storeys, -n. such a building.

body

n.

low

1

)

least high

in position or status.

common denominator n. 1 lowest common multiple of the

Math, denominators of several fractions. 2 the worst or most vulgar common feature of

members of a group. lowest common multiple

n.

Math.

least quantity that is a multiple of two or more given quantities. low frequency n. frequency, esp. in

radio, 30 to 300 kilohertz. low gear n. gear such that the driven end of a transmission revolves slower

than the driving end. of low quality.

low-grade adj. low-key adj. strained.

lacking

n.

period of fewest visitors

at a resort etc.

Low Sunday n.

Sunday after Easter, tide n. (also low water) time or level of the tide at its ebb. loyal /'loial/ adj. 1 (often foil, by to) faithful. 2 steadfast in allegiance etc. loyally adv. loyalty n. (pi. -ies). [Latin: related to legal] loyalist n. 1 person who remains loyal to the legitimate sovereign etc. 2 (Loyal-

low

extremist) supporter of union between Great Britain and Northern loyalism n. loyal toast n. toast to the sovereign. lozenge /"h)zmd3/ n. 1 rhombus. 2 small ist) (esp.

Ireland,

sweet or medicinal tablet to be dissolved in the mouth. 3 lozenge-shaped object. [French]

LP abbr.

long-playing (record). sign bearing the letter L, attached to a vehicle to show that it is being driven by a learner, [from plate] abbr. London Philharmonic Or-

L-plate

n.

lysergic acid diethylamide, a

powerful hallucinogenic drug.

in a legislature, esp. the

adj. (super I. of

low season

chestra.

and usu.

larger

low pressure

LSD abbr.

House of Commons.

lowest

lander n. low-level adj. (of a computer language) close in form to machine code. lowly adj. (-ier, -iest) humble; unpretentious, lowliness n. low-lying adj. near to the ground or sea

LPO

lower3 var. of lour. lower case n. small letters, lower class n. working class.

lowest

-n. (usu. in pi.) low-lying country, -adj. of or in lowland, low-

(of a roof)

-n. sound made by cattle; moo. -v. make this sound. [Old English] low-born adj. of humble birth. lowbrow -adj. not intellectual or cultured, -n. lowbrow person. Low Church n. section of the Church of England attaching little importance to ritual, priestly authority, and the sacraments. low-class adj. of low quality or social /lau/

elected

lowland

intensity,

l.s.d. /.eles'di:/ n. pounds, shillings,

1

hist.

[Latin librae, solidi, denarii]

LSE abbr. London School of Economics. LSO abbr. London Symphony Orchestra.

Lt. abbr. 1 Lieutenant. 2 light. Ltd. abbr. Limited. Lu symb. lutetium.

lubber

n.

clumsy

fellow, lout, [origin

uncertain]

lubricant

/'luibrikant/ friction,

n.

substance

used to reduce

lubricate

(-ting) 1 apply oil or grease etc. to. 2 make slippery. lubrication /- keij(a)n/ n. lubricator /'lu:bn,keit/

v.

n. [Latin lubricus slippery] /lu:'bnjas/ adj. 1 slippery, evasive. 2 lewd. lubricity n. [Latin: related to lubricate]

lubricious re-

(also £.s.d.)

and pence (in former British currency). 2 money, riches.

lucerne /lu:'s3:n/ n.

shiny seeds]

lucid

1 expressing or /'lu:sid/ adj. expressed clearly. 2 sane, p lucidity siditi/ n. lucidly adv. lucidness n.

[Latin lux luc- light]

Lucifer

/'lu.sifa(r)/ n. Satan. [Latin: related to lucid, fero bring] n. 1 good or bad fortune. 2 circumstances of life (beneficial or not) brought by this. 3 good fortune; success due to chance (in luck; out of luck). no such

luck

luck

unfortunately not. [Low or Dutch]

colloq.

German luckless

unlucky;

adj.

ending

in

failure.

lucky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having or resulting from good luck. 2 bringing good luck luckily adv. (lucky charm). lucky dip n. tub containing articles varying in value and chosen at random.

lucrative

/'luikrativ/ adj. profitable.

lucratively

lucrativeness

adv.

n.

[Latin: related to lucre]

lucre

/'lu:ka(r)/ n. derog. financial gain. [Latin lucrum gain]

Luddite

/'lAdait/

-n.

1

person opposed

industrial progress or new technology. 2 hist, member of a band of English artisans who destroyed machinery (1811-16). -adj. of the Ludto

Ludditism

dites.

n.

[Ned Lud, name

of a destroyer of machinery]

ludicrous

/'luidikras/ adj. absurd, ri-

diculous, laughable. ludicrously adv. ludicrousness n. [Latin ludicrum stage play]

ludo

,/'lu:dau/

n.

simple board-game

played with dice and counters. [Latin, 1

=

play]

luff v. (also absol.) 1 steer (a ship) nearer the wind. 2 raise or lower (a crane's jib). [French, probably from Low German] lug -v. (-gg-) 1 drag or carry with effort. 2 pull hard. -n. 1 hard or rough pull. 2 colloq. ear. 3 projection

on an object by

it may be carried, fixed in place, [probably Scandinavian]

which etc.

luggage /'L\gid3/ n.

suitcases, bags, etc., for a traveller's belongings, [from lug] lugger /'lAga(r)/ n. small ship with four-

cornered

[from lugsail] slang ear. four-cornered sail on a yard, [probably from lug]

lughole lugsail

lump sum

528

= alfalfa. [Provencal, = glow-worm, referring to its

lucerne

sails,

n.

n.

soothe or send to sleep. 2 (usu. foil, by into) deceive (a person) into undue confidence (lulled into a false sense of security). 3 allay (suspicions etc.), usu. by deception. 4 (of noise, a storm, etc.) abate or fall quiet, -n. temporary quiet period, [imitative] lullaby /'lAla.bai/ n. (pi. -ies) soothing song to send a child to sleep, [related to LULL]

lull -0.

1

lumbago

/lAm'beigau/

rheumatic

n.

pain in the muscles of the lower back. [Latin

lumbus

lumbar

loin]

/'lAmb9(r)/ adj. of the lower [as lumbago]

back area,

lumbar puncture

n. withdrawal of spinal fluid from the lower back for diagnosis.

lumber

/'lAmba(r)/ -n. 1 disused and articles. 2 partly prepared timber, -v. 1 (usu. foil, by with) leave (a

cumbersome

person etc.) with something unwanted or unpleasant. 2 (usu. foil, by up) obstruct, fill inconveniently. 3 cut and prepare forest timber. 4 move in a slow clumsy way. [origin uncertain]

lumberjack

n.

person

who

fells

and

transports lumber.

lumber-jacket n. jacket of the kind worn by lumberjacks, lumber-room n. room where disused things are kept. /'luimmari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 literary natural light-giving body. 2 wise or inspiring person. 3 celebrated member of a group (show- business luminaries). [Latin lumen lumin- light]

luminary

luminescence

n. /,lu:mi'nes(9)ns/ light without heat. luminescent adj. luminous /'luimmas/ adj. 1 shedding light. 2 phosphorescent, visible in dark-

emission

of

ness (luminous paint).

luminosity

/-'nositi/ n.

lump

-n. 1 compact shapeless mass. 2 tumour; swelling, bruise. 3 heavy, dull, or ungainly person. 4 (prec. by the) slang casual workers in the building 1

trade, -v. 1 (usu. foil, by together etc.) treat as all alike; put together in a lump. lump 2 (of sauce etc.) become lumpy. in the throat feeling of pressure there, caused by emotion. [Scandinavian] lump 2 v. colloq. put up with ungraciously (like it or lump it), [imitative]

lugubrious

lumpectomy /lAm'pektami/ n. (pi -ies)

lugworm

lumpish

lukewarm

lump sugar n. sugar in cubes, lump sum n. 1 sum covering a number

/lu:'gu:bnas/ adj. doleful, lugubriously adv. lugubriousness n. [Latin lugeo mourn] n. large marine worm used as bait, [origin unknown] adj. 1 moderately warm; tepid. 2 unenthusiastic, indifferent. [Old

English (now

dial.)

luke

warm, warm]

surgical removal of a

lump from

the

breast. adj. 1

heavy and clumsy. 2

stupid, lethargic,

of items. 2

money

paid

down

at once.

lumpy (-ier, -iest) full

lumpily

with lumps.

ness

of or covered adv. lumpi-

lunacy /'lu:nasi/ n.

insanity. 2 great folly.

(pi. -ies) 1

mental

unsoundness. 3 [Latin: related to lunar]

concerned moon. [Latin

/'lu:n8(r)/ adj. of, like,

with, or determined by the

small craft for travelling between the moon and a spacecraft in orbit

n.

around

it.

lunar month

n, 1 period of the moon's revolution, esp. the interval between new moons (about 29*/ 2 days). 2 (in general use) four weeks. lunate /'luineit/ adj. crescent-shaped. lunatic /'lu:natik/ -n. 1 insane person. 2 wildly foolish person, —adj. insane; extremely reckless or foolish, [related to

lunacy]

lunatic asylum

n. hist,

mental home

or hospital.

lunatic fringe

n.

extreme or eccentric

minority group. !

/

[medieval Latin: related to lunar] -n. midday meal. — v. 1 take lunch. 2 entertain to lunch, [shortening

lunch

luncheon]

luncheon

/'lAntJXa)n/ n.

formal lunch,

unknown]

luncheon meat pork

n.

tinned meat loaf of

etc.

luncheon voucher

n. voucher issued employees and exchangeable for food at many restaurants and shops.

to

lung

either of the pair of respiratory organs in humans and many other ver2 tebrates. [Old English: related to light ] n.

lunge —n.

1

sudden movement forward.

2 the basic attacking move in fencing. 3 long rope on which a horse is held and

made

to circle round its trainer, —v. (-ging) (usu. foil, by at, out) deliver or make a lunge. [French allonger from

long long

1

]

lupin

/'lu:pm/ n. cultivated plant with long tapering spikes of flowers, [related to lupine] lupine /'lu:pam/ adj. of or like wolves. [Latin lupinus from lupus wolf]

lupus

autoimmune inflammatory skin disease. [Latin, = wolf] lurch -n. stagger; sudden unsteady movement or leaning, —v. stagger; move /'lu:pas/ n.

1

[originally or progress unsteadily, Naut., of uncertain origin] n. leave in the lurch desert (a friend etc.) in difficulties, [obsolete French lourche a kind of backgammon]

lurch 2

n.

crossbred dog,

usu. a working dog crossed with a grey-

lure

-v. (-ring)

1

(usu.

foil,

by away,

into) entice. 2 recall with a lure. -n. 1 thing used to entice. 2 (usu. foil, by of) enticing quality (of a pursuit etc.). 3 falconer's apparatus for recalling a

Lurex /'ljuareks/ n. propr.

1

incorporating

a

thread. 2 fabric

made from

lurid

type of yarn

glittering

/'ljoarid/ adj. 1

metallic

this.

bright and glaring

in colour. 2 sensational, shocking (lurid details). 3 ghastly, wan (lurid complexion). luridly adv. [Latin] lurk v. 1 linger furtively. 2 a lie in ambush, b (usu. foil, by in, under, about, etc.) hide, esp. for sinister purposes. 3 (as lurking adj.) dormant (a lurking suspicion), [perhaps from lour] luscious /'lAjas/ adj. 1 richly sweet in taste or smell. 2 (of style) over-rich. 3 voluptuously attractive, [perhaps related to delicious] lush adj. 1 (of vegetation) luxuriant and succulent. 2 luxurious. 3 slang excellent, [origin uncertain] lush 2 n. slang alcoholic, drunkard, [origin uncertain] lust -n. 1 strong sexual desire. 2 (usu. foil, by for, of) passionate desire for or enjoyment of (lust for power; lust of battle). 3 sensuous appetite regarded as sinful (lusts of the flesh), -v. (usu. foil, by after, for) have a strong or excessive lustful adj. lust(esp. sexual) desire. fully adv. [Old English] 1

lunation /lu:'neij(3)n/ n. interval between new moons, about 29 2 days.

[origin

/'l3:tja(r)/

hawk. [French from Germanic]

luna moon]

lunar module

of

lurcher

hound, [related to lurk]

n.

lunar

Lutheran

529

lumpy adj.

/lAst8(r)/ n. (US luster) 1 gloss, shining surface. 2 brilliance, splendour. 3 iridescent glaze on pottery and por-

lustre

celain.

lustrous

adj.

[Latin lustro

illumine]

lusty

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

1

healthy and

lustily adv. strong. 2 vigorous, lively, lustiness n. [from lust] lutanist var. of lutenist. lute /lu:t/ n. guitar-like instrument with a long neck and a pear-shaped body. [Arabic] lute 2 /lu:t/ -n. clay or cement for making joints airtight etc. -v. (-ting) apply lute to. [Latin lutum mud] lutenist /'lu:t8nist/ n. (also lutanist) lute-player, [related to lute ] lutetium /lu:'ti:Xam/ n. silvery metallic element, the heaviest of the lanthanide series. [Lutetia, ancient name of Paris] Lutheran /'lu:08ran/ -n. 1 follower of Luther. 2 member of the Lutheran Church, -adj. of Luther, or the Protestant Reformation and the doctrines 1

1

associated with him. Lutheranism n. [Martin Luther, religious reformer]

lux lux

-lyte

530

(pi same) the SI unit of illumination. [Latin] luxuriant lAg'zjuariant/ adj. 1 growing profusely. 2 exuberant. 3 florid, luxuriance n. luxuriantly adv. [Latin: related to luxury] n.

Usage Luxuriant

is

sometimes con-

fused with luxurious.

luxuriate by

lAg'zjuan.eit/

(-ting)

v.

1

take self-indulgent delight in, enjoy as a luxury. 2 relax in comfort. luxurious /lAg'zjuanas/ adj. 1 supplied with luxuries. 2 extremely comfortable. luxuriously adv. 3 fond of luxury. [Latin: related to luxury] (foil,

in)

Usage Luxurious

is

sometimes con-

fused with luxuriant.

luxury

/'lAkJari/ n. (pi. -ies)

1

choice or

lymphatic ing, or

conveying lymph. 2

lymphatic system sels

lychee lichee)

brown bearing

/'laitji, 1

'h-l

n.

(also

litchi,

sweet white juicy fruit in a from China,

skin. 2 tree, orig. this.

[Chinese]

var. of lich-gate. Lycra /'laikra/ n. propr. elastic polyurethane fabric used esp. for

wood

water made alkaline with

ashes. 2

any alkaline solution

for

washing. [Old English]

lying pres.

lymph

part, of lie

adj. keen-sighted.

n. ancient U-shaped stringed instrument. [Greek lura] lyre-bird n. Australian bird, the male of which has a lyre-shaped tail display. lyric /'link/ —adj. 1 (of poetry) expressing the writer's emotions, usu. briefly and in stanzas. 2 (of a poet) writing in this manner. 3 meant or fit to be sung, songlike. -n. 1 lyric poem. 2 (in pi.) words of a song. [Latin: related to lyre] lyrical adj. 1 = lyric. 2 resembling, or using language appropriate to, lyric poetry. 3 colloq. highly enthusiastic (wax lyrical about). lyrically adv. lyricism /'lin siz(3)m/ n. quality of

/'laia(r)/

being lyric. lyricist /'linsist/

1 ,

lie

2 .

/limf/ n. 1 colourless fluid from the tissues of the body, containing white blood cells. 2 this fluid used as a vaccine. [Latin lympha]

n.

writer of (esp. pop-

ular) lyrics.

lysergic

sportswear. /lai/ n. 1

lymph node)

(

lych-gate

lye

(also

n.

lugx]

lyre

of (princely). 2 recurring at intervals of (daily). [Old English] 2 -ly suffix forming adverbs from adjectives (boldly, happily). [Old English]

network of ves

small mass of tissue in the lymphatic system. lymphoma /lim'fauma/ n. (pi. -s or -mata) tumour of the lymph nodes. lynch /lint J/ v. (of a mob) put (a person) to death without a legal trial, lynching n. [originally US, after Lynch, 18thc. Justice of the Peace in Virginia] lynch law n. procedure followed when a person is lynched. lynx /links/ n. (pi same or -es) wild cat with a short tail and spotted fur. [Greek

thing giving comfort or enjoyment but not essential. 3 (attrib.) comfortable and expensive (luxury flat). [Latin luxus

1

n.

conveying lymph.

lymph gland

lynx-eyed

abundance] luncheon voucher. Lw symb. lawrencium. -ly suffix forming adjectives, esp. from nouns, meaning: 1 having the qualities

(of a person)

pale, flabby, or sluggish.

costly surroundings, possessions, etc. 2

LV abbr.

/lim'faetik/ adj. 1 of, secret-

'S3:d3ik,

acid

diethylamide

.daia'Oaila.maid/

n.

=

/lai

LSD.

[from hydro/ysis, ergot, -ic] -lysis comb, form forming nouns denoting disintegration or decomposition (electrolysis). [Greek lusis loosening] -lyte suffix forming nouns denoting substances that can be decomposed (electrolyte). [Greek lutos loosened]

M M

1

/em/

n. (pi.

Ms

or M's)

1

thirteenth

letter of the alphabet. 2 (as a

numeral)

roman

1,000.

M abbr. (also M.) Master. 2 Monsieur. 3 motorway. 4 mega-. m abbr. (also m.) male. 2 masculine. 3 2

1

1

married. 4 mile(s). 5 metre(s). 6 mil-

/ma:/ n. colloq. mother, [abbreviation of mama]

/maem, ma:m,

mam/

n.

madam

(used esp. in addressing a royal lady), [contraction]

mac n.

colloq.

mackintosh, grim, grue-

or -sing). [McAdam, name of a surveyor] macadamia /.maeka'deimia/ n. edible seed of an Australian tree. [Macadam, name of a chemist] macaque /ma'kaek/ n. a kind of monkey, e.g. the rhesus monkey and Barbary ape, with prominent cheekpouches. [Portuguese, = monkey] macaroni /.maeka'rauni/ n. small pasta tubes. [Italian from Greek] macaroon /,maeka'ru:n/ n. small almond cake or biscuit. [Italian: related -ise) (-zing

to

macaroni]

macaw

/ma'ko:/ n. long-tailed brightly

coloured American parrot. [Portuguese

macao]

McCarthyism

/m9'ka:ei,iz(8)m/ n. hist, hunting out and sacking of Communists in the US. [McCarthy, name of a senator] /ma'koi/ n. the real McCoy colloq. the real thing; the genuine article, [origin uncertain] mace n. 1 staff of office, esp. symbol of the Speaker's authority in the House of Commons. 2 person bearing this.

McCoy 1

[French from Romanic] mace 2 n. dried outer covering of the nutmeg as a spice. [Latin macir]

macedoine

/'maesi,dwa:n/

n.

mixed

vegetables or fruit, esp. diced or jellied. [French] macerate /'maesa.reit/ v. (-ting) 1 soften by soaking. 2 waste away by fasting,

maceration

[Mach,

name

of a physicist]

esp. of Central

broad heavy knife, America. [Spanish from

Latin]

/-'reiJXa)n/ n. [Latin]

/.maekia'velian/

adj.

elaborately cunning; scheming, unscrupulous, u machiavellianism n. [Machiavelli, name of a political writer]

machination in pi.)

/,maeki'neiJXG)n/ n. (usu. intrigue. machinate (-ting). [Latin: related to

plot, v.

machine]

machine

some. [French] macadam /ma'kaedam/ n. 1 broken stone as material for road-making. 2 = macadamize v. (also tarmac ad am.

Mach number)

machete /ma'Jeti/ n.

/'maek-/

mack)

[abbreviation] macabre /ma'kaibr/ adj.

(also

n. (in full

ratio of the speed of a bddy to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium.

machiavellian

lion^). 7 minute(s). 8 milli-.

MA abbr. Master of Arts.

ma

ma'am

Mach /ma:k/

applying

-rc. 1 apparatus for mechanical power, having

/ma'Jrn/

several interrelated parts. 2 particular

machine, esp. a vehicle or an electrical or electronic apparatus. 3 controlling system of an organization etc. (party machine). 4 person who acts mechanically. 5 (esp. in comb.) mechanical dispenser with slots for coins (cigarette machine), -v. (-ning) make or operate on with a machine. [Greek mekhane] machine code n. (also machine language) computer language for a particular computer.

machine-gun

-n. automatic gun giving continuous fire. -v. (-nn-) shoot at with a machine-gun.

machine-readable adj.

in a

form that

a computer can process.

machinery

n. (pi. -ies) 1

machines. 2

mechanism. 3 (usu. foil, by of) organized system. 4 (usu.

foil,

by for) means

devised.

machine

tool

n.

mechanically oper-

ated tool. n. 1 person who operates a machine, esp. a sewing-machine or a machine tool. 2 person who makes machinery. machismo /ma'kizmau, -'tjizmau/ n. being macho; masculine pride. [Span-

machinist

ish]

macho /'maetjau/ adj. aggressively masculine, [from

Mach one

machismo]

n. (also

speed (or twice

etc.

Mach two etc.) the the speed) of sound.

macintosh

mack var.

var. of mackintosh. of mac.

mackerel /'maekr(a)l/ n. marine

fish

[Anglo-French]

used

(pi.

same or -s) as

food.

mackerel sky mackerel sky

rows of small white

fleecy clouds. /'maekm.tDj/ n. (also

mackintosh macintosh) 2

waterproof coat or cloak. waterproofed with rubber.

cloth

magenta

532

sky dappled with

n.

1

made past and past part,

of make. -adj. 1 built or formed (well-made). 2 successful (self-made man; be made). have (or have got) it made colloq. be sure of success, made for ideally suited to. made of consisting of. made of money

[Macintosh, name of its inventor] macrame /ma'kra:mi/ n. 1 art of knotting cord or string in patterns to make decorative articles. 2 work so made. [Arabic, = bedspread]

Madeira

macro- comb, form 1

Mademoiselle

scale.

long. 2 large, large-

[Greek makros long]

macrobiotic

/.maekraubai'Dtik/ -adj.

of a diet intended to prolong life, esp. consisting of wholefoods, —n. (in pl.\ treated as sing.) theory of such a diet. [Greek bios life] macrocarpa /,maekrau'ka:pa/ n. evergreen tree, often cultivated for hedges

or wind-breaks. [Greek macro-, karpos

macrocosm

/'maekrau,kDz(a)m/ n. 1 universe. 2 the whole of a complex structure, [from macro-, cosmos]

macroeconomics

/,maekrao\i:ka

'nnmiks/ n. the study of the economy as a whole. macroeconomic adj. macron /'maekron/ n. mark (-) over a long or stressed vowel. [Greek, neuter of

makros longj /.maekrau'skopik/ adj. 1 visible to the naked eye. 2 regarded in terms of large units. macula /'maekjula/ n. (pi -lae /-,li:/) dark, esp. permanent, spot in the skin.

maculation

/-'leij\a)n/

[Latin,

n.

=

mesh] adj. (madder, maddest)

1 insane; frenzied. 2 wildly foolish. 3 (often foil, by about, on) colloq. wildly excited or infatuated. 4 colloq. angry. 5 (of an animal) rabid. 6 wildly light-hearted. like mad colloq. with great energy or enmadness n. [Old English] thusiasm. /'maedam/ n. 1 polite or respectful form of address or mode of reference to a woman. 2 colloq. conceited or precocious girl or young woman. 3 woman brothel-keeper, [related to Madame]

madam

Madame

/ma'da:m, 'maedam/

n.

1

(pi.

Mesdames /mei'da:m, -'daem/) Mrs or madam (used of or to a French-speaking woman). 2 (madame) = madam 1. [French

ma dame my

madcap

lady]

n. 1 fortified

white

/.maedamwa'zel/

n. (pi.

Mesdemoiselles) /.meidm-/ 1 Miss or (used of or to an unmarried French-speaking woman). 2 (mademoiselle) a young Frenchwoman, b French governess. [French ma my, demoiselle damsel] made to measure adj. tailor-made.

madam

madhouse n. 1 colloq. scene of confused uproar. 2 archaic mental

-adj.

mad cow madden

= BSE. make or become mad. 2

disease v.

1

n. colloq.

maddening

irritate.

madly adv.

home

or hos-

in a mad manner. 2 colloq. a passionately, b extremely, 1

madman n. man who is mad. Madonna

/ma'dona/ n. 1 (prec. by the) the Virgin Mary. 2 (madonna) picture or statue of her. [Italian, = my lady] madrigal /'maBdrig(a)l/ n. part-song, usu. unaccompanied, for several voices.

adj.

madden-

ingly adv. /'maeda(r)/

n.

1

madwoman n. woman who is mad. maelstrom

/'meilstram/ n. 1 great whirlpool. 2 state of confusion. [Dutch] maenad /'mi:naed/ n. 1 bacchante. 2 frenzied woman. maenadic /-'naedik/ adj. [Greek mainomai rave] maestro /'maistrau/ n. (pi. maestri /-stn/ or -s) 1 distinguished musician, esp. a conductor, composer, or teacher. 2 great performer in any sphere. [Italian]

Mae West

/mei 'west/ n. slang inflatable life-jacket, [name of a film actress] /'maefia/ n. 1 organized body of criminals, orig. in Sicily, now also in Italy and the US. 2 (mafia) group regarded as exerting an intimidating

Mafia

and corrupt power.

[Italian

dial.,

=

bragging]

Mafioso /.maBfi'ausau/ /-si/) member of the

(pi.

Mafiosi

Mafia.

[Italian:

n.

related to Mafia]

mag n.

colloq.

= magazine

1.

[abbrevia-

tion]

wildly impulsive, —n. wildly impulsive person.

madder

/ma'diara/

wine from Madeira. 2 (in full Madeira cake) a kind of sponge cake.

[Italian]

macroscopic

mad

very rich.

pital.

fruit]

spot,

colloq.

herbaceous

plant with yellowish flowers. 2 a red dye from its root, b its synthetic substitute. [Old English]

magazine

/,maega'zi:n/ n.

1

illustrated

periodical publication containing artstories, etc. 2 chamber holding cartridges to be fed automatically to the icles,

breech of a gun. 3 similar device in a slide projector etc. 4 military store for etc. 5 store for explosives. [Arabic

arms

makazin]

magenta /magenta/

-n. 1 shade of crimson. 2 aniline crimson dye. -adj. of

maggot

or coloured with magenta. [Magenta in N. Italy] maggot /'maegat/ n. larva, esp. of the maggoty adj. housefly or bluebottle. [perhaps an alteration of maddock, from Old Norse] magi pi. of magus. magic /'maed3ik/ -n. 1 a supposed art of influencing or controlling events supernaturally. b witchcraft. 2 conjuring tricks. 3 inexplicable influence. 4 enchanting quality or phenomenon. -adj. 1 of magic. 2 producing surprising results. 3 colloq. wonderful, exciting. -v. (-ck-) change or create by or as if by magic. like magic very rapidly, magic away cause to disappear as if by magic. [Greek magikos: related to

magus]

magical

adj. 1 of magic. 2 resembling, or produced as if by, magic. 3 wonderful, enchanting. magically adv. magic eye n. photoelectric device used

for detection, automatic control, etc. magician /ma'd3ij(a)n/ n. 1 person skilled in magic. 2 conjuror.

magic lantern

n.

primitive form of

slide projector.

magisterial

/,maed3i'sti9rial/

adj.

1

imperious. 2 authoritative. 3 of a magistrate. magisterially adv. [medieval Latin: related to master]

magistracy /'maed3istrasi/ n. magisterial

office. 2

{pi. -ies) 1

magistrates collect-

ively.

magistrate

/'maedsi.streit/

n.

1

civil

administering the law. 2 official conducting a court for minor cases and preliminary hearings. [Latin: related to master] magma /'maegma n. {pi. -s) molten rock officer

under the earth's

crust,

from which

igneous rock is formed by cooling. [Greek masso knead] Magna Carta /.maegna 'ka:to/ n. (also Magna Charta) charter of liberty obtained from King John in 1215. [medieval Latin, = great charter] magnanimous /maeg'naenimas/ adj. nobly generous; not petty in feelings or magnanimity conduct. /.maegna'nimiti/ n. magnanimously adv. [Latin magnus great, animus

mind]

magnate

magnify

533

magnet

/'maegnit/ n. 1 piece of iron, steel, alloy, ore, etc., having the properties of attracting iron and of pointing

approximately north and south when suspended. 2 lodestone. 3 person or thing that attracts. [Greek magnes -etos of Magnesia: related to magnesia] magnetic /ma3g'netik/«ac(/. 1 a having the properties of a magnet, b produced or acting by magnetism. 2 capable of being attracted by or acquiring the properties of a magnet. 3 strongly attractive {magnetic personality).

magnetically adv.

magnetic

field

area of force around

n.

a magnet.

magnetic mine

n.

underwater mine

detonated by the approach of a large mass of metal, e.g. a ship. magnetic needle n. piece of magnetized steel used as an indicator on the dial of a

compass

etc.

magnetic north

n. point indicated by the north end of a magnetic needle. magnetic pole n. point near the north or south pole where a magnetic needle dips vertically. magnetic storm n. disturbance of the

earth's magnetic field by charged particles

from the sun

etc.

magnetic tape

n. plastic strip coated with magnetic material for recording

sound or pictures.

magnetism

/'maegni,tiz(8)m/

n.

1

a

magnetic phenomena and their science, b property of producing these. 2 attraction; personal charm.

magnetize

/'maegni.taiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 give magnetic properties to. 2 make into a magnet. 3 attract as magnetizable adj. a magnet does.

magnetization

/-'zeij(9)n/ n.

magneto /maeg'ni:t9u/ n.

{pi. -s)

electric

generator using permanent magnets (esp. for the ignition of an internal-

combustion engine), [abbreviation of magneto-electric] /maeg'nifi.kaet/ n. hymn of the Virgin Mary used as a canticle. word] opening its [from

Magnificat

magnification

/.maegnifi'keiJYaJn/ n.

1

magnifying or being magnified. 2 degree of this.

magnificent

/maeg'nifis(a)nt/

adj.

1

splendid, stately. 2 colloq. fine, excel/'maegneit/ n.

wealthy and

influential person, usu. in business. [Latin magnus great] /maeg'ni:Ja, -39/ n. 1 magnesium oxide. 2 hydrated magnesium carbonate, used as an antacid and laxative.

magnesia

[Magnesia in Asia Minor]

magnesium

/maeg'ni:ziam/ metallic element.

n.

silvery

magnificence

lent.

cently adv.

magnus

magnifi[Latin magnificus from

great] /'maegni.fai/

magnify

v.

n.

(-ies,

-ied)

1

make

(a thing) appear larger than it is, as with a lens. 2 exaggerate. 3 intensify. magnifiable adj. 4 archaic extol.

magnifier n. cent]

[Latin: related to magnifi-

magnifying glass magnifying glass

to

magnify.

magnitude

/'maegni,tju:d/ n. 1 largeness. 2 size. 3 importance. 4 a degree of brightness of a star, b class of stars arranged according to this (of the third

of the first magnitude magnitude), very important. [Latin magnus great] magnolia /maeg'naulia/ n. 1 tree with dark-green foliage and waxy flowers. 2 creamy-pink colour. [Magnol, name of a /'maegnDks/

magnesiumenclose uranium n.

based alloy used to elements in some nuclear reactors,

fuel

[magnesium

oxidation]

magnum

/'maegnam/ n. bottle twice the normal neuter of magnus great]

magnum great

-s)

(pi.

size.

opus /.maegnam

wine

[Latin,

'aupas/ n.

work of art, literature, etc., esp. an

artist's

most important work.

[Latin]

magpie

/'maegpai/ «. 1 a kind of crow with a long tail and black and white plumage. 2 chatterer. 3 indiscriminate collector, [from Mag, abbreviation of Margaret, pie 2 ]

magus /'meigas/ n.

(pi.

magi /'meid3ai/)

1 priest of ancient Persia. 2 sorcerer. 3 (the Magi) the 'wise men' from the East (Matt. 2:1-12). [Persian magus] Magyar /'maegja:(r)/ -n. 1 member of the chief ethnic group in Hungary. 2 their language, —adj. of this people,

[native

name]

/,ma:ha'ra:d3a/ n. (also hist, title of some Indian princes. [Hindi, = great rajah] maharanee /.maiha'raim/ n. (also

maharajah)

maharani)

(pi. -s) hist,

maharaja's wife

or widow. [Hindi, = great ranee]

maharishi

/,ma:ha'riji/ n. (pi. -s) great

sage. [Hindi]

/ma'hsetma/ n. 1 (in India etc.) revered person. 2 one of a class of persons supposed by some Buddhists to have preternatural powers. [Sanskrit, = great soul] mah-jong /ma:'d3Dn/ n. (also mah-jongg) game played with 136 or 144 pieces called tiles. [Chinese dial, matsiang sparrows] mahlstick var. of maulstick. mahogany /ma'hogani/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 reddish-brown tropical wood used furniture.

2

its

colour,

[origin

unknown]

mahonia

/ma'haunia/ n. evergreen shrub with yellow bell-shaped flowers. [French or Spanish]

mahout

female servant. 2 archaic or

poet, girl,

young woman, [abbreviation

of maiden] /'meid(a)n/

maiden

n.

1

a archaic or

young unmarried woman, b unmarried (maiden aunt). 2 =

poet, girl; (attrib.)

maiden over. 3 (attrib.) (of a female animal) unmated. 4 (often attrib.) a horse that has never won a race, b race open only to such horses. 5 (attrib. ) first (maiden speech; maiden voyage).

maidenly

n.

adj.

[Old

English]

maidenhair

fern with hairlike stalks and delicate fronds, maidenhead n. 1 virginity. 2 hymen, n.

maiden name

n.

woman's surname

before marriage.

maiden over

n.

over in cricket in

which no runs are scored, n. 1 unmarried lady attending a queen or princess. 2 esp. US

maid of honour

principal bridesmaid,

maidservant mail -n. 1 a

n.

female servant.

and parcels etc. carried by post, b postal system, c one complete delivery or collection of mail. 2 email. 3 vehicle carrying mail. -v. send by post or email. [French male 1

letters

wallet]

mail 2 n. armour of metal rings or plates. [French maille from Latin macula]

mailbag n. large sack for carrying mail, mailbox n. US letter-box. mailing list n. list of people to whom mail order

n.

etc. is posted,

purchase of goods by

post.

mailshot

n.

advertising material sent

to potential customers. cripple, disable, v.

maim

mutilate.

[French mahaignier]

main -adj.

1 chief, principal. 2 exerted main force), -n. 1 principal duct etc. for water, sewage, etc. 2 (usu. in pi; prec. by the) a central distribution network for electricity, gas, water, etc. b domestic electricity supply as distinct from batteries. 3 poet.

to the full (by

mahatma

for

n. 1

advertising matter

maharaja

Hindu

maid

maidenhood

botanist]

magnox

mainline

534

used

lens

n.

/ma'haut/ n. (in India etc.) elephant-driver. [Hindi from Sanskrit]

in the mostly. [Old English] brace n. brace attached to the yard. chance n. (prec. by the) one's

high seas (Spanish Main).

main

main main

main own

interests.

mainframe

n. 1 central processing unit of a large computer. 2 (often attrib.) large computer system. mainland n. large continuous extent of land, excluding neighbouring islands. mainline v. (-ning) slang 1 take drugs intravenously. 2 inject (drugs) intramainliner n. venously,

main main

line

line

n.

cities.

mainly

/'memli/ adv. mostly; chiefly. n. principal mast of a ship. mainsail /'memseil, -s(a)l/ n. 1 (in a square-rigged vessel) lowest sail on the mainmast. 2 (in a fore-and-aft rigged vessel) sail set on the after part of the

mainmast

mainmast.

mainspring watch, clock,

n. 1

etc.

principal spring of a 2 chief motivating

force; incentive.

mainstay n.

1 chief support. 2 stay from the maintop to the foot of the foremast.

mainstream

n. 1 (often attrib.) ultimately prevailing trend in opinion, fashion, etc. 2 type of swing jazz, esp. with solo improvisation. 3 principal current of a river etc. maintain /mem'tem/ v. 1 cause to continue; keep up (an activity etc.). 2 support by work, expenditure, etc. 3 assert as true. 4 preserve (a house, machine, etc.) in good repair. 5 provide means for. [Latin manus hand, teneo hold] maintained school n. school supported from public funds, State school. maintenance /'meintanans/ n. 1 maintaining or being maintained. 2 a provision of the means to support life, b alimony. [French: related to maintain] maintop n. platform above the head of the lower mainmast. maintopmast n. mast above the head of the lower mainmast. main yard n. yard on which the main-

sail is

extended.

maiolica

/ma'jDlika/ n. (also majolica) white tin-glazed earthenware decorated

with metallic colours or enamelled. [Italian, from the former name of Majorca]

maisonette

/.meiza'net/

n.

1

flat

on

more than one

floor. 2 small house. maisonnette diminutive of maison house] maize n. 1 cereal plant of N. America. 2 cobs or grain of this. [French or Span-

[French

ish]

Maj. abbr. Major. majestic /ma'd3estik/ dignified;

imposing.

adj. stately

and

majestically

adv.

majesty

/'maed3isti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 statedignity, or authority, esp. of bearing, language, etc. 2 a royal power, b (Majesty) (prec. by His, Her, Your) forms of description or address for a

liness,

sovereign

or

a

sovereign's

wife

or

widow (Your Majesty; Her Majesty the majestas: Queen Mother). [Latin related to major] var. of maiolica.

majolica

make

535

railway line linking large

major

/'meid3a(r)/ -adj. 1 relatively great in size, intensity, scope, or importance. 2 (of surgery) serious. 3 Mus. a (of a scale) having intervals of a semitone above its third and seventh notes, b (of an interval) greater by a semitone than a minor interval (major third), c (of a key) based on a major scale. 4 of full legal age. -n. 1 a army officer next below lieutenant-colonel, b officer in charge of a band section (drum major). 2 person of full legal age. 3 US a student's main subject or course, b student of this. -v. (foil, by in) US study or qualify in (a subject) as one's main subject. [Latin, comparative of magnus great]

major-domo

/.meidsa'daumau/

n.

(pi.

chief steward of a great household. [medieval Latin major domus highest official of the household] -s)

majorette

/,meid3a'ret/

n.

=

drum

majorette, [abbreviation]

major-general

n. officer

next below a

lieutenant-general.

majority /ma'dsnnti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 (usu. foil, by of) greater number or part. 2 a number of votes by which a candidate wins, b party etc. receiving the greater of votes. 3 full legal age. 4 rank of major, [medieval Latin: related to

number major]

Usage In sense 1, majority is strictly used only with countable nouns, as in the majority of people, majority of the work.

and not

(e.g.)

majority rule n. principle that greater number should exercise

the

the the

greater power.

make

-v. (-king; past and past part. 1 construct; create; form from parts or other substances. 2 cause or compel (made me do it). 3 a cause to

made)

bring about (made a noise), b cause to become or seem (made him angry made a fool of me; made him a knight). 4 compose; prepare; write (made her will; made a film). 5 constitute; amount to; be reckoned as (2 and 2 make 4). 6 a undertake (made a promise; make an effort), b perform (an action etc.) (made a face; made a bow). 7 gain, acquire, procure (money, a living, a profit, etc.). 8 prepare (tea, coffee, a meal, etc.). 9 a arrange (a bed) for use. b arrange and light materials for (a fire). 10 a proceed (made towards the river). b (foil, by to + infin.) act as if with the intention to (he made to go). 11 colloq. a arrive at (a place) or in time for (a train etc.). b manage to attend; manage to attend on (a certain day) or at (a certain time) (couldn't make the meeting last exist;

;

make

Malay

536

week; can make any day except Friday). c achieve a place in (made the first eleven). 12 establish or enact (a distinction, rule, law, etc.). 13 consider to be; estimate as (what do you make the total?). 14 secure the success or advancement of (his second novel made him; it made my day). 15 accomplish (a distance, speed, score, etc.). 16 a become

curry favour with, ate,

make way 1

room

seded by.

n.

make-up

an

activity,

make do

1

manage

with the inadequate means available. 2 (foil, by with) manage with (something) as an inferior substitute, make for 1 tend to result in. 2 proceed towards (a

make

place). 3 attack, good 1 repay, repair, or compensate for. 2 achieve (a

purpose); be successful, make the grade succeed, make it colloq. 1 succeed in reaching, esp. in time. 2 succeed, make it up 1 be reconciled. 2 remedy a deficit, make it up to remedy negligence, an injury, etc. to (a person), make love see love, make a meal of see meal make merry see merry. make money acquire wealth, make the most of see most, make much (or little) of treat as important (or unimportant), make a name for oneself see name, make no bones about see bone. make nothing of 1 treat as trifling. 2 be unable to understand, use, or deal with, make of 1 construct from. 2 conclude from or about (can you make anything of it?), make off depart hastily, make off with carry away; steal, make or break cause the success or ruin of. make out 1 discern or understand. 2 assert; pretend. 3 colloq. progress; fare. 4 write out (a cheque etc.) or fill in (a form), make over 1 transfer the possession of. 2 refashion, make up 1 act to overcome (a deficiency). 2 complete (an amount etc.). 3 (foil, by for) compensate for. 4 be reconciled. 5 put together; prepare (made up the medicine). 6 concoct (a story). 7 apply cosmetics (to). 8 prepare (a bed) with fresh linen, make up one's mind decide, make up to 1

,

on gain. [Old

-n. pretence, -attrib.

adj. pretended.

maker

makeshift

etc.) to

intent

English]

make-believe

him out a liar). 18 form in the mind (make a decision). 19 (foil, by it + a determine, establish, or choose (let's make it Tuesday), b bring to (a chosen value etc.) (make it a dozen), -n. 1 type or brand of manufacmake ture. 2 way a thing is made. away with 1 = make off with. 2 = do away with, make believe pretend, make the best of see best, make a clean breast see breast, make a clean sweep see sweep, make a day (or night etc) of it devote a whole day (or night

urin-

foil, byfor) allow by for) be super-

make one's way go; prosper,

on the make colloq.

by development (made a great leader). b serve as (makes a useful seat). 17 (usu. foil, by out) represent as (makes

compl.)

make water

(often

to pass. 2 (foil,

1

person

who makes.

2

(Maker) God. -adj. temporary, -n. temporary substitute or device. n. 1 cosmetics, as used generally or by actors. 2 character, temperament, etc. 3 composition (of a thing).

makeweight n. to

1

small quantity added

make up the weight. 2 person or thing

supplying a deficiency. n. (in pi) 1 earnings; profit. 2 essential qualities or ingredients (has the makings of a pilot). be the making of ensure the success of. in the making in the course of being made or formed. [Old English: related to make] mal- comb, form 1 a bad, badly (malpractice; maltreat), b faulty (malfunction). 2 not (maladroit). [French mal badly, from Latin male] malachite /'maela.kait/ n. green mineral used for ornament. [Greek

making

molokhitis]

maladjusted

/.maela'dsAstid/ adj. (of a person) unable to adapt to or cope with the demands of a social environment.

maladjustment maladminister

n.

/,maelad'mimsta(r)/

manage badly or improperly. administration

v.

mal-

streij(9)n/ n. maladroit /.maela'droit/ adj. clumsy; bungling. [French: related to mal ] /'maeladi/ n. (pi. -ies) ailment, disease. [French malade sick] malaise /ma'leiz/ n. 1 general bodily discomfort or lassitude. 2 feeling of /-

malady

unease or demoralization. [French: related to ease] /'maelaprD,piz(a)m/ n. comical misuse of a word in mistake for one sounding similar, e.g. alligator for allegory. [Mrs Malaprop, name of a character in Sheridan's The Rivals] malaria /ma'learia/ n. recurrent fever caused by a parasite transmitted by a

malapropism

mosquito bite. = bad air]

malarial adj.

malarkey /ma'kr.ki/ n.

colloq.

[Italian,

humbug;

nonsense, [origin unknown]

Malay /ma'lei/ -n. 1 member of a people predominating in Malaysia and Indonesia. 2 their language, -adj. of this people or language, n Malayan n. & adj.

[Malay malayu]

malcontent malcontent

tented person, -adj. discontented. [French: related to mal-] -adj. 1 of the sex that can beget offspring by fertilization. 2 of men or male animals, plants, etc.; masculine. 3 (of plants or flowers) containing stamens but no pistil. 4 (of parts of machinery etc.) designed to enter or fill the corresponding hollow part {male screw), -n. male person or animal. maleness n. [Latin masculus from mas a male]

male

male chauvinist n. - chauvinist 2. malediction /,maeli'dikJXa)n/ n. 1 curse. 2 utterance of a curse. maledictory

adj. [Latin maledictio: related

to MAL-]

malefactor

/'maeli.faekta^)/

crim-

n.

malefaction male badly, facio

evil-doer.

inal;

/-'faekf(a)n/ n. [Latin

fact- do]

male menopause

colloq. crisis of

n.

potency, confidence,

supposed

etc.,

to

some men

in middle life. malevolent /ma'levalant/ adj. wishing malevolence n. malevil to others, evolently adv. [Latin volo wish] malfeasance /maerfi:z(a)ns/ n. formal misconduct, esp. in an official capacity. [French: related to mal-] afflict

malformation

/.maelfoi'meiJXaW n. malformed formation.

faulty

/-'fo-.md/ adj.

malfunction

/mael'fAr)kf(a)n/ -n. failure to function normally, —v. fail to

function normally.

malice

/'maelis/ n.

1

desire to

cause difficulty to others;

harmful

intent. [Latin

harm

ill-will.

2

or

Law

malus bad]

malice aforethought

n.

Law

inten

tion to commit a crime, esp. murder. malicious /ma'lijas/ adj. given to or

arising adv.

mammal

537

/'maelkan,tent/-rc. discon-

from malice.

maliciously

malign

/ma'lam/ -adj. 1 (of a thing) injurious. 2 (of a disease) malignant. 3 malevolent, —v. speak ill of; slander. malignity /ma'ligniti/ n. [Latin malus bad]

malignant

/ma'lignant/ adj. 1 a (of a disease) very virulent or infectious, b (of a tumour) spreading or recurring; cancerous. 2 harmful; feeling or showmalignancy n. ing intense ill-will. malignantly adv. [Latin: related to

malign]

malinger

/ma'linga(r)/ v. pretend to be malingerer esp. to escape work, n. [French malingre sickly] mall /mael, mo:l/ n. 1 sheltered walk or promenade. 2 shopping precinct. [The ill,

Mall, street in London]

mallard /'maela:d/ n.

(pi.

same) a kind of

wild duck. [French]

malleable etc.) that

/'maeliab(a)l/ adj. 1 (of metal can be shaped by hammering. malle-

2 easily influenced; pliable.

ability / -biliti/ n. malleably adv. [medieval Latin: related to mallet] /'maelit/ n. 1 hammer, usu. of

mallet

wood. 2

implement

croquet or polo

ball.

for striking a [Latin malleus

hammer]

mallow

/'maelau/ n. plant with hairy stems and leaves and pink or purple flowers. [Latin malva] malmsey /'ma:mzi/ n. a strong sweet

wine. [Low German or Dutch from Monemvasia in Greece]

malnourished fering

/mael'nAriJt/ adj. suf-

from malnutrition.

malnour-

ishment n. malnutrition

/.maelnju^triJXaW n. condition resulting from the lack of foods necessary for health.

malodorous

/mael'audaras/ adj. evil-

smelling.

malpractice

/mael'praektis/

n.

improper, negligent, or criminal professional conduct. malt /mo:lt/ -n. 1 barley, or other grain, steeped, germinated, and dried, for brewing etc. 2 colloq. malt whisky; malt liquor, - v. convert (grain) into malt.

malty

adj. (-ier, -iest). [Old English]

malted milk n.

drink made from dried milk and extract of malt. Maltese /mo:l'ti:z/ -n. (pi. same) native or language of Malta, -adj. of Malta. Maltese cross n. cross with the arms broadening outwards, often indented at the ends.

Malthusian /ma?l'0ju:zian/ adj.

of Maldoctrine that the population should be restricted so as to prevent an increase beyond its means of subsisMalthusianism n. [Malthus, tence. name of a clergyman] thus's

maltose

/'mo:ltaoz/ n.

sugar made from

starch by enzymes in malt, saliva, etc. [French: related to malt]

maltreat /mael'tri:t/ v. ill-treat, maltreatment n. [French: related to mal-] malt whisky n. whisky made solely from malted barley.

mama

/ma'ma:/ n. (also mamma) archaic mother, [imitative of child's ma,

ma]

mamba /'maemba/ n. venomous African snake. [Zulu imamba]

mambo /'maembau/ n. (pi. -s) Latin American dance like the rumba. [American Spanish] var. of mama.

mamma

mammal

/'maem(a)l/ n.

warm-blooded

vertebrate of the class secreting milk to

mammary teed

mammalian

young.

its

nioilion breast]

&

adj.

mammary

n.

[Latin

/'maemari/

adj.

mamma of

the

breasts.

mammogram /'maema.graem/ n. image obtained

by

mammography.

[Latin

mamma breast] mammography

/mae'mograft/ n. X ray technique for screening the breasts for

tumours

etc.

Mammon

wealth n. /'maeman/ regarded as a god or evil influence. [Aramaic mamon] mammoth /'maemaG/ -n. large extinct elephant with a hairy coat and curved tusks, -adj. huge. [Russian] man -n. (pi. men) 1 adult human male. 2 a human being; person, b the human race. 3 a workman (the manager spoke to the men), b manservant, valet. 4 (usu. in pi.) soldiers, sailors, etc., esp. nonofficers. 5 suitable or appropriate person; expert (he is your man; the man for the job). 6 a husband (man and wife), b collcq. boyfriend, lover. 7 human being of a specified type or historical period (Renaissance man; Peking man). 8 piece in chess, draughts, etc. 9 colloq. as a form of address. 10 person pursued; opponent (police caught their man), -v. (-nn-) 1 supply with a person or people for work or defence. 2 work, service, or defend (man the pumps). 3 fill (a post). as one man in unison, be one's own man be independent, to a man without manlike adj. [Old Engexception. lish]

man about town n. fashionable socialmanacle /'maenak(a)l/ -n. for

(usu. in pi.) 1 2 re-

the hand; handcuff.

straint, -v. (-ling) fetter

[Latin

business. 2 person controlling the afa person or team

fairs, training, etc. of

in sports, entertainment, etc. 3 person of a specified level of skill in household or financial affairs etc. (a good manager). managerial /,maeni'd3ianal/ adj. manageress /,maenid3a'res/ n. woman manager, esp. of a shop, hotel, etc. i

managing director

n. director with executive control or authority. man ana /maen'ja:na/ -adv. tomorrow (esp. to indicate procrastination), —n. indefinite future. [Spanish]

man-at-arms

n.

(pi.

men-at-arms)

archaic soldier.

manatee

/.maena'ti:/ n.

large aquatic

mammal. [Spanish from

plant-eating Carib]

Mancunian /maerj'kju:nian/-rc.

native of Manchester, —adj. of Manchester. [Latin Mancunium] mandala /'maendala/ n. circular figure as a religious symbol of the universe. [Sanskrit]

mandamus

/maen'deimas/ n. judicial writ issued as a command to an inferior court, or ordering a person to perform a public or statutory duty. [Latin, - we

command]

mandarin

/'maendarm/ n. 1 (Mandarin) official language of China. 2 hist. Chinese official. 3 powerful person, esp. a top civil servant. 4 (in full mandarin orange) = tangerine 1. [Hindi mantrT] mandate /'maendeit/ -n. 1 official command or instruction. 2 authority given by electors to a government, trade union, etc. 3 authority to act for another, -v. (-ting) instruct (a delegate) to act or vote. [Latin mandatum, past part, of mando command]

how

izes fetter

mandrel

588

with manacles.

manus handl

manage /'maenid3/ v. (-ging) 1 organize; regulate; be in charge

of.

2 succeed in

achieving; contrive (managed to come; managed a smile; managed to ruin the day). 3 (often foil, by with) succeed with limited resources etc.; be able to cope. 4 succeed in controlling. 5 (often prec. by can etc.) a cope with (couldn't manage another bite), b be free to attend on or at (can manage Monday). 6 use or wield (a tool etc.). manageable adj. [Latin

manus hand]

management

n. 1 managing or being managed. 2 a administration of busi-

ness or public undertakings, b people engaged in this, esp. those controlling a workforce. manager n. 1 person controlling or administering a business or part of a

mandatory

/'maendatari/ adj. 1 compulsory. 2 of or conveying a command. mandatorily adv. [Latin: related to

mandate]

mandible

/'maendib(a)l/ n. 1 jaw, esp. the lower jaw in mammals and fishes. 2 upper or lower part of a bird's beak. 3 either half of the crushing organ in the mouth-parts of an insect etc. [Latin

mando chew] a kind of lute with paired metal strings plucked with mandolinist n. [French a plectrum.

mandolin /.maenda'lin/ n. from

Italian]

mandrake

/'maendreik/ n. poisonous narcotic plant with large yellow fruit.

[Greek mandragoras]

mandrel /'maendr(a)l/ n. which work

is

1 lathe-shaft to fixed while being turned.

2 cylindrical rod

round which metal or

other material

forged or shaped,

gin

unknown]

is

[ori-

mandrill mandrill drill

4 ]

mane

n. 1 long hair on the neck of a horse, lion, etc. 2 colloq. person's long

hair. [Old English] /mae'nei3/ n. (also

manege

manege)

1

riding-school. 2 movements of a trained horse. 3 horsemanship. [Italian: related to

manage]

maneuver US var.

of

manoeuvre.

man Friday n. male helper or follower, manful

man-

adj. brave; resolute.

fully adv.

manganese

grey element. 2 black mineral oxide of this used in glass-making etc. /'maenga,ni:z/

n.

1

brittle metallic

[Italian: related to

mange /meind3/ n.

magnesia] skin disease in hairy

and woolly animals. [French mangeue itch, from Latin manduco chew]

mangel-wurzel

/'maeng(a)l,w3:z(a)l/ n. /'maeng(a)ld-/) large beet used as cattle food. [German Mangold beet, Wurzel root]

mangold-

(also

manger

/'memd3a(r)/

n.

box or trough

for horses or cattle to feed from. [Latin: related to mange] mange-tout /md3'tu:/ n. a kind of pea eaten in the pod. [French, = eat-all]

mangle

1

/'maer)g(a)l/ -n. machine of two or more cylinders for squeezing water from and pressing wet clothes.

-v.

press (clothes

(-ling)

etc.)

in a

mangle. [Dutch mangel]

mangle

2

/'maeng(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 hack or mutilate by blows. 2 spoil (a text etc.) by gross blunders. 3 cut roughly so as to disfigure. [Anglo-French ma(ha)ngler: probably related to maim] /'maengau/ n. (pi. -es or -s) 1 tropical fruit with yellowish flesh. 2 tree

mango

bearing

this.

[Tamil mankay]

mangold-wurzel

var.

of

mangel-

wurzel.

mangrove /'maengrauv/ n.

tropical tree

or shrub growing in shore-mud with many tangled roots above ground, [origin unknown] mangy /'memd3i/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having mange. 2 squalid; shabby.

manhandle v. (-ling) 1 colloq. handle (a person) roughly. 2

move by human

manhole

n. covered opening in a pavement, sewer, etc. for workmen to gain

access.

manhood n.

man. 2 a manliness; courage, b a man's sexual state of being a

1

men

of a country etc.

man-hour n. work done by one person in

one hour.

manhunt

mania

/'memia/ n. 1 mental illness marked by excitement and violence. 2 (often foil, by for) excessive enthusiasm; obsession. [Greek mainomai be mad] -mania comb, form 1 denoting a special type of mental disorder (megalomania). 2 denoting enthusiasm or admiration (Beatlemania). maniac /'memi.aek/ —n. 1 colloq. person behaving wildly (too many maniacs on the road). 2 colloq. obsessive enthusiast. 3 person suffering from mania, -adj. of or behaving like a maniac. maniacal /ma'naiak(a)l/ 'naiakali/ adv.

n.

organized search for a

person, esp. a criminal.

adj.

maniacally /ma

-maniac comb, form forming adjectives and

nouns

meaning

with

'affected

-mania' or 'a person affected with -mania' (nymphomaniac). manic /'maenik/ adj. 1 of or affected by mania. 2 colloq. wildly excited; frenzied; excitable. manically adv. manic-depressive -adj. relating

to a disorder with alternating periods of elation and depression, -n. person with such a disorder. manicure /'maeni,kjua(r)/ -n. cosmetic treatment of the hands and fingernails. -v. (-ring) give a manicure to (the hands manicurist n. [Latin or a person). manus hand, cura care] manifest /'maeni.fest/ -adj. clear or obvious to the eye or mind. -vA show (a quality or feeling) by one's acts etc. 2 show plainly to the eye or mind. 3 be evidence of; prove. 4 refl. (of a thing) reveal itself. 5 (of a ghost) appear, -n. manifestacargo or passenger list.

mental

/-'steij\a)n/ n. manifestly adv. [Latin manifestus] manifesto /.maem'festau/ n. (pi. -s) declaration of policies, esp. by a political party. [Italian: related to manifest] manifold /'maeni.fauld/ -adj. 1 many and various. 2 having various forms, parts, applications, etc. -n. 1 manifold thing. 2 pipe or chamber branching into several openings. [Old English: related to many, -fold]

tion

manikin

/'maenikm/ dwarf. [Dutch]

Manila

n.

little

man;

Manila

/ma'nila/ n. fibre of a kind of tree the Philippines. 2 (also 1

(in full

hemp) strong native

effort.

potency. 3

manipulate

539

W. African baboon, [probably from man, /'maendril/ n. large

to

manila) strong brown paper made from this.

[Manila in the Philippines]

man in the street n. ordinary person. manipulate

/ma'nipju.leit/

v.

(-ting)

1

handle, esp. with skill. 2 manage (a person, situation, etc.) to one's own advantage, esp. unfairly. 3 move (part of a patient's body) by hand in order to increase flexion etc. 4 Computing edit or

move

(text, data, etc.).

manipulable

manipulative n.

manipulative

/ma'nipjulativ/

adj.

tending to exploit a situation, person, etc.,

for one's

own

manipulat-

ends,

[medieval Latin manu operor work with the hand] of letters n. scholar or author,

man man of the world see world. man-of-war

n.

1

human

species. 2

male

manky /'maenki/ adj.

manor

(-ier, -iest) colloq.

/'maena(r)/ n.

2 hist,

1

slang

ete

station.

bad, inferior, defective. 2 dirty, [obsolmank defective] manly adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having qualassociated with a man (e.g. ities strength and courage). 2 befitting a

manliness

man-made

n.

adj. (of textiles) artificial,

synthetic. /'maena/ n. 1 substance miraculously supplied as food to the Israelites in the wilderness (Exod. 16). 2 unexpected benefit (esp. manna from heaven). [Old English ultimately from Hebrew] adj. (of a spacecraft etc.) having a human crew. mannequin /'maenikin/ n. 1 fashion model. 2 window dummy. [French, =

manna

manned

manikin]

manner

/'maena(r)/ n.

1

way a

thing

is

done or happens. 2 (in pi.) a social behaviour (good manners), b polite behaviour (has no manners), c modes of life; social conditions. 3 outward bear-

way of speaking, etc. 4 style (in the manner of Rembrandt). 5 kind, sort (not in a by any manner of means). ing,

manner

of speaking in a way; so to speak, to the manner born colloq. naturally at ease in a particular situation etc. [Latin manus hand] mannered adj. 1 (in comb.) having specified manners (ill-mannered). 2 esp. Art full of mannerisms. mannerism n. 1 habitual gesture or way of speaking etc. 2 a stylistic trick in art etc. b excessive use of these.

mannerist

n.

mannerly adj. mannish adj. 1

well-mannered, polite. (of a woman) masculine appearance or manner. 2 charactermannishly adv. istic of a man. (US /ma'nu:va(r)/ manoeuvre maneuver) -n. 1 planned and controlled movement of a vehicle or body of in

etc. 2 (in pi.) large-scale exercise of troops, ships, etc. 3 agile or skilful movement. 4 artful plan. -v. (-ring) 1 move (a thing, esp. a vehicle) carefully. 2 perform or cause (troops etc.) to perform manoeuvres. 3 a (usu. foil, by into, out of, etc.) manipulate (a person, thing, etc.) by scheming or adroitness, b use

troops

artifice.

men-of-war) war(also

1

manor-

house) large country house with lands.

people.

man.

n. (pi.

ship.

ively adv.

mankind

mantrap

540

manipulation /-'leij(a)n/ manipulators. [Latin manus hand]

Mab(a)l/ adj.

manoeuvrable

manoeuvrability

/-vrabiliti/

adj. n.

feudal lordship over lands. 3 covered by a police manorial /ma'no:nal/ adj.

district

[Latin maneo remain] n. number of people available for work, service, etc. manque /"mDnkei/ adj. (placed after noun) that might have been but is not (an actor manque). [French] mansard /'maensa:d/ n. roof with four sloping sides, each of which becomes steeper halfway down. [Mansart, name of an architect] manse /maens/ n. ecclesiastical residence, esp. a Scottish Presbyterian [medieval Latin: minister's house, related to manor]

manpower

manservant

n.

(pi.

menservants)

male servant.

mansion

/'maenj(a)n/ n. 1 large grand house. 2 (in pi.) large building divided into flats. [Latin: related to manor]

manslaughter

n. unintentional but not accidental unlawful killing of a

human being. mantel /'maent(a)l/

n. mantelpiece or mantelshelf, [var. of mantle] mantelpiece n. 1 structure of wood, marble, etc. above and around a fire-

place. 2

= MANTELSHELF.

mantelshelf n. shelf above a fireplace. mantilla /masn'tila/ n. lace scarf worn

women over the hair and shoulders. [Spanish: related to mantle] /'maentis/ n. (pi. same or mantises) (in full praying mantis) predatory insect that holds its forelegs like hands folded in prayer. [Greek, = prophet] mantissa /maen'tisa/ n. part of a logarithm after the decimal point. [Latin, = by Spanish

mantis

makeweight]

mantle

/'maent(a)l/ -n.

1

loose sleeve-

less cloak. 2 covering (mantle of snow). 3 fragile lacelike tube fixed round a gasjet to give an incandescent light. 4 re-

gion between the crust and the core of the earth, -v. (-ling) clothe; conceal, envelop. [Latin mantellum cloak] adv. candidly. to mantra /'maentra/ n. 1 Hindu or Buddhist devotional incantation. 2 Vedic hymn. [Sanskrit, = instrument of thought] mantrap n. trap for catching trespassers etc.

man

man

manual manual

of or done with the hands (manual labour). 2 a worked by hand, not automatically (manual gear-change), b (of a vehicle) worked by manual gear-change, —n. 1 reference book. 2 organ keyboard played with the hands, not the feet. 3 colloq. vehicle with manual transmismanually adv. [Latin manus sion. /'maenjual/ -adj.

1

hand]

manufacture

/.maenju'faektj^r)/-^.

1

making of articles, esp. in a factory etc. 2 branch of industry (woollen manufacture), -v. (-ring) 1

make

(articles), esp.

on an industrial

scale. 2 invent or fabricate (evidence, a story, etc.). manu-

facturer by hand]

n.

[Latin

manufactum made fertilizer, esp.

dung. -v. (-ring) apply manure to (land etc.). [Anglo-French mainoverer manoeuvre] manuscript /'maenjuskript/ -n. 1 text written by hand. 2 author's handwritten or typed text. 3 handwritten form (produced in manuscript), -adj. written by hand, [medieval Latin manuscriptus written by hand] Manx /maenks/ -adj. of the Isle of Man. —n. 1 former Celtic language of the Isle

Man.

2 (prec. by the; treated as pi.) people. [Old Norse] cat n. tailless variety of cat. /'meni/ -adj. (more; most) great in number; numerous (many people), -n. (as pi.) 1 many people or things. 2 (prec. by the) the majority of people. a good (or great) many a large number,

Manx

Manx many

many's the time

often,

many

a time

many

times. [Old English] /'mauiz(a)m/ n. doctrines of Mao Zedong.

Maoism

Communist Maoist n. &

[Mao Zedong, name of a Chinese statesman] Maori /'maun/ -n. (pi. same or -s) 1 member of the aboriginal people of New Zealand. 2 their language, -adj. of this adj.

people, [native

map

name]

representation of the earth's surface, or part of it. b diagram of a route etc. 2 similar representation of the stars, sky, moon, etc. 3 diagram showing the arrangement or components of a thing, -v. (-pp-) 1 represent on a map. 2 Math, associate each element of (a set) with one element of another set. map out plan in detail. [Latin

-n.

1

a

flat

mappa napkin]

maple

maple sugar

sugar produced by evaporating the sap of some kinds of maple. maple syrup n. syrup made by evaporating maple sap or dissolving maple n.

sugar.

maquette

/ma'ket/

model or sketch.

n.

preliminary

macchia spot] same) 1 French resistance movement during

Maquis

[Italian

/mae'ki:, 'mae-/ n. (pi.

the German occupation (1940-45). 2 member of this. [French, = brushwood] Mar. abbr. March.

mar

v.

(-rr-) spoil; disfigure.

[Old Eng-

lish]

marabou

1 large W. Afas trimming etc.

/'maera.bu:/ n.

rican stork. 2

down

its

[French from Arabic]

manure /ma'njua(r)/ -n.

of

March

541

filled

/ma'raeka/

n.

clublike bean-

gourd etc., shaken rhythmically in

pairs in Latin guese]

American music.

[Portu-

maraschino

/.maera'skiinau/ n.

(pi. -s)

made from

sweet liqueur

black cher-

ries. [Italian]

maraschino cherry

n. cherry preserved in maraschino and used in cock-

tails etc.

marathon

/'maer98(a)n/ n. 1 longdistance running race, usu. of 26 miles 385 yards (42.195 km). 2 long-lasting or difficult

undertaking

etc.

[Marathon

in Greece, scene of a decisive battle in

490 bc: a messenger supposedly ran with news of the outcome to Athens] /ma'rord/ v. 1 make a plundering raid (on). 2 pilfer systematically. marauder n. [French maraud rogue] marble /'ma:b(9)l/ -n. 1 crystalline limestone capable of taking a polish, used in sculpture and architecture. 2 (often attrib.) a anything of marble

maraud

(marble clock), b anything like marble in hardness, coldness, etc. (her features were marble). 3 a small, esp. glass, ball as a toy. b (in pi.; treated as sing.) game using these. 4 (in pi.) slang one's mental faculties (he's lost his marbles). 5 (in pi) collection of sculptures (Elgin Marbles). -v. (-ling) 1 (esp. as marbled adj.) stain or colour (paper, soap, etc.) to look like variegated marble. 2 (as marbled adj.) (of meat) striped with fat and lean. [Latin

marmor from Greek]

marble cake

n.

mottled cake of light

and dark sponge.

marbling

n.

1

colouring or marking

like marble. 2 streaks of fat in lean meat. /'ma:ka,sait/ n. 1 yellowish

marcasite

/'meip(a)l/ n. 1

any of various

grown

for shade, orna-

trees or shrubs

maraca

ment, wood, or sugar. 2

its

wood. [Old

hita]

March n. third month of the year. [Latin

English]

maple-leaf n. emblem

crystalline iron sulphide. 2 crystals of this used in jewellery. [Arabic markas-

of Canada.

Martius of Mars]

march march itary

-v.

1

(army marched past: marched him away). 2 a walk purposefully, b (often foil, by on) (of events etc.) continue unrelentingly (time marches on). 3 (foil, by on) advance towards (a military objective), -n. 1 a act of marching, b uniform military step (slow march). 2 long difficult walk. 3 procession as a demonstration. 4 (usu. foil, by of) progress or continuity (march of events). 5 a music to accompany a march, b similar musical piece. marcher n. [French marcher) march 2 -n. hist. 1 (usu. in pi.) bound-

between England and

ary, frontier (esp.

Scotland or Wales).

2 tract of land between two countries, esp. disputed. — r. (foil, by upon, with) (of a country, an estate, etc.) border on. [French marche

from medieval Latin marca] n. hare exuberant

March hare

in the

hare).

marching orders troops to mobilize his

marching

1 order for dismissal (gave

n.pl.

etc. 2

orders).

marchioness

,ma:JVnes n. 1 wife or of a marquess. 2 woman holding the rank of marquess, [medieval Latin: related to march 2 march past -n. marching of troops past a saluting-point at a review, -r. (of troops) carry out a march past. Mardi Gras ,ma:di gra: n. 1 a Shrove Tuesday in some Catholic countries, b merrymaking on this day. 2 last day of a carnival etc. [French. = fat Tuesday] mare n. female equine animal, esp. a horse. [Old English] mare - maxei n. (pi. maria 'ma:ri8 or -s) 1 large dark flat area on the moon. once thought to be sea. 2 similar area on

widow

]

1

Mars. [Latin. = sea]

mare's nest mare's tail

n. n.

illusory discovery, 1

slender

tall

marsh

plant. 2 (in pi.) long straight streaks of

cirrus cloud.

margarine

,ma:d38'ri:n

n.

butter-

substitute made from vegetable oils or animal fats with milk etc. [Greek margaron pearl] marge n. colloa. margarine,

[abbreviation] 'ma:d3in -n.

margin

1

edge or border

of a surface. 2 blank border flanking print etc. 3 amount by which a thing

exceeds, falls short, etc. (won by a nar-

row margin). 4 lower limit (his effort below the margin), -v. (-n-) provide with a margin or marginal notes. [Latin

fell

margo

-ginis)

marginal

of or written in a margin. 2 a of or at the edge, b insignificant (of merely marginal interest). 3 (of a parliamentary seat etc.) held by a small majority. 4 close to the limit, esp. of profitability. 5 (of land) difficult to cultivate: unprofitable. 6 barely adequate, marginally adv. [medieval Latin: related to margin] marginal cost n. cost added by making one extra copy etc. marginalia ,ma:d3i'neilia n.pl. marginal notes. marginalize 'ma:d3ina,laiz v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make or treat as insignificant. marginalization -'zeij(a)n

adj.

1

n.

margin of error

n.

allowance for mis-

calculation etc.

marguerite

,ma:g8'ri:t

n.

ox-eye

daisy. [Latin margarita pearl]

maria pL of mare marigold 'maeri.gauld 2

.

(mad as a March

breeding season

him

maritime

542

(cause to) walk in a milmanner with a regular tread 1

n. plant with golden or bright yellow flowers. [Mary (probably the Virgin), gold (dial.) marigold]

marijuana

.maen'hwama n. (also marihuana) dried leaves etc. of hemp, smoked in cigarettes as a drug. [American Spanish]

marimba

ma'rimba

n.

1

xylophone

played by natives of Africa and Central America. 2 modern orchestral instrument derived from this. [Congolese]

marina

ma'ri:na n. harbour for pleasure-yachts etc. [Latin: related to marine]

marinade

.msen'neid, mae- -n. 1 mixture of wine, vinegar, oil. spices, etc.. for soaking meat. fish. etc. before cooking. 2 meat. fish. etc.. so soaked, -v. (-ding) soak in a marinade. [Spanish marinar pickle in brine: related to marine] marinate "maen.neit v. (-ting) = marinade, marination -*neij(a)n n. [French: related to marine] marine ma'rim -adj. 1 of. found in. or produced by the sea. 2 a of shipping or naval matters (marine insurance), b for use at sea. -n. 1 soldier trained to serve on land or sea. 2 country's shipping, fleet, or navy (merchant marine). [Latin

mare

sea]

mariner

'maerma(r) n. seaman, puppet n. .maena'net worked bv strings. [French: related to

marionette Mary-]

marital

'maerit(a)l adj. of

marriage husband]

maritime

relations.

marriage or maritus

[Latin

'maen.taim adj. 1 connected with the sea or seafaring (maritime insurance). 2 living or found near the sea. [Latin: related to marine]

marjoram marjoram

/'ma:d3aram/ n. aromatic herb used in cookery. [French from medieval Latin]

mark

Marmite

543

1

-n. 1 spot, sign, stain, scar, etc., etc. 2 (esp. in comb.) a written or printed symbol (question mark), b number or letter denoting proficiency, conduct, etc. (black mark', 46 marks out of 50). 3 (usu. foil, by of) sign of quality, character, feeling, etc. (mark of respect). 4 a sign, seal, etc., of identification, b cross etc. made as a signature by an illiterate person. 5 lasting effect (war left its mark). 6 a target etc. (missed the mark), b standard, norm (his work falls below the mark). 7 line etc. indicating a position. 8 (usu. Mark) (followed by a numeral) particular design, model, etc., of a car, aircraft, etc. (Mark 2 Ford Granada). 9 runner's starting-point in a race. -D.la make a

on a surface

on. b mark with initials, name, etc. to identify etc. 2 correct and assess (a student's work etc.). 3 attach a price to (marked the doll at £5). 4 notice or observe (marked his agitation). 5 a

mark

characterize (day was marked by storms), b acknowledge, celebrate (marked the occasion with a toast). 6 name or indicate on a map etc. (the pub isn't marked). 7 keep close to (an

marked man

person singled out,

n.

esp. for attack.

marker

thing marking a position etc. 2 person or thing that marks. 3 broad-tipped felt-tipped pen. 4 scorer in a game. market /'maikit/ -n. 1 gathering of buyers and sellers of provisions, livestock, etc. 2 space for this. 3 (often foil, by for) demand for a commodity etc. (no market for sheds). 4 place or group providing such a demand. 5 conditions etc. for buying or selling; rate of purchase and sale (market is sluggish). 6 n. 1

= stock market, -v. (-t-) 1 offer for by advertising etc. 2 archaic buy or sell goods in a market. be in the market for wish to buy. be on the market be offered for sale, put on the sale, esp.

market offer for sale. marketer marketing n. [Latin mercor buy]

marketable adj. marketability

market-day is

able or

fit

to

n.

be sold.

/-'biliti/ n.

day on which a market

n.

regularly held.

marketeer /,ma:ki'tia(r)/rc. 1 supporter of the EC and British membership of it. 2 marketer.

market garden

n.

ables and fruit are

farm where veget-

grown

for sale in

markets.

opponent in sport) to hinder him. 8 (as adj.) have natural marks (is marked with dark spots). beside (or off or wide of) the mark 1 irrelevant. 2 not accurate, make one's mark attain distinction; make an impression, one's

market-place

mark

market town n. town where a market

marked

one's

my

opponent, object, etc., of size etc. (the little one's more

colloq.

own

mark),

mark down

1

reduce the

price of (goods etc.). 2 make a written note of. 3 reduce the examination marks of. mark off separate by a boundary etc. mark out 1 plan (a course of action etc.). 2 destine (marked out for success). 3 trace out (boundaries etc.). mark time 1 march on the spot without moving forward. 2 act routinely while

awaiting an opportunity to advance, mark up 1 add a proportion to the price of (goods etc.) for profit. 2 mark or correct (text etc.). off the mark 1 having made a start. 2 = beside the mark, on the mark ready to start, on your mark (or marks) get ready to start (esp. a race), up to the mark normal (esp. of health). [Old English]

mark n. = Deutschmark. [German] mark-down n. reduction in price. marked adj. 1 having a visible mark. 2 2

clearly noticeable (marked difference). 3 (of playing-cards) marked on their markedly backs to assist cheating. /-kidh/ adv.

n. 1 open space for a market. 2 commercial world. market price n. price in current deal-

ings.

market research n.

surveying of consumers' needs and preferences. is

held.

market value

n.

value

if

offered for

sale.

marking n.

(usu. in pi.)

1

identification

mark. 2 colouring of an animal's fur etc.

marksman

n.

pistol or rifle.

mark-up

n. 1

skilled shot, esp. with a

marksmanship amount added

n.

to a price

by the retailer for profit. 2 corrections in a text. -n. soil of clay and lime, used as marly apply marl to. adj. [medieval Latin margila] marlin /'ma:lin/ n. (pi. same or -s) US long-nosed marine fish, [from marlin-

marl

fertilizer, -v.

spike]

marlinspike

n. pointed iron tool used to separate strands of rope etc. [marling

from Dutch marlen from marren bind]

marmalade

/'mcuma.leid/ n. preserve of citrus fruit, usu. oranges. [Portuguese marmelo quince] Marmite /'mcr.mait/ n. propr. thick brown spread made from yeast and vegetable extract. [French, = cookingpot]

marmoreal of or like

marble. [Latin: related to marble] /'maima.zet/ n. small monkey with a long bushy tail. [French] marmot /'ma:mat/ n. heavy-set burrowing rodent with a short bushy tail.

marmoset

[Latin

mus mouse, mons mountain]

marocain

/'maera.kem/ n. fabric of ribbed crepe. [French, = Moroccan] maroon /ma'ru:n/ adj. & n. brownishcrimson. [French marron chestnut] maroon 2 /ma'ruin/ v. 1 leave (a person) isolated, esp. on an island. 2 (of weather etc.) cause (a person) to be forcibly detained. [French marron wild person, from Spanish cimarron] marque /ma:k/ n. make of car, as distinct from a specific model (the Jaguar marque). [French, = mark 1 ] marquee /ma.'ki:/ n. large tent for social functions etc. [French marquise] marquess /'ma:kwis/ n. British noble1

man

ranking between duke and MARQUIS]

earl,

[var. of

marquetry /'ma:kitn/ n. wood, ivory, MARQUE]

marquis

etc.

inlaid

work in

[French: related to

/'ma:kwis/

n.

-quises)

(pi.

nobleman ranking between duke and count. [French: related to foreign

MARCH

2 ]

marquise

/ma:'ki:z/ n. 1 wife or

of a marquis. 2 of marquis.

widow

woman holding the rank

marram

/'maeram/ n. shore grass that binds sand. [Old Norse, = sea-haulm] marriage /'maend3/ n. 1 legal union of a man and a woman for cohabitation and often procreation. 2 act or ceremony

marking this. 3 particular such union (a happy marriage). 4 intimate union, combination. [French marier marry]

marriageable for

adj. free, ready, or

fit

marriageability

marriage.

/-'biliti/ n.

marriage bureau n. company arranging introductions marriage.

marriage

with

certificate

view

a

to

n.

certificate

verifying a legal marriage, n. counselling of people with marital problems, marriage licence n. licence to marry, marriage lines n.pl marriage certificate.

/.maeron

'glaesei/ n. (pi.

marrons glaces pronunc. same)

chest-

nut preserved in syrup. [French]

marrow /'maerau/ n.

1

marrowbone

bone

large fleshy usu. striped gourd eaten as a vegetable. 2 soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones. 3 essential part. to the marrow right through. [Old English] edible

n.

containing

marrow.

marrowfat n. a kind of large pea. marry /'maeri/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 take, join, or give in marriage. 2 a enter into marriage, b (foil, by into) become a member of (a family) by marriage. 3 a unite intimately, combine, b pair (socks etc.). marry off find a spouse for.

marry up

[Latin maritus

link, join.

husband]

Marsala

a dark sweet [Marsala in

/ma:'sa:la/ n.

dessert

fortified

wine.

Sicily]

Marseillaise

French

/,ma:sei'jeiz/ n.

national anthem. [French Marseille in France] marsh n. (often attrib.)\ow watery land.

marshy ness

n.

adj. (-ier, -iest).

marshi-

[Old English]

marshal

/ma:J(8)l/ -n. 1 (Marshal) officer of state or in the armed forces (Earl Marshal; Field Marshal)- 2 officer arranging ceremonies, controlling racecourses, crowds, etc. -v. (-11-) 1 arrange (soldiers, one's thoughts, etc.) in due order. 2 conduct (a person) ceremoniously.

high-ranking

[French mareschal\

marshalling yard

n.

yard for assem-

bling goods trains etc.

Marshal of the Royal Air Force

n.

highest rank in the RAF.

marsh gas n. marshland

methane. land consisting

n.

of

marshes.

marshmallow

/maj'maslau/ n. soft sticky sweet made of sugar, albumen, gelatin, etc.

[marsh mallow] shrubby herbaceous

marsh mallow n.

marsh marigold

n.

golden-flowered

plant. /ma:'su:pial/ -n. mammal giving birth to underdeveloped young subsequently carried in a pouch, -adj. of or like a marsupial. [Greek mar-

marsupial

supion pouch]

marriage of convenience n.

loveless

marriage for gain.

marriage settlement erty

marron glace

plant.

marriage guidance

n.

legal prop-

arrangement between spouses.

married -adj.

marten

544

marmoreal /ma:'m3:rial/ adj.

1

united in marriage. 2 of

marriage (married name; married

life),

—n. (usu. in pi.) married person (young marrieds).

mart n.

1 trade centre. 2 auction-room. 3 market. [Dutch: related to market]

Martello

/ma:'tel8u/ n.

(pi.

-s) (in full

Martello tower) small circular coastal [Cape Mortella in Corsica] /'ma:tm/ n. weasel-like carnivore with valuable fur. {Dutch from French] fort.

marten

martial martial

1

with ordinary law suspended.

Martian

/'ma:J(a)n/ -adj. of the planet

Mars. -n. hypothetical inhabitant of Mars. [Latin] martin /'ma:tm/ n. a kind of swallow, esp. the house-martin and sand-martin, [probably St Martin, name of a 4th-c. bishop]

martinet

/,ma:ti'net/ n.

[Martinet,

linarian.

strict discip-

name

of a

drill-

master]

martingale

/'ma:tirj,geil/

n.

strap(s)

preventing a horse from rearing [French, origin uncertain]

Martini

etc.

/ma:'ti:ni/ n. (pi. -s) 1 propr.

type of vermouth. 2 cocktail of gin and French vermouth. [Martini and Rossi, name of a firm selling vermouth] Martinmas /'ma:tmmas/ n. St Martin's day, 11 Nov. [from mass 2 ] martyr /'ma:ta(r)/ -n. 1 a person killed for persisting in a belief, b person who suffers for a cause etc. c person who suffers or pretends to suffer to get pity etc. 2 (foil, by to) colloq. constant sufferer from (an ailment), -v. 1 put to death as a martyr. 2 torment.

martyrdom

n.

[Greek martur wit-

ness]

marvel

mass

545

of warfare. 2 warlike. [Latin martialis of Mars] martial arts n.pl. oriental fighting sports such as judo and karate, martial law n. military government /'ma:J(a)l/ adj.

/'ma:v(9)l/

-n.

wonderful

1

thing. 2 (foil, by of) wonderful example of (a quality), -u. (-11-; US -1-) (foil, by at or that) feel surprise or wonder. [Latin

miror wonder

at]

marvellous

masculine /'maeskjulm/ -adj.

n. masochistic /-'kistik/ masochistically /-'kistikali/ adv.

builds

/'meis(a)n/ n. with stone. 2

MARVEL]

masonry political

n.

marzipan

by n.

n.

Marxism

as

Marxist-

Lenin.

& adj. paste of

used in (-nn-) cover with

ground almonds, sugar, confectionery, -v.

-n. etc.,

marzipan. [German from Italian] /mae'ska:ra/ n. cosmetic for darkening the eyelashes. [Italian, =

mascara mask]

mascot

/'maeskot/ n. person, animal, or thing supposed to bring luck. [Provencal masco witch]

Free-

of

mason. 2 (Masonry) Freemasonry.

mime, esp.

musical drama with

in the 16th

and 17th c.

[var. of

mask] /.maeska'reid/ -n.

1

false

show, pretence. 2 masked ball. -v. (-ding) (often foil, by as) appear falsely or in disguise. [Spanish mascara mask]

mass

/'ma:zi,paen/

adj.

n.1a stonework, b work of a

masquerade

developed -Leninist

who

(Mason) Free-

/ma'sDnik/

production in a classless society.

& adj. Marxism-Leninism

of a nov-

person

masons.

masque /mcusk/ n.

n.

1

mason. [French]

and economic theories of Marx, predicting the overthrow of capitalism and common ownership of the means of

Marxist

name

[von Sacher-Masoc/z, elist]

mason

Masonic

/'ma:ksiz(a)m/

of men.

masochist adj.

/'ma:valas/ adj. (US marvelous) 1 astonishing. 2 excellent. marvellously adv. [French: related to

Marxism

1

2 having manly qualities. 3 of or denoting the male gender, -n. masculine gender or word. masculinity /-'liniti/ n. [Latin: related to male] maser /'meiza(r)/ n. device used to amplify or generate coherent electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, [microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation] mash -n. 1 soft or confused mixture. 2 mixture of boiled grain, bran, etc., fed to horses etc. 3 colloq. mashed potatoes. 4 mixture of malt and hot water used in brewing. 5 soft pulp made by crushing, mixing with water, etc. -v. 1 crush (potatoes etc.) to a pulp. 2 dial, a infuse (tea), b (of tea) draw. masher n. [Old English] mask /mcr.sk/ -n. 1 covering for all or part of the face as a disguise or for protection against infection etc. 2 respirator. 3 likeness of a person's face, esp. one from a mould (death-mask). 4 disguise, pretence (throw off the mask), -v. 1 cover with a mask. 2 conceal. 3 protect. [Arabic maskara buffoon] masking tape n. adhesive tape used in decorating to protect areas where paint is not wanted. masochism /'maes9,kiz(a)m/ n. 1 sexual perversion involving one's own pain or humiliation. 2 colloq. enjoyment of what appears to be painful or tiresome.

1

-n.

1

shapeless body cf matter. 2

dense aggregation of objects (mass of fibres). 3 (in sing, or pi. usu. foil, by of) large number or amount. 4 (usu. foil, by of) unbroken expanse (of colour etc.). 5 (prec. by the) a the majority, b (in pi.) ordinary people. 6 Physics quantity of matter a body contains. 7 (attrib.) on a ;

hysteria; mass large scale (mass audience), -v. assemble into a mass or as one body. [Latin massa from Greek]

mass mass-

Mass)

Eucharist, esp.

1

Roman Catholic Church. 2 celebration of this. 3 liturgy used in this. 4 musical setting of parts of this. [Latin missa dismissal] massacre 'ma?saka(rV -n. 1 mass killing. 2 utter defeat or destruction, -v. (-ring) 1 kill (esp. many people) cruelly or violently. 2 colloq. defeat heavily. in the

[French]

massage

'maesa:3 -n. rubbing and kneading of the muscles and joints with the hands, to relieve stiffness, cure

stimulate, etc. -v. (-ging) 1 to. 2 manipulate (statistics etc.) to give an acceptable result. 3 tlatter (a person's ego etc.). [French] strains,

apply massage

massage parlour

establishment providing massage. 2 euphem. brothel.

masseur

n. 1

/mae's3:(r)/ n. (fern,

masseuse

who

gives massage for a living. [French: related to massage] massif /'maesi:f/ n. compact group of mountain heights. [French: related to /ma?'s3:z/)

person

massive]

massive

'maesiv/ adj. 1 large and heavy or solid. 2 (of the features, head, etc.) relatively large or solid. 3 exceptionally large or severe (massive heart attack). massively 4 substantial, impressive, adv. massiveness n. [Latin: related to

MASS

great artist. 9 Chess etc. player at international level. 10 original copy of a film, recording, etc., from which others can be made. 11 (Master) title for a boy not old enough to be called Mr. 12 archaic

employer, -attrib. adj. 1 commanding, superior (master hand). 2 main, principal (master bedroom). 3 controlling others (master plan), -v. 1 overcome, defeat. 2 gain full knowledge of or skill in.

[Latin magister]

master-class n. class given by a famous musician etc. masterful adj. 1 imperious, domineering. 2 masterly, masterfully adv.

Usage Masterful is normally used of a person, whereas masterly is used of achievements, abilities, etc. master-key

n.

key that opens several

different locks,

masterly adj. very skilful. Usage See note at masterful.

mastermind -n. standing

scheme scheme

person with an outperson directing a plan and direct (a

1

intellect. 2 etc.

-v.

etc.).

Master of Ceremonies

n. 1 person introducing speakers at a banquet or entertainers in a variety show. 2 person in charge of a ceremonial or social

occasion.

1

Master of the Rolls

]

mass media n.pl. = media 2. mass noun n. Gram, noun that

is

not

normally countable and cannot be used with the indefinite article (e.g. bread). mass production n. mechanical production of large quantities of a stanmass-produce v. dardized article, mast ma.st/ n. 1 long upright post of timber etc. on a ship's keel to support sails. 2 post etc. for supporting a radio or 1

television aerial. 3 flag-pole (half-mast).

before the mast as an ordinary masted adj. (also in comb.). seaman,

master n.

mast

mastitis

546 (often

n.

(also in comb.). [Old English]

2

ma:st/ n. fruit of the beech, oak, as food for pigs. [Old English] mastectomy maes'tektami/ n. (pi. -ies) surgical removal of a breast. [Greek mastos breast] etc., esp.

master

/'ma:sta(r)/ -az.

1

person having

control or ownership (master of the house; dog obeyed his master, master of the hunt). 2 captain of a merchant ship. 3 male teacher. 4 prevailing person. 5 a skilled tradesman able to teach others (often attrib.: master carpenter). b skilled practitioner (master of innuendo). 6 holder of a usu. post-graduate university degree (Master of Arts). 7 revered teacher in philosophy etc. 8

n.

judge

who

presides over the Court of Appeal. masterpiece n. 1 outstanding piece of artistry or workmanship. 2 person's best work.

master-stroke n. skilful tactic etc. master-switch n. switch controlling the supply of electricity etc. to an entire system.

mastery (often

n.

foil,

ledge or

by

1

control, dominance.

of)

2

comprehensive know-

skill.

masthead

n. 1 top of a ship's mast, esp. as a place of observation or punishment. 2 title of a newspaper etc. at the head of the front page or editorial page. mastic /'maestik/ n. 1 gum or resin from the mastic tree, used in making varnish. 2 (in full mastic tree) evergreen tree yielding this. 3 waterproof filler and sealant. [Greek mastikhe] masticate /'maesti.keit/ v. (-ting) grind masor chew (food) with one's teeth,

keij(a)n/ n. masticatory from Greek] mastiff /'maestif/ n. dog of a large strong breed with drooping ears. [Latin man-

tication

adj. [Latin

suetus tame]

mastitis

/mae'staitis/ n.

inflammation

of the breast or udder. [Greek mastos breast]

mastodon

matey

547

mastodon

/'maesta.don/ n. (pi same or -s) large extinct mammal resembling the elephant. [Greek mastos breast, odous tooth] mastoid /'maestoid/ —adj. shaped like a breast, -n. 1 = mastoid process. 2 (usu. in pi) colloq. inflammation of the mastoid process. [Greek mastos breast] mastoid process n. conical prom-

inence on the temporal bone behind the

mate

1

-n.

friend or fellow worker. 2 colloq. form of address, esp. to another man. 3 a each of a breeding pair, esp. of birds, b colloq. partner in marriage, c (in comb.) fellow member or joint occupant of (team-mate; room-mate). 4 officer on a merchant ship. 5 assistant to a skilled worker (plumber's mate), -v. (-ting) (often foil, by with) 1 come or bring together for breeding. 2 Mech. fit well.

[Low German]

ear. /'maesta.beit/ v. (-ting) (usu. absol.) sexually arouse (oneself or

mate 2

another) by manual stimulation of the

mater

masturbation /-'beij(a)n/ n.

[Latin]

masturbate genitals. [Latin]

mat

1

1

—n.

1

small piece of coarse material

on a floor, esp. for wiping one's shoes on. 2 piece of cork, rubber, etc., to protect a

surface from a hot dish etc. placed on it. 3 padded floor covering in gymnastics, wrestling, etc. -v. (-tt-) (esp. as matted adj.) entangle or become entangled in a on the mat thick mass (matted hair). slang being reprimanded. [Old English] mat 2 var. of matt.

matador

/'maeta,do:(r)/

n.

bullfighter

whose task is to kill the bull. [Spanish from matar kill: related to mate in checkmate] match -n. 1 contest or game in which 1

players or teams compete. 2 a person as an equal contender (meet one's match). b person or thing exactly like or corresponding to another. 3 marriage. 4 person viewed as a marriage prospect, —v. 1 correspond (to); be like or alike; harmonize (with) (his socks do not match; curtains match the wallpaper). 2 equal. 3 (foil, by against, with) place in conflict or competition with. 4 find material etc. that matches (another) (can you match this silk?). 5 find a person or thing match up (often suitable for another. foil, by with) fit to form a whole; tally, match up to be as good as or equal to. [Old English] match 2 n. 1 short thin piece of wood etc. with a combustible tip. 2 wick or cord etc. for firing a cannon etc. [French mesche]

matchboard

n. tongued and grooved with similar boards. matchbox n. box for holding matches. matchless adj. incomparable. matchmaker n. person who arranges marriages or schemes to bring couples

board

fitting

matchmaking n. together, match point n. Tennis etc. 1

position side needs only one more point to win the match. 2 this point. matchstick n. stem of a match. matchwood n. 1 wood suitable for matches. 2 minute splinters.

when one

n.

&

= check-

(-ting) Chess

v.

mate. /'meit9(r)/

Usage Mater

is

slang

n.

now

mother.

only found in

jocular or affected use.

material

1 matter from made. 2 cloth, fabric. 3 needed for an activity (building materials). 4 person or thing of a specified kind or suitable for a purpose (officer material). 5 (in sing, or pi.) information etc. for a book etc. 6 (in sing, or pi, often foil, by of) elements,

/ma'tiarial/ -n.

which a thing

is

(in pi.) things

constituent parts, or substance, -adj. 1 of matter; corporeal; not spiritual. 2 of bodily comfort etc. (material wellbeing). 3 (often foil, by to) important, significant, relevant. [Latin materia

matter]

materialism

n. 1 greater interest in material possessions and comfort than in spiritual values. 2 Philos. theory that materialnothing exists but matter.

materialistic /-listik/ n. ist materialistically /-'listikali/ adv.

adj.

materialize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 become actual fact; happen. 2 appear or be present. 3 represent materialization /-'zeij(8)n/ n.

colloq.

in or

assume bodily form.

materially adv.

1

1

substantially, signific-

antly.

materiel

/ma.tian'el/

n.

means,

esp.

materials and equipment in warfare. [French] maternal /m8't3:n(a)l/ adj. 1 of or like a mother; motherly. 2 related through the mother (maternal uncle). 3 of the

mother in pregnancy and childbirth, maternally adv. [Latin mater mother]

maternity

/ma't3:niti/

n.

1

mother-

hood. 2 motherliness. 3 (attrib.) for

women birth dress).

during pregnancy and childmaternity leave; (maternity [French from medieval Latin:

related to maternal] (also maty) -adj. (-tier, -tiest) sociable; familiar, friendly, -n. (pi. -s) colloq. (as a form of address) mate.

matey

mateyness adv.

n.

(also matiness).

matily

math UScolloq. mathematics, [abbre-

viation]

mathematical 1

/,maeGa'maetik(8)l/ adj. of mathematics. 2 rigorously precise.

mathematically

adv.

mathematical tables

n.pl. tables

of

logarithms and trigonometric values etc.

mathematics

/,mae09'maetiks/ n.pl.

1

(also treated as sing. ) abstract science of number, quantity, and space. 2 (as pi.) use of this in calculation etc. z mathe-

matician

/-ma'tij"(a)n/ n.

[Greek man-

thano learn]

maths

maty

548

math n.

n.

colloq.

mathematics, [abbre-

viation]

matinee

/'maeti.nei/ n.

(US matinee)

afternoon performance in the theatre, cinema, etc. [French from matin morning: related to matins] matinee coat n. (also matinee jacket) baby's short knitted coat.

matinee idol n. handsome actor. matins /'maetmz/ n. (also mattins) sing, or pi.)

morning prayer,

(as esp. in the

Church of England. [Latin matutinus of the morning] /'meitn.aik/ n. female head of a family or tribe. matriarchal /-'a:k(a)l/ adj. [Latin mater mother] matriarchy /'meitri,a:ki/ n. (pi -ies) female-dominated system of society, with descent through the female line. matrices pi. of matrix.

matriarch

matricide

/'meitn.said, "mas-/ n.

1 kill-

ing of one's mother. 2 person who does this. [Latin: related to mater, -cide]

matriculate

/ma'trikju.leit/

v.

(-ting)

enrol at a college or university, z matriculation /-'leij(a)n/ n. [medieval Latin: related to matrix] matrimony /'maetnmani/ n. rite or state of marriage, z matrimonial /-'maunial/ adj. [Latin matrimonium: related to mater] matrix /'meitnks/ n. (pi. matrices /-,si:z/ or -es) 1 mould in which a thing is cast or shaped. 2 place etc. in which a thing is developed. 3 rock in which gems, fossils, etc., are embedded. 4 Math, rectangular array of elements treated as a single element. [Latin, =

womb]

matron /'meitran/ n. 1 woman in charge of nursing in a hospital. 2 married, esp. staid, woman. 3 woman nurse and housekeeper at a school etc. [Latin matrona: related to mater]

Usage In sense 1, senior nursing officer is now the official term. matronly adj. like a matron, esp. portly or staid.

matron of honour n.

married

woman

attending the bride at a wedding. (also mat) -adj. not shiny or glossy; dull. -n. (in full matt paint) paint giving a dull flat finish. [French:

matt

related to

mate 2

matter -n.

1

]

physical substance having

mass and occupying space, as distinct from mind and spirit. 2 specified substance (colouring matter; reading matter). 3 (prec. by the; often foil, by with)

amiss (something the matter with him). 4 content as distinct from style, form, etc. 5 (often foil, by of, for) situation etc. under consideration or as an occasion for (regret etc.) (matter for concern; matter of discipline). 6 pus or a similar substance discharged from the body. -v. (often foil, by to) be of importance; have significance, z as a matter of fact in reality; actually, for that matter 1 as far as that is concerned. 2 and indeed also, a matter of approximately; amounting to (a matter of 40 years), no matter 1 (foil, by when, how, etc.) regardless of. 2 it is of no importance. [Latin materia timber, substance] matter of course n. natural or expected thing. matter-of-fact adj. 1 unimaginative, prosaic. 2 unemotional, z matter-of-factly adv. matter-of-factness n. matter of life and death n. matter of vital importance. (thing)

matting n. fabric for mats. mattins var. of matins.

mattock

/'maetak/ n. agricultural tool like a pickaxe, with an adze and a chisel

edge. [Old English] /'maetns/ n. stuffed, or air- or water-filled cushion the size of a bed.

mattress

[Arabic almatrah]

maturate boil etc.) related to

v. (-ting) (of a to maturation. [Latin:

/'maetju.reit/

come

mature]

maturation

/,maetjo-'reiJXa)n/

n.

1

maturing or being matured. 2 formation of pus. [French or medieval Latin: related to mature] mature /ma'tjua(r)/ -adj. (maturer, maturest) 1 a fully developed, adult, b sensible, wise. 2 ripe; seasoned. 3 (of

thought etc.) careful, considered. 4 (of a bill, insurance policy, etc.) due, payable. -v. (-ring) 1 develop fully; ripen. 2 perfect (a plan etc.). 3 (of a bill, insurance policy, etc.) become due or payable, z maturely adv. matureness n.

maturity

n.

[Latin

mature student matutinal

n.

maturus timely] adult student.

/,maerju:'tam(a)l,

tm(a)l/ adj. of the morning; [Latin: related to matins] var. of matey.

maty

ma'tju: early.

maudlin maudlin

/'mo:dlin/ adj. weakly or tearfully sentimental, esp. from drunkenness. [French Madeleine, referring to

pictures of

Mary Magdalen weeping]

maul /mo:l/ -v. 1

tear the flesh of; claw. 2 handle roughly. 3 damage by criticism. -n. 1 Rugby loose scrum. 2 brawl. 3 heavy hammer. [Latin malleus ham-

mer]

maulstick

/'moilstik/

(also

n.

mahl-

stick) stick held to support the hand in painting. [Dutch malen paint] maunder /'mo:nd9(r)/ v. 1 talk ramblingly. 2 move or act listlessly or idly, [origin unknown] /'moindi/ n. distribution of

Maundy

Maundy money. [French mande from Latin mandatum command]

Maundy money

specially minted silver coins distributed by the British

sovereign on

n.

Maundy Thursday.

Maundy Thursday

/.mo-.sa'liiam/ n. magnifi-

cent tomb, [from Mausolos, king of Caria, whose tomb had this name] /mauv/ —adj. pale purple, -n. mauvish adj. [Latin: this colour. related to mallow] maverick /'maevarik/ n. 1 unorthodox or independent-minded person. 2 US unbranded calf or yearling. [Maverick, name of an owner of unbranded cattle] n. 1 stomach of an animal or colloq. greedy person. 2 jaws or throat of a voracious animal. [Old English] mawkish /'mo:kiJ7 adj. feebly sentimental; sickly. mawkishly adv.

mauve

maw

mawkishness

n.

[obsolete

mawk mag-

got]

max. abbr. maximum. maxi /'maeksi/ n. (pi.

-s) colloq.

maxi-

coat, -skirt, etc. [abbreviation]

maxi- comb, form very

large or long, [abbreviation of maximum; cf. mini-]

maxilla /maek'sila/ n.

(pi.

-llae

/-li:/)

jaw

or jawbone, esp. (in vertebrates) the upper jaw. maxillary adj. [Latin] /'maeksim/ n. general truth or rule of conduct briefly expressed. [French or medieval Latin: related to :

maxim

maximum]

maxima pi.

of

maximum.

maximal /'maeksim(a)l/ adj.

of or being

maximum.

maximize

/'maeksi.maiz/ v, (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make as large or great as possible. maximization /-'zeij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to maximum]

Usage Maximize

maximum

/'maeksimam/ -n. (pi -ma) highest possible amount, size, etc. -adj. greatest in amount, size, etc. [Latin

maxim us

greatest]

May n. 1 fifth month of the year. 2 (may) hawthorn,

blossom.

in

esp.

[Latin

Maius of the goddess Maia]

may v.aux.

(3rd sing, present may; past might /mait/) 1 expressing: a (often foil, by well for emphasis) possibility (it may be true; you may well lose your way), b permission (may I come in?), c a wish (may he live to regret it), d uncertainty or irony (who may you be?; who are you, may I ask?). 2 in purpose clauses and after wish, fear, etc. (hope he may suc-

be that as it may (or that is as may be) it is possible (but) (be that as it may, I still want to go), may as well =

ceed).

might as well (see might

1

).

[Old English]

Thursday

n.

before Easter.

mausoleum

a

maypole

549

Usage In sense lb, both can and may are used to express permission; in more formal contexts may is preferred since can also denotes capability (can I move? - am I physically able to move?; may I move? = am I allowed to move?).

Maya /'ma:ja/ n.

in standard English to mean 'to make as good as possible' or 'to make the most of.

same or

-s)

mem-

Mayan adj. & n. [native name] maybe /'meibi:/ adv. perhaps, [from may

it

be]

May Day n. 1 May as a Spring festival or holiday

international

in

honour of

workers.

mayday /'meidei/ n. international radio distress-signal, [representing ciation of French m'aidez help

mayflower that

bloom

mayfly

n.

pronunme]

any of various flowers May.

n.

in

a kind of insect living briefly

in spring.

mayhem

/'meihem/ n. destruction; havoc. [Anglo-French mahem: related to

maim]

mayn't /'meiant/ contr. may not. mayonnaise /.meia'neiz/ n. 1

thick egg-yolks, oil, vinegar, etc. 2 dish dressed with this (egg

creamy dressing of

mayonnaise). [French] 1 head of the corporation of a city or borough. 2 head of a with the status of a council district mayoral adj. [Latin: borough. related to major]

mayor /mea(r)/ n.

mayoralty office of

should not be used

1 (pi.

ber of an ancient Indian people of Central America. 2 their language.

/'mearalti/ n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

mayor. 2 period of this.

mayoress /'means/ n.

1

woman mayor.

2 wife or official consort of a mayor. n. decorated pole for dancing

maypole

round on May Day.

May queen May queen

means

r

-mourned 2 labyrinth. 3 confused network, mass. etc. [related to amaze] mazurka rnaaika n. 1 lively Polish dance in triple time. 2 music for this. [French or German from Polish] z::~ 1 3a:-rl:7 ::' Ms-:L:-e 2 Computing megabyte, [sense ^' 1 from laur. X~: z:.::^c; 5 zz :z'..z:.- i z::- Mas:a: :: Busuaeas Air-, it.

paa:

aaaa

rc.i

MB

MBA istration. MBE -rrMB 6

Maruzer

MC =ri- Masaa: MCC a a v aa~y e: a n a "a

"

:

ME

1

D:c::r

:f

2

C

r~:

/or to

me), o

:

ka

MBfeMiMi

mean

aarr.as:

"

McCarthvism. McCov

MD zb'rr

uaa

::

lare-arues

::

1

:

jrier

:: .r.a

management buyout.

:

it r.::

:«e

:T- :

5

s-~ a: va":-

Mei.ur.a

2

mean

Mar.az

ztt* r.vir.: e~ aeahala-yalius

1

ru warily

1

a

no mean

meanly

mea culpa

rr.e:a

-

kala-a

a: kr.:*

;0".i

r.r:g-

•

ledgement of error, -int expressing this. [Latin. = by my fault]

mead

r

=lc: h:l:;

meadow

iruak

-ecaa

1

meadowy-: ;o;i meadowsweet

::

:a™ aa:a:

riece

English; fragrant

::'

rrass

of coUoq. treat (a task etc.) too laboriousty or fussfly. [Old English]

ccwfrr 2 5::: aatrceal floor. [Old English]

meals on wheels

r."

3

"."5

ra aire

aa

sing.) regular voluntary esp. lunch deliveries to old people, invalids, etc. n. coUoq. person or thing a source of maintenance or in-

: rr.a

mealtime

-

.

.

..

nana

::

:

mar:

earr.g

a

r.

niggardly

-ies

person.

meaning--: ar.cs

3

^'rat.a near.:

1

una araar :e

ingly ado.

meaningful crete-d.

:

z.z;

1

full

meaningfully

ingfulne s s

usu treatea

seal-ticket is

aar.za

a -vir.iir.g

5

meanie

f.t-.vars

civ "5 meager i scant in amount or quality. 2 lean, thin. ;Ar.gl:-Frer.:h :r:~ la::- -a;-; meal'1 >::as::r. ~» ran : :s eater. 2

:

~:

path. etc. 2 circuitous

raeai:*

meagre rarc^r

that

meander

::

rrearrng

cu:

mean-

\

meaningless nr qgntfirafirr

m e a ni n gl es

s

ra.an.£

z.z

mi

n es s

r.:

rreanira

Jnwlj

mfi

*:

as sing.) if inn n npL action, agent device, or method producine a result {means of quitk r**c. vl 2 a 1 (often treated

mean

sea level

means), b wealth all

means

by

by means of by by no means cer-

certainly,

the agency etc.

of.

tainly not. [from

mean

mean 3

means

test -n. inquiry into income as a basis for eligibility for State benefit etc. -v. (means-test) subject to or base on a means test. meant past and past part, of mean meantime -adv. = meanwhile, -n. intervening period (esp. in the mean1

.

time).

Usage As an adverb, meantime is less common than meanwhile. meanwhile -adv. 1 in the intervening period of time. 2 at the same time. -n. intervening period (esp. in the meanwhile).

meany var.

of meanie. measles /'mi:z(a)lz/ n.pl (also treated as sing.) infectious viral disease marked by a red rash. [Low German masele or Dutch masel] ,

/'mi:zli/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

meagre, contemptible.

measure

/'me3a(r)/ -n.

1

size or quant-

found by measuring. 2 system or unit measuring (liquid measure; 20 measures of wheat). 3 rod, tape, vessel, etc. for measuring. 4 (often foil, by of) ity

of

degree, extent, or amount (a measure of wit). 5 factor determining evaluation etc. (sales are the measure of popularity). 6 (usu. in pi.) suitable action to achieve some end. 7 legislative bill, act, etc. 8 prescribed extent or quantity. 9 poetic metre. 10 mineral stratum (coal measures), -v. (-ring) 1 ascertain the extent or quantity of (a thing) by comparison with a known standard. 2 be of a specified size. 3 ascertain the size of (a person) for clothes. 4 estimate (a quality etc.) by some criterion. 5 (often foil, by off) mark (a line etc. of a given length). 6 (foil, by out) distribute in measured quantities. 7 (foil, by with, against) bring (oneself or one's strength etc.) into competition with. beyond measure good excessively. for measure as a finishing touch, in some measure partly, measure up 1 take the

measurements (of). 2 (often foil, by to) have the qualifications (for), measurable adj. [Latin mensura from metior measure]

measured (measured

adj. 1 rhythmical; regular tread). 2 (of language) care-

infinite.

adj.

not

measurable;

n.

amount measured.

measuring.

2 3 (in pi.) detailed 1

dimensions.

animal flesh as food. 2 (often

n. 1

by of) substance; chief part. meatless adj. [Old English] meatball n. small round ball of minced foil,

meat.

meat loaf n. minced meat etc. moulded and baked.

meat safe

n.

ventilated cupboard for

storing meat.

meaty

adj. (-ier, -iest)

1

full

of meat;

fleshy. 2 of or like meat. 3 substantial, full of interest, satisfying. meatiness n.

Mecca visit.

/'meka/ n. place one aspires to [Mecca, Muslim holy city in Ara-

bia]

mechanic

/mi'kaenik/ n. person skilled in using or repairing machinery. [Latin: related to machine] mechanical adj. 1 of machines or mechanisms. 2 working or produced by (of an action etc.) automatic; repetitive. 4 (of an agency, principle, etc.) belonging to mechanics. 5 of mechanics as a science. mechanically adv. [Latin: related to mechanic]

machinery. 3

mechanical

engineer

n.

person

qualified in the design, construction, etc. of machines. mechanics n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) 1 branch of applied mathematics dealing with motion etc. 2 science of machinery. 3 routine technical aspects of a thing (mechanics of local govern-

ment).

mechanism /'meka,niz(a)m/ n.

1

struc-

ture or parts of a machine. 2 system of parts working together. 3 process; no mechanism; method (defence complaints). mechanism for mechanistic /-'nistik/ adj. [Greek: related to machine] mechanize /'meka.naiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 introduce machines in (a factory etc.). 2 make mechanical. 3 equip with tanks, armoured cars, etc.

mechanization

Med

n.

colloq.

/-

zeij(a)n/ n.

Mediterranean

Sea.

[abbreviation]

medal

/'med(a)l/

n.

commemorative

metal disc etc., esp. awarded for military or sporting prowess. [Latin: related to metal] medallion /mi'daeljan/ n. 1 large medal. 2 thing so shaped, e.g. a decorative panel related to medal] /'medalist/ n. (US medalist)

etc. [Italian:

medallist

fully considered.

measureless

measurement meat

]

sea

level n. level halfway between high and low water.

measly

medallist

551

(man of means).

winner of a medallist).

(specified)

medal (gold

meddle by

/'med(a)l/ v. (-ling) (often foil, with, in) interfere in others' con-

meddler

cerns, MIX]

n.

[Latin: related to

Usage Media is commonly used with singular verb (e.g. the media is biased), but this is not generally aca

(cf.

data).

medially adv. [Latin medius middle]

median

/'mi:dian/ -adj. situated in the middle, -rc. 1 straight line drawn from any vertex of a triangle to the middle of the opposite side. 2 middle value of a series. [Latin: related to medial] /'mi:di,eit/

(-ting)

v.

(often

1

by between) intervene (between disputants) to settle a quarrel etc. 2 bring foil,

mediation

about (a result) thus. /-'eij(8)n/ n.

mediator

n.

[Latin medius

medieval

/,medi'i:v(a)l/

mediaeval)

(also

adj.

of the Middle Ages. 2 colloq. old-fashioned. [Latin medium aevum middle age] medieval history n. history of the 5th-15th c. medieval Latin n. Latin of about ad 600-1500. mediocre /,mi:di auka(r)/ adj. 1 indifferent in quality. 2 second-rate. [Latin mediocris] mediocrity /,mi:di'Dkriti/ n. (pi -ies) 1 being mediocre. 2 mediocre person. 1

meditate foil,

/'medi.teit/

v.

(-ting)

by on, upon) engage in

1

(often

(esp. re-

ligious) contemplation. 2 plan mentally. meditation / - teij(a)n/ n. meditator n.

[Latin meditor] /'meditativ/ adj.

meditative

1

inclined

to meditate. 2 indicative of meditation,

thoughtful.

itativeness

meditatively adv. medn.

Mediterranean

middle]

medic /'medik/ n.

colloq.

medical practi-

tioner or student. [Latin medicus physician]

medical

/'medik(a)l/ -adj. of medicine in general or as distinct from surgery {medical ward), -n. colloq. medical exmedically adv. amination. medical certificate n. certificate of fitness or unfitness for work etc.

medical examination

n.

examina-

tion to determine a person's physical fitness.

medical officer

n. person in charge of the health services of a local authority

etc.

medical practitioner n.

physician or

/.medita'remian/ adj. of the sea bordered by S. Europe, Asia, and N. Africa, or its surrounding region (Mediterranean cookery). [Latin mediterraneus inland] /'mi:diam/-rc. (pi. media or -s) 1 middle quality, degree, etc. between extremes (find a happy medium). 2 means of communication (medium of substance, e.g. air, television). 3

SW

medium

through which sense-impressions are conveyed. 4 physical environment etc. of a living organism. 5 means. 6 material or form used by an artist, composer, etc. 7 liquid (e.g. oil or gel) used for diluting paints. 8 (pi. -s) person claiming to communicate with the dead. -adj. 1

between two

surgeon.

medicament /mi'dikamant/ n. =

medi-

2.

Medicare /'medi,ke8(r)/ n. US federally funded health insurance scheme for the elderly, [from medical, care] medicate /'medi.keit/ v. (-ting)

1

treat

medically. 2 impregnate with medicine etc. medicative /-kativ/ adj. [Latin medicare medicat-]

medication

medi

,

=

keiJ(a)n/ / 2 treatment using drugs. /mi'dism(a)l/ adj. (of a substance) healing. medicinally adv. medicine /'meds(a)n/ n. 1 science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, esp. as distinct from surgery. 2 drug etc. for the treatment or prevention of disease, esp.

medicine

N. Amer-

tribal, esp.

,

mediaeval var. of medieval. medial /'mi:dial/ adj. = median.

mediate

man n.

ican Indian, witch-doctor.

2 (usu. prec. by the) mass communications (esp. newspapers and broadcasting) regarded collectively.

cine

taken by mouth. take one's medicine submit to something disagreeable. [Latin medicina]

medicine

meddlesome adj. interfering. media /'mi:dia/ n.pl. 1 pi of medium.

cepted

medulla

552

meddle

2.

medicinal

1

n.

1

qualities, degrees, etc. 2

average (of medium height). medius middle]

[Latin

medium-range

adj. (of an aircraft, missile, etc.) able to travel a medium distance.

medium wave

n.

radio

wave of fre3 MHz.

quency between 300 kHz and

medlar

/'medla(r)/ n. 1 tree bearing small brown apple-like fruits, eaten decayed. 2 such a fruit. [French medler from Greek mespile] medley /'medli/ n. (pi. -s) 1 varied mixture. 2 collection of tunes etc. played as one piece. [French medlee] medulla /mi'dAla/ n. 1 inner part of certain organs etc., e.g. the kidney. 2

when

soft internal tissue of plants.

lary

adj. [Latin]

medul-

medulla oblongata medulla oblongata

hindmost part of the brain, formed from a continuation of the spinal cord,

medusa /-si:/

or

name

/mi'djuisa/ -s) jellyfish.

n.

(pi.

medusae

[Greek Medousa,

of a Gorgon]

meek

humble and submissive or

adj.

meekly

gentle.

adv.

meekness

n.

[Old Norse] /'miakaet/ n. S. African mongoose. [Dutch, = sea-cat] /'miajam/ n. 1 soft white clay-like substance. 2 tobacco-pipe with

meerschaum

bowl made from

[German, =

this.

sea-foam]

meet

1

-v. (past

encounter

(a

and past

person

part,

met)

1

or (of two or

etc.)

more people) come together by accident or design; come face to face (with) (met on the bridge). 2 be present by design

at

the arrival of (a person, train, etc.). 3 come or seem to come together or into contact (with); join (where the sea and the sky meet; jacket won 't meet). 4 make the acquaintance of (delighted to meet you; all met at Oxford). 5 come together for business, worship, etc. (union met management). 6 a deal with or answer (a demand, objection, etc.) (met the proposal with hostility), b satisfy or conform with (agreed to meet the new terms). 7 pay (a bill etc.); honour (a cheque) (meet the cost). 8 (often foil, by with) experience, encounter, or receive (met their death; met with hostility). 9 confront in battle etc. -n. 1 assembly for a hunt. 2 assembly for sport, esp. athletics. make ends meet see end. meet the case be adequate, meet the eye be visible or evident, meet a person half way compromise with, meet up colloq. (often foil, by with) = sense 1 of v. meet with 1 see sense 8 of v. 2 receive (a reaction) (met with her approval). 3 esp. US = sense 1 of v. [Old English] meet 2 adj. archaic fitting, proper, [related to mete]

meeting

n. 1 coming together. 2 assembly of esp. a society, committee, etc. 3 = RACE MEETING.

mega

/'mega/ slang -adj.

1

excellent. 2

enormous, -adv. extremely. comb, form 1 large. 2 one million (l(r) in the metric system of measurement. 3 slang extremely; very big (mega-stupid; mega-project). [Greek megas great]

mega-

megabuck /'mega.bAk/ n. US slang million dollars.

megabyte

megahertz one

/'mega,h3:ts/ n. (pi. same) million hertz, esp. as a measure of

radio frequency.

megalith

/'megaliG/ n. large stone, esp. as a prehistoric monument or part of one. megalithic /-'liGik/ adj. [Greek lithos stone]

megalomania

/.megala'memia/

n.

1

mental disorder producing delusions of

meerkat

its

meld

553

/.Dblnn'garta/ n.

/'mega.bait/

n.

Computing

20 1,048,576 (i.e. 2 ) bytes as a measure of data capacity, or loosely 1,000,000. megadeath /'mega,de6/ n death of one million people (in war). .

grandeur. 2 passion for grandiose schemes. megalomaniac adj. & n. [Greek megas great, mania]

megalosaurus

/,megala'so:ras/ n.

(pi.

-ruses) large flesh-eating dinosaur with stout hind legs and small forelimbs.

[Greek megas great, sauros lizard]

megaphone

/'mega.faun/

large

n.

funnel-shaped device for amplifying the voice. [Greek megas great, phone sound] megastar /'mega.sta^r)/ n. colloq. very

famous entertainer

megaton

etc.

/'mega.tAn/

power equal TNT. sive

megavolt

to

n.

unit of explo-

one million tons of

/'mega.vault/ n. one million a unit of electromotive

volts, esp. as

force.

megawatt

/'mega.wot/ n. one million watts, esp. as a measure of electrical

power.

megohm

/'megaum/

n.

one million

ohms.

meiosis /-si:z/)

1

/mai'ausis/ n. (pi. meioses division that results in

cell

gametes with half the normal chromosome number. 2 = litotes. [Greek melon less] melamine /'mela,mi:n/ n. 1 white crystalline compound producing resins. 2 (in full

from

melamine

this

coatings,

resin) plastic

and used [from

esp. for

arbitrary

made

laminated

me lam,

amine]

melancholia /.melan'kaulia/ n. depression and anxiety. [Latin: related to melancholy]

melancholy

/'melankali/ -n. 1 pensive sadness. 2 a mental depression, b tendency to this. -adj. sad; saddening, meldepressing; expressing sadness.

ancholic

/-'kolik/

adj.

[Greek melas

black, khole bile]

melange

/mei'163/ n. mixture, medley.

[French meter mix]

melanin

/'melanin/ n. dark pigment in the hair, skin, etc., causing tanning in sunlight. [Greek melas black] melanoma /.mela'nauma/ n. malignant skin tumour. Melba toast /'melba/ n. very thin crisp toast. [Melba, name of a soprano] meld v. merge, blend, [origin uncertain]

melee melee /'melei/

n.

(US melee)

1

confused

skirmish, or scuffle. 2 muddle. [French: related to medley] mellifluous /mi'lifluas/ adj. (of a voice meletc.) pleasing, musical, flowing. lifluously adv. mellifluousness n. [Latin mel honey, fluo flow] mellow /'melau/ -adj. 1 (of sound, colour, light) soft and rich, free from harshness. 2 (of character) gentle; mature. 3 genial, jovial. 4 euphem. partly intoxicated. 5 (of fruit) soft, sweet, and juicy. 6 (of wine) well-matured, smooth. 7 (of earth) rich, loamy, -v. make or become mellowly adv. mellowness mellow, fight,

I

n.

[origin

unknown]

melodeon

/mi'laudian/

(also

n.

me-

small organ similar to the harmonium. 2 small German accordion, [from melody, harmonium] melodic /mi'lDdik/ adj. of melody; memelodically adv. [Greek: lodious.

lodion)

memory

554

1

related to melody] /mi'laodias/ adj. ducing, or having melody.

melodious sounding.

lodiousness melody]

melodiously n.

[French:

of, pro2 sweetadv. merelated to 1

melodrama

/'mela.dra^a/ n. 1 sensational play etc. appealing blatantly to the emotions. 2 this type of drama. 3 theatrical language, behaviour, etc. melodramatic /-dra'maetik/ adj. melodramatically /-dra'maetikali/ adv. [Greek melos music, drama] melody /'meladi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 single notes arranged to make a distinctive recognizable pattern; tune. 2 principal part in harmonized music. 3 musical

arrangement of words. 4 sweet music, tunefulness. [Greek melos song: related to ode] melon /'melan/ n. 1 sweet fleshy fruit of various climbing plants of the gourd family. 2 such a gourd. [Greek melon apple] melt v. 1 become liquefied or change to liquid by the action of heat; dissolve. 2 (as molten adj.) (esp. of metals etc.) liquefied by heat (molten lava; molten lead). 3 (of food) be delicious, seeming to dissolve in the mouth. 4 soften, or (of a person, the heart, etc.) be softened, by pity, love, etc. (a melting look). 5 (usu. foil, by into) merge imperceptibly; change into (night melted into dawn). 6 (often foil, by away) (of a person) leave or disappear unobtrusively (melted into the background). melt away disappear by or as if by liquefaction, melt down 1 melt (esp. metal) for reuse. 2 become liquid and lose structure. [Old English]

meltdown n. 1 melting of a structure, esp. the overheated core of a nuclear reactor. 2 disastrous event, esp. a rapid fall in share values. melting point n. temperature at which a solid melts. melting-pot

n.

place for mixing races,

theories, etc.

member

/'memba(r)/ n. 1 person etc. to a society, team, group, etc. 2 (Member) person elected to certain assemblies etc. 3 part of a larger structure, e.g. of a group of figures or a mathematical set. 4 a part or organ of the body, esp. a limb, b = penis. [Latin membrum limb] membership n. 1 being a member. 2 number or body of members.

belonging

membrane

/'membrem/ n. 1 pliable sheetlike tissue connecting or lining organs in plants and animals. 2 thin pliable sheet or skin. membranous /'membranas/ adj. [Latin membrana skin, parchment: related to member]

memento

/mi'mentau/ n. (pi. -es or -s) souvenir of a person or event. [Latin, imperative of memini remember] memento mori /mi.mentau 'ma:n/ n. skull etc. as a reminder of death. [Latin,

= remember you must die] /'memau/ n. (pi.

memo

memorandum,

-s)

colloq.

[abbreviation]

memoir

/'memwa:(r)/ n. 1 historical account etc. written from personal knowledge or special sources. 2 (in pi.) autobiography, esp. partial or dealing with specific events or people. 3 essay on a learned subject. [French memoire\

related to

memory]

memorabilia /.memara'bilia/ n.pl.

sou-

venirs of memorable events. [Latin: related to memorable] memorable /'memarab(a)l/ adj. 1 worth remembering. 2 easily rememmemorably adv. [Latin bered. memor mindful]

memorandum /.mema'raendam/ n. (pi. -da or -s) 1 note or record for future use. 2 informal written message, esp. in business, diplomacy, etc. [see memorable] memorial /mi'mo:nal/ -n. object etc. established in memory of a person or event,

-attrib.

(memorial memory]

adj.

service).

memorize

commemorating [Latin: related to

/'mema.raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) commit to memory. (pi. -ies) 1 faculty by which things are recalled to or kept in the mind. 2 a this in an individual (my memory is failing), b store of things remembered (deep in my memory). 3 recollection; remembrance, esp. of a

memory /'memari/ n.

memory lane

etc. 5 posthumous reputation (his memory lives on; of blessed memory). 6 length of remembered time of a specific person, group, etc. (within living memory). 7 remembering (deed

a computer

worthy of memory). from memory as remembered (without checking), in memory of to keep alive the remembrance of. [Latin memoria from memor i

mindful]

memory

lane

n.

(usu. prec. by

down,

along) joc. sentimental remembering. memsahib /'memsa:b/ n. Anglo-Ind. hist. Indian name for a European married woman in India, [from ma'am, sahib] pi. of man. menace /'menis/ -n. 1 threat. 2 dangerous thing or person. 3 joc. pest, nuisance. — v. (-cing) threaten, men-

men

acingly adv. [Latin minor threaten]

minax

from

menage /mei'na:3/ n. household. [Latin: related to

manor]

menage a

trois /mei,na:3 a: 'trwa:/ n. trois) household of married couple and a lover. [French, = household of three] menagerie /mi'naed3an/ n. small zoo. (pi.

menthol

555

person or thing rememperson bered (memory of better times; his mother's memory). 4 storage capacity of etc.;

menages d

three, usu. a

[French: related to menage] -v. 1 restore to good condition; repair. 2 regain health. 3 improve (mend matters), -n. darn or repair in material etc. mend one's ways reform oneself, on the mend recovering, esp. in health. [Anglo-French: related to amend] mendacious /men'deijas/ adj. lying,

mend

mendacity /-'daesiti/ n. untruthful. (pi. -ies). [Latin mendax] mendelevium /,menda'li:viam/ n. artificially made transuranic radioactive metallic element. [Mendeleev, name of a chemist] Mendelian /men'di:lian/ adj. of Mendel's theory of heredity by genes. [Mendel, name of a botanist] mendicant /'mendikant/ -adj. 1 begging. 2 (of a friar) living solely on almj. -n. 1 beggar. 2 mendicant friar. [Latin mendicus beggar] mending n. 1 action of repairing. 2 things, esp. clothes, to be mended. n.pl. men, esp. the men of a family. menhir /'menhia(r)/ n. usu. prehistoric monument of a tall upright stone. [Breton men stone, hir long] menial /'mi:nial/ -adj. (of esp. work)

menfolk

degrading, servile, -n. domestic servant. [Anglo-French meinie retinue]

meninges

/mi'nmd3i:z/ n.pl. three the brain and spinal cord. [Greek menigx membrane] meningitis /,menm'd3aitis/ n. (esp. viral) infection and inflammation of the

membranes enclosing

meninges.

meniscus

/mi'niskas/ n. (pi. menisci curved upper surface of liquid in a tube. 2 lens convex on one side and concave on the other. [Greek meniskos crescent, from mene moon] /-sai/) 1

menopause /'mena,po:z/ n.

1 ceasing of menstruation. 2 period in a woman's life

(usu. 45-55)

when

menothis occurs. [Greek men adj.

pausal /-'pa:z(a)l/ month, pause]

menorah Jewish

/mi'naxa/

n.

candelabrum.

seven-branched = [Hebrew,

candlestick]

menses

/'mensi:z/ n.pl. flow of menstrual blood etc. [Latin, pi. of mensis

month]

mens rea

/menz "ri:a/ n. Law criminal = guilty mind] /'menstrual/ adj. of menstruation. [Latin menstruus monthly] menstrual cycle n. process of ovulation and menstruation. intent. [Latin,

menstrual

menstruate

/'menstru.eit/

v.

(-ting)

undergo menstruation.

menstruation

/,menstru'eij(a)n/

n.

process of discharging blood etc. from the uterus, usu. at monthly intervals

from puberty

to

menopause.

mensuration

/,mensjua'reiJXa)n/ n. 1 measuring. 2 measuring of lengths, areas, and volumes. [Latin: related to

measure]

menswear n.

clothes for men.

-ment

forming nouns express-

suffix

1

means or result

of verbal action (abridgement; embankment). 2 forming (merriment; oddadjectives nouns from

ing the

ment). [Latin -mentum]

mental

/'ment(a)l/ adj. 1 of, in, or done 2 caring for mental

by the mind.

mentally patients. 3 colloq. insane. adv. [Latin mens ment- mind] n. degree of mental development in terms of the average age at which such development is attained. mental block n. inability due to sub-

mental age

conscious mental factors.

mental deficiency

n.

abnormally low

intelligence. mentality /men'taeliti/ n. (pi. -ies) mental character or disposition; kind or degree of intelligence.

mental patient

n.

sufferer from

men-

tal illness.

mental reservation n. silent qualification made while seeming to agree.

menthol

/'menGDl/ n. mint-tasting organic alcohol found in oil of peppermint

mentholated 1

mentholated

/'menGa.leitid/

adj.

treated with or containing menthol. /'menJXa)n/ -v. 1 refer to briefly or by name. 2 reveal or disclose (do not mention this to anyone). 3 (usu. as mention in dispatches) award a minor military honour to in war. -n. 1 reference, esp. by name. 2 minor milidon't mention tary or other honour. it polite reply to an apology or thanks, not to mention and also. [Latin mentio]

mention

mentor

/'mento:(r)/ n.

experienced and

trusted adviser. [Mentor in Homer's Odyssey] /'menju:/ n. 1 list of dishes available in a restaurant etc., or to be served at a meal. 2 Computing list of options displayed on a VDU. [Latin: related to

menu

MINUTE 2 ]

MEP

abbr.

Member

of the

European

Mephistophelean

whom

/,mefista'fi:lian/

[Mephistopheles,

fiendish.

spirit to

merchant bank

evil

Faust sold his soul in

German legend] mercantile /'m3:kan,tail/

adj.

trade, trading. 2 commercial. related to merchant]

1

of

[Latin:

mercantile marine n. merchant shipping.

Mercator projection

/m3:'keita/ n.

Mercator's projection) map of the world projected on to a cylinder so that all the parallels of latitude have the (also

same length

(also -ise)

alkali to strengthen and make lustrous. [Mercer, name of its alleged intic

ventor]

merchandise /'m3:tJan,daiz/-72.

goods

1 trade, traffic (in). 2 advertise or promote (goods, an idea, or a person). [French: related to mer-

for sale. -v. (-sing)

chant]

merchant

I'm3:t$(z)ntl n. 1 wholesale trader, esp. with foreign countries. 2 esp. US & Scot, retail trader. 3 colloq. usu. derog. person devoted to a specified activity etc. (speed merchant). [Latin

mercor trade

(v.)]

merchantable able.

adj. saleable,

market-

nation's

commer-

ship carrying mer-

/'m3:si,ful/

adj.

showing

mercy. mercifulness n. mercifully adv. 1 in a merciful manner. 2 fortunately (mercifully, the

came out). merciless

/'m3:silas/ adj.

sun

showing no

mercy, n mercilessly adv.

mercurial

/m3:'kjuanal/ adj. 1 (of a person) volatile. 2 of or containing mercury. [Latin: related to mercury] mercury /'m3:kjori/ n. 1 silvery heavy liquid metallic element used in barometers, thermometers, etc. 2 (Mercury) planet nearest to the sun. mer-

mercurous adj. Roman messenger-

/-'kjuarik/ adj.

[Latin Mercurius, god]

mercy

/'m3:si/ -n. (pi. -ies) 1 compassion or forbearance towards defeated enemies or offenders or as a quality. 2 act of mercy. 3 (attrib.) done out of compassion (mercy killing). 4 thing to be thankful for (small mercies), -int. expressing surprise or fear. at the mercy of 1 in the power of. 2 liable to danger or harm from, have mercy on (or upon) show mercy to. [Latin merces

reward, pity]

mere

1

merganser

v.

n.

chandise.

merciful

mercerize

/'m3:sa,raiz/

n.

cial shipping.

merchant ship

mere

(-zing or -sing) treat (cotton) with caus-

in

ship.

merchant navy

as the equator. [Mercator, of a geographer] mercenary /'m3:smari/ -adj. primarily concerned with or working for money etc. -n. (pi. -ies) hired soldier in mercenariness n. foreign service. [Latin from merces reward] mercer n. dealer in textile fabrics. [Latin merx mere- goods]

name

bank dealing

n.

commercial loans and finance. merchantman n. (pi. -men) merchant

curic

Parliament. adj.

meridional

556

used as a flavouring and to relieve local pain. [Latin: related to mint ] etc.,

/mia(r)/

attrib.

adj.

being solely or only what

is

mere boy; no mere theory). adv. [Latin merus unmixed] 2

(merest)

specified (a

merely

/mia(r)/ n. dial, or poet. lake. [Old

English]

meretricious ily

/.mera'trijas/ adj. showbut falsely attractive. [Latin meretrix

prostitute] /m3:'gaensa(r)/ n. (pi. same or -s) a diving duck. [Latin mergus diver, anser goose] merge v. (-ging) 1 (often foil, by with) a combine, b join or blend gradually. 2 (foil, by in) (cause to) lose character and identity in (something else). [Latin mergo dip] merger n. combining, esp. of two commercial companies etc. into one. meridian /ma'ridian/ n. 1 a circle of

constant longitude, passing through a given place and the terrestrial poles, b corresponding line on a map. 2 (often attrib.) prime; full splendour. [Latin

mer idles midday] adj. 1 of of in the (esp. of Europe). 2 of a meridian.

meridional

south

meringue egg-whites,

etc.,

1

sugar,

baked

cake of this, esp. cream. [French]

whipped

crisp. 2 small

filled

with whipped

/ma'ri:nau/ n. (pi -s) 1 (in full merino sheep) variety of sheep with long fine wool. 2 soft cashmere-like material, orig. of merino wool. 3 fine woollen yarn. [Spanish] merit /'merit/ —n. 1 quality of deserving well. 2 excellence, worth. 3 (usu. in pi) a thing that entitles one to reward or gratitude, b intrinsic rights and wrongs (merits of a case), -v. (-t-) deserve. [Latin meritum value, from mereor deserve] meritocracy /.men'tokrasi/ n. (pi. -ies) government by those selected for 1 merit. 2 group selected in this way. 3 society governed thus. meritorious /.meri'toinas/ adj. praise-

worthy.

merlin /'ni3:lm/ n.

[Greek mesos middle]

mesolithic

/.mezau'liBik/ adj. of the part of the Stone Age between the palaeolithic and neolithic periods. [Greek lithos stone] mesomorph /'mesau,ma:f/ n. person with a compact muscular body. [Greek

morphe form]

meson

/'mi:zDn/ n. elementary particle

believed to help hold nucleons together in the atomic nucleus, [from meso-] mesosphere /'mesao,sfia(r)/ n. region of the atmosphere from the top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about 80

km.

Mesozoic

/.mesau'zaoik/ -adj. of the geological era marked by the developof dinosaurs, and the first mammals, birds, and flowering plants, -n.

ment small falcon. [Anglo-

French]

this era. n.

legendary creature with a

woman's head and trunk and a 2 tail, [from mere 'sea', maid]

fish's

merry

/'men/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 a joyous, b full of laughter or gaiety. 2 colloq. make merry be fesslightly drunk. merrily adv. merriment n. tive.

merriness

n.

[Old English]

merry-go-round

rc.

1

a fairground

model horses or b = roundabout 2a. 2 cycle of

ride with revolving cars,

spellbind. mesmerism n. mesmerizingly adv. [Mesmer, name of a physician]

meso- comb, form middle, intermediate.

merino

mermaid

messy

557

meringue /ma'raen/ n.

bustling activity.

merrymaking merrymaker

n.

festivity,

fun.

n

n.

mesalliance

/mei'zaeli.ds/ n. marriage with a social inferior. [French] mescal /'meskael/ n. peyote cactus. [Spanish from Nahuatl] mescal buttons n.pl. disc-shaped dried tops from the mescal, esp. as an

intoxicant.

mescaline

-n. 1 dirty or untidy state of things. 2 state of confusion, embarrassment, or trouble. 3 something spilt etc. 4 disagreeable concoction. 5 a soldiers etc. dining together, b army dining-hall. c meal taken there. 6 domestic animal's excreta. 7 archaic portion of liquid or pulpy food. -v. 1 (often foil, by up) make a mess of; dirty; muddle. 2 US (foil, by with) interfere with. 3 take one's meals. make a mess of 4 colloq. defecate. bungle, mess about (or around) 1 potter; fiddle. 2 colloq. make things awkward or inconvenient for (a person). [Latin missus course of a meal: related to

message]

message

/'mesid3/

n. 1

communication

sent by one person to another. 2 exalted or spiritual communication. 3 (in pi.) get the Scot.Jr., & N.Engl, shopping. message colloq. understand (a hint etc.). [Latin mitto miss send] Messeigneurs pi. of Monseigneur. messenger /'mesmd3a(r)/ n. person who carries a message. Messiah /mi'saia/ n. 1 a promised deliverer of the Jews, b Christ regarded as this. 2 liberator of an oppressed people. [Hebrew, = anointed] Messianic /.mesi'aenik/ adj. 1 of the Messiah. 2 inspired by hope or belief in a Messiah. [French: related to Messiah] Messieurs pi. of Monsieur. mess kit n. soldier's cooking and eating I

/'meska.lin/ n.

(also

mes-

calin) hallucinogenic alkaloid present in mescal buttons. Mesdames pi. of Madame. Mesdemoiselles pi. of Mademoiselle.

mesembryanthemum

/mi.zembn

'aenGimam/ n. S. African fleshy-leaved plant with bright daisy-like flowers that open fully in sunlight. [Greek, = noon flower] -n. 1 network fabric or structure. 2 each of the open spaces in a net or sieve etc. 3 (in pi.) a network, b snare, -u. 1 (often foil, by with) (of the teeth of a wheel) be engaged. 2 be harmonious. 3 catch in a net. in mesh (of the teeth of

mesh

j

wheels) engaged. [Dutch]

mesmerize

[Greek zoion animal]

mess

/'mezma.raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 hypnotize. 2 fascinate,

]

utensils.

Messrs

/'mesaz/ pi. of tion of Messieurs]

messy adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1

2 causing or

Mr. [abbreviauntidy or dirty.

accompanied by a mess. 3

met difficult to deal with;

sily adv.

met met

1

meteoric

558

messiness

awkward,

mes-

n.

past and past part, of meet

mi'taelad3i, 'meta,l3:d3i/n.

science of metals and their applica2 extraction and purification of metallurgic /.meta'teidsik/ metals. tion.

.

2 adj. colloq. 1 meteorological. 2 metropolitan. 3 (the Met) a (in full the Met Office) Meteorological Office, b Metropolitan Police in London, [abbre-

metallurgical

adj.

>,meta'l3:d3ik(a)l/

metallurgist n. [Greek metallon metal, -ourgia working]

adj.

metalwork

viation]

meta- comb, form

denoting change of position or condition {metabolism). 2 denoting position: a behind, after, or beyond {metaphysics), b of a higher or {metalanguage). kind second-order [Greek meta with, after] 1

metabolism /mi'taeba,liz(a)m/ n.

all

the

chemical processes in a living organism metaproducing energy and growth. bolic .meta'bolik/ adj. [Greek metabole change: related to meta-, Greek ballo throw] metabolite /mi'taeba.lait/ n. substance formed in or necessary for metabolism.

metabolize

/mi'taeba.laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) process or be processed

by metabolism.

metacarpus -carpi /-pai/) 1 the wrist and

metacarpal in this. [related to meta-, carpus]

adj.

metalworker

metamorphic

/'met(a)l/ -n. 1 a any of a class of workable elements such as gold, silver, iron, or tin, usu. good conductors of heat and electricity and forming basic oxides, b alloy of any of these. 2 molten

material for making glass. 3 (in pi. ) rails of a railway line. 4 = road-metal, —adj. made of metal. r y. (-11-; US-1-) 1 make or mend (a road) with road-metal. 2 cover or fit with metal. [Greek metallon mine]

metalanguage

,

'meta.laerjgwids/ n.

1

form of language used to discuss language. 2 system of propositions about propositions.

metal detector n.

electronic device for locating esp. buried metal. metallic mi'taelik/ adj. 1 of or like metal or metals {metallic taste). 2 sounding like struck metal. 3 shiny {metallic blue), metallically adv.

metalliferous

/.meta'lifaras/ adj.

(of

(also -ise; US -sing) 1 render v.

metalize) (-zing or metallic. 2 coat with a thin layer of metal.

metallography

/.meta'tografi/ n.

de

scriptive science of metals.

metalloid meta.bid/

n. element intermediate in properties between metals

e.g.

/.meta'moifik/ adj.

boron, silicon, and

of

1

metamorphosis. 2 (of rock) transformed naturally, e.g. by heat or pres-

metamorphism n.

sure, z

[from meta-,

Greek morphe form]

metamorphose (-sing) (often

foil,

'.meta'ma^aoz/

by

to, into)

v.

change in

form or nature.

metamorphosis

,meta'mo:fasis,

-phoses

-'faosis/ n. {pi.

/-,si:z/) 1

change

of form, esp. from a pupa to an insect etc. 2 change of character, conditions, etc.

[Greek morphe form]

metaphor

,

'meta,fa:(r)/ n.

application

1

name or description to something to

which it is not literally applicable glaring error). 2 instance of

metaphoric ical

/-

(e.g.

this,

a z

metaphormetaphorically from Greek]

/-'fbnk/ adj.

fDrik(a)l/ adj.

metaphysic

/.meta'fizik/ n.

system of

metaphysics.

metaphysical

of metaphysics. 2 colloq. excessively abstract or theoretical. 3 (of esp. 17th-c. English poetry) subtle and complex in imagery. metaphysics /.meta'fiziks/ n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) 1 branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of existence, truth, and knowledge. 2 colloq. abstract talk; mere theory. [Greek, as having followed physics in Aristotle's works] metastasis me'taestasis' n. {pi. -stases /-,si:z/) transference of a bodily function, disease, etc., from one part or organ to another. [Greek, = removal]

metatarsus

adj.

1

/.meta'tcrsas,' n. {pi. -tarsi

part of the foot between the ankle and the toes. 2 set of five bones in /-sai/)

1

metatarsal

this.

[related

adj.

to

META-, TARSUS]

mete

rocks) containing metal. /'meta.laiz/

n.

-'furikali/ adv. [Latin

metal

and non-metals, germanium.

n. 1 art of working in metal. 2 metal objects collectively, z

of a

{pi. /.meta'ka.pas, n. part of the hand between the fingers. 2 set of five

bones

metallize

metallurgy 1

1

v.

(-ting) (usu.

foil,

by out)

literary

apportion or allot (punishment or reward). [Old English] meteor 'mi:tia(r)/ n. 1 small solid body from outer space that becomes incandescent when entering the earth's atmosphere. 2 streak of light from a meteor. [Greek metedros lofty] ,

meteoric

,mi:ti'Drik/ adj.

1

rapid; daz2 of

zling {meteoric rise to* fame). meteorically adv. meteors,

meteorite meteorite

meteor, or fragment of natural rock or metal from outer space. meteoroid /'miitia.roid/ n. small body that becomes visible as it passes through the earth's atmosphere as a meteor. meteorology /,mi:tia'rDlad3i/ n. the study of atmospheric phenomena, esp. for forecasting the weather,

meteorological /-ra'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. meteorologist n. [Greek meteor o log ia: related to meteor]

meter

1

/'mi:ta(r)/

-n.

instrument that

1

measures or records,

esp.

gas,

elec-

used, distance travelled, etc. 2 = parking-meter, -v. measure or record by meter, [from mete] meter 2 US var. of metre 1,2 tricity, etc.

.

-meter comb, form

forming nouns

1

denoting measuring instruments (barometer). 2 forming nouns denoting lines of poetry with a specified number of measures (pentameter). [Greek metron measure]

methadone

/'meGa.daon/ n. narcotic analgesic drug used esp. as a substitute for morphine or heroin. [6-dimethy\amino-4, 4-diphenyl-3-heptanorce]

methanal

= formaldehyde, [from METHANE, ALDEHYDE] /'meGa.nael/

methane /'mi:0ein/ n.

n.

colourless odour-

less

inflammable gaseous hydrocarbon,

the

main constituent

of natural gas.

[from METHYL]

methanoic acid

/.meGa'nauik/

formic acid, [related

methanol

to

=

n.

methane]

/'meGa.nDl/

thought

/mi'Ginks/

/mi'Go:t/)

v.

archaic

me. [Old English: related

method

/'meGad/

n.

1

(past it

me-

seems

to

me think] way of doing to

1

,

something;

systematic procedure. 2 orderliness; regular habits. method in one's madness sense in apparently foolish or strange behaviour. [Greek: related to meta-, hodos way] methodical /mi'6Ddik(8)l/ adj. characmethoditerized by method or order, cally adv. Methodist /'meGadist/ -n. member of a Protestant denomination originating in the 18th-c. Wesleyan evangelistic movement, -adj. of Methodists or Methodism. Methodism n.

methodology

/,me6a'dDlad3i/

n.

(pi.

body of methods used in a particular activity. 2 science of method, -ies) 1

methodological /-da'k)d3ik(a)l/ adj. methodologically /-da lDd3ikali/ adv.

methought past

of methinks.

meths

colloq.

n.

methylated

spirit,

[abbreviation]

methyl

univalent hydrocarbon radical CH 3 present in many organic compounds. [Greek methu wine, hule wood] /'meGil,

'mi:0ail/

n. ,

methyl alcohol n. = methanol. methylate /'meGi.leit/ v. (-ting) 1 mix or impregnate with methanol. 2 introduce a methyl group into (a molecule or compound). methylated spirit n. (also methylated spirits n.pl.) alcohol treated to make it unfit for drinking and exempt from duty.

meticulous

/ma'tikjulas/ adj. 1 giving great attention to detail. 2 very careful

and precise. meticulously adv. meticulousness n. [Latin metus fear] metier /'metjei/ n. 1 one's trade, profession, or field of activity. 2 one's forte. [Latin: related to minister]

metonymy

/mi'tonimi/ n. substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant (e.g. Crown for king, the turf for horse-racing). [Greek: related to meta-, onuma name]

metre

1

/'mi:ta(r)/ n.

(US meter) metric

unit and the base SI unit of linear measure, equal to about 39.4 inches, metreage /'mi:tand3/ n. [Greek metron

measure]

metre 2

/'mi:ta(r)/ n. (US meter) 1 a poetic rhythm, esp. as determined by the number and length of feet in a line, b metrical group or measure. 2 basic rhythm of music, [related to metre ] 1

colourless

n.

inflammable liquid hydrocarbon, used as a solvent, [from methane, alcohol] volatile

methinks

metro

559

/'mi:tia,rait/ n. fallen

metre-kilogram-second

denoting a system of measure using the metre, kilogram, and second. metric /'metnk/ adj. of or based on the metre. [French: related to metre ] -metric comb, form (also -metrical) forming adjectives corresponding to nouns in -meter and -metry (thermon.

1

metries geometric). 1 of or composed in metre (metrical psalms). 2 of or involving measurement (metrical geometry). metrically adv. [Greek: related to

metrical adj.

METRE 2

]

metricate system,

v.

(-ting) convert to a metric

metrication

metric system

/-'keij(a)n/ n.

n. decimal measuring system with the metre, litre, and gram (or kilogram) as units of length, volume, and mass. metric ton n. (also metric tonne) 1,000 kilograms (2205 lb). metro /'metrau/ n. (pi. -s) underground railway system, esp. in Paris. [French shortened from metropolitain metro-

politan]

metronome metronome

device ticking at a selected rate to mark time for musicians. [Greek metron measure. nomos law] metropolis mitropalis n. chief city, capital. [Greek meter mother, polls city] metropolitan .metropolitan -adj. 1 of a metropolis. 2 of or forming a mother country as distinct from its colonies etc. (metropolitan France), -n. 1 bishop having authority over the bishops of a province. 2 inhabitant of a metropolis. -metry comb, form forming nouns denoting procedures and systems involving measurement (geometry). mettle 'met(a)l n. 1 quality or strength of character. 2 spirit, courage, on one's mettle keen to do one's best, z mettlesome adj. [from metal n.] abbr. mega-electronvolt(s). -n. characteristic cry of a cat, gull, etc. -v. utter this sound, [imitative] 2 n. gull. esp. the common gull. [Old English]

MeV mew mew

micro-electronics

560

metra.naum

n.

mica

'maika

n. silicate

mineral found

as glittering scales in granite etc. or in crystals separable into thin transparent

= crumb]

plates. [Latin,

mice pi. of mouse. Michaelmas mikalmas Michael,

MASS 2

feast of St [related to

n.

September,

29

]

Michaelmas daisy

autumn flower

n.

ing aster.

mick

slang

n.

Irishman,

offens.

[pet

form of Michael]

mickey

'miki n. (also micky) : take the mickey (often foil, by out of) slang tease, mock, ridicule, [origin uncertain] Mickey Finn ,miki 'fin n. slang drugged drink intended to make the victim unconscious, [origin uncertain] mickle mik(a)l n. (also muckle 'm.\k(a)l ) archaic or Scot, large

1

mewl

v.

1

whimper.

2

mew

like a cat.

[imitative]

mews

n.

(treated as sing.) sta-

bling round a yard etc., now used esp. for housing, [originally sing, mew 'cage for hawks': French from Latin muto

change]

Mexican

'meksikan -n. 1 native or national of Mexico. 2 person of Mexican descent, -adj. of Mexico or its people. [Spanish]

mezzanine

'metsa,ni:n,

'mez-

n.

between two others (usu. between the ground and first floors). [Italian: related to median] mezzo metsau Mus. -adv. half, -n. mezzomoderately, (in full -soprano) (pi -s) 1 female singing-voice between soprano and contralto. 2 singer with this voice. [Latin medlus middle] mezzo forte adj. & adv. fairly loud(ly). storey

mezzo piano

adj.

& adv.

mezzotint 'metsautmt

fairly soft(ly).

method of which a plate is n. 1

printing or engraving in roughened by scraping to produce tones and halftones. 2 print so produced. [Italian: related to mezzo, tint] abbr. mezzo forte.

ml

Mg symb. magnesium. mg abbr. milligram(s). Mgr.

abbr. 1 Manager. 2 Monseigneur. 3 Monsignor. megahertz.

MHz abbr. mi

2

var. of me mi. abbr. US mile(s). .

miaow a cat.

mi'au -n. characteristic cry of

- v. make

miasma

micky micro

mju:z

this cry. [imitative]

mi'aezma n. (pi. -mata or -s) archaic infectious or noxious vapour. = defilement] [Greek,

many

amount.

a

little

makes

a

mickle (also erroneously many a mickle makes a muckle) small amounts accumulate. [Old Norse] var. of mickey. 'maikrau n. (pi

-s) colloq.

microcomputer. microprocessor.

1

=

2

micro- comb, form

1

small (microchip).

6 2 denoting a factor of one millionth (10" )

(microgram). [Greek mikros small] maikraub n. micro-organ(esp. a bacterium causing disease or

microbe ism

microbial -kraubial

fermentation).

microbic

kraobik mikros small, bios life]

adj.

adj.

-

[Greek

microbiology'

,maikraubai'Dlad3i n. microthe study of micro-organisms. :

biologist

n.

microchip

'maikrautjip

n.

small

piece of semiconductor (usu. silicon) used to carry integrated circuits. microcircuit 'maikrao,s3:kit n. integrated circuit on a microchip.

microclimate

maikrau.klaimit/ n. small localized climate, e.g. inside a greenhouse.

microcomputer ,pju:t8(r)

n.

maikraukam computer

small

a microprocessor as cessor.

microcosm foil,

e.g.

by

of)

with

central pro-

its

Tnaikra,kDz(a)m n. (often miniature representation, or a community seen as a

mankind

small-scale model of the universe; epimicrocosmic -'kDzmik adj. tome, [from micro-, cosmos] microdot 'maikrau.dm n microphoto.

graph of a document

etc.

reduced

to the

size of a dot.

micro-electronics

maikrauilek

'troniks n. design, manufacture, and use of microchips and microcircuits.

microfiche

'maikrau.fi:! n. (pi. same or -s) small flat piece of film bearing microphotographs of documents etc. [from micro-, French fiche slip of paper] microfilm 'maikraufilm -n. length of film bearing microphotographs of documents etc.-L\ photograph on microfilm. microlight 'maikrau.lait n. a kind of

motorized hang-glider. 'maikrau.meJV n. (often attrib.) fine-meshed material, esp.

micromesh nylon.

micrometer

n. gauge measurement.

mai'krumit8(r)

for accurate small-scale

.'

micron

'maikrDn n. one-millionth of a metre. [Greek mikros small]

micro-organism

maikrauoiga

,niz(a)m n. microscopic organism, e.g. bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. microphone 'maikra.faun n. instrument for converting sound waves into electrical energy for reconversion into sound after transmission or recording, [from micro-, Greek phone sound]

microphotograph ,gra:f

photograph

n.

very small

maikraufauta reduced to a

[from micro-] maikrau'prau containing all the functions of a computer's central processing unit. microscope 'maikra.skaup n. instrument with lenses for magnifying objects or details invisible to the naked eye. [from micro-, -scope] microscopic .maikra'skDpik adj. 1 visible only with a microscope. 2 extremely small. 3 of or by means of a microscope, z microscopically adv. microscopy mai'krDskapr n. use of microscopes. n. microsecond 'maikrau.sekand/ one-millionth of a second. microsurgery maikr8u,s3:d39n/ n. intricate surgery using microscopes. microwave maikrao.weiv/ -n. 1 electromagnetic wave with a wavelength in the range 0.001-0.3m. 2 (in full microwave oven) oven using microwaves to cook or heat food quickly, -v. (-ving) cook in a microwave oven. size,

microprocessor

sesa(r)/ n. integrated circuit

micturition

n. ,miktjo8'riJ(a)n [Latin] mid attrib. adj. (usu. in comb.) the middle of (mid-air, mid-June). [Old Eng-

formal urination.

lish]

midday

n. (often attrib.) middle of the day; noon. [Old English: related to mid.

extremities; central. 2 intermediate in rank, quality, etc. 3 average (of middle height), -n. 1 (often foil, by of) middle point, position, or part. 2 waist, in the middle of 1 in the process of. 2 during. [Old English]

middle age and old

midden

dunghill. 2 1 n. 'mid(a)n refuse heap. [Scandinavian: related to

muck] mid(a)l

-attrib. adj.

equal distance, time, or

1

at

an

number from

period between youth

n.

age.

middle-aged

:

Middle Ages

n. (prec.

European history from

adj.

by

the) period of c.1000 to 1453.

middle-age spread

n. (also middle-aged spread) increased bodily girth at middle age. middlebrow colloq. -adj. having or appealing to non-intellectual or conven-

middlebrow person.

tional tastes, -n.

middle C

n. C near the middle of the piano keyboard, (in notation) the note between the treble and bass staves.

middle class

social class

n.

between

the upper and the lower, including professional and business workers,

middle-class

adj.

middle distance

n. 1 (in a landscape) part between the foreground and the background. 2 Athletics race distance of esp. 400 or 800 metres. middle ear n. cavity behind the ear-

drum.

Middle East

(prec.

n.

by

the)

covered by countries from Egypt

Middle Eastern

inclusive.

Middle English from

n.

area

to Iran

adj.

English language

c.1150 to 1500.

middle game

n.

central phase of a

chess game.

middleman

n. 1

trader

who handles

commodity between producer and

a con-

sumer. 2 intermediary.

middle name n. 1 name between first name and surname. 2 colloq. person's most characteristic quality (tact is my middle name). adj. 1 moderate; avoiding extremes. 2 of general appeal. middle school n. school for children from about 9 to 13 years.

middle-of-the-road

adj. of medium size. n. 1 weight in certain sports between welterweight and light heavyweight, in amateur boxing 71-5 kg. 2 sportsman of this weight. middling -adj. moderately good. -adv.

middle-sized

middleweight

fairly,

moderately.

midfield n. Football central part of the midpitch, away from the goals. fielder

midge

day]

middle

MIDI

561

microfiche

n.

n.

midget

gnatlike insect. [Old English]

mid3it n. 1 extremely small person or thing. 2 (attrib.) very small. MIDI midi n. (also midi) an interface allowing electronic musical instruments, synthesizers, and computers to

midi system

mid-life mid-life

middle age. crisis n. crisis of selfconfidence in early middle age. midnight n. middle of the night; 12 n.

o'clock at night. [Old English]

midnight blue

adj.

&

n. (as adj.

often

hyphenated) very dark blue. midnight sun n. sun visible at midnight during the summer in polar regions.

mid-off n.

Cricket position of the fielder

near the bowler on the

mid-on

midshipman

n. naval officer ranking next above a cadet. midships adv. = amidships. midst -prep. poet, amidst. -n. middle, in the midst of among; in the middle of. in our (or your or their) midst among us (or you or them), [related to mid] midstream -n. middle of a stream etc. -adv. (also in midstream) in the middle of an action etc. (abandoned the project midstream). midsummer n. period of or near the summer solstice, about 21 June. [Old English]

Midsummer Day

n.

(also

Midsum-

24 June.

midsummer madness

n.

extreme

folly.

adv. in or towards the middle of the distance between two points. Midwest n. region of the US adjoining the northern Mississippi. midwicket n. Cricket position of a fielder on the leg side opposite the middle of the pitch. midwife n. person trained to assist midwifery ;-,wifri. at childbirth. -'wifari/ n. [originally = with-woman] midwinter n. period of or near the winter solstice, about 22 Dec. [Old English] n. literary

person's look or bear-

ing, [probably obsolete

miff

demean] miffed

v. colloq. (usu. as offend, [origin uncertain]

M.I. 5 abbr.

UK

adj.)

department of Military Intelligence concerned with State security.

1

reported speech, expressing possibility (said he might come) or permission (asked if I might leave) (cf. may 1, 2). 2 (foil, by perfect infin.) expressing a possibility based on a condition not fulfilled (if you'd looked you might have found it). 3 (foil, by present infin. or perfect infin.) expressing complaint that an obligation or expectation is not or has not been fulfilled (they might have asked). 4 expressing a request (you might call in at the butcher's). 5 colloq. a = may 1 (it might be true), b (in tentative questions) = may 2 (might I have the pleasure of this dance?), c = may 1d (who might might as well expressing you be?). lukewarm acquiescence (might as well

might 2

strength, power. all one's power. [Old English: related to may] might-have-been n. colloq. 1 past possibility that no longer applies. 2 person of unfulfilled promise. /mait/ n.

with might and main with

mightn't

/'mait(a)nt/ contr.

might

not.

mighty

-adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 powerful, strong. 2 massive, bulky. 3 colloq. great, considerable, -adv. colloq. very (mighty mightily adv. mightiness difficult), 2 n. [Old English: related to might ] mignonette /.minja'net; n. plant with fragrant grey-green flowers. [French, diminutive oimignon small] migraine 'mi:grem, 'mai- n. recurrent throbbing headache often with nausea and visual disturbance. [Greek hemikrania: related to hemi-, cranium] migrant /'maigrant/ -adj. migrating. -n. migrant person or animal, esp. a bird.

migrate

midway

mien

Usage This term is not in official use. might ,/mait/ past of may, used esp.: 1 in

try).

off side.

Cricket position of the fielder near the bowler on the on side. midriff n. front of the body just above the waist. [Old English, = mid-belly] n.

mer's Day)

milch

562

be interconnected and used simultaneously, [abbreviation of musical instrument digital mterface] midi system n. set of compact stacking components of hi-fi equipment. midland -n. 1 (the Midlands) inland counties of central England. 2 middle part of a country, -adj. of or in the midland or Midlands.

mai'greit

from one place and

v.

(-ting)

1

move

settle in another,

esp. abroad. 2 (of a bird or fish) change habitation seasonally. 3 move its migration under natural forces. / - greij(a)n/ n. migrator n. migratory

/'maigratan/ adj. [Latin migro] /mi'ka:dau/ n. (pi. -s) hist. emperor of Japan. [Japanese, = august door] mike n. colloq. microphone, [abbrevia-

mikado

tion]

mil

n. one-thousandth of an inch, as a unit of measure for the diameter of wire etc. [Latin mille thousand] milady mi'leidi n. (pi. -ies) (esp. as a form of address) English noblewoman.

[French from my Lady] milage var. of mileage. milch adj. giving milk. related to milk]

lOld English:

milch cow

563

milch cow n. source of easy profit. mild /maild/ -adj. 1 (esp. of a person) gentle and conciliatory. 2 not severe or harsh. 3 (of the weather) moderately warm. 4 (of flavour etc.) not sharp or strong. 5 tame, feeble; lacking vivacity. -n. dark mild draught beer (cf. bitter). mildish adj. mildness n. [Old Eng-

mildew

-n. 1 destructive growth of minute fungi on plants. 2 similar growth on damp paper, leather, etc. -v. taint or be tainted with mildew, mildewy adj. [Old English] mildly adv. in a mild fashion. to put it mildly as an understatement. /'mildju:/

[

:

mild-mannered adj. = mild l. mild steel n. strong and tough steel not readily tempered. n. 1 (also statute mile) unit of linear measure equal to 1,760 yards (approx. 1.6 kilometres). 2 (in pi.) colloq. great distance or amount {miles better). 3 race extending over a mile. [Latin mille thousand] mileage n. (also milage) 1 number of miles travelled, esp. by a vehicle per unit of fuel. 2 colloq. profit, advantage. miler n. colloq. person or horse specializing in races of one mile. n.

1

stone beside a road

marking a distance

in miles. 2 significant event or point in a life, history, project, etc.

milfoil

/'milfoil/

common yarrow

n.

with small white flowers. [Latin: related to MILE, FOIL

Usage Militate is often confused with mitigate.

militia /mi'lija/ one conscripted

military force, esp.

n.

in

an emergency, = military

n. [Latin,

ser-

vice]

milk

-n. 1 opaque white fluid secreted by female mammals for the nourish-

ment

of their young. 2 milk of cows, goats, or sheep as food. 3 milklike juice of the coconut etc. -v. 1 draw milk from (a cow etc.). 2 exploit (a person or situation) to the utmost. [Old English]

milk and honey

n.

abundance; pros-

milk and water

n.

feeble or insipid

writing, speech, etc.

milk chocolate

n.

chocolate

made

with milk.

milk float n.

small usu. electric vehicle used in delivering milk. milkmaid n. girl or woman who milks cows or works in a dairy. milkman n. person who sells or delivers milk.

Milk of Magnesia

n. propr. white suspension of magnesium hydroxide usu. in water, taken as an antacid or

laxative.

milk-powder n. dehydrated milk, milk pudding n. pudding, esp. of rice, baked with milk. n. 1 fixed route for milk delivery. 2 regular trip with calls at several places.

milk round

2 ]

milieu /mi'lj3:, 'mi:-/ n. /-'lj3:z/)

tell.

perity.

mile

milestone

foil,

[Latin: related to military]

militiaman

lish]

milieux or -s person's environment or social (pi.

surroundings. [French]

militant /'milit(a)nt/ -aaf/.

1

combative;

aggressively active in support of a cause. 2 engaged in warfare, -n. militant person, z militancy n. militantly adv. [Latin: related to militate] militarism /'milita,riz(a)m/ n. 1 aggressively military policy etc. 2 military spirit. militarist n. militaristic

milk run n. routine expedition etc. milk shake n. drink of whisked milk, flavouring, etc.

milksop n. weak or timid man or youth, milk tooth n. temporary tooth in young mammals.

milky

militarize

/'milita.raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 equip with military resources. 2 make military or warlike. 3 imbue with militarism. militariza/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

military

/'militari/ —adj. of or characteristic of soldiers or armed forces, -n. (as sing, or pi. prec. by the) the army. ;

militarily adv. [Latin miles

milit- sol-

dier]

military honours a soldier, royalty,

burial rites of performed by the

n.pl.

etc.,

military.

military police

n. (as pi.)

force disciplining soldiers.

army

police

adj.

(-ier,

mixed with milk.

-iest)

2 (of a

1

like, or or liquid)

of,

gem

milkiness n. luminous band of stars;

cloudy; not clear,

Milky

/-'nstik/ adj.

tion

mill

militate /'mili.teit/ v. (-ting) (usu. by against) have force or effect;

Way n.

the Galaxy. 1 a building fitted with a mechanical device for grinding corn, b such a device. 2 device for grinding any solid to powder etc. (pepper-mill). 3 a building

mill -n.

fitted

with machinery for manufactur-

ing processes etc. (cotton-mill), b such machinery, -v. 1 grind (corn), produce (flour), or hull (seeds) in a mill. 2 (esp. as milled adj. ) produce a ribbed edge on (a coin). 3 cut or shape (metal) with a rotating tool. 4 (often foil, by about, around) move aimlessly, esp. in a confused mass. go (or put) through the ]

mill undergo (or cause to undergo)

mince

millefeuille intensive work, pain, [Latin molo grind]

training,

etc.

/mi:l'f3:j/ n. rich cake of puff pastry split and filled with jam, cream, etc. [French, = thousand-leaf] millennium /mi'leniam/ n. (pi. -s or millennia) 1 period of 1,000 years, esp. that of Christ's prophesied reign on earth (Rev. 20:1-5). 2 (esp. future) period millenof happiness and prosperity, nial adj. [Latin mille thousand] millepede var. of millipede. miller n. 1 proprietor or tenant of a mill, esp. a corn-mill. 2 person operating a milling machine, [related to mill] miller's thumb n. small spiny fresh-

millefeuille

water

fish.

millesimal

/mi'lesim(a)l/ -adj. 1 thousandth. 2 of, belonging to, or dealing with, a thousandth or thousandths, -n. thousandth part. [Latin mille thousand] millet /'milit/ n. 1 cereal plant bearing small nutritious seeds. 2 seed of this. [Latin milium] millet-grass n. tall woodland grass. milli- comb, form thousand, esp. denoting a factor of one thousandth. [Latin mille thousand] milliard /'miljad/ n. one thousand million. [French mille thousand]

Usage Milliard is now largely superseded by

billion.

millibar

atmos-

/'mili,ba:(r)/ n. unit of

pressure

pheric

equivalent

to

100

pascals.

milligram

/'mili.graem/

(also

n.

-gramme) one-thousandth of a gram, millilitre /'mili,li:t9(r)/ n. (US -liter) one-thousandth of a litre (0.002 pint),

millimetre

/'mili,mi:ta(r)/

(US

n.

one-thousandth of a metre

-meter)

linery (in

/'milma(r)/ sells

/'miljan/ n.

sense

n.

women's

[Milan in

n.

person

who

hats.

mil-

very calm. current of water that

(of water) n.

drives a mill-wheel.

millstone

n. 1 each of two circular for grinding corn. 2 heavy burden or responsibility. mill-wheel n. wheel used to drive a water-mill.

stones

millworker millwright

n.

n.

factory worker, who designs or

person

builds mills.

milometer

/mai'lDmita(r)/ n.

instru-

ment for measuring the number of miles travelled by a vehicle. milord /mi'b:d/ n. (esp. as a form of address) English nobleman. [French from my lord] milt n. 1 spleen

in mammals. 2 spermreproductive gland or the sperm of a male fish. [Old English] mime -n. 1 acting without words, using only gestures. 2 performance using filled

mime. 3 (also mime artist) mime actor, -u. (-ming) 1 (also absol.) convey by mime. 2 (often foil, by to) mouth words etc. in time with a soundtrack (mime to a record). [Greek mimos] mimeograph /'mimia,gra:f/ -n. 1 machine which duplicates from a stencil. 2 copy so produced, -u. reproduce by this process. [Greek mimeomai imitate] mimetic /mi'metik/ adj. of or practising imitation or mimicry. [Greek mimetikos: see mimeograph] /'mimik/ -v. (-ck-) 1 imitate (a person, gesture, etc.) esp. to entertain or ridicule. 2 copy minutely or servilely. 3 resemble closely, -n. person skilled in

mimic

imitation. mimicry related to mime]

n.

[Greek mimik-

os:

&

adj. (pi.

2) -s) (in sing. prec.

same or

by a or one)

thousand thousand. 2 (in pi.) colloq. very large number. 3 million pounds or millionth adj. & n. [French, dollars. probably from Italian mille thousand] i

millionaire

mila mil-

/,milja'nea(r)/ n. ifem.

lionairess) person

who has over

lion pounds, dollars, etc. [French millionnaire: related to million] /'mili,pi:d/ n. (also mille-

millipede

pede) small crawling invertebrate with a long segmented body with two pairs of legs on each segment. [Latin mille thousand, pes ped- foot]

millisecond

/'mili.sekand/

thousandth of a second.

/mi'mauza/ n. 1 shrub with globular usu. yellow flowers. 2 acacia plant with showy yellow flowers. [Latin: related to mime]

Italy]

1

;

millpond mill-race

mimosa

(0.039 in.).

milliner makes or

million

millpond n. pool of water retained by a dam for operating a mill-wheel. like a

n.

one-

Min. abbr. 1 Minister. 2 min. abbr. 1 minute(s). minim (fluid measure),

mina

var. of

Ministry, 2

minimum.

3

myna.

minaret

/.mina'ret/ n. slender turret next to a mosque, from which the muezzin calls at hours of prayer. [French or Spanish from Turkish from Arabic] minatory /'mmatari/ adj. formal threatening, menacing. [Latin minor

threaten]

mince -v.

(-cing)

1

cut

up or grind

(esp.

meat) finely. 2 (usu. as mincing adj.) speak or esp. walk effeminately or mince affectedly, -rc. minced meat. matters (or one's words) (usu. with neg.) speak evasively or unduly mildly.

mincemeat mincer

n.

small]

mincemeat

n. mixture of currants, make mincesugar, spices, suet, etc. meat of utterly defeat. mince pie n. pie containing mincemeat. mind /mamd/-rc. 1 a seat of consciousness, thought, volition, and feeling, b

attention, concentration (mind keeps wandering). 2 intellect. 3 memory (can 't call it to mind). 4 opinion (of the same mind). 5 way of thinking or feeling (the Victorian mind). 6 focussed will (put one's mind to it). 7 sanity (lose one's mind). 8 person in regard to mental faculties (a great mind), -v. 1 object;

be upset (do you

mind

if

I smoke?;

terribly when she left). 2 (often foil, by out) heed; take care (to) (mind you come on time; mind the step; mind how you go; mind out!). 3 look after (mind the house). 4 apply oneself to,

minded

concern oneself with (mind my own business), z be in two minds be undecided, do you mind! iron, expression of annoyance, have a good (or half a) mind to feel inclined to (I've a good mind to report you), have (it) in mind intend, in one's mind's eye in one's Qs be imagination, mind one's Ps careful in one's behaviour, mind you used to qualify a statement (mind you, it wasn't easy), never mind 1 let alone; not to mention. 2 used to comfort or console. 3 (also never you mind) used mind in my to evade a question, to opinion. [Old English]

&

my

mind-blowing boggling;

drugs

etc.)

adj. slang 1 mindoverwhelming. 2 (esp. of inducing hallucinations.

mind-boggling

adj. colloq. unbelievable, startling. adj. 1 (in comb.) a inclined to think in some specified way, or with a (mathematically specified interest

minded

minded; fair-minded; car-minded), b having a specified kind of mind (highminded). 2 (usu. foil, by to + infin.) disposed or inclined.

minder

n.

1

(often in comb.) person

employed to look after a person or thing (child minder). 2 slang bodyguard. mindful adj. (often foil, by of) taking heed or care; giving thought (to), mindfully adv. mindless adj. 1 lacking intelligence; brutish (mindless violence). 2 not

requiring thought or skill (mindless work). 3 (usu. foil, by of) heedless of mindlessly adv. mind(advice etc.).

lessness

n.

mind-read

miniaturize

565

[Latin minutia something

v. discern the thoughts of mind-reader n. (another person).

mine

1

poss. pron. the one(s) of or belonging to me (it is mine; mine are over there), z of mine of or belonging to me (a friend of mine). [Old English] 2 -n. 1 excavation to extract metal, coal, salt, etc. 2 abundant source (of information etc.). 3 military explosive device placed in the ground or in the water, -v. (-ning) 1 obtain (metal, coal, etc.) from a mine. 2 (also absol., often foil, by for) dig in (the earth etc.) for ore etc. or to tunnel. 3 lay explosive mines

mine

under or

mining

in.

n.

[French]

minefield n.

1 area planted with explosive mines. 2 colloq. hazardous subject or situation. minelayer n. ship or aircraft for laying

explosive mines.

miner

n.

person

who works

in a mine.

[French: related to mine 2 ]

mineral mmar(a)l/

(often attrib.) 1 inorganic substance. 2 substance obtained by mining. 3 (often in pi.) artificial mineral water or similar carbonated drink. [French or medieval Latin: related to mine 2 ] mineralize /'minara.laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) impregnate (water etc.) /

n.

with a mineral substance.

mineralogy

/.mma'raeladsi/

the

n.

study of minerals, z mineralogies! /-ra'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj.

mineral water

mineralogist n.

n.

natural water

1

often containing dissolved salts. 2 artificial imitation of this, esp. soda water. minestrone /.mmi'strauni/ n. soup containing vegetables and pasta, beans, or rice. [Italian] minesweeper n. ship for clearing explosive mines from the sea.

mineworker n. miner. Ming n. (often attrib. Chinese porcelain )

made

during

the

Ming

dynasty

(1368-1644). mingle /'ming(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 mix, blend. 2 (often foil, by with) mix socially.

[Old English]

mingy

/'mmd3i/ adj.

(-ier, -iest) colloq.

mean, stingy, mingily adv. [probably from MEAN 2 STINGY] ,

mini /'mini/ n.

miniskirt. of small car.

(pi. -s) 1 colloq.

2 (Mini) propr. [abbreviation]

make

mini- comb, form miniature; small

of its

kind (minibus).

miniature /'mmitja(r)/ -adj. 1 much smaller than normal. 2 represented on a small scale, -n. 1 any miniature object. 2 detailed small-scale portrait. 3 this in miniature on a small scale. genre. miniaturist n. (in senses 2 and 3 of n.). [Latin minium red lead] miniaturize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) produce in a smaller version;

minibus make

miniaturization

small.

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

minibus

/'mmi.bAs/ n. small bus for about twelve passengers. minicab /'mmi.kaeb/ n. car used as a taxi, hireable only by telephone. minicomputer /'mmikam.pjuitaCr)/ n.

computer of medium power. /'minim/ n. 1 Mus. note equal to two crotchets or half a semibreve. 2 onesixtieth of a fluid drachm, about a drop.

minim [Latin

minimus

minima pi. minimal

least]

of minimum.

/'mmim(a)l/ adj. 1 very being a minimum.

minute or

slight. 2

minimally

adv.

minimalism

/ minima,liz(a)m/ n. 1 Art use of simple or primary forms, often geometric and massive. 2 Mus. repetition of short phrases incorporating minimalist changes very gradually.

n.

,

& adj.

minimize

/'mini.maiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 reduce to, or estimate at, the smallest possible amount or degree. 2 estimate or represent at less than minimizatrue value or importance.

tion

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

minimum

/'mini mam/

(pi.

minima)

-n. least possible or attainable amount (reduced to a minimum), -adj. that is a minimum. [Latin: related to minim] wage n. lowest wage permitted by law or agreement.

minimum minion

/'mmjan/

n.

derog.

servile

subordinate. [French mignon] minipill /'mmipil/ n. contraceptive pill containing a progestogen only (not oestrogen).

miniseries

/'mini.sianz/ n.

(pi.

same)

short series of related television pro-

grammes.

miniskirt

/'mmi.skait/

n.

very short

skirt.

minister

/'mmista(r)/ -n. 1 head of a 2 clergyman,

government department.

in the Presbyterian and Nonconformist Churches. 3 diplomat, usu. ranking below an ambassador. -v. (usu. foil, by to) help, serve, look after (a ministerial person, cause, etc.).

esp.

= servant] Minister of State n. government minister, esp. holding a rank below that of Head of Department. Minister of the Crown n. Pari, mem /-'stianal/ adj. [Latin,

ber of the Cabinet.

Minister

mint

566

without

Portfolio

n.

government minister not in charge of a specific department of State.

ministration /.mmi'streiJXaW

n.

1

(usu. in pi.) help or service (kind ministrations). 2 ministering, esp. in religious matters. 3 (usu. foil, by of) supplying of help, justice, etc. n

ministrant /'mmistrant/

adj.

&

n.

[Latin: related to minister]

ministry /'mmistn/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

a

government department headed by a minister, b building for this. 2 a (prec. by the) vocation, office, or profession of a religious minister, b period of tenure of this. 3 (prec. by the) body of ministers of a government or religion. 4 period of government under one prime minister. 5 ministering, ministration. [Latin: related to minister] mink n. (pi. same or -s) 1 small semiaquatic stoatlike animal bred for its thick brown fur. 2 this fur. 3 coat of this.

[Swedish]

minnow

/'minau/ n. small freshwater carp. [Old English] of the Bronze Age civilization centred on Crete (c.3000-1100 bc). -n. person of this civil[Minos, legendary king of ization. Crete] minor /'mama(r)/ -adj. 1 lesser or comparatively small in size or importance (minor poet). 2 Mus. a (of a scale) having intervals of a semitone above its second, fifth, and seventh notes, b (of an interval) less by a semitone than a major interval, c (of a key) based on a minor scale, -n. 1 person under full legal age. 2 US student's subsidiary subject or course, -v. (foil, by in) US study (a subject) as a subsidiary. [Latin, = less] minority /mai'nnnti/ n. (pi -ies) 1 (often foil, by o/) smaller number or part, esp. in politics. 2 state of having less than half the votes or support (in the minority). 3 small group of people differing from others in race, religion, language, etc. 4 (attrib.) of or done by the minority (minority interests). 5 a being under full legal age. b period of this. [French or medieval Latin: related

Minoan /mi'nauan/ -adj.

to

minor]

minster n.

1 large or important church. 2 church of a monastery. [Old English: related to monastery]

minstrel

/'minstr(a)l/

n.

1

medieval

singer or musician. 2 (usu. in pi.) entertainer with a blacked face singing ostensibly Black songs in a group, [related to minister] mint n. 1 aromatic herb used in cooking. 2 peppermint. 3 peppermint sweet, 1

n minty adj. from Greek]

mint

2

-n.

1

(-ier, -iest).

(esp. State)

where money

is

[Latin

menta

establishment

coined. 2 colloq. vast

minuet mint), -v. 1 make (a coin) by stamping metal. 2 invent, coin

word, phrase, etc.). : in mint condition as new. [Latin moneta] minuet /.mmju'et/ —n. 1 slow stately dance for two in triple time. 2 music for (a

this, often as

-v.

a

movement

in a suite etc.

dance a minuet. [French

(-t-)

di-

minutive]

minus

/'mamas/ -prep. 1 with the subtraction of (7 minus 4 equals 3). 2 below zero (minus 2°). 3 colloq. lacking {returned minus their dog), -adj. 1 Math, negative. 2 Electronics having a negative charge, -n. 1 = minus sign. 2 Math, negative quantity. 3 colloq. disadvantage. [Latin, neuter of minor]

minuscule /'mm8,skju:l/ad3ik(a)l/ adj. ontologically /-ta'h)d3ikah7 adv. ontologist n. [Greek ont- being] onus /'aunas/ n. (pi onuses) burden,

physics being.

duty, responsibility. [Latin]

onward /'onwad/ -adv.

amount, [origin unknown] expressing surprise, delight, pain, etc. [natural exclamation] /'aua.lait/ n. granular limestone. oolitic /-'litik/ adj. [Greek oion egg] /'umpa:/ n. colloq. rhythmical sound of deep brass instruments, [imit-

oolite

oompah ative]

oomph /umf/ n. slang 1 [origin uncertain] /ops/ int. colloq.

oops

n.

cuckoo, sizzle).

onomatopoeic

adj.

[Greek onoma name, poied make]

onrush n. onward rush. onscreen adj. & adv. within of a film

camera

n.

1

etc;

the range

when being filmed.

attack. 2

impetuous begin-

ning.

onshore

on the shore. 2 (of the wind) blowing landwards from the sea. onside adj. (of a player in a field game) adj.

not offside.

1

on making an

obvious mistake, [natural exclamation] -v. (-zing) 1 trickle or leak slowly out. 2 (of a substance) exude fluid. 3

ooze

1

(often foil, by with) exude (a feeling) freely (oozed (with) charm), -n. slugoozy adj. [Old English] gish flow.

ooze 2

n.

wet mud.

oozy

adj.

[Old

English]

onomatopoeia

/.Dna.maeta'pra/

energy, enthusi-

asm. 2 attractiveness, esp. sex appeal,

op. abbr. opus, op- see ob-.

formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g.

onwards)

ooh /u:/ int.

op

adv. extremely. o.n.o. abbr. or near offer.

(also

forward, advancing. 2 into the future (from 1985 onwards), -adj. forward, advancing. onyx /'Dniks/ n. semiprecious variety of agate with coloured layers. [Greek onux] oodles /'u:d(a)lz/ n.pl colloq. very great 1

only too

onset

parking) along a

street.

one-upmanship

advantage,

opaque

621

member

n. colloq.

opacity

operation, [abbreviation]

opaqueness. n. opaque] opal /'aup(a)l/ n. semiprecious stone usu. of a milky or bluish colour and sometimes showing changing colours. /au'paesiti/

[Latin: related to

[Latin]

opalescent /,aupa'les(a)nt/ adj. iridesopalescence n. cent. opaline /'aupa.lain/ adj. opal-like, opalescent.

opaque

/au'peik/ adj. (opaquer, opaquest) 1 not transmitting light. 2 impenetrable to sight. 3 unintelligible.

op art opaquely

4 unintelligent, stupid. adv.

opaqueness

[Latin

n.

opacus

n. colloq.

= optical art. [abbre-

abbr. in the work already quoted. [Latin opere citato] /'aupek/ abbr. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. open /'aup9n/-ad/. 1 not closed, locked, or blocked up; allowing access. 2 unenclosed, unconfined, unobstructed (the open road; open views). 3 a uncovered, bare, exposed (open drain; open wound), b (of a goal etc.) unprotected, undefended. 4 undisguised, public,

OPEC

manifest (open hostilities). 5 expanded, unfolded, or spread out (had the map open on the table). 6 (of a fabric) not close; with gaps. 7 a frank and communicative, b open-minded. 8 a accessible to visitors or customers; ready for business, b (of a meeting) admitting all, not restricted to members etc. 9 (of a race, competition, scholarship, etc.) unrestricted as to who may compete. 10 (foil, by to) a willing to receive (is open to offers), b (of a choice, offer, or opportunity) available (three courses open to us), c vulnerable to, allowing of (open to abuse; open to doubt). 11 (of a return ticket) not restricted as to the day of travel, -v. 1 make or become open or more open. 2 (foil, by into, on to, etc.) (of a door, room, etc.) give access as specified (opened on to a patio). 3 a start, establish, or set going (a business, activity, etc.) (opened a new shop; opened fire), b start (conference opens today). 4 (often foil, by with) start; begin speaking, writing, etc. (show opens with a song; he opened with a joke). 5 ceremonially declare (a building etc.) in use. -n. 1 (prec. by the) a open space, country, or air. b public notice; general attention (esp. into the open). 2 open championship or competition etc. open a person's eyes enlighten a person, open out 1 unfold. 2 develop,

expand. 3 become communicative, open up 1 unlock (premises). 2 make accessible. 3 reveal; bring to notice. 4 accelerate. 5 begin shooting or sounding. n.

[Old English]

open air n. outdoors.

open day

n.

adj. adj. straightforward,

open book

person

n.

who

is

easily

understood.

mine or mining) with removal of the surface layers and working from above, not from shafts. adj. (of a

day when the public may normally closed to them.

open-door attrib. adj. open, accessible. open-ended adj. having no predetermined

limit.

opener

n.

1

bottles, etc.

programme

device for opening tins, 2 colloq. first item on a

etc.

open-handed

adj.

generous,

open-hearted adj. frank and kindly, open-heart surgery n. surgery with the heart exposed and the blood made to bypass

it.

open house

n.

hospitality

for

all

visitors.

opening -n.

1 aperture or gap. 2 opportunity. 3 beginning; initial part, -attrib.

(opening remarks). time at which public houses may legally open for custom. open letter n. letter of protest etc. addressed to an individual and pub.adj. initial, first

opening-time

n.

lished in a newspaper etc. adv. 1 frankly. 2 publicly. open-minded adj. accessible to

openly

new

ideas; unprejudiced.

open-mouthed

adj.

aghast with sur-

prise.

open-plan

adj. (of a

house,

office, etc.)

having large undivided rooms. open prison n. prison with few restraints on prisoners' movements. open question n. matter on which different views are legitimate. open sandwich n. sandwich without a top slice of bread.

open sea

n.

expanse of sea away from

land.

open secret to

n.

supposed secret known

many.

open society n.

society with freedom of

belief.

Open University

n. university teaching mainly by broadcasting and correspondence, and open to those without

academic qualifications.

open verdict n. verdict affirming that a crime has been committed but not specifying the criminal or (in case of violent death) the cause. openwork n. pattern with intervening spaces in metal, leather, lace, etc. opera /'npara/ /i.1a drama set to music for singers and instrumentalists, b this as a genre. 2 opera-house. [Italian from Latin, = labour, work] opera 2 pi. of opus. operable /'Dp9rab(e)l/ adj. 1 that can be operated. 2 suitable for treatment by surgical operation. [Latin: related to 1

open-air attrib.

open-and-shut opencast

college offering train-

ing and vocational courses mainly by

visit a place

viation] op. cit.

openness

Open College n. correspondence.

shaded]

op art

operable

622

operate]

opera-glasses opera-glasses

/'opa.reit/ v. (-ting) 1 work, control. 2 be in action; function. 3 a

operate

perform a surgical operation, b conduct a military etc. action, c be active in business etc. 4 bring about. [Latin operor work: related to opus] operatic /.opa'raetik/ adj. of or like an opera or opera singer (an operatic voice),

operatically adv.

operatics /.opa'raetiks/ n.pl. production and performance of operas.

operating system

n.

basic software

running of a computer

that enables the

program.

operating theatre

n.

room

for sur-

gical operations.

operation scope, or

/.opa'reiJXa)^ n. 1 action, of working or operat-

method

ing. 2 active process. 3 piece of

work,

esp. one in a series (begin operations). 4 act of surgery on a patient. 5 military manoeuvre. 6 financial transaction. 7 state of functioning (in operation). 8

subjection of a number etc. to a process affecting its value or form, e.g. multiplication. [Latin: related to operate] operational adj. 1 of or engaged in or used for operations. 2 able or ready to operationally adv. function, operational research n. the application of scientific principles to business etc.

oppose

623

small binoculars for use at the opera or theatre. opera-house n. theatre for operas. n.pl.

management.

operations research

= opera-

n.

tional RESEARCH.

operative

/'nparativ/ -adj. 1 in operation; having effect. 2 having the main relevance ( 'may is the operative word). 3 of or by surgery, -n. worker, esp. a skilled one. [Latin: related to operate] operator n. 1 person operating a machine etc., esp. connecting lines in a telephone exchange. 2 person engaging in business. 3 colloq. person acting in a '

specified way (smooth operator). 4 symbol or function denoting an operation in

mathematics, computing,

etc.

operculum /a'p3:kjulam/ n.

(pi.

ophthalmic /of Gaelmik/ adj.

of or relating to the eye and its diseases. ophthalmic optician n. optician qualified to prescribe as well as dispense spectacles etc. ophthalmology /,Df8aermDlad3i/ n. the study of the eye. ophthalmologist n. ophthalmoscope /Df Gaelma.skaup/ n. instrument for examining the eye. opiate /'aupiat/ -adj. 1 containing opium. 2 narcotic, soporific, —n. 1 drug containing opium, usu. to ease pain or induce sleep. 2 soothing influence. [Latin: related to opium] opine /au'pam/ v. (-ning) (often foil, by that) literary hold or express as an opinion. [Latin opinor believe] opinion /a'pmjan/ n. 1 unproven belief. 2 view held as probable. 3 what one thinks about something. 4 piece of professional advice (a second opinion). 5 estimation (low opinion of). [Latin: related to opine] opinionated /a'pmja.neitid/ adj. dogmatic in one's opinions. opinion poll n. assessment of public opinion by questioning a representative

sample.

opium /'aupiam/ n.

NZ

(

wind) driving towards the port

opportunism

1

1

]

/,Dpa'rju:niz(a)m, 'op-/ n.

adaptation of one's policy or judgement to circumstances or opportunity, esp. opportunist regardless of principle. n.

-cula)

drug made from the

juice of a certain poppy, used esp. as an analgesic and narcotic. [Latin from Greek opion] opossum /a'pDsam/ n. 1 tree-living Am= erican marsupial. 2 Austral. & possum 2. [Virginian Indian] opp. abbr. opposite. opponent /a'paunant/ n. person who opposes. [Latin oppono opposit- set against] opportune /'Dpa tju:n/ adj. 1 wellchosen or especially favourable (opportune moment). 2 (of an action or event) well-timed. [Latin opportunus (of the

opportunistic

tunistically

/-'nistik/ adj.

/-'nistikali/

oppor-

adv.

any of various other parts covering or closing an aperture in an animal or plant. [Latin operio cover

opportunity

(v.)]

opposable /a'pauzab(a)l/ adj. Zool. (of the thumb in primates) capable of facing

fish's gill-cover. 2

operetta

/.Dpa'reta/ n. 1 light opera. 2 one-act or short opera. [Italian, diminutive of OPERA 1 ] ophidian /au'fidian/ -n. member of a suborder of reptiles including snakes. -adj. 1 of this order. 2 snakelike. [Greek op his snake] ophthalmia /of Gaelmia/ n. inflammation of the eye. [Greek ophthalmos eye]

/,Dpa'tju:niti/ n. (pi. -ies)

favourable chance or opening offered by circumstances.

and touching the other same hand.

oppose

digits

on the

/a'pauz/ v. (-sing) 1 set oneself against; resist; argue or compete against. 2 (foil, by to) place in opposition or contrast. as opposed to in contrast with. opposer n. [Latin: related to

opponent]

opposite opposite

on the other side (opposite page; the house opposite). 2 (often foil, by to, from) /'Dpazit/ -adj. 1 facing,

contrary; diametrically different (opposite opinion), -n. opposite thing, person, or term. -adv. facing, on the other side (lives opposite), -prep. 1 facing (sat opposite me). 2 in a complementary role to (another actor etc.).

number n. person holding an equivalent position in another group

opposite etc.

opposite sex n.

(prec. by the) either sex in relation to the other.

opposition

/,Dpa'ziJ(a)n/

n.

1

resist-

ance, antagonism. 2 being hostile or in conflict or disagreement. 3 contrast, antithesis. 4 a group or party of opponents or competitors, b (the Opposition) chief parliamentary party opposed to that in office. 5 act of placing opposite. 6 diametrically opposite position of two celestial bodies. [Latin: related to position] oppress /a'pres/ v. 1 keep in subservience. 2 govern or treat cruelly. 3 weigh down (with cares or unhappiness).

oppression

n.

[Latin: related to press

oppressive

adj.

1

oppressor

n.

1

]

oppressing. 2 (of

weather) close and sultry. ively adv. oppressiveness

oppressn.

opprobrious

/a'praubrias/ adj. (of language) very scornful; abusive.

opprobrium

/a'praubriam/ n. 1 disgrace. 2 cause of this. [Latin, = infamy, reproach] oppugn /a'pju:n/ v. literary controvert, call in question. [Latin oppugno fight against] opt v. (usu. foil, by for) make a choice, decide. opt out (often foil, by of) choose not to participate (in). [Latin opto choose, wish]

optative

oracle

624

/'optativ,

op'teitiv/

Gram,

-adj. (esp. of a mood in Greek) expressing a wish. -n. optative mood or form. [Latin: related to opt] optic /'Dptik/ adj. of the eye or sight (optic nerve). [Greek optos seen] optical adj. 1 of sight; visual. 2 of or according to optics. 3 aiding sight. optically adv. optical art n. art using contrasting colours to create the illusion of

movement. optical disc see disc. optical fibre n. thin glass fibre through which light can be transmitted to carry signals.

optical illusion

image which demental misapprehenn. 1

ceives the eye. 2 sion caused by this.

optician

maker, seller, or prescriber of spectacles and contact lenses etc. 2 person trained in the detection and correction of poor eyesight, /op'tiJ(a)n/ n. 1

[medieval Latin: related to optic]

optics n.pl (treated as light and vision.

sing.) science of

optimal

/'Dptim(a)l/ adj. best or favourable. [Latin optimus best]

most

optimism

/'Dpti,miz(a)m/ n. 1 inclination to hopefulness and confidence. 2 Philos. belief that this world is as good it could be or that good must ultimately prevail over evil. optimist n. optimistic /-mistik/ adj. optimistically /-'mistikah/ adv. [Latin optimus

as

best]

optimize

/'opti.maiz/

(-zing or -sing) effective

use

make

(also

v.

-ise)

the best or most

optimization

of.

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

optimum /'Dptimam/ -n.

optima) 1 growth etc.). 2 best practical solution, -adj. = optimal. [Latin, neuter of optimus best] (pi.

most favourable conditions

option /'DpJXa)n/ n.

(for

a choosing; choice, be chosen. 2 liberty to choose. 3 right to buy or sell at a specified price within a set time. keep (or leave) one's options open not

b thing that

is

1

may

or

commit oneself. [Latin: related to optional adj. not obligatory.

opt]

op-

tionally adv.

optional extra

n.

item costing extra

one chooses to have

opulent

/'aupas/ n.

(pi.

1

wealthy. 2

opulence

luxurious. 3 abundant. [Latin opes wealth]

opus

if

it.

/'opjulant/ adj.

n.

opuses or opera

/'Dpara/) 1 musical composition numbered as one of a composer's works

(Beethoven,

work

(cf.

opus

15).

magnum

2 any artistic

opus).

[Latin,

=

work]

or

conj. 1 introducing an alternative (white or black; take it or leave it; whether or not). 2 introducing an alternative name (the lapwing or peewit). 3 introducing an afterthought (came in laughing - or was it crying?). 4 = or or else 1 else 1 (run or you'll be late). otherwise (run, or else you will be late). 2 colloq. expressing a warning or threat (be good or else). [Old English] 1

n. Heraldry gold. [Latin aurum gold] -or suffix forming nouns denoting esp. an a'gent (actor; escalator) or condition

or 2

(error; horror). [Latin] /'orak(a)l/ /i.1a place at

oracle

divine advice or prophecy

which was sought in

classical antiquity, b response given, c prophet or prophetess at an oracle. 2

person or thing regarded as a source of etc. 3 (Oracle) propr. teletext

wisdom

oral service provided by Independent Tele-

oracular D'raekjula(r)/ adj. [Latin oraculum from oro speak] oral /"o:r(a)l/ -adj. 1 by word of mouth; vision,

spoken; not written (oral examination). 2 done or taken by the mouth (oral sex; oral contraceptive), -n. colloq. spoken examination, z orally adv. [Latin os oris

mouth]

orange

'orind3, -n. 1 a roundish reddish-yellow juicy citrus fruit, b tree bearing this. 2 its colour, -adj. orangecoloured. [Arabic ndranj] orangeade ,Drmd3'eid n. orange-

flavoured, usu. fizzy, drink. n. member of a political society formed in 1795 to support Protestantism in Ireland. [William of

Orangeman

j

Orange]

orangery

'urmd3ari

a building, cultivated, iesp.

orang-utan

;

n

(pi. -ies)

place,

where orange-trees are

/3:,raBrju:'taen/

n.

(also

orang-outang -u:'taerj ) large reddishhaired long-armed anthropoid ape of the E. Indies. [Malay, = wild man] oration o:'reiJ(9)n n. formal or ceremonial speech. [Latin oratio discourse, prayer, from oro speak, pray] orator 'orataCr) n. 1 person making a formal speech. 2 eloquent public speaker. [Latin: related to oration] oratorio ,Dr9'to:ri9o7 n. (pi. -s) semidramatic work for orchestra and voices, esp. on a sacred theme. [Church Latin] oratory 'oratan n. (pi. -ies) 1 art of or skill in public speaking. 2 small private r oratorical -'ronk(a)l adj. [French and Latin oro speak, pray] orb n. 1 globe surmounted by a cross as part of coronation regalia. 2 sphere, globe. 3 poet, celestial body. 4 poet. eye.

[Latin orbis ring]

orbicular

o:'bikjol9(r)/ adj. formal cir-

cular or spherical. [Latin orbiculus diminutive of orbis ring] orbit 'o.bit -n. 1 a curved course of a

one complete passage around a body. 2 range o^ sphere of action. 3 eye socket, -v. (-t-) 1 move in orbit round. 2 put into orbit. orbiter n. [Latin orbitus circular] planet, satellite, etc. b

orbital

adj. 1 of an orbit or orbits. 2 (of a road) passing round the outside of a town. orca 'o:ka n. any of various cetaceans, esp. the killer whale. [Latin] Orcadian o: keidian/ -adj. of Orkney. -n. native of Orkney. [Latin Orcades

Orkney Islands] orch. abbr. 1 orchestrated tra.

orchard

by. 2 orches-

/'o.tjad/ n.

land with garden]

orchestra

piece of enclosed [Latin hortus

fruit-trees.

group of combining strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. 2 (in full orchestra pit) part of a theatre etc. where the orchestra plays, usu. in front of the stage and on a lower level, z orchestral /-'kestr(9)l/ adj. [Greek, = area for the chorus in drama] /'oikistra/ n. 1 large

instrumentalists

orchestrate o:ki,streit/ v. (-ting) 1 arrange or compose for orchestral per/

formance. 2 arrange (elements) to achieve a desired result, z orchestration streij(a)n/ n. orchid /'o.kid/ n. any of various plants with brilliant flowers. [Greek orkhis, originally = testicle] ordain /o:'dein/ v. 1 confer holy orders ,

-

on. 2 decree, order. related to order]

ordeal

chapel,

,

order

625

[Latin

ordino:

painful or horrific experience; severe trial. 2 hist, test of an accused person by subjection to severe pain, with survival taken as proof of innocence. [Old English] order -n. 1 a condition in which every part, unit, etc. is in its right place; tidiness, b specified sequence, succession, etc. (alphabetical order; the order of events). 2 authoritative command, direction, instruction, etc. 3 state of obedience to law, authority, etc. 4 a direction to supply or pay something, b goods etc. to be supplied. 5 social class; its members (the lower orders). 6 kind; sort (talents of a high order). 7 constitution or nature of the world, society, etc. (the moral order; the order of things). 8 taxonomic rank below a class and above a family. 9 religious fraternity with a common rule of life. 10 grade of the Christian ministry. 11 any of the five classical styles of architecture (Doric order). 12 a company of persons distinguished by a particular honour (Order of the Garter), b insignia worn by its members. 13 Eccl. the stated form of divine service (the order of confirmation). 1 4 system of rules or procedure (at meetings etc.) (point of order), -v. 1 command; bid; prescribe. 2 command or direct (a person) to a specified destination (ordered them home). 3 direct a waiter, tradesman, etc. to supply (ordered dinner; ordered a new suit). 4 (often as ordered adj.) put in order; regulate (an ordered life). 5 (of God, fate, etc.) ordain, in (or out of) order 1 in the correct (or incorrect) sequence or position. 2 fit (or not fit) for use. 3 according (or noc according) to the rules at a meeting etc. in order that with the /o:'di:l/ n.

1

Order in Council

intention; so that, in order to with the purpose of doing; with a view to. of (or in) the order of approximately, on order ordered but not yet received,

order about command officiously, to order as specified by the customer. [Latin ordo ordin- row,

Order in Council

command,

etc.]

executive order, often approved by Parliament but not debated. orderly -adj. 1 methodically arranged or inclined, tidy. 2 well-behaved. -n. (pi. -ies) 1 male cleaner in a hospital. 2 soldier who carries orders for an officer

orderliness

etc.

room

orderly

n.

n.

n.

room

order of the day

n. 1 prevailing state of things. 2 principal action, procedure, or programme. order-paper n. written or printed order of the day's proceedings, esp. in Parliament.

ordinal /'o:dm(a)l/ n. (in full ordinal number) number defining position in a series, e.g. 'first', 'second', 'third', etc. [Latin: related to order]

ordinance

/'oidmans/ n. 1 decree. 2 religious rite. [Latin: related to ordain] /'3:dmand/ n. candidate for ordination. [Latin: related to ordain] ordinary /'o:dman/ -adj. 1 normal, usual. 2 commonplace, unexceptional. -n. (pi. -ies) Ch. 1 parts of a service that do not vary from day to day. 2 rule or book laying down the order of service. in the ordinary way in normal

ordinand

RC

circumstances, out of the ordinary ordinarily adv. ordinariunusual. ness n. [Latin: related to order] ordinary level n. hist, lowest level of the GCE examination. ordinary seaman n. sailor of the lowest rank. ordinate /'o:dmat/ n. Math, coordinate

measured usu. related to ordain]

[Latin:

vertically.

/,D:di'neiJXa)n/

n.

confer-

ring of holy orders, ordaining.

ordnance

/'o:dnans/ n. 1 artillery; military supplies. 2 government service dealing with these, [contraction of or-

dinance]

Ordnance Survey n. the

official

survey of

UK producing detailed maps.

Ordovician

/^da'vijian/ -adj. of the

second period in the Palaeozoic era. -n. this period. [Latin Ordovices, British tribe in N. Wales]

ordure

/'o:djua(r)/ n.

an ancient

dung. [Latin hor-

ridus: related to horrid] ore /o:(r)/ n. solid rock or

mineral from which metal or other valuable minerals

may

oregano /,Dn'ga:nao7 n.

dried wild marjoram as seasoning. [Spanish, = ori-

gan]

organ /'D:gan/ n.

1 a musical instrument having pipes supplied with air from bellows and operated by keyboards and pedals, b instrument producing similar sounds electronically, c harmonium. 2 a part of an animal or plant body serv-

ing a particular function (vocal organs; digestive organs), b esp. joc. penis. 3 medium of communication, esp. a news-

paper representing a party or [Greek organon tool]

interest.

organdie in a barracks

used for company business,

ordination

orgy

626

be extracted. [Old English]

/'o:gandi/ n. fine translucent muslin, usu. stiffened. [French] organ-grinder n. player of a barrelorgan. organic Ax'gaenik/ adj. 1 of or affecting a bodily organ or organs. 2 (of a plant or animal) having organs or an organized physical structure. 3 produced without the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, etc. 4 (of a chemical compound etc.) containing carbon. 5 a structural, inherent, b constitutional. 6 organized or systematic (an organic whole). organically adv. [Greek: related to

organ]

organic chemistry

n.

chemistry of

carbon compounds.

organism /'o:ga,niz(9)m/ n.

1

individual

plant or animal. 2 living being with interdependent parts. 3 system made up of interdependent parts. [French: related to organize]

organist /'o:ganist/ n. organ-player. organization /,o:ganai'zei.f(a)n/

n.

1 organizing or being organized. 2 organized body, system, or

(also -isation) society.

organizational

organize /'o:ga,naiz/

v.

adj.

(also -ise) (-zing

or -sing) 1 a give an orderly structure to, systematize, b make arrangements for (a person or oneself). 2 initiate, arrange for. 3 (often absol.) a enlist (a person or group) in a trade union, political party, etc. b form (a trade union etc.).

4 (esp. as organized adj.)

ganic;

make into living tissue.

make ororgan-

related to organ] organ-loft n. gallery for an organ. organza /o:'gaenza/ n. thin stiff transparent silk or synthetic dress fabric, [origin uncertain] orgasm /'o:gaez(a)m/ -n. climax of sexual excitement, -v. have a sexual or-

izer

n. [Latin:

gasm.

orgasmic

/-'gaezmik/

adj.

[Greek, = excitement]

orgy /'o:d3i/ n.

wild party with indiscriminate sexual activity. 2 excessorgiive indulgence in an activity. astic /-'aestik/ adj. [Greek orgia pi.] (pi. -ies) 1

oriel i

i

oriel

projecting [French]

orient

window

window)

of an upper storey.

Mediterranean, esp. E. Asia. -v. 1 a place or determine the position of with the aid of a compass; find the bearings of. b (often foil, by towards) direct. 2 place (a building etc.) to face east. 3 turn eastward or in a orient oneself specified direction. determine how one stands in relation to one's surroundings. [Latin oriens -entis rising, sunrise, east] oriental /,D:n'ent(3)l/ (often Oriental) -adj. of the East, esp. E. Asia; of the Orient, -n. native of the Orient, = (-ting) D:rian,teit/ v. orientate /

,

orient

v.

[apparently from orient]

orientation i

/

l

o:rian'teiJ'(8)n/

n.

1

orientational adj. /.oinan'tianrj/ n. competitive sport in which runners cross briefing,

1

orienteering |

open country with a map, compass,

f

etc. [Swedish] orifice /'Drifts/ n. opening, esp. the mouth of a cavity. [Latin os or- mouth,

i

i

facio make] origami /,Dn'ga:mi/ n. art of folding paper into decorative shapes. [Japan-

f

|

ese]

origan

I

;

/'origan/

/a'nganam/)

i

^

;

I

i

(also

n.

origanum

marjoram.

wild

from Greek] origin /'Dnd3in/

[

n.

[Latin

starting-point;

1

source. 2 (often in pi.) ancestry, parentage. 3 Math, point from which coordinates are measured. [Latin origo originfrom orior rise] original /9'nd3in(a)l/ -adj. 1 existing from the beginning; earliest; innate. 2 inventive; creative; not derivative or imitative. 3 not copied or translated; by the artist etc. himself (in the original Greek, has an original Rembrandt). -n. original model, pattern, picture, etc. from which another is copied or translated, originality /-'naeliti/ n. originally adv. n. innate human sinfulness held to be a result of the Fall, /a'rid3i,neit/ v. (-ting) 1 cause to begin; initiate. 2 have as an origin;

original sin

originate

origination /-'neij(9)n/ n. originator n. oriole /'oinaul/ n. (in full golden oriole) bird with black and yellow plumage in begin,

the male. [Latin

ormolu gilded

decorated with ormolu. [French or moulu powdered

aurum

gold] (often attrib.) gold-coloured alloy. 2

/'D.ma.lu:/ n.

bronze;

1

ornament

of or

/'o:namant/ -n.

a thing

1

used to adorn or decorate, b quality or person bringing honour or distinction. 2 decoration, esp. on a building (tower rich in ornament). 3 musical embellishment, -v. /'oina.ment/ adorn; beautify, z

ornamental /-'ment(a)l/ adj. ornamentation /-men'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin orno adorn]

ornate

/o:'neit/

adj.

elaborately

1

adorned. 2 (of literary style) convoluted; flowery, z ornately adv. ornateness related to

n. [Latin:

ornithology study

of

ornament]

/,3:ni'8Dl8d3i/

z

birds,

/-0a'lDd3ik(a)l/

orienting or being oriented. 2 a relative position, b person's attitude or adjustment in relation to circumstances. 3 introduction to a subject or situation;

|

made

articles

gold]

-n. (the Orient) coun-

/'o:ri9nt/

tries east of the

i

orthopaedics

627

oriel

/'o:nal/ n. (in full

adj.

n.

the

ornithological ornithologist n.

[Greek ornis ornith- bird]

orotund full,

/'Dra.tAnd/ adj.

1

(of the voice)

round; imposing. 2 (of writing,

style, etc.) pompous; pretentious. [Latin ore rotundo with rounded mouth] orphan /'o:f(a)n/ -n. child whose

parents are dead. -v. bereave (a child) of its parents. [Latin from Greek, = bereaved] orphanage n. home for orphans,

orrery

/'nran/ n. (pi. -ies) clockwork model of the solar system. [Earl of

Orrery]

orris /'dhs/ n.1a kind of iris. 2 = orris root, [alteration of

iris]

orris root n. fragrant iris root used in perfumery etc. ortho- comb, form 1 straight. 2 right, correct. [Greek orthos straight] /.oiGa'dmitiks/ n.pl. (treated as sing.) correction of irregularities in the teeth and jaws, z ortho-

orthodontics

dontic adj. orthodontist odous odont- tooth]

n.

[Greek

orthodox

/'DiGa.dDks/ adj. 1 holding usual or accepted opinions, esp. on religion, morals, etc. 2 generally approved, conventional (orthodox medicine). 3

(also Orthodox) (of Judaism) strictly traditional, z orthodoxy n. [Greek

doxa opinion]

Orthodox Church n.

Eastern Church with the Patriarch of Constantinople as its head, and including the national Churches of Russia, Romania, Greece, etc.

orthography

/o:'0Dgraft/ n.

(pi.

-ies)

spelling (esp. with reference to its correctness), orthographic /-'graefik/ adj.

[Greek orthographia]

orthopaedics

/,D:88'pi:diks/

n.pl.

(US -pedics) branch of medicine dealing with the correction of diseased, deformed, or injured bones or (treated as sing.)

ortolan paedist

ortolan

adj. ortho[Greek pais paid- child]

n.

/'oitalan/ n.

eaten as garden]

a

European bunting,

delicacy.

[Latin

hortus

suffix 1 forming nouns denoting a place {dormitory; refectory). 2 forming adjectives and nouns relating to or involving a verbal action (accessory; compulsory). [Latin -orius, -orium] OS abbr. 1 old style. 2 ordinary seaman. 3 Ordnance Survey. 4 outsize.

Os symb. osmium. Oscar /'Dska(r)/ n. any

of the statuettes

awarded by the US Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for excellence in film acting, directing, etc.

[man's

name] oscillate /'osi.leit/ v. (-ting) 1 (cause to) swing to and fro. 2 vacillate; vary between extremes. 3 (of an electric current) undergo high-frequency alternations. oscillation /-'leij(a)n/ n. oscillator n. [Latin oscillo swing] oscillo- comb, form oscillation, esp. of

an electric current. oscilloscope /a'sila.skaup/ n. device for viewing oscillations by a display on the screen of a cathode-ray tube. suffix

forming adjectives denoting

possession

of a quality verbose). [Latin -osus]

{grandiose;

osier

/'auzia(r)/ n. 1 willow used in basketwork. 2 shoot of this. [French] -osis suffix denoting a process or con-

(apotheosis; metamorphosis), dition esp. a pathological state (neurosis; thrombosis). [Latin or Greek] -osity suffix forming nouns from adjectives in -ose and -ous (verbosity; curiosity). [Latin -ositas]

osmium

/'nzmiam/ n. heavy hard bluish-white metallic element. [Greek

osme smell]

osmosis

1 passage of a semi-permeable membrane into a more concentrated solution. 2 process by which something osmotic is acquired by absorption. /-'motik/ adj. [Greek osmos push]

osprey

/nz'mausis/

through

solvent

ostensible

/D'stensib(a)l/ adj. concealing the real; professed. ostensibly adv. [Latin ostendo ostens- show] ostensive /D'stensiv/ adj. directly

showing.

-ory

-ose

otherwise

628

orthopaedic

muscles.

n.

a

/'osprei/ n. (pi -s) large bird of

prey feeding on

fish.

ostentation

/'Dsias/ adj. 1

[Latin os oss- bone]

small bone or piece of bonelike substance. [Latin diminutive: related to osseous] ossify /'Dsi.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 turn into bone; harden. 2 make or become rigid, callous, or unprogressive. c ossification /-fi'keij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to osseous]

ossicle

/'Dsik(a)l/ n.

Dsten teiJ(a)n/ adj.

n.

1

pre-

ostenta-

tiously adv. osteo- comb, form bone. [Greek osteon] osteoarthritis / Dsti9ua:'Graitis/ n. (

degenerative disease of joint cartilage. osteoarthritic /-'Sritik/ adj. osteopathy /.Dsti'DpaGi/ n. treatment of disease through the manipulation of bones. osteopath /'Dstia.paeG/ n.

osteoporosis

/.ostiaupa'rausis/ n. condition of brittle bones caused esp. by hormonal changes or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

ostler

/'Dsla(r)/ n. hist,

stableman

at

an

inn. [related to hostel]

ostracize

/'nstra.saiz/

v.

(also

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) exclude from society; refuse to associate with. ostracism /-,siz(a)m/ n. [Greek (ostrakon potsherd, on which a vote was recorded in ancient Athens to expel a powerful or unpopular citizen)]

ostrich

/'DstntJV n. 1 large African swift-running flightless bird. 2 person who refuses to acknowledge an awkward truth. [Latin avis bird, struthio (from Greek) ostrich] abbr. Old Testament. other /'Ada(r)/ -adj. 1 not the same as one or some already mentioned or implied; separate in identity or distinct in kind (other people; use other means). 2 a further; additional (a few other examples), b second of two (open your other eye). 3 (prec. by the) only remaining (must be in the other pocket; where are the other two?). 4 (foil, by than) apart from. -n. or pron. other person or thing, (some others have come; give me one other; where are the others?). other than 1 except (never speaks to me other than to insult me; has no friends other than me). 2 differently; not (cannot do other than laugh; never appears other than happy). [Old English]

OT

[Latin ossifraga

of bone. 2 bony.

1

ostentatious

off.

Usage

from os bone, frango break]

osseous

,

/

tentious display of wealth etc. 2 showing

otherwise

In sense 2 of other than, standard except in less

is

formal use.

other day

n. (also other night) (prec. a few days (or nights) ago. other half n. colloq. one's wife or husband. otherwise -adv. 1 or else; in different circumstances (hurry, otherwise we'll be late). 2 in other respects (is otherwise very suitable). 3 in a different way

by

the)

woman

ather

(could not have acted otherwise). 4 as an alternative (otherwise known as Jack), -adj. (predic.) different (the matter is quite otherwise). [Old English: related

;

I'

{

to

WISE 2

]

Usage other |

See note at other.

woman n. (prec. by the) married

man's mistress. 1 of another world. 2 dreamily distracted from mundane

other-worldly adj. life.

otiose

/'aotiaus/ adj.

purpose; otium leisure] tical

not

serving no pracrequired. [Latin

lOTT

abbr. colloq. over-the-top. otter /'Dta(r)/ n. 1 aquatic fish-eating mammal with webbed feet and thick brown fur. 2 its fur. [Old English] Ottoman /'Dtaman/ -adj. 1 of the dynasty of Osman (or Othman) I or the empire ruled by his descendants. 2 Turkish. -n. (pi. -s) 1 Turk of the Ottoman period. 2 (ottoman) upholstered seat l without back or arms, sometimes a box with a padded top. [French from Arabic] iOU abbr. 1 Open University. 2 Oxford University. oubliette /,u:bli'et/ n. secret dungeon with a trapdoor entrance. [French oublier forget] ouch int. expressing sharp or sudden pain, [imitative] ought /o:t/ v.aux. (as present and past, the only form now in use) 1 expressing duty or Tightness (we ought to be thanki

i

i

f

i

I

!

;

!

'

;

!

I

\

j

!

:

ful; it ought to have been done long ago). 2 advisability (you ought to see a dentist). 3 probability (it ought to rain

soon), z ought not negative form of ought (he ought not to have stolen it). [Old English, past of owe] oughtn't /'o:t(9)nt/ contr. ought not. Ouija / wi:d38/ n. (in full Ouija board) propr. board marked with letters or signs and used with a movable pointer to try to obtain messages at a seance, [French oui, German ja, yes] ounce n. 1 unit of weight, V 16 lb or approx. 28 g. 2 very small quantity. [Latin uncia twelfth part of a pound or a foot]

our poss. pron.

1 of or belonging to us or society (our children 's future). 2 colloq. indicating a relative, friend, etc. of the

speaker (our Barry works there; our friend here). [Old English] Our Father n. prayer beginning with these words (Matt.

pron. the one or ones belonging to or associated with us (it is ours; best; a friend of ours).

ours are

ourself pron. archaic = myself as used by a sovereign etc. ourselves pron. 1 a emphat.form of we or us (we did it ourselves), b refl.form of us (we are pleased with ourselves). 2 in our normal state of body or mind (not quite ourselves today), z be ourselves see oneself, by ourselves see by oneself

-ous suffix 1 forming adjectives meaning 'abounding in, characterized by, of the nature of (envious; glorious; mountainous; poisonous). 2 Chem. denoting a state of lower valence than -ic (ferrous; sulphurous). [Anglo-French -ous, from Latin asus]

ousel var. of ouzel. oust v. drive out or expel, esp. by seizing the place

of.

[Latin obsto oppose]

away from or not in or at a place etc. (keep him out; get out; tide is out). 2 indicating: a dispersal away from

out -adv.

1

a centre etc. (share out), b coming or bringing into the open (call out; will look it out for you), c need for attentiveness (watch out; listen out). 3 not in one's house, office, etc. (tell them I'm out). 4 to or at an end; completely (tired out; die out; fight it out; my luck was out; typed it out). 5 (of a fire, candle, etc.) not burning. 6 in error (was 3% out). 7 colloq. unconscious (is out cold). 8 (of a limb etc.) dislocated (put his arm out). 9 (of a political party etc.) not in office. 10 (of a jury) considering its verdict. 11 (of workers) on strike. 12 (of a secret) revealed. 13 (of a flower) open. 14 (of a book, record, etc.) published, on sale. 15 (of a star) visible after dark. 16 no longer in fashion (turn-ups are out). 17 (of a batsman etc.) dismissed from batting. 1 not worth considering (that idea is out). 19 (prec. by super I.) colloq. known to exist (the best game out). 20 (of a mark etc.) removed (washed the stain out), -prep, out of (looked out the window), -n. way of escape, -v. come or go out; emerge (murder will out), z out for intent on, determined to get. out of 1 from within. 2 not within. 3 from among. 4 beyond the range of (out of reach). 5 so as to be without, lacking (was swindled out of his money; out of sugar). 6 from (get money out of him). 7 because of (asked out of curiosity). 8 by the use of (what did you make it out of?). out of bounds see bound 2 out of date see date out of order see ordee. out of pocket see pocket, out of the question see question, out of sorts see sort, out of this world see world, out of the way see way. out to determined to. [Old English] ,

1

6:9-13).

Our Lady n. Virgin Mary. Our Lord n. Christ. ours poss.

out

629

,

out-

Usage The use of out as a preposihe walked out the room, is nonstandard. Out of should be used.

tion, e.g.

out- prefix in senses 1 so as to surpass or exceed {outdo). 2 external, separate (outline). 3 out of; away from; outward (outgrowth).

outage

/'aotid3/ n. period during which a power-supply etc. is not operating. out and about adj. active outdoors

an

(esp. after

illness etc.).

out and out -adj. thorough; complete.

outback n. remote inland areas

of Aus-

tralia.

outbalance

/aut'baelans/

v.

(-cing) out-

weigh.

outbid

(-bidding; past and past part, -bid) bid higher than. outboard motor n. portable engine attached to the outside of a boat. outbreak n. sudden eruption of anger, /aot'bid/

war, disease,

outbuilding

v.

fire, etc.

shed, barn, etc. detached from a main building. outburst n. 1 verbal explosion of anger etc. 2 bursting out (outburst of steam). outcast -n. person rejected by family or society, -adj. rejected; homeless. outclass /aot'kla:s/ v. surpass in qualn.

ity.

outcome

n. result.

outcrop

n. 1 a emergence of a stratum a surface, b stratum etc. emerging. 2 noticeable manifestation. outcry n. (pi. -ies) strong public protest. outdated /aut'deitid/ adj. out of date;

etc. at

obsolete. /aot'dist(a)ns/

v.

(-cing)

leave (a competitor) behind completely, outdo /aot'du:/ v. (-doing; 3rd sing. present -does; past -did; past part. -done) exceed, excel, surpass, outdoor attrib. adj. 1 done, existing, or used out of doors. 2 fond of the open air

(an outdoor

expenditure.

outgrow

/aot'grao/

(past -grew; past

v.

-grown) 1 grow too big for. 2 leave behind (a childish habit etc.). 3 grow

part,

faster or taller than. n. 1 offshoot.

2 natural product or development. outhouse n. small building adjoining or apart from a house. outing n. pleasure trip, excursion.

outlandish

/aot'laendiJV adj.

bizarre,

outlandishly adv. outlandishness n. [Old English, from outz

strange,

land foreign country]

outlast

/aot'la:st/

outlaw

-n.

1

v.

last

fugitive

longer than.

from the law.

2

person deprived of the protection of the law. -v. 1 declare (a person) an hist,

outlaw. 2

outlay

n.

make

illegal;

proscribe.

expenditure.

n. 1 means of exit or escape. 2 of expressing feelings. 3 a market for goods, b shop (retail outlet). outline -n. 1 rough draft. 2 summary. 3 sketch consisting of only contour lines. 4 (in sing, or pi.) a lines enclosing or indicating an object, b contour, c external boundary. 5 (in pi.) main features or principles, -v. (-ning) 1 draw or describe in outline. 2 mark the outline

outlet

means

/aut'doiz/ -adv. in or into the -n. the open air. 1 outside; external (pierced the outer layer). 2 farther from the centre or the inside, z outermost adj. outer space n. universe beyond the air.

adj.

earth's atmosphere. (-cing) disconcert by staring or by a display of confidence, outfall n. outlet of a river, drain, etc. outfield n. outer part of a cricket or baseball pitch, z outfielder n. outfit n. 1 set of clothes or equipment. 2 colloq. group of people regarded as an /aut'feis/

v.

organization. n. supplier of clothing.

outfitter

outlive than

/aut'liv/

v.

(-ving)

(a person). 2 live

1

live longer

beyond

(a

period

or date).

outlook

n.

1

prospect, view. 2 mental

attitude.

outlying adj.

far

from a centre; remote.

outmanoeuvre

/,autma'nu:v9(r)/

v.

(US -maneuver) secure an advantage over by skilful manoeuvring. (-ring)

type).

outdoors

outface

/aufflaenk/ v. 1 extend beyond the flank of (an enemy). 2 outmanoeuvre, outwit. outflow n. 1 outward flow. 2 amount that flows out. outfox /aot'fDks/ v. outwit, outgoing -adj. 1 friendly. 2 retiring from office. 3 going out. -n. (in pi.)

of.

outdistance

outer

outflank

outgrowth

-adv. thoroughly.

open

outpatient

630

outmatch /aut'maetf/ match

v.

be more than a

for.

outmoded /aut'maudid/ adj. 1

outdated.

2 out of fashion.

outnumber /aot'nAmba(r)/ v.

exceed in

number.

out of doors open

adj.

&

adv. in or into the

air.

out of it predic.

adj. 1 (of a person) not included; forlorn. 2 colloq. unconscious, dazed.

outpace

1

go faster

than. 2 outdo in a content, outpatient n. non-resident

hospital

patient.

/aot'peis/

v.

(-cing)

outplacement outplacement n. assistance a new job after redundancy.

in finding

detachment posted at a outpost distance from an army. 2 distant branch n.

1

or settlement (outpost of empire). n. (usu. in pi.) copious expression of emotion. output -n. 1 amount produced (by a

outpouring

worker,

machine,

etc.).

2

electrical

delivered by an apparatus. 3 printout, results, etc. from a computer. 4 place where energy, information, etc. leaves a system, -v. (-tt-; past and past part, -put or -putted) (of a computer)

power

outwit

631

etc.

nearest to the edge of the field (outside left), -adv. /aut'said/ 1 on or to the outside. 2 in or to the open air. 3 not within, enclosed, or included. 4 slang not in prison, -prep, /aut'said/ 1 not in; to or at the exterior of. 2 external to, not included in, beyond the limits of. at the outside (of an estimate etc.) at the most, from the outside from an objective or impartial standpoint, outside broadcast n. one not made in a studio. outside interest n. hobby etc. not connected with one's work,

extreme violation of

outsider /aut'saida(r)/ n. 1 non-member of some group, organization, profession,

others' rights, sentiments, etc. 2 gross offence or indignity. 3 fierce resentment, -v. (-ging) 1 subject to outrage. 2 commit an outrage against. 3 shock and

competitor thought to have little chance. outside world n. society outside the confines of an institution etc.

from

outsize adj. unusually large. outskirts n.pl. outer area of a town etc.

supply (results

outrage

-n.

etc.). 1

anger. [French outrer Latin ultra beyond]

exceed,

outrageous

/aut'reid3as/ adj. 1 immoderate. 2 shocking. 3 immoral, offensive.

outrageously

outrank rank

outre

v.

be superior in

eccentric, unconventional. [French, past part, of outrer. see /'u:trei/ adj.

outrage] n.

cyclist riding

mounted guard or motor ahead of a procession

etc.

outrigger

n. 1 spar or framework projecting over the side of a ship, racing boat, or canoe to give stability. 2 boat

fitted

with

v.

outwit, be clev-

/aut'spaukan/ adj. saying

openly what one thinks; frank.

out-

adv. outspokenness n. outspread /aut'spred/-ad/. spread out;

expanded, - v. spread out; expand. outstanding /aut'staendirj/ adj. 1

con-

spicuous because of excellence. 2 a (of a debt) not yet settled, b still to be dealt with (work outstanding), z outstand-

ingly adv.

outstation

n.

remote branch or out-

post.

this.

outright -adv.

altogether, entirely. 2 not gradually. 3 without reservation, openly, -adj. 1 downright, complete. 2 1

undisputed (outright winner). aut'rAn/ v. (-nn-; past -ran; past part, -run) 1 run faster or farther than. 2 go beyond (a point or limit). outsell /aut'sel/ v. (past and past part. -sold) 1 sell more than. 2 be sold in greater quantities than. outset n. at (or from) the outset from the beginning. outshine aut'jam/ v. (-ning; past and past part, -shone) 1 shine brighter than. 2 surpass in excellence etc. outside -n. /aut'said, 'autsaid/ 1 external side or surface; outer parts. 2 external appearance; outward aspect. 3 position on the outer side (gate opens from the outside), -adj. /'autsaid/ 1 a of, on, or nearer the outside; outer, b not in the main building (outside toilet). 2 not belonging to a particular group or organization (outside help). 3 (of a chance etc.) remote; very unlikely. 4 (of an estimate etc.) the greatest or highest possible (the outside price). 5 (of a player in football etc.) positioned

outrun

/aut'sma:t/

erer than.

spokenly

to.

outrider

outsmart

outspoken

adv.

aut'raerjk/

etc. 2

outstay /aut'stei/ v. stay longer than (one's welcome etc.). outstretched /aut'stretjt/ adj. stretched out. /aut'stnp/ v. (-pp-) 1 go faster than. 2 surpass, esp. competitively. out-take n. film or tape sequence rejected in editing. out-tray n. tray for outgoing docu-

outstrip

ments

etc.

outvote

/aut'vaut/

v.

(-ting) defeat

by a

majority of votes.

outward

/'autwad/ -adj. 1 situated on or directed towards the outside. 2 going out. 3 bodily, external, apparent, -adv.

(also tion;

outwards) in an outward directowards the outside, z outwardly

adv.

[Old

English:

related

to

out-,

-ward]

outward bound

adj.

going away from

home.

outwardness n.

external existence; ob-

jectivity.

outwards var. of outward adv. outweigh /aut'wei/ v. exceed in weight, value, importance, or influence, (-tt-) be too clever for; overcome by greater ingenuity.

outwit /aut'wit/ v.

outwork outwork

1

outworker n.

(in sense 2). ousel) 1 (in full ring ouzel) white-breasted thrush. 2 (in full water ouzel) diving bird; dipper. [Old English, = blackbird] ouzo /'u:zau/ n. (pi. -s) Greek aniseedflavoured spirit. [Greek]

supplies

ouzel

ova pi.

it.

/'u:z(a)l/ n. (also

of ovum.

oval /'ouv(a)l/ —adj.

1

egg-shaped,

ellips-

having the outline of an egg, -n. 1 egg-shaped or elliptical closed curve. 2 thing with an oval outline. [Latin: related to ovum] ovary /'auvari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 each of the female reproductive organs in which ova are produced. 2 hollow base of the oidal. 2

elliptical,

carpel of a flower.

ovarian /a'vearian/

adj.

ovation

/au'veiJXa)n/ n. enthusiastic reception, esp. applause. [Latin ovo exult]

oven /'Av(a)n/ n.

enclosed compartment

for heating or cooking food etc. [Old

English]

ovenproof adj.

suitable for use in an

oven; heat-resistant,

oven-ready

overbalance

632

advanced or detached part of a fortification. 2 work done off the premises of the firm etc. which n.

(of food) prepared before sale for immediate cooking in the oven. ovenware n. dishes for cooking food in the oven. over -adv. expressing movement, position, or state above or beyond something stated or implied: 1 outward and downward from a brink or from any erect position (knocked me over). 2 so as to cover or touch a whole surface (paint it over). 3 so as to produce a fold or reverse position (bend it over, turn it over). 4 a across a street or other space (cross over; came over from France), b for a visit etc. (invited them over). 5 with transference or change from one hand, part, etc., to another (went over to the enemy; swapped them over). 6 with motion above something; so as to pass across something (climb over, fly over, adj.

boil over). 7 from beginning to end with repetition or detailed consideration (think it over, did it six times over). 8 in excess; in addition, besides (left over). 9 for or until a later time (hold it over). 1 at an end; settled; completely finished (crisis is over, it's over between us; get it over with). 1 1 (in full over to you) (as int.) (in radio conversations etc.) it is your turn to speak. 12 umpire's call to change ends in cricket, -prep. 1 above, in, or to a position higher than. 2 out and down from; down from the edge of (fell over the cliff). 3 so as to cover (hat over his eyes). 4 above and across; so as to

on or to the other side of (flew over Scotland; bridge over the Avon; look clear;

over the wall). 5 concerning; while occupied with (laughed over it; fell asleep over a book). 6 a in superiority of; superior to; in charge of (victory over them; reign over two kingdoms), b in preference to. 7 a throughout (travelled over most ofAfrica), b so as to deal with completely (went over the plans). 8 a for or through the duration of (stay over Monday night; over the years), b during the course of (did it over the weekend). 9 beyond; more than (bids of over £50, is he over 18?). 10 transmitted by (heard it over the radio). 11 in comparison with (gained 20% over last year). 12 recovered from (am over my cold; got over it in time), -n. 1 sequence of six balls in cricket bowled from one end of the pitch. 2 play resulting from this. -adj. (see also over-). 1 upper, outer. 2 superior. 3 extra. over again once again, again from the beginning, over against in contrast with, over all taken as a whole, over and above in addition to; not to mention, over and over repeatedly, over one's head see head. over the hill see hill, over the moon see moon, over the way (in a street etc.) facing or opposite. [Old English] over- prefix 1 excessively. 2 upper, outer. 3 = over in various senses (overshadow). 4 completely (overawe; overjoyed).

over-abundance n.

/,auvara'bAnd(a)ns/ overquantity.

excessive

abundant adj. overact

/.auvar'aBkt/

v.

act (a role) in an

exaggerated manner.

over-active

/.auvar'aektiv/ adj. excessively active. -attrib. adj. /'auvar,D:l/ 1 total, inclusive of all (overall cost). 2 taking everything into account, general (overall improvement), -adv. /,auvar'o:l/ 1 including everything (cost £50 overall). 2 on the whole, generally (did well overall), -n. /'auvar,D:l/ 1 protective outer garment. 2 (in pi. ) protective outer

overall

trousers or suit.

overambitious

/.auvaraem'bijas/ adj.

excessively ambitious.

over-anxious

/.auvar'aenkjas/

adj.

excessively anxious. overarm adj. & adv. with the hand above the shoulder (bowl overarm;

overarm

service).

overate past

overawe

of overeat. v. „(-wing) over-

/.auvar'a:/

come with awe.

overbalance /.auva'baelans/ v. lose balance

and

fall.

(-cing) 1 2 cause to do this.

overbear overbear

I

/.auva'beaO*)/

(past -bore;

v.

I

past part, -borne) 1 (as overbearing adj.) a domineering, bullying, b overpowering. 2 bear down by weight, force, or emotion. 3 repress by power or au-

I

thority.

lj

overbid

I I I

I

I

| I

j;

!

j

-v. /.auva'bid/ (-dd-; past and past part, -bid) make a higher bid than. -n. /'auvabid/ bid that is higher than another, or higher than is justified.

overblown

/.auva'blaun/ adj.

1

inflated

or pretentious. 2 (of a flower) past its prime. overboard adv. from a ship into the water (fall overboard). go overboard colloq. 1 be highly enthusiastic. 2 be-

overbook /.auva'buk/ v. (also absol.) make too many bookings for (an airoverbore past of overbear. overborne past part, of overbear. overburden /,auva'b3:d(a)n/ v. burden (a person, thing, etc.) to excess.

overcast

/'auva,ka:st/ adj.

1

(of the sky)

covered with cloud. 2 (in sewing) edged with stitching to prevent fraying.

overcautious

/.auva'kaijas/

adj.

excessively cautious. /.auva'tja^/ v. (-ging) 1 charge too high a price to (a person). 2 put too much charge into (a battery, gun, etc.). 3 put excessive detail into (a description, picture, etc.).

overcharge

overcoat

warm

outdoor coat. v. (-ming; past -came; past part, -come) 1 prevail over, master, be victorious. 2 (usu. as overcome adj.) a make faint (overcome by smoke), b (usu. foil, by with, by) make weak or helpless (overcome with grief). n.

overcome

|

/.auva'kAm/

overcompensate

/.auva'kDmpen.seit/ (usu. foil, by for) compensate excessively. 2 strive exaggeratedly to v.

(-ting)

1

make amends etc. overconfident /,auva*kDnfid(a)nt/

adj.

excessively confident, /.auva'kuk/ v. cook too much or for too long. overcrowd /.auva'kraud/ v. (usu. as

overcook

overcrowded

adj.)

fill

usual or comfortable. t

beyond what is overcrowding

n.

overdevelop

/.auvadi'velap/

v.

(-p-) 1

develop too much. 2 Photog. treat with developer for too long. overdo /.auva'du:/ v. (-doing; 3rd sing, present -does; past -did; past part. -done) 1 carry to excess, go too far. 2 (esp. as overdone adj.) overcook. overdo it (or things) colloq. exhaust oneself.

account. 2

excessive dose of a drug

is

overdrawing of a bank amount by which an account n. 1

overdrawn.

/.auva'dra:/ v. (past -drew; past part, -drawn) 1 draw more from (a bank account) than the amount cred-

overdrawn adj.) having overdrawn one's account. overdress /.auva'dres/ v. dress with too ited. 2 (as

much

formality.

n. 1 mechanism in a vehicle providing a gear above top gear for economy at high speeds. 2 state of high

overdrive activity.

overdue

/.auva'dju:/ adj. past the

time for payment, arrival, return,

overeager overeat

due etc.

/,auvar'i:ga(r)/ adj. excess-

(past -ate; past

/,auvar'i:t/ v.

part, -eaten) eat too

much,

overemphasize

/.auvaremfa.saiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) give too much

emphasis

overcame past of overcome.

|j

n.

etc.

overdraft

ively eager.

craft, hotel, etc.).

!

overdose

overdraw

have immoderately. I

overfond

633

to.

overenthusiasm ,aez(a)m/

n.

/.auvarmejutzi

overestimate

enthusiasm.

excessive

overenthusiastic overenthusiastically -v.

/-aestik/

adj.

/-'aestikali/

adv.

/.auvar'esti.meit/

(-ting) form too high an estimate of. —n. /.auvar'estimat/ too high an estim-

overestimation /-'meij(a)n/ n. ate. overexcite /.auvank'sait/ v. (-ting) excite excessively. overexcitement n.

overexert much.

/,auvarig'z3:t/

overexertion

v.

exert too

/-ig'z3:J(a)n/ n.

overexpose /.auvarik'spauz/ v. (-sing) 1 expose too much to the public. 2 expose (film) too long.

overfeed

overexposure n. and past

/,auva'fi:d/ v. (past

part, -fed) feed excessively.

overfill

/.auva'fil/ v. fill to

excess or to

overflowing.

overfish /.auva'fiJV v. deplete etc.) by too much fishing.

(a

stream

overflow

-v. /.auva'flau/ 1 flow over 2 a (of a receptacle etc.) be so full that the contents overflow, b (of contents) overflow a container. 3 (of a crowd etc.) extend beyond the limits of (a room etc.). 4 flood (a surface or area). 5 (of kindness, a harvest, etc.) be very abundant, -n. I'duvafldv/ 1 what overflows or is superfluous. 2 outlet for (the

brim

etc.).

excess water etc. overfly /.auva'flai/

v. (-flies; past -flew; past part, -flown) fly over or beyond (a place or territory).

overfond /.auva'fond/ adj.

(often foil, by having too great an affection or liking for (overfond of chocolate; over-

of)

fond parent).

overfull overfull

/.auva'ful/ adj.

filled

excess-

ively.

over-long

adj.

1

raised above the

ground. 2 not underground. /.auva'graun/ adj. 1 grown too big. 2 wild; covered with weeds etc.

overgrowth

overhang

-v.

overlook

n.

/.auva'haen/ (past

and

past part, -hung) project or hang over. -n. /'auva.haerj/ 1 overhanging. 2 overhanging part or amount. overhaul -v. /,auva'ho:l/ 1 thoroughly examine the condition of and repair if necessary. 2 overtake. — n. /'auva.hD.l/ thorough examination, with repairs if necessary. overhead -adv. /.auva'hed/ 1 above head height. 2 in the sky. -adj. /'auva.hed/ placed overhead, -n. /'auva.hed/ (in pi.) routine administrative and maintenance expenses of a busi-

&

projector for producing an enlarged image of a transparency.

overhear

n.

/.auva'hia(r)/

v.

(past

and

past part, -heard) (also absol) hear unintentionally or as an eavesdropper. /,auva'hi:t/ v. 1 make or become too hot. 2 cause inflation (in) by placing excessive pressure on resources at a time of expanding demand. 3 (as

overheat

overheated

adj.) overexcited.

overindulge

/,auvarm'dAld3/ v. (-ging) indulge to excess. overindulgence n.

overindulgent

overjoyed

adj. /,auva'd3oid/ adj. filled with

great joy.

overkill n.

adv. too

excess of capacity to

kill

or

/'auva.laend,

by land. 2 not by

-laend/ adj. sea.

&

overlap

-v. /.auva'laep/ (-pp-) 1 (cause to) partly cover and extend beyond (don *t overlap them). 2 (of two things) be placed so that one overlaps the other (overlapping tiles). 3 partly coincide. -n. /'auva.laep/ 1 overlapping. 2 overlapping part or amount. over-large /,auva'la:d3/ adj. too large. overlay —v. /.auva'lei/ (past and past part, -laid) 1 lay over. 2 (foil, by with) cover (a thing) with (a coating etc.). -n. /'auva.lei/ thing laid over another. overleaf /,auva'li:f/ adv. on the other side of the leaf of a book.

overlie

to notice;

have a view of from above. 3

supervise.

overman

/.auva'maen/

with too large a crew,

(-nn-) provide

v.

staff, etc.

over-much

/.auva'mAtJV -adv. to too great an extent, -adj. excessive. /.auva'nait/ -adv. 1 for a night. 2 during the night. 3 instantly, suddenly, -adj. 1 done or for use etc. overnight. 2 instant (overnight suc-

overnight

cess).

over-particular

/.auvapa'tikjula(r)/

adj. excessively particular or fussy.

overpass

n. road or railway line that passes over another by means of a

bridge. v. (past and past pay too highly or too much.

/.auva'pei/

part, -paid)

overpayment n. overplay /.auva'plei/

give

v.

undue im-

portance to; overemphasize. overplay one's hand act on an unduly optimistic estimation of one's chances.

o verpopulated adj.

/,au va'popj u.leitid/

having too large a population,

overpopulation

overpower

/-'leij(a)n/ n.

v. 1 subdue, conquer. 2 (esp. as overpowering adj.) be too intense or overwhelming for (overpowering smell). overpower-

/.auva'paua(r)/

ingly adv.

overprice

/.auva'prais/

v.

(-cing) price

too highly. 1

destroy. 2 excess.

overland

1 fail

v.

overlord n. supreme lord. overly adv. excessively; too.

overpay

ness.

overhead projector

/.auva'luk/

tolerate. 2

overgrown

1

/.auva'ton/ adj.

long.

overground

adv.

override

634

(-lying; past -lay; past part, -lain) 1 lie on top of. 2 smother (a child etc.) thus. overload —v. /.auva'laud/ 1 load excessively (with baggage, work, etc.). 2 put too great a demand on (an electrical circuit etc.). -n. /'auva.laud/ excessive /.auva'lai/

v.

quantity or demand.

overprint

-v. /.aova'prmt/ print over -n. surface already printed), (a /'auvapnnt/ words etc. overprinted. overproduce /,auvapra'dju:s/ v. (-cing) 1 (often absol.) produce more of (a commodity) than is wanted. 2 produce (a play, recording, etc.) to an excessive overproduction /-'dAkJ(a)n/ degree. n.

overprotective

/.aovapra'tektiv/ adj.

excessively protective,

overqualified

/.auva'kwoli.faid/

adj.

too highly qualified for a particular job etc.

overrate

/.auva'reit/

v.

(-ting)

1

assess

or value too highly. 2 (as overrated adj.) not as good as it is said to be.

overreach /,auva'ri:tj/

v.

outwit, cheat.

overreach oneself fail by attempting too much.

overreact /.auvari'aekt/ v. respond more forcibly than is justified. overreaction

override

n.

-v. /.auva'raraV (-ding; past -rode; past part, -ridden) 1 (often as overriding adj.) have priority over

overrider

overrule

/,auva'ru:l/

v.

(-ling)

set

1

aside (a decision etc.) by superior authority. 2 reject a proposal of (a person) in this

way.

overrun

/.auva'rAn/

past part, -run)

conquer

absol.)

1

v.

past -ran;

by

force. 3 (usu. (an allotted time).

(a territory)

exceed

(-nn-;

swarm or spread over.

overseas -adv.

across the sea; abroad, -attrib. adj. /'auva,si:z/ of places across the sea; foreign. oversee /.auva'si:/ v. (-sees; past -saw; past part, -seen) officially supervise over(workers etc.); superintend.

seer

/,auva'si:z/

n.

over-sensitive

/.auva'sensitiv/

adj.

excessively sensitive; easily hurt or

quick to react. over-sensitiveness n. over-sensitivity /-'tiviti/ n. oversew v. (past part, -sewn or -sewed) sew (two edges) with stitches passing over the join. oversexed /.aova'sekst/ adj. having unusually strong sexual desires. overshadow /.auva'Jaedau/ v. 1 appear much more prominent or important than. 2 cast into the shade. outer protective shoe worn over an ordinary one. overshoot /.auva'Juit/ v. (past and past part, -shot) 1 pass or send beyond (a target or limit). 2 fly beyond or taxi too far along (the runway) when landing or taking off. overshoot the mark go beyond what is intended or proper. oversight n. 1 failure to do or notice something. 2 inadvertent mistake. 3 supervision.

overshoe n.

oversimplify

/.auva'simpli.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) (also absol.) distort (a problem

by stating it in too simple terms. oversimplification /-fi keij(a)n/ n.

etc.)

oversize

adj.

than the usual

oversleep

(also -sized) of greater size. v. (past and past beyond the intended

/,auva'sli:p/

part, -slept) sleep time of waking.

overspecialize

/.auva'speja.laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) concentrate

much on one aspect or area. overspecialization /- zeij(a)n/ n.

too

overspend

/.auva'spend/

v.

past part, -spent) spend too

beyond one's means.

(past

and

much

or

what

overspill

n.

overstate

/.auva'steit/

over or overflows. 2 surplus population moving to a new area. overspread /.auva'spred/ v. (past and past part, -spread) 1 cover the surface of. 2 (as overspread adj.) (usu. foil, by with) covered. 1

is

spilt

v.

(-ting)

too strongly. 2 exaggerate.

ment

ripe.

2

overture

635

(overriding consideration). 2 a intervene and make ineffective, b interrupt the action of (an automatic device), esp. to take manual control, -n. /'auva.raid/ 1 suspension of an automatic function. 2 device for this. overrider n. each of a pair of projecting pieces on the bumper of a car. overripe /.auva'raip/ adj. excessively

1

state

overstate-

n.

overstay /.auva'stei/ v. stay longer than (one's welcome etc.). oversteer -n. /'auva,stia(r)/ tendency of a vehicle to turn more sharply than was intended. -v. /.auva'stia(r)/ (of a vehicle) exhibit oversteer.

overstep

/.auva'step/

v.

(-pp-) pass be-

yond (a permitted or acceptable limit). overstep the mark violate conventional behaviour etc.

overstock

/.auva'stok/

v.

stock excess-

ively.

overstrain /.auva'strem/ v. strain too much. overstretch /.auva'stretJV v. 1 stretch too much. 2 (esp. as overstretched adj.) make excessive demands on (resources, a person,

etc.).

overstrung

adj.

person, nerves,

1

/.auva'strAn/ (of a

too highly strung. 2 /'auva.strAn/ (of a piano) with strings in sets crossing each other obliquely.

overstuffed

etc.)

/.auva'stAft/

adj.

(of

1

furniture) made soft and comfortable by thick upholstery. 2 stuffed too full. oversubscribe /.auvasab'skraib/ v. (-bing) (usu. as oversubscribed adj.) subscribe for more than the amount available of (shares, tickets, places, etc.).

overt

/au'v3:t/ adj.

done openly; uncon-

overtly adv. [French, past cealed. part, of ouvrir open] overtake /.auva'teik/ v. (-king; past -took; past part, -taken) 1 (also absol.) catch up with and pass while travelling in the same direction. 2 (of misfortune etc.) come suddenly upon. overtax /.auva'taeks/ v. 1 make excessive demands on. 2 tax too heavily.

over-the-top

adj. colloq. excessive.

overthrow

-v.

/.auva'Grau/

(past

-threw; past part, -thrown) 1 remove forcibly from power. 2 conquer, overcome, —n. /'auva.Grau/ defeat, downfall. overtime —n. 1 time worked in addition to regular hours. 2 payment for this. -adv. in addition to regular hours. overtone n. 1 Mus. any of the tones above the lowest in a harmonic series. 2 subtle extra quality or implication.

overture

/'auva rjua(r)/ n. 1 orchestral piece opening an opera etc. 2 composition in this style. 3 (usu. in pi.) a opening 1

overturn

overturn /,aova't3:n/ v. 1 (cause to) fall down or over. 2 reverse; overthrow. overuse -v. /,auva'ju:z/ (-sing) use too

much

excessive use. overview n. general survey. overweening /.auva'wiinirj/ adj. arrogant,

-rc. /,auva'ju:s/

presumptuous.

overweight -adj.

/.auva'weit/

above an

allowed

or suitable weight, -n. /'auva.weit/ excess weight; preponderance. overwhelm /.auva'welm/ v. 1 overpower with emotion or a burden. 2 overcome by force of numbers. 3 bury or drown beneath a huge mass. overwhelming adj. 1 too great to resist or overcome (an overwhelming desire to laugh). 2 by a great number (the overwhelming majority). over-

whelmingly

oxen

636

of negotiations, b formal proposal or offer. [French: related to overt]

adv.

overwind

/.aova'wamd/ v. (past and past part, -wound) wind (a watch etc.) beyond the proper stopping point. overwork /,auva'w3:k/ -v. 1 (cause to) work too hard. 2 weary or exhaust with too much work. 3 (esp. as overworked adj.) make excessive use of (an overworked phrase). 4 (as overworked adj.) = overwrought 2. -n. excessive work.

overwrought

/,auva'rD:t/ adj. 1 over-

indebted to a person or thing for (we owe to the weather). [Old Eng-

our success lish]

owing /'aoin/ predic.

adj. 1 owed; yet to be paid. 2 (foil, by to) a caused by. b (as prep.) because of.

Usage The use of owing to as a preposition meaning 'because of is entirely acceptable (e.g. couldn't come owing to the snow), unlike this use of due to.

owl

n. 1 nocturnal bird of prey with large eyes and a hooked beak. 2 solemn or wise-looking person. owlish adj. [Old English] owlet n. small or young owl. /aun/ -adj. (prec. by possessive) 1 a belonging to oneself or itself; not another's (saw it with my own eyes), b individual, peculiar, particular (has its own charm). 2 used to emphasize identity rather than possession (cooks his own meals). 3 (absol.) private property (is it your own?). -v. 1 have as property; possess. 2 admit as valid, true, etc. 3 acknowledge paternity, authorship, or

own

possession of. come into one's own 1 receive one's due. 2 achieve recognition, get one's own back get revenge, hold one's own maintain one's position, of

one's own belonging to oneself, on one's own 1 alone, independent. 2 independently, without help, own up (often foil, by to) confess frankly, o -owned adj. (in comb.). [Old English]

excited, nervous, distraught. 2 too elaborate. ovi- comb, form egg, ovum, [from ovum] oviduct /'auvi.dAkt/ n. tube through

own brand

which an ovum passes from the ovary, oviform /'auvi.faim/ adj. egg-shaped, ovine /'aovam/ adj. of or like sheep.

manufactured specially for a retailer and bearing the retailer's name. owner n. person who owns something.

[Latin ov is sheep] /au'viparas/ adj. producing after leaving the body, [from ovum, Latin -parus bearing] ovoid /'auvoid/ adj. (of a solid) eggshaped, [related to ovum]

ownership n. owner-occupier

oviparous

young from eggs hatching

ovulate

/'ovju.leit/ v. (-ting) produce ova or ovules, or discharge them from the ovary. ovulation /-'leij(a)n/ n. [related to ovum]

ovule /'ovju:l/ n. structure that contains the germ cell in a female plant, [related to

ovum]

ovum

/'auvam/

n. (pi.

ova) female egg-

from which young develop after = egg] int. expressing sudden pain, [natural

cell

fertilization. [Latin,

ow

exclamation]

owe /au/ v.

(owing) 1 a be under obligation (to a person etc.) to pay or repay (money, gratitude, etc.). b (usu. foil, by for) be in debt. 2 have a duty to render (owe allegiance). 3 (usu. foil, by to) be

n.

(often attrib.) goods

n. person who owns and occupies a house. goal n. 1 goal scored by mistake

own

against the scorer's own side. 2 act etc. that has the unintended effect of harming one's own interests. owt n. colloq. or dial, anything, [var. of

aught]

ox

n.

(pi.

oxen)

1

large usu. horned

ruminant used for draught, milk, and meat. 2 castrated male of a domesticated species of cattle. [Old English] oxalic acid /ok'saelik/ n. very poisonous and sour acid found in sorrel and rhubarb leaves. [Greek oxalis wood sorrel]

oxbow

n.

loop formed by a horseshoe

bend in a

river. Oxbridge n. (also attrib.)

Oxford and Cambridge universities regarded together, esp. in contrast to newer ones, [portmanteau word]

oxen pi.

of ox.

ox-eye daisy

ox-eye daisy n. daisy with white petals and a yellow centre. Oxf. abbr. Oxford. Oxfam abbr. Oxford Committee for Famine Relief. Oxford blue /'oksfad/ adj. & n. (as adj. often hyphenated) a dark blue, often with a purple tinge. 1 hide of an ox. 2 leather from

oxhide n. this.

oxidation

/,Dksi'deiJ\a)n/ n. process of

oxidizing. [French: related to oxide] /'nksaid/ n. binary compound of oxygen. [French: related to oxygen] oxidize /'oksi.daiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 combine with oxygen. 2 make or become rusty. 3 coat (metal) with oxidization /-'zei j(a)n/ n. oxide. abbr. (esp. in degree titles) of Oxford University. [Latin Oxoniensis: related to Oxonian]

oxide

Oxon

Oxonian

ozone layer

637

/ok'saunian/ -adj. of Oxford or Oxford University, -n. 1 member of Oxford University. 2 native or inhabitant of Oxford. [Oxonia Latinized name of Ox{eri)ford\ oxtail n. tail of an ox, often used in making soup. oxyacetylene / Dksia'seti,li:n/ adj. of or using a mixture of oxygen and acetylene, esp. in cutting or welding metals. oxygen /'Dksid3(a)n/ n. tasteless odourless gaseous element essential to plant and animal life. [Greek oxus sharp, -gen (because it was thought to be present in

oxygenate /'Dksid3a,neit/ v.

(-ting) sup-

or mix with oxygen; oxidize. tentlike enclosure supplying a patient with air rich in oxygen. oxymoron /,Dksi'mo:rmi/ n. figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g. faith unfaithful kept him falsely true). [Greek, = pointedly foolish, from oxus sharp, moros dull] oyez /au'jes/ int. (also oyes) uttered, usu. three times, by a public crier or a court officer to command attention. [AngloFrench, = hear!, from Latin audio] oyster -n. 1 bivalve mollusc, esp. an edible kind, sometimes producing a pearl. 2 symbol of all one desires (the world is my oyster). 3 oyster white. -adj. oyster-white. [Greek ostreon] oyster-catcher n. wading sea bird. ply, treat,

oxygen tent n.

oyster white

adj.

&

n. (as adj.

often

hyphenated) greyish white. ounce(s). [Italian onza ounce] ozone /'auzaun/ n. 1 Chem. unstable form of oxygen with three atoms in a molecule, having a pungent odour. 2 colloq. a invigorating air at the seaside etc. b exhilarating influence. [Greek ozo

oz abbr.

(

all acids)]

smell

(v.)]

ozone-friendly chemicals

adj.

destructive

not containing to the ozone

layer.

ozone layer

n. layer of ozone in the stratosphere that absorbs most of the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

p P

1

/pi:/ n. (also p) (pi. Ps or P's) sixteenth letter of the alphabet.

P 2 abbr.

(on road signs) parking. 2 Chess pawn. 3 (also ®) propriet(also P.)

1

3

symb. phosphorus, p abbr. (also p.) 1 penny, pence. 2 page. 3 piano (softly). abbr. 1 personal assistant. 2 public address (system). Pa symb. protactinium,

PA

pa /pa:/ n.

colloq. father, [abbreviation of

papa] p. a. abbr. per

annum,

pabulum

/'paebjulam/ n. food, esp. for the mind. [Latin] 1 pace -n. 1 a single step in walking or running, b distance covered in this. 2 speed in walking or running. 3 rate of movement or progression. 4 way of walking or running; gait {ambling pace), -v. (-cing) 1 a walk slowly and

evenly (pace up and down), b (of a horse) amble. 2 traverse by pacing. 3 set the pace for (a rider, runner, etc.). 4 (foil,

by out) measure by pacing. keep pace (often foil, by with) advance at an equal rate (to), put a person etc. through his (or her) paces test a person's qualities in action etc. set the pace determine the speed; lead. [French pas from Latin passus]

pace2

/'pa:tjei, 'peisi/ prep, (in stating a contrary opinion) with due respect to (the person named). [Latin, ablative of

pax peace] pace bowler

pacemaker

n.

pace-setter n.

Cricket fast bowler. 1

competitor

who

sets

1

leader. 2

= pacemaker

1.

pachyderm

/'paeki,d3:m/ n. thickesp. an elephant

skinned mammal,

pachydermatous

rhinoceros.

/-'d3:m8tas/ adj. [Greek derma skin]

pakhus

thick,

pacific quil.

/pa'sifik/ -adj. 1 peaceful; tran2 (Pacific) of or adjoining the

ocean between America to the east and Asia to the west. [Latin pax pacis peace] Pacific, -n. (the Pacific)

pacifier

/'paesi,fai8(r)/ n.

thing that pacifies. 2

1

person or

US baby's

dummy.

pacifism /'paesi,fiz(a)m/ n. belief that war and violence are morally unjustifiable.

/pa'sifikatan/ adj. -n. 1 a collection of things wrapped up or tied together for carrying, b = backpack. 2 set of packaged items. 3 usu. derog. lot or set (pack of lies; pack of thieves). 4 set of playingcards. 5 group of hounds, wild animals, etc. 6 organized group of Cub Scouts or Brownies. 7 Rugby team's forwards. 8 = FACE-PACK. 9 = PACK ICE. -V. 1 (often foil. by up) a fill (a suitcase, bag, etc.) with clothes etc. b put (things) in a bag or suitcase, esp. for travelling. 2 (often foil,

pack

by

1

in, into)

pacifist

n.

& adj.

crowd or cram (packed a

lot

into a few hours; packed in like sardines). 3 (esp. in passive; often foil, by with) fill (restaurant was packed; fans packed the stadium; packed with information). 4 cover (a thing) with packaging. 5 be suitable for packing. 6 colloq. a carry (a gun etc.), b be capable of delivering (a forceful punch). 7 (of an-

imals or Rugby forwards) form a pack. pack in colloq. stop, give up (packed in his job), pack it in (or up) colloq. end or stop it. pack off send (a person) away, esp. summarily, pack them in fill a theatre etc. with a capacity audience,

pack up

colloq. 1 stop function-

from an packing [Low summarily.

ing; break down. 2 retire activity, contest, etc. send colloq.

n.

the pace in a race. 2 natural or artificial device for stimulating the heart muscle.

or

v. (-ies, -ied) 1 appease person, anger, etc.). 2 bring (a country etc.) to a state of peace. pacification /-fi'keiJXaJn/ n. pacific-

(a

atory

ary.

P

pacify /'paesi.fai/

German

pack

dismiss or Dutch]

2

v. select (a jury etc.) or fill (a meeting) so as to secure a decision in one's favour, [probably from pact] package -n. 1 a bundle of things packed, b parcel, box, etc., in which things are packed. 2 (in full package deal) set of proposals or items offered or agreed to as a whole. 3 Computing piece of software suitable for a wide range of users. 4 colloq. = package holiday, -v. (-ging) make up into or enclose in a packager n. package.

package holiday

n.

(also

package

tour) holiday (or tour) with travel, hotels, etc. at

packaging

an inclusive price. wrapping or container

n. 1

for goods. 2 process of packing goods.

packed lunch etc.

n. lunch"of sandwiches prepared and packed to be eaten

away from home.

packed out packed out adj. full, crowded, packer n. person or thing that packs, esp. a dealer who prepares and packs small package. 2 colloq. large sum of money won, lost, or spent. 3 (in full packet-boat) hist, mailboat or passenger ship. packhorse n. horse for carrying loads. pack ice n. crowded floating ice in the /'paekit/ n.

1

sea.

packing

n.

material used to pack esp.

packthread

stout thread for sewing or tying up packs. pact n. agreement; treaty. [Latin pacn.

tum] thick piece of soft material used to protect, fill out hollows, hold or absorb liquid, etc. 2 sheets of blank paper fastened together at one edge, for writing or drawing on. 3 fleshy underpart of an animal's foot or of a human finger. 4 guard for the leg and ankle in sports. 5 flat surface for helicopter take-off or rocket-launching. 6 slang lodgings, flat, etc. 7 floating leaf of a water lily. -u. (-dd-) 1 provide with a pad or padding; stuff. 2 (foil, by out) lengthen or fill out (a book etc.) with unnecessary material, [probably Low German or Dutch] pad 2 -v. (-dd-) 1 walk with a soft dull steady step. 2 travel, or tramp along (a road etc.), on foot. ~-n. sound of soft steady steps. [Low German pad path] padded cell n. room with padded walls in a mental hospital. padding n. soft material used to pad or

—n.

1

stuff.

paddle

1

/'paed(a)l/ -n. 1 short broadbladed oar used without a rowlock. 2 paddle-shaped instrument. 3 fin, flip per. 4 board on a paddle-wheel or millwheel. 5 action or spell of paddling, - v. (-ling) 1 move on water or propel a boat

by

paddles.

2

row

gently,

[origin

unknown]

paddle 2 /'paed(a)l/ -v.

(-ling) walk bareor dabble the feet or hands, in shallow water, -n. act of paddling, [probably Low German or Dutch]

foot,

paddle-boat

n. (also

paddle-steamer)

boat (or steamer) propelled by a paddlewheel. paddle-wheel n. wheel for propelling a ship, with boards round the circumference.

paddock

/'paedi/ n. (pi. -ies) colloq. often

Irishman.

offens.

/'paedak/ n. 1 small field, esp. for keeping horses in. 2 turf enclosure at a racecourse for horses or cars, [parrock, var. of park]

Padraig

[Irish

Patrick] 1

/'paedi/

n.

(pi -ies)

1

(in full

paddy-field) field where rice is grown. 2 rice before threshing or in the husk. [Malay]

paddy 2

/'paedi/ n. {pi -ies) colloq. rage; of temper, [from Paddy] padlock /'paedlok/ -n. detachable lock hanging by a pivoted hook on the object fastened, -v. secure with a padlock. fit

[origin

fragile articles.

1

Paddy paddy

food.

packet

pad

pageantry

639

padre

unknown] chaplain in the army Spanish, and Portuguese,

/'pa:dri/ n.

etc. [Italian,

=

father, priest]

paean

/'pi:an/ n. (US pean) song of praise or triumph. [Latin from Greek] paederast var. of pederast. paederasty var. of pederasty. paediatrics /.piidi'aetnks/ n.pl (treated as sing.) (US pediatrics) branch of medicine dealing with chil-

dren and their diseases. paediatric paediatrician /-a'triKa)n/ n. [from paedo-, Greek iatros physician] paedo- comb, form (US pedo-) child. [Greek pais paid- child] paedophile /'pi:da,fail/ n. (US pedophile) person who displays paedophilia. paedophilia /.piida'filia/ n. (US pedophilia) sexual attraction felt towards adj.

children.

paella

/pai'ela/ n.

Spanish dish of

rice,

saffron, chicken, seafood, etc., cooked and served in a large shallow pan.

[Latin patella]

paeony var. of peony. pagan /'peigan/ -n. non-religious

person, pantheist, or heathen, esp. in preChristian times, —adj. 1 a of pagans, b irreligious. 2 pantheistic. paganism n. [Latin paganus from pagus country district]

page

1

-n. 1 a leaf of a book, periodical, b each side of this, c what is written or printed on this. 2 episode; memorable etc.

event,

-v.

pagina] -n.

page 2

(-ging)

paginate.

[Latin

or man employed to run errands, attend to a door, etc. 2 boy as a personal attendant of a bride etc. -v. (-ging) 1 (in hotels, 1

liveried

airports, etc.)

summon,

an announcement. 2

boy

esp.

by making

summon by pager.

[French]

pageant

/'paed3(a)nt/ n. 1 a brilliant an elaborate parade, b spectacular procession or play illustrating historical events, c tableau etc. on a fixed stage or moving vehicle. 2 empty or specious show, [origin unknown] pageantry n. (esp. on State occasions) spectacular show; pomp.

spectacle, esp.

page-boy page-boy

n. 2.

2

hairstyle rolled under.

pager

paintbrush

bleeping radio device, calling its wearer to the telephone etc. paginate /'paed3i,neit/ v. (-ting) assign numbers to the pages of (a book etc.).

pagination /-'neij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to page ] pagoda /pa'gauda/ n. 1 Hindu or Bud1

dhist temple etc., esp. a many-tiered tower, in India and the Far East. 2 ornamental imitation of this. [Portuguese! pah /pa:/ int. expressing disgust or contempt, [natural exclamation] paid past and past part, of pay 1 paid-up adj. having paid one's subscription to a trade-union, club, etc., or having done what is required to be considered a full member of a particular group {paid-up feminist). pail n. 1 bucket. 2 amount contained in this. pailful n. (pi. -s). [Old English] pain -n. 1 any unpleasant bodily sensation produced by illness, accident, etc. 2 mental suffering. 3 (also pain in the neck or arse) colloq. troublesome person or thing; nuisance, -u. 1 cause pain to. 2 (as pained adj.) expressing pain {pained expression). be at (or take) pains take great care, in pain suffering pain, on (or under) pain of with (death etc.) as the penalty. [Latin poena penalty] painful adj. 1 causing bodily or mental pain. 2 (esp. of part of the body) suffering pain. 3 causing trouble or difficulty; painfully laborious {painful climb). .

adv.

drug for alleviating pain. painkilling adj. painnot causing pain. painless adj. n.

lessly adv.

painstaking

/'pemz.teikin/ adj. carepainstakful, industrious, thorough. ingly adv. paint -n. 1 pigment, esp. in liquid form, for colouring a surface. 2 this as a dried film or coating {paint peeled off), -v 1 a cover (a wall, object, etc.) with paint, b apply paint of a specified colour to (paint the door green). 2 depict (an object, scene, etc.) in paint; produce (a thus. describe vividly picture) 3 (painted a gloomy picture). 4 joc. or archaic a apply make-up to (the face, skin, etc.). b apply (a liquid to the skin etc.). paint out efface with paint, paint the town red colloq. enjoy oneself flamboyantly. [Latin pingo pict-] paintbox n. box holding dry paints for painting pictures. .

brush for applying

n.

paint.

painted lady

n.

painkiller

Palaeocene

640

= page 2

woman's with the hair bobbed and n. 1

orange-red spotted

n.

butterfly.

painter

1

n.

person

who

paints; artist or

decorator.

painter 2 n. rope attached to the bow of a boat for tying

unknown] painterly

it

to a

quay

etc. [origin

characteristic of a painter or paintings; artistic. 2 (of a painting) lacking clearly defined outadj.

1

lines.

painting

n.

1

process or art of using

paint. 2 painted picture,

paint shop

part of a factory where cars etc. are sprayed or painted, paintwork n. painted, esp. wooden, surface or area in a building etc. painty adj. of or covered in paint (painty smelt). pair -n. 1 set of two people or things used together or regarded as a unit. 2 article (e.g. scissors, trousers, or pyjamas) consisting of two joined or corresponding parts. 3 a engaged or married couple, b mated couple of animals. 4 two horses harnessed side by side (coach and pair). 5 member of a pair in relation to the other (cannot find its pair). 6 two playing-cards of the same denomination. 7 either or both of two MPs etc. on opposite sides agreeing not to vote on certain occasions, -v. 1 (often foil, by off) arrange or be arranged in couples. 2 a join or be joined in marriage, b (of animals) mate. [Latin paria: related to PAR] pair of scales n. simple balance. n.

Paisley /'peizli/ n. pattern

of

(pi. -s)

curved

(often attrib.)

1

feather-shaped

figures. 2 soft woollen shawl etc. having this pattern. [Paisley in Scotland]

pajamas C/Svar. of pyjamas. Paki /'paeki/ n. (pi. -s) slang

offens.

Pakistani, [abbreviation]

Pakistani

/,pa:ki'sta:m/ -n. (pi. -s)

1

native or national of Pakistan. 2 person of Pakistani descent, -adj. of Pakistan. pal-rc. colloq. friend, mate, comrade. -v. (-11-) (usu. foil, by up) associate; form a friendship. [Romany] palace /'paelis/ n. 1 official residence of a sovereign, president, archbishop, or bishop. 2 splendid or spacious building. [Latin

palatium]

palace revolution

n. (also palace coup) (usu. non-violent) overthrow of a sovereign, government, etc. by a bur-

eaucracy.

palaeo- comb, form (US paleo-) ancient; prehistoric. [Greek palaios]

Palaeocene

/'paeli8,si:n/ (US Paleocene) Geol. -adj. of the earliest epoch of

palaeography

l

the Tertiary period, -n. this epoch or system, [from palaeo-, Greek kainos

new]

paleo- comb, form US var. of palaeo-. Paleocene US var. of Palaeocene. paleography US var. of palaeo]

1

]

palaeography

/.paeli'Dgrafi/ n. (US paleography) the study of ancient writpalaeographer ing and documents. n.

palliasse

64i

graphy. paleolithic US var. of palaeolithic paleontology US var. of palaeon]

]

tology.

[French: related to palaeo-]

palaeolithic

(US

adj.

/.paeliau'liGik/

paleolithic) of the early part of the Stone Age. [Greek lithos stone]

palaeontology

Paleozoic US Palestinian ]

]

(US

/.paelron'toladsi/ n.

paleontology) the study of life in the palaeontologist n. geological past. [Greek on ont- being] Palaeozoic /.paeliau'zauik/ (US Paleozoic) -adj. of an era of geological time marked by the appearance of plants and

var. of Palaeozoic. /.paeh'stmian/ -adj. of Palestine, —n. 1 native of Palestine. 2 Arab, or a descendant of one, born or living in the area formerly called Palestine.

animals, esp. invertebrates, -n. this era. [Greek zoion animal] palais /'paelei/ n. colloq. public dancehall. [French, = hall]

palette /'paelit/ n. 1 artist's thin board or slab for laying and mixing colours on. 2 range of colours used by an artist. [French from Latin pa la spade] palette-knife n. 1 thin flexible steel blade with a handle for mixing colours or applying or removing paint. 2 blunt round-ended flexible kitchen knife,

palanquin /.paelan'kiin/ n.

palimony /'paelimani/ n.

keen)

(in India

litter for one.

palatable

(also

palan-

an idea

etc.)

pleasant acceptable,

/'paelat(8)l/

-adj.

1

palace]

.

US colloq.

palimpsest

]

/'paelimp.sest/ n.

1

writing-

material or manuscript on which the original writing has been effaced for reuse. 2 monumental brass turned and re-engraved on the reverse side. [Greek palin again, psestos rubbed] palindrome /'paelm.draum/ n. word or phrase reading the same backwards as forwards (e.g. nurses run). palindromic /-'drmmk/ adj. [Greek palindromos running back: related to palimpsest, drom- run] paling n. 1 fence of pales. 2 pale, palisade /,paeli'seid/-n. 1 fence of pales or iron railings. 2 strong pointed wooden stake, -v. (-ding) enclose or provide with a palisade. [French: related ]

]

]

palatinate /pa'laeti.neit/ n. territory under the jurisdiction of a Count Palatine.

palatine

/'paela.tairf/ adj. (also Palatine) hist. 1 (of an official etc.) having local authority that elsewhere belongs only to a sovereign (Count Palatine). 2 (of a territory) subject to this authority. [Latin: related to palace] palaver /pa'kt:va(r)/ n. colloq. tedious fuss and bother. [Latin: related to par-

2 to PALE ] pall /po:l/ n. 1 cloth spread over a coffin etc. 2 shoulder-band with pendants, worn as an ecclesiastical vestment and sign of authority. 3 dark covering (pall of darkness). [Latin pallium cloak] pall 2 /po:l/ v. (often foil, by on) become 1

]

]

uninteresting (to), [from appal] /pa'leidiam/ n. rare white metallic element used as a catalyst and in jewellery. [Pallas, name of an aster-

palladium

able]

]

pale -adj. 1

(of a person, colour, or complexion) light or faint; whitish, ashen. 2 of faint lustre; dim. -v. (-ling) 1 grow or make pale. 2 (often foil, by before, beside) seem feeble in comparison (with). palely adv. paleness

palish

pale

esp.

allowance paid by either partner of a separated unmarried couple to the other, [from pal, alimony]

[Portuguese]

of the palate. 2 (of a sound) made by placing the tongue against the hard palate (e.g. y in yes), —n. palatal sound. palate /'paelat/ n. 1 structure closing the upper part of the mouth cavity in vertebrates. 2 sense of taste. 3 mental taste; liking. [Latin palatum] palatial /pa'leiJXa)!/ adj. (of a building) like a palace; spacious and splendid. palatially adv. [Latin: related to

2

]

and the East) covered

satisfactory.

n.

]

/'pael9tab(a)l/ adj. 1

to taste. 2 (of

palatal

]

n.

fencing

1

1

adj. [Latin pallidus]

pointed piece of

etc.;

stake. 2

ond the pale

wood

boundary.

for

bey-

outside the bounds of acceptable behaviour. [Latin palus] paleface n. name supposedly used by N. American Indians for the White man.

oid]

pallbearer

n. person helping to carry or escort a coffin at a funeral. 1 pallet /'paelit/ n. 1 straw mattress. 2 mean or makeshift bed. [Latin palea straw] pallet 2 /'paelit/ n. portable platform for transporting and storing loads. [French: related to palette] palliasse /'paeli.aes/ n. straw mattress. 1 [Latin: related to pallet ] ]

]

]

]

palliate palliate

/'paeli.eit/ v.

(-ting)

(disease) without curing

1

it.

alleviate 2 excuse,

extenuate. palliative /-ativ/ n. & adj. [Latin pallio cloak: related to pall 1 ]

pallid

/'paelid/ adj. pale, esp. from ill1 ness. [Latin: related to pale ] pallor /'pael9(r)/ n. paleness. [Latin palleo be pale] pally adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. friendly. palm 1 /pa:m/ n. 1 (also palm-tree) (usu. tropical) tree-like plant with no branches and a mass of large leaves at the top. 2 leaf of this as a symbol of victory. [Latin palma]

palm

2

/pa:m/ -n.

1

inner surface of the

hand between the wrist and

fingers. 2 part of a glove that covers this. — v. conceal in the hand. palm off 1 (often foil, by on) impose fraudulently (on a person) (palmed my old car off on him). 2 (often foil, by with) cause (a person) to accept unwillingly or unknowingly (palmed him off with my old car). [Latin

palma] open hand. 2 having lobes

etc.

like

spread fingers. [Latin palmatus: related

PALM 2

paltry

worthcontemptible, trifling. paltri[from palt rubbish] pampas /'paempas/ n.pl. large treeless plains in S. America. [Spanish from /'po:ltri/ adj. (-ier, -iest)

less,

ness

n.

Quechua]

pampas-grass

n. tall S.

American

or-

namental grass.

pamper v.

overindulge (a person, taste, etc.); spoil, [obsolete pamp cram] pamphlet /'paemflit/ -n. small usu. unbound booklet or leaflet, -v. (-t-) distribute pamphlets to. [Pamphilus, name of medieval poem] pamphleteer /,paemfli'tia(r)/ n. writer of (esp. political) pamphlets. pan 1 -rc. 1 a broad usu. metal vessel used for cooking etc. b contents of this. 2 panlike vessel in which substances are heated etc. 3 similar shallow container, e.g. the bowl of a pair of scales. 4 lavatory bowl. 5 part of the lock in old guns. 6 hollow in the ground (salt-pan), -v. (-nn-) 1 colloq. criticize severely. 2 a

by off, out) wash (gold-bearing gravel) in a pan. b search for gold thus. pan out 1 (of an action etc.) turn out; work out well or in a specified way. 2 (of panful n. (pi. -s). gravel) yield gold. panlike adj. [Old English] pan 2 -y. (-nn-) 1 swing (a film camera) horizontally to give a panoramic effect or to follow a moving object. 2 (of a camera) be moved thus. -n. panning (foil,

palmate /'paelmeit/ adj. 1 shaped like an to

panchromatic

642

]

palmetto

/pael'metau/ n. (pi. -s) small palm-tree. [Spanish palmito diminutive of palma palm 1 ] palmistry /'pa:mistn/ n. fortunetelling from lines etc. on the palm of the hand. palmist n. palm oil n. oil from various palms. Palm Sunday n. Sunday before Easter, celebrating Christ's entry into Jerusalem.

palmy /'pa:mi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1

of, like,

or abounding in palms. 2 triumphant, flourishing (palmy days).

palomino

/,pael9'mi:nau/

n.

(pi.

-s)

golden or cream-coloured horse with light-coloured

mane and

tail.

[Latin

palumba dove] palpable /'paelpab(a)l/ touched or

felt.

adj. 1 able to be 2 readily perceived.

palpably adv. [Latin palpo caress] palpate /'paelpeit/ v. (-ting) examine palpation (esp. medically) by touch. /-'peij(a)n/ n.

palpitate

/'paelpi.teit/ v. (-ting)

with involuntary tremors. — u. (-ies, -ied) affect with palsy. [French: related tO PARALYSIS]

racial

group,

religion,

etc.

(pan-

American). [Greek pan, neuter of pas pantos all] panacea /,paena'si:9/ n. universal remedy. [Greek: related to pan-, akos remedy]

panache

/pa'naeJV

n.

assertive flam-

boyance; confidence of style or manner. [French, = plume] panama /'paena.ma:/ n. straw hat with a brim and indented crown. [Panama in Central America] panatella /.paena'tela/ n. long thin cigar. [American Spanish, = long thin biscuit]

pancake pulsate,

throb, tremble. [Latin palpito frequentative of palpo touch gently] palpitation /,paelpi'teij(8)n/ n. 1 throbbing, trembling. 2 (often in pi.) increased rate of heartbeat due to exertion, agitation, or disease. palsy /'po:lzi/ -n. (pi. -ies) paralysis, esp.

movement, [from panorama] 1 all; the whole of. 2 relating to the whole of a continent,

pan- comb, form

n. 1 thin flat cake of fried batter usu. rolled up with a filling. 2 flat cake of make-up etc.

Pancake Day (when

pancakes

n.

Shrove are

Tuesday

traditionally

eaten).

pancake landing n. colloq. emergency aircraft landing with the undercarriage still retracted. /.paenkrau'maetik/ adj. (of a film etc.) sensitive to all visible

panchromatic

colours of the spectrum.

pancreas

/'paenknas/ n. gland near the stomach supplying digestive fluid and pancreatic /-'aetik/ secreting insulin. adj. [Greek kreas flesh]

panda

/'paenda/ n.

1

(also giant

panda)

large bearlike black and white mammal native to China and Tibet. 2 (also red

panda)

reddish-brown

racoon-like

Himalayan

mammal.

[Nepali] police patrol car. pandemic /paen'demik/ adj. (of a disease etc.) widespread; universal. [Greek demos people]

panda car

pantile

643

pancreas

n.

pandemonium /.paendi'mauniam/ n.

1

uproar; utter confusion. 2 scene of this, [place in hell in Milton's Paradise Lost: related to pan-, demon] pander /'paenda(r)/ -v. (foil, by to) gratify or indulge (a person or weakness etc.). -n. 1 procurer; pimp. 2 person who

encourages coarse desires. [Pandare, name of a character in the story of Troilus and Cressida]

pandit var. of pundit 1. Pandora's box /paen'do:raz/

n.

process

begun will generate many unmanageable problems, [a box in Greek mythology from which many ills were released on mankind] p. & p. abbr. postage and packing. that once

pane n.

single sheet of glass in a window or door. [Latin pannus a cloth] panegyric /,paeni'd3ink/ n. eulogy; speech or essay of praise. [Greek agora

assembly]

panel /'paen(a)l/-tt.

1 distinct, usu. rectangular, section of a surface (e.g. of a wall, door, or vehicle). 2 strip of material in a garment. 3 team in a broadcast game, discussion, etc. 4 a list of available jurors, b jury. -v. (-11-; US -1-) fit, cover, or decorate with panels. [Latin diminutive of pannus: related to pane] panel-beater n. person who beats out the metal panels of vehicles. panel game n. broadcast quiz etc. played by a panel. panelling n. (US paneling) 1 panelled work. 2 wood for making panels. panellist n. (US panelist) member of a

panel.

pang n.

(often in pi.) sudden sharp pain or painful emotion, [obsolete pronge] pangolin /paen'gaulin/ n. scaly Asian and African anteater. [Malay] panic /'paenik/ -n. 1 sudden uncontrollable fear. 2 infectious fright, esp. in commercial dealings, -v. (-ck-) (often foil, by into) affect or be affected with panic (was panicked into buying).

panicky adj. [Greek Pan, rural god] panicle /'paenik(a)l/ n. loose branching cluster of flowers, as in oats. [Latin

paniculum diminutive of panus thread]

panic stations

colloq.

n.pl.

state of

emergency.

panic-stricken

panicadj. (also struck) affected with panic. panjandrum /paen'd3aendram/ n. 1 mock title for an important person. 2 pompous official etc. [invented word] pannier /'paenia(r)/ n. basket, bag, or box, esp. one of a pair carried by a donkey etc., bicycle, or motor cycle. [Latin panis bread]

panoply

/'paenapli/ n. (pi. -ies)

1

com-

plete or splendid array. 2 complete suit of armour. [Greek hopla arms] /.paena'ra.ma/ n. 1 unbroken view of a surrounding region. 2 complete survey of a subject, series of events, etc. 3 picture or photograph

panorama

containing a wide view. 4 continuous panoramic /-'raemik/ passing scene. adj. [Greek horama view] pan-pipes n.pl. musical instrument made of a series of short graduated pipes fixed together, [from Pan, Greek rural god]

pansy

/'paenzi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 cultivated plant with flowers of various rich colours. 2 colloq. offens. a effeminate man.

b male homosexual. [French pensee thought, pansy] pant -v. 1 breathe with short quick breaths. 2 (often foil, by out) utter breathlessly. 3 (usu. foil, by for) yearn, crave. 4 (of the heart etc.) throb violently, -n. 1 panting breath. 2 throb. [Greek: related to fantasy]

pantaloons

/,paenta'lu:nz/

(esp.

n.pl.

women's) baggy trousers gathered the ankles. [French from Italian]

at

pantechnicon

/paen'teknikan/ n. large furniture removal van. [from technic: originally as the name of a bazaar]

pantheism

/'paen8i,iz(a)m/ n. 1 belief in all nature. 2 worship that admits or tolerates all gods. pan-

that

God

is

theist n. pantheistic [Greek theos god]

pantheon

/'paenGian/ n.

/-'istik/

1

adj.

building in

which illustrious dead are buried or have memorials. 2 the deities of a people temple dedicated to all the gods. [Greek theion divine] panther n. 1 leopard, esp. with black fur. 2 US puma. [Greek panther] pantie-girdle n. woman's girdle with a crotch shaped like pants. collectively. 3

panties

/'paentiz/

n.pl.

colloq.

short-

legged or legless underpants worn by women and girls, [diminutive of pants] pantihose /'paenti.hauz/ n. (usu. treated as pi.) US women's tights.

pantile /'paentail/ [from pan 1

]

n.

curved

roof-tile,

panto 1

,

.

dinavian]

papa

pa'pa: n. archaic father (esp. as a child's word). [Greek papas] papacy 'peipesi n. (pi. -ies) 1 pope's office or tenure. 2 papal system, [medi-

eval Latin papatia: related to pope] /'peip(a)l/ adj. of a pope or the papacy, [medieval Latin: related to pope]

papal

paparazzo

/.paepa'raetsau/ n.

(pi.

-zzi

freelance photographer who pursues celebrities to photograph them.

/-tsi/)

[Italian]

papaw

var. of pawpaw. of pawpaw, [earlier

papaya var.

form of

pawpaw]

paper

par-

644

'paentao n. (pi. -s) collog. = pantomime [abbreviation] pantograph 'paenta,gra:f n. 1 instrument with jointed rods for copying a plan or drawing etc. on a different scale. 2 jointed framework conveying a current to an electric vehicle from overhead wires, [from pan-, -graph] pantomime /paenta.maim n. 1 Christmas theatrical entertainment based on a fairy tale. 2 gestures and facial expression conveying meaning, esp. in drama and dance. 3 colloq. absurd or outrageous piece of behaviour. [Greek: related to pan-, mime] pantry ,'paentri n (pi .i e s) 1 small room or cupboard in which crockery, cutlery, table linen, etc., are kept. 2 larder. [Latin panis bread] pants npl. 1 underpants or knickers. 2 US trousers, z bore (or scare etc.) the pants off colloq. bore, scare, etc., greatly, with one's pants down colloq. in an embarrassingly unprepared state, [abbreviation of pantaloons] pap 1 n. 1 soft or semi-liquid food for infants or invalids. 2 light or trivial reading matter. [Low German or Dutch] pap 2 n. archaic or dial, nipple. [Scan-

panto

material made in thin sheets from the pulp of wood etc., used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping material etc. 2 (attrib.) a made of or using paper, b flimsy like paper. 3 = newspaper. 4 a printed document, b (in pi.) identification etc. documents, c (in pi.) documents of a specified kind (divorce papers). 5 Commerce a negotiable documents, e.g. bills of exchange, b (attrib.) not actual; theoretical (paper profits). 6 a set of printed questions in an examination, b written -n.

answers

1

to these. 7

= wallpaper.

8

essay or dissertation. 9 piece of paper, esp. as a wrapper etc. -v. 1 decorate (a wall etc.) with wallpaper. 2 (foil, by over) a cover (a hole or blemish) with paper, b disguise or try to hide (a fault etc.). z

on paper written papyrus]

in writing. 2 in theory; from or printed evidence. [Latin 1

paperback

n. (often attrib.) book paper or card, not boards. paper-boy n. (also paper-girl) boy or girl who delivers or sells newspapers. paper-chase n. cross-country run following a trail of torn-up paper. paper-clip n. clip of bent wire or plastic for fastening papers together. paper-hanger n. person who hangs

bound

in

wallpaper, esp. for a living. n. blunt knife for opening

paper-knife letters etc.

paper-mill

n.

mill in

which paper

is

made.

paper money n. banknotes. paper round n. 1 job of

regularly delivering newspapers. 2 route for this. n. apparently threatening, but ineffectual, person or thing. paperweight n. small heavy object for keeping loose papers in place. paperwork n. routine clerical or administrative work. papery adj. like paper in thinness or

paper tiger

texture.

papier mache

.paepiei

'masjei

n.

paper pulp moulded into boxes, trays, etc. [French, = chewed paper] papilla pa'pila n. (pi. papillae /-li:/) small nipple-like protuberance in or on the body, as that at the base of a hair, feather, etc. z papillary adj. [Latin] 'peipist n. often derog. 1 (often attrib.) Roman Catholic. 2 hist, advocate of papal supremacy, [related to pope] papoose pa'pu:s n. N. American

papist

Indian young child. [Algonquian] 'paepnka n. 1 red pepper. 2 condiment made from this. [Magyar] Pap test n. cervical smear test. [Papani-

paprika

colaou, name of a US scientist] papyrus pa'paiaras n. (pi. papyri

aquatic plant of N. Africa. 2 a writing-material made in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of this, b text written on this. [Latin from Greek] par n. 1 average or normal amount, degree, condition, etc. (feel below par). 2 equality; equal status or footing (on a par with). 3 Golf number of strokes a first-class player should normally require for a hole or course. 4 face value of stocks and shares etc. (at par). 5 (in full par of exchange) recognized value of one country's currency in terms of another's, z par for the course colloq. what is normal or to be expected. [Latin, = equal] par- var. of para- 1 before a vowel or h (parody). /-rai/) 1

para para

paralyse

645

paratrooper. 2 paragraph, [abbreviation] para- prefix (also par-) 1 beside {para/"paera/ n. colloq. 1 1

2

military).

beyond

(paranormal).

[Greek]

para- 2 comb, form

parasol).

(parachute; defend]

parable

protect,

ward

[Latin

off

paro

adv. [Greek: related to para- 1 doxa opinion] paraffin /'paerafm/ n. 1 inflammable /-'doksikali/ ,

waxy or oily hydrocarbon distilled from petroleum or shale, used in liquid form (also paraffin oil) esp. as a fuel. 2 Chem. = alkane. [Latin, = having little affinity]

wax

story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson. 2

paraffin

allegory. [Greek parabole comparison]

paragon /'paeragan/ n.

/'paerab(a)l/ n.

parabola

/pa'raebala/

1

open plane

n.

curve formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane parallel to its side. parabolic /.paera'bolik/ adj. [Greek parabole placing side by side: related to parable] paracetamol /.paBra'siita.mDl/ n. 1 drug used to relieve pain and reduce fever. 2 tablet of this, [from para-acetylamino-

n.

paraffin in

its

solid

form.

model of excellence

foil, by of) [Greek par-

(often etc.

akone]

paragraph

/'paera,gra:f/ -n. 1 distinct section of a piece of writing, beginning on a new often indented line. 2 symbol (usu. %) used to mark a new paragraph, or as a reference mark. 3 short item in a newspaper, -v. arrange (a piece of writing) in paragraphs. [Greek: related to

PARA- 1 -GRAPH]

pheno/]

,

parachute

-n. rectangular or umbrella-shaped apparatus allowing a slow and safe descent esp. from an aircraft, or used to retard forward

parakeet

(often attrib.: parachute troops), -v. (-ting) convey or descend

ference in the position or direction of an object caused when the observer's position is changed. 2 angular amount of this. [Greek, = change] parallel /'paera.lel/ —adj. 1 a (of lines or planes) continuously side by side and equidistant, b (foil, by to, with) (of a line or plane) having this relation (to or with another). 2 (of circumstances etc.) precisely similar, analogous, or corresponding. 3 a (of processes etc.) occurring or performed simultaneously, b Computing involving the simultaneous performance of operations, -n. 1 person or thing precisely analogous to another. 2 comparison (drew a parallel between them). 3 (in full parallel of latitude) a each of the imaginary parallel circles of constant latitude on the earth's surface, b corresponding line on a map (49th parallel). 4 Printing two parallel lines (-1-) 1 be (II) as a reference mark. -v. parallel, or correspond, to. 2 represent as similar; compare. 3 cite as a parallel instance, n in parallel (of electric circuits) arranged so as to join at common points at each end. parallelism n. [Greek, = alongside one another] parallel bars n.pl. pair of parallel rails on posts for gymnastics.

motion

/'paera.Juit/

etc.

parachute. parachutist n. [French: related to para- 2 chute 1 ] parade /pa'reid/ -n. 1 public procession. 2 a ceremonial muster of troops for inspection, b = parade-ground. 3 ostentatious display (made a parade of their wealth). 4 public square, promenade, or row of shops, -v. (-ding) 1 march ceremonially. 2 assemble for parade. 3 display ostentatiously. 4 march through (streets etc.) in procession. on parade 1 taking part in a parade. 2 on display. [Latin paro prepare] parade-ground n. place for the muster and drilling of troops.

by

,

paradiddle

/'paera,did(a)l/ n.

drum

with alternate beating of sticks,

roll

[imit-

ative]

paradigm

/'paera.daim/ n. example or pattern, esp. a set of noun or verb

inflections. paradigmatic /-dig 'maetik/ adj. [Latin from Greek] paradise /'paera.dais/ n. 1 (in some reli-

gions) heaven. 2 place or state of complete happiness. 3 (in full earthly paradise) abode of Adam and Eve; garden of

Eden. paradisaical /-di'senk(a)l/ adj. paradisal /'paera,dais(a)l/ adj. paradisiacal /-di'saiak(a)l/ adj. paradisical /-'disik(a)l/ adj. [Greek paradeisos]

paradox

/'paera.doks/ n.

1

a seemingly

absurd or contradictory though often true statement, b self-contradictory or absurd statement. 2 person or thing having contradictory qualities etc. 3 paradoxical quality. /-'dDksik(a)!/

adj.

paradoxical paradoxically

/'paera,ki:t/

n.

small

usu.

long-tailed parrot. [French: related to

parrot]

parallax /'paera.laeks/

n. 1

parallelepiped

apparent

dif-

/.paBrale'lepi.ped,

body of which each a parallelogram. [Greek: related to parallel, epipedon plane surface] -la'paipid/ n. solid

face

is

parallelogram

/.paera'lela.graem/

n.

four-sided plane rectilinear figure with opposite sides parallel.

paralyse

/'paera.laiz/

(-sing or -zing)

1

(US paralyze) with paralysis. 2

v.

affect

paralysis powerless; cripple. related to para- luo loosen]

[Greek:

1

/pa'raelisis/ n. 1

impairment

or loss of esp. the motor function of the nerves, causing immobility. 2 powerlessness.

paralytic

/.paera'litik/

-adj.

1

affected

by paralysis. 2 slang very drunk, -n. person affected by paralysis. paramedic /.paera'medik/ n. paramedical worker.

paramedical adj.

(of services etc.) sup-

plementing and assisting medical work. parameter /pa'raemita(r)/ n. 1 Math. quantity constant in the case considered but varying in different cases. 2 a (esp. measurable or quantifiable) characteristic or feature, b (loosely) limit or boundary, esp. of a subject for 1 discussion. [Greek para- -meter] paramilitary /.paera'militari/ -adj. (of forces) organized on military lines, -n. (pi. -ies) member of an unofficial paramilitary organization, esp. in N. Ire,

land.

/'paera.maunt/

adj.

1

supreme; most important. 2 in supreme authority. [Anglo-French par by, amont above: see amount]

paramour /'paera.muaO*)/ n. illicit

archaic or lover of a married person.

[French par amour by love]

paranoia

/.paera'naia/ n. 1

mental

dis-

order with delusions of persecution and self-importance. 2 abnormal suspicion

paranoiac adj. & n. and mistrust. paranoiacally adv. paranoic /-'nauik, -'nonk/ adj. paranoically /-'nauikali, -'nonkali/ adv. paranoid /'paera.naid/ adj. & n. [Greek: related to nous] paranormal paera'no:m(a)l/ adj. /

t

yond the scope of normal

be-

scientific in-

vestigation or explanation.

parapet

/'paera.kwot/ n. a quickhighly toxic herbicide, [from

PARA-

1 ,

QUATERNARY]

parascending

/'paerapit/ n. 1

low wall

at the

edge of a roof, balcony, bridge, etc. 2 defence of earth or stone. [French or 2 Italian: related to para- petto breast] ,

paraphernalia

/.paerafa'neilia/

n.pl.

miscellaneous

(also treated as sing.)

belongings, equipment, accessories, etc. 1 [Greek: related to para- pherne dower] paraphrase /'paera.freiz/ -n. expression of a passage in other words, -v. (-sing) express the meaning of (a pas1 sage) thus. [Greek: related to para- ] paraplegia /,paera'pli:d3a/ n. paralysis below the waist. paraplegic adj. & n. 1 [Greek: related to para- plesso strike] ,

,

parapsychology

/.paerasai'kDlad3i/ n.

study of mental phenomena outside

the the sphere of ordinary psychology (hypnosis, telepathy, etc.).

/'paera.sendin/ n. sport

which participants wearing open parachutes are towed behind a vehicle or motor boat to gain height before in

release for a conventional descent.

parasite

organism

/'paera.sait/ n. 1

liv-

ing in or on another and feeding on it. 2 person exploiting another or others.

parasitic

parasitically

adj.

/-'sitik/

/-'sitikali/ adv. parasitism related to para- sitos food]

[Greek:

n.

,

parasol

/'paera.snl/

light

n.

umbrella

giving shade from the sun. [Italian: related to para- 2 sole sun] ,

paratrooper

/'paera,tru:pa(r)/ n.

mem-

ber of a body of paratroops.

paratroops

/'paera,tru:ps/

n.pl.

para-

chute troops, [contraction]

paratyphoid

/.paera'taifoid/

n.

(often

resembling typhoid. by airmail. [French, = by aeroplane]

attrib.) fever

par avion parboil

paramount

derog.

paraquat acting

,

paralysis

parent

646

render

/,pa:r ae'vj5/ adv.

/'pa:bDil/

boil until partly per-, confused

v.

cooked. [Latin par- = with part]

parcel /'pa:s(a)l/ -n. 1 goods etc. wrapped up in a package for posting or carrying. 2 piece of land. 3 quantity dealt with in one commercial transaction, -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 (foil, by up) wrap as a parcel. 2 (foil, by out) divide into portions. [Latin: related to particle] parch v. 1 make or become hot and dry. 2 roast (peas, corn, etc.) slightly, [origin

unknown]

parchment

/'pa.tjmant/ n. 1 a skin, sheep or goat, prepared for writing or painting on. b manuscript written on this. 2 high-grade paper resembling parchment. [Latin Pergamum, now Beresp. of

gama in Turkey] pardon /'pa:d(a)n/ -n.

1

forgiveness for

an offence, error, etc. 2 (in full free pardon) remission of the legal consequences of a crime or conviction, - v. 1 forgive or excuse. 2 release from the legal consequences of an offence, error, etc. -int. (also pardon me or I beg your pardon) 1 formula of apology or disagreement. 2 request to repeat somepardonable adj. [Latin thing said. perdono: related to per-, dono give] pare /pea(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 a trim or shave by cutting away the surface or edge, b (often

foil,

by

off,

away) cut

surface or edge). 2 (often

down) diminish paro prepare]

little

by

foil,

off (the

by away,

little.

[Latin

parent /'pearant/ -n. person who has or adopts a child; father or mother. 2 animal or plant from which others are 1

parentage

parental /p9'rent(a)l/ adj. parenthood n.

[Latin pario bring forth] n. lineage; descent

parentage

from or

through parents.

parent company n. company of which others are subsidiaries.

parenthesis entheses

n. (pi para explanatory or

/pa'renGasis/

/-,si:z/)

1

qualifying word, clause, or sentence inserted into a sentence etc., and usu. marked off by brackets, dashes, or commas, b (in pi) round brackets ( ) used for this. 2 interlude or interval.

parenthetic

/.paeran'Getik/ adj.

enthetically

par-

adv. en-, thesis]

/.paeran'Getikali/

1 [Greek: related to para(skill of) bringing dren. ,

parenting n.

parent-teacher

up

chil-

association

n.

social and fund-raising organization of a school's parents and teachers. par excellence /,pa:r eksa'las/ adv. being the supreme example of its kind (the short story par excellence). [French] parfait /'pa:fei/ n. 1 rich iced pudding of whipped cream, eggs, etc. 2 layers of ice-

cream, meringue, etc., served in a glass. [French parfait perfect]

tall

pariah /pa'raia/ hist, member of

n. 1 social outcast. 2 a low caste or of no [Tamil] parietal /pa'raiat(9)l/ adj. of the wall of the body or any of its cavities. [Latin paries wall] parietal bone n. either of a pair of bones in the skull. paring n. strip or piece cut off.

caste in

parlour

647

derived. 3 (often attrib. ) source, origin, etc. -v. (also absol) be the parent of.

S. India.

/'paeriJV n. 1 area having its own church and clergyman. 2 (in full civil parish) local government district. 3 inhabitants of a parish. [Latin parochia from Greek oikos dwelling] parish clerk n. official performing

parish

uncultivated land for public recreational use. b large enclosed area where wild animals are kept in captivity (wildlife park). 4 area for parking vehicles etc. (car park). 5 area for a specified purpose (business park). 6 a US sports ground, b (usu. prec. by the) football pitch, -v. 1 (also absol.) leave (a vehicle) temporarily. 2 colloq. deposit and leave, park oneself colusu. temporarily. loq. sit down. [French from Germanic] parka /'pa:k9/ n. 1 long usu. green anorak with fur round the hood. 2 hooded skin jacket worn by Eskimos. [Aleutian]

parkin

/'pa:km/ n. cake of ginger, oatmeal, treacle, etc. [origin uncertain] parking-lot n. US outdoor car park. parking-meter n. coin-operated meter allocating a length of time for which a vehicle may be parked in a street. parking-ticket n. notice of a penalty

imposed for parking

illegally.

Parkinson's disease

/'pa:kms(a)nz/

Parkinsonism) progressive

(also

n.

disease of the nervous system with tremor, muscular rigidity, and emaciation. [Parkinson, name of a surgeon] Parkinson's law /'pa:kins(a)nz/ n. notion that work expands to fill the time available for it. [Parkinson, name of a writer]

parkland

open grassland with trees

n.

etc.

parky

/'pa:ki/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

dial, chilly, [origin

or

unknown]

parlance

/'pa:lans/ n. vocabulary or idiom of a particular subject, group, etc. [French from parler speak] parley /'pa:li/ -n. (pi. -s) conference of disputants, esp. to discuss peace terms etc. -v. (-leys, -leyed) (often foil, by with) hold a parley. [French parler: related to parlance]

parliament

[obsolete parishen:

n. 1 (Parliahighest legislature, consisting of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, b members of this for a particular period, esp. between elections. 2 similar legislature in other States. [French: related

book recording christenings, marriages, and burials, at

parliamentarian /.pailamen'tearian/ n. member of a parliament, esp. an

various duties for a church.

parish council n. administrative body in a civil parish.

parishioner

/p8'rijana(r)/ n. inhabit-

ant of a parish, related to parish]

parish register

to n.

a parish church.

parity

/'paeriti/ n. 1

ment) a

tus or pay. 2 parallelism or analogy (parity of reasoning). 3 equivalence of one currency with another; being at par. [Latin paritas: related to par] park-rc. 1 large public garden in a town, for recreation. 2 land attached to a country house etc. 3 a large area of

UK)

parlance]

expert in equality, equal sta-

/'pa:temant/

(in the

its

procedures.

parliamentary

/.paite'mentari/ adj.

1

of a parliament. 2 enacted or established by a parliament. 3 (of language, behaviour, etc.) polite.

parlour

/pa:l9(r)/ n. (US parlor) 1 archaic sitting-room in a private house. 2 esp. US shop providing specified goods or services (beauty parlour, ice-cream

parlour game parlour).

PARLEY

[Anglo-French:

related

to

1

parlour game

n.

indoor game. esp. a

word-game.

parlous

'pailas

dangerous or

archaic or joc. [from perilous]

adj.

difficult,

Parmesan

/,pa:mi'zaen n. hard dry cheese made orig. at Parma and usu. used grated. [Italian parmegiano of

Parma]

parochial

pa'raukial/ adj. 1 of a parish. 2 (of affairs, views, etc.) merely local, narrow, or provincial, z parochialism n. parochially adv. [Latin: related to

parish] 'paeradi -n. (pi. -ies)

1

humor-

tion; travesty, —v. (-ies. -ied) 1 compose a parody of. 2 mimic humorously.

parodist ,

[Latin or Greek: related to

n.

ode]

parole

/pa'raul, -n. 1 temporary or permanent release of a prisoner before the expiry of a sentence, on the promise

of good behaviour. 2 such a promise, —v. (-ling) put (a prisoner) on parole. [French, = word: related to parlance] parotid pa'rDtid/ -adj. situated near the ear. -n. (in full parotid gland) salivary gland in front of the ear. [Greek: related to para- 1 oils 6t- ear] paroxysm /'paerak,siz(a)m/ n. 1 (often foil, by of) sudden attack or outburst (of rage, coughing, etc.). 2 fit of disease, z ,

paroxysmal

-'sizm(a)l/

adj.

[Greek

oxus sharp]

parquet

'pa:kei

-n.

1

flooring of a pattern. -v. (-eted

wooden blocks arranged in 2 US stalls of a theatre,

/-eid/; -eting /-eurj/) floor (a room) thus. [French, diminutive of pare park] n. use of wooden or inlay for furniture. parr /pa:(r)/ n. young salmon, [origin

parquetry 'pa:kitn blocks to make floors unknown] parricide

'paeri.said

n. 1

murder of a

near relative, esp. of a parent. 2 person who commits parricide, z parricidal /-'said(a)l adj. [Latin: see parent, pater, -cide]

parrot

)

from

[perhaps

French pars

parts:

related to part] parsec 'pa:sek n. unit of stellar distance, equal to about 3.25 light-years,

[from parallax, second 2

parsimony

'pa:simani

]

n.

carefulness

money etc.; stinginess, z parsimonious maonias adj. [Latin in the use of

;

ous exaggerated imitation of an author, literary work, style, etc. 2 feeble imita-

para-

awkward question etc.). —n. (pi. -ies act of parrying. [Italian parare ward off] pa:z v. (-sing) 1 describe (a word in context) grammatically, stating its inflection, relation to the sentence, etc. 2 resolve (a sentence) into its component parts and describe them grammatically,

parse

-

parody

1

part

648

/'paerat; -n. 1 mainly tropical bird with a short hooked bill, often vivid plumage, and the ability to mimic the human voice. 2 person who mechanrepeats another's words or ically actions, -v. (-t-) repeat mechanically. [French, diminutive of Pierre Peter] parrot-fashion adv. (learning or repeating) mechanically, by rote. parry /'paen/ -v. (-ies, -ied) 1 avert or ward off (a weapon or attack), esp. with a countermove. 2 deal skilfully with (an

par co pars- spare] parsley pa:sli n. herb with

crinkly

aromatic leaves, used to season and garnish food. [Greek petra rock, selinon parsley]

parsnip 'pa:smp

n. 1 plant with a paleyellow tapering root. 2 this root eaten as a vegetable. [Latin pastinaca]

parson

'pa:s(a)n

n.

1

rector. 2 vicar;

clergyman. [Latin: related to person] n. church house provided

parsonage

for a parson.

parson's nose

rump

n.

fatty flesh at the

of a cooked fowl,

part -n.

1

some but not

all

of a thing or

group of things. 2 essential member, constituent, or component (part of the family; spare parts). 3 portion of a human or animal body. 4 division of a book, broadcast serial, etc.. esp. issued or broadcast at one time. 5 each of several equal portions of a whole (3 parts sugar to 2 parts flour). 6 a allotted share, b person's share in an action etc. (had no pert in it), c duty (not my part to interfere). 7 a character assigned to, or words spoken by. an actor on stage, b melody etc. assigned to a particular voice or instrument, c printed or written copy of an actor's or musician"s part. 8 side in an agreement or dispute. 9 (in pi.) region or district (am not from these parts). 10 (in pi.) abilities (man of many parts), -v. 1 divide or separate into pans (crowd parted). 2 a leave one another's company (parted the best of friends), b (foil, by 'from) say goodbye to.

by with) give up; hand over. 4 separate (hair of the head) to make a parting, -adv. in part; partly (part iron and part wood), z for the most part see most, for one's part as far as one is concerned, in part (or parts) partly, on the part of made or done by (no objec3 (foil,

tion

on

my part),

part and parcel (usu.

an essential part, part company see company, pray a part 1 be foil,

by

of)

significant or contributory. 2 act deceitperform a theatrical role, take

fully. 3

partake in good part not be offended by. take part (often foil, by in) assist or have a share (in), take the part of support; side with. [Latin

partake

pars part-]

/pa:'teik/

v.

1 (foil,

by

of,

take a share or part. 2 (foil, by of) eat or drink some or colloq. all (of a thing), [back-formation from partaker = partin)

/pa:'tea(r)/ n. 1 level space in a formal garden occupied by flower-beds.

pit of

a theatre. [French, = on the

ground] transaction

-n.

in

which goods are given as part of the

particularity

parthenogenesis

/.paieanau'd^enisis/

n. reproduction without fertilization, esp. in invertebrates and lower plants. [Greek parthenos virgin] Parthian shot /'pa:0ian/ n. remark or

etc.

on leaving. [Parthia, ancient W. Asia: from the custom of

in

a retreating Parthian

horseman

firing a

shot at the enemy] partial /'pa:J\8)l/ adj. 1 not complete; forming only part. 2 biased. 3 (foil, by to) partiality having a liking for. /-JYaeliti/ n. partially adv. partialness n. [Latin:

related to part]

partial eclipse n. eclipse in which only part of the luminary is covered. participant /pa:'tisipant/ n. participator.

participate /pa:tisi,peit/ v. (-ting) (often foil, by in) take part or a share (in). participation /- peij(a)n/ n. participator n. participatory adj. [Latin particeps -dp- taking part]

/pa.tikju'laeriti/

n.

1

quality of being individual or particuor minuteness of detail.

particularize

/pa'tikjula.raiz/

v.

(also

or -sing) (also absol.) 1 name or one by one. 2 specify

-ise) (-zing

particularization

(items). /-'zeij(9)n/ n.

particularly

/pa'tikjulali/

adv.

1

es-

participial

toast).

/-'sipial/

adj.

[Latin: related to participate] /'pa:tik(3)l/ n. 1

minute portion

of matter. 2 smallest possible amount {particle of sense). 3 a minor part of speech, esp. a short undeclinable one. b common prefix or suffix such as in-, -ness. [Latin particula diminutive of

pars part]

particoloured /'pa:ti,kAlad/ adj. (US -colored) of more than one colour, [related to part, colour]

particular

larly asked for you). 3 in a particular or fastidious manner. n. 1

/pa'tikjula(r)/ -adj. 1 relating to or considered as one thing or person as distinct from others; individual (in this particular case). 2 more than is usual; special (took particular care). 3 scrupulously exact; fastidious. 4 detailed (full and particular account).

leave-taking or departure

(often attrib.: parting words). 2 dividing line of combed hair. 3 division;

separating.

parting shot n. = Parthian shot. partisan /,pa:ti'zaen/ (also partizan) -n. 1 strong, esp. unreasoning, supporter of a party, cause, etc. 2 guerrilla. -adj. 1 of partisans. 2 biased. partisanship n. [Italian: related to part] partition /pa:'tij(9)n/ -n. 1 structure dividing a space, esp. a light interior wall. 2 division into parts, esp. Polit. of a country, -v. 1 divide into parts. 2 (foil, by off) separate (part of a room etc.) with a partition. [Latin partior divide] partitive /'pa:titiv/ -adj. (of a word, form, etc.) denoting part of a collective group or quantity, -n. partitive word (e.g. some, any) or form. [French or medieval Latin: related to partition] partizan var. of partisan. partly adv. 1 with respect to a part or parts. 2 to

participle /'pa:ti,sip(8)l/ n. word formed from a verb (e.g. going, gone, being, been) and used in compound verbforms (e.g. is going, has been) or as an adjective (e.g. working woman, burnt

particle

es-

lar. 2 fullness

parting

payment, -v. give (goods) thus.

kingdom

in particular

detailed account.

pecially, specifically. [Latin: related to

pecially, very. 2 specifically (particu-

part-exchange

glance

detail; item. 2 (in pi.) information;

specially

taker]

parterre

US

-n.

1

particle]

(-king; past par-

took; past part, partaken)

2

part-time

649

some

extent.

-n. 1 person who shares or takes part with another or others, esp. in a business. 2 companion in dancing. 3 player (esp. one of two) on the same side in a game. 4 either member of a married or unmarried couple. -v. be the partner of. [alteration of parcener joint heir] partnership n. 1 state of being a partner or partners. 2 joint business. 3 pair or group of partners.

partner

/'pa:tna(r)/

part of speech n. grammatical class of words (in English noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, verb, etc.).

partook past

of partake. /'pa:tnd3/ n. (pi. game-bird, esp. European

partridge

same or

-s)

or Asian.

[Greek perdix] n. song with three or more

part-song

voice-parts, often

part-time -adj.

unaccompanied. (esp. of a job)

occupying less than the normal working week etc. -adv. (also part time) as a part-time

activity

(works part

time).

1

part-timer

passageway

650

|

part-timer n. person employed in parttime work.

parturient

/pai'tjuriant/

adj.

formal

about to give birth. [Latin pario partbring forth]

parturition

/,pa:tju'rij(9)n/ n.

formal

giving birth.

party

-n. (pi. -ies) 1 social gathering, usu. of invited guests. 2 people working or travelling together (search party). 3 political group putting forward candidates in elections and usu. organized on a national basis. 4 each side in an agreement or dispute. 5 (foil, by to) Law accessory (to an action). 6 colloq. person, -v. (-ies, -ied) attend a party; celebrate. [Romanic: related to part] party line n. 1 policy adopted by a political party etc. 2 shared telephone /'pa:ti/

line. n. wall common to adjoining buildings or rooms.

party-wall

parvenu

/'paiva.nju:/

n.

(pi.

-s;

fern.

parvenue)

(often attrib.) newly rich social climber; upstart. [Latin: related

to per-, venio

pas /pa:/ n.

come] same)

(pi.

step, esp. in ballet.

[French, = step]

pascal

n.

1

/'paesk(a)l/ SI unit of pres-

sure. 2 (Pascal /paes'kail/) Computing programming language used esp. in

education. [Pascal,

paschal

name

/'paesk(a)l/ adj. 1

of a scientist] of the Jewish

Passover. 2 of Easter. [Hebrew pesah] /,pa: da 'd3:/ n. dance for two. [French, = step for two] pash n. slang brief infatuation, [abbreviation of passion] pasha /'pa.Ja/ n. hist, title (placed after the name) of a Turkish military commander, governor, etc. [Turkish]

pas de deux

Pashto /'pAjtaoV-ft. language of Afghanistan, parts of Pakistan, etc. -adj. of or in this language. [Pashto] paso doble /.paesau 'daublei/ n. Latin

American ballroom dance. [Spanish, = double step]

pasque-flower anemone with

n. a kind of bell-shaped purple

/'paesk/

flowers. [French passe-fleur] /pais/ -v. 1 (often foil, by along, by, down, on, etc.) move onward, esp. past something. 2 a go past; leave on one side or behind, b overtake, esp. in a vehicle. 3 (cause to) be transferred from one per-

pass

1

son or place to another

(title

passes

to

his son; pass the butter). 4 surpass;

exceed (passes all understanding). 5 get through. 6 a go unremarked or uncensured (let the matter pass), b (foil, by as, for) be accepted or known as. 7 move; cause to go (passed her hand over her face). 8 a be successful or adequate, esp. in an examination, b be

successful in (an examination), c (of an examiner) judge (a candidate) to be satisfactory. 9 a (of a bill) be approved by (Parliament etc.). b cause or allow (a bill) to proceed, c (of a bill or proposal) be approved. 10 occur, elapse; happen (time passes slowly; heard what passed). 11 (cause to) circulate; be current. 12 spend (time or a period) (passed the afternoon reading). 13 (also absol.) (in field games) send (the ball) to a teammate. 14 a forgo one's turn or chance, b leave a quiz question etc. unanswered. 15 (foil, by to, into, from) change (from one form or state to another). 16 come to an end. 17 discharge (esp. faeces or urine) from the body. 18 (foil, by on, upon) utter (legal sentence, criticism) upon; adjudicate, -n. 1 act of passing. 2 a success in an examination, b university degree without honours. 3 a permit, esp. for admission, leave, etc. b ticket or permit giving free entry, access, travel, etc. 4 (in field games) transference of the ball to a team-mate. 5 desperate position (come to a fine pass). in passing in the course of conversation etc. make a pass at colloq. make sexual advances to. pass away 1 euphem. die. 2 cease to exist, pass by 1 go past. 2 disregard, omit, pass muster see muster, pass off 1 (of feelings etc.) disappear gradually. 2 (of proceedings) be carried through (in a specified way). 3 (foil, by as) misrepresent or disguise (a person or thing) as something else. 4 evade or lightly dismiss (an awkward remark etc.). pass on 1 proceed. 2 euphem. die. 3 transmit to the next person in a series, pass out 1 become unconscious. 2 complete military training, pass over 1 omit, ignore, or disregard. 2 ignore the claims of (a person) to promotion etc. 3 euphem. die. pass round 1 distribute. 2 give to one person after another, pass the time of day see time, pass up colloq. refuse or neglect (an opportunity etc.). pass water urinate. [Latin passus pace 1 ]

pass 2

/pais/

mountains,

passable

n.

1

1

'I I I I

,

j

j

j

j

I

'

]

l

;

I

!

1

I

;

1

narrow way through

[var. of

adj.

II

pace 1 ]

barely satisfactory; ad-

equate. 2 (of a road, pass, etc.) that can passably adv. be traversed. passage /'paesid3/ n. 1 process or means of passing; transit. 2 = passageway. 3 liberty or right to pass through. 4 journey by sea or air. 5 transition from one state to another. 6 short extract from a book, piece of music, etc. 7 passing of a bill etc. into law. 8 duct etc. in the body. 4 [French; related to pass ] passageway n. narrow path or way; corridor.

I

J

»

.

passbook li

s'

!

i]

I

tl

j

II

passbook

book issued

to

passee) 1 oldprime. [French]

/'paesei/ adj. (fern,

fashioned. 2 past its /'paesmd3a(r)/ n. 1 (often attrib.) traveller in or on a vehicle (other than the driver, pilot, crew, etc.) {passenger seat). 2 colloq. idle member of a team, crew, etc. [French passager: related to passage]

passenger

passer-by

n. (pi. passers-by) person goes past, esp. by chance. /'paesa.rim/ -n. perching bird such as the sparrow and most land birds, —adj. of passerines. [Latin passer sparrow] passim /'paesim/ adv. throughout; at several points in a book, article, etc.

who

passerine

:

it

[Latin]

passion

/'paeJXa)n/ n.

1

strong emotion. a pas-

2 outburst of anger {flew into |i

sion). 3 intense sexual love. 4 a strong

enthusiasm {passion for football), b object arousing this. 5 (the Passion) a suffering of Christ during bis last days, b Gospel account of this, c musical passionless adj. setting of this. [Latin potior pass- suffer]

passionate

/'paejanat/ adj.

displaying, or caused tion.

dominated,

by strong emo-

passionately adv.

passion-flower

n. climbing plant with a flower supposedly suggestive of the instruments of the Crucifixion.

n. edible fruit of some species of passion-flower, n. miracle play representing the Passion. Passion Sunday n. fifth Sunday in Lent.

passion-fruit i

;

i

i

!

i

i

passion-play

passive

acted upon, not acting. 2 showing no interest or initiative; submissive. 3 Chem. not active; inert. 4 Gram, indicating that the subject undergoes the action of the verb (e.g. in they were seen). passively adv. passivity /-'siviti/ n. [Latin: related to passion] passive resistance n. non-violent refusal to cooperate, passive smoking n. involuntary inhalation of others' cigarette smoke, passkey n. 1 private key to a gate etc. 2 master-key. /'paesiv/ adj. 1

passmark n. minimum mark needed to /'pa:s auva(r)/

festival

(

Jewish

n.

commemorating the

I

Exodus from Egypt, [from pass over] n. 1 official document certifying the holder's identity and citizenship, and authorizing travel abroad. 2 (foil, by 1

,

passport j

I

to)

1

,

undo the past). 2 person's past life, esp. {man with a past). 3 past tense or form. -prep. 1 beyond in time or place (is past two o'clock; lives just past the pub). 2 beyond the range, duration, or compass of (past endurance), -adv. so as to pass by (ran past). not put it past believe it possible of (a person), past it colloq. old and useless, [from pass 1 ] pasta /'paesta/ n. dried flour paste in various shapes (e.g. lasagne or spaghetti). [Italian: related to paste] paste /peist/ -n. 1 any moist fairly stiff mixture, esp. of powder and liquid. 2 dough of flour with fat, water, etc. 3 liquid adhesive used for sticking paper etc. 4 meat or fish spread (anchovy paste). 5 hard glasslike composition used for imitation gems. -v. (-ting) 1 fasten or coat with paste. 2 slang a beat or thrash, b bomb or bombard heavily. pasting n. (esp. in sense 2 of v. ). [Latin pasta lozenge, from Greek] pasteboard n. 1 stiff material made by pasting together sheets of paper. 2 (attrib.) flimsy, unsubstantial, if discreditable

pastel

/'paest(a)l/ n. 1 (often attrib.) light

shade of a colour (pastel blue). 2 crayon of powdered pigments bound with a gum solution. 3 drawing in pastel. [French pastel, or Italian pastello diminutive of pasta]

pastern

/'paest(a)n/ n. part of

a horse's

between fetlock and hoof. [French from Latin] paste-up n. document prepared for copying etc. by pasting sections on to a foot

backing.

pasteurize

/'pa:stj8,raiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) partially sterilize (milk pasteurization etc.) by heating. [Pasteur, name of a n. /-'zeij(8)n/

chemist]

pass an examination.

Passover spring

(passport to success). attainment [French passeport: related to pass port ] password n. prearranged selected word or phrase securing recognition, admission, etc. past /pa:st/ -adj. 1 gone'by in time (in past years; the time is past). 2 recently gone by (the past month). 3 of a former time (past president). 4 Gram, expressing a past action or state, -n. 1 (prec. by the) a past time, b past events {cannot 1

drawals.

passe

pastille

651

an accountholder recording deposits and withn.

thing that ensures admission or

pastiche

/pae'sti:J7 n. 1 picture or musical composition from or imitating various sources. 2 literary or other work composed in the style of a wellknown author etc. [Latin pasta paste] pastille /'paestil/ n. small sweet or lozenge. [French from Latin]

pastime 'pa:staim n. recreation, hobby, [from pass time] past master n. expert, pastor 'pa:sta(r) n. minister, esp. of a Nonconformist church. [Latin pasco past- feed] pastoral 'pa:star(a)l -adj. 1 of shepherds, flocks, or herds. 2 (of land) used for pasture. 3 (of a poem, picture, etc.) 1

,

portraying (esp. romanticized) country life. 4 of a pastor, -n. 1 pastoral poem, play, picture, etc. 2 letter from a pastor (esp. a bishop) to the clergy or people. [Latin pastoralis: related to pastor]

pastorale

(pi -s or -li -li: ) musical work with a rustic theme or atmosphere. [Italian: related to pas,paesta'ra:l

n.

toral] 'pa:starat n. 1 office or tenof a pastor. 2 body of pastors.

pastrami pae'stra:mi n. seasoned smoked beef. [Yiddish] pastry 'peistn n. (pi -ies) 1 dough of flour, fat, and water used as a base and covering for pies etc. 2 cake etc. made wholly or partly of this, [from paste] pastry-cook n. cook who specializes in pastry. pasturage 'pa:stjarid3 n. 1 land for pasture. 2 pasturing of cattle etc. pasture

'pa:stja(r)

-n.

1

grassland

suitable for grazing. 2 herbage for animals. — v. (-ring) 1 put (animals) to pasture. 2 (of animals) graze. [Latin: related to pastor]

pasty

1

'paesti

around esp.

a

n. {pi 4es) pastry shaped meat and vegetable filling.

[Latin: related to paste]

pasty 2

adj.

'peisti

(-ier,

healthily pale (pasty -faced).

unpasti-

-iest)

ness n. Pat. abbr. Patent.

pat

one place (cabbage patch). 8 scrap, remnant, —v. 1 (often foil, by up) repair in

with a patch or patches. 2 (of material) serve as a patch to. 3 (often foil, by up) put together, esp. hastily. 4 (foil, by up) settle (a quarrel etc.), esp. hastily or temporarily, z not a patch on colloq. greatly inferior to. [perhaps French,

-v. (-it-) 1 strike gently with a flat palm, esp. in affection, sympathy, etc. 2 flatten or mould by patting, —n. 1 light stroke or tap. esp. with the hand in 1

sound made by this. 3 small mass (esp. of butter) formed by patting, z pat on the back congratuaffection etc. 2

latory gesture, [probably imitative] 1 prepared or known thoroughly. 2 apposite or opportune, esp. glibly so (a pat answer), -adv. 1 in a pat manner. 2 appositely, z have off pat know or have memorized perfectly, [related to pat patch -zi. 1 material used to mend a hole or as reinforcement. 2 shield protecting an injured eye. 3 large or irregular distinguishable area. 4 colloq. period of a specified, esp. unpleasant, kind (went through a bad patch ). 5 piece of ground. 6 colloq. area assigned to, or patrolled by, esp. a police officer. 7 plants growing

pat 2 -adj.

1

]

I j |

]

I I

I

var. of piece]

patchboard

n. board with electrical sockets linked by movable leads to enable changeable permutations of connection. patchouli patju:li n. 1 strongly scented E. Indian plant. 2 perfume from

this, [native name in Madras] patch pocket n. piece of cloth sewn on

a

pastorate ure

pater

652

pastime

I I

I

I

]

garment as a pocket.

patch test

n. test for allergy by applying patches of allergenic substances to the skin. patchwork n. 1 (often, attrib.) stitching together of small pieces of variegated cloth to form a pattern (patchwork quilt). 2 thing composed of fragments

I

I

I I

etc.

patchy

adj.

(-ier,

-iest) 1

uneven

in

quality. 2 having or existing in patches, z patchily adv. patchiness n. pate n. archaic or colloq. head, [origin

unknown] pate 'paetei spiced meat PASTY

n.

paste of

or fish etc.

[French,

I

I

=

1 ]

pate de foie gras n.

mashed and

,

paetei da fwa: 'gra:.

fatted goose liver pate. [French]

patella

pa tela n. (pi. patellae -li: ) kneecap, z patellar adj. [Latin, = pan, diminutive of patina: related to paten] paten 'paet(a)n n. shallow dish for bread at the Eucharist. [Latin patina] patent 'peit(a)nt, 'paet- -n. 1 official document conferring a right or title, esp. the sole right to make, use, or sell a specified invention. 2 invention or process so protected, -adj. 1 'peit(a)nt obvious, plain. 2 conferred or protected by patent. 3 a proprietary, b to which one has a proprietary claim, -v. obtain a patent for (an invention), z patently 'peitanth adv. (in sense 1 of adj.). [Latin pateo lie open]

patentee

.peitan'ti:

n.

1

person

]

|

]

]

who

takes out or holds a patent. 2 person entitled temporarily to the benefit of a

j

patent.

patent leather n. patent medicine

glossy leather, n. proprietary medi cine available without prescription, patent office n. office issuing patents,

pater

7

'peita(r) n. col loq. father. [Latin]

Usage Pa ter

is

now

jocular or affected use.

only found in

j

paterfamilias

patronage

653 n.

roofless court in a Spanish or Spanish-

male head of a family or household. [Latin, = father of the family]

American house. [Spanish] patisserie /pa'ti:sari/ n. 1 shop where pastries are made and sold. 2 pastries

paterfamilias

paternal

/.peitafa'mili.aes/

or appropriate to a father; fatherly. 2 related through the father. 3 (of a /pa't3:n(a)l/ adj. 1 of, like,

etc.) limiting freedom and by well-meant regulapaternally adv. [Latin: related

government

responsibility tions.

ary language. [French]

to PATER]

paternalism

n.

policy of governing or

behaving in a paternal way. nalistic

/-'listik/

paternity

pater-

adj.

/pa't3:niti/ n.

1

fatherhood. 2

one's paternal origin.

paternity suit n. lawsuit held to determine if a certain man is the father of a certain child.

paternoster

/,paeta'nDsta(r)/ n. Lord's Prayer, esp. in Latin. [Latin pater noster

our father]

path ,/pa:9/ n. {pi. paths /pa:6z/) 1 way or track made for or by walking. 2 line along which a person or thing moves {flight path). 3 course of action. [Old English]

pathetic

/pa'Betik/ adj.

arousing

1

pity,

sadness, or contempt. 2 colloq. miserably inadequate. pathetically adv.

[Greek pathos from paskho suffer]

pathetic

fallacy

human emotions

to

n.

of

attribution

inanimate things,

esp. in literature.

pathfinder

n.

/'pae8ad3(a)n/ n. agent causing disease. pathogenic /-'d3enik/

[Greek pathos suffering, -gen]

pathological /,paeea'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj.

1

of

pathology. 2 of or caused by physical or mental disorder {pathological fear of spiders). pathologically adv. pathology /pa'9Dlad3i/ n. the study or symptoms of disease. pathologist n. [Greek pathos: related to pathetic] pathos /'pei0DS/ n. evocation of pity or sadness in speech, writing, etc. [Greek: related to pathetic] pathway n. path or its course.

patience

,

/

,

peij (a)ns/ n.

1

ability to en-

dure delay, hardship, provocation, etc. 2 perseverance or forbearance. 3 solo card-game. [Latin: related to passion] patient -adj. having or showing patience, -n. person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment. patiently adv.

patina

/'paetma/ n. {pi. -s) 1 film, usu. green, formed on old bronze. 2 similar film on other surfaces. 3 gloss produced

by age on woodwork. [Latin: related

to

paten]

patio

/'paetiau/ n. {pi. -s) 1

patriarch

/'peitri,a:k/ n. 1

male head of

a family or tribe. 2 (often in pi.) any of those regarded as fathers of the human race, esp. the sons of Jacob, or Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and their forefathers. 3 Eccl. a chief bishop in the Orthodox Church, b RC Ch. bishop ranking immediately below the pope. 4 venerable old man. patriarchal /-'a:k(a)l/ adj. [Greek patria family, arkhes ruler]

patriarchate see, or

2

/'peitn,a:kat/ n.

1

office,

residence of a Church patriarch.

rank of a

tribal patriarch.

patriarchy

{pi.

-ies)

male-dominated social system, descent through the male line.

with

/'peitri,a:ki/

n.

/pa'tnJXa)n/ -n. hist, member of the nobility in ancient Rome. -adj. 1 aristocratic. 2 hist, of the ancient

patrician

Roman

nobility.

[Latin

patricius:

related to pater]

patricide

= parricide

/'paetri.said/ n.

with reference to the killing of one's father), z patricidal /-'said(a)l/ adj. {Latin, alteration of parricida] (esp.

explorer; pioneer.

pathogen adj.

collectively. [Latin: related to paste] /'paetna/ n. rice with long firm grains, [from Patna'in India] patois /'paetwa:/ n. {pi. same /-wa:z/) regional dialect, differing from the liter-

Patna rice

paved usu.

roofless area adjoining a house. 2 inner

patrimony

/'paetrimani/ n.

{pi. -ies) 1

property inherited from one's father or ancestor. 2 heritage.

patrimonial

/-'maunial/ adj. [Latin: related to pater]

patriot

/'peitriat, 'pset-/ n. person devoted to and ready to defend his or patriotic /-'utik/ adj. her country. patriotically /-otikh/ adv. patriotism n. [Greek patris fatherland] patristic /pe'tnstik/ adj. of the early Christian writers or their work. [Latin: related to pater] patrol /pa'traul/ -n. 1 act of walking or

travelling around an area, esp. regularly, for security or supervision. 2 guards, police, etc. sent out on patrol. 3 a troops sent out to reconnoitre, b such reconnaissance. 4 unit of six to eight

Scouts or Guides. — v. (-11-) 1 carry out a patrol of. 2 act as a patrol. [German Patrolle from French] patrol car n. police car used for patrols.

patron

/'peitran/ n. {fern, patroness) 1 person financially supporting a person, cause, etc. 2 customer of a shop etc. [Latin patronus: related to pater]

patronage /'paetranid^/ n.

1 patron's or customer's support. 2 right or control of

patronize appointments to office, privileges, condescending manner.

patronize

"paetra.naiz/

v.

etc. 3

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 treat condescendingly. 2 be a patron or customer of. z patronizing adj. patronizingly adv. patron saint n. saint regarded as protecting a person, place, activity, etc. patronymic /.paetra'nimik/ n. name derived from the name of a father or ancestor (e.g. Johnson, O'Brien, Ivano-

[Greek pater father, onoma name] /'paet(a)n/ n. hist, shoe or clog with a raised sole or set on an iron ring, for walking in mud etc. [French patin] patter 1 -n. sound of quick light steps or vich).

patten

make

taps. -v.

this

sound (rain patter-

ing on the window-panes), [from pat 1 ] patter 2 -n. 1 rapid speech used by a comedian. 2 salesman's persuasive talk, -u. talk or say glibly or mechanically, [originally pater, = paternoster] pattern /'paet(a)n/-72. 1 repeated decorative design on wallpaper, cloth, etc. 2 regular or logical form, order, etc. (behaviour pattern). 3 model, design, or instructions for making something (knitting pattern). 4 excellent example, model (pattern of elegance). 5 wooden or metal shape from which a mould is made for a casting. 6 random combination of shapes or colours. -v. 1 (usu. foil, by after, on) model (a thing) on a design etc. 2 decorate with a pattern,

[from patron]

patty

/'paBti/ n. (pi -ies) little pie or 1 pasty. [French pate, after pasty ] paucity /'po:siti/ n. smallness of number or quantity. [Latin paucus few]

paunch

/point// n. belly,

when protruding,

z

stomach, esp.

paunchy adj.

(-ier,

[Anglo-French pa(u)nche from Latin pantices bowels] pauper /'po:pa(r)/ n. poor person, z -iest).

pauperism n. [Latin, = poor] pause /pa:z/ -n. 1 temporary stop silence. 2 Mus. mark (o) over a note

or or

rest that is to be lengthened, -v. (-sing) make a pause; wait, z give pause to cause to hesitate. [Greek pauo stop] pavane /pa'va:n/ n. (also pavan /'paev(a)n/) hist. 1 a kind of stately dance. 2 music for this. [French from

Spanish] (-ving) cover (a street, floor, etc.) with a durable surface, z pave the way

pave v. (usu.

foil,

paving

by for) make preparations, z

[Latin pavio ram (v.)] n. 1 paved path for pedestrians beside a road. 2 covering of a street, floor, etc., made of usu. rectangular stones. [Latin pavimentum: related n.

pavement

to

pave]

pay

654

pavement

artist n. artist who draws in chalk on paving-stones for tips.

pavilion

/pa'viljan/ n. 1 building at a sports ground for changing, refreshments, etc. 2 summerhouse or decorative shelter in a park. 3 large tent at a show, fair, etc. 4 building or stand for entertainments, at an exhibition, etc. [Latin papilio butterfly] paving-stone n. large flat stone for paving. pavlova paev'lauva/ n. meringue cake with cream and fruit. [Pavlova, name of a ballerina] Pavlovian paev'lauvian/ adj. 1 reacting predictably to a stimulus. 2 of such a stimulus or response. [Pavlov, name of a physiologist] -77. 1 foot of an animal having claws or nails. 2 colloq. person's hand. - v. 1 strike or scrape with a paw or foot. 2 colloq. fondle awkwardly or indecently.

paw

[French poue from Germanic]

pawl n.

1 lever with a catch for the teeth of a wheel or bar. 2 Naut. short bar used to lock a capstan, windlass, etc. [Low German or Dutch] 1 72. 1 Chess piece of the smallest size and value. 2 person used by others for their own purposes. [French poun

pawn

from Latin pedo

pawn

2

-onis foot-soldier]

deposit (a thing) with a pawnbroker as security for money lent. 2 pledge or wager (one's life, honour, etc.). -72. object left in pawn, z in pawn held as security. [French pan from Ger-17.

1

manic]

pawnbroker money

72.

at interest

person who lends on the security of

personal property.

pawnshop

pawpaw

72.

pawnbroker's shop.

/'paipo:/

papaya

72.

(also

papaw

1 elongated with orange flesh. 2 tropical tree bearing this. [Spanish and Portuguese papaya] pax 72. 1 kiss of peace. 2 (as int.) slang call for a truce (used esp. by schoolchil-

,/pa'po:/,

melon-shaped

/pa'paia/)

fruit

dren). [Latin, = peace] (past and past part, paid) 1 (also absol.) give (a person etc.) what is due for services done, goods received, debts incurred, etc. (paid him in full). 2 a give (a usu. specified amount) for work done, a debt, etc. (they pay £6 an hour), b (foil, by to) hand over the amount of (a debt, wages, etc.) to (paid the money to the assistant). 3 a give, bestow, or express (attention, a compliment, etc.) (paid them no heed), b make (a visit) (paid a call on their uncle). 4 (also absol.) (of a business, attitude, etc.) be profitable or advantageous to (a person etc.). 5 reward or punish (shall pay you for that).

pay -v.

payable

!

!

!

i

I

'

pay through the nose colloq. pay much more than a fair price, pay up pay the full amount (of), put paid to colloq. 1

i

!

deal effectively with (a person). 2 terpayee /pei'i:/ n. minate (hopes etc.). [Latin paco appease: related to peace]

i

payable adj.

that must or due {payable in April).

!

may

be paid;

pay-as-you-earn n. deduction of come tax from wages at source. | pay-bed n. private hospital bed. | pay-claim n. (esp. a trade union's) I

li

S;

mand for pay-day

f !

;

load yielding revenue. 2 explosive warhead carried by a rocket etc. 3 goods carried by a road vehicle.

I

n.

1

official

who pays

troops, workmen, etc. 2 usu. derog. person, organization, etc., to whom another owes loyalty because of payment given, 3 (in full Paymaster General) Treasury minister responsible for

payments. :

i

!

[

I,

j i

i

I

I

i

payment

n. 1

paying. 2

amount

paid. 3

reward, recompense. pay-off n. slang 1 payment. 2 climax. 3 final reckoning. payola /pei'aula/ n. esp. US slang bribe offered for unofficial promotion of a product etc. in the media. pay-packet n. envelope etc. containing an employee's wages, pay phone n. coin-box telephone. payroll n. list of employees receiving regular pay. Pb symb. lead. [Latin plumbum] PC abbr. 1 police constable. 2 Privy Councillor. 3 personal computer, p.c. abbr. 1 per cent. 2 postcard. PCB abbr. 1 polychlorinated biphenyl, any of several toxic aromatic compounds formed as waste in industrial processes. 2 board.

palladium,

pd. abbr. paid. p.d.q. abbr. colloq. pretty damn quick. PE abbr. physical education. pea n. 1 a hardy climbing plant with edible seeds growing in pods, b its seed. 2 similar plant (sweet pea; chick-pea). [from pease taken as a plural] peace n.1a quiet; tranquillity, b mental calm; serenity. 2 a (often attrib.) freedom from or the cessation of war (peace talks), b (esp. Peace) treaty of peace between States etc. at war. 3 freedom from civil disorder. at peace 1 in a state of friendliness. 2 serene. 3 euphem. dead, hold one's peace keep silent, keep the peace prevent, or refrain from, strife, make one's peace (often foil,

by with) re-establish friendly remake peace agree to end a war

lations,

or quarrel. [Latin

peaceable

pax pac-]

disposed to peace. 2 peaceful; tranquil. [Latin placibilis pleasing: related to please] peace dividend n. public money which becomes available when defence

spending

adj.

1

reduced.

is

Computing printed

1 characterized by peace; tranquil. 2 not infringing peace (peaceful coexistence), n peacefully adv.

peacefulness

pay-as-you-earn.

paymaster '',

Pd symb.

peaceful adj.

day on which wages are

paying guest n. boarder. payload n. 1 part of an aircraft's

!

j

de-

a pay increase. n.

PAYE abbr.

|

in-

paid.

•

pea green

655

6 (usu. as paid adj.) recompense (work, time, etc.) (paid holiday). 7 (usu. foil, by out, away) let out (a rope) by slackening in the pay of employed it. -n. wages. by. pay back 1 repay. 2 punish or have revenge on. pay for 1 hand over the money for. 2 bear the cost of. 3 suffer or be punished for (a fault etc.). pay in pay (money) into a bank etc. account, pay its (or one's) way cover costs, pay one's last respects attend a funeral to show respect, pay off 1 dismiss (workers) with a final payment. 2 colloq. yield good results; succeed. 3 pay (a debt) in full, pay one's respects make a polite visit,

circuit

n.

peacemaker

n. person who brings peacemaking n. & adj.

about peace.

peace-offering ciliatory

n.

propitiatory or con-

gift.

peace-pipe n. tobacco-pipe as a token of peace among N. American Indians.

peacetime

n.

period

when a country is

not at war.

peach

1

a round juicy fruit with downy yellow or pink skin, b tree bearing this. 2 yellowish-pink colour. 3 colloq. a person or thing of superlative quality, b attractive young woman. n.

peachy

1

adj. (-ier, -iest). [Latin persica

Persian (apple)]

peach colloq.

2

v.

(usu.

foil,

by against, on)

turn informer; inform, [from ob-

solete appeach: related to impeach]

peach Melba

n.

dish of peaches,

ice-

cream, and raspberry sauce.

peacock

n. (pi. same or -s) male peafowl, with brilliant plumage and an erectile fanlike tail with eyelike mark1 ings, [from Latin pavo peacock, cock ] peacock blue adj. & n. (as adj. often

hyphenated) lustrous greenish blue of a peacock's neck.

peacock butterfly

n. butterfly with eyelike wing markings, peafowl n. a kind of pheasant; peacock,

peahen.

pea green

adj.

&

n. (as adj.

phenated) bright green.

often hy-

peahen 1

a the pointed top of a mountain, b a mountain with a peak, c a stiff brim at the front of a cap. 2 a highest point of a curve, graph, etc. (peak of the wave), b time of greatest success, fitness, etc. 3 attrib. maximum, busiest (peak viewing; peak hours), -v. reach its highest value, quality, etc. (output peaked). peaked adj. [related to pick 5 ] esp.:

peak 2 v.

1

waste away. 2 (as peaked adj.)

sharp-featured;

pinched,

[origin

un-

known]

peak-load n. maximum power demand etc.

peaky

adj. (-ier, -iest)

1

of electric

sickly;

wearing clothes covered with pearl buttons.

pearly nautilus see nautilus. peasant /'pez(9)nt/ n. 1 (in some

rural agricultural countries) small farmer, agricultural worker. 2 derog. lout; boor. peasantry n. (pi. -ies). [Anglo-

French paisant from pais country]

pease

/pi:z/

n.pl.

archaic peas. [Latin

pisa]

pease-pudding

n. boiled split peas (served esp. with boiled beef or ham). peashooter n. small tube for blowing dried peas through as a toy. pea-souper n. colloq. thick yellowish

fog.

puny. 2

white-faced.

peal -n.

pectoral

656

peahen n. female peafowl. peak -n. 1 projecting usu. pointed part,

a loud ringing of a bell or a series of changes, b set of 2 loud repeated sound, esp. of thunder, laughter, etc. -v. 1 (cause to) sound in a peal. 2 utter sonorously, 1

bells, esp.

peat

n. 1 partly carbonized vegetable matter used for fuel, in horticulture, etc.

2 cut piece of this. peaty adj. [perhaps Celtic: related to piece]

bells.

peatbog n. bog composed of peat. pebble /'peb(a)l/ n. small stone worn

[from appeal]

pebbly adj. [Old English] pebble-dash n. mortar with stone chip-

pean US var. peanut n. 1

of paean. plant of the pea family bearing pods underground that contain seeds used for food and oil. 2 seed of this. 3 (in pi.) colloq. paltry thing or amount, esp. of money. peanut butter n. paste of ground

roasted peanuts.

pear

/pea(r)/ n. 1 yellowish or greenish fleshy fruit, tapering towards the stalk. 2 tree bearing this. [Latin pirum] pearl /p3:l/ -n. 1 a (often attrib.) rounded usu. white or bluish-grey lustrous solid formed within the shell of certain oysters, highly prized as a gem. b imitation of this, c (in pi.) necklace of pearls. 2 precious thing; finest example. 3 thing like a pearl, e.g. a dewdrop or tear. -v. 1 poet, form or sprinkle with pearly drops. 2 reduce (barley etc.) to small rounded grains. 3 fish for pearls.

[Italian

per la, from Latin perna

pearl barley

n.

leg]

barley ground to small

rounded grains.

pearl bulb

n.

translucent electric light

bulb.

smooth

esp.

pings in

it

by the action of water.

as a coating for external

walls.

pecan

/'piikan/

[Anglo-French]

pecker n. US coarse slang penis. keep your pecker up colloq. remain cheerful.

pearl-oysters. var. of perlite. —adj. (-ier, -iest) like, containing, or adorned with pearls; lustrous. -71. (pi. -ies) 1 pearly king or queen. 2 (in pi.) pearly king's or queen's clothes. Pearly Gates n.pl. colloq. gates of

pectin

Heaven.

pearly king n. (also pearly queen) London costermonger (or his wife)

pinkish-brown

of hickory producing this. [Algonquian] /.peka'dilao/ n. (pi. -es or -s) trifling offence; venial sin. [Spanish pecadillo, from Latin pecco to sin (v.)] peck 1 -v. 1 strike or bite with a beak. 2 kiss hastily or perfunctorily. 3 a make (a hole) by pecking, b (foil, by out, off) remove or pluck out by pecking. 4 (also absol.) colloq. eat listlessly; nibble at. -n. 1 stroke, mark, or bite made by a beak. 2 hasty or perfunctory kiss. peck at 1 eat (food) listlessly; nibble. 2 carp at; nag. 3 strike repeatedly with a beak, [probably Low German] peck 2 n. measure of capacity for dry a goods, equal to 2 gallons or 8 quarts. peck of large number or amount of.

pecking order

pearly

1

peccadillo

pearl button n. mother-of-pearl button, or an imitation of it. pearl-diver n. person who dives for pearlite

n.

smooth nut with an edible kernel. 2 type

n.

social hierarchy,

observed among hens. peckish adj. colloq. hungry. orig. as

/'pektin/ n, soluble gelatinous

carbohydrate found in ripe fruits etc. setting agent in jams and pectic adj. [Greek pegnumi jellies.

and used as a

make

solid]

pectoral /'pektar(a)l/ -adj. of or worn on the breast or chest (pectoral fin; pectoral muscle; pectoral cross), -n. pectoral muscle or fin. [Latin pectus -torchest]

peculate peculate

I

'pekju.leit

(money),

v.

(-ting)

peculation

z

peculator

embezzle

-'leij(a)n/

n.

[Latin: related to pecu-

n.

liar]

peculiar

pi'kju:lia(r) adj. 1 strange: odd; unusual. 2 a (usu. foil, by to) {peculiar to the exclusively belonging time), b belonging to the individual {in their own peculiar way). 3 particular; special (point of peculiar interest). [Latin peculium private property, from

pecu

pi.kjuli'aeriti

n. (pi. -ies)

idiosyncrasy; oddity. 2 characteristic. 3 being peculiar. peculiarly pi'kju:kali adv. 1 more 1

than usually, especially (peculiarly annoying). 2 oddly.

pecuniary

pi'kjuiniari

adj.

of or

1

concerning money. 2 (of an offence) entailing a money penalty. [Latin pecunia money, from pecu cattle] 'peda.gog n. archaic or derog. schoolmaster; teacher, c pedagogic -'gDgik, -'gDdsik adj. pedago-

pedagogue '

gical -'gogik(a)l, -'god3ik(a)l [Greek pais paid- child, ago lead]

!

•pedagogy

'peda,gDd3i,

-,gDgi,

adj.

n.

sci-

ence of teaching.

l

pedal | •

f

-n. 'ped(a)l lever or key operated by foot, esp. in a vehicle, on a or on some musical instruments (e.g. the organ). -r. ped(a)l/ (-11-; US -1-) 1 operate the pedals of a bicycle, organ, etc. 2 propel (a bicycle etc.) with the pedals, -adj. 'pi:d(a)l of the foot or feet. [Latin pes ped- foot]

bicycle,

pedalo

'peda.lau

n.

(pi.

-s)

pedal-

operated pleasure-boat. I

pedant

'ped(a)nt n. derog. person who on adherence to formal rules or meaning, z pedantic pi'daentik adj. pedantically pi'daennkali adv. pedantry n. [French from Italian] insists

I

literal

j

peddle

'ped(a)l

v.

(-ling)

1

a

sell

as a pedlar, b advocate or promote. 2 sell (drugs) illegally. 3 engage in selling, esp. as a pedlar, [backformation from pedlar] peddler n. 1 person who sells drugs illegally. 2 US var. of pedlar. pederast 'peda.raest n. (also paederast) man who engages in pederasty. pederasty 'peda.raesti n. (also paederasty) anal intercourse between a man and a boy. [Greek pais paid- boy,

(goods)

|

I

.

I

|

i

erastes lover] [

pedestal 'pedist(a)L n. 1 base supporting a column or pillar. 2 stone etc. base of a statue etc. z put on a pedestal admire disproportionately, idolize. alian piedestallo, = foot of stall]

pedestrian attrib.)

town. -adj. prosaic; dull; uninspired, z v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [Latin: related to pedal] pedestrian crossing n. part of a road where crossing pedestrians have right

pedestrianize

of way.

pediatrics US

var. of paediatrics. pedi kjua(r) n. 1 care or treatment of the feet. esp. the toenails. 2 person practising this for a living. [Latin pes ped- foot, cura care]

pedicure

pedigree

cattle]

peculiarity

I

peep

657

person

pi'destnan -n. (often who is walking, esp. in a

'pedi.gri:

n. 1

(often attrib.)

recorded line of descent (esp. a distinguished one) of a person or pure-bred animal. 2 genealogical table. 3 colloq. 'life

history' of a person, thing, idea, etc.

pedigreed adj. [pedegru from French pie de grue (unrecorded) crane's foot, a mark denoting succession in pedigrees] pediment 'pedimant n. triangular part crowning the front of a building, esp. over a portico, [from periment, perhaps a corruption of pyramid]

pedlar

'pedla(r)

n.

(US peddler)

1

travelling seller of small items. 2 (usu. foil, by of) retailer (of gossip etc.). [alteration of pedder from ped pannier] pedo- US var. of paedo-. pedometer pi'domita(r) n. instrument for estimating distance walked by recording the number of steps taken. [Latin pes ped- foot: related to -meter] pedophile Eft? var. of paedophile. pedophilia US var. of paedophilia. peduncle pi'cL\rjk(a)l n. stalk of a flower, fruit, or cluster, esp. a main stalk bearing a solitary flower or subordinate stalks, z peduncular -kjula(r) adj. [related to pedometer, -uncle] pee colloq. -v. (pees, peed) urinate, -n. 1 act of urinating. 2 urine, [from piss] peek —v. (usu. foil, by in. out. at) peep slyly, glance, -n. quick or sly look, [origin unknown] peel - v. 1 a strip the skin, rind, wrapping, etc. from, b (usu. foil, by off) strip (skin, peel, wrapping, etc.). 2 a become bare of skin, paint, etc. b (often foil, by off) (of skin, paint, etc.) flake off. 3 (often foil, by off) colloq. (of a person) strip ready for exercise etc. -n. outer covering of a fruit, vegetable, etc.; rind, z peel off veer away and detach oneself from a group etc. z peeler n. [Old English from Latin pilo strip of hair] peelings, (usu. in pi. ) stripped-off piece of peel. peen n. wedge-shaped or thin or curved end of a hammer-head. [Latin pinna point] peep -r. 1 (usu. foil, by at. in. out. into) look through a narrow opening; look furtively. 2 (usu. foil, by out) come slowly into view; emerge, -n. 1 furtive 1

[It-

(

peep

small hole for peeping

n.

through. furtive voyeur. small exhibition of picviewed through a lens or hole n.

tures etc. set into a box etc. v.

(usu.

foil,

or

with

closely

by

into, at, etc.)

difficulty,

look

[origin

n. 1

a

(fern,

peeress)

member

of

one of the degrees of the nobility in Britain or Ireland, i.e. a duke, marquis, earl, viscount, or baron, b noble of any country. 2 person who is equal in ability, standing, rank, or value. [Latin par equal] peerage n. 1 peers as a class; the nobility. 2 rank of peer or peeress. peer group n. group of people of the

same age, status, etc. peerless adj. unequalled, superb. peer of the realm n. peer entitled to sit in the House of Lords. peeve colloq. -v. (-ving) (usu. as peeved adj.) irritate,

annoy, -n. cause or state [back-formation from

of irritation, PEEVISH]

peevish

adj.

adv. [origin

peevishly

irritable.

unknown]

peewit /'pi:wit/

n. (also

pewit) lapwing,

sound imitative of its cry] peg -rc. 1 pin or bolt of wood, metal, etc., for holding things together, hanging garments on, holding up a tent, etc. 2 each of the pins used to tighten or loosen [a

the strings of a violin

marking

position, e.g.

etc.

3 pin for

on a cribbage-

board. 4 = clothes-peg. 5 occasion or pretext (peg to hang an argument on). 6 drink, esp. of spirits, -v. (-gg-) 1 (usu. foil, by down, in, out, etc.) fix (a thing) with a peg. 2 stabilize (prices, wages, etc.). 3 mark (the score) with pegs on a off the peg (of cribbage-board. clothes) ready-made, peg away (often foil, by at) work consistently, peg out 1 slang die. 2 mark the boundaries of.

square peg in a round hole misfit, take a person down a peg or two humble a person, [probably Low Ger-

man or Dutch] pegboard n. board with small holes for pegs, used for displays, games, etc. n. colloq. 1 artificial leg. 2 per-

peg-leg

son with

derog[Latin

-n. derogatory word. pejor worse] peke n. colloq. Pekingese, [abbreviatory.

p

j

<

.

I

,

]

ation]

p

Pekingese

Pekin-

/,pi:ki'ni:z/ n. (also

(pi. same) lap-dog of a short-legged breed with long hair and a snub nose, [from Peking (Beijing) in China]

pelargonium

/.pela'gauniam/

n.

p J ]

i

]

plant

with red, pink, or white flowers and, often, fragrant leaves; geranium. [Greek pelargos stork] pelf n. derog. or joc. money; wealth. [French: related to pilfer] /'pelikan/ n. large water-bird with a large bill and a pouch in its throat for storing fish. [Greek pelekan] pelican crossing n. pedestrian crossing with traffic-lights operated by pedes-

pelican

unknown]

peer2

/pi'd3Drativ/ -adj.

j

peeping Tom peep-show n. 1

pejorative

ese)

[imitative]

peep-hole

peer

pen

658

or peering glance. 2 first appearance (peep of day), [origin unknown] peep 2 -v. make a shrill feeble sound as of young birds, mice, etc. — n. 1 such a sound. 2 slight sound, utterance, or complaint (not a peep out of them).

this.

P

I

i

J

I

P

\

j

I

trians. /pi'liis/ n. hist. 1 woman's long cloak with armholes or sleeves. 2 furlined cloak as part of a hussar's uniform. [Latin pellicia (garment) of fur,

pelisse

from pellis skin] pellagra /pa'laegra/ n. disease with cracking of the skin and often ending in

'

insanity. [Italian pelle skin]

pellet

/'pent/ n.

1

small compressed ball

of paper, bread, etc. 2 pill. 3 piece of small shot. [French pelote from Latin pila ball] pellicle /'pelik(a)l/ n. thin skin, membrane, or film. [Latin diminutive of pellis skin] pell-mell /pel'mel/ adv. 1 headlong, recklessly. 2 in disorder or confusion, [French pele-mele] pellucid /pi'lu:sid/ adj. 1 transparent. 2 (of style, speech, etc.) clear. [Latin: related to per-] pelmet /'pelmit/ n. narrow border of cloth,

wood,

etc.

fitted

esp.

to conceal the curtain [probably French]

rail,

by with) strike repeatedly with thrown objects. 2 (usu. foil, by down) (of rain etc.) fall quickly and torrentially. 3 run fast. -n. pelting. 1

-v.

1

(usu.

j

above a

window pelt

j

foil,

i j

J J

;

j

at full pelt as fast as possible, [origin

i

unknown] pelt 2

n. undressed skin, usu. of a furbearing mammal. [French, ultimately from Latin pellis skin] pelvis /'pelvis/ n. basin-shaped cavity in

j f

i ,

most vertebrates, formed from the hipbone with the sacrum and other verpelvic adj. [Latin, = basin] tebrae.

pen

1

|

,

j

-n. 1 instrument for writing with ink. 2 (the peri) occupation off writing, -v. (-nn-) write. [Latin feather]

etc.

penna

,

i

j

;

p I

en en

-n.

small enclosure for cows,

;heep, poultry, etc. -v. (-nn-) (often foil. or shut up, esp. in a

)y in, up) enclose pen. [Old English]

en 3

n.

enal

female swan, [origin unknown] of or concerning

/'pi:n(a)l/ adj. 1

punishment or Offence)

its

infliction. 2 (of

an

punishable, esp. by law.

penally adv. [Latin poena pain] enalize /'pi:na,laiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing )r -sing) 1 subject (a person) to a penalty or disadvantage. 2 make or ileclare (an action) penal, jenalty /'penalti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 punish!nent for breaking a law, rule, or conract. 2 disadvantage, loss, etc., esp. as a 'esult of one's own actions. 3 Sport lisadvantage imposed for a breach of he rules etc. [medieval Latin: related to 'ENAL] enalty area n. Football ground in ront of the goal in which a foul by defenders involves the award of a Denalty kick. enalty kick n. Football free kick at !:he goal resulting from a foul in the penalty area. enance /'penans/ n. 1 act of selfpunishment as reparation for guilt. 2 a ;in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox bhurch) sacrament including confession of and absolution for sins, b penalty imposed, esp. by a priest, for a sin. do penance perform a penance, [related to PENITENT] >ence pi. of penny. •enchant /'paja/ n. (followed by for) inclination or liking. [French] encil /'pens(a)l/ —n. 1 instrument for writing or drawing, usu. a thin rod of graphite etc. enclosed in a wooden cylinder or metal case. 2 (attrib.) resembling a pencil in shape (pencil skirt), -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 write, draw, or mark with a pencil. 2 (usu. foil, by in) write, note, or arrange provisionally. [Latin penicillum paintbrush] Pendant /'pend(a)nt/ n. hanging jewel etc., esp. one attached to a necklace, (

penny

659

2

bracelet, etc. [French pendre hang] /'pend(a)nt/ adj. formal 1 a hanging, b overhanging. 2 undecided,

pendent pending.

pendency

-predic. adj. 1 awaiting decision or settlement, undecided. 2 about to come into existence (patent pending), -prep. 1 during (pending further inquiries). 2 until (bailed pending trial), [after French: see pendant] /'pendjulas/ adj.

hanging

down; drooping and swinging. [Latin pendulus from pendeo hang]

>endulum

/'pendjolam/

ness, fog, etc.). 4 be absorbed by the mind. 5 (as penetrating adj.) a having or suggesting sensitivity or insight, b (of a voice etc.) easily heard through or above other sounds; piercing. penet-

rable

/-trab(a)l/ adj. penetrability penetration /-'treij(a)n/ penetrative /-trativ/ adj. [Latin] n. pen-friend n. friend communicated with by letter only. penguin /'pengwm/ n. flightless black and white sea bird of the southern hemisphere, with wings developed into /-tra'biliti/ n.

swimming underwater, unknown]

flippers for

gin

[ori-

penicillin /.peni'silm/ n. antibiotic, produced naturally by mould or synthetically. [Latin penicillum: related to

pencil]

peninsula

/pi'nmsjula/ n. piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting far into a sea etc. peninsular adj.

[Latin paene almost, insula island] /'pi:nis/ n. male organ of copulation and (in mammals) urination.

penis

[Latin]

penitent

/'penit(a)nt/ -adj. repentant.

1 repentant sinner. 2 person doing penance under the direction of a confessor. penitence n. penitently adv.

—n.

[Latin paeniteo repent] /,peni'tenj(a)l/ adj. of penitence or penance. penitentiary /.peni'tenjan/ -n. (pi. -ies) US federal or State prison, -adj. 1 of penance. 2 of reformatory treatment. [Latin: related to penitent] penknife n. small folding knife, pen-name n. literary pseudonym, pennant /'penant/ n. 1 tapering flag, esp. that flown at the masthead of a vessel in commission. 2 = pennon. [blend of pendant and pennon] penniless /'penihs/ adj. having no

penitential

money;

destitute.

pennon

n.

lending

>endulous

esp. a rod with a weighted end regulating a clock. [Latin neuter adjective: related to pendulous] penetrate /'peni.treit/ v. (-ting) 1 a find access into or through, b (usu. foil, by with) imbue with; permeate. 2 see into, find out, or discern. 3 see through (dark-

n.

(pi.

-s)

weight suspended so as to swing freely,

/'penan/ n. 1 long narrow flag, triangular or swallow-tailed. 2 long pointed streamer on a ship. [Latin

penna

penny

feather] /'peni/ n. (pi. for

-ies, for

a

separate coins

sum of money pence /pens/) 1

British coin

and monetary unit equal

to

one-hundredth of a pound. 2 hist. British bronze coin and monetary unit equal to one-two-hundred-and-fortieth of a pound. in for a penny, in for a pound exhortation to total commitment

penny black

e

an undertaking, pennies from heaven unexpected benefits, the penny drops colloq. one understands at last, penny wise and pound foolish mean to

in small expenditures but wasteful of large amounts, a pretty penny a large sum of money, two a penny easily

obtained and so almost worthless. [Old English] n. first adhesive postage stamp (1840, price one penny), penny farthing n. early type of bicycle with a large front and small rear wheel, penny-pinching -n. meanness, -adj.

penny black

penny-pincher

mean.

pennyroyal

n.

/.peni'roial/

creeping

finger holes. leaves,

wild plant with rounded

growing

pennyworth

marshy

esp. in

n.

much

as

places.

as can be

bought for a penny.

penology

the

US

forces. /-'taegan(a)l/ adj. [Greek related to penta-]

pentagram

pentagonal

p

pentagononU V]

/'penta.graem/

fivefc

n.

pointed star. [Greek: see penta-, -gram'Ti

pentameter

/pen'taemita(r)/ n. line oh verse with five metrical feet. [Greek: seA

penta-, -meter]

Pentateuch

/'penta,tju:k/ n. first fivl2

books of the Old Testament. [GreelJg teukhos book]

pentathlon

/pen'taeeian/

athletiilp

n.

event comprising five different event J p for each competitor. pentathlettgx /-'tae81i:t/ n.

n.

kind of mint. [Anglo-French puliol real royal thyme] penny whistle n. tin pipe with six

pennywort n.

peoples

)

[Greek: see penta-, athlom

contest]

]

pentatonic

/.penta'tonik/ adj. consist ing of five musical notes. Pentecost /'penti.kost/ n. 1 Whit Suiq day. 2 Jewish harvest festival, on th fiftieth day after the second day of Pass| over. [Greek pentekoste fiftieth (day)]

Pentecostal

n pi

p<

p pi

ii

/,penti'kDst(8)l/ adj. (of,

s

religious group) emphasizing the divinj p< esp. that around the shadow of the mooi or earth in an eclipse. 2 partial shadow

/'pentagan/ n. 1 plane figure with five sides and angles. 2 (the Pentagon) a pentagonal Washington headquarters of the US forces, b leaders of

(

<

St

Q)

to

(,

EP Ibopulate. 2 (esp. as peopled adj.) inhabit. [Latin populus] /pep abbr. Personal Equity Plan. ep colloq. -n. vigour; spirit, -v. (-pp-) lusu. foil, by up) fill with vigour, [abbreviation of pepper]

EP

lepper

-n. 1 hot aromatic condiment I'rom the dried berries of certain plants. ft anything pungent. 3 a capsicum plant. iq-own as a vegetable, b its fruit. — v. 1 sprinkle or treat with or as if with pepper. 2 pelt with missiles. [Sanskrit \iippalT]

[epper-and-salt adj. with small patches of dark and light colour interhiingled.

leppercorn n. 1 dried pepper berry. 2 in full peppercorn rent) nominal rent, epper-mill n. device for grinding pepoer by hand.

leppermint n.1a mint plant grown for ts strong-flavoured oil. b this oil. 2 sweet flavoured with peppermint. >epperoni .pepa'rauni n. beef and pork sausage seasoned with pepper. Italian peperone chilli] epper-pot n. small container with a [perforated lid for sprinkling pepper, heppery adj. 1 of, like, or containing pepper. 2 hot-tempered. 3 pungent. *ep pill n. pill containing a stimulant

drug.

*eppy

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. vigorous, energetic, bouncy. >epsin 'pepsin/ n. enzyme contained in the gastric juice. [Greek pepsis diges-

tion]

\

place -

place, z perambulation n. [Latin perambulo: related

to

leij(8)n

to

amble]

perambulator per

annum

year. [Latin] pa'keil

1 for each (two sweets per \child;five miles per hour). 2 by means of; by; through (per post). 3 (in full as per) in accordance with (as per instructions), z as per usual colloq. as usual. [Latin] >er- prefix 1 through; all over (pervade). '2 completely; very (perturb). 3 to destruction; to the bad (perdition; pervert). [Latin per-: related to per] >eradventure parad'ventja(r)/ adv. archaic or joc. perhaps. [French: related tO PER, ADVENTURE] oerambulate pa'raembju.leit/ v. (-ting) 1 walk through, over, or about (streets, the country, etc.). 2 walk from

closely

woven

& adj.

cot-

(also

perceive

pa'si:v/ v. (-ving) 1 apprehend, esp. through the sight; observe. 2 (usu. foil, by that, how, etc.) apprehend with the mind; understand; see or re-

perceivable

gard.

adj.

[Latin per-

understand] (US percent) -adv. in every hundred, -rc. 1 percentage. 2 one part in every hundred (half a per cipio -cept- seize,

per cent

/pa 'sent/

cent).

percentage

n. 1

rate or proportion per

cent. 2 proportion.

percentile

'pa'sentail/

n.

Statistics

1

each of 99 points at which a range of data is divided to make 100 groups of equal size. 2 each of these groups. perceptible /pa'septitya)!/ adj. capable of being perceived by the senses or intellect, z perceptibility /-'biliti/ ru perceptibly adv. [Latin: related to perceive]

perception

pa'sepj(a)n/ n. 1 act or faculty of perceiving. 2 (often foil, by of) intuitive recognition of a truth, aesthetic quality, etc.; way of seeing,

perch

cooked]

n.

per caput /'kaeput/) for each person. [Latin, = by heads]

duodenum.

!>er prep.

formal = pram.

ton fabric. [French] per capita pa kaepita/ adv.

perceptive

'peptaid n. Biochem. compound consisting of two or more amino acids bonded in sequence. [Greek peptos

n.

par 'aenam/ adv. for each

percale

>ep talk n. (usu. short) talk intended to enthuse, encourage, etc. >eptic 'peptik/ adj. concerning or ^promoting digestion. [Greek peptikos able to digest] leptic ulcer n. ulcer in the stomach or

peptide ;

percolate

661

understanding.

z

perceptual

/pa'septjual/ adj. pa'septiv, adj.

1

sensitive;

discerning. 2 capable of perceiving, z perceptively adv. perceptiveness n.

perceptivity

/-'tiviu/ n.

1

-n. 1 bar, branch, etc. used by a bird to rest on. 2 high place for a person or thing to rest on. 3 hist, measure of l length, esp. for land, of 5 l 2 yards. (usu. foil, by on) settle or rest on or as on a perch etc. [Latin pertica pole] perch 2 n. (pi. same or -es) edible European spiny-finned freshwater fish. [Latin perca from Greek] perchance /pe'tja:ns/ adv. archaic or poet. 1 by chance. 2 maybe. [AngloFrench par by] percipient /pa'sipiant/ adj. able to perceive; conscious, z percipience n. [Latin: related to perceive]

percolate

/'p3:ka,leit/ v. (-ting) 1 (often

by through) a (of liquid etc.) filter or ooze gradually, b (of an idea etc.) permeate gradually. 2 prepare (coffee) in a percolator. 3 strain (a liquid, powder, foil,

percolator

perthrough a fine mesh etc. colation -'leij\a)n/ n. [Latin colum

etc.)

strainer]

percolator

n.

machine making

coffee

by circulating boiling water through ground beans.

percussion

/pa'kA.f(a)n/ n. 1 a (often playing of music by striking instruments with sticks etc. (percussion instrument), b such instruments collectively. 2 gentle tapping of the body in medical diagnosis. 3 forcible striking of one esp. solid body against another. percussionist n. percussive adj. atrrib.)

[Latin percutio -cuss- strike]

percussion cap

n. small amount of explosive powder contained in metal or

paper and exploded by striking. perdition /pa'di.f(a)n/ n. eternal death; damnation. [Latin perdo -dit- destroy] peregrine /perigrm/ n. (in full peregrine falcon) a kind of falcon much used for hawking. [Latin peregrinus foreign]

peremptory

/pa'remptari/ adj. 1 (of a statement or command) admitting no denial or refusal. 2 (of a person, manner,

imperious; dictatorial. peremptorily adv. peremptoriness n. [Latin peremptorius deadly, decisive] perennial /pa'renial/ -adj. 1 lasting through a year or several years. 2 (of a plant) lasting several years. 3 lasting a long time or for ever. —n. perennial plant. perennially adv. [Latin perennis from annus year] perestroika /.pere'straika/ n. (in the former USSR) reform of the economic and political system. [Russian, = reetc.)

structuring]

perfect

/'p3:fikt/

-adj.

deficient. 2 faultless. 3

complete; not very enjoyable,

1

excellent {perfect evening). 4 exact, precise (perfect circle). 5 entire, unqualified (perfect stranger). 6 Gram, (of a tense) denoting a completed action or event (e.g. he has gone), -v. /pa'fekt/ 1 make perfect. 2 complete, -n. Gram, the perfect tense. perfectible /pa'fektib(a)l/ adj.

perfectibility

/pa.fekti'biliti/

n.

[Latin perficere -feet- complete (v.)] perfection /pa'fekj(e)n/ n. 1 making, becoming, or being perfect. 2 faultlessness. 3 perfect person, thing, or example, to perfection exactly; completely. [Latin: related to perfect]

perfectionism

n.

pursuit of excellence. n.

&

uncompromising perfectionist

adj.

perfectly adv.

1

completely; quite. 2 in a

perfect way.

perfect pitch

perimeter

662

n.

= absolute pitch.

perfidy

breach of faith; perfidious /-'fidias/ adj. n.

/'p3:fidi/

treachery. [Latin perfidia from fides faith]

v. (-ting) 1 make a hole or holes through; pierce. 2 make a small holes in (paper row of etc.) so that perforaa part may be torn off easily. tion /-'reij(a)n/ n. [Latin perforo pierce

perforate /'p3:fa,reit/

through]

perforce

/pa'fo.s/ adv. archaic unavoidably; necessarily. [French par force by

FORCE

1

]

perform

/pa'fo:m/ v. 1 (also absol.) effect; do. 2 execute (a function, play, piece of music, etc.). 3 act in a play; play music, sing, etc.; execute tricks. 4 function. performer n. [Anglo-French: related to per-, fur-

carry into

nish]

performance

/pa'fa.mans/

n.

1

(usu.

by of) a act, process, or manner of performing or functioning, b execution (of a duty etc.). 2 performing of a play, music, etc.; instance of this. 3 colloq. fuss; emotional scene. performing arts n.pl. drama, music, foil,

dance,

etc.

perfume /'p3:fju:m/-rc.

1

sweet smell. 2

fluid containing the essence of flowers etc.; scent,

—v. /also pa'fju:m/ (-ming) [Italian parfu-

impart a sweet scent to. mare smoke through]

perfumer

maker or perfumery n. (pi.

/pa'fju:ma(r)/ n.

seller of perfumes. -ies).

perfunctory

/pa'fAnktari/ adj. done merely out of duty; superficial, careless. perfunctorily adv. perfunctoriness n. [Latin: related to function] pergola /'p3:gala/ n. arbour or covered walk formed of growing plants trained

over trellis-work.

perhaps

[Italian]

/pa'haeps/ adv.

it

may

be; pos-

sibly.

peri- prefix round, about. [Greek] perianth /'pen.aenO/ n. outer part of a flower. [Greek anthos flower]

pericardium /,pen'ka:diam/ n. -dia) membranous sac enclosing

the

heart. [Greek kardia heart]

perigee

I

(pi.

]

/'pen,d3i:/ n. point of a planet's

or comet's orbit where it earth. [Greek perigeion]

perihelion

is

nearest the

/,pen'hi:lian/ n.

(pi.

-lia)

point of a planet's or comet's orbit where it is nearest the sun's centre, [related to peri-, Greek helios sun] peril /'peril/ n. serious and immediate perilous adj. perilously danger. adv. [Latin peric(u)lum] perimeter /pa'rimita(r)/ n.1a circumference or outline of a closed figure, b length of this. 2 outer boundary of an

I

I

perineum

[Latin from Greek] /'piariad/ -n. 1 length or portion of time. 2 distinct portion of history, a person's life, etc. 3 time forming part of a geological era. 4 interval between recurrences of an astronomical or other phenomenon. 5 time allowed for a lesson in school. 6 occurrence of menstruation (often attrib:. period pains). 7 complete sentence, esp. one consisting of several clauses. 8 esp. US a = full stop 1. b colloq. used at the end of a statement to indicate finality (I'm not going, period), -adj. characteristic of some past period (period furniture). [Greek hodos way] periodic /.pian'odik/ adj. appearing or periodicity occurring at intervals.

period

j

permanent

663

enclosed area. [Greek: related to -meter] perineum /,pen'ni:am/ n. (pi. -nea) region of the body between the anus and perineal adj. the scrotum or vulva.

crowd

can see things otherwise out of sight. periscopic /-'sknpik/ adj. perish /'periJV v. 1 be destroyed; suffer death or ruin. 2 a (esp. of rubber) lose its normal qualities; deteriorate, rot. b cause to rot or deteriorate. 3 (in passive) suffer from cold. [Latin pereo] etc.,

perishable

-adj. liable to perish; subject to decay, -n. thing, esp. a foodstuff, subject to rapid decay.

perisher n. slang annoying person. perishing colloq. -adj. 1 confounded.

2 freezing cold. -adv. confoundedly. peristalsis /.peri'staelsis/ n. involuntary muscular wavelike movement by which the contents of the digestive tract are propelled along it. [Greek peristello

wrap around]

peritoneum

/,perita'ni:am/ n.

(pi. -s

or

membrane lining the cavity of the

-nea)

etc.

peritoneal adj. [Greek abdomen. peritonos stretched around] peritonitis /.perita'naitis/ n. inflammatory disease of the peritoneum.

periodic.

periwig

/-na'disiti/ n.

periodical —n. newspaper, magazine, issued at regular intervals, -adj. periodically adv. periodic table n. arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number and in which elements of similar chemical properties appear at regular intervals. periodontics /.pena'dnntiks/ n.pl (treated as sing.) branch of dentistry concerned with the structures surrounding and supporting the teeth.

[Greek odous tooth]

to place; itinerant, -n. peripatetic per-

son, esp. a teacher. [Greek pateo walk] /pa'nfar(a)l/ -adj. 1 of minor importance; marginal. 2 of the periphery, -n. any input, output, or storage device that can be controlled by a computer's central processing unit, e.g. a floppy disk or printer.

peripheral

nervous

system

n.

nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

periphery

/pa'nfan/

n.

(pi

-ies)

1

boundary of an area or surface. 2 outer or surrounding region. [Greek phero

periphrasis

/pa'nfrasis/

/-,si:z/) 1

v

n.

(pi.

roundabout way of

speaking; circumlocution. 2 roundphrase. periphrastic /.peri'fraestik/ adj. [Greek: related to phrase]

about

periscope

perjurer

/'peri.skaup/ n. apparatus with a tube and mirrors or prisms, by which an observer in a trench, submerged submarine, or at the back of a

n.

[French from

Latin juro swear]

perjury

n. (pi. -ies)

telling a lie

perk

Law

when on

act of wilfully oath.

perk up 1 recover confidence,

1

v.

courage, life, or zest. 2 restore confidence, courage, or liveliness in. 3 smarten up. 4 raise (one's head etc.) briskly, [origin

perk 2

n.

unknown]

colloq.

perquisite,

[abbrevi-

ation]

perky adj. (-ier, -iest) lively; cheerful. perkily adv. perkiness n. perlite /'p3:lait/ n. (also pearlite) glassy type of vermiculite used for insulation etc. [French perle pearl] perm -n. permanent wave. -v. give a 1

permanent wave

perm

bear]

-phrases

l

perjury.

peripatetic /.peripa'tetik/ -adj. 1 (of a teacher) working in more than one school or college etc. 2 going from place

peripheral

/'periwig/ n. esp. hist. wig. [alteration of peruke] periwinkle 1 /'pen wink(a)l/ n. evergreen trailing plant with blue, purple, or white flowers. [Latin pervinca] periwinkle 2 /'peri.winkte)!/ n. = winkle, [origin unknown] perjure /'p3:d3a(r)/ v.refl. (-ring) Law 1 wilfully tell a lie when on oath. 2 (as perjured adj.) guilty of or involving

2

colloq.

to.

-n.

[abbreviation]

permutation,

-v.

make a permutation of. [abbreviation] permafrost /'p3:ma,frDst/ n. subsoil which remains frozen polar frost]

regions,

all

[from

year, as in

permanent,

permanent

/'p3:manant/ adj. lasting, or intended to last or function, indefin-

n permanence permanently adv.

permanency

itely,

n.

n.

[Latin

remain

to the end]

permaneo

permanent wave permanent wave ficial

wave

long-lasting arti-

n.

in the hair.

permeable

p3:miab(a)l, adj. capable

permeability

of being permeated. •

biliti

n.

permeate]

[related to

permeate

'p3:mi,eit/

v.

(-ting)

1

pen-

etrate throughout; pervade; saturate. 2 (usu. foil, by through, among, etc.) difpermeation -'eij(a)n/ n. fuse itself, [Latin permeo pass through] -adj. of the last 'p3:mian/ Permian period of the Palaeozoic era. -n. this period. [Perm in Russia] permissible pa'misib(a)l/ adj. allow-

permissibility -biliti n. [French or medieval Latin: related to PERMIT]

able,

permission

pa'mij*(a)n n. (often foil. to - infin.) consent; authorization. [Latin permissio: related to permit] permissive /pa'misiv/ adj. 1 tolerant or liberal, esp. in sexual matters. 2 giving

by

permissiveness n. permission. [French or medieval Latin: related to permit] permit -v. /pa'mit/ (-tt-) 1 give permission or consent to; authorize. 2 a allow; give an opportunity to. b give an opportunity (circumstances permitting). 3 (foil, by of) admit, -n. 'p3:mit 1 a document giving permission to act. b document etc. which allows entry. 2 formal permission. [Latin permitto miss- allow]

permutation

,p3:mju'teij(8)n/ n. 1 one of the possible ordered arrangements or groupings of a set of things. 2 combination or selection of a specified number of things from a larger group, esp. matches in a football pool. [Latin

permuto change thoroughly]

pernicious /pa'nijas,

adj.

very harmful

or destructive; deadly. [Latin pernicies

anaemia

n.

defective

formation of red blood cells through lack of vitamin B.

pernickety

(Perpendicular) Archit. of the third stage of English Gothic (15th-16th c.) with vertical tracery in large winsteep. 4

dows, -n. 1 perpendicular line. 2 (prec. by the) perpendicular line or direction (is out of the perpendicular), perpendicularity /-'laeriti/ n. [Latin perpendiculum plumb-line]

perpetrate 'p3:pi,treit/ v. commit (a crime, blunder, thing -

pa'nikiti/ adj. colloq. fasti-

dious; over-precise, [origin unknown] peroration /.pera'reiJXa)^ n. concluding part of a speech. [Latin oro speak]

peroxide

pa'roksaid -n. 1 a = hydrogen peroxide, b (often attrib.) solution of hydrogen peroxide used esp. to bleach the hair. 2 compound of oxygen with another element containing the greatest possible proportion of oxygen, -f (-ding) bleach (the hair) with peroxide, [from per-, oxide]

perpendicular

/,p3:pan'dikjula(r)/

-adj. 1 a (usu. foil, by to) at right angles (to a given line, plane, or surface), b at right angles to the plane of the horizon. 2 upright, vertical. 3 (of a slope etc.) very-

(-ting)

or

any-

perpetration perpetrator n. [Latin

outrageous).

treiJXaJn/

n.

perpetro perform]

perpetual

pa'petjual adj. 1 lasting for ever or indefinitely. 2 continuous, uninterrupted. 3 colloq. frequent (perpetual interruptions). perpetually adv. [Latin perpetuus continuous] perpetual motion n. motion of a hypothetical machine which once set in motion would run for ever unless subject to an external force or to wear.

perpetuate pa'petju.eit/ v. (-ting) 1 make perpetual. 2 preserve from obliperpetuation -'eij\a)n/ n. perpetuator n. [Latin perpetuo] perpetuity ,p3:pi'tju:iti n. (pi. -ies) 1 vion.

state or quality of being perpetual. 2 perpetual annuity. 3 perpetual possession or position. in perpetuity for ever. [Latin: related to perpetual] perplex /pa'pleks/ v. 1 puzzle, bewilder, or disconcert. 2 complicate or confuse (a matter). perplexedly -idli adv. perplexing adj. [Latin perplexus involved]

perplexity

pa'pleksiti n. (pi. -ies) 1 state of being perplexed. 2 thing that

perplexes.

per pro.

(ps: 'prau abbr. through the agency of (used in signatures). [Latin per procurationem]

Usage The correct sequence is A per pro. B,

ruin]

pernicious

persecute

664

where B

perquisite

is

signing on behalf of A.

n. 1 extra profit or allowance additional to a main income etc. 2 customary extra right or privilege. [Latin perquiro -quisit- search

"p3:kwizit<

diligently for]

Usage

Perquisite

is

sometimes con-

fused with prerequisite, which means 'thing required as a precondition'.

perry

'pen/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

from fermented pear pere: related to pear] per se /p3: 'sei adv. intrinsically. [Latin]

persecute

/'p3:si,kju:t

drink made [French

juice.

by or in v.

(-ting)

itself;

1

sub-

person etc.) to hostility or illtreatment, esp. on grounds of political or religious belief. 2 harass, worry, z

ject (a

persecution /-'kju:J*(a)n n. persecutor n. [Latin persequor -secut- pursue]

persevere foil,

by

(-ring) (often in, with) continue steadfastly or v.

perseverance determinedly; persist. n. [Latin: related to severe] Persian /'p3:J(9)n/ -n. 1 native or inhabitant of ancient or modern Persia (now Iran); person of Persian descent. 2 language of ancient Persia or modern Iran. 3 (in full Persian cat) cat of a breed with long silky hair. -adj. of or relating to Persia or its people or language.

Usage The preferred terms for the language (see sense 2 of the noun) are Iranian and Farsi respectively. Persian lamb

n.

silky tightly curled

fur of a young karakul, used in clothing. persiflage /'p3:si,fla:3/ n. light raillery,

banter. [French! persimmon /p3:'siman/ n. 1 tropical evergreen tree. 2 its edible tomato-like fruit.

[Algonquian]

persist

/pa'sist/

v.

(often

foil,

by

in)

God as in person Father, Son, or Holy Ghost. physically present. [Latin: related to (salesperson). 5 (in Christianity)

persona]

ments and messages.

personal

computer

computer

n.

designed for use by a single individual.

personal equity plan

n.

scheme

tax-free personal investments financial institutions.

personality

for

through

/,p3:sa'naeliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

person's distinctive character or qualities (has a strong personality).

a

b socially attractive qualities (was clever but had no personality). 2 famous person (TV personality). 3 (in pi.) personal remarks.

personalize

v.

(also

-ise)

(-zing or

make personal, esp. by marking name etc. 2 personify. personally adv. 1 in person (see to it personally). 2 for one's own part -sing)

1

with one's

manner (took the criticism personally). personal organizer n. means of keeping track of personal affairs, esp. a divided into sec-

loose-leaf notebook tions.

personal pronoun

n.

pronoun

repla-

cing the subject, object, etc., of a clause etc., e.g. I, we, you, them, us. personal property n. Law all one's property except land and those interests in land that pass to one's heirs. personal stereo n. small portable cassette player, often with radio or CD player, used with lightweight headphones. persona non grata /pa.sauna non (or

naun) tae

personae non graunacceptable person.

'gra:ta/ n. (pi

/-ni:, -ti:/)

personify

/pa'soni.fai/

v.

(-ies, -ied) 1

represent (an abstraction or thing) as

persona

/pa'sauna/ n. (pi. -nae /-ni:/) aspect of the personality as shown to or perceived by others. [Latin, = actor's

mask]

personable

adj.

pleasing in appear-

ance and behaviour.

personage

n.

person, esp. of rank or

persona grata

human

characteristics. 2 symbolize (a quality etc.) by a figure in human form. 3 (usu. as personified adj.) be a typical example of; embody (she

having

personifies youthful arrogance; he was personificaniceness personified).

tion

/-fi'keij(a)n/ n.

personnel

importance. /pa.saona 'gra:ta/

personae gratae

/-ni:, -ti:/)

n. (pi.

person

ac-

ceptable to certain others.

own; done or made in

/'p3:san(a)l/ adj. 1 one's

individual; private. 2

person (my personal attention). 3 directed to or concerning an individual (personal

or denoting one of the three persons (personal pronoun). personal column n. part of a newspaper devoted to private advertise-

(speaking personally). 3 in a personal 1

continue firmly or obstinately (in an opinion or action) esp. despite obstacles, remonstrance, etc. 2 (of a phenomenon etc.) continue in existence; survive. persistence n. persistent adj. persistently adv. [Latin sisto stand] person /'p3:s(a)n/ n. 1 individual human being. 2 living body of a human being (found on my person). 3 Gram, any of three classes of personal pronouns, verb-forms, etc.: the person speaking (first person); the person spoken to (second person); the person spoken of (third person). 4 (in comb.) used to replace -man in offices open to either sex

personal

perspective

665

persevere /,p3:si'via(r)/

4 referring (esp. in a hostile way) to an individual's private life or concerns (personal remarks; no need to be personal). 5 of the body and clothing (personal hygiene). 6 existing as a person (a personal God). 7 Gram, of letter).

/,p3:sa'nel/ n. staff of an organization, the armed forces, a public service, etc. [French, = personal] personnel department n. part of an organization concerned with the appointment, training, and welfare of

employees.

perspective

/pa'spektiv/ -n. 1 a art of solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of relative positions, size, etc. b picture so drawn. 2 apparent relation between visible objects as to position, distance, etc. 3 mental view of

drawing

Perspex

view, esp. stretching into the distance. in (or out —adj. of or in perspective, of) perspective 1 drawn or viewed according (or not according) to the rules of perspective. 2 correctly (or incorrectly) regarded in terms of relative importance. [Latin perspicio -sped- look at]

Perspex

'p3:speks/

n.

transparent

light

propr. tough thermoplastic,

[related to perspective]

perspicacious /,p3:spi'keijas/ adj. having mental penetration or discernment. perspicacity /-'kaesiti/ n. [Latin perspicax: related to perspective]

Usage Perspicacious is sometimes confused with perspicuous. perspicuous

1

easily

/-'kju:iti/ n.

[Latin: related to per-

spective]

Usage Perspicuous is sometimes confused with perspicacious. perspiration

/,p3:spi'reij(a)n/

n.

1

sweat. 2 sweating. [French: related to perspire] perspire /pa'spaia(r)/ v. (-ring) sweat. [Latin spiro breathe] persuade /pa'sweid/ v. (-ding) 1 (often foil, by of or that) cause (another person or oneself) to believe; convince. 2 (often foil, by to + infin.) induce.

persuadable

adj.

persuasible

adj.

[Latin persuadeo -suas- induce] persuasion /pa'swei3(a)n/ n. 1 persuading. 2 persuasiveness. 3 belief or conviction. 4 religious belief, or the group or sect holding it. [Latin: related to per-

suade]

persuasive persuading,

good at persuasively adv. per-

suasiveness

n.

/pa'sweisiv/ adj.

[French or medieval

Latin: related to persuade]

pert

saucy, impudent. 2 jaunty, n pertly adv. pertness n. [Latin apertus open] pertain /pa'tem/ v. 1 (foil, by to) a relate or have reference to. b belong to as a part, appendage, or accessory. 2 (usu. foil, by to) be appropriate to. [Latin pertineo belong to] adj.

1

pertinacious

/,p3:ti'neijas/ adj.

stub-

born; persistent (in a course of action etc.). pertinacity /-'naesiti/ n. [Latin pertinax: related to pertain]

pertinent to)

'p3:tinant/ adj. (often foil,

relevant.

ency

n.

perturb

disturb mentally; agitate. 2 throw into confusion or disperturbation /-'beiJXa)n/ n. order, /pa't3:b/

v.

1

[French from Latin]

peruke

/pa'ru:k/ n. hist. wig. [French

from

Italian] peruse /pa'ru:z/

v. (-sing) 1 read or study carefully. 2 joc. read or look at perusal n. [originally = desultorily, 'use up'] pervade /pa'veid/ v. (-ding) 1 spread

throughout, permeate. 2 be rife among pervasion n. pervasive or through. adj. [Latin pervado penetrate] perverse /pa'v3:s/ adj. 1 deliberately or

stubbornly departing from what is reasonable or required. 2 intractable.

perversely (pi. -ies).

adv.

perversity

n.

[Latin: related to pervert]

perversion /pa'v3:JXa)n/ n.

/pa'spikjuas/ adj.

understood; clearly expressed. 2 expressing things clearly. perspi-

cuity

pesticide

666

importance of things. 4

relative

the

pertinence

by

pertin[Latin: related to pertain] n.

1 perverting or being perverted. 2 preference for an abnormal form of sexual activity. [Latin: related to pervert] pervert —v. /pa'v3:t/ 1 turn (a person or thing) aside from its proper use or nature. 2 misapply (words etc.). 3 lead astray from right conduct or (esp. religious) beliefs; corrupt. 4 (as perverted adj.) snowing perversion, -n. /'p3:v3:t/ perverted person, esp. sexually. [Latin verto vers- turn] pervious /'p3:vias/ adj. 1 permeable. 2 (usu. foil, by to) a affording passage, b accessible (to reason etc.). [Latin via road] peseta /pa'seita/ n. chief monetary unit of Spain. [Spanish]

pesky colloq.

/'peski/ adj. (-ier, -iest) esp.

US

troublesome; annoying, [origin

unknown] peso /'peisau/

n. (pi. -s) chief monetary unit of several Latin American countries and of the Philippines. [Spanish] pessary /'pesan/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 device worn in the vagina to support the uterus or as a contraceptive. 2 vaginal suppository. [Latin from Greek] pessimism /'pesi,miz(a)m/ n. 1 tendency to be gloomy or expect the worst. 2 Philos. belief that this world is as bad as it could be or that all things tend to evil.

pessimist n. pessimistic /-'mistik/ pessimistically /-'mistikali/ adv.

adj.

[Latin pessimus worst]

pest

n. 1 troublesome or annoying person or thing. 2 destructive animal, esp. one which attacks food sources. [Latin

pestis plague]

pester

v. trouble or annoy, esp. with frequent or persistent requests, [probably French empestrer encumber: influenced by pest] pesticide /'pesti.said/ n. substance for destroying pests, esp. insects.

pestilence pestilence

epidemic

disease, esp. bubonic plague. [Latin pestis

plague]

pestilent

adj.

1

deadly. 2 harmful or

morally destructive. 3 colloq. troublesome, annoying. pestilential /,pesti'lenj(a)l/ adj. 1 of or relating to pestilence. 2 pestilent. /'pes(a)l/ n. club-shaped instrument for pounding substances in a mortar. [Latin pistillum from pinso pound]

pestle

pet -n.

domestic or tamed animal kept

1

1

for pleasure or companionship. 2 darling, favourite, -attrib. adj. 1 kept as a pet (pet lamb). 2 of or for pet animals (pet food). 3 often joc. favourite or particular (pet hate). 4 expressing fondness or familiarity (pet name), -v. (-U-) 1 fondle eroticaliy. 2 treat as a pet; stroke, pat. [origin unknown] pet 2 n. fit of ill-humour, [origin

unknown] petal

/'pet(a)l/ n.

each of the parts of the z petalled adj.

corolla of a flower,

[Greek petalon

petard peter come Peter

leaf]

/pi'ta:d/ n. hist,

small

bomb used

down

a door etc. [French] /'pi:ta(r)/ v. z peter out diminish, to an end. [origin unknown]

to blast

Pan

n.

person

who remains

youthful or is immature, [hero of Barrie's play (1904)]

petersham silk ribbon.

/'pi:tajam/ n. thick

[Lord Petersham,

J.

M.

corded

name

of

an army officer] pethidine /'peBi.dim/

n. synthetic soluble analgesic used esp. in childbirth, [perhaps from the chemical piperidine] petiole /'peti.aul n. slender stalk joining a leaf to a stem. [French from Latin] petit bourgeois /.peti 'bua3wa:/ n. (pi petits bourgeois pronunc. same) member of the lower middle classes. [French] petite /pa'ti:t/ adj. (of a woman) of small and dainty build. [French, = little] petit four /.peti 'fo:(r)/ n. (pi petits fours /'fo:z/) very small fancy cake. [French, = small oven] petition /pa'tiJXa)n/ -n. 1 supplication, request. 2 formal written request, esp. one signed by many people, appealing to an authority. 3 Law application to a court for a writ etc. -v. 1 make or address a petition to. 2 (often foil, by for, to) appeal earnestly or humbly. [Latin peto petit- ask]

petit

mal

/.peti "mael/ n.

epilepsy [French, = .

little

mild form of sickness]

petit point /.peti "pwae/ n. embroidery on canvas using small stitches. [French,

=

little

pfennig

667

/'pestilans/ n. fatal

point]

petrel 'petr(a)l, n. sea bird, usu. flying far from land, [origin unknown]

Petri dish

/'pi:tn/ n.

shallow covered

dish used for the culture of bacteria etc. [Petri, name of a bacteriologist] petrify /'petn.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 paralyse with fear, astonishment, etc. 2 change (organic matter) into a stony substance. 3 become like stone, z petrifaction /-'faekj\a)n/ n. [Latin petra rock,

from Greek]

petrochemical

/,petrau'kemik(a)l/ n.

substance industrially obtained from petroleum or natural gas.

petrodollar

/'petrau.dolaO*)/ n. tional unit of currency earned

no-

by a

petroleum-exporting country.

petrol

/'petr(a)l/ n. 1 refined petroleum used as a fuel in motor vehicles, aircraft, etc. 2 (attrib.) concerned with the supply of petrol (petrol pump). [Latin: related to petroleum] petroleum /pi'trauliam/ n. hydrocarbon oil found in the upper strata of the earth, refined for use as fuel etc. [Latin petra rock, oleum oil] petroleum jelly n. translucent solid mixture of hydrocarbons used as a

lubricant, ointment, etc. n. shop selling animals to be kept as pets.

pet shop

petticoat /'peti.kaut/ n. 1 woman's or girl's undergarment hanging from the waist or shoulders. 2 (attrib.) often derog. feminine, [petty coat] /'peti.fog/ v. (-gg-) 1 practise legal trickery. 2 quibble or wrangle about trivial points, [origin unknown] pettish adj. peevish, petulant; easily

pettifog

put out. [from pet2 ]

petty

adj. (-ier, -iest)

trivial.

1

unimportant;

2 small-minded. 3 minor, in-

on a small scale. 4 Law (of a crime) of lesser importance, z pettily adv. pettiness n. [French petit small] petty cash n. money from or for small items of receipt or expenditure. petty officer n. naval NCO. petulant /'petjulant/ adj. peevishly impatient or irritable, z petulance n. petulantly adv. [Latin peto seek] petunia /pi'rju:nia/ n. cultivated plant with white, purple, red, etc., funnelshaped flowers. [French petun tobacco] pew n. 1 (in a church) long bench with a back; enclosed compartment. 2 colloq. seat (esp. take a pew). [Latin podium] pewit var. of peewit. pewter /'pju:ta(r)/ n. 1 grey alloy of tin, antimony, and copper. 2 utensils made of this. [French peutre] ferior,

peyote

/pei'auti/ n. 1

Mexican cactus. 2

hallucinogenic drug prepared from this. [American Spanish from Nahuatl] pfennig /'fenig/ n. one-hundredth of a

Deutschmark. [German]

PG (of a film) classified as suitable for children subject to parental guid-

pharynx

/'faerinks/ n. (pi.

pharynges

/-nn,d3i:z/ or -xes) cavity

behind the

nose

ance.

pH

philanthropy

668

PG abbr.

n.

pii'eitj"

measure

of the acidity or

alkalinity of a solution. [German Potenz (symbol for hydrogen)] power, phagocyte /'faega.sait/ n. leucocyte capable of engulfing and absorbing foreign

H

and

mouth.

/-nn'd3aitis/ n.

phase

/feiz/

pharyngeal

pharyngitis [Latin from Greek] adj.

/-rm'd3i:al/

-n.

stage in a process of

1

change or development. 2 each of the

phalluses)

aspects of the moon or a planet, according to the amount of its illumination. 3 Physics stage in a periodically recurring sequence, esp. the wave-form of alternating electric currents or light. -v. (-sing) carry out (a programme etc.) in phases or stages. phase in (or out) bring gradually into (or out of) use. [Greek phasis appearance] Ph.D. abbr. Doctor of Philosophy. [Latin philosophiae doctor]

of this as a

pheasant /'fez(a)nt/ n.

matter. [Greek phag- eat, kutos cell] 'faelaenks/ n. (pi phalanxes or phalanges fa'laend3i:z/) 1 Gk Antiq. line of battle, esp. a body of infantry drawn up in close order. 2 set of people etc. forming a compact mass, or banded for a common purpose. [Latin from

phalanx

Greek]

phallus

/'faelas/ n.

(pi phalli

/-lai/

or

1 (esp. erect) penis. 2 image symbol of natural generative phallic adj. [Latin from

power. Greek]

phantasm

/'faen taez(9)m/ l

phantasmal

phantom.

adj. [Latin: related to

n.

illusion,

/-'taezm(a)l/

phantom]

phantasmagoria

/.faentaezma'gaTia/ n. shifting series of real or imaginary figures as seen in a dream. phantasmagoric /-'gnnk/ adj. [probably from French fantasmagorie: related to

phantasm]

phantom /'faentam/-rc.

1

ghost, appari-

mental illusion, -attrib. [Greek phantasma]

tion, spectre. 2

adj. illusory.

Pharaoh Egypt. 2

1 ruler of ancient of this ruler. [Old English

/'fearau/ n.

title

from Church Latin Pharao, ultimately from Egyptian] Pharisee /'faen.si:/ n. 1 member of an ancient Jewish sect, distinguished by strict observance of the traditional and written law. 2 self-righteous person; hypocrite. Pharisaic /-'senk/ adj. [Hebrew parus]

pharmaceutical

/,fa:ma'sju:tik(a)l/

1 of or engaged in pharmacy. 2 of the use or sale of medicinal drugs. [Latin from Greek pharmakon drug] pharmaceutics n.pl (usu. treated as

adj.

Sing.)

= PHARMACY

pharmacist

1.

/'fa:masist/

n.

person

qualified to prepare and dispense drugs. pharmacology /,fa:ma'kDlad3i/ n. the study of the action of drugs on the body. adj.

pharmacological pharmacologist n.

pharmacopoeia

/-ka'lDd3ik(a)l/

/,fa:maka'pi:a/

n.

1

book, esp. one officially published, containing a list of drugs with directions for use. 2 stock of drugs. [Greek pharmakopoios drug-maker] pharmacy fa:masi/ n. (pi -ies) 1 preparation and (esp. medicinal) dispensing of drugs. 2 pharmacist's shop, dispensary. /

long-tailed game[Greek Phasianos of Phasis, name of a river associated with the bird] bird.

phenobarbitone

/.fimau'baibi.taun/ n.

narcotic and sedative barbiturate drug used esp. to treat epilepsy, [from phenol, barbiturate] phenol /'fimol/ n. 1 hydroxyl derivative of benzene. 2 any hydroxyl derivative of an aromatic hydrocarbon. [French] phenomenal /fi'nDmm(a)l/ adj. 1 extraordinary, remarkable. 2 of the nature of a phenomenon. phenomenally adv. phenomenon /fi'nnmman/ n. (pi -mena) 1 fact or occurrence that appears or is perceived, esp. one of which the cause is in question. 2 remarkable person or thing. [Greek phaino show]

Usage The plural form of this word, phenomena, is often used mistakenly for the singular. This should be avoided.

pheromone

/'fera.maun/ n. substance

secreted and released by an animal for detection and response by another usu. of the same species. [Greek phero convey, hormone] phew /fju:/ int. expression of relief, astonishment, weariness, etc. [imitative] phi /fai/ n. twenty-first letter of the Greek alphabet (O, cf>). [Greek] phial /'faial/ n. small glass bottle, esp. for liquid medicine. [Greek phiate broad flat

dish]

phil- var. of philo-. -phil var. of -phile.

philadelphus

flowering orange. [Latin

/.fila'delfas/ n.

shrub, esp. the

mock

from Greek]

philander

/fi'laenda(r)/ v. flirt or have philancasual affairs with women. derer n. [Greek aner andr- male per-

son]

philanthropy

/fi'laenGrapi/ n. 1 love of

mankind. 2 practical benevolence.

philately philanthropic /-'Bropik/ adj. philanthropek anthropos human being] philately /fi'lsetah/ n. the study and collecting of postage stamps. atelist n. [Greek ateles tax-free]

phil-

-phile comb, form (also -phil) forming nouns and adjectives denoting fondness

what

specified {bibliophile). [Greek philos loving] philharmonic /,filha:'mDnik/ adj. fond of music (usu. in the names of orchestras etc.). [Italian: related to harmonic] philippic /fi'lipik/ n. bitter verbal attack. [Greek from Philip II of Macedon] Philistine /'fili.stam/ -n. 1 member of a people of ancient Palestine. 2 (usu. Philistine) person who is hostile or indifferent to culture, -adj. (usu. Philistine) hostile or indifferent to culture. for

is

Philistinism

/-sti,niz(a)m/ n.

[Hebrew

pHisti]

Phillips

/'filips/ n.

(usu. attrib.) propr.

denoting a screw with a cross-shaped slot, or a corresponding screwdriver, [name of the US manufacturer] philo- comb, form (also phil- before a vowel or h) denoting a liking for what is specified. [Greek philos friend]

philodendron

/.fila'dendran/ n. (pi. -s or -dra) tropical evergreen climber cul-

tivated as a house-plant. [Greek den-

dron

tree]

philology

/fi'lDlad3i/ n. the study of language, esp. in its historical and comparative aspects, z philological

adj. philologist n. [French from Latin from Greek: related

/-la'lDd3ik(a)l/

to PHILO-, -logy]

philosopher

/fi'lDsafa(r)/ n. 1

expert in

or student of philosophy. 2 person who fives by a philosophy or is wise. philosophers' stone n. (also philosopher's stone) supreme object of

alchemy, a substance supposed to change other metals into gold or silver.

philosophical

/,fila'sDfik(a)l/

adj.

philosophic) 1 of or according to philosophy. 2 skilled in or devoted to philosophy. 3 calm in adversity. (also

philosophically adv.

philosophize

n.

philosophy

/fi'lDsafi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

use

and argument in seeking truth and knowledge of reality, esp. knowledge of the causes and nature of things and of the principles governing existof reason

ence. 2 a particular system or set of beliefs reached by this, b personal rule of life. [Greek: related to philo-, sophia

wisdom]

philtre

/'filta(r)/ n.

(US philter)

love-

potion. [Greek phileo to love]

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein, z phlebitic /-'bitik/ adj. [Greek phleps phleb- vein] /fli'baitis/ n.

phlegm

/flem/ n. 1 thick viscous substance secreted by the mucous membranes of the respiratory passages, discharged by coughing. 2 a calmness, b sluggishness. 3 hist, phlegm regarded as one of the four bodily humours. [Greek

phlegma]

phlegmatic

/fleg'maetik/

unexcitable. z

adj.

calm,

phlegmatically adv.

phloem

/'flauem/ n. tissue conducting sap in plants. [Greek phloos bark] /flDks/ n. (pi. same or -es) plant with scented clusters of esp. white, blue, or red flowers. [Greek phlox, name of a plant (literally 'flame')] -phobe comb, form forming nouns denoting a person with a specified fear or aversion (xenophobe). [Greek p hobos

phlox

fear]

phobia

/'faubia/ n.

abnormal or morbid phobic adj. & n.

fear or aversion, z [from -phobia]

-phobia comb, form forming nouns denoting a specified fear or aversion (agoraphobia), z -phobic comb, form forming adjectives. phoenix /'fi:niks/ n. mythical bird, the only one of its kind, that burnt itself on a pyre and rose from the ashes to five again. [Greek phoinix]

phone

&

n.

(-ning) colloq.

v.

= tele-

phone, [abbreviation]

phone book

= telephone direct-

n.

ory.

phonecard

n.

card containing prepaid

units for use with a cardphone.

phone-in n. broadcast programme during which listeners or viewers telephone the studio and participate. phoneme /'fauni:m/ n. unit of sound in a specified language that distinguishes

one word from another

(e.g. p, b,d,tas in pad, pat, bad, bat, in English).

phonemic /-'ni.mik/ adj. [Greekphoneo speak]

phonetic

/fi'losa.faiz/ v. (also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 reason like a philosopher. 2 speculate; theorize, z philo-

sophizer

phonic

669

/fa'netik/ adj. 1 representing vocal sounds. 2 (of spelling etc.) corresponding to pronunciation, z phonetically adv. [Greek: related to phoneme] phonetics n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) 1 vocal sounds. 2 the study of these,

z phonetician

phoney

/'faum/

/

1

faoni'tiJ(a)n/ n. (also phony) colloq.

-adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 sham; counterfeit. 2 fictitious, -n. (pi. -eys or -ies) phoney person or thing, z phoniness n. [origin

unknown]

phonic

/'fDnik/ adj. of sound; of vocal sounds. [Greek phdne voice]

phono-

phut

670

phono- comb, form

sound. [Greek phone

photography

/fa'tngrafi/ n. the

taking

and processing of photographs.

voice, sound]

phonograph

fwn©,gra:fy

n.

1

early

photogravure

/.fautaugra'vjuaCr)/ n.

1

US gramophone.

image produced from a photographic

fd'notedsi n. the study of in language or a particular language; a language's sound system. phonological ,foona'lud3ik(vi)l. fon

negative transferred to a metal plate and etched in. 2 this process. [French gravure engraving]

form of gramophone.

2

phonology sounds

adj.

phony

var. of phoney. fbsferl n. salt or ester of

phosphate

phosphoric acid, esp. used as a fertilizer. [French: related to phosphorus]

phosphor

Ybsf9(r)

n.

synthetic fluor-

escent or phosphorescent substance. [Latin phosphorus]

phosphorescence

,fDsfa'res(a)ns/ n. 1

radiation similar to fluorescence but detectable after excitation ceases. 2 emission of light without combustion or phosphoresce v. perceptible heat. (-cing).

phosphorescent

phosphorus

Chem. non-

metallic element existing in allotropic forms, esp. as a whitish waxy substance

burning slowly at ordinary temperatures and so luminous in the dark,

phosphor-

phosphoric /-'funk/ adj. ous adj. [Greek phos light, -phoros -bringing] "fautau n. {pi n. [abbreviation]

photo

-s)

= photograph 1

photography. [Greek phos phot-

photochemistry

light. 2

light]

/.fautao'kemistri/ n.

the study of the chemical effects of light. fautau,kDpia(r)/ n. machine for producing photocopies. photocopy -n. {pi. -ies) photographic copy of printed or written material. -v. (-ies. -ied) make a photocopy of.

photocopier

photoelectric /.fautaui'lektrik/ adj. marked by or using emissions of electrons from substances exposed to light, photoelectricity

journalist

n.

photolithography n.

/-

/.fautaoliengrafi/

lithography using plates

made photo-

graphically.

photometer

/fau'tomita(r)/ n.

ment for measuring light. metric /.fautau'metrik/ adj.

metry

/-'tDmitn/ n.

photon

/'fautnn/ n.

instru-

photophoto-

quantum of electroradiation energy, proportional to the frequency of radiation, magnetic

photo opportunity

tnsiti/ n.

photoelectric cell

n. device using the generate current. photo finish n. close finish of a race or contest, where the winner is distinguishable only on a photograph. photofit n. reconstructed picture of a suspect made from composite photo-

effect of light to

graphs.

n.

portunity for the press graph a celebrity.

photosensitive

organized opetc. to

photo-

/.fautau'sensitiv/ adj.

reacting to light.

Photostat

/'fautau.stagt/-^. propr. 1 type of photocopier. 2 copy made by it. -v. (photostat) (-tt-) make a Photostat of.

photosynthesis

photo- comb, form denoting:

/,fautau'd33:na

,liz(a)m/ n. the relating of news by photographs, esp. in magazines etc. photo-

[after electron]

adj.

'fnsfaras/ n.

photojournalism

.faotao'smeisis/

n.

process in which the energy of sunlight used by organisms, esp. green plants, to synthesize carbohydrates from carphotosynbon dioxide and water. thesize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing),

is

photosyntnetic

phrase

-'Getik

adj.

-n. 1 group of words forming a conceptual unit, but not a sentence. 2 idiomatic or short pithy expression. 3 mode of expression. 4 Mus. group of notes forming a distinct unit within a melody, -v. (-sing) 1 express in words. 2 Mus. divide (music) into phrases, esp. in performance. phrasal adj. [Greek phrasis from

phrazd

/freiz/

tell]

phrase book

n.

book

for travellers,

listing useful expressions with their foreign equivalents.

phraseology

,freizi'olad3i

n. {pi. -ies)

choice or arrangement of words. 2 mode of expression, phraseological 1

photogenic

fautau'd3enik/ adj. 1 looking attractive in photographs. 2 Biol. producing or emitting light. photograph 'faota,gra:f/ -n. picture formed by means of the chemical action of light or other radiation on sensitive film. -i\ (also absol.) take a photograph of (a person etc.). photographer (

/fa'tDgrafa(r)

n.

/-'graefik/

adj.

/-'graefikah

adv.

photographic photographically

-zia'lud3ik(a)l

adj.

phrenetic

var. of frenetic /fn'nDladji it hist, the of the shape and size of the

phrenology study

a supposed indication and mental faculties, adj. -na'lnd3ik(a)l phrenological phrenologist n. [Greek phren mind] phut /fAt/ n. dull abrupt sound as of imgo phut colloq. part or an explosion,

cranium

as of character

phylactery break down,

[perhaps from Hindi phatna to burst]

phylactery

/fi'laektari/

n.

(pi.

worn by Jewish men

-ies)

Hebrew

small leather box containing texts,

at prayer.

[Greek phulasso guard]

phyllo pastry

phylum

var. of filo pastry.

(pi. phyla) Biol. taxonomic rank below a kingdom, comprising a class or classes and subordinate taxa. [Greek phulon race]

physic

pick

671

(esp. of a plan) collapse,

/'failam/ n.

archaic. 1 medicine. 2 art of healing. 3 medical profession. [Greek phusike of nature] physical /'fizik(a)l/ adj. 1 of the body (physical exercise). 2 of matter; material. 3 a of, or according to, the laws of nature, b of physics. 4 US medical examination, n physically adv. physical chemistry n. application of physics to the study of chemical be/'fizik/ n. esp.

haviour.

physical geography n. branch of geography dealing with natural features.

physical jerks

n.pl.

colloq.

physical

exercises.

ratio of the circumference of a circle to its

diameter (approx.

pia mater

]

pianist

/'pianist/ n. piano-player.

piano

/pi'aenau/ n.

1

keyboard instrument with metal strings struck by

hammers.

person skilled in

physics

/'fiziks/ n.pl.

(treated as sing.)

branch of science dealing with the properties and interactions of matter and energy. [Latin physica (pi.) from Greek: related to physic]

physio /'fiziau/ n.

(pi. -s) colloq. 1

physio-

/.fizi'nnami/ n. (pi. -ies)

1 a cast or form of a person's features, expression, etc. b supposed art of judging character from facial characteristics etc. 2 external features of a landscape etc. [Greek: related to

PHYSIC,

GNOMON]

physiology

/,fizi'Dlad3i/ n. 1 science of the functions of living organisms and their parts. 2 these functions. physiological /-zia'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. physiologist n. [Latin: related to physic, -logy]

physiotherapy /.fiziau'Berapi/ ment

n. treat-

of disease, injury, deformity, etc., by physical methods including massage, heat treatment, remedial exercise, etc. physiotherapist n. [related to physic, therapy] physique /ft'zi:k/ n. bodily structure and development. [French: related to PHYSIC] pi /pai/ n. 1 sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet (n it). 2 (as tt) the symbol of the ,

of

soft.

soft] n. accordion with a small keyboard like that of a piano. /,piaenau'fa:ti/ n. formal or archaic = piano [Italian, earlier piano

pianoforte

1

.

e forte soft

and loud]

Pianola

/pia'naula/ n. propr. a kind of automatic piano, [diminutive] /pi'aetsa/ n. public square or

market-place. [Italian: related to place] /'pi:brok/ n. martial or funerary bagpipe music. [Gaelic] pica /'paika/ n. 1 unit of type-size (V 6 inch). 2 size of letters in typewriting (10 per inch). [Latin: related to pie 2 ]

picador

/'pika,da:(r)/ n.

mounted man

with a lance in a bullfight. [Spanish]

picaresque

/.pika'resk/ adj. (of a style

of fiction) dealing with the episodic adventures of rogues etc. [Spanish

picaro rogue]

Usage Picaresque is sometimes used

therapy. 2 physiotherapist.

physiognomy

abbreviation

Mus. -adj.

piano-accordion

pibroch

/'fizisist/ n.

-s)

—adv. softly, -n. (pi. -s or -ni /-ni/) soft playing or passage. [Latin planus flat, (of sound) /'pja:nao7

physician

physics.

[Italian,

(pi.

pianoforte]

piano 2

physical science

physicist

[Greek]

innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. [Latin, = tender mother] pianissimo /.pia'nisi.mau/ Mus. -adj. very soft. —adv. very softly, —n. (pi. -s or -mi /-mi/) very soft playing or passage. 2 [Italian, superlative of piano

piazza

n. science(s) used in the study of inanimate natural objects. /fi'ziJXa)n/ n. doctor, esp. a specialist in medical diagnosis and treatment.

3.14).

/.paia 'meita(r)/ n. delicate

to mean 'transitory' or 'roaming', but this is considered incorrect in standard

English.

picayune

/,pika'ju:n/ US colloq. -n. 1 small coin. 2 insignificant person or thing, -adj. mean; contemptible; petty. [French picaillon] piccalilli /.pika'lili/ n. (pi. -s) pickle of chopped vegetables, mustard, and hot

spices, [origin unknown] /.pika'nini/ n.

piccaninny ninny)

(US picka-

small Black or Australian Aboriginal child. [West Indian Negro from Spanish pequeho or Portuguese pequeno little] piccolo /'pika.lau/ n. (pi. -s) small flute sounding an octave higher than the ordinary one. [Italian, = small] pick -v. 1 (also absol.) choose carefully. 2 detach or pluck (a flower, fruit, etc.) from a stem, tree, etc. 3 a probe with the finger, an instrument, etc. to remove unwanted matter, b clear (a 1

(pi.

-ies)

often

offens.

pick

bone, carcass, etc.) of scraps of meat etc. 4 (also absol.) (of a person) eat (food, a meal, etc.) in small bits. -n. 1 act of picking. 2 a selection, choice, b right to select (had first pick of the prizes). 3 (usu. foil, by of) best (the pick of the

pick and choose select fastibunch), diously, pick at 1 eat (food) without interest. 2 find fault with, pick a person's brains extract ideas, information, etc., from a person for one's own use. pick holes in find fault with (an idea etc.). pick a lock open a lock with

an instrument other than the proper key, esp. with criminal intent, pick ofF1 2 shoot (people etc.) one by one without haste, pick on 1 find fault with; nag at. 2 select, pick out 1 take from a larger number. 2 distin-

pluck (leaves

etc.) off.

guish from surrounding objects; identify. 3 play (a tune) by ear on the piano etc. 4 (often foil, by in, with) accentuate (decoration, a painting, etc.) with a contrasting colour, pick over select the best from, pick a person's pockets steal from a person's pockets, pick a

quarrel start an argument deliberately, pick to pieces = take to pieces (see piece), pick up 1 grasp and raise. 2 a acquire by chance or without effort, b learn effortlessly. 3 stop for and take along with one. 4 become acquainted with (a person) casually, esp for sexual purposes. 5 (of one's health, the weather, share prices, etc.) recover, improve, etc. 6 (of an engine etc.) recover speed. 7 (of the police etc.) arrest. 8 detect by scrutiny or with a telescope, radio, etc. 9 accept the responsibility of paying (a bill etc.). 10 resume, take up anew (picked up where we left off). picker n. [from pike] pick 2 n. 1 long-handled tool with a usu. curved iron bar pointed at one or both ends, used for breaking up hard ground etc. 2 colloq. plectrum. 3 any instrument for picking, [from pike] pickaback var. of piggyback. pickaninny US var. of piccaninny.

pickaxe pick

picture postcard

672

/'pikaeks/ n.

(US pickax) =

2

[French: related to pike] picket /'pikit/ -n. 1 one or more persons stationed outside a place of work to persuade others not to enter during a strike etc. 2 pointed stake driven into the ground. 3 a small body of troops sent out to watch for the enemy, b group of sentries, -v. (-t-) 1 a station or act as a picket, b beset or guard with a picket or pickets. 2 secure (a place) with stakes. 3 tether (an animal). [French piquer 1.

prick]

picket line n. boundary established by workers on strike, esp. at the entrance

to the place of work, which others are asked not to cross. pickings n.pl. 1 profits or gains acquired easily or dishonestly. 2 leftovers. pickle /'pik(a)l/ -n. 1 a (often in pi.) food, esp. vegetables, preserved in brine, vinegar, mustard, etc. b the liquid

used for this. 2 colloq. plight (in a pickle), -i>. (-ling) 1 preserve in or treat with pickle. 2 (as pickled adj.) slang drunk. [Low German or Dutch peket] pick-me-up n. 1 tonic for the nerves etc. 2

a good experience that cheers.

pickpocket

n.

person

who

steals

from

people's pockets.

pick-up

n. 1 slang person met casually, esp. for sexual purposes. 2 small open

motor truck. 3 part of a record-player carrying the stylus. 4 device on an electric guitar etc. that converts string vibrations into electrical signals. 5 act

of picking up.

picky

adj.

(-ier,

-iest) colloq.

excess-

ively fastidious.

pick-your-own

adj. (usu. attrib.) (of

and vegetables) dug or picked by the customer at the farm etc. picnic /'piknik/ -n. 1 outing including an outdoor meal. 2 meal eaten out of doors. 3 (usu. with neg.) colloq. something agreeable or easily accomplished fruit

-v. (-ck-) take part in a picnic. [French pique-nique] pico- comb, form denoting a factor of 12 (picometre). [Spanish pico beak, 10 etc.

peak,

little bit]

n. member of an ancient people of N. Britain, z Pictish adj. [Latin] pictograph /'pikta,gra:f/ n. (also pictogram /-.graem/) 1 pictorial symbol for a word or phrase. 2 pictorial representapictographic tion of statistics etc. /-'graefik/ adj. [Latin pingo pict- paint] pictorial /pik'toxial/ -adj. 1 of or expressed in a picture or pictures. 2 illustrated, -n. periodical with pictures as the main feature, z pictorially adv. [Latin pictor painter: related to picture] picture /'piktj^r)/-/!. 1 a (often attrib.) painting, drawing, photograph, etc., esp. as a work of art. b portrait, c beautiful object. 2 total mental or visual impression produced; scene. 3 a film, b (the pictures) cinema; cinema performance, -v. (-ring) 1 (also re/7.; often foil, by to) imagine (pictured it to herself). 2 represent in a picture. 3 describe get the picture colloq. graphically. grasp the drift of information etc. in the picture colloq. fully informed. [Latin pingo pict- paint] * picture postcard n. postcard with a picture on one side.

Pict

picturesque

e

picturesque

/.piktJVresk/ adj. 1 beauor striking to look at. 2 (of language graphic. [Italian pittoresco, assimilated to picture] picture window n. large window of one pane of glass. tiful

etc.) strikingly

piddle

2 ]

/,pjeida:'tea(r)/

n.

(pi.

piddling adj.) colloq. trivial; (foil, by about, around) work [origin in a trifling way.

pie-eyed adj. slang drunk. pie in the sky n. (used without an

3

unknown] pidgin /'pid3in/

n. simplified language used between people not having a com-

mon language,

[corruption of business] pidgin English n. pidgin in which the chief language is English, used orig.

between Chinese and Europeans. pie /pai/ n. 1 baked dish of meat, fish, fruit, etc., usu. with a top and base of 1

pastry. 2 thing resembling a pie (mud easy as pie very easy, [origin

pie).

uncertain]

pie 2

PIE

pied-a-terre

/'pid(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 colloq. urin-

trifling.

act

piecrust n. baked pastry crust of a pie. pied /paid/ adj. particoloured, [from

pieds-d-terre pronunc. same) (usu. small) flat, house, etc. kept for occasional use. [French, literally 'foot to

ate. 2 (as

or

pig

3

archaic magpie. [Latin pica] (esp. of a horse) having irregular patches of two colours, esp. black and white, —n. piebald an2 imal, [from pie bald] piece /pi:s/ -n. 1 a (often foil, by of) distinct portion forming part of or broken off from a larger object, b each of the parts of which a set or category is composed (five-piece band). 2 coin. 3 (usu. short) literary or musical composition; picture; play. 4 item or instance (piece of news; piece of impudence). 5 a object used to make moves in a board-game, b chessman (strictly, other than a pawn). 6 definite quantity in which a thing is sold. 7 (often foil, by of) enclosed portion (of land etc.). 8 slang derog. woman, -v. (-cing) (usu. foil, by together) form into a whole; put together; join. go to pieces collapse emotionally, in (or all in) one piece 1 unbroken. 2 unharmed, of a piece (often foil, by with) uniform, consistent, a piece of cake see cake, a piece of one's mind sharp rebuke or lecture, say one's piece give one's opinion or make a prepared statement, take to pieces 1 break up or dismantle. 2 criticize harshly. [Anglo-French, probably from Celtic] piece de resistance /.pjes d9 reizi:stds/ n. (pi. pieces de resistance pronunc. same) most important or remarkable item, esp. a dish at a meal. [French] piecemeal -adv. piece by piece; gradually, -adj. gradual; unsystematic, [from /pai/ n.

piebald /'paibo:ld/ -adj.

,

piece, meal piece-work n. work paid for according to the amount produced, pie chart n. circle divided into sectors 1

]

to represent relative quantities.

earth']

article) unrealistic prospect of future

happiness. n. 1 a structure built out into the sea, a lake, etc., as a promenade and landing-stage, b breakwater. 2 a support of an arch or of the span of a bridge; pillar, b solid masonry between windows etc. [Latin pera] pierce v. (-cing) 1 a (of a sharp instrument etc.) penetrate, b (often foil, by with) make a hole in or through with a sharp-pointed instrument, c make (a hole etc.). 2 (as piercing adj.) (of a glance, sound, light, pain, cold, etc.) keen, sharp, or unpleasantly penetrating. 3 (often foil, by through, into) force a way through or into, penetrate. [French percer from Latin pertundo bore through] pier-glass n. large mirror, used orig. to fill wall-space between windows. pierrot /'piarau/ n. (fern, pierrette /pia'ret/) 1 white-faced entertainer in pier shows etc. with a loose white clown's costume. 2 French pantomime character so dressed. [French, diminutive of Pierre Peter] pietd /.pie'ta:/ n. representation of the Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Christ on her lap. [Italian, = piety] pietism /'pai8,tiz(o)m/ n. 1 pious sentiment. 2 exaggerated or affected piety. [German: related to piety] piety /'paiati/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 quality of being pious. 2 pious act. [Latin: related

pier

to pious] piffle /'pif(a)l/ colloq. —n. nonsense; empty speech, -v. (-ling) talk or act

feebly; trifle, [imitative]

piffling adj. colloq. trivial; worthless. pig -n. 1 omnivorous hoofed bristly broad-snouted mammal, esp. a domesticated kind. 2

its

flesh as food. 3 colloq.

greedy, dirty, or unpleasant person. 4 oblong mass of metal (esp. iron or lead) from a smelting-furnace. 5 slang derog. police officer, -v. (-gg-) colloq. eat (food) greedily. buy a pig in a poke acquire something without previous sight or knowledge of it. pig it colloq. live in a disorderly or filthy fashion, pig out (often foil, by on) esp. US slang eat gluttonously. [Old English]

pigeon

pillion

tS74

pigeon

pid3(a)n n. bird of the dove family. [Latin pipio -onis] pigeon-hole -n. each of a set of compartments on a wall etc. for papers, letters, etc. — v. 1 assign to a preconceived category. 2 deposit in a pigeonhole. 3 put aside for future consideration.

pigeon-toed

having

adj.

the

toes

turned inwards.

piggery

{pi -ies)

n.

1

pig farm. 2

=

heap of things laid upon one another. 2 large imposing building. 3 1

pile -n.

pile

tightly.

it

on

colloq. exaggerate,

up 1 accumulate; heap up. 2 colloq. cause (a vehicle etc.) to crash. [Latin pila]

a pig. 2 (of features

pile 2

(-ier. -iest) 1 like

etc.) like

(also

pickaback

/'pika

,ba?k ) -n. ride on the back and shoulders of another person, -adv. on the back and shoulders of another person, n.

pigheaded

adj.

headedness pig-iron

n.

money

pig-shaped

obstinate.

box. pig-

carpet, velvet, etc. [Latin pilus hair]

into the ground.

piles

n.pl. colloq.

haemorrhoids. [Latin

pila ball]

n.

crude iron from a smelting-

furnace.

pile-up

n. colloq.

multiple crash of road

vehicles.

'piglit

pigment

foundations of a house, etc. 2 pointed stake or post. [Latin pilum javelin] n. soft projecting surface on a

pile 3

pile-driver n. machine for driving piles

unknown]

piggy bank

heavy beam driven vertically ground to support a bridge, the

n. 1

into the

those of a pig.

piggyback

n.

young

pilfer

pig.

'pigmant/ -n.

colouring-

1

matter used as paint or dye. 2 natural colouring-matter of animal or plant tissue, -v. colour with or as if with pigment, pigmentary adj. [Latin pingo

/'pilfa(r)/

esp.

(objects),

v.

in

(also absol.) steal small quantities.

[French pelfre]

pilgrim neys

/'pilgrim/ n.

1

person

who jour-

a sacred place for religious

to

reasons. 2 traveller. [Latin: related to

peregrine]

paint]

pigmentation

.pigman'teiftajn/

n.

1

natural colouring of plants, animals, etc. 2 excessive colouring of tissue by the deposition of pigment.

pigmy

amount

money. 4 a

series of plates of dissimilar metals laid one on another alternately to produce an electric current, b = nuclear reactor. 5 funeral pyre. —v. (-ling) 1 a (often foil, by up, on) heap up. b (foil, by with) load. 2 (usu. foil, by in, into, on, out of, etc.) crowd hurriedly or

of

piggish adj. greedy; dirty; mean. piggy -fl (P^- -ies) colloq. little pig. -adj.

piglet

a large quantity, b large

colloq.

pile

PIGSTY.

[origin

1

var. of pygmy. 1 hide of a pig. 2 leather

pigskin n.

from this. pigsty n. {pi. house, room,

made

2

1

pen for

pigs. 2 filthy

etc.

'pigswil n. kitchen refuse and scraps fed to pigs. pigtail n. plait of hair hanging from the back of the head. pike n. (pi. same or -s) 1 large voracious freshwater fish with a long narrow snout. 2 hist, weapon with a pointed metal head on a long wooden shaft. [Old English] pikestaff n. wooden shaft of a pike, z plain as a pikestaff quite plain or obvious. pilaster pi'laesta(r), n. rectangular column projecting slightly from a wall.

pilastered adj. [Latin pila pillar] pilau n. (also pilaff, pilaf prlaef ) Middle Eastern or Indian dish of rice boiled with meat, vegetables,

pilau

spices, etc. [Turkish] piltjad; n. small

fish

unknown]

1

pilgrim's journey. for sentimental

reasons.

Pilgrim Fathers itans who founded

English Purthe colony of Ply-

n.pl.

mouth, Massachusetts, in n.

1

a ball or

flat

1620.

disc of solid

medicine for swallowing whole, b (usu. prec. by the) colloq. contraceptive pill. 2 unpleasant or painful necessity. [Latin pila ball]

pillage

/'pilid3/

-v. (-ging) (also absol.)

plunder, sack. -n. pillaging, esp. in war. [French piller plunder] pillar /'pila(r)/ n. 1 slender vertical structure of stone etc. used as a support or for ornament. 2 person regarded as a mainstay (pillar of the faith). 3 upright from mass of air, water, rock, etc. pillar to post (rushing etc.) from one place to another. [Latin pila pillar] pillar-box n. public postbox shaped like a pillar.

pillar-box red adj. & n. bright red. pillbox n. 1 shallow cylindrical box for holding pills. 2 hat of a similar shape. 3 Mil. small partly underground enclosed concrete

marine

of the herring family, [origin

n.

any journey taken

pill -ies)

pigs will

pilchard

pilgrimage

fort.

pillion /'piljan/ n. seating for a passenger behind a motor cyclist, z ride

pillory

pedon] pilot-light

n. 1

small gas burner kept

alight to light another. 2 electric indicator light or control light.

pilot officer n. lowest commissioned rank in the RAF.

pimento

/pi'mentau/ n. (pi. -s) 1 tree native to Jamaica. 2 berries of this, usu. crushed for culinary use; allspice. 3 = pimiento. [Latin: related to pigment] pi meson var. of pion. pimiento /.pimi'entau/ n. (pi -s) = sweet pepper, [see pimento] pimp -n. man who lives off the earnings of a prostitute or a brothel, -v. act as a

pimp, [origin unknown]

pimpernel

pine nut

675

pillion travel seated behind a motor cyclist. [Gaelic pillean small cushion] pillory /'pilari/ -n. (pi. -ies) hist. wooden framework with holes for the head and hands, holding a person and allowing him or her to be publicly ridiculed, -v. (-ies, -ied) 1 expose to ridicule. 2 hist, put in the pillory. [French] pillow /'pilau/ -n. 1 soft support for the head, esp. in bed. 2 pillow-shaped block or support, -u. rest on or as if on a pillow. [Latin pulvinus cushion] pillowcase n. (also pillowslip) washable cover for a pillow. pilot /'pailat/ -n. 1 person who operates the controls of an aircraft. 2 person qualified to take charge of a ship entering or leaving harbour. 3 (usu. attrib.) experimental undertaking or test {pilot scheme). 4 guide, -v. (-t-) 1 act as a pilot of. 2 conduct or initiate as a pilot. [Greek

/'pimpa.nel/ n. = scarlet pimpernel. [Latin piper pepper] pimple /'pimp(a)l/ n. 1 small hard inflamed spot on the skin. 2 anything resembling a pimple. pimply adj. [Old English] PIN /pin/ abbr. personal identification number (for use with a cashcard etc.). pin -n. 1 small thin pointed piece of metal with a round or flattened head used (esp. in sewing) for holding things in place, attaching one thing to another, etc. 2 peg of wood or metal for various purposes. 3 (in idioms) something of small value (not worth a pin). 4 (in pi.) colloq. legs. - v. (-nn-) 1 a (often foil, by to, up, together) fasten with a pin or pins, b transfix with a pin, lance, etc. 2 (usu. foil, by on) put (blame, responsibility, etc.) on (a person etc.). 3 (often foil, by against, on, etc.) seize and hold fast. pin down 1 (often foil, by to) bind (a person etc.) to a promise, arrangement, etc. 2 force (a person) to declare his or her intentions. 3 restrict the actions of (an enemy etc.). 4 specify (a thing) precisely, pin one's faith (or hopes etc.)

on

rely implicitly point etc.]

on.

[Latin

pinna

pina colada

/,pi:na ka'la:da/ n. cocktail of pineapple juice, rum, and coconut. [Spanish]

pinafore

/'pma.fo^r)/ n.

1

apron, esp.

pinafore dress) collarless sleeveless dress worn over a blouse or jumper, [from pin, afore] pinball n. game in which small metal balls are shot across a board to strike with a bib. 2

(in full

pins.

pince-nez

/paens'nei/ n. (pi. same) pair of eyeglasses with a nose-clip. [French,

= pinch-nose]

pincer

movement

n.

movement by

two wings of an army converging surround an enemy.

to

pincers

/'pmsaz/ n.pl. 1 (also pair of pincers) gripping-tool resembling scissors but with blunt jaws. 2 front claws of lobsters and some other crustaceans,

[related to pinch] -v. 1 a squeeze tightly, esp. between finger and thumb, b (often absol.) (of a shoe etc.) constrict painfully. 2 (of cold, hunger, etc.) affect painfully. 3 slang a steal, b arrest. 4 (as pinched adj.) (of the features) drawn. 5 a (usu. foil, by in, of, for, etc.) stint, b be niggardly. 6 (usu. foil, by out, back, down) remove (leaves, buds, etc.) to encourage bushy growth, -n. 1 act of pinching. 2 amount that can be taken up with fingers and thumb (pinch of snuff). 3 the stress caused by poverty etc. at (or in) a pinch in an emergency. [French pincer] pinchbeck -n. goldlike alloy of copper and zinc used in cheap jewellery etc. -adj. counterfeit, sham. [Pinchbeck,

pinch

name of a watchmaker] pincushion n. small pad

for holding

pins.

pine

1

n. 1 evergreen coniferous tree with needle-shaped leaves growing in clusters. 2 its wood. 3 (attrib.) made of pine. [Latin pinus] pine 2 v. (-ning) 1 (often foil, by away) decline or waste away from grief etc. 2 long eagerly. [Old English] pineal /'pmial/ adj. shaped like a pine

cone. [Latin pinea: related to pine

pineal body

1 ]

(also pineal gland) conical gland in the brain, secreting a n.

hormone-like substance,

pineapple

,

/ pain,aBp(a)l/ n. 1 large juicy tropical fruit with yellow flesh and tough segmented skin. 2 plant bearing

this,

[from pine

1 ,

apple]

pine cone n. fruit of the pine, pine nut n. edible seed of various pines.

ping ping

short (cause to)

single

— v.

sound.

high

make

ringing a ping,

[imitative]

ping-pong

n.

= table tennis.

colloq.

[imitative]

pinhead

head of a

pin. 2 very small thing or spot. 3 colloq. stupid person. pinhole n. 1 hole made by a pin. 2 hole into which a peg fits. pinhole camera n. camera with a pinhole aperture and no lens. pinion pmjan -n. 1 outer part of a bird's wing. 2 poet, wing; flight-feather. -v. 1 cut off the pinion of (a wing or bird) to prevent flight. 2 a bind the arms of (a person), b (often foil, by to) bind (the arms, a person, etc.) fast to a thing. [Latin pinna] n. 1

1

2

pinion 'pmjan n. 1 small cog-wheel engaging w ith a larger one. 2 cogged spindle engaging with a wheel. [Latin pinea pine-cone: related to pine 1 ] pink -n. 1 pale red colour. 2 cultivated plant with fragrant flowers. 3 (prec. by r

1

most perfect condition, the peak pink of health). 4 person with

the) the

(the socialist tendencies, -adj. 1 of a pale red colour. 2 tending to socialism, z in the pink colloq. in very good health, z

pinkish adj. pinkness [origin unknown]

pink

pip

676 -/j.

2

n.

pinky

adj.

pierce slightly. 2 cut a scalloped or zigzag edge on. [perhaps from Low German or Dutch] pink 3 v. (of a vehicle engine) emit highpitched explosive sounds caused by faulty combustion, [imitative] pink gin n. gin flavoured with angostura bitters. v.

1

pinking shears

n.pl.

dressmaker

s

serrated shears for cutting a zigzag edge. pinko 'pinkao adj. (pi -s)esp. US slang

pin-money n. 1 hist, allowance to a woman from her husband. 2 very small sum of money. 'pirns

n.

ship's small boat.

[French]

(came wearpinstriped adj. measure of capacity for

sing, or pi.) pinstripe suit

ing his pinstripes),

pint

paint/ 1 liquids etc., 8 gal. (0.57, US 0.47, litre). 2 a colloq. pint of beer, b pint of a liquid, esp. milk. 3 measure of shellfish containable in a pint mug. [French] pinta "painta n. colloq. pint of milk, [corruption of pint of] pin-table n. table used in playing pinn. 1

ball. >

pintail

duck or grouse with a pointed

n.

tail.

pintle pmt(8)l n. pin or bolt, esp. one on which some other part turns. [Old English]

pint-sized

pin-tuck

very small, very narrow ornamental

adj. colloq.

n.

tuck.

pin-up

n. 1 photograph of a popular or sexually attractive person, hung on the wall. 2 person in such a photograph. pin-wheel n. small Catherine wheel.

Pinyin pm'jm/ for

spelling

[Chinese] 'paion

pion

n. system of romanized transliterating Chinese.

(also pi

n.

meson)

sub-

atomic particle having a mass many times greater than that of an electron, [from pi]

pioneer

,pai8'nia(r)/

-n.

1

initiator of

an enterprise; investigator of a subject etc. 2

explorer or settler; colonist,

- v.

1

initiate (an enterprise etc.) for others to

follow. 2 be a pioneer. [French pionnier.

related to

pawn

1

]

1 devout; religious. 2 sanctimonious. 3 dutiful, z piously

'paias adj.

adv. piousness n. pip -n. seed of an

[Latin]

1

apple, pear, orange, grape, etc. —v. (-pp-) remove the pips (fruit etc.). z pipless adj. [abbreviation of pippin] pip 2 n. short high-pitched sound, usu. electronically produced, esp. as a time

from

pinnacle

'pmak(a)l n. 1 culmination or climax. 2 natural peak. 3 small ornamental turret crowning a buttress, roof, etc. [Latin pinna pin] pinnate 'pmeit adj. (of a compound leaf) having leaflets on either side of the leaf-stalk. [Latin pinna tus feathered: related to pinnacle] pinny 'pmi n. (pi. -ies) colloq. pinafore, [abbreviation] pinpoint -/?. 1 point of a pin. 2 something very small or sharp. 3 (attrib.) precise, accurate, -u. locate with precision.

pinprick

n.pl. tingling

sensation in a limb recovering from numbness. pinstripe n. 1 (often attrib.) narrowstripe in cloth (pinstripe suit). 2 (in

pious

socialist.

pinnace

pins and needles

n. trifling

irritation.

signal, [imitative]

pip 3

r. (-pp-) colloq. 1 hit with a shot. 2 (also pip at the post) defeat narrowly or

moment, [origin unknown] any of the spots on a playing-

at the last

pip 4

n. 1

card, dice, or domino. 2 star (1-3 according to rank) on the shoulder of an army officer's uniform, [origin unknown] pip 5 n. 1 disease of poultry etc. 2 colloq. fit of disgust or bad temper (esp. give one the pip). [Low German or Dutch]

pipe

tube of metal, plastic, etc., used to convey water, gas, etc. 2 a narrow tube with a bowl at one end containing tobacco for smoking, b quantity of tobacco held by this. 3 a wind instrument of a single tube, b any of the tubes by which sound is produced in an organ, c (in pi.) = bagpipes. 4 tubular organ, vessel, etc. in an animal's body. 5 high note or song, esp. of a bird. 6 a boatswain's whistle, b sounding of this. 7 cask for wine, esp. as a measure, usu. = 105 gal. (about 477 litres). -v. (-ping) 1 a convey (oil, water, gas, etc.) by pipes, b provide with pipes. 2 play (a tune etc.) on a pipe or pipes. 3 (esp. as piped adj.) transmit (recorded music etc.) by wire or cable. 4 (usu. foil, by up, on, to, etc.) Naut. a summon (a crew), b signal the arrival of (an officer etc.) on board. 5 utter in a shrill voice. 6 decorate or trim with piping. 7 lead or bring (a person etc.) by the sound of a pipe or pipes. pipe down colloq. be quiet or less insistent, pipe up begin to play, sing, speak, pipeful n. (pi. -s). [Latin pipo etc. 1

pique

-u.

/pi:k/

(piques, piqued, the pride of, irrit-

piquing) 1 wound ate. 2 arouse (curiosity, interest,

etc.).

-n. resentment; hurt pride. [French: related to piquant]

piquet

/pi'ket/

n.

card-game for two

players with a pack of 32 cards. [French] n. (pi. -ies) 1 robbery of ships at sea. 2 similar practice, esp. hijacking. 3 infringement of copyright etc. [related to pirate] piranha /pi'ra:na/ n. voracious S. American freshwater fish. [Portuguese] pirate /'paiarat/-rc. 1 a seafaring robber attacking ships, b ship used by pirates. 2 (often attrib.) person who infringes another's copyright or business rights or who broadcasts without official authorization (pirate radio station), -v. (-ting) reproduce (a book etc.) or trade (goods) without permission. piratical /-'raetik(a)l/ adj. [Latin pirata from

piracy /'pairasi/

Greek]

pirouette /,piru'et/-rc. dancer's spin on one foot or the point of the toe. -v. (-tting) perform a pirouette. [French, = spinning-top]

chirp]

pipeclay

n.

fine white clay

used for

tobacco-pipes, whitening leather, etc. n. piece of flexible tufted wire for cleaning a tobacco-pipe. pipedream n. unattainable or fanciful hope or scheme, [originally as experienced when smoking an opium pipe] pipeline n. 1 long, usu. underground, pipe for conveying esp. oil. 2 channel supplying goods, information, etc. in the pipeline being dealt with or prepared; under discussion, on the way. piper n. person who plays a pipe, esp. the bagpipes.

pipe-cleaner

pipette /pi'pet/ n. Chem slender tube for transferring or measuring small quantof liquids. [French diminutive: related to pipe] piping n. 1 pipelike fold or cord for edging or decorating clothing, upholstery, etc. 2 ornamental lines of icing, cream, potato, etc. on a cake etc. 3 lengths of pipe, system of pipes. 3 piping hot (of food, water, etc.) very hot. pipit /'pipit/ n. small bird resembling a ities

1

lark, [imitative]

pippin

pistil

677

pipe -n.

[French]

pipsqueak

insignificant or contemptible person or thing, [imitatn.

colloq.

ive]

piquant

/'pi:kant, -ka:nt/ adj. 1 agreeably pungent, sharp, or appetizing. 2 pleasantly stimulating to the mind,

piquancy

n.

men

or fishing.

[French piquer prick]

piscatorially adv.

from piscis fish] Pisces /'paisi:z/ n. (pi. same) 1 constellation and twelfth sign of the zodiac (the Fish or Fishes). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [Latin, pi. of piscis [Latin piscator angler,

fish]

piscina /pi'si:na/ n.

(pi. -nae /-ni:/ or -s) 1 stone basin near the altar in a church water for draining used in rinsing the chalice etc. 2 fish-pond. [Latin, from

piscis fish]

piss coarse slang —p. 1 urinate. 2 discharge (blood etc.) with urine. 3 (as pissed adj.) drunk, -n. 1 urine. 2 act of urinating. about, piss

piss

about

fool or

mess

down rain heavily,

piss off 1 go away. 2 (often as pissed off adj.) annoy; depress, piss on show utter contempt for (a person or thing), take the piss (often foil, by out of) mock; make fun of. [French, imitative]

piss artist

n. 1

drunkard. 2 person

who

fools about.

piss-taking n. mockery. piss-taker

1 apple grown from and yellow eating apple.

/'pipin/ n.

seed. 2 red

piscatorial /.piska'toTial/ adj. of fisher-

piss-taken,

n.

piss-up n. drinking spree. pistachio /pi'stajiau/ n. (pi

-s) 1 edible pale-green nut. 2 tree yielding this. [Persian pistah] piste /pi:st/ n. ski-run of compacted snow. [French, = racetrack] pistil /'pistil/ n. female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary. pistillate adj. [Latin: related to pestle]

pistol pistol [Czech

piston fitting

moves

n.

small

handgun.

pist'al]

"pist(a)n/ n. 1 sliding cylinder closely in a tube in which it up and down, used in an internal-

to impart motion, or to receive motion. 2 sliding valve in a trumpet etc. [Italian: related

combustion engine in a

pump

to pestleJ

piston-ring n. ring on a piston sealing the gap between piston and cylinder wall.

piston-rod n. rod or crankshaft by which a piston imparts motion. a deep hole in the ground, usu. large, b coalmine, c covered hole as a trap for animals. 2 hollow on a surface, esp. an indentation of the skin. 3 a = orchestra pit (see orchestra 2). b usu. hist, seating at the back of the stalls. 4 (the pits) slang worst imaginable place, situation, person, etc. 5 a area at the side of a track where racing cars are serviced and refuelled, b sunken area in a workshop floor for access to a car's underside, -v. (-tt-) 1 (usu. foil, by against) set (one's wits, strength, etc.) in competition. 2 (usu. as pitted adj.) make pits, scars, craters, etc. in. 3 put into a pit. [Old English from Latin puteus well] pit 2 v. (-tt-) (usu. as pitted adj.) remove stones from (fruit), [origin uncertain! 1

pit -n.

1

pita var. of pitta. pit-a-pat /'pita.paet/ (also pitter-patter) -adv. 1 with a sound like quick light steps. 2 falteringly (heart went pit-apat), -n. such a sound, [imitative] pit bull terrier n. small American dog noted for ferocity.

pitch

pitta

678 /'pist(a)l/

-v. 1 erect and fix (a tent, camp, 2 throw. 3 fix in a definite position. 4 express in a particular style or at a particular level. 5 (often foil, by against, into, etc.) fall heavily, esp. headlong. 6 (of a ship etc.) plunge backwards and forwards in a lengthwise direction. 7 Mus. set at a particular pitch. 8 Cricket a cause (a bowled ball) to strike the ground at a specified point etc. b (of a ball) strike the ground thus. -n. 1 area of play in a field-game. 2 height, degree, 1

etc.).

intensity, etc. (excitement had reached such a pitch). 3 degree of slope, esp. of a roof. 4 Mus. quality of a sound governed by the rate of vibrations producing it; highness or lowness of a note. 5 act of throwing. 6 pitching motion of a ship etc. 7 colloq. salesman's persuasive talk. 8 place where a street vendor is stationed. 9 distance between successive points, lines, etc. (e.g. character spacing on a typewriter), pitch in colloq. set to work vigorously, pitch into colloq. 1

attack forcibly. 2 assail (food, work, etc.) vigorously, [origin uncertain] pitch 2 -n. dark resinous substance from the distillation of tar or turpentine, used for making ships watertight pitchy adj. etc. -v. coat with pitch. (-ier, -iest). [Latin pix pic-]

pitch-black

(also

adj.

pitch-dark)

very or completely dark.

pitchblende

/'pitjblend/ n. uranium oxide occurring in pitchlike masses and yielding radium. [German: related to

PITCH 2 ]

pitched battle

n. 1

vigorous argument

planned battle between sides in prepared positions and on chosen ground. etc. 2

pitched roof n. sloping roof. pitcher n. large jug with a 1

lip and a handle, [related to beaker] 2 pitcher n. player who delivers the ball

in baseball.

pitchfork

-n.

long-handled

two-

pronged fork for pitching hay etc. -i>. 1 throw with or as if with a pitchfork. 2 (usu. foil, by into) thrust (a person) forcibly into a position, office, etc. n. pine-tree yielding much

pitch-pine resin.

piteous /'pitias/ adj. deserving or arouspiteously adv. [Romanic: related to

ing pity; wretched.

piteousness

n.

pity]

pitfall n. 1 unsuspected danger or drawback. 2 covered pit for trapping animals. pith n. 1 spongy white tissue lining the rind of an orange etc. 2 essential part. 3 spongy tissue in the stems and branches of plants. 4 strength; vigour; energy. [Old English] pit-head n. 1 top of a mineshaft. 2 area surrounding this (also attrib.: pit-head ballot).

pith helmet

n.

protective sun-helmet

made of dried pith from plants. pithy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of style, speech, etc.) terse

and

forcible. 2 of or like pith.

pithily adv. pithiness

n.

pitiable

/'pitiab(a)l/ adj. deserving or pitiably arousing pity or contempt.

adv. [French: related to pity]

pitiful /'piti.ful/ adj. 1 causing pity. 2 pitifully adv. contemptible. pitiless /'pitilis/ adj. showing no pity pitilessly adv. (pitiless heat). pit of the stomach n. depression below the breastbone. piton /'pi:tDn/ n. peg driven into rock or a crack to support a climber or rope. [French] pitta /'pita/ n. (also pita) flat hollow unleavened bread which can be split and filled, [modern Greek, = a kind of cake]

pittance pittance ance

very small allow[Romanic: remuneration.

/'pit(a)ns/ n.

or

related to pity]

pitter-patter var. of pit-a-pat. pituitary /pi'tju:it9n/ n. (pi. -ies)

(also

pituitary gland) small ductless gland at the base of the brain. [Latin pituita

phlegm] pity /'piti/-rc.

1

sorrow and compassion

for another's suffering. 2 cause for regret {what a pity!), -v. (-ies, -ied) feel take (often contemptuous) pity for. pitying pity on help out of pity for. adj. pityingly adv. [Latin: related to

piety]

pivot

/'pivat/

-n.

1

shaft or pin

something turns or

on which

oscillates. 2 crucial

or essential person, point, etc. -v. (-t-) 1 turn on or as on a pivot. 2 provide with a pivotal adj. [French] pivot. pixel /'piks(9)l/ n. any of the minute areas of uniform illumination of which an image on a display screen is composed, [abbreviation of picture element] pixie /'piksi/ n. (also pixy) (pi. -ies) fairy-like being, [origin unknown] pizza /'pi:tsa/ n. Italian dish of a layer of dough baked with a topping of tomatoes, cheese, etc. [Italian, = pie] pizzeria /,pi:tsa'ri:8/ n. pizza restaur-

ant.

pizzicato

/,pitsi'ka:tau/

Mus.

-adv.

plucking, -adj. (of a note, passage, etc.) performed pizzicato, -n. (pi. -s or -ti /-ti/) note, passage, etc. played pizzicato. 1

plural. 2 (usu.

PL)

place. 3

/'plaekab(9)l/ adj. easily pla-

placability cated; mild; forgiving. /-'biliti/ n. [Latin placo appease] /'plaeka:d/ -n. large notice for public display. — v. set up placards on (a

placard

etc.).

[French from Dutch placken

(v.)]

placate /pla'keit/ v. (-ting) pacify; conciliate. placatory /pte'keitari/ adj. [Latin placo appease] 1 a particular portion of space, b portion of space occupied by a person or thing, c proper or natural position. 2 city, town, village, etc. 3 residence, home. 4 group of houses in a town etc., esp. a square. 5 (esp. large) country house. 6 rank or status. 7 space, esp. a seat, for a person. 8 building or area for a specific purpose {place of work). 9 point reached in a book etc. (lost my place). 10 particular spot on a surface, esp. of the skin (sore place). 11a employment or office, b duties or entitlements of office etc. (not my place to criticize). 12 position as a member of a team, student in a college, etc. 13 any of the

place -n.

make room

for. 2 yield precedence to. 3 be succeeded by. go places colloq. be successful, in place in the right position; suitable, in place of in exchange for; instead of. in places at only some places or parts, out of place 1 in the wrong position. 2 unsuitable, put a person in his (or her) place deflate a person, take place occur, take the place of be substituted for. placement n. [Latin platea broad way] placebo /pla'si:bao7 n. (pi. -s) 1 medicine with no physiological effect prescribed for psychological reasons. 2 dummy pill etc. used in a controlled trial. [Latin, = I shall be acceptable] place-kick n. kick in football with the ball placed on the ground. place-mat n. small table-mat for a per-

son's plate. village,

etc.

placenta

plate.

placable

wall glue

three (or four) positions in a race, esp. other than the winner. 14 position of a digit in a series indicated in decimal or similar notation, -v. (-cing) 1 put in a particular or proper place or state or order; arrange. 2 identify, classify, or remember correctly. 3 assign to a particular place, class, or rank; locate. 4 find employment or a living etc. for. 5 make or state (an order or bet etc.). 6 (often foil, by in, on, etc.) have (confidence etc.). 7 state the position of (any of the first three or four runners) in a race. 8 (as placed adj. ) among the first three give place to 1 (or four) in a race. first

place-name n. name of a town,

[Italian]

pi. abbr.

plagiarize

679

/pla'senta/ n. (pi. -tae

/-ti:/

or

organ in the uterus of pregnant mammals nourishing the foetus through the umbilical cord and expelled after birth. placental adj. [Greek, = -s)

flat

cake]

placer

/'pleis9(r)/ n. deposit of sand, gravel, etc. containing valuable minerals in particles. [American Spanish] place-setting n. set of cutlery etc. for one person at a table. placid /'plaesid/ adj. 1 calm; not easily excited or irritated. 2 tranquil, serene. placidity /pla siditi/ n. placidly adv. placidness n. [Latin placeo please] placket /'plaekit/ n. 1 opening or slit in a garment, for fastenings or access to a pocket. 2 flap of fabric under this. [var. of placard] plagiarize /'pleid3a,raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 (also absol.) take and pass off (another's thoughts, writings, etc.) as one's own. 2 pass off the thoughts etc. of (another person) as one's own. plagiarism n. plagiarist n. plagiarizer n. [Latin plagiarius kid-

napper]

plague plague

-n.

1

deadly contagious

disease. 2 (foil, by of) colloq. infestation of a pest etc. 3 great trouble or affliction. (plagues, nuisance, -v. 4 colloq. plagued, plaguing) 1 colloq. pester, annoy. 2 afflict, hinder {plagued by back pain). 3 affect with plague. [Latin plaga stroke, infection]

plaice /pleis/ n. (pi. same) marine flatfish used as food. [Latin platessa] plaid /plaed/ n. 1 (often attrib.) chequered or tartan, esp. woollen, twilled cloth {plaid skirt). 2 long piece of this worn over the shoulder in Highland Scottish costume. [Gaelic] plain -adj. 1 clear, evident. 2 readily understood, simple. 3 (of food, decoration, etc.) simple. 4 not beautiful or outspoken; 5 distinguished-looking. straightforward. 6 unsophisticated; not luxurious (a plain man; plain living), -adv. 1 clearly. 2 simply, -n. 1 level tract of country. 2 basic knitting stitch. plainly adv. plainness n. [Latin

planus]

plainchant n. = plainsong. plain chocolate n. dark chocolate without added milk.

plain clothes n.pl ordinary

clothes,

not uniform {plain-clothes police).

plain dealing

n.

candour; straight-

forwardness.

plain flour

n.

flour containing

no

rais-

n.

[French]

planchette /pla:n'Jet/ n. small board on castors with a pencil, said to write spirit messages when a person's fingers rest lightly on it. [French diminutive: related to plank] 1 plane -n. 1 flat surface such that a straight line joining any two points on it lies wholly in it. 2 level surface. 3 colloq. = aeroplane. 4 flat surface producing lift by the action of air or water over and under it (usu. in comb.: hydroplane). 5 (often foil, by of) level of attainment, knowledge, etc. -adj. 1 (of a surface etc.) perfectly level. 2 (of an angle, figure, etc.) lying in a plane, -v. (-ning) glide. [Latin planus plain] plane 2 -n. tool for smoothing a usu. wooden surface by paring shavings from it. -v. (-ning) 1 smooth with a plane. 2 (often foil, by away, down) pare with a plane. [Latin: related to plane ] plane 3 n. tall tree with maple-like leaves and bark which peels in uneven patches. [Greek platanos] 1

planet

body orbitplanetary adj.

/'plaemt/ n. celestial

ing round a star. [Greek, = wanderer]

unaccompanied church

images of stars, planets, constellations, etc. are projected. 2 device for such

uncomplicated

music sung in unison in medieval modes and in free rhythm corresponding to the accentuation of the words. plain-spoken adj. frank. plaint n. 1 Law accusation; charge. 2 literary complaint, lamentation. [French plainte from Latin plango

lament] plaintifF/'plemtif/ n. person who brings a case against another into court. [French plaintif. related to plaintive]

plaintive

/'plemtiv/ adj. expressing sorrow; mournful-sounding. plaintively adv. [French: related to plaint] plait /plaet/ -n. length of hair, straw, etc., in three or more interlaced strands. -v. 1 weave (hair etc.) into a plait. 2 make by interlacing strands (plaited belt). [French pleit from Latin plico fold] plan -n. 1 method or procedure for doing something; design, scheme, or intention. 2 drawing etc. of a building or structure, made by projection on to a horizontal plane. 3 map of a town or district. 4

plans. plan on (often foil, by pres. part.) colloq. aim at; intend. planning

planetarium /.plaeni'teanam/ n. {pi. -s or -ria) 1 domed building in which

n.

tion or course of action. n.

make

a plan of or design for. 3 (as planned adj.) in accordance with a plan {planned parenthood). 4 make intend. 2

situa-

ing agent.

plain sailing

plainsong

plant

680

/pleig/

scheme of an arrangement

{seating plan), -v. (-nn-)

1 arrange (a procedure etc.) beforehand; form a plan;

projection.

plangent

/'plaend3(a)nt/ adj. literary

1

loud and reverberating. 2 plaintive. [Latin: related to plaint]

plank -n.

1 long flat piece of timber. 2 item in a political or other programme. -v. 1 provide or cover with planks. 2 (usu. foil, by down) colloq. a put down or deposit roughly or violently, b pay (money) on the spot. walk the plank hist, be made to walk blindfold along a plank over the side of a ship to one's death in the sea. [Latin planca] planking n. planks as flooring etc.

plankton

/'plaenkt(a)n/

n.

chiefly

microscopic organisms drifting in the sea or fresh water. [Greek, = wandering]

planner towns list,

n.

etc. 2

1 person who plans new person who makes plans. 3 with information helpful

table, etc.,

in planning.

planning permission mission for building local authority. plant /pla:nt/ -n.

n.

formal perfrom a

etc., esp.

1 a organism usu. containing chlorophyll enabling it to

plantain wholly on inorganic substances, and lacking the power of voluntary movement, b small organism of this kind, as distinguished from a shrub or live

machinery, fixtures, etc., used in industry, b factory. 3 colloq. sometree. 2 a

thing deliberately placed so as to incriminate another, -v. 1 place (seeds, plants, etc.) in soil for growing. 2 (often by in, on, etc.) put or fix in position. 3 (often re/7.) station (a person etc.), esp. as a spy. 4 cause (an idea etc.) to be established, esp. in another person's mind. 5 deliver (a blow, kiss, etc.) with a deliberate aim. 6 colloq. place (something incriminating) for later discovery. foil,

plant out transfer from a pot or frame to the open ground; set out (seedlings) at plantlike adj. [Latin intervals. planta] 1

plant with broad

'plaentm n. leaves spread close to the ground and seeds used as food for birds. [Latin plantago] plantain 2 /'plaentm/ n. 1 a kind of flat

plant,

grown

for its fruit.

2

banana-like fruit of this. [Spanish]

plantation /pla:n'teij(9)n, plaen-/ n. estate on which cotton, tobacco, etc.

1

is

cultivated. 2 area planted with trees etc. 3 hist, colony. [Latin: related to plant] n. 1 manager or owner of a plantation. 2 container for houseplants. plaque /plaek, pla:k n. 1 commemorative tablet, esp. fixed to a building. 2 deposit on teeth where bacteria pro-

planter

[Dutch plak placard]

liferate.

plasma

'plaezma

tablet: related to n.

(also

plasm

/'plaez(a)m ) 1 a colourless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat-globules are suspended, b this taken from blood for transfusions. 2 = protoplasm. 3 gas of positive ions and free electrons in about equal numbers, z plasmic adj. [Greek plasso

shape

limb

(v.)]

plaster

'pla:sta(r)'-rc. 1 soft mixture of lime, sand, and water etc. applied to walls, ceilings, etc., to dry into a smooth hard surface. 2 = sticking-plaster. 3 = plaster of Paris, -v. 1 cover (a wall etc.) with plaster. 2 coat, daub, cover thickly. 3 stick or apply (a thing) thickly like plaster. 4 (often foil, by down) smooth (esp. hair) with water etc. 5 (as

plastered adj.) slang drunk. plasterer n. [Greek emplastron] n. two boards with a

plasterboard

filling of plaster for partitions, walls, etc.

plaster cast n. plaster of Paris

bandage stiffened with and applied to a broken

1

etc.

2 statue or

mould made

of

plaster.

plaster of Paris

n. fine

white gypsum

plaster for plaster casts etc.

plastic 'plaestik -n. 1 synthetic resinous substance that can be given any shape. 2 (in full plastic

money)

colloq.

credit card(s). -adj. 1 made of plastic. 2 capable of being moulded; pliant, supple. 3 giving form to clay, wax, etc.

plasticity

-

tisiti

n.

plasticize

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing;, plasticizer -,saize(r) n. (also -iser). plasticky adj. [Greek: related to /-.saiz/

v.

plasma] plastic arts ling or objects.

plastic tic

plantain

banana

plateau

681

the

involving modelrepresentation of solid

n.pl. arts

bomb n. bomb containing plas-

explosive.

plastic

explosive

n.

putty like ex

plosive.

Plasticine

'plaesta,si:n n.propr. pliant material used for modelling. plastic surgery n. reconstruction or repair of damaged or unsightly skin, muscle, etc., esp. by the transfer of tissue, z plastic surgeon n. plate -n. 1 a shallow usu. circular vessel from which food is eaten or served, b contents of this. 2 similar vessel used for a collection in church etc. 3 (collect.) a utensils of silver, gold, or other metal, b objects of plated metal. 4 piece of metal with a name or inscription for affixing to a door etc. 5 illustration on special paper in a book. 6 thin sheet of metal, glass, etc., coated with a sensitive film for photography. 7 flat thin usu. rigid sheet of metal etc., often as part of a mechanism. 8 a smooth piece of metal etc. for engraving, b impression from this. 9 a silver or gold cup as a prize for a horse-race etc. b race with this as a prize. 10 a thin piece of plastic material, moulded to the shape of the mouth, on which artificial teeth are mounted, b colloq. denture. 11 each of several rigid sheets of rock thought to form the earth's outer crust. 12 thin flat organic structure or formation, -v. (-ting) 1 apply a thin coat esp. of silver, gold, or tin to (another metal). 2 cover (esp. a ship) with plates of metal, for protection, z on a plate colloq. available with little trouble to the recipient, on one's plate colloq. for one to deal with, z plateful n. (pi. -s). [Latin plana

from planus

plateau

flat]

'plaetau -n. (pi. -xor-s -taoz area of fairly level high ground. 2 state of little variation after an increase, -i\ (plateauing, plateaus, plateaued) (often foil, by out) reach a level or static 1

)

1

plate glass state after

involved in clotting.

platen

/'plaet(a)n/ n. 1 plate in a printing-press which presses the paper against the type. 2 cylindrical roller in a typewriter etc. against which the paper is held. [French platine: related to plate] plate-rack n. rack in which plates are placed to drain. plate tectonics n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) the study of the earth's surface based on the concept of moving 'plates' (see sense 11 of plate) forming its struc-

ture. /'plaetfoim/ n.

1

raised level

from which a speaker addresses an audience or one alongside surface, esp. one

the line at a railway station. 2 floor area at the entrance to a bus etc. 3 thick sole of a shoe. 4 declared policy of a political party. [French: related to plate, form]

platinum

/'plaetmam/ n. Chem. white heavy precious metallic element that does not tarnish, [earlier platina from Spanish, diminutive from plata silver]

platinum blonde

(also

platinum

blond) -adj. silvery-blond, -n. person with such hair.

platitude /'plaeti,tju:d/ n. commonplace remark, esp. one solemnly delivered. platitudinous /-'tju:dmas/ adj. [French: related to plate]

Platonic /pla'tonik/ adj.

1

of Plato or his

ideas. 2 (platonic) (of love or friendship) not sexual. [Greek Platon (5th-4th c. bc), name Platonism

of a Greek philosopher] ,

pleit9,niz(a)m/

n.

philo-

sophy of Plato or his followers.

Pla-

tonist

/

n.

platoon

/pla'tu:n/ n. 1 subdivision of a military company. 2 group of persons acting together. [French peloton diminutive of pelote PELLET] platter n. large flat dish or plate. [Anglo-French plater, related to plate] platypus /'plaetipas/ n. (pi. -puses) Australian aquatic egg-laying mammal, with a ducklike bill and flat tail. [Greek,

=

flat foot]

plaudit

/'pb:dit/ n. (usu. in pi.) 1 round of applause. 2 expression of approval. [Latin plaudite, imperative of plaudo plaus- clap] plausible "pb:zib(a)l/ adj. 1 (of a state-

ment a

etc.)

person)

plausibility

/-

biliti/

n.

plausibly

adv. [Latin: related to plaudit]

to plate]

plate glass n. thick fine-quality glass for shop windows etc. platelayer n. person employed in fixing and repairing railway rails. platelet /'pleitlit/ n. small colourless disc of protoplasm found in blood and

platform

play

682

an increase. [French: related

reasonable or probable. 2 (of persuasive but deceptive.

play -v. 1 (often foil, by with) occupy or amuse oneself pleasantly. 2 (foil, by with) act light-heartedly or flippantly

with (a person's feelings etc.). 3 a perform on or be able to perform on (a musical instrument), b perform (a piece of music etc.). c cause (a record, recordplayer, etc.) to produce sounds. 4 a (foil, by in) perform a role in (a drama etc.). b perform (a drama or role) on stage etc. c give a dramatic performance at (a particular theatre or place). 5 act in real life the part of (play truant; play the fool). 6 (foil, by on) perform (a trick or joke etc.) on (a person). 7 colloq. cooperate; do what is wanted (they won't play). 8 gamble, gamble on. 9 a take part in (a game or recreation), b compete with (another player or team) in a game, c occupy (a specified position) in a team for a game, d assign (a player) to a position. 10 move (a piece) or display (a playing-card) in one's turn in a game. 1 (also absol.) strike (a ball etc.) or execute (a stroke) in a game. 12 move about in a lively manner; flit, dart. 13 (often foil, by on) a touch gently, b emit light, water, etc. (fountains gently playing). 14 allow (a fish) to exhaust itself pulling against a line. 15 (often foil, by at) a engage half-heartedly (in an activity), b pretend to be. -n. 1 recreation, amusement, esp. as the spontaneous activity of children. 2 a playing of a game, b action or manner of this. 3 dramatic piece for the stage etc. 4 activity or operation (the play offancy). 5 a freedom of movement, b space or scope for this. 6 brisk, light, or fitful movement. 7 gambling. in (or out of) play Sport (of the ball etc.) in (or not in) a position to be played according to the rules, make a play for colloq. make a conspicuous attempt to acquire, make play with use ostentatiously, play about (or around) behave irresponsibly, play along pretend to cooperate, play back play (sounds recently recorded), play ball colloq. cooperate, play by ear 1 perform (music) without having seen it written down. 2 (also play it by ear) colloq. proceed step by step according to results, play one's cards right (or well) colloq. make good use of opportunities; act shrewdly, play down minimize the importance of. played out exhausted of energy or usefulness, play fast and loose act unreliably, play the field see field, play for time seek to gain time by^ delaying, play the game observe the rules; behave

honourably, play havoc (or hell) with

play-act

cause great confusion or diffidisrupt, play into a person's act so as unwittingly to give a person an advantage, play it cool colloq. be relaxed or apparently indifferent, play the market speculate in colloq.

culty

to;

hands

*

plebeian

683

stocks etc. play off (usu. foil, by against) 1 oppose (one person against another), esp. for one's own advantage. 2 play an extra match to decide a draw or tie. play on 1 continue to play. 2 take advantage of (a person's feelings etc.). play safe (or for safety) avoid risks, play up 1 behave mischievously. 2 annoy in this way. 3 cause trouble; be irritating, play up to flatter, esp. to win favour, play with fire take foolish risks. [Old English] play-act v. 1 act in a play. 2 pretend; play-acting n. behave insincerely, play-back n. playing back of a sound, playbill n. poster advertising a play, playboy n. wealthy pleasure-seeking

man.

player

n. 1 participant in a game. 2 person playing a musical instrument. 3

n. 1 appeal, entreaty. 2 Law formal statement by or on behalf of a defendplacitum decree:

plea

ant. 3 excuse. [Latin related to please]

pleach

related to plexus] 1 (foil, by with) make an earnest appeal to. 2 (of an advocate) address a lawcourt. 3 maintain (a cause) in a lawcourt. 4 (foil, by guilty or not guilty) declare oneself to be guilty or not guilty of a charge. 5 allege as an excuse (plead insanity). 6 (often as pleading adj.)

make an

appeal or entreaty (in a plead[Anglo-French pleder. related to plea] pleading n. (usu. in pi.) formal statement of the cause of an action or

ing

voice).

defence.

pleasant

adj.

/'plez(a)nt/

(-er,

-est)

pleasing to the mind, feelings, or senses. pleasantly adv. [French: related to PLEASE] pleasantry n. (pi. -ies) 1 amusing or polite remark. 2 humorous speech. 3 jocularity.

please /pli:z/

actor.

make

playfully adv. playdone in fun. fulness n. playgoer n. person who goes often to

to

2

the theatre.

playground

n.

outdoor area for

chil-

to play in.

playgroup

n. organized regular meeting of preschool children for supervised

play.

playhouse

n.

theatre,

playing-card

n. one of a set of usu. 52 oblong cards, divided into four suits and used in games. playing-field n. field for outdoor games.

playlet

to

plead v.

playfellow n. playmate. playful adj. 1 fond of or inclined to play.

dren

entwine or interlace (esp. form a hedge). [Latin:

v.

branches

n.

short play,

playmate n. play-off

n.

child's companion in play, match played to decide a

draw or tie. play on words n. pun. play-pen n. portable enclosure for a young child to play in. play school n. nursery school or kindergarten.

plaything n.

1 toy or other thing to play with. 2 person used merely as an object of amusement or pleasure. playtime n. time for play or recreation.

playwright plays. pic abbr.

Company.

n.

(also

person

who

writes

PLC) Public Limited

a

v. (-sing) 1 be agreeable to; glad; give pleasure. 2 (in passive)

(foil,

by

to

+

(am pleased

infin.)

be glad or willing b (often foil, by

to help),

about, at, with) derive pleasure or satisfaction (from). 3 (with it as subject) be the inclination or wish of (it did not please him to attend). 4 think fit (take as many as you please). 5 used in polite requests (come in, please). if you please if you are willing, esp. iron, to indicate unreasonableness (then, if you please, we had to pay), please oneself do as one likes. pleased adj. pleasing adj. [French plaisir from Latin placeo] pleasurable /'ple3arab(e)l/ adj. causpleas urably adv. ing pleasure. pleasure /'ple3a(r)/ n. 1 feeling of satisfaction or joy. 2 enjoyment. 3 source of pleasure or gratification. 4 one's will or desire (what is your pleasure/"). 5 sensual gratification. 6 (attrib.) done or used for pleasure. [French: related to PLEASE] pleat -n. fold or crease, esp. a flattened fold in cloth doubled upon itself. —v, make a pleat or pleats in. [from plait] pleb n. colloq. usu. derog. = plebeian 2. plebby adj. [abbreviation of plebeian] plebeian /ph'bi:an/ -n. 1 commoner, esp. in ancient Rome. 2 working-class person, esp. an uncultured one. -adj. 1 of the common people. 2 uncultured, coarse. [Latin plebs plebis common people]

plebiscite /'plebi.sait/ n.

plectrum

/'plektram/ n. (pi. -s or -tra) thin flat piece of plastic etc. for plucking the strings of a guitar etc. [Greek plesso

pledge -n.

1 solemn promise. 2 thing given as security against a debt etc. 3 pawn. 4 thing given as a in thing put token of favour etc., or of something to come. 5 drinking of a person's health, toast. 6 solemn promise to abstain from alcohol (sign the pledge), -v. (-ging) 1 a deposit as security, b pawn. 2 promise solemnly by the pledge of (one's honour, word, etc.). 3 bind by a solemn promise. pledge one's 4 drink to the health of. troth see troth. [French plege] n.pl. /'plaia,di:z/ cluster of Pleiades seven stars in the constellation Taurus.

from Greek]

Pleistocene

/'pleista,si:n/ Geol -adj. of the first epoch of the Quaternary period. -n. this epoch. [Greek pleistos most,

kainos new]

plenary

/'pli:nan/

adj.

1

(of

an

as-

sembly) to be attended by all members. 2 entire, unqualified (plenary indulgence). [Latin plenus full] plenipotentiary /.plenipa'tenjari/ -n. (pi. -ies) person (esp. a diplomat) invested with full authority to act. —adj. having this power. [Latin: related to PLENARY, POTENT]

plenitude /'pleni.rjurd/ n. ness,

completeness.

[Latin: related to

plenteous plentiful. to

plexus

/'pleksas/

n.

same

(pi.

or

plexuses) Anat. network of nerves or (solar plexus).

vessels plex- plait]

pliable

/'plaiab(a)l/

[Latin plecto

adj.

1

bending

easily; supple. 2 yielding, compliant.

strike]

[Latin

plot

684

referendum. [Latin plebiscitum: related to plebeian]

plebiscite

literary

1 full-

abundance.

2

plenary]

/'plenties/

adj.

literary

[French plentivous: related

plentiful

/'plentiful/ adj. abundant, plentifully adv. plenty /'plenti/ -n. (often foil, by of) abundance, sufficient quantity or number (we have plenty; plenty of time; a time of plenty), -adj. colloq. plentiful. -adv. colloq. fully, quite. [Latin plenitas: related to plenary]

copious.

/'pli:nam/ n. full assembly of people or a committee etc. [Latin, neuter of plenus full] pleonasm /'pli:a naBz(a)m/ n. use of more words than are needed (e.g. see with one's eyes). pleonastic /-'naestik/ adj. [Greek pleon more] plethora /'pleGara/ n. over-abundance. [Greek, = fullness] pleura /'pluara/ n. (pi. -rae /-ri:/) membrane enveloping the lungs, n pleural adj. [Greek pleura rib] pleurisy /'pluarasi/ n. inflammation of the pleura. pleuritic /-'ntik/ adj. [Greek: related to pleura] l

/-'biliti/ n.

[French: related to

1

surfaces for holding small obbending wire, etc. [from dial, ply bend: related to pliable] plight 1 /plait/ n. unfortunate condition or state. [Anglo-French plit plait] plight 2 /plait/ v. archaic 1 pledge. 2 (foil, by to) engage (oneself) in marriage. plight one's troth see troth. [Old English] plimsoll /'plims(a)l/ n. (also plimsole) rubber-soled canvas sports shoe, [from lel flat

jects,

Plimsoll line]

Plimsoll line /'plims(a)l/ n. soll mark) marking on a

(also Plimship's side

showing the limit of legal submersion under various conditions. [Plimsoll,

name

of a politician] 1 lower square slab at the base of a column. 2 base supporting a vase or statue etc. [Greek, = tile] Pliocene /'plaia,si:n/ Geol. -adj. of the last epoch of the Tertiary period, -n. this epoch. [Greek pleion more, kainos

plinth n.

new]

PLO

abbr. Palestine Liberation Organ-

ization.

plenty]

plenum

pliability ply ]

pliant /'plaiant/ adj. = pliable 1. pliancy n. pliers /'plaiaz/ n.pl pincers with paral-

plod

-v. (-dd-) 1 walk doggedly or laboriously; trudge. 2 work slowly and steadily, -n. spell of plodding. plodder n. [probably imitative] plonk 1 —v. 1 set down hurriedly or clumsily. 2 (usu. foil, by down) set down firmly, -n. heavy thud, [imitative] plonk 2 n. colloq. cheap or inferior wine, [origin

unknown]

plonker

coarse slang 1 fool. 2 penis. as of a smooth object dropping into water without a splash. -v. (-pp-) fall or drop with a plop. -adv. n.

plop —n. sound

with a plop, [imitative]

plosive

/'plausiv/

-adj.

pronounced

with a sudden release of breath, -n. plosive sound, [from explosive] plot -n. 1 defined and usu. small piece of land. 2 interrelationship of the main events in a play, novel, film, etc. 3 conspiracy or secret plan. —v. (-tt-) 1 make a plan or map of. 2 (also absol.) plan or contrive secretly (a crime etc.). 3

a chart or diagram. 4 make (a by marking out a number of points. 5 provide (a play, novel, film,

mark on curve

etc.)

plough with a plot. :: plotter n. English and French complot] /plao/ (US plow) -n. 1 implement for cutting furrows in the soil and turning it up. 2 implement resembling this (snowplough). 3 (the Plough) the Great Bear (see bear 2 ) or its seven bright stars, -v. 1 (also absol.) turn up (the earth) with a plough. 2 (foil, by out, up, etc.) turn or extract with a plough. 3 furrow or scratch (a surface) as with a plough. 4 produce (a furrow or line) thus. 5 (foil, by through) advance laboriously, esp. through work, a book, etc. 6 (foil, by through, into) move violently like a plough. 7 colloq. fail in an explough back 1 plough amination. (grass etc.) into the soil to enrich it. 2 reinvest (profits) in the business producing them. [Old English] etc.)

plough

ploughman

n. (US plowman) person who uses a plough. ploughman's lunch n. meal of bread

and cheese with pickle and salad. n. (US plowshare)

ploughshare

cut-

ting blade of a plough.

plover wading

/'plAva(r)/

n.

plump-breasted

bird, e.g. the lapwing. [Latin

pluvia rain]

plow US var.

of plough. of ploughman. plowshare US var. of ploughshare. ploy n. cunning manoeuvre to gain advantage, [origin unknown] ahbr. Public Lending Right. pluck -v. 1 pick or pull out or away. 2 strip (a bird) of feathers. 3 pull at, twitch. 4 (foil, by at) tug or snatch at. 5 sound (the string of a musical instrument) with a finger or plectrum. 6 plunder, -n. 1 courage, spirit. 2 plucking; twitch. 3 animal's heart, liver, and lungs as food, z pluck up summon up (one's courage etc.). [Old English] plucky adj. (-ier, -iest) brave, spirited. pluckily adv. pluckiness n. plug -n. 1 piece of solid material fitting tightly into a hole, used to fill a gap or cavity or act as a wedge or stopper. 2 a device of metal pins in an insulated casing, fitting into holes in a socket for

plowman US var.

PLR

making an

electrical connection, b colsocket. 3 = spark-plug. 4 an idea, product, etc. 5 cake or stick of tobacco; piece of this for chewing, -v. (-gg-) 1 (often foil, by up) stop (a hole etc.) with a plug. 2 slang shoot or nit (a person etc.). 3 colloq. seek to popularize (an idea, loq. electric

colloq. piece of free publicity for

by constant recommendaby away (at)) work steadily (at), plug in connect electrically by inserting a plug into a socket. [Low German or Dutch] product,

plump

685

[Old

etc.)

tion. 4 colloq. (foil,

plug-hole n. hole, esp. in a sink or bath, which can be closed by a plug. plug-in attrib. adj. designed to be plugged into a socket.

plum /i.1a small sweet oval fleshy fruit with a flattish pointed stone, b tree bearing this. 2 reddish-purple colour. 3 raisin used in cooking. 4 colloq. something prized (often attrib. plum job). have a plum in one's mouth have an :

affectedly rich voice. [Latin: related to

PRUNE

1

]

plumage

/'plu:mid3/

n.

bird's feathers.

[French: related to plume] plumb /pL\m/ -n. lead ball, esp. attached to the end of a line for finding the depth of water or testing whether a wall etc. is vertical, -adv. 1 exactly (plumb in the centre). 2 vertically. 3 US slang quite, utterly (plumb crazy), -adj. vertical, -v. 1 a provide with plumbing, b (often foil, by in) fit as part of a plumbing system, c work as a plumber. 2 sound or test with a plumb. 3 reach or experience (an extreme feeling) (plumb the depths offear). 4 learn in detail the facts about (a matter), z out of plumb not vertical. [Latin plumbum lead]

plumber n.

person who fits and repairs the apparatus of a water-supply, heat-

ing, etc.

plumbing

n. 1 system or apparatus of water-supply etc. 2 work of a plumber. 3 lavatory installations. plumb-line n. line with a plumb

colloq.

attached.

plume /plu:m/ -n.

1

feather, esp. a large

one used for ornament. 2 ornament of feathers etc. worn on a helmet or hat or in the hair. 3 something resembling this (plume of smoke), -v. (-ming) 1 decorate or provide with a plume or plumes. 2 refl. (foil, by on, upon) pride (oneself on esp. something trivial). 3 (of a bird) preen (itself or its feathers). [Latin pluma] plummet /'plAmit/ -n. 1 plumb, plumbline. 2 sounding-line. 3 weight attached to a fishing-line to keep the float upright. -v. (-t-) fall or plunge rapidly. [French: related to plumb] plummy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 abounding or rich in plums. 2 colloq. (of a voice) sounding affectedly rich in tone. 3 colgood, desirable. 1 -adj. full or rounded in shape; fleshy, -v. (often foil, by up, out) make or become plump (plumped up the cushion). plumpness n. [Low German or Dutch plomp blunt] 2 plump -v. 1 (foil, by for) decide on, choose. 2 (often foil, by down) drop or fall abruptly, -n. abrupt or heavy fall. loq.

plump

plum pudding colloq.

DING.

plumy

plumi

(ier,

adj.

plumelike, feathery. plumes.

1

'pL\nda(r) -v. 1 rob or steal, loot. 2 exploit (another person's or common property) for one's own profit, -n. 1 activity of plundering. 2 property so acquired. [German plunder72] plunge —v. (-ging) 1 (usu. foil, by in, intu) a thrust forcefully or abruptly, b dive, c (cause to) enter a condition or embark on a course impetuously (they plunged into marriage; the room was plunged into darkness). 2 immerse completely. 3 a move suddenly and

wartime;

dramatically downward, b (foil, by down, into, etc.) move with a rush (plunged down the stairs). 4 colloq. run up gambling debts, -n. plunging action take the plunge or movement; dive. colloq. take a decisive step. [Romanic: related to plumb]

plunger

part of a mechanism that works with a plunging or thrusting movement. 2 rubber cup on a handle for clearing blocked pipes by a plunging n. 1

and sucking pluperfect

action.

Gram. -adj.

plu:'p3:fikt'

denoting an action comsome past point of time (e.g. he had gone by then). -n. pluperfect tense. [Latin plus quam perfectum more than perfect] plural 'pluar(a)l/ -adj. 1 more than one in number. 2 Gram, (of a word or form) denoting more than one. -n. Gram. 1 plural word or form. 2 plural number. (of a tense)

pleted prior to

[Latin: related to plus]

pluralism

n. 1 form of society embracminority groups and cultural traditions. 2 the holding of more than one office at a time, esp. in the Church. pluralist n. pluralistic listik/ adj.

ing

many

-

plurality

'plua'raeliti/

state of being plural. 2

large number. 4 absolute.

pluralize

n.

(pi

-ies)

= pluralism

US majority

'pluara.laiz/

v.

additional or positive quantity. 3 advantage, -conj. colloq. also; and

furthermore. [Latin, = more]

Usage The

-iest)

adorned with

2

plunder esp. in

PMT

686

with a plump. [Low German or Dutch plompen, imitative] plum pudding n. = Christmas pud -adv.

that (also

is

2.

1

3

not

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) make plural, express in the plural. plus -prep. 1 with the addition of (symbol + ). 2 (of temperature) above zero (plus 2°). 3 colloq. with; having gained; newly possessing, -adj. 1 (after a number) at least (fifteen plus). 2 (after a grade etc.) rather better than (beta plus). 3 Math, positive. 4 having a positive electrical charge. 5 (attrib.) additional, extra, -n. 1 the symbol +. 2

use of plus as a conjuncplus they wanted a meal, is considered incorrect

tion, as in they arrived late,

by some people.

plus-fours

n.pl. men's long wide knickerbockers, [the length was increased by inches to 4 create an overhang] plush -n. cloth of silk or cotton etc., with a long soft nap. -adj. 1 made of plush. 2 colloq. = plushy. plushly adv. plushness n. [Latin: related to

PILE

3 ]

plushy

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. stylish,

plushiness

luxurious.

Pluto

n.

outermost known planet of the solar system. [Greek Plouton, god of the underworld] /'plu:tau'

plutocracy

n.

plu:'tDkrasi/ n.

(pi. -ies) 1

a government by the wealthy, b State so

governed. 2 wealthy elite. plutocratic -ta'kraetik adj. [Greek ploutos wealth]

plutocrat

'plu:ta,kraet n.

1

member

of

a plutocracy. 2 wealthy person.

plutonic

plu:'tDnik/ adj.

formed as

ig-

neous rock by

solidification below the surface of the earth. [Latin Pluto, god of the underworld]

plutonium

/plu:'tauniam' n. radioactive metallic element. [Pluto, name of a planet] pluvial 'plu:vial/ adj. 1 of rain; rainy 2 Geol. caused by rain. [Latin pluvia rain] ply plai n. (pi. -ies) 1 thickness or layer of cloth or wood etc. 2 strand of yarn or rope etc. [French pli: related to plait] ply 2 /plai, v. (-ies, -ied) 1 use or wield (a tool, weapon, etc.). 2 work steadily at (ply one's trade). 3 (foil, by with) a supply continuously (with food, drink, etc.). b approach repeatedly (with questions, etc.). 4 a (often foil, by between) (of a vehicle etc.) travel regularly to and fro. b work (a route) thus. 5 (of a taxidriver etc.) attend regularly for custom /

.

1

(ply for hire), [from apply] /'plimaG/ n.pl. Calvinistic religious body with no formal creed and no official order of ministers. [Plymouth in Devon]

Plymouth Brethren

plywood

n. strong thin board made by gluing layers of wood with the direction of the grain alternating. abbr. 1 prime minister. 2 post-

PM mortem. Pm symb. p.m.

promethium.

abbr. after noon. [Latin post meri-

diem]

PMS abbr. premenstrual syndrome. PMT abbr. premenstrual tension.

pneumatic pneumatic

1

filled

with air or wind (pneumatic tyre). 2 operated by compressed air (pneumatic [Greek pneuma wind]

drill).

pneumoconiosis

/.njuimao.knni

lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust or small particles. [Greek pneumon lung, konis dust] pneumonia /nju:'maunia/ n. inflammation of one or both lungs. [Greek pneu'ausis/ n.

mon

lung]

PO abbr.

1 Post Office. 2 postal order. 3 Petty Officer. 4 Pilot Officer.

Po po

symb. polonium. /pau/ n.

[from pot

poach

(pi.

-s) colloq.

chamber-pot.

1

]

1

1

v.

cook (an egg) without

its

shell in or over boiling water. 2 cook (fish etc.) by simmering in a small

amount of liquid, poacher 2 pochier. related to poke ]

poach 2

rc.

[French

(also absol.) catch (game or fish) illegally. 2 (often foil, by on) tresv.

1

pass or encroach on (another's property, territory, etc.). 3 appropriate poacher (another's ideas, staff, etc.). n. [earlier poche: related to poach ] pock n. (also pock-mark) small pusfilled spot on the skin, esp. caused by chickenpox or smallpox. pock-marked adj. [Old English] pocket /'pnkit/ -n. 1 small bag sewn into or on clothing, for carrying small articles. 2 pouchlike compartment in a suitcase, car door, etc. 3 one's financial resources (beyond my pocket). 4 isolated group or area (pockets of resistance). 5 cavity in the earth containing ore, esp. gold. 6 pouch at the corner or on the side of a billiard- or snooker-table into which balls are driven. 7 = air pocket. 8 (attrib.) a small enough or intended for carrying in a pocket, b smaller than the usual size. -u. (-t-) 1 put into one's pocket. 2 appropriate, esp. dishonestly. 3 confine as in a pocket. 4 submit to (an injury or affront). 5 conceal or suppress (one's feelings). 6 Billiards etc. drive (a ball) into a pocket. : in pocket having gained in a transaction, in a person's pocket 1 under a person's control. 2 close to or intimate with a person, out of pocket having lost in a transaction. [Anglo-French diminutive: related to 1

POKE 2

notebook. 2 folding case for papers or money carried in a n.

1

pocket.

pocketful n.

pod -n.

long seed-vessel, esp. of a pea or bean. -v. (-dd-) 1 bear or form pods. 2

remove (peas unknown]

podgy

etc.)

from pods,

[origin

/'pod3i/ adj. (-ier, -iest)

and fat.

2

plump,

1

short

podginess

fleshy.

n.

[podge short fat person]' /'paudiam/ n. (pi -s or podia) rostrum. [Greek podion diminutive of pous pod- foot] poem /'pauim/ n. 1 metrical composition, usu. concerned with feeling or imaginative description. 2 elevated composition in verse or prose. 3 something with poetic qualities (a poem in stone). [Greek poieo make] poesy /'pauazi/ n. archaic poetry. [French, ultimately as poem] poet /'paort/ n. (fern, poetess) 1 writer of poems. 2 highly imaginative or expressive person. [Greek poietes: related to

podium

poem]

poetaster poet,

/,paoT'taesta(r)/

n.

inferior

[from poet, Latin -aster derog-

atory suffix]

poetic

/pau'etik/ adj. (also poetical) of

or like poetry or poets. adv.

poetically

poetic justice n. very appropriate punishment or reward, poetic licence n. writer's or artist's transgression of established rules for effect.

Poet Laureate n.

(pi.

Poets Laureate)

poet appointed to write occasions.

poems

for State

poetry

/'paortri/ n. 1 art or work of a poems collectively. 3 poetic or tenderly pleasing quality, [medieval Latin: related to poet] po-faced adj. 1 solemn-faced, humourless. 2 smug, [perhaps from po, influenced by poker-faced]

poet. 2

pogo

/'paugau/ n. (pi. -s) (also pogo stick) stiltlike toy with a spring, used for jumping about on. [origin uncertain]

pogrom

/'pDgram/ n. organized massacre (orig. of Jews in Russia). [Russian] /'pamjant/ adj. 1 painfully sharp to the emotions or senses; deeply

poignant

moving. 2 arousing sympathy. 3 sharp or pungent in taste or smell. 4 pleasantly piquant.

poignancy

n.

poignance

poignantly adv.

n.

[Latin:

related to point]

poinsettia /pom'setia/

]

pocketbook

point

687

/nju:'maetik/ adj.

(pi. -s)

as

much as a pocket

will hold.

pocket knife n. = penknife. pocket money n. money for minor expenses, esp. given to children.

n. plant with large scarlet bracts surrounding small yellow flowers. [Poinsett, name of a diplomat] point -n. 1 sharp or tapered end of a

weapon, pencil, etc. 2 tip or extreme end. 3 that which in geometry has position but not magnitude. 4 partool,

ticular place or position. 5 precise or

point-blank critical

came to the 6 very small mark on it

point, he refused). a surface. 7 dot or other punctuation mark. 8 = decimal point. 9 stage or degree in progress or increase (abrupt to the point of rudeness). 10 temperature at which a change of state occurs (freezing point). 11 single item or particular (explained it point by point). 12 unit of scoring in games or of measuring value etc. 13 significant or essential thing; what is intended or under discus-

sion (the point of my question; get to the point). 14 sense, purpose; advantage, value (saw no point in staying). 15 characteristic (tact is not his strong point). 16 a each of 32 directions marked

round a compass, b corresponding direction towards the horizon. 17 (usu. in pi) pair of movable at equal distances

tapering rails that allow a train to pass line to another. 18 = power point. 19 (usu. in pi.) electrical contact in the distributor of a vehicle. 20 Cricket a fielder on the off side near the batsman, b this position. 21 tip of the toe in ballet. 22 promontory. 23 Cusu. in pi.) extremities of a dog, horse, etc. -v. 1 (usu. foil, by to, at) a direct or aim (a

from one

weapon, etc.). b direct attention. 2 (foil, by at, towards) aim or be directed to. 3 (foil, by to) indicate; be evidence of (it all points to murder). 4 give force to (words or actions). 5 fill the joints of (brickwork) with smoothed mortar or finger,

cement. 6 (also absol.) (of a dog) indicate the presence of (game) by acting as pointer, z at (or on) the point of on the verge of. beside the point irrelevant, in point relevant (the case in point), in point of fact see fact, make a point of insist on (doing etc.); treat or regard as essential; call particular attention to (an action), point out indicate; draw attention to. point up emphasize, to the point relevant; relevantly, up to a point to some extent but not completely. [Latin pungo punct- prickl point-blank -adj. 1 a (of a shot) aimed or fired at very close range, b (of a range) very close. 2 (of a remark etc.) blunt, direct, -adv. 1 at very close range. 2 directly, bluntly. n. traffic control by a police officer, esp. at a road junction. pointed adj. 1 sharpened or tapering to a point. 2 (of a remark etc.) having point; cutting. 3 emphasized, pointedly adv. pointer n. 1 thing that points, e.g. the index hand of a gauge. 2 rod for pointing to features on a chart etc. 3 colloq. hint. 4 dog of a breed that on scenting game stands rigid looking towards it. 5 (in pi.)

point-duty

poke

688

moment (when

two stars

in the Great

Bear in

line with

the pole star.

pointillism

/'pwaenti,liz(a)m/ n. technique of impressionist painting using tiny dots of pure colour which become blended in the viewer's eye. pointillist n. & adj. [French pointiller mark with dots] pointings. 1 cement filling the joints of brickwork. 2 facing produced by this.

pointless

adj. lacking purpose or ineffective, fruitless. point-

meaning;

lessly adv. pointlessness n. n. thing of great importance to one's reputation or con-

point of honour science.

point of no return

n.

point in a

or enterprise at which becomes essential or more practical

journey

it

to

continue to the end.

point of order n. query in a debate etc. as to whether correct procedure followed.

point-of-sale adj. (usu. place at which goods are

point of view a thing

is

is

being

attrib.) of the

retailed.

position from which viewed. 2 way of considering a n. 1

matter.

point-to-point

n.

steeplechase

for

hunting horses.

poise

/poiz/ -n. 1 composure, selfpossession. 2 equilibrium. 3 carriage (of the head etc.). -v. (-sing) 1 balance; hold suspended or supported. 2 be balanced or suspended. [Latin pendo pens- weigh] poised adj. 1 a composed, self-assured, b carrying oneself gracefully or with dignity. 2 (often foil, by for, or to + infin.)

ready for action.

poison /'poiz(a)n/ -n. when introduced into

1

substance that

or absorbed by a organism causes death or injury, esp. one that kills by rapid action even in a small quantity. 2 colloq. harmful living

influence. — v. 1 administer poison to. 2 kill, injure, or infect with poison. 3 treat (a weapon) with poison. 4 corrupt or pervert (a person or mind). 5 spoil or

destroy (a person's pleasure

poisoner

n.

poisonous

adj.

etc.).

[Latin:

related to potion] poison ivy n. N. American climbing plant secreting an irritant oil from its leaves.

poison-pen letter onymous letter.

poke

n.

malicious an-

-v. (-king) 1 a thrust or push with the hand, a stick, etc. b (foil, by out, up, be thrust forward, protrude. 2 (foil, by at etc.) make thrusts. 3 thrust the end of a finger etc. against. 4 (foil, by in) produce (a hole etc. In a thing) by poking. 5 stir (a fire) with a poker. 6 a (often foil, by about, around) potter, b etc.)

1

poke

with. -rc. 1 act of poking. 2 thrust, poke fun at ridicule, poke nudge, one's nose into colloq. pry or intrude into. [German or Dutch] poke 2 n. dial, bag, sack, buy a pig in a poke see pig. [French dial.] poker n. metal rod for stirring a fire. i

i

1

poker 2

n. card-game in which bluff is used as players bet on the value of their hands, [origin unknown] poker-face n. impassive countenance pokerassumed by a poker-player, -faced adj. i

poky /'pauki/ adj.

room pokiness n. a

small and cramped, [from poke ] polar /'paula(r)/ 1 adj. of or near a pole of the earth or of the celestial sphere. 2 having magnetic or electric polarity. 3 directly opposite in character. [Latin: 2 related to pole ] polar bear n. large white bear living in the Arctic regions. polar circle n. each of the circles parallel to the equator at 23° 27' from either i

i

1

pole.

polarity

tendpoint with its extremities to the magnetic poles of the earth, or of a body to lie with its axis in a particular direction. 2 state of having two poles with contrary qualities. 3 state of having two opposite tendencies, opinions, etc. 4 electrical condition of a body (positive or negative). 5 attraction /pa'laeriti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

ency of a magnet

etc. to

towards an object. polarize /'paula.raiz/

v.

(also -ise) (-zing

or -sing) 1 restrict the vibrations of (light-waves etc.) to one direction. 2 give magnetic or electric polarity to. 3 divide into two opposing groups. polariza1

1

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

Polaroid

/'paula.roid/ n. propr.

1

mater-

thin sheets polarizing light passing through it. 2 camera with internal processing that produces a print rapidly after each exposure. 3 (in pi.) sunglasses with Polaroid lenses. polder /'paulda(r)/ n. piece of land reclaimed from the sea or a river, esp. in the Netherlands. [Dutch] Pole n. 1 native or national of Poland. 2 person of Polish descent. [German from Polish] pole n. 1 long slender rounded piece of wood, metal, etc., esp. with the end placed in the ground as a support etc. 2 = perch 3. up the pole slang 1 crazy. 2 in difficulty. [Latin palus stake] pole 2 n. 1 (in full north pole, south pole) a each of the two points in the celestial sphere about which the stars ial in

1

1

b each of the ends of the axis of rotation of the earth {North Pole; South Pole). 2 each of the two opposite points on the surface of a magnet at which magnetic forces are strongest. 3 each of two terminals (positive and negative) of an electric cell or battery etc. 4 each of two opposed principles. be poles apart differ greatly. [Greek, = axis]

appear

to revolve,

1

1

Usage The spelling is North Pole and South Pole when used as geographical designations.

i

(-ier, -iest) (of

etc.)

tion

policy

689

by about, into) pry; search. 7 coarse slang have sexual intercourse (foil,

poleaxe

(US -ax) -n. 1 hist. 2 butcher's axe. -v. hit or kill with a poleaxe. 2 (esp. /'paulaeks/

= battleaxe

1.

(-xing) 1 as poleaxed adj.) colloq.

dumbfound, overwhelm. [Low German or Dutch: related to poll, axe]

polecat

/'paulkaet/ n. 1 small brownishmammal of the weasel family. 2 skunk, [origin unknown] US pole-jump var. of pole-vault.

black

polemic /pa'lemik/-n.

1 forceful verbal or written controversy or argument. 2 (in pi.) art or practice of controversial discussion, -adj. (also polemical) involving dispute; controversial. !

polemicist /-sist/

[Greek polemos war] pole star n. 1 star in the Little Bear, near the North Pole in the sky. 2 thing serving as a guide. pole-vault (also pole-jump) -n. vault, or sport of vaulting, over a high bar with the aid of a pole held in the hands, - v. n.

perform this, pole-vaulter n. police /pa'li:s/ -n. (as pi. ) 1 (usu. prec. by i

the) the civil force responsible for

main-

taining public order. 2 its members. 3 force with similar functions (military police), -v. (-cing) 1 keep (a place or people) in order by means of police or a similar body. 2 provide with police. 3 keep in order, administer, control (problem of policing the new law). [Latin: related to policy ] police constable see constable. police dog n. dog, esp. an Alsatian, used in police work. police force n. body of police of a country, district, or town, 1

policeman member of a

n.

(fern,

policewoman)

police force,

police officer

n.

member

of a police

force.

police State n. totalitarian State controlled by political police. police station n. office of a local police force.

policy

1

/'pdIisi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 course of action adopted by a government, business, individual, etc. 2 prudent conduct; sagacity. [Latin politia polity]

policy Usage policy 2

polling-booth

690

See note at polity.

(pi -ies) 1 contract of insurance. 2 document containing this. [French police, ultimately from Greek apodeixis proof] policyholder n. person or body holding an insurance policy. polio /'pauliau/ n. = poliomyelitis. [abbreviation] /'pdIisi/ n.

poliomyelitis

/.pauliau.maia'laitis/ n.

infectious viral disease of the grey matter of the central nervous system with temporary or permanent paralysis. [Greek polios grey, muelos marrow] Polish /'pauliJV -adj. 1 of Poland. 2 of the Poles or their language, -n. language of Poland. polish /'pdIiJV -v. (often foil, by up) 1 make or become smooth or glossy by rubbing. 2 (esp. as polished adj.) refine or improve; add the finishing touches to. -n. 1 substance used for polishing. 2 smoothness or glossiness produced by friction. 3 refinement, elegance, polish off finish (esp. food) quickly. [Latin polio] polite /pa'lait/ adj. (politer, politest) 1 having good manners; courteous. 2 cultivated, refined. politely adv. politeness n. [Latin politus: related to polish] politic /'politik/ -adj. 1 (of an action) judicious, expedient. 2 (of a person) prudent, sagacious. 3 political (now only in body politic), -v. (-ck-) engage in politics. [Greek: related to polity] political /pa'litik(a)l/ adj. 1 a of or concerning the State or its government, or public affairs generally, b of or engaged in politics. 2 taking or belonging to a side in politics. 3 concerned with seeking power, status, etc. (political decision). politically adv. [Latin: related to politic] political asylum n. State protection given to a political refugee from another

country.

political economy n. the study of the economic aspects of government. political geography n. geography dealing with boundaries and the possessions of States.

political prisoner n. person imprisoned for political reasons. political science n. the study of political activity and systems of government. politician /,pDh'tiJ(a)n/ n. 1 person involved in politics, esp. professionally as an MP. 2 esp. US derog. person who manoeuvres; schemer, time-server. politicize /pa'liti.saiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing)

character

to.

a give a political b make politically aware. 2 1

politicizaengage in or talk politics. tion y-'zeij(a)n/ n. politico /pa'liti.kau/ n. (pi. -s) colloq. politician or political enthusiast. [Spanish] m

politics

/'pnlitiks/ n.pl. 1 (treated as sing, or pi.) a art and science of governlife and affairs. 2 (usu. treated as pi.) political principles or practice (what are his politics?)- 3 ac-

ment, b public

tivities

concerned with seeking power,

status, etc.

polity

/'pnliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 form or process of civil government. 2 organized society; State. [Greek polites citizen,

from polis

Usage

city]

This word

is

sometimes con-

fused with policy.

polka

/'polka/ -n. 1 lively dance of origin. 2 music for this. -v. -kaed /-kad/ or -ka'd, -kaing /-kairj/) dance the polka. [Czech pulka] polka dot n. round dot as one of many forming a regular pattern on a textile

Bohemian (-kas,

fabric etc.

poll

/paul/ -/j.1a (often in pi.) voting or the counting of votes at an election (go to the polls), b result of voting or number of votes recorded. 2 = opinion poll. 3 human head. -v. 1 a take the vote or votes of. b receive (so many votes), c give (a vote). 2 record the opinion of (a person or group) in an opinion poll. 3 cut off the top of (a tree or plant), esp. make a pollard of. 4 (esp. as polled adj.) cut the horns off (cattle), [perhaps from Low German or Dutch]

pollack /'polak/ n. (also pollock) (pi. same or -s) edible marine fish related to the cod. [origin unknown] pollard /'pnlad/ -n. 1 animal that has lost or cast its horns; ox, sheep, or goat

of a

hornless

breed.

tree

2

whose

branches have been cut back to encourage the dense growth of young branches, -v. [from poll]

pollen

make

(a tree) a pollard,

/'pnlan/ n. fine dustlike grains

discharged from the male part of a flower, each containing the fertilizing element. [Latin] pollen count n. index of the amount of pollen in the air, published as a warning to hay fever sufferers. pollinate /'pnli.neit/ v. (-ting) (also absol.) convey pollen to or sprinkle (a

stigma) with /-'neiJXa)n/ n.

polling

n.

pollen.

pollinator

pollination n.

registering or casting of

votes.

polling-booth n. compartment in which a voter stands to mark the ballotpaper.

•olling-day olling-day

n.

polytechnic

881

election day.

•olling-station n. building, often a school, used for voting at an election, tollock var. of pollack. idlster n. person who organizes an opinion poll. 10II tax n. 1 informal « community charge. 2 hist, tax levied on every

—n. polyglot tongue]

[Greek

person.

polygonal

angles.

/pa'hgan(a)l/ adj.

[Greek -gonos angled]

polygraph reading

/'pDli,gra:f/ n.

machine

pollutant adj. & n. polluter n. pure, pollution n. [Latin polluo -lut] >olo /'paulau/ n. game like hockey played on horseback with a longhandled mallet. [Balti, - ball] »olonaise /.pnla'neiz/ n. 1 slow dance of Polish origin. 2 music for this. [French:

polygyny /pa'lid3ini/ which a man has more polygynous gune woman]

n.

polygamy

polyhedron

/,pDli'hi:dran/ n. (pi. -dra) solid figure with many (usu. more than polyhedral adj. [Greek six) faces.

hedra base]

polymath /'poli,mae0/ n.

person of great

or varied learning. [Greek

high round turned-over collar. 2 sweater with this.

math- learn]

n. 1

>olonium

/pa'launiam/ n. radioactive metallic element, occurring naturally in uranium ores, [medieval Latin Polonia Poland] poltergeist /'pDlta.gaist/ n. noisy mischievous ghost, esp. one causing phys-

JOltroon /pDl'tru:n/ poltroonery ard,

n. n.

spiritless cow[Italian poltro

sluggard]

M)ly

/'pdIi/ n. (pi. -s) colloq.

polytechnic,

[abbreviation]

joly- comb, form 1 many (polygamy). 2 polymerized (polyunsaturated; polyester). [Greek polus many]

polyandry /'poli.aendri/ n. polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband. polyandrous /-'aendras/ adj.

/.pnli'aeneas/

n.

(pi.

-thuses) flowering plant cultivated from hybridized primulas. [Greek

anthos flower] /.pDlikrao'maetik/ adj.

many-coloured. 2 (of radiation) conmore than one wavelength,

taining

polychromatism

/-'krauma tiz(a)m/ n. -adj. in -n. polychrome work of art. [Greek: related to poly-, chrome] polyester /,pDli'esta(r)/ n. synthetic fibre or resin. polyethene /'pDli,e0i:n/ n. = polythene. polyethylene /,pnli'e8i,li:n/ n. = polythene. polygamy /pa'ligami/ n. practice of having more than one wife or (less usu.) husband at once. polygamist n.

polychrome many colours,

1

/'puli.kraom/

'

polygamous

adj.

[Greek gamos mar-

riage]

polyglot

compound

/'pDlima(r)/ n.

of

polymeric /-'menk/ adj. polymerize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing), polymerization /-'zeij(a)n/ n. lecules,

many parts] pDli'mo:fas/ adj. (also

[Greek polumeros having /

(

polymorphic) passing through various forms ment.

in successive stages of develop-

polynomial

/,pDli'naomial/-/2. expression of more than two algebraic terms. -adj. of or being a polynomial, [from POLY-, BINOMIAL]

polyp

/'pDlip/ n. 1

simple organism with

a tube-shaped body. 2 small usu. benign growth on a mucous membrane. [Greek

pous

foot] /pa'lifani/ n. (pi. -ies)

contrapuntal

Mus.

music, polyphonic [Greek phone sound] i

/.pDli'fnnik/ adj.

polypropene

n.

=

/,pDli'praupi,li:n/

n.

/,pDli'praupi:n/

POLYPROPYLENE.

polychromatic 1

manthano

one or more large molecules formed from repeated units of smaller mo-

polyphony

[Greek aner andr- male]

polyanthus

polymer

polymorphous

damage. [German]

in

than one wife. [Greek

/pa'lid3inas/ adj.

related to Pole]

ical

for

characteristics

physiological

(e.g. pulse-rate); lie-detector,

adult.

lollute /pa'lu:t/ v. (-ting) 1 contaminate (the environment). 2 make foul or im-

>olo-neck

glotta

polygon /'pDligan, -.gmi/ n. figure with many (usu. five or more) sides and

/'poli.glDt/ -adj. knowing, using, or written in several languages.

polypropylene

any polymer of propylene, including thermoplastic materials used for films, fibres, or moulding materials.

polysaccharide

/.polisaeka.raid/

n.

any of a group of complex carbohydrates,

e.g.

polystyrene

starch, [see saccharin] /.poli'staia.rLn/

n.

a

polymer of styrene, a kind of hard plastic, often foamed for packaging, [styrene from Greek sturax a resin] polysyllabic /.polisi'laebik/ adj. 1 having many syllables. 2 using words of many syllables, [medieval Latin from Greek]

polysyllable

/'pDli,silab(a)l/

n.

poly-

syllabic word.

polytechnic

/.poli'teknik/ —n. college offering courses in many (esp. vocational) subjects up to degree level, -adj.

polytheism

polytheism

pDli0i:,iz(a)m

or worship of

n.

more than one

polytheist n. polytheistic [Greek theos god]

polythene

poll hv.n

belief in god.

-istik adj.

a tough light

n.

[from polyethylene]

plastic,

polyunsaturated adj.

.reitid

(of a fat or oil)

homosexual or effeminate man. -v. f-cing) 3 c OS a ponce. ponce about I

move about effeminately unknown]

having a

reaction and not contributing accumulation of cholesterol

to the in

the

,pnli'jo9ra,Qem n. synthetic resin or plastic used esp. in paints or foam, [related to urea, ethane]

vamil

poll

n.

a

vinyl plastic used for electrical insulation or as a fabric etc.; PVC. n. Austral. & slang offens. = Pommy, [abbreviation]

Pom

NZ

pomace

'pAmis n. crushed apples in cider-making. [Latin pomum apple] pomade pa'ma:d n. scented ointment for the hair and head. [Italian: related to

pomace]

pomander pamaend^n

n.

1

ball of

mixed aromatic substances. 2 container for this. [Anglo-French from medieval Latin] pomegranate pomi groverty

power

>overty line n. minimum income needed for the necessities of life. verty-stricken adj. very poor. verty trap n. situation in which an increase of income incurs a loss of State benefits, making real improvement im-

power of attorney n.

/'povati/ n. 1 being poor; want. 2 (often foil, by of in) scarcity or lack. 3 inferiority, poorness. [Latin pauper]

i

1

practice

699

possible.

!>OW

abbr. prisoner of war. expressing the sound of a blow or explosion, [imitative] powder -n. 1 mass of fine dry particles. 2 medicine or cosmetic in this form. 3 = gunpowder, -v. 1 apply powder to. 2 (esp. as powdered adj.) reduce to a fine powdery powder {powdered milk). \adj. [Latin pulvis -ver- dust] powder blue adj. & n. (as adj. often hyphenated) pale blue.

|>ow

int.

n. soft pad for applying Ipowder to the skin, esp. the face. |»owder-room n. euphem. women's lavatory in a public building, [tower -rc. 1 ability to do or act. 2 particular faculty of body or mind. 3 a Influence, authority, b ascendancy, control {the party in power). 4 authoriza-

|>owder-puff

tion; delegated authority. 5 influential (person, body, or thing. 6 State having vigour, 7 influence. International [energy. 8 active property or function WJheating power). 9 colloq. large number jpr amount {did me a power of good). 10 capacity for exerting mechanical force |pr doing work {horsepower). 11 (often MttriZ?.) [lis

mechanical or electrical energy from manual labour. 12 a

distinct

Bplectricity supply, b particular

source

form of energy {hydroelectric power). 3 Physics rate of energy output. 14

[|>r [ill

when a number is [multiplied by itself a certain number of llimes (2 to the power of 3 = 8). 15 [magnifying capacity of a lens. 16 deity. Wr-v. 1 supply with mechanical or elecIrical energy. 2 (foil, by up, down) inIprease or decrease the power supplied the l:o (a device); switch on or off. Ibowers that be thoseinauthority. [Latin Ibosse be able] (product obtained

:

powerboat

powerful motor boat, temporary withdrawal or

n.

lower cut n.

line n. conductor supplying electrical power, esp. one supported by pylons or poles.

powerplant

n. 1

= power station. 2

i)erson or thing of great energy, powerless adj. 1 without power. 2 I vholly unable,

powerlessness

n.

which

pro-

socket in a wall etc. for connecting an electrical device to the mains. power-sharing n. coalition government, esp. as preferred on principle. power station n. building where electrical power is generated for distribution.

powwow

-n. meeting for discussion

among N. American Indians), a powwow. [Algonquian]

(orig.

hold

pox

n.

1

-v.

virus disease leaving pock-

marks. 2 colloq. = syphilis, [alteration of pocks pi. of POCK]

poxy adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1

infected by pox. 2

slang of poor quality; worthless. pp abbr. pianissimo.

pp. abbr. pages. p.p. abbr. (also pp) per pro. abbr. parts per million. PPS abbr. 1 Parliamentary Private Sec-

ppm

retary. 2 additional postscript, [sense 2 from post-postscript] abbr. 1 public relations. 2 proportional representation.

PR

Pr symb. praseodymium. pr. abbr. pair.

practicable

/'praektikab(9)l/ adj.

1

that

can be done or used. 2 possible in practice. practicability /-'biliti/ n. [French: related to practical]

practical /'praektik(a)l/ -adj. 1 of or concerned with practice rather than theory {practical

difficulties). 2 suited

to use; functional {practical shoes). 3 (of a person) good at making, organizing, or mending things. 4 sensible, realistic. 5 that is such in effect, virtual (in practical control), -n. practical examination or lesson. practicality /-'kaeliti/ n. {pi. -ies).

[Greek praktikos from pras-

50 do]

practical joke n. humorous trick played on a person. practically adv. 1 virtually, almost. 2 in a practical

way.

practice

/'praektis/ -n. 1 habitual action or performance. 2 a repeated

a

fulness n. IjOwerhouse

installation

power point n.

activity

having much power or powerfully adv. power-

n.

vides power.

lowerful

adj.

and financial

matters.

failure of an electric power supply, Influence.

authority to act

for another person in legal

undertaken in order to improve b session of this. 3 action as opposed to theory. 4 the work, business, skill,

or place of business of a doctor, lawyer, etc. (has a practice in town). 5 procedure, esp. of a specified kind (bad practice), -v. US var. of practise. in practice 1 when actually applied; in

practise from recent practice, out of practice lacking a former skill from lack of practice, [from practise] practise 'praektis/ v. (US practice) (-sing or US -cing) 1 perform habitually; carry out in action. 2 do repeatedly as an exercise to improve a skill; exercise oneself in or on (an activity requiring skill). 3 (as practised adj.) reality. 2 skilful

experienced, expert. 4 (also absol.) be

engaged

in (a profession, religion, etc.). [Latin: related to practical] praek'tijanafr) n. person practising a profession, esp. medicine.

practitioner

praenomen

prii'naomen

ancient

n.

Roman's first or personal name (e.g. Marcus Tullius Cicero). [Latin: related tO P.RE-, NOMEN]

praesidium

var. of presidum. n. ancient Roman 'pri:ta(r) magistrate below consul. [Latin] praetorian guard pru'toxian/ n. bodyguard of the ancient Roman emperor. pragmatic praeg'maetik adj. dealing with matters from a practical point of view, z pragmatically adv. [Greek pragma -mat- deed]

praetor

pragmatism

'praegm8,tiz(a)m

n.

1

pragmatic attitude or procedure. 2 philosophy that evaluates assertions solely by "their practical consequences and bearing on human interests, r pragmatist n. [Greek pragma', related to pragmatic] prairie 'preari n. large area of treeless grassland, esp. in N. America. [Latin

pratum meadow] prairie dog n. N. American rodent making a barking sound. prairie oyster n. seasoned raw egg, swallowed without breaking the yolk. prairie wolf n. = coyote. praise preiz -v. (-sing) 1 express

warm approval or admiration

of.

2 glor-

(God) in words, -n. praising; commendation. [French preisier from Latin pretium price] ify

praiseworthy

adj.

praline 'pra:li:n browning nuts

worthy of praise, sweet made by

n.

in

boiling

sugar.

[French]

pram

four-wheeled conveyance for a baby, pushed by a person on foot, n.

[abbreviation of perambulator] pra:ns -v. (-cing) 1 (of a horse) raise the forelegs and spring from the hind legs. 2 walk or behave in an elated

prance

arrogant manner, -n. prancing, prancing movement, [origin unknown] prang slang - v. 1 crash (an aircraft or vehicle). 2 damage by impact. 3 bomb (a target) successfully. -n. act of pranging, or

[imitative]

prearrange

TOO

prank

practical joke; piece of mischief, [origin unknown] prankster n. practical joker. n.

praseodymium

.preizia'dimiam n. element of the lanthanide series. [Greek prasios green] prat n. slang 1 fool. 2 buttocks, [origin soft silvery metallic

unknown] prate -v. (-ting) 1 chatter; talk too much. 2 talk foolishly or irrelevantly.

German

-n. prating; idle talk. [Low

or

Dutch]

prattle

chatter in a childish or inconsequential way. -n. childish or inconsequential chatter. [Low German prate len: related to prate] prawn n. edible shellfish like a large 'praet(a)l/ -v. (-ling)

shrimp, [origin unknown] v. (often foil, by for or to - infin. or that + clause) 1 say prayers; make devout supplication. 2 a entreat, b ask earnestly (prayed to be released). 3 (as imper.) archaic please (pray tell me).

pray

[Latin precor]

prayer

1

'prea(r) n. 1 a request or thanksgiving to God or an object of worship, b formula used in praying (the Lord's Prayer), c act of praying, d re-

ligious

service

consisting

largely

of

prayers (morning prayer). 2 entreaty to a person. [Latin: related to precarious] prayer 2 'preia(r) n. person who prays.

prayer-book n. book prayer-mat n. small

of set prayers. carpet on which Muslims kneel to pray. prayer-wheel n. revolving cylindrical box inscribed with or containing prayers, used esp. by Tibetan Buddhists.

praying mantis pre- prefix before

importance).

or

degree, before]

preach

see mantis. (in time, place, order,

[Latin prae

(also absol.) deliver (a sermon); proclaim or expound (the gospel etc.). 2 give moral advice in an v.

1

obtrusive way. 3 advocate or inculcate preacher (a quality or practice etc.). n. [Latin praedico proclaim] preamble pri:'aemb(8)l n. 1 preliminary statement. 2 introductory part of a statute or deed etc. [Latin: related to

amble]

pre-amp

'pri:aemp

n.

=

preampli-

fier, [abbreviation] preamplifier pri:'aempli,fai8(r)/

n.

electronic device that amplifies a weak signal (e.g. from a microphone or pickup) and transmits it to a main amplifier. prearrange ,pri:8'remd3/ v. (-ging) arrange beforehand, z prearrangement n.

prebend prebend

preclinical

701

uncer-

excluded. 3 (in pi) environs. [Latin praecingo -cinct- encircle] /.preJi'Dsiti/ n. affected refinement in art etc., esp. in the choice of words, [related to precious] precious /'pre Jas/ -adj. 1 of great value or worth. 2 beloved; much prized {precious memories). 3 affectedly refined. 4 colloq. often iron, a considerable (a precious lot of good), b expressing contempt or disdain {keep your precious flowers!), -adv. colloq. extremely, very

dependent on chance. 2 insecure, precariously adv. precariousness n. [Latin precarius: related to

precious{had precious little left). ness n. [Latin pretium price] precious metals n.pl. gold, silver, and

/'preband/

n.

1

stipend of a

canon or member of chapter. 2 portion from which this is prebendal /pn'bend(a)l/ adj. drawn. of land or tithe

[Latin praebeo grant] /'prebandari/ n. {pi. -ies) holder of a prebend; honorary canon, [medieval Latin: related to prebend] Precambrian /pri:'kaembrian/ Geol. -adj. of the earliest geological era. -n.

prebendary

this era.

precarious

/pri'kearias/ adj.

1

tain;

perilous.

platinum.

PRAY]

precast

/pri:'ka:st/

adj.

(of concrete)

cast in its final shape before positioning. action /pn'kD:JXa)n/ n. taken beforehand to avoid risk or en-

precaution

sure a good result, c precautionary caution] precede /pn'si:d/ v. (-ding) 1 come or go before in time, order, importance, etc. 2 (foil, by by) cause to be preceded. [Latin: related to cede] adj. [Latin: related to

precedence

/'presid(a)ns/ n. 1 priority

in time, order, importance, etc. 2 right of

take precedence have priority

preceding others. (often (over).

foil,

by

over, of)

precedent

-n. /'president/ previous case etc. taken as a guide for subsequent cases or as a justification, -adj. /pri'si:d(a)nt, 'presi-/ preceding in time, order, importance, etc. [French: related

to

traffic is

preciosity

precede]

precentor

/pn'senta(r)/ n. person

who

leads the singing or (in a synagogue) the prayers of a congregation. [Latin praecentor from cano sing] precept /'pri:sept/ n. 1 rule or guide, esp. for conduct. 2 lawful demand, esp. from one authority to another to levy rates. [Latin praeceptum maxim, order] preceptor /pn'septa(r)/ n. teacher, instructor. preceptorial /,pri: sep'tDTial/ adj. [Latin: related to precept] precession /pn'sej(a)n/ n. slow movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis. [Latin: related to

precede]

precession of the equinoxes

n.

1

slow retrograde motion of equinoctial points along the ecliptic. 2 resulting earlier occurrence of equinoxes in each successive sidereal year.

pre-Christian

/pri:'knstj(a)n/

adj.

before Christianity.

precinct /'pri:sinkt/ n. 1 enclosed area, e.g. around a cathedral, college, etc. 2 designated area in a town, esp. where

precious stone

n. piece of mineral of great value, esp. as used in jewellery, /'presipis/ n. 1 vertical or steep face of a rock, cliff, mountain, etc. 2 dangerous situation. [Latin praeceps

precipice

-cipit-

headlong]

precipitate -v.

(-ting) /pn'sipi.teit/

1

hasten the occurrence of; cause to occur prematurely. 2 (foil, by into) send rapidly into a certain state or condition {was precipitated into war). 3 throw down headlong. 4 Chem. cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution. 5 Physics condense (vapour) into drops and so deposit it. -adj. /pn'sipitat/ 1 headlong; violently hurried {precipitate departure). 2 (of a person or act) hasty, rash. -n. /pn'sipitat/ 1 Chem. substance precipitated from a solution. 2 Physics moisture condensed from vapour, e.g. rain,

dew.

precipitation

/pn,sipi'teij(a)n/

n.

1

precipitating or being precipitated. 2 rash haste. 3 a rain or snow etc. falling to the ground, b quantity of this. precipitous /pn'sipitas/ adj. 1 a of or like a precipice, b dangerously steep. 2

= precipitate adj. precis /'preisi:/ -n. {pi. same summary, abstract, -v. (-cises -cised precis

-cising [French]

/-si:d/;

of.

/-si:in/)

/-si:z/) /-si:z/;

make

a

precise

/pn'sais/ adj. 1 a accurately expressed, b definite, exact. 2 punctilious; scrupulous in being exact. [Latin praecido cut short] precisely adv. 1 in a precise manner; exactly. 2 (as a reply) quite so, as you say.

precision

/pn'si3(a)n/ n. 1 accuracy. 2 degree of refinement in measurement etc. 3 {attrib.) marked by or adapted for

precision {precision instruments). /pri:'klmik(a)l/ adj. of the first, chiefly theoretical, stage of a medical education.

preclinical

preclude /pn'klu:d/ v. (-ding) 1 (foil, by from) prevent. 2 make impossible. [Latin praecludo: related to close ] precocious /pri'kaujas/ adj. 1 often derog. (of esp. a child) prematurely developed in some respect. 2 (of an action etc.) indicating such development. precociously adv. precociousness n. precocity /-'kDSiti/ n. [Latin praecox cocis early ripe] precognition /.prrkog'niJXaW n. supposed foreknowledge, esp. of a supernatural kind. preconceive /,pri:kan'si:v/ v. (-ving) form (an idea or opinion etc.) before1

predicative

1 Gram. an adjective or noun) forming or

(of

preconception

/.priikan'sepj^n/

n.

contained in the predicate, as old in the is old. 2 that predicates. [Latin: related to predicate] /pn'dikt/ v. (often foil, by that)

predict

[Latin praedico

predictable or

is to

dition that

precursor

/,pri:kan'dij(a)n/ n. con-

must be

advance. a forerun-

fulfilled in

/pri:'k3:sa(r)/ n. 1

ner, b person who precedes in office etc. 2 harbinger. [Latin praecurro -curs- run before] predate /prii'deit/ v. (-ting) precede in time. predator /'predata(r)/ n. predatory animal. [Latin] predatory adj. 1 (of an animal) preying naturally upon others. 2 plundering or exploiting others. predecease /,pri:di'si:s/ v. (-sing) die earlier than (another person).

predecessor /'pri:di,sesa(r)/ n. 1 former holder of an office or position with respect to a later holder. 2 ancestor. 3 thing to which another has succeeded. [Latin decessor. related to decease] predestine /pri:'destm/ v. (-ning) 1 determine beforehand. 2 ordain in advance by divine will or as if by fate.

predestination /-'neiJXa)n/ n. [French or Church Latin: related to pre-]

predetermine 1

/,pri:di't3:min/

predicament

/pri'dikamant/ n. diffior unpleasant situation. [Latin: related to predicate] predicant /'predikant/ hist. -adj. (of a religious order) engaged in preaching. —n. predicant person, esp. a Dominican. [Latin: related to predicate] cult

predicate

-v. 1 /'predi.keit/ (also absol.) assert (something) about the subject of a proposition. 2 (foil, by on) found or base (a statement etc.) on. -n. /'predikat/ Gram. & Logic what is said about the subject of a sentence or proposition etc. (e.g. went home in John

went home). predicable/'predikab(a)l/ predication /-'keiJXa)n/ n. [Latin

praedico dicat- declare]

adj. that

be expected.

/-'biliti/ n.

n.

-diet- foretell]

can be predicted predictability

predictably adv.

prediction

/pn'dikJXa)n/

n.

predict-

1

ing or being predicted. 2 thing predicted.

predilection /.prrdi'lekJXaW

n.

(often

by for) preference or special

liking.

[Latin praediligo prefer] /,pri:di'spauz/

v.

(-sing)

1

influence favourably in advance. 2 (foil, by to, or to + infin.) render liable or inclined beforehand. predisposition /-pa'ziJXa)n/ n.

predominant

/predominant/ adj. 1 predominating. 2 being the strongest or main element. predominance n.

predominantly

predominate 1

adv. /pn'domi.neit/

v.

(-ting)

by over) have control. 2 be

(foil,

main

superior. 3 be the strongest or

element.

pre-echo

/pri:'ekau/ n. (pi. -es) 1 faint copy heard just before an actual sound in a recording, caused by the accidental transfer of signals. 2 foreshadowing.

pre-embryo /pri:'embnau/ n. (pi. -s) potential human embryo in the first fourteen days after fertilization.

pre-eminent

adj. 1 /pri:'eminant/ excelling others. 2 outstanding. pre-eminence n. pre-eminently adv.

pre-empt

/pri:'empt/ v. 1 a forestall, b appropriate in advance. 2 obtain by preemption, [back-formation from preemption]

v.

decree beforehand. 2 pre-

adj.

predictor

prophesy.

foretell,

predispose

preconceived idea, prejudice.

precondition

/pri'dikativ/ adj.

dog

foil,

hand.

(-ning) destine.

prefab

702

preclude

Usage Pre-empt is sometimes used to mean prevent, but this is considered incorrect in standard English.

pre-emption

/pri:'empJXa)n/ n. purchase or taking by one person or party before the opportunity is offered to others, [medieval Latin emo empt- buy]

pre-emptive

/pri:'emptiv/ adj.

1

pre-

empting. 2 (of military action) intended to prevent attack by disabling the

enemy.

preen v.

1

(of a bird) tidy (the feathers or

with its beak. 2 (of a person) smarten or admire (oneself, one's hair, clothes, etc.). 3 (often foil, by on) conitself)

gratulate

or

pride

unknown] prefab /'pri:faeb/ n.

(oneself),

[origin

colloq. prefabricated

building, [abbreviation]

prefabricate prefabricate

(-ting)

v.

manufacture sections of fa building etc.) prior to their assembly on site.

preface

'prefas -n.

book stating

its

preliminary part 1 (foil, by with) speech or event). with a preface. 3

up

to (another), [Latin praefatio]

1

introduction to a

subject, scope, etc. 2 of a speech, -u. (-cing) introduce or begin (a 2 provide (a

book

etc.)

an event etc.) lead prefatory /-tan/ adj.

(of

prefect

'pri:fekt n. 1 chief administrative officer of a district, esp. in France. 2 senior pupil in a school, helping to maintain discipline. [Latin praeficio feet- set in authority over]

prefecture 'pri:fektja(r) under the government of

n.

1

district

a prefect. 2 prefect's office or tenure. [Latin: related to

PREFECT]

prefer to,

or

pn'f3:(r) to

-

v.

(-rr-)

1

(often

foil,

by

infin.) like better (prefers

coffee to tea). 2

submit (information, an

accusation, etc.) for consideration. 3 promote or advance (a person). [Latin praefero -lat-]

preferable 'prefarab(a)l ferred; more desirable.

adj. to

be pre-

preferably

adv.

preference

'prefarans n. 1 preferring or being preferred. 2 thing preferred. 3 favouring of one person etc. before others. 4 prior right, esp. to the payment of debts. in preference to as a thing preferred over (another). preference shares n.pl. (also preference stock n.sing.) shares or stock whose entitlement to dividend takes precedence over that of ordinary shares.

preferential

,prefa'renf(a)l adj. 1 of or involving preference. 2 giving or receiving a favour. preferentially adv. preferment pri'f3:mant n. formal promotion to a higher office. prefigure pri:'figa(r) v. formal (-ring) represent or imagine beforehand. prefix pri:fiks -n. 1 verbal element placed at the beginning of a word 10 qualify its meaning (e.g. ex-, non-). 2 title before a name (e.g. Mr), -v. (often foil, by to) 1 add as an introduction. 2 join (a word or element) as a prefix. pregnant 'pregnant adj. 1 having a child or young developing in the uterus. 2 full of meaning; significant; suggestive (a pregnant pause). pregnancy n. (pi -ies). [Latin praegnans]

preheat pri:'hi:t v. heat beforehand, prehensile pri:'hensail adj.Zool.iofa. tail

or limb) capable of grasping. [Latin -hens- grasp]

prehendo

premedication

703

pri:'faebri,keit

prehistoric

1 of the period before written records. 2 colloq. prehistory utterly out of date.

.priihi'stonk/ adj.

/-'histan/ n.

prejudge

pri:'d3Ad3/

v.

(-ging)

premature judgement on

(a

form a person,

issue, etc.).

prejudice

'pred3udis -n. 1 a preconceived opinion, b (foil, by against, in

of) bias, partiality. 2 harm that results or may result from some action or judgement (to the prejudice of), -v. (-cing) 1 impair the validity or force of (a right, claim, statement, etc.). 2 (esp. as prejudiced adj.) cause (a person) to have a prejudice, without prejudice (often foil, by to) without detriment (to an existing right or claim). [Latin: related to judge] prejudicial ,pred3u'dij(a)l/ adj. (often foil, by to) causing prejudice; detri-

favour

mental.

prelacy

"prelasi n. (pi. -ies) 1 church prelates. 2 (prec. by the) prelates collectively. 3 office or rank of prelate. [Anglo-French from medieval Latin: related to prelate] prelate /'prelat/ n. high ecclesiastical dignitary, e.g. a bishop. [Latin: related

government by

to prefer]

prelim

'pri:lim, n. colloq. 1

preliminary

university examination. 2 (in pi.) pages preceding the main text of a book, [abbreviation] preliminary /pri'limman/ -adj. introductory, preparatory. -n. (pi. -ies) (usu. in pi.) 1 preliminary action or arrangement (dispense with the preliminaries). 2 preliminary trial or contest. [Latin limen threshold] prelude 'prelju:d/ -n. (often foil, by to) 1 action, event, or situation serving as an introduction. 2 introductory part of a poem etc. 3 Mus. a introductory piece to a fugue, suite, etc. b short piece of a similar type. -v. (-ding) 1 serve as a prelude to. 2 introduce with a prelude. [Latin ludo lus- play]

premarital

pri:'maerit(a)l/ adj. exist-

ing or (esp. of sexual relations) occurring before marriage. premature prematja(r), -'tjua(r)/ adj. 1 a occurring or done before the usual or proper time (a premature decision). b too hasty. 2 (of a baby) born (esp. three or more weeks) before the end of prematurely gestation. adv. [Latin: related to pre-, mature] ,

premed

pri:'med, n. colloq. = premedication, [abbreviation] ,pri:medi'keij(a)n/ n. medication to prepare for an operation

premedication etc.

premeditate premeditate

Pre-Raphaelite

704 (-ting)

preparation

think out or plan beforehand (premeditated murder). premeditation /-'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to meditate] premenstrual /premenstrual/ adj. of the time shortly before each menstrua-

/,prepa'reij(8)n/ n. 1 preparing or being prepared. 2 (often in pi.) something done to make ready. 3 specially prepared substance. 4 = prep. preparatory /pri'paeratari/ -adj. (often foil, by to) serving to prepare; introductory, -adv. (often foil, by to) in

tion (premenstrual tension). ,'premi9(r)/ -n. prime minister or other head of government, -adj. first in importance, order, or time.

a preparatory manner (was packing preparatory to departure). preparatory school n. private prim ary school or US secondary school.

/pri:'medi,teit/

v.

premier

premiership

premiere

n.

[French, =

prepare /pri'pea(r)/

first]

/'premi,ea(r)/ -n.

per-

first

formance or showing of a play or film. -v. (-ring) give a premiere of. [French feminine: related to premier] premise /'premis/ n. 1 Logic = premiss. 2 (in pi.) a house or other building with its grounds, outbuildings, etc. b Law houses, lands, or tenements previously specified in a document etc. on the premises in the building etc. concerned. [Latin praemissa set in front] premiss /'premis/ n. Logic previous statement from which another ferred, [var. of premise]

is

in-

paid for a contract of insurance. 2 sum added to interest, wages, price, etc. 3 reward or prize. 4 (attrib.) (of a commodity) of the best quality and therefore more expensive, z at a premium 1 highly valued; above the usual or nominal price. 2 scarce and in demand.

praemium reward]

Premium Bond

n.

(also

Premium

Savings Bond) government security without interest but with a draw for cash prizes. n. (in full premolar tooth) tooth between the canines and molars.

premolar /pri:'maula(r)/ premonition

/,prem8'nij(8)n/

n.

fore-

warning; presentiment, z premonit-

ory /pri'mDnitan/

adj.

[Latin

moneo

warn] of the period

before childbirth. /pri:'Dkju,pai/ v. (-ies, -ied) (of a thought etc.) dominate the mind of (a person) to the exclusion of all else. 2 1

preoccupied otherwise adj.) engrossed; mentally distracted, z preoccupation /-'peij(a)n/ n. [Latin praeoccupo seize beforehand] preordain /,pri:D:'dem/ v. ordain or determine beforehand. (as

colloq.

1

readi-

prepay

/pri:'pei/ v. (past

and past part.

prepaid) 1 pay (a charge) in advance. 2 pay postage on (a letter etc.) before

preplan

prepayment /pri:'plaen/

v.

n.

(-nn-) plan in

advance.

preponderate

/pn'ponda.reit/ v. (-ting) (often foil, by over) be greater in influence, quantity, or number; pre-

dominate, z preponderance

ponderant

adj.

[Latin

n.

pre-

pondus

-der-

weight]

preposition n. /,prep8'zil(a)n/ Gram, word governing (and usu. preceding) a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word, as in: 'the man on the platform', 'came after dinner', 'went by train', z prepositional adj. [Latin praepono posit- place before]

prepossess

/,pri:pa'zes/ v. 1 (usu. in passive) (of an idea, feeling, etc.) take possession of (a person). 2 a prejudice (usu. favourably and spontaneously), b

prepossessing

adj.)

attractive,

appealing, z prepossession /-'zej(8)n/ n.

preoccupy

n.

n.

ness, esp. for war.

(as

prenatal /pri:'neit(9)l/ adj.

prep

paro make ready] preparedness /pn'peandnis/

posting, z

premium /"pri:miam/ n. 1 amount to be

[Latin

v. (-ring) 1 make or get ready for use, consideration, etc. 2 assemble (a meal etc.). 3 a make (a person or oneself) ready or disposed in some way (prepared them for a shock). b get ready (prepare to jump), z be prepared (often foil, by for, or to + infin.) be disposed or willing to. [Latin

homework,

esp.

boarding-schools. 2 period when this done, [abbreviation of preparation]

in is

prepack

pri:'paek/ v. (also pre-package /-•p33kid3/) pack (goods) on the site of

production or before

retail.

prepaid past and past part,

of prepay.

preposterous

/pn'postaras/ adj. 1 utterly absurd; outrageous. 2 contrary to nature, reason, or sense, z preposterously adv. [Latin, = before behind] preppy n. (pi -ies) US colloq. student of an expensive private school or similarlooking person, [from prep] 1 = foreskin. 2 surrounding the clitoris. [Latin praeputium]

prepuce

/'pri:pju:s/ n.

fold of skin

Pre-Raphaelite

member

/pri:'raefa,lait/

-n.

of a group of 19th-c. artists emulating Italian art before the time of Raphael, -adj. 1 of the Pre-Raphaelites. 2 (pre-Raphaelite) (esp. of a woman) a type painted by the Prelike

pre-record Raphaelites

with long thick curly

(e.g.

auburn hair). pre-record /,pri:n'ko:d/

u.

-adj. required as a precondition, —n. prerequisite thing.

Usage

/pri:'rekwizit/

Prerequisite

is

sometimes

confused with perquisite which means 'an extra profit, allowance, or right'.

prerogative

/pn'rogativ/ n. right or privilege exclusive to an individual or class. [Latin praerogo ask first] Pres. abbr. President. presage /'presid3/ -n. 1 omen, portent. 2 presentiment, foreboding, -v. (-ging) 1 portend, foreshadow. 2 give warning of (an event etc.) by natural means. 3 (of a person) predict or have a presentiment of. [Latin praesagium] presbyopia /.prezbi'aupia/ n. longsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the eye lens, occurring esp. in old presbyopic /-'opik/ad/. [Greek age. presbus old man, ops eye] presbyter /'prezbita(r)/ n. 1 (in the Episcopal Church) minister of the second order; priest. 2 (in the Presbyterian Church) elder. [Church Latin from

Greek, = elder]

Presbyterian /.prezbi'tiananZ-ad/'.

(of

a church) governed by elders all of equal rank, esp. with ref. to the Church of Scotland, -n. member of a PresbyterPresbyterianism n. ian Church.

presbytery

/'prezbitari/ n. (pi. -ies)

1

eastern part of a chancel. 2 body of presbyters, esp. a court next above a Kirk-session. 3 house of a Roman Catholic priest.

preschool

/'pri:sku:l/ adj. of

before a child

is

old

enough

the time to go to

prescient /'presiant/ adj. having foreknowledge or foresight. prescience n.

[Latin praescio

know

before] v. (-bing)

1 a advise the use of (a medicine etc.). b recommend, esp. as a benefit. 2 lay down or impose authoritatively. [Latin prae-

/pri'skraib/

Prescribe

is

sometimes con-

fused with proscribe.

prescript

adj. 1 prerules. 2 arising

presence /'prez(a)ns/ n. 1 being present. 2 place where a person is (admitted to their presence). 3 person's appearance or bearing, esp. when imposing. 4 person or spirit that is present (the royal presence; aware of a presence in the room). [Latin: related to present 1 ]

presence of mind

calmness and

n.

quick-wittedness in sudden difficulty etc.

present

1

/'prez(a)nt/ -adj. 1 (usu. pre-

being in the place in question. 2 a now existing, occurring, or being such, b now being considered etc. (in the present case). 3 Gram, expressing an action etc. now going on or habitually performed (present participle), -n. (prec. by the) 1 the time now passing (no time like the present). 2 Gram, present tense. at present now. by these presents Law by this document, for the present just now; for the time being. [Latin praesens -ent-] die.)

present 2

/pn'zent/ v. 1 introduce, offer, or exhibit for attention or consideration. 2 a (with a thing as object, foil, by to) offer or give as a gift (to a person), b (with a person as object, foil, by with) make available to; cause to have (that presents us with a problem). 3 a (of a company, producer, etc.) put (a piece of entertainment) before the public, b (of a performer, compere, etc.) introduce. 4 introduce (a person) formally (may I present my fiance?). 5 a (of a circumstance) reveal (some quality etc.) (this presents some difficulty), b exhibit (an appearance etc.). 6 (of an idea etc.) offer or suggest itself. 7 deliver (a cheque, bill, etc.) for acceptance or payment. 8 a foil, by at) aim (a weapon), b hold out (a weapon) in position for aiming. present arms hold a rifle etc. vertically in front of the body as a salute. presenter n. (in sense 3b). [Latin prae1

sento: related to present ] /'prez(a)nt/ n. thing given, gift.

present 3

1 [French: related to present ]

presentable

scribo]

Usage

down

from custom.

(usu.

school.

prescribe

prescriptive /pn'sknptiv/ scribing, laying

record (esp. material for broadcasting) in advance.

prerequisite

present-day

705

/'pri:sknpt/ n. ordinance, law, command. [Latin: related to prescribe] prescription /pri'skripJXa)n/ n. 1 act of prescribing. 2 a doctor's (usu. written) instruction for the supply and use of a medicine, b medicine prescribed.

/pn'zentab(a)l/

adj.

of

good appearance; fit to be presented. presentability /-'bikti/ n. presentably adv.

presentation

/,prezan'teij(9)n/ n. 1 a presenting or being presented, b thing presented. 2 manner or quality of presenting. 3 demonstration or display of materials, information, etc.; lecture.

present-day modern.

attrib. adj. of this time;

presentiment n.

vague

expectation: foreboding (esp. of misfortune).

presently

adv.

time. 2 esp. time; now.

1

US &

soon; after a short present

Scot, at the

preservative

pn'orvatrv -n. substance for preserving perishable foodstuffs, wood. etc. -adj. tending to preserve.

preserve

pn'rarv -v. (-ving) 1 keep safe or free from decay etc. 2 maintain (a thing) in its existing state. 3 retain (a quality or condition). 4 treat (food) to

prevent decomposition or fermentation. 5 keep (game etc.) undisturbed for private use. -n. (in sing, or pi) A preserved fruit: jam. 2 place where game etc. is preserved. 3 sphere of activity regarded preservation as a person's own. ,preza'veij(8)n n. [Latin servo keep]

pre-set

pri: set

v.

{-it-;

past and past

part, -set) set or fix (a device) in advance of its operation. preshrunk prii'JrAnk adj. (of fabric etc.) treated so that it shrinks during manufacture and not in use. preside pn'zaid v. (-ding) 1 (often foil, by at. over) be chairperson or president of a meeting etc. 2 exercise control or authority. [Latin sedeo sit] presidency 'prezidansi n. (pi -ies^ 1 office of president. 2 period of this. president prezido)nt n. 1 head of a republican State. 2 head of a society or council etc. 3 head of certain colleges. 4 US head of a university, company, etc. 5 person in charge of a meeting, pres-

idential -'denj(a)l adj. sidiam n. (also praesidium) standing committee in a Com-

presidium pn munist

country. [Latin: related preside] press- —v. 1 apply steady force to thing in contact). 2 a compress squeeze a thing to flatten, shape,

smooth

to

(a

or or

b squeeze (a fruit etc.) to extract its juice. 3 (foil, by out of, from. etc.) squeeze (juice etc.). 4 embrace or caress by squeezing (pressed my hand). 5 (foil, by on, against, etc.) exert pressure. 6 be urgent: demand immediate action. 7

demand.

it.

(foil,

pressure-cooker

"06

presentiment pn'zentimant

by for) make an

insistent

8 (foil, by up, round, etc.) crowd. 9 (foil, by on. forward, etc.) hasten insistently. 10 (often in passive) (of an enemy etc.) bear heavily on. 11 (often foil, by for. or to - infin.) urge or entreat (pressed me to stay: pressed me for an answer). 12 (foil, by on, upon) a urge (an opinion, claim, or course of action), b force (an offer, a gift. etc.). 13 insist on (did not press the point). 14 manufacture (a gramophone record, car

by using pressure to shape and extract from a sheet of material. -n. part, etc.)

act of pressing (give it a press). 2 1 device for compressing, flattening, shaping, extracting juice, etc. 3 = printing-press. 4 (prec. by the) a an or practice of printing, b newspapers etc. generally or collectively. 5 notice or publicity in newspapers etc. (got a good press). 6 (Press) printing or publishing company. 7 a crowding, b crowd (of people etc.). 8 the pressure of affairs. 9 esp. Ir. & Scot, large usu. shelved cupboard. be pressed for have barely enough (time etc.). go (or send) to press go or send to be printed. [Latin premo press-]

press 2 r, 1 hist, force to serve in the army or navy. 2 bring into use as a makeshift (was pressed into service). [obsolete prest from French. = loan] n. person employed to

press agent

obtain advertising and press publicity. press conference n. interview given to a number of journalists. press gallery n. gallery for reporters, esp. in a legislative assembly.

press-gang —tl

1 hist body of men employed to press men into army or navy service. 2 any group using coer-

cive methods, -v. force into service.

pressie

n. (also prezzie) colloq. [abbreviation] pressing -adj. 1 urgent. 2 urging strongly (pressing invitation), -n. 1 thing made by pressing, e.g. a gramophone record. 2 series of these made at one time. 3 act of pressing (all at one pressing). pressingly ado. press release n. statement issued to

present,

'prezi

gift,

newspapers.

press-stud

n.

small fastening device its two halves

engaged by pressing together.

n. exercise in which the prone raised from the ground by placing the hands on the floor and straightening the arms. pressure 'preja(r) -n. 1 a exertion of continuous force on or against a body by another in contact with it. b force exerted, c amount of this (expressed by the force on a unit area) (atmospheric pressure). 2 urgency (work under pressure). 3 affliction or difficulty (under financial pressure). 4 constraining influence (put pressure on us), -v. (-ring) (often foil, by into) apply (esp. moral) pressure to: coerce; persuade. [Latin: related to press

press-up body

is

1

]

pressure-cooker

n.

airtight

pan

for

cooking quickly under steam pressure, z

pressure-cook

dl

pressure group pressure group

n.

to

influence public policy, n. point where an artery can be pressed against a bone to inhibit bleeding. pressurize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 (esp. as pressurized adj.) maintain normal atmospheric pressure in (an aircraft cabin etc.) at a high altitude. 2 raise to a high pressure. 3 pressure (a pressurization /-'zeij(a)n/ person).

pressure point

n.

pressurized-water reactor

n.

nuc-

lear reactor with water at high pressure as the coolant.

Prestel

computer-

/'prestel/ n. propr.

ized visual information system operated by British Telecom, [from press,

telecommunication] prestidigitator presti did3i,teita(r)/ prestidigitation n. formal conjuror. ,

/

/-'teij"(9)n/ n.

1

[French: related to presto,

digit]

prestige

/pre'sti^/ n. 1 respect or reputation derived from achievements, power, associations, etc. 2 (attrib.) havprestiing or conferring prestige. gious /-'stid38s/ adj. [Latin praestigiae

/'prestau/

Mus. -adv.

&

adj. in

presto passage or movement. [Latin praestus quick] prestressed /pri:'strest/ adj. (of concrete) strengthened by stretched wires within it. presumably /pn'zju:mabli/ adv. as may reasonably be presumed. presume /pn'zju.m/ v. (-ming) 1 (often foil, by that) suppose to be true; take for granted. 2 (often foil, by to + infin.) a take the liberty, be impudent enough (presumed to question their authority). b dare, venture (may I presume to ask?). 3 be presumptuous. 4 (foil, by on, upon) take advantage of or make unscrupulous use of (a person's good

quick tempo, —n. (pi

nature

-s)

[Latin praesumo]

etc.).

etc.)

/pri:'taeks, 'pri:-/ adj. (of income

before deduction of taxes.

pretence

(US pretense)

/pri'tens/ n.

1

pretending, make-believe. 2 a pretext, excuse, b false show of intentions or motives. 3 (foil, by to) claim, esp. a false one (to merit etc.). 4 tiisplay; ostentation. [Anglo-Latin: related to pretend] pretend /pn'tend/ — v. 1 claim or assert falsely so as to deceive (pretend knowledge; pretended to be rich). 2 imagine to oneself in play (pretended it was night). 3 (as pretended adj.) falsely claim to be such (a pretended friend). 4 (foil, by to) a lay claim to (a right or title etc.). b profess to have (a quality etc.). -adj. colloq. pretended; in pretence (pretend money). [Latin praetendo: related to

TEND

1

]

pretender throne,

person

n.

who

claims a

title, etc.

pretense US var. of pretence. pretension /pn'tenj(a)n/ n. 1 by

(often

a assertion of a claim, b justifiable claim. 2 pretentiousness, [medieval Latin: related to pretend] foil,

to)

pretentious

/pn'tenjas/ adj. 1 making to merit or importance. 2 ostentatious. pretentiously adv. pretentiousness n. preterite /'pretarit/ (US preterit) Gram. -adj. expressing a past action or state, -n. preterite tense or form. [Latin

/pn'zAmpJ(a)n/ n. 1 arrogance, presumptuous behaviour. 2 a presuming a thing to be true, b thing that is or may be presumed to be true. 3

ground for presuming. presume]

[Latin: related to

/,pri:ta'na3tjar(a)l/ adj.

extraordinary, exceptional; supernatural. [Latin praeter beyond] pretext /'pri:tekst/ n. ostensible reason; offered. excuse [Latin praetextus: related to text]

prettify

/'pnti.fai/

pretty, esp. in

v.

(-ies, -ied)

make

an affected way.

pretty lentil -adj. ive in a delicate dress). 2 fine or

(-ier, -iest) 1 attract-

way

(pretty girl; pretty

good of its kind. 3

iron.

pretty penny), -adv. colloq. fairly, moderately, -v. (-ies, -ied) (often foil, by up) make pretty much (or nearly or pretty. well) colloq. almost; very nearly. prettily adv. prettiness n. [Old Engfine

(a

lish]

/pri'zAmptiv/ adj. giving

grounds for presumption (presumptive evidence).

presumptuous

praeteritum past]

preternatural

considerable,

presumption

presumptive

pre-tax

an excessive claim

juggler's tricks]

presto

prevail

707

group formed

/pri'zAmptJuas/

adj.

unduly or overbearingly confident.

pretty-pretty adj. colloq. too pretty. pretzel /'prets(a)l/ n. crisp knot-shaped salted biscuit. [German] prevail /pn'veil/ v. 1 (often foil, by

assume beforehand.

against, over) be victorious or gain mastery. 2 be the more usual or predominant. 3 exist or occur in general use or experience. 4 (foil, by on, upon) persuade. [Latin praevaleo: related to

position

avail]

presumptuously tuousness

adv.

presump-

n.

presuppose

/.prrsa'pauz/ v. (-sing) 1 2 imply, presup-

/-,SAp9'ziJ(8)n/ n.

prevalent

priest

prevalent prevalent

adj.

generally

1

existing or occurring. 2 predominant, prevalence n. [related to prevail] prevaricate pri 'vasn.keit i. ( ting) 1 speak or act evasively or misleadingly. 2 quibble, equivocate. prevarication -'keij\a)n n. prevaricator n. walk crookedly]

[Latin,

=

Usage Prevaricate is often confused with procrastinate, which means 'to defer or put off action'. prevent pn'vent

v. (often foil, by from ~ verbal noun) stop from happening or doing something; hinder; make impossible (the weather prevented me from going), z preventable adj. (also preventive), prevention n. [Latin praevenio -vent- hinder]

Usage The use of prevent without 'from' as in prevented me going is informal. An acceptable alternative is prevented

my going.

preventative

pri'ventativ adj.

& n. =

PREVENTIVE.

preventive

pri'ventiv -adj. serving to prevent, esp. disease, -n. preventive agent, measure, drug, etc. preview 'pri:vju:/ -n. showing of a film, play, exhibition, etc., before it is seen by the general public. -v. see or show in advance. previous /'pri:vias, -adj. 1 (often foil, by to) coming before in time or order. 2 colloq. hasty, premature, -adv. (foil, by to) before, z previously adv. [Latin praevius from via way] pre-war pri:'w o:(r), 'pri:- adj. existing or occurring before a war. prey prei -n. 1 animal that is hunted or killed by another for food. 2 (often foil, by to) person or thing that is influenced by or vulnerable to (something undesirable) (prey to morbid fears), -v. (foil, by on, upon) 1 seek or take as prey. 2 (of a disease, emotion, etc.) exert a harmful influence (it preyed on his mind). [Latin praeda] prezzie var. of pressie. price -n. 1 amount of money for which a thing is bought or sold. 2 what is or must be given, done, sacrificed, etc., to obtain or achieve something (peace at any price). 3 odds in betting. -v. (-cing) 1 fix or find the price of (a thing for sale). 2 estimate the value of. at a price at a r

high

cost,

reward

price on a person's head

for a person's capture or death, ? (often foil, by verbal

what price

.

.

.

noun) colloq. 1 what is the chance of ? (what price your finishing the course?). 2 iron, the much boasted proves .

.

.

.

.

.

disappointing (what price your friendship now?). [Latin pretium]

price-fixing

n. maintaining of prices at a certain level by agreement between

competing sellers. priceless adj. 1 invaluable. 2 colloq. very amusing or absurd. price tag n. 1 label on an item showing its price. 2 cost of an undertaking. price war n. period of fierce competition

among

pricey

traders cutting prices.

adj.

-ciest)

(-cier,

colloq.

ex-

pensive. prick -v. 1 pierce slightly; make a small hole in. 2 (foil, by off, out) mark with small holes or dots. 3 trouble mentally (my conscience pricked me). 4 tingle. 5 (foil, by out) plant (seedlings etc.) in small holes pricked in the soil. -n. 1 act of pricking. 2 small hole or mark made by pricking. 3 pain caused as by pricking. 4 mental pain. 5 coarse slang a penis, b derog. contemptible man. z prick up one's ears 1 (of a dog etc.) make the ears erect when alert. 2 (of a

person) become [Old English]

suddenly

attentive.

prickle

/'pnk(a)l -n. 1 small thorn. 2 hard-pointed spine of a hedgehog etc. 3 prickling sensation, —v. (-ling) affect or be affected with a sensation of multiple pricking. [Old English]

prickly

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

1

having

prickles. 2 (of a person) ready to take offence. 3 tingling, z prickliness n. prickly heat n. itchy inflammation of the skin, causing a tingling sensation and common in hot countries. prickly pear n. 1 cactus with pearshaped prickly fruit. 2 its fruit. pride -n. 1 a elation or satisfaction at one's achievements, qualities, possessions, etc. b object of this feeling; the flower or best. 2 high or overbearing opinion of one's worth or importance. 3 (in full proper pride) proper sense of what befits one's position; self-respect. 4 group (of certain animals, esp. lions). 5 best condition, prime, -v.refl. (-ding) (foil, by on, upon) be proud of. z take pride (or a pride) in 1 be proud of. 2

maintain in good condition or appearance. [Old English: related to proud] pride of place n. most important or

prominent prie-dieu pronunc.

position. pri:'dj3:

same)

n. (pi. prie-dieux for kneeling-desk

prayer. [French, = pray God] n. 1 ordained minister of the Roman Catholic or Orthodox Church, or of the Anglican Church (above a deacon and below a bishop). 2 (fern. priestess) official minister of a non-

priest

prig priesthood n. Christian religion. priestly adj. [Latin presbyter] n. self-righteous or moralistic per-

prig

son. [origin

priggish

adj.

priggishness

n.

unknown] prim adj. (primmer, primmest) stiffly primly formal and precise; prudish. adv. primness n. [French: related to PRIME

/,pri:ma ,baela'ri:na/ chief female dancer in a ballet. [It-

primacy

/'praimasi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 preeminence. 2 office of a primate. [Latin: related to primate] prima donna /,pri:ma 'dona/ n. (pi. prima donnas) 1 chief female singer in an opera. 2 temperamentally self-

important person.

prima donna-ish

adj. [Italian] 'feiji:/

-adv. at

-adj. (of evidence) based on the first impression. [Latin] primal /'praim(a)l/ adj. 1 primitive, primeval. 2 chief, fundamental. [Latin: 1 related to prime ] primary /'praimari/ -adj. 1 a of the

importance; chief, b fundamental, basic. 2 earliest, original; first in a series. 3 of the first rank in a series; not first

derived. 4 designating any of the colours red, green, and blue, or (for pigments) red, blue, and yellow, of which all other colours are mixtures. 5 (of education) for children below the age of 11. 6 (Primary) Geol. of the lowest series of strata. 7 Biol, of the first stage of development, -n. (pi. -ies) 1 thing that is primary. 2 (in full primary election) (in the US) preliminary election to appoint party conference delegates or to select candidates for a principal (esp. presidential) election. 3 = primary

feather.

primarily

/'praimarili,

-'mearili/ adv. [Latin: related to

primary \

"

;

7,

11).

common

|

feather

n.

large

prime

1

]

flight-

feather of a bird's wing. primary school n. school for children below the age of 11. primate /'praimeit/ n. 1 member of the highest order of mammals, including apes, monkeys, and man. 2 (also /-mat/) archbishop. [Latin primas -at- chief] prime 1 -adj. 1 chief, most important. 2 first-rate, excellent. 3 primary, fundamental. 4 Math, a (of a number etc.) divisible only by itself and unity (e.g. 2, 3, 5,

primer

b (of numbers) having no

factor but unity, -n. 1 state of the highest perfection (prime of life). 2 (prec. by the; foil, by of) the best part. [Latin primus first] prime 2 v. (-ming) 1 prepare (a thing) for use or action. 2 prepare (a gun) for firing

1

n.

substance used to prime

etc.

primer

2

n. 1 elementary textbook for teaching children to read. 2 introductory book. [Latin: related to prime ] prime time n. (in broadcasting) time when audiences are largest. primeval /prai'mi:v(a)l/ adj. 1 of the first age of the world. 2 ancient, prim1

primevally adv.

itive.

facie /.praima

first sight,

i

tion for something, [origin unknown] n. head of an elected government; principal minister.

wood

alian]

prima

or (an explosive) for detonation. 3 pour (liquid) into a pump to enable it to work. 4 prepare (wood etc.) for painting by applying a substance that prevents paint from being absorbed. 5 equip (a person) with information etc. 6 ply (a person) with food or drink in prepara-

prime minister

]

prima ballerina n.

princeling

709

to

[Latin: related

prime 1 aevum age] ,

primitive /'pnmitiv/ -adj.

1 at an early stage of civilization (primitive man). 2 undeveloped, crude, simple (primitive methods), -n. 1 untutored painter with a direct naive style. 2 picture by such a primitively adv. primitpainter. iveness n. [Latin: related to prime 1 ] primogeniture /,praimau'd3enitj8(r)/ n. 1 fact of being the first-born child. 2 (in full right of primogeniture) right of succession belonging to the first[medieval Latin: related to born, prime 1 Latin genitura birth] primordial /prai'mo:dial/ adj. existing at or from the beginning, primeval. 1 [Latin: related to prime ordior begin] ,

,

primp v.

1

tidy. 2 refl.

make (the hair, clothes, etc.) make (oneself) smart, [var. of

prim]

primrose

/'primrauz/ n. 1 a wild plant bearing pale yellow spring flowers, b its flower. 2 pale yellow colour. [French and medieval Latin, = first rose] primrose path n. pursuit of pleasure.

primula

/'primjula/ n. cultivated plant

bearing primrose-like flowers in a wide variety of colours. [Latin diminutive: 1 related to prime ] Primus /'praimas/ n. propr. portable cooking stove burning vaporized oil. [Latin,

prince

=

first]

n. (as

a

title

usu. Prince)

1

male

member of a royal family other than the reigning king. 2 ruler of a small State. 3 noble man in some countries. 4 (often foil, by of) chief or greatest (the prince of novelists). [Latin princeps -dp-] Prince Consort n. (title conferred on) the husband of a reigning queen who is himself a prince. princeling /'prmslin/ n. young or petty prince.

princely princely

adj. (-ier, iest)

1

of or

worthy

of a prince. 2 sumptuous, generous, splendid.

Prince of Wales

n. (title conferred on) the eldest son and heir apparent of the British monarch. Prince Regent n. prince who acts as regent, esp. the future George IV. princess prin'ses/ n. (as a title usu. Princess /'prmses/) 1 wife of a prince. 2 female member of a royal family other than a queen. [French: related to prince] Princess Royal n. (title conferred on) the British monarch's eldest daughter. principal /'prmsip(a)l/ -adj. 1 (usu. attrib.) first in rank or importance; chief. 2 main, leading, -n. 1 chief person. 2 head of some schools, colleges, and universities. 3 leading performer in a concert, play, etc. 4 capital sum as distinct from interest or income. 5 per-

whom

son for another is agent etc. 6 servant of the grade below Secretary. 7 person directly responsible for a crime, z principally adv. [Latin: related to prince] principal boy n. leading male role in a civil

pantomime, usu. played by a woman. principality /.prmsi'paeliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 State ruled by or government of a prince. 2 (the Principality) Wales.

principal parts n.pl. Gram, parts of a verb from which all other parts can be deduced.

principle

/'prmsip(a)l/

n.

1

funda-

mental truth or law as the basis of reasoning or action. 2 a personal code of conduct {person of high principle). b (in pi.) personal rules of conduct (has no principles). 3 general law in physics etc. 4 law of nature forming the basis for the construction or working of a machine etc. 5 fundamental source; primary element, z in principle in theory, on principle on the basis of a moral code. [Latin principium source] principled adj. based on or having of praiseworthy) principles behaviour. v. A a (usu. re/7.; often foil, by up) smarten (oneself) up. b dress oneself up. 2 (of a bird) preen, [origin unknown] print -v. 1 produce or cause (a book, picture, etc.) to be produced by applying inked types, blocks, or plates, to paper, etc. 2 express or publish in print. 3 a (often foil, by on, in) impress or stamp (a mark on a surface), b (often foil, by with) impress or stamp (a surface with a seal, die, etc.). 4 (often absol.) write (letters) without joining them up. 5 (often foil, by off, out) produce (a photograph) from a (esp.

prink

prism

710

negative. 6 (usu.

foil,

by out)

(of a

com-

puter etc.) produce output in printed form. 7 mark (a textile fabric) with a coloured design. 8 (foil, by on) impress (an idea, scene, etc. on the mind or memory), -n. 1 indentation or mark on a surface left by the pressure of a thing in contact with it. 2 a printed lettering or writing, b words in printed form, c printed publication, esp. a newspaper. 3 picture or design printed from a block or plate. 4 photograph produced on paper from a negative. 5 printed cotton fabric, z in print 1 (of a book etc.) available from the publisher. 2 in printed form, out of print no longer available from the publisher. [Latin premo: related to press ] printed circuit n. electric circuit with thin strips of conductor printed on a flat 1

insulating sheet.

printer n. 1 person who prints books etc. 2 owner of a printing business. 3 device

that

prints,

esp.

from

a

computer.

printing

production of printed books etc. 2 copies of a book printed at one time. 3 printed letters or writing imitating them. n.

1

printing-press n. machine ing from types or plates etc. printout n. computer output

for print-

in printed

form.

prior

/'prai9(r)/ -adj. 1 earlier. 2 (often by to) coming before in time, order, or importance, -adv. (foil, by to) before (left prior to his arrival), -n. (fern. prioress) 1 superior of a religious house or order. 2 (in an abbey) deputy of an abbot. [Latin, = earlier] priority /prai'Dnti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 thing that is regarded as more important than others. 2 high(est) place among various things to be done (gave priority to). 3 right to do something before other people. 4 right to proceed ahead of other traffic. 5 (state of) being more important, z prioritize v. (also -ise) (-zing or [medieval Latin: related to -sing), prior] priory "praian/ n. (pi. -ies) monastery governed by a prior or nunnery governed by a prioress. [Anglo-French and medieval Latin: related to prior] prise v. (also prize) (-sing or -zing) force open or out by leverage. [French: 2 related to prize ] foil,

prism

/'priz(a)m/ n. 1 solid figure whose two ends are equal parallel rectilinear figures, and whose sides are parallelograms. 2 transparent body in this form,

usu. triangular with refracting surfaces at an acute angle with each other, which separates white light into a spectrum of

prismatic -mat-

thing

sawn]

prismatic /priz'maetik/ adj.

1 of, like, or using a prism. 2 (of colours) distributed if) by a transparent prism. [Greek:

(as

i

related to prism] prison /'pnz(a)n/

n. 1

esp. a building to

place of captivity,

which persons are

committed while awaiting trial or for punishment. 2 custody, confinement. [Latin prehendo seize] prisoner /'pnzna(r)/ n. 1 person kept in prison. 2 (in full prisoner at the bar) person in custody on a criminal charge and on trial. 3 person or thing confined by illness, another's grasp, etc. 4 (in full prisoner of war) person captured in take prisoner seize and hold as war. a prisoner. [Anglo-French: related to prison] see conscience.

prisoner of conscience prissy

/'pnsi/ adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

prim,

prudish, z prissily adv. prissiness [perhaps from prim, sissy]

n.

pristine

/'pnsti:n/ adj. 1 in its original condition; unspoilt. 2 spotless; fresh as

new. 3 ancient, primitive. [Latin pristinus former] if

'

'

I

is

ji

Usage The use of pristine in sense 2 considered incorrect by some people.

privacy

i

/'privasi/ n.

1

a being private

and undisturbed, b right to this. 2 freedom from intrusion or public attention. private /'praivat/ -adj. 1 belonging to an individual, one's own, personal (pri-

I

i

i

i

I

vate property). 2 confidential, not to be disclosed to others (private talks). 3 kept or removed from public knowledge or observation. 4 not open to the public. 5 (of a place) secluded. 6 (of a person) not holding public office or an official position. 7 (of education or medical treatment) conducted outside the State system, at the individual's expense, -n. 1 private soldier. 2 (in pi. ) colloq. genitals,

c in private privately. privately adv. [Latin privo deprive] private bill n. parliamentary bill affecting an individual or corporation only.

I

I

private

company

restricted

n.

company with

membership and no public

share issue. \

!

I

private

detective n. detective engaged privately, outside an official police force,

private enterprise n. businesses not under State control. privateer /.praiva'tia(r)/ n. 1 privately owned and officered warship holding a government commission. 2 its commander.

prize

711

[Greek prisma

colours.

private eye n. colloq. private detective, private hotel n. hotel not obliged to take

all

comers.

private

means

investments come.

etc.,

n.pl.

income from

apart from earned

in-

private member n. MP not holding government office. private member's bill n. bill introduced by a private member, not part of government legislation. private parts n.pl. euphem. genitals. private sector n. the part of the eco-

nomy

free of direct State control.

private soldier

n. ordinary soldier other than the officers.

private view

n.

viewing of an exhibiit opens to

tion (esp. of paintings) before the public.

privation

lack of the

/prai'veij*(a)n/ n.

comforts or necessities of related to private]

life.

[Latin:

privative /'privativ/ adj. 1 consisting in or marked by loss or absence. 2 Gram. expressing privation. [Latin: related to private]

privatize

/'praiva.taiz/

v.

(also

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) transfer (a business etc.)

from State to private ownership. privatization /-'zeij(a)n/ n. privet /'pnvit/ n. bushy evergreen shrub used for hedges, [origin

unknown] privilege

/'pnvilid3/ -n. 1 right, advantage, or immunity, belonging to a person, class, or office. 2 special benefit or honour (a privilege to meet you). -v. priv(-ging) invest with a privilege. ileged adj. [Latin: related to privy, lex leg-

law]

privy /'privi/ -adj.

1 (foil,

by

to)

sharing

in the secret of (a person's plans etc.). 2 archaic hidden, secret, —n. (pi. -ies) lavatory, esp. an outside one. [French prive private place]

Privy Council

n.

body of advisers

appointed by the sovereign (now chiefly honorary). Privy Councillor n. (also Privy Counsellor). privy purse n. allowance from the public revenue for the monarch's private expenses.

privy seal

n.

seal formerly affixed to

minor State documents. prize -n. 1 something that can be won in a competition, lottery, etc. 2 reward given as a symbol of victory or superiority. 3 something striven for or worth striving for. 4 (attrib. ) a to which a prize is awarded (prize poem), b excellent of 1

its

kind. -v.

much prized

(-zing) value highly (a

possession). related to praise]

[French:

prize prize 2

prehendo seize] prize 3 var. of prise. prizefight n. boxing-match fought for a prizefighter n. prize of money. prize-giving n. awarding of prizes, esp. formally at a school

prizewinner

n.

etc.

winner of a

prizewinning attrib.

prize.

adj.

PRO

abbr. 1 Public Record Office. 2 public relations officer. /prau/ n. (pi -s) colloq. professional. [abbreviation] pro 2 /prau/ -adj. (of an argument or reason) for; in favour, -n. (pi. -s) reason in favour, -prep, in favour of. [Latin, =

pro

1

for, on behalf of] pro- prefix 1 favouring or supporting 1

(pro-government). 2 acting as a substitute or deputy for (proconsul). 3 for-

wards (produce). 4 forwards and down(prostrate). 5 onwards wards (progress). 6 in front of (protect). [Latin

pro in front (of)] pro- 2 prefix before in time, place, order, etc. [Greek pro before]

proactive

/prau'aektiv/ adj. (of a person, policy, etc.) taking the initiative, 2 [from pro- after reactive] ,

probability

/.proba'biliti/ n. (pi -ies) 1 being probable. 2 likelihood of something happening. 3 probable or most probable event. 4 Math, extent to which an event is likely to occur, measured by the ratio of the favourable cases to the total number of possible cases. in all probability most probably.

probable

/'prDbab(a)l/ -adj. (often foil, that) that may be expected to happen or prove true; likely (the probable

by

explanation;

it

is

probable that they

forgot), -n. probable candidate, memprobably adv. ber of a team, etc. [Latin: related to prove] probate /'praubeit/ n. 1 official proving of a will. 2 verified copy of a will with a certificate as handed to executors. [Latin probo prove] probation /pra'beij(a)n/ n. 1 Law system of supervising and monitoring the behaviour of (esp. young) offenders, as an alternative to prison. 2 period of testing the character or abilities of esp.

a new employee. going probation.

on probation underprobationary

adj.

[Latin: related to prove]

probationer n. person on probation. probation officer n. official supervising offenders on probation. probative /'praubativ/ adj. formal affording proof. [Latin: related to

prove]

process

712

ship or property captured in naval warfare. [French prise from Latin n.

probe

-n. 1 penetrating investigation. 2 small device, esp. an electrode, for measuring, testing, etc. 3 blunt-ended surgical instrument for exploring a wound etc. 4 (in full space probe) unmanned exploratory spacecraft transmitting information about its environment, -v. (-bing) 1 examine or enquire into closely. 2 explore with a probe. [Latin proba: related to prove] probity /'praubiti/ n. uprightness, honesty. [Latin probus good] problem /'problem/ n. 1 doubtful or difficult matter requiring a solution. 2 something hard to understand or accomplish. 3 (attrib.) causing problems (problem child). 4 puzzle or question for solution; exercise. [Greek problema -mat-]

problematic

/.probla'maetik/ adj. (also

problematical) attended by

difficulty;

doubtful or questionable. problematically adv. [Greek: related to problem]

proboscis

/prau'bDsis/ n.

(pi.

-sees)

1

long flexible trunk or snout of some mammals, e.g. an elephant or tapir. 2 elongated mouth parts of some insects. [Greek bosko feed] proboscis monkey n. monkey of Borneo, the male of which has a large

pendulous nose. /pra'si:d3a(r)/ n. 1 way of acting or advancing, esp. in business or legal action. 2 way of performing a task. 3 series of actions conducted in a certain procedural adj. order or manner. [French: related to proceed]

procedure

proceed

/pra'si:d/ v. 1 (often foil, by to) go forward or on further; make one's way. 2 (often foil, by with, or to + infin.) continue with an activity; go on to do something (proceeded with their work; proceeded to beg me). 3 (of an action) be carried on or continued (the case will now proceed). 4 adopt a course of action (how shall we proceed?). 5 go on to say. 6 (foil, by against) start a lawsuit against (a person). 7 (often foil, by from) originate (trouble proceeded from ill-

ness). [Latin cedo cess- go]

proceeding

n.

1

action or piece of

conduct (high-handed proceeding). 2 (in pi.) (in full legal proceedings) lawsuit. 3 (in pi.) published report of discussions or a conference.

proceeds sale etc.

/'prausi:dz/ n.pl. profits

[pi.

from

of obsolete proceed (n.) from

proceed]

process

1 /'prauses/ -n. 1 course of action or proceeding, esp. a series of stages in manufacture etc. 2 progress or course (in process of construction). 3 natural or involuntary course or

process old).

4

action at law; summons or writ. 5 natural projection of a bone, stem, etc. —v. 1 deal with by a particular process. 2 (as

processed

prevent

productive

713

change (process of growing

adj.) treat (food, esp. to decay) (processed cheese).

[Latin: related to proceed] v. walk in procession,

process 2 /pra'ses/

[back-formation from procession] /pra'seJXa)n/ n. 1 people or vehicles etc. advancing in orderly succession, esp. at a ceremony, demonstration, or festivity. 2 movement of such a group (go in procession). [Latin: related to proceed] processional -adj. 1 of processions. 2 used, carried, or sung in processions. —n. Eccl. processional hymn or hymn book.

procession

processor

/'prausesa(r)/

n.

machine

that processes things, esp.: 1 = central PROCESSOR. 2 = FOOD PROCESSOR. proclaim /pra'kleim/ v. 1 (often foil, by that) announce or declare publicly or officially. 2 declare to be (king,

a traitor, etc.).n proclamation /.prokla 'meij*(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to claim]

proclivity

/pra'kliviti/ n. (pi. -ies) tendency, inclination. [Latin clivus slope]

procrastinate

/prau'kraesti.neit/

v.

procrastination /-'neiJXa)n/ n. procrastinator n. [Latin eras tomorrow] (-ting) defer action.

Usage Procrastinate is often confused with prevaricate which means 'to be evasive, quibble'.

proobtain (women) for prostitution. curement n. [Latin euro look after]

procurer n. (fern, procuress) person who obtains women for prostitution. [Latin procurator] -v. (-dd-) 1 poke with a finger, stick, etc. 2 stimulate to action. 3 (foil, by

prod at)

make a prodding motion, -n.

thrust.

2 stimulus to action,

/'praukri.eit/

v.

(-ting) (often

produce (offspring) naturally. procreation /- eij(a)n/ n. procreative absol.)

adj. [Latin: related to

create]

Procrustean

/prau'krAstian/ adj. seeking to enforce uniformity ruthlessly or violently. [Greek Prokroustes, name of a robber who fitted his victims to a bed by stretching them or cutting bits off

them]

proctor

/'prDkta(r)/ n. disciplinary of(usu. one of two) at certain universities, z proctorial /-'to:nal/ adj. ficer

proctorship

procuration

n.

1 recklessly wasteful. 2 (foil, by of) lavish, -n. 1 prodigal person. 2 (in full prodigal son) repentant wastrel, returned wanderer,

etc.

(Luke

1

for-

mal

act of procuring. 2 function or authorized action of an attorney. [Latin: related to procure]

procurator

/'prDkju,reita(r)/ n.

agent

or proxy, esp. with power of attorney. [Latin procurator agent] procurator fiscal n. (in Scotland) local coroner and public prosecutor.

procure /pra'kjua(r)/

v. (-ring) 1 obtain, esp. by care or effort; acquire (managed to procure a copy). 2 bring about (pro-

cured their dismissal). 3 (also absol.)

prodigality

15:11-32).

[Latin prodigus lavish] prodigious /pra'did3as/ adj. 1 marvellous or amazing. 2 enormous. 3 abnormal. [Latin: related to prodigy] prodigy /'prDdid3i/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 exceptionally gifted or able person, esp. a precocious child. 2 marvellous, esp. extraordinary, thing. 3 (foil, by of) wonderful example (of a quality). [Latin prodigium portent] produce -v. /pra'dju:s/ (-cing) 1 manufacture or prepare (goods etc.). 2 bring forward for consideration, inspection, or use (will produce evidence). 3 bear, yield, or bring into existence (offspring, fruit, a harvest, etc.). 4 cause or bring about (a reaction, sensation, etc.). 5 Geom. extend or continue (a line). 6 supervise the production of (a play, broadcast, record, etc.). -n. film, /-'gaeliti/ n.

1

a what

is

produced, esp.

agricultural products collectively (dairy produce), b amount of this. 2 (often foil, by of) result (of labour, efforts, etc.). producible /pra 'dju:sib(a)l/ adj. [Latin duco duct- lead]

producer /pra'dju:sa(r)/ n. 1 person who produces goods etc. 2 person who supervises the production of a play, film, broadcast, etc.

product

/'prodAkt/ n. 1 thing or substance produced, esp. by manufacture. 2 result. 3 quantity obtained by multiplying. [Latin: related to

[from procurator]

/,prDkju'reiJXa)n/ n.

poke,

[origin

unknown] prodigal /'prDdig(a)l/-ad/.

/'prDdju:s/

procreate

1

production

produce]

n. 1 producing or being produced, esp. in large quantities (go into production). 2 total yield. 3 thing produced, esp. a film, play, book, etc. [Latin: related to produce] production line n. systematized sequence of operations involved in producing a commodity. productive /pra'dAktiv/ adj. 1 of or engaged in the production of goods. 2 producing much (productive writer). 3 producing commodities of exchangeable value (productive labour). 4 (foil.

/pra'dAkJXa)n/

productivity by

tively adv. productiveness

n. [Latin:

related to produce] .prDdAk'tiviti/ n. 1 being capacity to produce. 2

amount produced by an industry, workforce, etc.

proem /'prauim/ n.

preface etc. to a book or speech. [Latin from Greek] Prof. abbr. Professor. profane /pra'fein, -adj. 1 a irreverent, blasphemous, b (of language) obscene. 2 not sacred or biblical; secular, -v. (-ning) 1 treat (esp. a sacred thing) irreverently; disregard. 2 violate or pollute, z profanation /,prDfa'neiJXa)n/ n. [Latin fanum temple]

profanity

,

pra'faeniti/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

profane act or language; blasphemy. 2 swear-word. profess pra'fes/ v. 1 claim openly to

have (a quality or feeling). 2 (often foil, by to + infin.) pretend, declare (profess ignorance). 3 affirm one's faith in or allegiance to. [Latin profiteor -fess- declare]

professed

adj.

self-acknowledged

1

(professed Christian). 2 alleged, ostensible. professedly /-sidli/ adv.

profession

/pra'fej(a)n/ n. 1 vocation or calling, esp. learned or scientific (medical profession). 2 people in a profession. 3 declaration or avowal, z the oldest profession colloq. prostitution. professional -adj. 1 of, belonging to, or connected with a profession. 2 a skilful, competent, b worthy of a professional (professional conduct). 3 engaged in a specified activity as one's main paid occupation (professional boxer). 4 derog. engaged in a specified activity, esp. fanatically (professional agitator), -n. professional person.

professionally adv.

professionalism

qualities associated with a profession, esp. competence, n.

skill, etc.

professor

/pra'fesa(r)/ n. a (often as a highest-ranking academic teaching in a university department; holder of a university chair, b US university teacher. 2 person who professes a religion etc. professorial /.prDfi'soxial/ *\

title)

adj. professorship n. proffer v. offer. [French: related

pro-

1 ,

to

offer]

proficient pra'fij(a)nt/ adj. (often foil, by in, at) adept, expert, z proficiency proficiently adv. [Latin proficio feetadvance] profile praufail/-rc. 1 a outline, esp. of a human face, as seen from one side, b representation of this. 2 short biographn.

or character sketch, -v. (-ling) represent or describe by a profile, z keep a low profile remain inconspicuical

ous. [Italian profilare

productivity productive,

progestogen

714

producing or giving rise to {productive of great annoyance), producof)

profit

'profit/

-n.

1

draw

in outline]

advantage or bene-

2 financial gain; excess of returns (-t-) 1 (also absol.) be beneficial to. 2 obtain advantage or benefit (profited by the experience), z at a profit with financial gain. [Latin profectus: related to proficient] profitable adj. 1 yielding profit. 2 beneficial, z profitability /-'biliti/ n. profitably adv. fit.

over outlay, -v.

profit

and

loss

account

n.

account

showing net profit or loss at any time. profiteer .

property. /'reliv(a)nt/ adj. (often foil, by bearing on or having reference to the matter in hand. relevance n. [Latin to)

relevo: related to relieve]

reliable /n'lai8b(9)l/ adj. of consistently good character or quality; dependable.

reliability

/-'bihti/ n.

reliably

adv.

make or become less tense. 2 make or become

/ri'laeks/ v. 1

rigid, or

formal or strict (rules were relaxed). 3 reduce or abate (one's attention, efforts, etc.). 4 cease work or effort. 5 (as relaxed adj.) at ease; unperturbed. [Latin relaxo: related to lax] less

relaxation

adj.

ively constant.

re-let

/

1

ri:la3k'seiJ(8)n/ n.

1

relax-

ing or being relaxed. 2 recreation. relay /'ri:lei/-n. 1 fresh set of people etc. substituted for tired ones. 2 supply of material similarly used. 3 = relay race. 4 device activating an electric circuit etc. in response to changes affecting itself. 5 a device to receive, reinforce, and transmit a message,

broadcast, etc. b relayed message or transmission, -v. /also n'lei/ receive (a message, broadcast, etc.) and transmit it to others. [French relai from Latin laxo: see lax] /ri:'lei/ v. (past and past part, repaid) lay again or differently. relay race n. race between teams of which each member in turn covers part

re-lay

of the distance.

relearn /ri:'l3:n/ v. learn again. release /n'li:s/ -v. (-sing) 1 (often

foil,

by from)

set free; liberate, unfasten. 2 allow to move from a fixed position. 3 a make (information, a recording, etc.) publicly available, b issue (a film etc.) for general exhibition, -n. 1 liberation from a restriction, duty, or difficulty. 2 handle or catch that releases part of a mechanism. 3 news item etc. made available for publication (press release). 4 a film or record etc. that is released, b releasing or being released in this way. [French re lesser from Latin relaxo relax] relegate /'reli.geit/ v. (-ting) 1 consign or dismiss to an inferior position. 2 transfer (a sports team) to a lower division of a league etc. 3 banish. relegation /-'geij(8)n/ n. [Latin relego send

away] relent /ri'lent/ v. relax severity, abandon a harsh intention, yield to compassion, [medieval Latin lentus flexible]

reliance

/ri'laians/ n. (foil,

by

in,

on)

trust, confidence. reliant adj. relic /'relik/ n. 1 object that is interesting because of its age or association. 2 part of a dead holy person's body or belongings kept as an object of reverence. 3 surviving custom or belief etc. from a past age. 4 memento or souvenir. 5 (in pi.) what has survived. 6 (in pi.) dead body or remains of a person. [Latin reliquiae remains: related to relin-

quish]

relict /'relikt/ n. object surviving in its primitive form. [French relicte: related to relic]

relief

/ri'liif/

deliverance

n.

a alleviation of or

1

from

pain, distress, anxiety, etc. b feeling accompanying such deliverance. 2 feature etc. that diversifies monotony or relaxes tension. 3 assistance (esp. financial) given to those in special need or difficulty. 4 a replacing of a person or persons on duty by another or others, b person or persons replacing others in this way. 5 attrib.) thing supplementing (usu. another in some service (relief bus). 6 a method of moulding, carving, or stamping in which the design stands out from the surface, b piece of sculpture etc. in relief, c representation of relief given by an arrangement of line, colour, or shading. 7 vividness, distinctness (brings the facts out in sharp relief). 8 (foil, by of) reinforcement (esp. the raising of a siege) of a place. 9 esp. Law redress of a hardship or grievance. [French and Italian: related to relieve] relief n. map indicating hills and valleys by shading etc. rather than by contour lines alone.

map

relief

road

n.

road

taking

traffic

around a congested area. relieve /n'li:v/ v. (-ving) 1 bring or give relief to. 2 mitigate the tedium or monotony of. 3 release (a person) from a duty by acting as or providing a substitute. 4 (foil, by of) take (esp. a burden or duty) relieve one's away from (a person).

relievo feelings use strong language or vigorous behaviour when annoyed, relieve oneself urinate or defecate. relieved adj. [Latin relevo raise again, alleviate] relievo /n'liivau/ n. (pi. -s) = relief 6.

[Italian rilievo: related to relief]

relight -lit)

/ri:'lait/ v.

(past

and past

part.

light (a fire etc.) again.

religion

/ri'lid3(9)n/

n.

1

belief in a

superhuman controlling power, esp. in a personal God or gods entitled to obedience and worship. 2 expression of this in worship. 3 particular system of faith and worship. 4 life under monastic vows. 5 thing that one is devoted to. [Latin religio bond]

religiosity /n.lidsi'Dsiti/ n. state of being religious or too religious. [Latin: related to religious]

religious

/ri'lid3as/ -adj. 1 devoted to religion; pious, devout. 2 of or concerned with religion. 3 of or belonging to

a monastic order. 4 scrupulous, conscientious, -n. (pi. same) person bound religiously adv. by monastic vows. [Latin religiosus: related to religion] reline /ri:'lain/ v. (-ning) put a new

garment

lining in (a

/n'linkwiJV v. 1 surrender or resign (a right or possession). 2 give up or cease from (a habit, plan, belief, etc.). 3 relax hold of. relinquishment n. [Latin relinquo -lict- leave behind]

reliquary

/'relikwari/ n. (pi. -ies) esp. Relig. receptacle for a relic or relics. [French reliquaire: related to relic]

relish

/'reliJV -n. 1 (often foil, by for) great liking or enjoyment. 2 a appetizing flavour, b attractive quality. 3 condiment eaten with plainer food to add flavour. 4 (foil, by of) distinctive taste or

tinge. — u. 1 get pleasure out of; enjoy greatly. 2 anticipate with pleasure. [French reles remainder: related to re-

lease]

relive

/ri:'liv/ v. (-ving) live (an experience etc.) over again, esp. in the imagination. reload /ri:'laud/ v. (also absol.) load (esp. a gun) again.

in a

new

place. 2

reluctant by

locate

/,ri:l8u'keit/ v. (-ting) 1

move

(esp. to live or work). /-'keij(a)n/ n.

to a

new

place

relocation

/n'L\kt(8)nt/ adj. (often

foil.

+ infin.) unwilling or disinclined. reluctance n. reluctantly adv.

to

[Latin luctor struggle]

rely

/n'lai/

v.

(-ies, -ied) (foil,

by on,

upon) 1 depend on with confidence or assurance. 2 be dependent on. [Latin religo bind closely] abbr. rapid eye movement.

REM

remade past and past part, of remake. remain /n'mein/ v. 1 be left over after or other parts have been removed, used, or dealt with. 2 be in the same place or condition during further time; stay (remained at home). 3 (foil, by compl.) continue to be (remained calm; remains President). [Latin remaned] remainder -n. 1 residue. 2 remaining persons or things. 3 number left after

others

division or subtraction. 4 copies of a

book left unsold when demand has almost ceased, -v. dispose of (a remainder of books) at a reduced price. [AngloFrench: related to remain]

remains

n.pl.

1

what remains

after

other parts have been removed or used etc. 2 relics of antiquity, esp. of buildings. 3 dead body. remake -v. /ri:'meik/ (-king; past and past part, remade) make again or differently, —n. /'ri:meik/ thing that has been remade, esp. a cinema film. remand /n'ma:nd/ — v. return (a prisoner) to custody, esp. to allow further inquiry, -n. recommittal to custody. on remand in custody

pending

etc.).

relinquish

relocate

remember

765

trial.

[Latin remando] institution to

remand centre n.

which

accused persons are remanded.

remark

/n'ma:k/ 1 (often foil, by that) a say by way of comment, b archaic take notice of; regard with attention. 2 (usu. foil, by on, upon) make a comment. — n. 1 written or spoken comment; anything said. 2 a noticing (worthy of remark), b commenting (let it pass without remark). [French remarquer: related to mark 1 ] remarkable adj. worth notice; exceptional; striking, c remarkably adv. [French remarquable: related to re-

mark]

remarry /ri:'maen/

REME

v. (-ies,

remarriage

again.

/'ri:mi:/

-ied)

marry

n.

abbr. Royal Electrical

and Mechanical Engineers,

remeasure

/ri:'me39(r)/

v.

(-ring)

measure again.

remedial

/n'mi:dial/ adj. 1 affording or intended as a remedy. 2 (of teaching etc.) for slow or disadvantaged pupils. [Latin: related to remedy] /'remidi/ -n. (pi. -ies) (often foil, by for, against) 1 medicine or treat-

remedy ment.

2

means

of counteracting or

removing anything undesirable. 3

re-

dress; legal or other reparation. — v. (-ies, -ied) rectify; make good. remediable /n'mi:diab(9)l/ adj. [Latin remedium from medeor heal] /n'memba(r)/ v. 1 (often foil, by to + infin. or that + clause) keep in the memory; not forget. 2 (also absol.)

remember

1

'

.

remembrance

to

/n'membrans/

n.

1

remembering or being remembered. 2 a memory or recollection. 3 keepsake, souvenir. 4 (in pi.) greetings conveyed through a third person. [French: related

brance Sunday.

1

= Remem-

2 hist. Armistice Day. n.

Sunday

nearest 11 Nov., when those killed in the wars of 1914-18 and 1939-45 and later conflicts are commemorated. remind /n'maind/ v. (usu. foil, by of or to + infin. or that + clause) cause (a person) to remember or think of (reminds me of her father; reminded them of the time). reminder n. 1 thing that reminds, esp. a repeat letter or bill. 2 (often foil, by of)

memento. /.remi'nis/

v.

(-cing) indulge

in reminiscence.

reminiscence

1 /,remi'nis(a)ns/ n. remembering things past. 2 (in pi.) collection in literary form of incidents

and experiences remembered. [Latin reminiscor remember] reminiscent adj. 1 (foil, by of) reminding or suggestive of. 2 concerned with reminiscence. remiss /n'mis/ adj. careless of duty; lax, negligent. [Latin: related to remit] remission /n'mij(a)n/ n. 1 reduction of a prison sentence on account of good behaviour. 2 remitting of a debt or penalty etc. 3 diminution of force, effect, or degree (esp. of disease or pain). 4 (often foil, by of) forgiveness (of sins etc.). [Latin: related to remit] remit -v. /n'mit/ (-tt-) 1 cancel or refrain from exacting or inflicting (a debt, punishment, etc.). 2 abate or slacken; cease partly or entirely. 3 send (money etc.) in payment. 4 a (foil, by to) refer (a matter for decision etc.) to some authority, b send back (a case) to a lower court. 5 postpone or defer. 6 pardon (sins etc.). -n. /'ri:mit/ 1 terms of reference of a committee etc. 2 item [Latin remitted for consideration. remitto -miss-]

remittance

n.

1

money

sent, esp.

by

sending of money,

remittent

adj. (of a fever or disease) abating at intervals, -v. /ri:'miks/ mix again, -n. /'ri:miks/ remixed recording.

remix

remodel

/ri:'mDd(a)l/

v.

US

(-11-;

-1-) 1

W j|! i

D

|

2 recon-

differently.

[.

struct.

remold US war. of remould. remonstrate reman.streit/ /

(foil,

by with) make a

v.

protest;

(-ting)

\\\

argue

1

j

remonstrance /n'mon remonstration /-'strei

forcibly. n.

'

j

n.

Remembrance Sunday

post. 2

/'remnant/ n. 1 small remaining quantity. 2 piece of cloth etc. left when the greater part has been used or sold. [French: related to remain]

strans/

remember]

Remembrance Day

reminisce

remnant

model again or

memory]

remembrance

to

remove

766

bring back into one's thoughts. 3 think of or acknowledge (a person), esp. in making a gift etc. 4 (foil, by to) convey greetings from (one person) to (another) (remember me to John). [Latin: related

J(a)n/

[medieval

n.

monstro

Latin

I

show]

remorse

/n'mo:s/

n. 1

deep regret for a

wrong committed. 2 compunction; compassion, mercy (without remorse). [medieval Latin mordeo mors- bite] filled with repentance

remorseful adj.

remorsefully adv.

remorseless

adj.

without compassion.

remorselessly adv.

remortgage

/ri:'mD:gid3/ -v.

(-ging)

mortgage again; revise the terms of an existing mortgage on (a

(also absol.)

property), -n. different or altered mortgage.

remote

/ri'maut/ adj. (remoter, refar away, far apart, distant. 2 isolated; secluded. 3 distantly related (remote ancestor). 4 slight, faint (a remote hope; not the remotest chance). 5 remotely adv. aloof; not friendly.

motest)

1

remoteness to

n.

[Latin remotus: related

remove]

remote control

n.

1

control of an

apparatus from a distance by means of signals transmitted from a radio or electronic device. 2 such a device. remould (US remold) -v. /ri: mauld/ mould again; refashion. 2 re-form the tread

of

remoulded

(a tyre), tyre.

-n.

/'ri:m9old/

removal

/n'mu:v(8)l/ n. 1 removing or being removed. 2 transfer of furniture etc. on moving house. remove /n'mu:v/ -v. (-ving) 1 take off or away from the place occupied. 2 a convey to another place; change the situation of. b get rid of; dismiss. 3 cause to be no longer present or available; take away (privileges were removed). 4 (in passive; foil, by from) distant or remote in condition (country is not far removed from anarchy). 5 (as removed adj.) (esp. of cousins) separated by a specified number of ste^s of descent (a first cousin twice removed = a grandchild of a first cousin), -n. 1 degree of remoteness; distance. 2 stage in a gradation; degree (several removes from

what I expected). 3 form or division in some schools. removable adj. [Latin removeo

-mot-]

'

•enumerate ri'mju:na,reit v. (-ting) 1 reward; pay for services rendered. 1 2 serve as or provide recompense for remu"(work etc.) or to (a person).

Ineration -'reij\a)n n. remunerative I -rativ adj. [Latin munus -ner- gift] Renaissance n'neis(a)ns n. 1 revival I of art and literature in the I4th-16th

c.

2

I period of this. 3 (often attrib.) style of I art, architecture, etc. developed during I this era. 4 (renaissance) any similar I revival. [French naissance birth]

I I

Renaissance many talents

man

person

n.

with

or pursuits, esp. in the

I humanities.

renal

adj. of the kidneys, 'ri:n(a)l [Latin renes kidneys] p ri:'neim/ v. (-ming) name 1 rename t again; give a new name to.

[renascent n'na?s(amt I up anew; being reborn, I

n

i I

adj.

springing

renascence

-

trenationalize

reorder

767

remunerate

ri:'na5jana,laiz

v.

(also

-ise) (-zing or -sing) nationalize again (an originally nationalized and more recently privatized industry etc.). z

renew

n'nju: v. 1 revive; make new again; restore to the original state. 2 reinforce; resupply; replace. 3 repeat or re-establish, resume after an interruption (renewed our acquaintance). 4 (also absol.) grant or be granted continuation of (a licence, subscription.'lease, etc.). 5

recover (strength

1 curdled milk found stomach of an unweaned calf. 2 preparation made from the stomachmembrane of a calf or from certain fungi, used in making cheese etc.

[probably Old English: related to run] r. (-cing) 1 consent formally to abandon (a claim, right, etc.). 2 repudiate; refuse to recognize any longer. 3 decline further association or disclaim relationship with. [Latin nuntio announce] renovate rena.veit v. (-ting) restore to good condition; repair, z renovation -*veij(a)n n. renovator n. [Latin

renounce n'nauns

novus new]

renown

I

renowned

I

archaic tear or wrench forcibly. [Old English] 1 cause to be or become v. (rendered us helpless). 2 give or pay (money, service, etc.). esp. in return or as a thing due. 3 (often foil, by to) a give (assistance), b show (obedience etc.). c do (a service etc.). 4 submit; send in: present (an account, reason, etc.). 5 a represent or portray, b act (a role), c Mus. perform; execute. 6 translate. 7 (often foil, by down) melt down (fat etc.). 8 cover (stone or brick) with a coat of plaster. : rendering n. (esp. in senses 5, 6, and 8). [Latin reddo give back] rendezvous 'rondi.vu: -n. (pi same /-,vu:z ) 1 agreed or regular meeting-

render I

I

I

meeting by arrangement, —v. (rendezvouses -,vu:z rendezvoused

place. 2

;

-

vu d

at a

:

rendezvousing

-,vu:irj

rendezvous. [French,

)

meet

= present

yourselves]

rendition

ren'dij\a)n n. interpretation or rendering of a dramatic role, piece of music, etc. [French: related to

render]

renegade

'reni,geid

n.

person

who

deserts a party or principles, [medieval Latin: related to renege] renege ri'ni:g. -'neig v. (-ging) (often foil, by on) go back on (one's word etc.). [Latin nego deny]

renegotiate

.rirni'gaoji.ert

v.

(-ting)

(also absol.) negotiate again or on different terms. renegotiation -'eij\a)n/ n.

renewable

.

in the

\;

renationalization -'zeij\a)n n. trend v. (past and past part, rent)

etc.).

renewal n. rennet 'renit n. adj.

tion.

n'naun n. fame, high distinc[French renomer make famous] adj. famous, celebrated.

rent — n. 1 tenant's periodical payment to an owner for the use of land or premises. 2 payment for the use of 1

equipment

etc. -v. 1 (often foil, by from) take, occupy, or use at a rent. 2 (often foil, by out) let or hire (a thing) for rent. (foil, by at) be let at a specified [French rente: related to render]

3

rent

2

n. 1

garment

large tear in a

rate. etc. 2

opening in clouds etc. [from rend] rent 3 past and past part, of rend. 'rent(a)l n. 1 amount paid or received as rent. 2 act of renting. [AngloFrench or Anglo-Latin: related to

rental

rent

1

]

rent-boy

n. young male prostitute. rentier 'rdti.ei n. person living on income from property, investments, etc.

[French]

renumber number

ri:'nAmba(r)

v.

numbers given

or

change the or allocated

to.

renunciation

n,nAnsi'eiJ(a)n

renouncing or giving up.

reoccupy occupy -peij(a)n

reoccur

ri:'okju,pai

again.

1

v.

(-ies,

-ied)

reoccupation

z

n.

,ri:a'k3:(r)

again or habitually. -'k.\rans

n.

2 self-denial,

v. :

(-rr-)

occur

reoccurrence

n.

reopen ri:'aopan v. open again, reorder ri:'o:da(r) -v. 1 order again. 2 put into a new order, -n. renewed or repeated order for goods.

reorganize reorganize

v.

reorganization /-'zeij(9)n/ n. reorient /rii'orn.ent/ v. 1 give a new direction or outlook to (ideas, a person, etc.). 2 help (a person) find his or her bearings again. 3 (refl., often foil, by to) adjust oneself to or come to terms with

something.

reorientate

/rii'oTian.teit/

v.

reorientation

reorient.

(-ting)

=

/-'teij(e)n/

n.

rep

repetition

768

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing) organize differently. /ri:'D:ga,naiz/

their kindness;

book repays

study), a

repayable adj. repayment n. repeal /n'pi:l/ -v. revoke or annul

(a

law etc.). -n. repealing. [French: related to

appeal]

repeat

1 say or do over rehearse, or report (something learnt or heard). 3 recur; appear again. 4 (of food) be tasted after being swallowed due to belching, -n. 1 a repeating, b thing repeated (often attrib. repeat prescription). 2 repeated broadcast. 3 Mus. a passage intended to be repeated., b mark indicating this. 4 pattern repeated in wallpaper etc. repeat itself recur in the same form, repeat oneself say or do the same thing over again. repeatable adj. repeatedly adv. [Latin peto seek] repeater n. 1 person or thing that repeats. 2 firearm which fires several shots without reloading. 3 watch or clock which repeats its last strike when required. 4 device for the retransmission of an electrical message. repel /n'pel/ v. (-11-) 1 drive back; ward off (repel an attacker). 2 refuse to accept (repelled offers of help). 3 be repulsive or distasteful to. 4 resist mixing with or admitting (oil and water repel each other; surface repels moisture). 5 (of a

again.

/n'pi:t/ -v.

2

recite,

:

1

representative, esp. a commercial traveller, [abbreviation] rep 2 n. colloq. 1 repertory. 2 repertory theatre or company, [abbreviation] repack /ri:'paek/ v. pack again, repackage /ri:'paekid3/ v. (-ging) 1 package again or differently. 2 present in a new form. repaid past and past part, of repay. repaint -i>. /ri:'pemt/ 1 paint again or differently. 2 restore the paint or colouring of. -n. /'ri:pemt/ act of repainting. repair 1 /ri'pea(r)/ -v. 1 restore to good condition after damage or wear. 2 set right or make amends for (a loss, wrong, error, etc.). -n. 1 restoring to sound condition (in need of repair). 2 result of this (the repair hardly shows). 3 good or relative condition for working or using (in bad repair). repairable adj. repairer n. [Latin paro make ready] colloq.

n.

repair 2

/ri'pea(r)/

have recourse;

by to) resort; [Latin: related to

v. (foil,

go.

repatriate]

repaper etc.)

/ri:'peipa(r)/

paper

v.

(a wall

again.

reparable

/'repar9b(a)l/ adj. (of a loss

that can be 1 related to repair ] etc.)

reparation amends. 2

/

1

made

good. [Latin:

repa'reiJ'(8)n/ n.

(esp. in pi.)

1

making

compensation for

war damages. repartee /,repa:'ti:/ n. 1 practice or skill of making witty retorts. 2 conversation characterized by such retorts. [French repartie from repartir reply promptly: related to part] repast /n'pa:st/ n. formal 1 meal. 2 food and drink for this. [Latin repasco -pastfeed]

magnetic pole) push away from itself repellent adj. & n. (like poles repel). [Latin repello -puis-] 1 (often foil, by of) feel deep sorrow about one's actions etc. 2 (also absol.) wish one had not done; resolve not to continue (a wrongdoing

repent /n'pent/ v.

etc.).

repentance

n.

repentant

adj.

[Latin paeniteo]

repercussion

/,ri:pa'kAj(8)n/

n.

1

or reaction following an event or act. 2 recoil after impact. 3 echo. [Latin: related to re-] repertoire /'repa,twa:(r)/ n. 1 stock of works that a performer etc. knows or is prepared to perform. 2 stock of techindirect

niques

effect

etc.

(repertoire

of excuses).

[Latin: related to repertory] /'repatari/ n. (pi. -ies)

repertory

1

per-

formance of various plays for short periods by one company. 2 repertory

/ri:'paetri,eit/ (-ting) re-

theatres collectively. 3 store or collec-

turn (a person) to his or her native land. -n. /ri:'paetri8t/ repatriated person.

tion, esp. of information, instances, etc. 4 = repertoire. [Latin reperio find]

repatriate -v.

repatriation /-'eij(9)n/ n. [Latin repatrio go back home, from patria native

n.

theatrical

plays from a

repertoire.

land]

repay

repertory company company that performs

/ri:'pei/

repaid)

1

v.

(past

and past

part.

pay back (money). 2 make

repayment to (a person). 3 requite, reward (a service, action, etc.) (repaid

repetition

/.repa'tifta)!*/ n. 1 a repeating or being repeated, b thing repeated. adj. repetitive repetitious 2 copy.

/n'petativ/ adj.

,-epetitive strain

injury

repetitive strain injury n. painful esp. hand or arm condition resulting from prolonged repetitive movements,

rephrase

/ri:'freiz/

v.

(-sing) express

S differently. :

repine

/n'pam/

(-ning) (often

v.

representation

769

foil,

by

mat, against) fret; be discontented, [from 2 after repent] I' pine replace /n'pleis/ v. (-cing) 1 put back in place. 2 take the place of; succeed; be I substituted for. 3 find or provide a substitute for. 4 (often foil, by with, by) fill I up the place of. I replacement n. 1 replacing or being \ replaced. 2 person or thing that replaces I another. I replant /ri:'pla:nt/ v. 1 transfer (a plant etc.). 2 plant (ground) again, [ (replay -v. /ri:'plei/ play (a match, recording, etc.) again, -n. /'ri:plei/ reI playing of a match, recorded incident in a game, etc. replenish /n'plemJV v. 1 (often foil, by | with) fill up again. 2 renew (a supply

speech, law case, etc., esp. for newspaper publication or broadcast. 3 common talk; rumour. 4 way a person or thing is spoken of (hear a good report of you). 5 periodical statement on (esp. a school pupil's) work, conduct, etc. 6 sound of a gunshot etc. a reportedly adv. [Latin porto bring]

,

I;

tl

[

I

replenishment

etc.).

plenir from plein

[French

n.

full]

I

replete

by with) or wellI supplied. repletion n. [Latin pleo fill] replica /'replika/ n. 1 exact copy, esp. a duplicate of a work, made by the original artist. 2 copy or model, esp. on a smaller scale. [Italian replicare reply] |'

I

1

/n'pliit/ adj. (often foil,

well-fed,

gorged.

2

filled

|

|

i

!

reply /n'plai/ -v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (often foil, by to) make an answer, respond in word or action. 2 say in answer, -n. (pi -ies) 1 replying (what did they say in reply?). 2 what is replied; response. [Latin replico fold back] repoint /ri:'pomt/ v. point (esp. brick-

work) again.

repopulate

/ri:'pDpjo\leit/

v.

(-ting)

populate again or increase the population

of.

report /n'poit/ -v.

a bring back or give an account of. b state as fact or news, narrate or describe or repeat, esp. as an eyewitness or hearer etc. c relate as spoken by another. 2 make an official or formal statement about. 3 (often foil, by to) bring (an offender or offence) to the 1

attention of the authorities. 4 (often foil, by to) present oneself to a person as having returned or arrived. 5 (also absol.) take

down word

for word,

sum-

marize, or write a description of for publication. 6 make or send in a report. 7 (foil, by to) be responsible to (a superior etc.). -n. 1 account given or opinion formally expressed after investigation or consideration. 2 description, summary, or reproduction of a scene,

reportage /,repo:'ta:3/ n. 1 reporting news for the media. 2 typical style

of of this. 3 factual journalistic material in a book etc. [from report, after French] reported speech n. speaker's words with the person, tense, etc. adapted, e.g. he said that he would go. reporter n. person employed to report news etc. for the media. repose 1 /ri'pauz/ -n. 1 cessation of activity, excitement, or toil. 2 sleep. 3 peaceful or quiescent state; tranquillity. -v. (-sing) 1 (also refl.) lie down in rest. 2 (often foil, by in, on) lie, be lying or laid, esp. in sleep or death. [Latin: related to pause] repose 2 /n'pouz/ v. (-sing) (foil, by in) place (trust etc.) in. [from re-, pose] reposeful adj. showing or inducing reposefully adv. [from repose.

repose 1 ]

reposition

/,ri:pa'zij(a)n/

v.

1

move

or

place in a different position. 2 alter one's position.

repository /ri'pozitari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 place where things are stored or may be found, esp. a warehouse or museum. 2 foil, by of) a book, regarded as a store of inb recipient of secrets 2 [Latin: related to repose ]

receptacle. 3 (often

person,

etc.

formation etc.

etc.

repossess

/,ri:p9'zes/

v.

regain posses-

sion of (esp. property on which payment is in arrears). repossession n. repot /ri:'pDt/ v. (-tt-) move (a plant) to

another, esp. larger, pot.

reprehend

/.repri'hend/

v.

formal

rebuke; find fault with. [Latin prehendo seize]

reprehensible

/,repri'hensib(a)l/ adj.

blameworthy.

represent

1

/.repri'zent/ v. 1 stand for or correspond to. 2 (often in passive) be a specimen of. 3 embody; symbolize. 4

place a likeness of before the mind or senses. 5 (often foil, by as, to be) describe or depict as; declare. 6 (foil, by that) allege. 7 show, or play the part of, on stage. 8 be a substitute or deputy for; be entitled to act or speak for. 9 be elected as a member of a legislature etc. by. 2 [Latin: related to present ]

represent 2 cheque

etc.)

/

(

ri:pn'zent/

representation 1

v.

submit

(a

again for payment. /,repnzen'teij(8)n/ n.

representing or being represented. 2

representational

reprinted.

reprisal

,ri'praiz(9)l/ n.

[medieval

ation,

Latin:

act of retalirelated to

reprehend]

reprise

/n'pri:z/ n.

1

repeated passage

in music. 2 repeated item in a musical programme. [French: related to re-

prieve]

repro

/'ri:prao/ n. (pi. -s) (often attrib.)

colloq.

reproduction or copy, [abbrevi-

reprobate

/'repra.beit/ n. unprincipled or immoral person. [Latin: related to prove] reprocess /ri:'prauses/ v. process again or differently.

reproduce

/ri'prautJV

— v.

express disap-

proval to (a person or oneself) for a fault, -n. 1 rebuke or censure. 2 (often foil, by to) thing that brings disgrace or discredit. 3 state of disgrace or discredit. (or

beyond) reproach

perfect,

blameless. [French reprochier] reproachful adj. full of or expressing reproach, reproachfully adv.

/,ri:pra'dju:s/

v.

(-cing)

1

produce a copy or representation of. 2 cause to be seen or heard etc. again (tried to reproduce the sound exactly). 3 produce further members of the same species by natural means. 4 refl. produce offspring, z reproducible adj.

reproduction

,

n. 1 / ri:pr8 dAkJ(a)n reproducing or being reproduced, esp. the production of further members of the same species. 2 copy of a work of art. 3 (attrib.) (of furniture etc.) imitating an earlier style. 4 quality of reproduced sound, z reproductive adj.

reprogram

/

1

/ri:'praugraem/

v.

(also

reprogramme) (-mm-; US -m-) program (esp. a computer) again or differently, z reprogramable adj. (also reprogrammable).

reproof

/n'pru:f/

formal

n.

1

blame

(glance of reproof). 2 rebuke. [French reprove: related to reprove]

reprove rebuke

/n'pru:v/

(a person,

v.

(-ving)

conduct,

formal

etc.). [Latin:

related to reprobate] reptile /'reptail/ n. 1 cold-blooded scaly animal of a class including snakes, lizards,

crocodiles,

turtles,

tortoises,

2 mean, grovelling, or repulsive person, z reptilian /-'tilian/ adj. & n. [Latin repo rept- creep] republic /n'pAblik/ n. State in which supreme power is held by the people or their elected representatives or by an elected or nominated president, not by a monarch etc. [Latin res concern: related to public] republican -adj. 1 of or constituted as a republic. 2 characteristic of a republic. 3 advocating or supporting republican government. -n. 1 person advocating or supporting republican government. 2 (Republican) a US supporter of the Republican Party, b Ir. supporter of the IRA or Sinn Fein, z republicanism n. republish /ri:'pAbliJ7 v. publish again or in a new edition etc. z republicaetc.

tion

ation]

reproach

above

repudiate

770

thing that represents another. 3 (esp. in pi.) statement made of allegations or opinions. representational adj. Art depicting a subject as it appears to the eye. representative /.repn'zentativ/ -adj. 1 typical of a class. 2 containing typical specimens of all or many classes (representative sample). 3 a consisting of elected deputies etc. b based on representation by these (representative government). 4 (foil, by of) serving as a portrayal or symbol of. -n. 1 (foil, by of) sample, specimen, or typical embodiment of. 2 a agent of a person or society, b commercial traveller. 3 delegate; substitute. 4 deputy etc. in a representative assembly. [French or medieval Latin: related to represent 1 ] repress /n'pres/ v. 1 a keep under; quell, b suppress; prevent from sounding, rioting, or bursting out. 2 Psychol. actively exclude (an unwelcome thought) from conscious awareness. 3 (usu. as repressed adj.) subject (a person) to the suppression of his or her thoughts or impulses, z repression n. repressive adj. [Latin: related to press 1 ] reprice /ri:'prais/ v. (-cing) price again or differently. reprieve /n'pri:v/ -v. (-ving) 1 remit or postpone the execution of (a condemned person). 2 give respite to. -n. 1 a reprieving or being reprieved, b warrant for this. 2 respite, [repry from French reprendre -pris take back] reprimand /'repn,ma:nd/ -n. (esp. official) rebuke, -f. administer this to. [Latin: related to repress] reprint -v. /ri.'print/ print again, -n. /'ri:pnnt/ 1 reprinting of a book etc. 2 book etc. reprinted. 3 quantity

/-'keij\a)n/ n.

repudiate

/n'pju:di,eit/ v. (-ting) 1 a disown, disavow, reject, b refuse dealings with, c deny. 2 refuse to recognize or obey (authority or a treaty). 3 refuse to discharge (an obligation or debt), z

repudiation dium divorce]

Usage

/-'eij(8)n/ n.

See note at

[Latin repu-

refute.

!

I

repugnance /n'pAgnans/ n. 1 antipathy; aversion. 2 inconsistency or in-

;

compatibility of ideas etc. [Latin

pugno

fight]

i

repugnant adj.

1

extremely distasteful.

2 contradictory.

I

>

!

(-sing) 1 drive back by force of arms. 2 a rebuff, b refuse, -n. 1 repulsing or being repulsed. 2 rebuff. [Latin: related to repel] repulsion /n'pAlJXa)n/ n. 1 aversion, disgust. 2 Physics tendency of bodies to repel each other. repulsive /n'pAlsiv/ adj. causing averrepulssion or loathing; disgusting. ively adv. [French repulsif or repulse] repurchase /ri:'p3:tfis/-i;. (-sing) purchase again, —n. act of purchasing again. /'repjutab(a)l/ adj. of good repute; respectable. [French or medieval Latin: related to repute]

{

reputation

/,repju'teij(a)n/ n. 1

what is

generally said or believed about a person's or thing's character {reputation for honesty; reputation of being a crook). 2 state of being well thought of; respectability {lost its reputation). [Latin: related to repute] repute /n'pju:t/ -n. reputation, -v. (as reputed adj.) 1 be generally considered {is reputed to be the best). 2 passing as, but probably not {his reputed father). reputedly adv. [Latin puto think] request /n'kwest/ —n. 1 act of asking for something {came at his request). 2 thing asked for. —v. 1 ask to be given, allowed, or favoured with. 2 (foil, by to + infin.) ask (a person) to do something. 3 (foil, that) ask that. by (or on) request in response to an expressed wish. [Latin: related to require] request stop n. bus-stop at which a bus

by

'

stops only

requiem

if requested. /'rekwiam/ n.

(also attrib. ) chiefly

1

RC Ch.

(Requiem) mass for the

repose of the souls of the dead. 2 music for this. [Latin,

require

=

rest]

/n'kwaia(r)/

v.

(-ring)

1

need;

depend on for success or fulfilment {the

work requires patience). 2 lay down as an imperative {required by law). 3 command; instruct (a person etc.). 4 order; insist

on (an action or measure).

requirement

n.

[Latin requiro -quisit-

seek]

requisite

/'rekwizit/ -adj. required by circumstances; necessary to success etc. -n. (often foil, by for) thing needed (for some purpose). [Latin: related to

require]

requisition

/,rekwi'ziJXa)n/ -n. 1 offiorder laying claim to the use of property or materials. 2 formal written cial

demand

that some duty should be performed. 3 being called or put into service, -v. demand the use or supply of, esp. by requisition order. [Latin: related to require]

requite /n'kwait/

repulse /n'pAls/ -v.

reputable

i

research

771

repugnance

v.

(-ting)

1

make

re-

turn for (a service). 2 reward or avenge (a favour or injury). 3 (often foil, by for) make return to (a person). 4 reciprocate (love etc.). requital n. [from re-, quite '"=

QUIT]

reran past of rerun. reread /ri:'ri:d/ v. {past and past reread

part.

read again, rerecord /,ri:n'ko:d/ v. record again, reredos /'nados/ n. ornamental screen covering the wall at the back of an altar. [Anglo-French: related to arrears, dos back] /-'red/)

re-release

/,ri:n'li:s/ -v. (-sing) release record, film, etc.) again, -n. rereleased record, film, etc. re-route /ri:'ru:t/ v. (-teing) send or carry by a different route. rerun -v. /ri:'rAn/ (-nn-; past reran; past part, rerun) 1 run (a race, film, etc.) again. 2 repeat (a course of action). -72. /'ri:rAn/ 1 act of rerunning. 2 film shown again. 3 repetition (of etc. events). resale /ri:'seil/ n. sale of a thing previously bought. resat past and past part, of resit.

(a

reschedule

-'sked3ual/

/ri:'Jeaju:l,

(-ling) alter the

v.

schedule

of; replan. abrogate, revoke, rescission /-'si3(a)n/ n. [Latin cancel. rescindo -sciss- cut off]

rescind /n'smd/

rescript

v.

/ri:'sknpt/

n.

1

Roman em-

peror's or Pope's written reply to an appeal for a decision. 2 official edict or announcement. [Latin rescribo -scriptreply in writing] rescue /'reskju:/ -v. (-ues, -ued, -uing) (often foil, by from) save or set free from danger or harm. -n. rescuing or being rescuer n. [Romanic: rescued. related to re-, ex- quash] resealreseal /ri:'si:l/ v. seal again. 1

,

able

adj.

research attrib.)

/ri's3:tj\ "ri:s3:tJ7 -n. (often systematic investigation and

study of materials, sources, etc., in order to establish facts and reach conclusions, -v. do research into or for. researcher n. [French: related to search]

Usage The second pronunciation, with the stress on the first syllable, is considered incorrect by some people.

research and development research and development

n.

directed towards the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and processes. resell /ri:'sel/ v. {past and past part. resold) sell (an object etc.) after buying

/n'zemblans/ n. likeness or similarity. [Anglo-French: related to

resemble]

resemble /n'zemb(8)l/

v.

(-ling)

be

like;

have a similarity to, or the same appearance as. [French sembler seem]

resent

/n'zent/ v. feel indignation at; be aggrieved by (a circumstance, action, or

person). [Latin sentio feel] adj. feeling resentment. resentfully adv.

resentful

resentment

n. indignant or bitter feelings. [Italian or French: related to re-

sent]

reservation /,rez8'veiJXa)n/ n.

1

reserv-

ing or being reserved. 2 thing booked, e.g. a room in a hotel. 3 spoken or unspoken limitation or exception to an agreement etc. 4 (in full central reservation) strip of land between the carriageways of a road. 5 area of land reserved for occupation by American Indians etc. [Latin: related to reserve] reserve /n'z3:v/ —v. (-ving) 1 put aside, keep back for a later occasion or special use. 2 order to be specially retained or allocated for a particular person or at a particular time. 3 retain or secure {reserve the right to), -n. 1 thing reserved for future use; extra amount. 2 limitation or exception attached to something. 3 self-restraint; reticence; lack of cordiality. 4 company's profit added to capital. 5 (in sing, or pi.) assets kept readily available. 6 (in sing, or pi.) a troops withheld from action to reinforce or protect others, b forces in addition to the regular army etc., but available in an emergency. 7 member of the military reserve. 8 extra player chosen as a possible substitute in a team. 9 land reserved for special use, esp. as a habin reserve itat {nature reserve). unused and available if required, reserve judgement postpone giving one's opinion. [Latin servo keep] reserved adj. 1 reticent; slow to reveal emotion or opinions; uncommunicative. 2 set apart, destined for a particular use.

reserve price

n.

price stipulated for auction. n.

lowest acceptable an item sold at

member

of the military

reserve.

reservoir

water supply. 2 receptacle for fluid. 3 supply of information etc. [French: related to reserve]

reset

/ri:'set/ v. (-tt-;

/'reza,vwa:(r)/ n. 1 large natural or artificial lake as a source of

past and past part.

reset) set (a bone, gems, a clock etc.) again or differently.

resettle

it.

resemblance

reservist

resign

772

work

/ri:'set(a)l/

again or elsewhere.

reshape

/ri:'Jeip/

v.

v.

(-ling)

settle

resettlement

n.

(-ping) shape or

form again or differently. reshuffle /ri:'jAf(8)l/ -v.

(ling) 1 shuffle (cards) again. 2 change the posts of (government ministers etc.). -n. act of reshuffling. reside /n'zaid/ v. (-ding) 1 have one's home, dwell permanently. 2 (foil, by in) (of power, a right, etc.) be vested in. 3 (foil, by in) (of a quality) be present or inherent in. [Latin sedeo sit] residence /'rezid(a)ns/ n. 1 process of residing or being resident. 2 a place where a person resides, b house, esp. one of pretension. in residence living or working at a specified place, esp. for the performance of duties {artist in residence).

residency residence

1 = permanent or regular

/'rezidansi/ n. {pi. -ies)

1,

2a. 2

engagement of a musician, artist, etc., in one place. resident -n. 1 (often foil, by of) a per-

manent

inhabitant, b non-migratory species of bird. 2 guest in a hotel etc. staying overnight, —adj. 1 residing; in residence. 2 having quarters at one's workplace etc. {resident housekeeper). 3 located in. 4 (of birds etc.) non-

migratory.

residential

/,rezi'denj(a)l/ adj. 1 suit-

able for or occupied by dwellings {residential area). 2 used as a residence {residential hotel). 3 based on or connected with residence {residential course).

residual

/n'zidjual/ —adj. left as a residue or residuum, —n. residual quantity. 1 of the residue of an estate {residuary bequest). 2

residuary /n'zidjuari/ adj. residual.

/'rezi.dju:/ n. 1 what is left over or remains; remainder. 2 what remains of an estate after the payment of charges, debts, and bequests. [Latin residuum: related to residuum] residuum /n'zidjuam/ n. {pi. -dua) 1 substance left after combustion or evaporation. 2 residue. [Latin: related to

residue

reside]

resign /n'zam/ v. 1 (often foil, by from) give up office, one's employment, etc. 2 relinquish, surrender (a right, task, etc.). 3 refl. (usu. foil, by to) reconcile (oneself etc.) to the inevitable. [Latin signo sign]

re-sign re-sign

/ri:'sam/ v. sign again. /,rezig'neij(a)n/

resignation

n.

1

from one's job or office. 2 conveying this. 3 reluctant

resigning, esp. letter etc.

acceptance of the inevitable, [medieval Latin: related to resign] resigned adj. 1 (often foil, by to) having resigned oneself; resolved to endure. 2 resignedly /-nidli/ indicative of this adv.

resilient /n'ziliant/ adj. 1 resuming its original shape after compression etc. 2 readily recovering from a setback. resilience n. [Latin: related to salient] resin /'rezin/ -n. 1 adhesive substance secreted by some plants and trees. 2 (in full synthetic resin) organic compound made by polymerization etc. and used in plastics, -v. (-n-) rub or treat resinous adj. [Latin] with resin. resist /n'zist/ -v. 1 withstand the action or effect of. 2 stop the course or progress 3 abstain from (pleasure, temptation, 4 strive against; try to impede; refuse to comply with (resist arrest). 5 offer opposition; refuse to comply, -n. protective coating of a resistant substance. resistible adj. [Latin sisto of.

etc.).

stop]

resistance n. 1 resisting; refusal to comply. 2 power of resisting. 3 ability to withstand disease. 4 impeding or stopping effect exerted by one thing on another. 5 Physics property of hindering the conduction of electricity, heat, etc. 6 resistor. 7 secret organization resisting a regime, esp. in an occupied country. resistant adj. [Latin: related to resist] resistor n. device having resistance to the passage of an electric current. resit -v. /ri:'sit/ (-tt-; past and past part. resat) sit (an examination) again after failing, -n. /'ri:sit/ 1 resitting of an examination. 2 examination specifically for this.

resold past and past part, of resell. resoluble /ri'zDljub(8)l/ adj. 1 that can be resolved. 2

by

into) analysabJe resolve] resolute /'reza,lu:t/ adj. determined, decided, firm of purpose. resolutely adv. [Latin: related to resolve] (foil,

into. [Latin: related to

resolution

/,rez9'lu:J(a)n/ n. 1 resolute

temper or character. 2 thing resolved on; intention. 3 formal expression of opinion or intention by a legislative body or public meeting. 4 (usu. foil, by of)

solving of a doubt, problem, or quesseparation into components. 6

tion. 5

by into) conversion into another form. 7 Mus. causing discord to pass into concord. 8 a smallest interval (foil,

resource

773

measurable by a scientific instrument, b resolving power. /n'zDlv/ -v. (-ving) 1 make up one's mind; decide firmly (resolved to leave, on leaving). 2 cause (a person) to do this (events resolved him to leave). 3 solve, explain, or settle (a doubt, argument, etc.). 4 (foil, by that) (of an assembly or meeting) pass a resolution by vote. 5 (often foil, by into) (cause to) separate into constituent parts; analyse. 6 (foil, by into) reduce by mental analysis into. 7 Mus. convert or be converted into concord, -n. firm mental decision or intention; determination. [Latin: related to solve] resolved adj. resolute, determined.

resolve

resonant

/'rezanant/ adj.

1

(of

sound)

echoing, resounding; continuing to sound; reinforced or prolonged by reflection or vibration. 2 (of a body, room, etc.) tending to reinforce or prolong sounds, esp. by vibration. 3 (often foil, by with) (of a place) resounding. resonance n. [Latin: related to re-

sound]

resonate /'reza.neit/ v. (-ting) produce or show resonance; resound. resonator n. [Latin: related to resonant] resort /n'zD:t/ -n. 1 place frequented esp. for holidays or for a specified purpose or quality (seaside resort; health resort). 2 a thing to which one has

recourse; expedient, measure, b (foil, by to) recourse to; use of (without resort to violence). -v. 1 (foil, by to) turn to as an expedient (resorted to force). 2 (foil, by to) go often or in large numbers to. in the (or as a) last resort when all else has failed. [French sortir go out] re-sort /ri:'so:t/ v. sort again or differently.

resound

/n'zaund/ v. 1 (often foil, by with) (of a place) ring or echo. 2 (of a

voice, instrument, sound, etc.)

produce

echoes; go on sounding; fill a place with sound. 3 a (of a reputation etc.) be much talked of. b (foil, by through) produce a sensation. 4 (of a place) re-echo (a 1 sound). [Latin: related to sound ] resounding adj. 1 ringing, echoing. 2 notable, emphatic (a resounding success).

resource

/n'zo:s/ -n.

1

expedient or

device. 2 (often in pi.) means available; stock or supply that can be drawn on; asset. 3 (in pi.) country's collective wealth. 4 skill in devising expedients (person of great resource). 5 (in pi.) one's inner strength, ingenuity, etc. -v. (-cing) provide with resources. resourceful adj. (in sense 4). resourcefully adv. resourcefulness n. [French: related to source]

respect respect

/ri'spekt/

-rc.

1

deferential

esteem felt or shown towards a person or quality. 2 (foil, by of, for) heed or regard. 3 aspect, detail, etc. {correct in all respects). 4 reference, relation (with respect to). 5 (in pi.) polite messages or attentions (give her my respects), -v. 1 regard with deference or esteem. 2 a avoid interfering with or harming, b treat with consideration, c refrain from offending (a person, feelings, etc.). in respect of (or with respect to) as concerns. respecter n. [Latin respicio -spect- look back at] respectable adj. 1 of acceptable social standing; decent and proper in appearance or behaviour. 2 fairly competent (a respectable try). 3 reasonably good in condition, appearance, number, size, respectability

etc.

/-

biliti/

n.

re-

spectably adv. respectful adj. showing deference. respectfully adv.

respecting

prep, with regard

respective

adj. of or relating to

con-

each of

several individually (go to your respective seats). [French or medieval Latin: related to respect] respectively adv. for each separately or in turn, and in the order mentioned (she and I gave £10 and £1 respectively). /ri:'spel/ v.

(past

and past part.

respelt or respelled) spell again or differently, esp. phonetically. /,respo'reiJXa)n/ n. 1 a breathing, b single breath in or out. 2 Biol, (in living organisms) the absorption of oxygen and the release of energy and carbon dioxide. [Latin spiro breathe] respirator /'respa.reito(r)/ n. 1 apparatus worn over the face to warm, filter, or purify inhaled air. 2 apparatus for

respiration

maintaining

respire

artificial respiration.

v. (-ring) 1 (also absol.) breathe (air etc.); inhale and exhale. 2 (of a plant) carry out respira-

tion.

/n'spaia(r)/

respiratory

respite

/ri'spiratari/ adj.

1 interval of rest or delay permitted before the discharge of an obligation or the suffering of a penalty. [Latin: related to respect]

/'respait/ n.

relief. 2

resplendent

/ri'splend(a)nt/ adj. brilor gloriously bright.

liant, dazzlingly

resplendence

n.

[Latin

resplendeo

shine]

respond

respondent

-n. defendant, esp. in an appeal or divorce case. -adj. in the position of defendant. response /n'spons/ n. 1 answer given in a word or act; reply. 2 feeling, movement, or change caused by a stimulus or influence. 3 (often in pi.) any part of the liturgy said or sung in answer to the priest. [Latin: related to respond]

responsibility

/ri.sponsa'biliti/ n. (pi

a (often foil, by for, of) being responsible, b authority; managerial freedom (job with more responsibility). 2 person or thing for which one is -ies) 1

responsible; duty, commitment. 3 capacity for rational responsibility).

responsible

conduct (diminished

/n'spDnsab(a)l/

adj.

1

(often foil, by to, for) liable to be called to account (to a person or for a thing). 2 morally accountable for one's actions; capable of rational conduct. 3 of good credit, position, or repute; respectable;

to;

cerning.

respell

rest

774

/n'spond/ v. 1 answer, reply. 2 act or behave in a corresponding manner. 3 (usu. foil, by to) show sensitiveness to by behaviour or change (does not respond to kindness). 4 (of a congregation) make set answers to a priest etc. [Latin respondeo -spons-]

evidently trustworthy. 4 (often foil, by for) being the primary cause. 5 involvresponsibly adv. ing responsibility. responsive /n'sponsiv/ adj. 1 (often foil, by to) responding readily (to some influence). 2 sympathetic. 3 a answerresponsiveing, b by way of answer.

ness

n.

respray -v.

/ri:'sprei/ spray again (esp. a vehicle with paint), -n. /'ri:sprei/ act of respraying. rest -v. 1 cease from exertion, action, etc. 2 be still or asleep, esp. to refresh oneself or recover strength. 3 give relief or repose to; allow to rest. 4 (foil, by on, upon, against) lie on; be supported by. 5 (foil, by on, upon) depend or be based on. 6 (foil, by on, upon) (of a look) alight or be steadily directed on. 7 (foil, by'on, upon) place for support or foundation on. 8 (of a problem or subject) be left without further investigation or discussion (let the matter rest). 9 a lie in death, b (foil, by in) lie buried in (a churchyard etc.). 10 (as rested adj.) refreshed by resting, -n. 1 repose or sleep. 2 cessation of exertion, activity, etc. 3 period of resting. 4 support for holding or steadying something. 5 Mus. a interval of at rest silence, b sign denoting this. not moving; not agitated or troubled; dead, be resting euphem. (of an actor) be out of work, rest one's case conclude one's argument etc. rest on one's laurels not seek further success, rest on one's oars relax one's efforts, set at rest settle or relieve (a question, a person's mind, etc.). [Old English] rest 2 -n. (prec. by the) the remaining part or parts; the others; the remainder 1

estart

2

for the rest as regards

wjoith you).

1 anything

else.

estart -v.

[French r ester remain] start again, -n.

/ri:'sta:t/

of restarting.

I/'ri:sta:t/ act

estate /ri:'steit/ v. (-ting) express again relor differently, esp. for emphasis. 1 statement n.

restaurant

/'resta.mnt/ n. public pre-

Imises where meals may be bought and eaten. [French from restaurer restore] n.

res-

taurant-keeper.

est-cure n. rest usu. of some weeks as la medical treatment. restful adj. giving rest or a feeling of l

rest; quiet, undisturbed. wadv. restfulness n.

home

restfully

n.

restitution

/,resti'tju:J(8)n/ n. 1 restor-

ling of a thing to its proper owner. 2 reparation for an injury (esp. make I

restitution). [Latin]

restive /'restiv/ adj.

1

fidgety; restless. 2

(of a horse) jibbing; refractory. 3 (of a

I

person) resisting control. restively adv. restiveness n. [French: related to REST 2 ] I restless adj. 1 without rest or sleep. 2 I uneasy; agitated. 3 constantly in motion, fidgeting, etc. restlessly adv. restlessness n. [Old English: related to REST restock /rr.'stnk/ v. (also absol.) stock again or differently. I I

I

I

1

t

]

restoration |

i

'

1

/,resta'reij(9)n/ n.

restraint

n. 1

1

restor-

ing or being restored. 2 model or representation of the supposed original form of a thing. 3 (Restoration) hist, a (prec. by the) re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660. b (often attrib.) literary period following this (Restoration comedy). restorative /n'storativ/ -adj. tending to restore health or strength, -n. restorative medicine, food, etc. restore /n'sto:(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 bring back to the original state by rebuilding, repairing, etc. 2 bring back to health etc. 3 give back to the original owner etc. 4 reinstate. 5 replace; put back; bring back to a former condition. 6 make a representation of the supposed original state of (a ruin, extinct animal, etc.). restorer n. [Latin restauro] restrain /n'strem/ v. 1 (often refl., usu. foil, by from) check or hold in; keep in check, under control, or within bounds.

restraining or being re-

strained. 2 restraining agency or influence. 3 moderation; self-control. 4 reserve of manner. 5 confinement, esp. because of insanity. restrict /n'stnkt/ v. 1 confine, limit. 2 withhold from general circulation or disclosure. restriction n. [Latin: related to restrain] restrictive /n'stnktiv/ adj. restricting. [French or medieval Latin: related to restrict]

practice

n.

agreement

that limits competition or output in industry. rest n. esp. US public lavatory. restructure /ri:'strAktj9(r)/ v. (-ring) give a new structure to; rebuild; re-

room

arrange.

restyle

place where old or con1 valescent people are cared for.

rest

2 repress, keep down. 3 confine, imprison. [Latin restringo -strict-]

restrictive

restaurant car n. dining-car. restaurateur /,restara't3:(r)/ I

resurrection

775

some quantity or number, -v. 1 reInain in a specified state (rest assured). (foil, by with) be left in the hands or Ipharge of (the final arrangements rest |j)f

/ri:'stail/

v.

reshape;

(-ling)

remake in a new style. result /n'zAlt/-rc. 1 consequence, issue, or outcome of something. 2 satisfactory outcome (gets results). 3 end product of calculation. 4 (in pi.) list of scores or winners etc. in examinations or sporting events, —p. 1 (often foil, by from) arise as the actual, or follow as a logical, consequence. 2 (often foil, by in) have a specified end or outcome (resulted in a large profit). [Latin resulto spring back] resultant -adj. resulting, esp. as the total outcome of more or less opposed forces, -n. force etc. equivalent to two or more acting in different directions at the same point. resume /n'zju:m/ v. (-ming) 1 begin again or continue after an interruption. 2 begin to speak, work, or use again; recommence. 3 get back; take back (resume one's seat). [Latin sumo sumpttake]

resume

/'rezju.mei/

n.

[French: related to resume] resumption /n'zAmpJ(8)n/

summary. n.

resum-

resumptive adj. [Latin: related ing. to resume] resurface

/ri:'s3:fis/ v. (-cing) 1 lay a surface on (a road etc.). 2 return to the surface. 3 turn up again, resurgent /n's3:d3(a)nt/ adj. rising or resurgence n. [Latin arising again. resurgo -surrect- rise again] resurrect /.reza'rekt/ v. 1 colloq. revive the practice, use, or memory of. 2 raise or rise from the dead, [back-formation

new

from resurrection]

resurrection

/,reza'rekj(8)n/ n.

1

ris-

ing from the dead. 2 (Resurrection) Christ's rising from the dead. 3 revival after disuse, inactivity, or decay. [Latin: related to resurgent]

resuscitate

retractili

776

resuscitate /n'sAsi.teit/ v. (-ting) 1 revive from unconsciousness or apparent death. 2 revive, restore. resuscitation /-'teiJXa)n/ n. [Latin suscito raise] retail /'ri.teil/ -n. sale of goods in small quantities to the public, and usu. not for resale, -adj. & adv. by retail; at a retail price, -v. 1 sell (goods) by retail. 2 (often foil, by at, of) (of goods) be sold in this way (esp. for a specified price). 3 /also n'teil/ recount; relate details of. retailer n. [French taillier cut: related to tally]

retain

/n'tein/ v. 1 a keep possession of; not lose; continue to have, b not abolish, discard, or alter. 2 keep in one's memory. 3 keep in place; hold fixed. 4 secure the services of (a person, esp. a barrister) with a preliminary payment.

reticence

avoidance o saying all one knows or feels, or mor«. than is necessary. 2 disposition t< silence; taciturnity. reticent aa\) [Latin reticeo keep silent] reticulate -v. /ri'tikju.leit/ (-ting) di vide or be divided in fact or appearand into a network, -adj. /n'tikjulat/ reticu lated. reticulation /-'leij(a)n/ n [Latin reticulum diminutive of rete net retie /ri.'tai/ v. (retying) tie again. retina /'retina/ n. (pi. -s or -nae /-,ni:/ layer at the back of the eyeball sensitivr to light. retinal adj. [Latin rete net] retinue /'reti.nju:/ n. body of attendants accompanying an important person /'retis(a)ns/ n. 1

1

;

,

[French: related to retain]

retire

1 fee for securing a person's services. 2 faithful servant (esp. old retainer). 3 reduced rent paid to retain

/n'taia(r)/ v. (-ring) 1 a leave or employment, esp. because o age. b cause (a person) to retire fron' work. 2 withdraw, go away, retreat. 2' seek seclusion or shelter. 4 go to bed. ! withdraw (troops). 6 Cricket (of a bats

unoccupied accommodation. 4 person

man) voluntarily end or be compelled tc

[Latin retineo

-tent-]

retainer n.

or thing that retains.

retake -v.

/ri:'teik/

(-king; past retook;

past part, retaken) 1 take (a photograph, exam, etc.) again. 2 recapture. -n. /'rirteik/ 1 act of filming a scene or recording music etc. again. 2 film or recording obtained in this way. 3 act of taking an exam etc. again. retaliate /n'taeli.eit/ v. (-ting) repay an

office

suspend one's innings. retire into oneself become uncommunicative or unsociable. [French tirer draw] retired adj. 1 having retired from employment. 2 withdrawn from society or observation; secluded.

retirement n.1a one's

life

retiring, b period of as a retired person. 2 seclu-

sion.

injury, insult, etc. in kind; attack in return. retaliation /-'eij(a)n/ n. retaliatory /-'taelj atari/ adj. [Latin talis

retirement pension

such]

retiring adj. shy; fond of seclusion. retold past and past part, of retell.

retard

/n'ta:d/

v. 1

make slow

or

late. 2

delay the progress or accomplishment of. /

(

retardant

adj.

&

n.

ri:ta:'deiJXa)n/ n. [Latin

retarded

adj.

retardation

tardus slow] in mental or

backward

physical development.

retch v. make a motion of vomiting, esp. involuntarily and without effect. [Old English] v. (past and past part. again or differently. retention /n'tenJXa)n/ n. 1 retaining or being retained. 2 condition of retain-

retell

/rii'tel/

retold)

tell

ing bodily fluid (esp. urine) normally evacuated. [Latin: related to retain] /n'tentiv/ adj. 1 tending to retain. 2 (of memory etc.) not forgetful. [French or medieval Latin: related to retain]

retentive

retexture

/ri:'tekstja(r)/ v. (-ring) treat (material, a garment, etc.) so as to restore its original texture. rethink -v. /ri:'8ink/ (past and past part, rethought) consider again, esp. with a view to making changes, -n. /'ri:8irjk/ reassessment; rethinking.

by the State

n.

pension paid above a

to retired people

certain age.

retook past retort angry

1

of retake.

/n*to:t/

-n. incisive, witty, or 1 a say by way of a a retort. 2 repay (an

reply, -v.

retort,

b

make

insult or attack) in kind. [Latin retor-tort- twist] retort 2 /n'to:t/ -n. 1 vessel with a long neck turned downwards, used in distil ling liquids. 2 vessel for heating coal tc generate gas. -v. purify (mercury) by heating in a retort, [medieval Latin 1 related to retort ] retouch /ri:'tAtJ7 v. improve (a picture, photograph, etc.) by minor alterations. retrace /n'treis/ v. (-cing) 1 go back over (one's steps etc.). 2 trace back to a source or beginning. 3 recall the course of (a thing) in one's memory.

queo

retract

/n'traekt/

v. 1

withdraw

(a state-

ment or undertaking). 2 draw or be retractable adj. drawn back or in. retraction

n.

[Latin

retraho

-tract-

draw back] retractile

/n'traektail/ adj. capable of

being retracted.

etrain Jetrain

Jfurther, esp. for

letread

-v.

v.

again or

train

new work,

/ri:'tred/

1

(past retrod;

Jetreat

/n'tri:t/ -v. 1 (esp. of military mforces) go back, retire; relinquish a J position. 2 recede, -n. 1 a act of retreatling, b Mil. signal for this. 2 withdrawal I into privacy or security. 3 place of shelter or seclusion. 4 period of seclusion for prayer and meditation. 5 Mil. bugle-call at sunset. [Latin: related to retract] 'etrench /n'trentJV v. 1 cut down expenses; introduce economies. 2 reduce the amount of (costs). retrenchment n. [French: related to trench] retrial /ri:'trai9l/ n. second or further j

(judicial) trial. !

retribution

n. re/,retn'bju:J(9)n/ iquital, usu. for evil done; vengeance, retributive /n'tribjutiv/ adj. [Latin: i

related to tribute] /n'tri:v/ -v. (-ving)

retrieve

:

1 a regain possession of. b recover by investigation or effort of memory. 2 obtain (information stored in a computer etc.). 3 (of a dog) find and bring in (killed or wounded game etc.). 4 (foil, by from) rescue (esp. from a bad state). 5 restore to a flourishing state; revive. 6 repair or set right (a loss or error etc.) (managed to retrieve the situation). -n. possibility of recovery (beyond retrieve).

retrievable

adj.

retrieval

n.

[French

trouver find]

retriever

n.

dog of a breed used for

retrieving game.

retro

I

/'retrau/ slang -adj. reviving or harking back to the past. —n. retro fashion or style. retro- comb, form 1 denoting action back or in return. 2 Anat. & Med. denoting location behind. [Latin] retroactive /.retrau'aektiv/ adj. (esp. of legislation) effective from a past date. retrod past of retread. retrodden past part, of retread. retrograde /'retra.greid/ -adj. 1 directed backwards. 2 reverting, esp. to an inferior state; declining. 3 "reversed (retrograde order), -v. 1 move backwards; recede. 2 decline, revert. [Latin retrogradior -gress- move backwards] retrogress /.retra'gres/ v. 1 move backwards. 2 deteriorate. retrogression /-'grej(a)n/ n.

retrorocket

retrogressive

etc.

adj.

/'retrau.rokit/ n. auxiliary

rocket for slowing

down

retrospect spect

Mpast part, retrodden) tread (a path etc.) |again. 2 (past, past part, retreaded) put la fresh tread on (a tyre), -n. /'ri:tred/ Iretreaded tyre.

:

returnee

777 /ri:'trem/

a spacecraft

in retroback, [from

/'retra.spekt/ n.

when

looking RETRO-, PROSPECT]

retrospection

,

/,retra spekj(a)n/ n. looking back into the past. retrospective /.retra'spektiv/ -adj. 1 looking back on or dealing with the past. 2 (of a statute etc.) applying to the past as well as the future, -n. exhibition, recital, etc. showing an artist's development over his or her lifetime. retro-

spectively adv.

retrousse /ra'tru:sei/ adj. (of the nose) turned up at the tip. [French] retroverted /'retrau,v3:tid/ adj. (of the

womb)

inclined backwards. related to retro-, verto turn]

retrovirus

[Latin:

any of a group of RNA viruses which form DNA during the replication of their RNA, and /'retrao.vaiaras/ n.

so transfer genetic material into the of host cells, [from the initial + virus] retry /ri:'trai/ v. (-ies, -ied) try (a defendant or lawsuit) a second or further time.

DNA

letters of reverse transcriptase

retsina

/ret'si:na/ n. Greek white wine flavoured with resin, [modern Greek]

retune

/ri:'tju:n/ v. (ning) 1 tune (a musical instrument) again or differently. 2 tune (a radio etc.) to a different frequency. return /n't3:n/ -v. 1 come or go back. 2 bring, put, or send back. 3 pay back or

reciprocate; give in response. 4 yield (a profit). 5 say in reply; retort. 6 (in cricket or tennis etc.) hit or send (the ball) back. 7 state, mention, or describe officially, esp. in answer to a writ or formal demand. 8 (of an electorate) elect as an MP, government, etc. -n. 1 coming or going back. 2 a giving, sending, putting, or paying back, b thing given or sent back. 3 (in full return ticket) ticket for a journey to a place and back to the starting-point. 4 (in sing, or pi.) a proceeds or profit of an undertaking, b acquisition of these. 5 formal state-

ment compiled or submitted by order (income-tax return). 6 (in full return match or game) second match etc. between the same opponents. 7 a person's election as an MP etc. b returning officer's

announcement of

this.

by

return (of post) by the next available post in the return direction, in return as an exchange or reciprocal action, many happy returns (of the day) greeting on a birthday. returnable adj.

[Romanic: related to turn]

returnee I,nt3:'m:l n. person who returns home from abroad, esp. after war service.

returning officer returning officer retying pres. part, retype /ri:'taip/ dl

of retie. (-ping) type again, esp. to correct errors.

reunify store

a

/ri:'ju:ni,fai/ v.

separated z

(esp.

unity,

political

(-ies, -ied) reterritories) to

reunification

reuniting or being reunited. 2 social gathering, esp. of people formerly associated. reunite /,ri:ju:'nait/ v. (-ting) (cause to) come together again. reupholster / ri:Ap'haulst9(r)/ dl upholster anew. /ri:'ju:njan/ n. 1

1

reuse -n.

-v.

(-sing) use again. second or further use. z

/ri:'ju:z/

/ri:'ju:s/

reusable

,-'ju:zab(a)l/ adj.

Rev. abbr. Reverend. rev colloq. -n. (in pi.) number

of revolutions of an engine per minute, -i>. (-w-) 1 (of an engine) revolve; turn over. 2 (also absol; often foil, by up) cause (an engine) to run quickly, [abbreviation] revalue rii'vaelju:/ v. (-ues, -ued, -uing) give a different, esp. higher,

value to (a currency tion /-'eij(a)n/ n.

revamp

etc.).

z revalua-

/ri:'vaemp dl 1 renovate, revise, improve. 2 patch up. Revd abbr. Reverend. (

reveal

/n'vi:l/ v. 1 display or show; allow to appear. 2 (often as revealing adj.) disclose, divulge, betray {revealing remark). 3 (in re/7, or passive) come to sight or knowledge. [Latin velum veil] reveille n'vaeli/ n. military wakingsignal. [French reveillez wake up] revel /'rev(a)l/ -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 have a good time; be extravagantly festive. 2 (foil, by in) take keen delight in. -n. (in sing, or pi) revelling, z reveller n.

revelry

n. {pi. -ies). [Latin:

related to

REBEL]

revelation

a revealthe supposed disclosure of knowledge to man by a divine or supernatural agency, b knowledge disclosed

ing,

revengeful

adj.

/,reva'leij\a)n/ n.

1

esp.

way. 2 striking disclosure. 3 (Revelation or colloq. Revelations) (in the Revelation of St John the Divine) last book of the New Testament.

in this full

revenge

ri'vend3, -n. 1 retaliation for 2 act of retaliation. 3 desire for this; vindictive feeling. 4 (in games) win after an earlier defeat, -v. (-ging) 1 (in refl. or passive; often foil, by on, upon) inflict retaliation for (an offence). 2 avenge (a person). [Latin: related to vindicate]

an offence or injury.

eager for revenge.

revengefully adv.

revenue /'reva.nju:/ n.

1 a income, esp. a substantial one. b (in pi.) items constituting this. 2 State's annual income from which public expenses are met. 3 department of the civil service collecting this. [French revenu from Latin revenio return]

reverberate

/-fi'keij\a)n/ n.

reunion

reverse

778

conducting an election in a constituency and announcing the results. n. official

,n'v3:ba,reit/

v.

(-ting)

1

(of sound, light, or heat) be returned, echoed, or reflected repeatedly. 2 return

sound etc.) in this way. 3 (of an event produce a continuing effect, shock, z reverberant adj. reverberation reverberative -'reij\a)n n. (a

etc.) etc.

[Latin verbero beat] v. (-ring) hold in deep and usu. affectionate or religious respect. [Latin vereor fear] reverence 'revarans -n. 1 revering or being revered. 2 capacity for revering. -dl (-cing) regard or treat with reverence. [Latin: related to revere] reverend 'revarand adj. (esp. as the title of a clergyman) deserving reverence. [Latin reverendus: related to re/-rativ/ adj.

revere

ri'via(r),

vere]

Reverend Mother n. Mother Superior of a convent. 'revarant adj. feeling or showing reverence, z reverently adv. [Latin: related to revere] reverential /.reva'renJXa)!, n. of the nature of, due to, or characterized by reverence, z reverentially adv. [medieval Latin: related to reverenxe] reverie 'revari n. fit of abstracted

reverent

musing, day-dream. [French]

revers

n'via(r)

n. {pi.

same

,-Viaz/) 1

turned-back edge of a garment revealing the undersurface. 2 material on this surface. [French: related to reverse] reverse n'v3:s/ -i>. (-sing) 1 turn the other way round or up or inside out. 2 change to the opposite character or effect. 3 (cause to) travel backwards. 4 make (an engine etc.) work in a contrary direction. 5 revoke or annul (a decree, act, etc.). -adj. 1 backwards or upside down. 2 opposite or contrary in character or order; inverted, -n. 1 opposite or contrary {the reverse is the case). 2

contrary of the usual manner {printed in reverse). 3 piece of misfortune; disaster; defeat. 4 reverse gear or motion. 5 reverse side. 6 side of a coin etc. bearing the secondary design. 7 verso of a printed leaf, z reverse arms hold a rifle with the butt upwards, reverse the

charges have the recipient of a telephone call pay for it. z reversal n. reversible adj. [Latin verto vers- turn]

reverse gear reverse gear

make

a

vehicle etc. go backwards,

reversing light

n. white light at the rear of a vehicle showing that it is in reverse gear. reversion n'v3:J(a)n n. 1 return to a previous state, habit, etc. 2 Biol, return to ancestral type. 3 legal right (esp. of the original owner, or his or her heirs) to possess or succeed to property on the death of the present possessor. [Latin: related to reverse] revert n'v3:t v. 1 (foil, by to) return to a former state, practice, opinion, etc. 2 (of property, an office, etc.) return by reverrevertible adj. (in sense 2). sion, review n'vju: -n. 1 general survey or assessment of a subject or thing. 2 survey of the past. 3 revision or reconsideration (is under review). 4 display and formal inspection of troops etc. 5 published criticism of a book, play, etc. 6 periodical with critical articles on current events, the arts. etc. -v. 1 survey or look back on. 2 reconsider or revise. 3 hold a review of (troops etc.). 4 write a review of (a book. play. etc.). z reviewer n. [French revoir: related to view]

revile

n

vail

v.

abuse verbally.

(-ling)

[French: related to vile]

revise n'vaiz v. (-sing) 1 examine or re-examine and improve or amend (esp. written or printed marten. 2 consider and alter (an opinion etc.). 3 (also absol. go over (work learnt or done) again, esp. for an examination. revisory adj. [Latin reviso

from video

vis- see]

Revised Standard Version

n.

re

vision published in 1946-57 of the American Standard Version of the Bible (itself based on the English RV). Revised Version n. revision published in 1881-95 of the Authorized Version of the Bible. revision n'vi3(a)n n. 1 revising or being revised. 2 revised edition or form. [Latin: related to revise] revisionism n. often derog. revision or modification of an orthodoxy, esp. of

Marxism. revisionist n. & adj. revisit ri:'vizit v. (-t-) visit again. revitalize ri:'vait8,laiz v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) imbue with new life and vitality.

revival

nVaiv(a)l n. 1 reviving or being revived. 2 new production of an old play etc. 3 revived use of an old practice, style, etc. 4 a religious fervour, b

promote

reawakening of campaign to

this.

revivalism

rewarding

779

gear used to

n.

n. promotion of a revival, esp. of religious fervour, z revivalist n. & adj.

revive

1 come or bring back to consciousness, life, or strength. 2 come or bring back to existence, or to use or notice etc. [Latin vivo

n'vaiv

v.

(-ving)

live]

revivify

n'vivi.fai

v.

-ied) re-

(-ies,

store to animation, vigour, or

life,

revivification

[Latin:

-fi'keij(a)n

n.

z

related to vivify] ri'vauk -v. (-king) 1 rescind, withdraw, or cancel. 2 Cards fail to follow suit when able to do so. -n. Cards revocable 'revak8b(9)l revoking.

revoke

:

adj.

revocation

,rev9'keij(8)n/

n.

[Latin voco call]

revolt

ri'vault

—v.

1

rise in rebellion. 2

a affect with strong disgust, b (often foil, by at, against) feel strong disgust. -n. 1 act of rebelling. 2 state of insurrection. 3 sense of disgust. 4 mood of protest or defiance. [Italian: related to revolve] revolting adj. disgusting, horrible, z revoltingly adv.

revolution

,reva'lu:J"(a)n

n. 1

forcible

overthrow of a government or social order. 2 any fundamental change or reversal of conditions. 3 revolving. 4 a completion of an orbit or single rotation, b time taken for this. 5 cyclic recurrence. [Latin: related to revolve] revolutionary -adj. 1 involving great and often violent change. 2 of or causing political revolution, -n. (pi -ies) instigator or supporter of political revolution. revolutionize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing)

change fundamentally.

revolve n'vnlv

v. (-ving) 1 (cause to) turn round, esp. on an axis; rotate. 2

move in a circular orbit. 3 ponder (a problem etc.) in the mind. 4 (foil, by around) have as its chief concern; be centred upon (his

life revolves his job). [Latin revolvo -volut-)

revolver

n.

with

pistol

around

revolving to be

chambers enabling several shots

fired without reloading. revolving door n. door with usu. four partitions turning round a central axis. revue n'vju: n. entertainment of short usu. satirical sketches and songs. [French: related to review] revulsion n'vAlJ(9)n n. 1 abhorrence.

2 sudden violent change [Latin vello vuls- pull]

rew ard n'wo:d r

-n.

1

of feeling.

a return or re-

compense

for service or merit, b requital for good or evil. 2 sum offered for the detection of a criminal, restoration of lost property, etc. -v. give a reward to (a person) or for (a service etc.).

[Anglo-French reward(er) regard]

rewarding

adj.

(of

an activity

worthwhile; satisfying.

etc.)

rewind rewind part,

rhyme

780 /ri:'waind/

(past and past (a film or tape etc.)

v.

rewound) wind

rheumatism,

z

rheumaticky

rheumatically adj.

rewire /ri:'waia(r)/ v. (-ring) provide with new electrical wiring,

reword

rheumatics

/ri:'w3:d/

v.

express in different

words.

rework

/ri:'w3:k/

v.

revise; refashion;

remake, z reworking

rewrite

n.

past rewrote; past part, rewritten) write again or differently, -n. /'ri:rait/ 1 rewriting. 2 thing rewritten. Rex n. 1 (after the name) reigning king (George Rex). 2 Law the Crown (Rex v. -v.

/ri:'rait/

(-ting;

Jones). [Latinl

Rf symb.

rhapsodize

/'raepsa.daiz/

v.

[Greek rhapto

stitch:

related to ode]

rhea

/'ri:a/ n. S. American flightless ostrich-like bird. [Greek Rhea mother name of Zeus] rhenium /'ri:niam/ n. rare metallic element occurring naturally in molybdenum ores. [Latin Rhenus Rhine]

instrument used an electric current by varying the resistance. [Greek rheos stream] rhesus /'ri:sas/ n. (in full rhesus monkey) small N. Indian monkey. [Rhesus, /'ri:a,staet/ n.

to control

mythical king of Thrace] rhesus factor n. antigen occurring on the red blood cells of most humans and some other primates.

rhesus negative

adj.

lacking

the

positive

adj.

having

the

rhesus factor.

rhetoric /'retarik/

art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. 2 lann. 1

guage designed to persuade or impress (esp. seen as overblown and meaningless). [Greek rhetor orator]

rhetorical

arthritis. /'ru:ma,t3id/ adj.

having

rheumatoid arthritis n.

chronic progressive disease causing inflammation stiffening of the joints. n.

imitation

diamond,

Rhine in Germany] -s) colloq.

rhinoceros /rai'nosaras/ n.

(pi. same or -roses) large thick-skinned mammal with usu. one horn on its nose. [Greek rhis rhin- nose, keras horn] rhizome /'raizaum/ n. underground rootlike stem bearing both roots and shoots. [Greek rhizoma] rho /rau/ n. seventeenth letter of the Greek alphabet (P, P ). [Greek] rhodium /'raodiam/ n. hard white metallic element used in making alloys and plating jewellery. [Greek rhodon rose] rhododendron /.rauda'dendran/ n. (pi -s or -dra) evergreen shrub with large clusters of bell-shaped flowers. [Greek

rhodon rose, dendron

tree]

rhomboid /'rDmb3id/-ad/. (also rhom/-'boid(a)l/) like a rhombus, -n. quadrilateral of which only the opposite sides and angles are equal. [Greek: related to rhombus] rhombus /'rumbas/ n. (pi. -buses or -bi

boidal

/-bai/)

Geom. parallelogram with oband equal sides. [Greek

lique angles

rhesus factor.

rhesus

dis-

rheumatoid

/'ramau/ n. (pi. same or rhinoceros, [abbreviation]

(also -ise)

n.

the character of rheumatism.

[river

(-zing or -sing) talk or write rhapsodies. /'raepsadi/ n. (pi -ies) 1 enthusiastic or extravagant speech or composition. 2 piece of music in one movement, often based on national, folk, or popular melodies, z rhapsodic

rheostat

esp.

rheumatoid

rhino

rhapsody

/raep'sodik/ adj.

/'ru:ma,tiz(a)m/

ease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue,

rhinestone

r.h. abbr. right hand.

inflam-

n.pl. (treated as sing.; often prec. by the) colloq. rheumatism.

rheumatism

and

rutherfordium.

RFC abbr. Rugby Football Club. Rh symb. rhodium.

adv.

[Greek

colloq.

rheuma stream] rheumatic fever n. fever with mation and pain in the joints.

back.

/ri'tDnk(a)l/

adj.

1

ex-

pressed artificially or extravagantly. 2 of the nature or art of rhetoric, z

rhetorically adv. [Greek: related

to

rhetoric]

rhetorical question

n.

question used

for effect but not seeking an answer (e.g. who cares? for nobody cares). rheumatic /ru:'maetik/ -adj. of, suffer-

ing from, producing, or produced by rheumatism, -n. person suffering from

rhombos]

RHS abbr.

Royal Horticultural Society.

rhubarb /'ru:ba:b/ «.1a plant with long fleshy dark-red leaf-stalks cooked as a dessert, b these stalks. 2 a colloq. indistinct conversation or noise, from the repeated use of the word 'rhubarb' by a

crowd, b slang nonsense. [Greek rha rhubarb, barbaros foreign]

rhyme

/raim/ -n. 1 identity of sound between words or their endings, esp. in verse. 2 (in sing, or pi.) verse or a poem having rhymes. 3 use of rhyme. 4 word providing a rhyme, -v. (-ming) 1 a (of words or lines) produce a rhyme, b (foil, by with) act as or treat (a word) as a rhyme (with another). 2 make or write rhymes. 3 put or make (a story etc.) into

rhymester rhyme.

[Latin: related to

rhymester

n.

rhythm]

writer of (esp. simple)

slang that replaces words by rhyming words or phrases, n.

by whistle and flute.

rhythm

/'no(a)m/ n.1a periodical accent and the duration of notes in music, esp. as beats in a bar. b type of structure formed by this {samba rhythm). 2 measured regular flow of verse or prose determined by the length of and stress on syllables. 3 Physiol, pattern of successive strong and weak movements. 4 regularly recurring sequence of events.

rhythmic

adj.

rhythmically

rhythmical

adj.

adv. [Greek rhuthmos]

rhythm and blues

popular music with blues themes and a strong rhythm. n.

rhythm method

n. abstention from sexual intercourse near the time of ovulation, as a method of birth control. rhythm section n. piano (or guitar etc.), bass, and drums in a dance or jazz band. rib-rc. 1 each of the curved bones joined to the spine in pairs and protecting the chest. 2 joint of meat from this part of an animal. 3 supporting ridge, timber, rod, etc. across a surface or through a structure. 4 Knitting combination of plain and purl stitches producing a ribbed design, -v. (-bb-) 1 provide with ribs; act as the ribs of. 2 colloq. make fun of; tease. 3 mark with ridges. [Old English] ribald /'nb(9)ld/ adj. coarsely or disrespectfully humorous; obscene. [French riber be licentious] ribaldry n. ribald talk or behaviour, riband /'riband/ n. ribbon. [French

riban]

ribbed

adj.

having ribs or riblike

markings.

ribbing n.

1

ribs or a riblike structure. 2

colloq. teasing.

/'riban/ n. 1 a narrow strip or of fabric, used esp. for trimming or

decoration, b material in this form. 2 ribbon worn to indicate some honour or membership of a sports team etc. 3 long narrow strip of anything (typewriter ribbon). 4 (in pi.) ragged strips (torn to ribbons), [var. of riband] ribbon development n. building of houses one house deep along a road leading out of a town or village. ribcage n. wall of bones formed by the ribs round the chest.

riboflavin

/.raibau'fleivm/

/,raib8nju:'kli:ik/ n.

nucleic acid in living cells, involved in protein synthesis, [ribose sugar] n.

something

amusing,

joke.

rice n. 1 swamp grass cultivated in esp. Asian marshes. 2 grains Of this, used as food. [French ris ultimately from Greek oruza]

rice-paper n. edible paper made from the bark of an oriental tree and used for painting and in cookery. rich adj. 1 having much wealth. 2 splendid, costly, elaborate. 3 valuable (rich

offerings). 4 copious, abundant, ample (rich supply of ideas). 5 (often foil, by in, with) (of soil or a region etc.) fertile; abundant in resources etc. (rich in nutrients). 6 (of food or diet) containing much fat or spice etc. 7 (of the mixture in an internal-combustion engine) con-

taining a high proportion of fuel. 8 (of colour, sound, or smell) mellow and deep, strong and full. 9 highly amusing or ludicrous; outrageous. richness n. [Old English and French] riches n.pl. abundant means; valuable possessions. [French richeise: related to rich] richly adv. 1 in a rich way. 2 fully, thoroughly (richly deserves success). Richter scale /'nkta/ n. scale of 0-10 for representing the strength of an earthquake. [Richter, name of a seismologist] rick 1 n. stack of hay etc. [Old English] rick 2 (also wrick) -n. slight sprain or strain, -v. sprain or strain slightly. [Low German wricken] rickets /'nkits/ n. (treated as sing, or pi.) deficiency disease of children with softening of the bones, [origin uncertain] rickety /'nkiti/ adj. 1 insecure, shaky. 2 ricketiness n. suffering from rickets. rickrack var. of ricrac.

rickshaw

ribbon band

ribonucleic acid rib-tickler

rhymes.

rhyming slang e.g. suit

rid

781

rhyme or reason sense, logic.

n.

(also

riboflavine /-vi:n/) vitamin of the B complex, found in liver, milk, and eggs. [ribose sugar, Latin flavus yellow]

/'rikjo:/ n. (also ricksha two-wheeled hooded vehicle drawn by one or more persons, [abbreviation of jinrickshaw from Japanese] ricochet /'nkajei/ -n. 1 rebounding of /-Ja/) light

esp. a shell or bullet off a surface. 2 hit made after this. -v. (-cheted /-.Jeid/;

-cheting /-.Jeiin/ or -chetted /-jetid/; -chetting /-.Jetin/) (of a projectile) make a ricochet. [French]

ricotta /n'kota/

n. soft Italian cheese. [Latin: related to re-, coquo cook] ricrac /'nkraek/ n. (also rickrack) zigzag braided trimming for garments,

[from rack

1

]

past and past part, rid) (foil, of) free (a person or place) of something unwanted. be (or get) rid of be

rid by

v.

(-dd-;

riddance of;

dispose

of.

[Old

Norse]

riddance

'rid(a)ns

n.

getting rid of

something, z good riddance expression of relief at getting rid of something. ridden past part, of ride. riddle 'nd(8)l -n. 1 verbal puzzle or test, often with a trick answer. 2 puzz1

ling fact, thing, or person, -r. (-ling) speak in riddles. [Old English: related to

read]

riddle 2

'nd(a)l -v. (-ling) (usu.

foil,

by

with) 1 make many holes in, esp. with gunshot. 2 (in passive) fill: permeate (riddled with errors). 3 pass through a riddle, -n. coarse sieve. [Old English] ride -v. (-ding; past rode; past part. ridden 'nd(a)n ) 1 (often foil, by on. in) travel or be carried on (a bicycle etc.) or esp. US in (a vehicle): be conveyed (rode her bike: rode on her bike: rode the tram). 2 (often foil, by on: also absol.)be carried by (a horse etc.). 3 be carried or supported by (ship rides the waves). 4 traverse or take part in on horseback etc. (ride 50 miles: rode the prairie). 5 a lie at anchor; float buoyantly, b (of the moon) seem to float. 6 yield to (a blow) so as to reduce its impact. 7 give a ride to; cause to ride (rode me home). 8 (of a rider) cause (a horse etc.) to move forward (rode their horses at the fence). 9 (as ridden adj.) (foil, by by. with, or in comb.) be dominated by; be infested with (ridden with guilt: rat-ridden cellar), -n. 1 journey or spell of riding in a vehicle, or on a horse, bicycle, person's back. etc. 2 path (esp. through woods) for riding on. 3 specified kind of ride

(bumpy

ride). 4

amusement

for riding

let a thing ride undisturbed, ride again re-

on at a fairground etc. z leave

it

rig

782

freed or relieved

appear as strong etc. as ever, ride high be elated or successful, ride out come safely through (a storm, danger, etc.). ride roughshod over see roughshod. ride up (of a garment) work upwards out of place, take for a ride colloq. hoax or deceive. [Old English] n. 1 person who rides (esp. a horse). 2 additional remark following a statement, verdict, etc. z riderless adj. ridge -n. 1 line of the junction of two

rider

surfaces sloping upwards towards each other (ridge of a roof). 2 long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed. 3 any narrow elevation across a surface. 4 elongated region of high barometric pressure. 5 raised strip of esp. ploughed land. -v. (-ging) mark with ridges, z ridgy adj. [Old English] ridge-pole n. horizontal roof pole of a long tent. ridgeway n. road or track along a ridge.

ridicule

'ndi,kju:l -n. derision, mockery, -v. (-ling) make fun of; mock: laugh

[Latin rideo laugh] adj. 1 deserving or inviting ridicule. 2 unreasonable. at.

ridiculous n'dikjolas

ridiculously adv. ridiculousness n. 'raidin n. sport or pastime of travelling on horseback. riding 2 'raidin n. hist, former administrative division (East. North. West Riding) of Yorkshire. [Old English from Old Norse, = third part] riding-light n. light shown by a ship at

riding

1

anchor.

riding-school

establishment teach-

n.

ing horsemanship.

Riesling

'ri:zhrj

n. 1

a kind of grape. 2

white wine made from this. [German] rife predic. adj. 1 of common occurrence; widespread. 2 (foil, by with) abounding in. [Old English, probably from Old Norse] riff n. short repeated phrase in jazz etc. [abbreviation of riffle] riffle

nffe)] -v. (-ling)

1

(often

foil,

by

through) leaf quickly through (pages). 2 a turn (pages) in quick succession, b shuffle (playing-cards), esp. by flexing and combining the two halves of a pack.

-n. 1 act of riffling. 2 US a shallow disturbed part of a stream, b patch of waves or ripples, [perhaps var. of ruffle]

riff-raff 'rifraef n. (often prec. by the) rabble; disreputable people. [French rif et raf]

rifle

1

—n.

'raif(9)l

rifled barrel, esp.

1 gun with a long one fired from the

shoulder. 2 (in pi.) riflemen, -v. (-ling)

make spiral grooves in (a gun. its barrel, or its bore) to make a projectile spin. [French] 2 rifle 'raif(a)l

v.

(-ling) (often foil,

by

through) 1 search and rob. 2 carry off as booty. [French] rifleman n. soldier armed with a rifle,

rifle-range

n.

place for rifle-practice,

rifle-shot n. 1 shot fired with a rifle. 2 distance coverable by this, rifling n. arrangement of grooves on the inside of a gun's barrel, rift -n. 1 crack, split; break (in cloud etc.). 2 disagreement: breach. 3 cleft in earth or rock. -v. tear or burst apart. [Scandinavian: related to riven] rift-valley n. steep-sided valley formed by subsidence between nearly parallel faults. rig;

5

-v. (-gg-)

1

provide (a ship) with

by out. with clothes or other equipment.

sails, rigging, etc. 2 (often foil,

up)

fit

3 (foil, by up) set up hastily or as a makeshift. 4 assemble and adjust the parts of (an aircraft). -n. 1 arrangement

|i)f a ship's masts, sails, etc. 2 equipment Bbr a special purpose, e.g. a radio transItiitter. 3 = oil rig. 4 colloq. style of rigged Kiress; uniform {in full rig). Yidj. (also in comb.), [perhaps from Scaniinavian] lig2 -i>. (-gg-) manage or fix (a result etc.)

fraudulently (rigged the election), -n. rig h:rick, dodge, or way of swindling, the market cause an artificial rise or I

fall

I

I

j|

in

rigger

prices.

[origin

n.

unknown] igger n. 1 worker on an oil rig. 2 person

who rigs or who arranges rigging, igging n. ship's spars, ropes, etc. ?

j

right turn

78a

ig

ight

/rait/

-adj.

1

(of conduct etc.) just,

morally or socially correct (do the right

2 true, correct (which is the \right way?). 3 suitable or preferable \(right person for the job). 4 sound or \thing).

normal; healthy; satisfactory (engine Idoesn't sound right). 5 on or towards [the east side of the human body, or of any object etc., when facing north. 6 (of a side of fabric etc.) meant for display or use. 7 colloq. real; complete (made a right mess of it). 8 (also Right) Polit. of the Right, -n. 1 that which is correct or just; fair treatment (often in pi. rights and wrongs of the case). 2 justification or fair claim (has no right to speak). 3 legal or moral entitlement; authority to act (human rights; right of reply). 4 right-hand part, region, or direction. 5 Boxing a right hand, b blow with this. 6 (often Right) a conservative political group or section, b conservatives collectively. 7 side of a stage to the right I

:

of a person facing the audience, -v. 1 (often refl.) restore to a proper, straight, or vertical position. 2 correct or avenge (mistakes, wrongs, etc.); set in order; make reparation, -adv. 1 straight (go right on). 2 colloq. immediately (do it right now). 3 a (foil, by to, round, through, etc.) all the way (sank right to the bottom), b (foil, by off, out, etc.) completely (came right off its hinges). 4 exactly, quite (right in the middle). 5 justly, properly, correctly, truly, satisfactorily (not holding it right; if I remember right). 6 on or to the right side. -int. colloq. expressing agreement or assent. by right (or rights) if right

were done, do right by act dutifully towards (a person), in one's own right through one's own position or effort etc. in the right having justice or truth on

mind sane, of having legal or moral etc. entitlement, on the right side of colloq. 1 in the favour of (a person etc.). 2 somewhat less than (a specified age), put (or set) right 1 restore to order, one's side, in one's right (or as of) right

correct the mistaken impression etc. of (a person), put (or set) to rights make correct or well ordered, right away (or off) immediately, right oh! (or ho!) = righto. right on! slang expression of strong approval or encouragement, a right one colloq. foolish or funny person, right you are! colloq. exclamation of assent, too right slang expression of agreement. Tightness n. [Old English] right angle n. angle of 90°. n. one's most reliable helper. right right bank n. bank of a river on the right facing downstream. righten v. make right or correct. righteous /'raitjas/ adj. (of a person or conduct) morally right; virtuous, lawabiding, righteously adv. righteousness n. [Old English] rightful adj. 1 a (of a person) legitimately entitled to (a position etc.) (rightful heir), b (of status or property etc.) that one is entitled to. 2 (of an action etc.) equitable, fair. : rightfully adv. [Old English] health,

etc.

2

arm

hand

= right-hand man. on or towards the right side of a person or thing. 2 done with the right hand. 3 (of a screw) = RIGHT-HANDED 4b.

right

right-hand

n.

attrib. adj. 1

right-handed adj. 1 naturally using the right hand for writing etc. 2 (of a tool use by the right hand. 3 (of a blow) struck with the right hand. 4 a turning to the right, b (of a screw) rightturned clockwise to tighten. etc.) for

-handedly adv. right-handedness

right-hander

n.

right-handed person. 2 right-handed blow. right-hand n. indispensable or n.

1

man

chief assistant.

Right Honourable certain high officials,

n.

given to Privy Coun-

title

e.g.

sellors.

rightism rightist

n.

n.

political conservatism.

& adj.

rightly adv.

justly, properly, correctly,

justifiably.

right-minded

adj. (also right-thinking) having sound views and principles. rightmost adj. furthest to the right. righto /'raitau/ int. colloq. expressing agreement or assent. right of way n. 1 right established by usage to pass over another's ground. 2 path subject to such a right. 3 right of a vehicle to precedence. Right Reverend n. bishop's title. right turn n. turn of 90 degrees to the

right.

1

rightward rightward /'raitwad/ -adv. wards) towards the

(also right-

right, -adj. right.

going

towards or facing the

wing

right

-n.

1

more conservative

section of a political party or system. 2 right side of a football etc. team on the field, -adj. (right-wing) conservative right-winger n. or reactionary. rigid /'nd3id/ adj. 1 not flexible; unbendable. 2 (of a person, conduct, etc.) inflex-

unbending, harsh. rigidity rigidly adv. rigidness n. / [Latin rigidus from rigeo be stiff] rigmarole /'rigma.raul/ n. 1 lengthy and complicated procedure. 2 rambling or meaningless talk or tale, [originally ible,

'd3iditi/ n.

ragman rigor

1

roll catalogue]

feeling of cold with shivering and a rise in temperature, preceding a fever etc. [Latin rigeo

be

/'riga(r), 'raigo:(r)/ n.

stiff]

rigor2 US var. of rigour. rigor mortis /.riga 'mortis/ n. stiffening of the body after death, rigorous /'ngaras/ adj. 1 firm; strict, severe.

2 strictly exact or accurate.

rigorously adv. rigorousness

n.

[related to rigour] rigour /'nga(r)/ n. (US rigor) 1 a severity, strictness, harshness, b (in pi.) harsh measures or conditions. 2 logical exactitude. 3 strict enforcement of rules etc. (utmost rigour of the law). 4 auster1 ity of life. [Latin: related to rigor ] rig-out n. colloq. outfit of clothes. rile v. (-ling) colloq. anger, irritate. [French from Latin] rill n. small stream, [probably Low Ger-

man or Dutch] rim n. 1 edge or

border, esp. of something circular. 2 outer edge of a wheel, holding the tyre. 3 part of spectacle rimless adj. frames around the lens. rimmed adj. (also in comb.). [Old English]

rime

1 -n. 1 frost. 2 hoar-frost, -v. (-ming) cover with rime. [Old English] 2 rime archaic var. of rhyme. rind /ramd/ n. tough outer layer or covering of fruit and vegetables, cheese, bacon, etc. [Old English] ring 1 -n. 1 circular band, usu. of metal, worn on a finger. 2 circular band of any material. 3 rim of a cylindrical or circular object, or a line or band round it. 4 mark etc. resembling a ring (rings round his eyes; smoke rings). 5 ring in the cross-section of a tree, produced by one year's growth. 6 a enclosure for a circus performance, boxing, betting at

races,

ring

784

showing of cattle,

etc.

b (prec. by

the) bookmakers collectively. 7 a people or things in a circle, b such an arrange-

ment. 8 traders, spies, politicians,

etc.,

combined

for profit etc. 9 circu< & lar or spiral course. 10 = gas ring. 11 a w thin disc of particles etc. round a planet ? b halo round the moon. -v. 1 (often foil? & illicitly

by round, about,

in)

make

or draw

Q

a

circle round; encircle. 2 put a ring on (a bird etc.) or through the nose of (a pigjl bull, etc.). run (or make) rings

]

?

o

round

colloq. outclass or outwl (another person). [Old English] 2 ring -v. (past rang; past part, rung) t (often foil, by out etc.) give a deal resonant or vibrating sound of or as of a: bell. 2 a make (esp. a bell) ring, b (absol.^ call by ringing a bell (you rang, sir?). 3 (also absol; often foil, by up) call by telephone (will ring you). 4 (usu. foil, by: with, to) (of a place) resound with a sound, fame, etc. (theatre rang with applause). 5 (of the ears) be filled with a sensation of ringing. 6 a sound (a peal< etc.) on bells, b (of a bell) sound (the

i H

I

hour

etc.).

7

(foil,

by

in,

i

I

ri

o

I

t

(

i

t

[

p I

out) usher in or

j

out with bell-ringing (rang out the Old Year). 8 convey a specified impression (words rang true), -n. 1 ringing sound or tone. 2 act or sound of ringing a bell. 3 colloq. telephone call (give me a ring). 4

\

j

,

specified feeling conveyed by words etc. (had a melancholy ring). 5 set of esp. church bells. ring back make a return telephone call to. ring a bell colloq. begin to revive a memory, ring down (or up) the curtain 1 cause the curtain to be lowered or raised. 2 (foil, by on) mark the end or the beginning of (an enterprise etc.). ring in report or make contact by telephone, ring off end a telephone call, ring round telephone several people, ring up 1 call by telephone. 2 record (an amount etc.) on a cash register. [Old English]

ring-binder

j

,

I

loose-leaf binder with

n.

ring-shaped clasps.

ring-dove n. woodpigeon. ringer n. bell-ringer. be a ringer (or* dead ringer) for slang resemble (a person) exactly.

ring-fence

v.

(-cing) protect or guaran-

tee (funds).

ring finger

n.

third finger, esp. of the

hand, on which a wedding ring is usu. worn. ringing tone n. sound heard after dialleft

ling

an unengaged number,

ringleader

n. leading instigator of a crime, mischief, etc. /'nnlit/ n. curly lock of esp. long

ringlet

ringleted adj. n. person directing a circus performance. ring-pull attrib. adj. (of a tin) having a ring for pulling to break its seal, ring road n. bypass encircling a town. hair.

ringmaster

i

i

ingside lingside

n. area immediately beside a Doxing or circus ring etc. (often attrib.: Mringside view). fungal skin infection n. pausing circular inflamed patches, esp.

Kngworm

pn the scalp. Rink

n. 1 area of ice for skating or etc. 2 enclosed area for rollerIfckating. 3 building containing either of I these. 4 strip of bowling-green. 5 team in

purling

bowls

or curling, French renc rank ]

inse -v.

I

[apparently

(-sing) (often

foil,

from

by through,

1 wash or treat with clean water etc. wash lightly. 3 put (clothes etc.)

\out) 2

'through clean water after washing. 4

by

(foil,

out,

rinsing, -n.

away) clear (impurities) by 1 rinsing (give it a rinse). 2

temporary

J

hair

tint

(blue

rinse).

[French rincer] lot /'raiat/ -n. 1 a violent disturbance !by a crowd of people, b (attrib. ) involved in suppressing riots (riot police). 2 loud uncontrolled revelry. 3 (foil, by of) lavish display or sensation (riot of colour and sound). 4 colloq. very amusing thing or person, -v. make or engage in a riot, read the Riot Act act firmly to suppress insubordination; give warning,

run

1 throw off all restraint. 2 grow or spread uncontrolled,

riot

(of plants)

riotous adj. [French] felP abbr. may he, she, or they rest in z rioter

n.

peace. [Latin requiesca(n)t in pace] 1 -v. (-pp-) 1 tear or cut (a thing) quickly or forcibly away or apart I (ripped out the lining). 2 a make (a hole | S etc.) by ripping, b make a long tear or I cut in. 3 come violently apart; split. 4 rush along. -n. 1 long tear or cut. 2 act of I ripping. let rip colloq. 1 (allow to) I or act without restraint or t proceed I interference. 2 speak violently, rip into colloq. attack (a person) verbally, rip off colloq. 1 swindle. 2 steal, [origin |

Kip

i

[

unknown] 2 rough water caused by meeting currents, [origin uncertain] rip 3 n. 1 dissolute person; rascal. 2

,rip n. stretch of

worthless horse, [origin uncertain] /rai'peanan/ adj. of or on a river-bank (riparian rights). [Latin ripa bank] rip-cord n. cord for releasing a parachute from its pack.

riparian

ripe

adj.

1

(of grain, fruit, cheese, etc.)

ready to be reaped, picked, or eaten. 2 mature, fully developed (ripe in judgement). 3 (of a person's age) advanced. 4 (often foil, by for) fit or ready (ripe for development), ripeness n. [Old English]

ripen

v.

rising

785

make

or become ripe.

rip-off

n. colloq.

swindle, financial ex-

ploitation. /n'pDst/ -rc.

riposte

1 quick retort. 2 quick return thrust in fencing, -v.

(-ting) deliver a riposte. [Italian: related to respond]

ripper n. 1 person or thing that rips. 2 murderer who mutilates the victims' bodies.

ripple

/'np(a)l/ -rc. 1 ruffling of the water's surface, small wave or waves. 2 gentle lively sound, e.g. of laughter or applause. 3 wavy appearance in hair, material, etc. 4 slight variation in the strength of a current etc. 5 ice-cream with veins of syrup (raspberry ripple), -v. (-ling) 1 (cause to) form or flow in ripples. 2 show or sound like ripples.

ripply

adj. [origin

rip-roaring adj.

1

unknown] wildly noisy or bois-

terous. 2 excellent, first-rate. n. coarse saw for sawing wood along the grain. rise /raiz/ -v. (-sing; past rose /raoz/; past part, risen /'nz(a)n/) 1 come or go up. 2 grow, project, expand, or incline upwards; become higher. 3 appear or be visible above the horizon. 4 get up from lying, sitting, kneeling, or from bed; become erect. 5 (of a meeting etc.) adjourn. 6 reach a higher position, level, amount, intensity, etc. 7 make progress socially etc. (rose from the ranks). 8 a come to the surface of liquid, b (of a person) react to provocation (rise to the bait). 9 come to life again. 10 (of dough) swell by the action of yeast etc. 1 1 (often foil, by up) rebel (rise up against them). 12 originate (river rises in the mountains). 13 (of wind) start to blow. 14 (of a person's spirits) become cheerful, -n. 1 rising. 2 upward slope, hill, or movement (house stood on a rise). 3 a increase in amount, extent, sound, pitch, etc. (rise in unemployment), b increase in salary. 4 increase in status or power; upward progress. 5 movement offish to the surface. 6 origin. 7 a vertical height of a step, arch, incline, etc. b = riser 2. get (or take) a rise out of colloq. provoke a reaction from (a person), esp. by teasing, on the rise on the increase, rise above be superior to (petty feelings, difficulties, etc.). rise to develop powers equal to (an occasion). [Old Eng-

ripsaw

lish] n. 1 person who rises from bed (early riser). 2 vertical section between the treads of a staircase.

riser

risible

/'nzib(8)l/ adj. laughable, ludic-

rous. [Latin rideo

rising -adj.

ris-

laugh]

advancing

to maturity or high standing (rising young lawyer). 2 approaching a specified age (rising 1

rising

damp

sloping upwards. -n. revolt or insurrection.

rising damp n. moisture absorbed from the ground into a wall. risk -n. 1 chance or possibility of danger, loss, injury, etc. (health risk; risk offire). 2 person or thing causing a risk or regarded in relation to risk (is a poor risk), -v. 1 expose to risk. 2 accept the chance of (risk getting wet). 3 venat risk exposed to danger, at ture on. one's (own) risk accepting responsibility, agreeing to make no claims, at the risk of with the possibility of (an adverse consequence), put at risk expose to danger, run a (or the) risk (often foil, by of) expose oneself to danger or loss etc. take a risk (or risks) chance the possibility of danger etc. [French risque(r) from Italian] risky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 involving risk. 2 = risque. riskily adv. riskiness n.

risotto /n'zDtau/ n. (pi. -s) Italian savoury rice dish cooked in stock. [Italian]

risque

/'nskei, -'kei/ adj. (of a story etc.) slightly indecent. [French: related to risk] rissole /'nsaul/ n. cake of spiced minced meat, coated in breadcrumbs and fried.

[French] rit. abbr. Mus. ritardando.

ritardando (pi. -s

or -di

/.ritai'daendau/ adv.

/-di/)

Mus. = rallentando.

n. 1 religious or solemn observance, or procedure (burial rites). 2 body of customary observances characteristic of a Church etc. (Latin rite). [Latin ritus]

act,

n.

(often in pi) event in life, e.g.

marking a change or stage marriage.

ritual /'ntjual/ -n. 1 a prescribed order of a ceremony etc. b solemn or colourful pageantry etc. 2 procedure regularly followed, -adj. of or done as a ritual or rite (ritual

murder).

ritually adv.

[Latin: related to rite]

ritualism

n.

tice of ritual. /-'listik/ adj.

regular or excessive pracritualist n. ritualistic ritualistically /-'listikali/

adv.

ritzy

/'ntzi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. highclass, luxurious, showily smart, [from Ritz, name of luxury hotels] rival /'raiv(a)l/ -n. (often attrib.) 1 per-

son competing with another. 2 person or thing that equals another in quality, -v. (-11-; US -1-) be, seem, or claim to be the rival of or comparable to. [Latin rivus stream] rivalry n. (pi. -ies) being rivals; competition.

p

/'nv(a)n/ adj. literary split, torn, [past part, of rive from Old Norse] river /'nva(r)/ n. 1 copious natural; stream of water flowing to the sea or a lake etc. 2 copious flow (rivers of blood). ~ sell down the river colloq. betray or let down. [Latin ripa bank] riverside n. (often attrib.) ground

i

along a river-bank.

rivet /'nvit/ -n. nail or bolt for joining metal plates etc., with the headless end beaten out when in place, —v. (-t-) 1 a join or fasten with rivets, b beat out or press down the end of (a nail or bolt), c fix, make immovable. 2 a (foil, by on, upon) direct intently (one's eyes or attention etc.). b (esp. as riveting adj.) engross (a person or the attention). [French river fasten] riviera /.nvi'eara/ n. coastal subtropical region, esp. that of SE France and Italy. [Italian, = sea-shore] rivulet /'nvjulit/ n. small stream. [Latin rivus stream] abbr. Royal Marines, rm. abbr. room. abbr. Royal Military Academy. abbr. Royal Navy.

NW

RM RMA RN

Rn symb.

radon. ribonucleic acid. abbr. Royal National Lifeboat

RNA abbr.

In-

stitution. n.

rite

passage

riven

RNLI &

[Italian]

rite of

road-holding

786

five). 3 (of ground)

roach

same or

small freshwater fish of the carp family. [French] road n. 1 a way with a prepared surface, for vehicles, pedestrians, etc. b part of this for vehicles only (step out into the road). 2 one's way or route. 3 (usu. in pi.) piece of water near the shore in which ships can ride at anchor, z any road dial. = anyway 2, 3. get out of the (or my etc.) road dial, stop obstructing a person, in the (or one's) road dial. forming an obstruction, one for the road colloq. final (esp. alcoholic) drink before departure, on the road travelling, esp. as a firm's representative, itinerant performer, or vagrant, the road to way of getting to or achieving (road to London; road to ruin). [Old English: related to ride] roadbed n. 1 foundation structure of a railway. 2 foundation material for a road. 3 US part of a road on which n. (pi.

-es)

vehicles travel. barrier set up on a road in order to stop and examine traffic, licence n. disc displayed on road fund a vehicle certifying payment of road tax. road-hog n. colloq. reckless or inconsiderate road-user. road-holding n. stability of a moving

roadblock n.

vehicle.

I

md-house I ad-house

n.

|>ad.

ftadie

land

assistant of a touring erecting and maintaining

n. colloq.

etc.,

Kjuipment.

lad-metal

n.

broken stone used in

I )ad-making etc. wad sense n. capacity for safe be1 aviour in traffic etc. loadsho w n. 1 television or radio series broadcasting each programme from a ifferent venue. 2 any touring

Er

advertising

political

campaign or touring

n.

(often attrib.) strip of land

leside a road. I >ad sign n. sign giving information or nstructions to road users. >adstead n. = road 3. I Ibadster n. open car without rear seats. bad tax n. periodic tax payable on road vehicles. test -n. test of a vehicle's roadivorthiness. -v. (road-test) test (a Vehicle) on the road, loadway n. 1 road. 2 part of a road

Ibad

ntended for vehicles,

loadworks

n.pl.

construction, repair,

lite, of roads.

oadworthy loam

adj.

fit

to

be used on the

roadworthiness

| road.

n.

ramble, wander. 2 travel junsystematically over, through, or about, -n. act of roaming; ramble. -v.

Lroamer

1

n.

[origin

unknown]

loan -adj. (of esp. a horse) having a coat interspersed with hairs of lanother colour, -n. roan animal. [thickly

[French!

roar -n.

made

1

by a

a loud deep hoarse sound, as lion, b similar sound. 2 loud

[laugh, -v. 1 (often foil, by out) utter lloudly or make a roar, roaring laugh, I etc. 2 travel in a vehicle at high speed, esp. with the engine roaring. [Old Eng| lish]

.-oaring drunk predic. adj. very drunk and noisy. roaring forties n.pl. stormy ocean tracts between lat. 40° and 50° S.

j

roaring success n. great success. roaring trade n. (also roaring busiI

ness) very brisk trade or business.

roaring twenties

n.pl.

decade of the

1920s.

roast -v.

roasting. 2 process of roasting. [French rost(ir) from Germanic] roaster n. 1 oven, dish, apparatus,

for roasting. roasting.

roasting

-adj. very hot. -n. severe criticism or denunciation. rob v. (-bb-) (often foil, by of) 1 (also absol.) take unlawfully from, esp. by force or threat (robbed the safe; robbed her of her jewels). 2 deprive of what is

due or normal (robbed of

robber

sleep).

[French rob(b)er from Ger-

n.

robbery

n. (pi. -ies) 1

a cook (food, esp. meat) or (of

food) be cooked in an oven or by open heat (roast chestnuts), b heat (coffee beans) before grinding. 2 refl. expose (oneself etc.) to fire or heat. 3 criticize severely, denounce, -attrib. adj. roasted (roast beef), -n. 1 a roast meat, b dish of this, c piece of meat for

act of robbing. 2

charge or cost. a long loose outer garment, b

colloq. excessive

robe -n.

1

(often in pi.) this worn as an indication of rank, office, profession, etc. 2 esp. US dressing-gown. -v. (-bing) clothe in a robe; dress. [French]

robin

/'robin/ n. 1 (also robin redbreast) small brown red-breasted bird. 2 US red-breasted thrush, [pet form of Robert]

Robin Hood n.

person

who steals from

the rich to give to the poor, robinia /ra'bmia/ n. any of various N. American trees or shrubs, e.g. a locust tree or false acacia. [Robin, name of a

French gardener]

robot /'raubDt/

n. 1

machine resembling

or functioning like a human. 2 machine automatically completing a mechanical process. 3 person who acts mechan-

robotic / - bDtik/ adj. robotize (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [Czech] robotics /rau'bDtiks/ n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) art, science, or study of robot ically. v.

design and operation.

robust /rau'bASt/ adj.

(-er, -est) 1

strong

and sturdy,

esp. in physique or construction. 2 (of exercise, discipline, etc.) vigorous, requiring strength. 3 (of mental attitude, argument, etc.) straightforward, vigorous. 4 (of a statement, reply, etc.) bold, firm, unyielding, n robustly

robustness n. [Latin robur adv. strength] n. gigantic bird of Eastern legend.

roc

[Spanish from Arabic]

rochet /'rotjit/ n.

vestment [French from

surplice-like

of a bishop or abbot.

Germanic]

rock n.1a hard material of the earth's 1

exposed on the surface, b similar material on other planets. 2 Geol. any natural material, hard or soft (e.g. clay), consisting of one or more minerals. 3 a projecting rock forming a hill, cliff, reef, etc. b (the Rock) Gibraltar. 4 large detached stone. 5 US stone of any size. 6 firm and dependable support or protection. 7 hard sweet usu. in the crust, often

1

etc.

2 fowl, potato, etc. for

manic]

Entertainment.

Iiadside

rock

787

inn or club on a major

rock

achieve (esp. sexual) satisfaction, on the rocks colloq. 1 short of money. 2 (of a marriage etc.) broken down. 3 (of a drink) served neat with ice-cubes. [French roque, roche]

rock

2

move

gently to and fro; set, maintain, or be in, such motion. 2 (cause to) sway; shake, oscillate, reel. 3 distress, perturb {rocked by the news), -n. 1 rocking movement. 2 spell of this. 3 a = rock and roll, b rock and rollinfluenced popular music. rock the boat colloq. disturb a stable situation. [Old English] -z;. 1

rockabilly /'roka.bili/ n. rock and roll combined with hill-billy music, rock and roll n. (also rock 'n' roll) popular dance-music originating in the 1950s with a heavy beat and often a blues element.

rock-bottom

-adj. (of prices etc.) the

very lowest, -n. very lowest level. rock-cake n. small rough-surfaced spicy currant bun. rock-crystal n. transparent colourless quartz, usu. in hexagonal prisms. rocker n. 1 curved bar etc. on which something can rock. 2 rocking-chair. 3 devotee of rock music, esp. a leatherclad

motor

cyclist. 4 a

device for rock-

b pivoted switch operating between and 'off positions. off one's rocker slang crazy. rockery n. (pi. -ies) construction of stones with soil between them for growing, 'on'

,

ing rock-plants on. rocket /'rokit/ -n. 1 cylindrical firework or signal etc. propelled to a great height after ignition. 2 engine operating on the same principle, providing thrust but not dependent on air intake. 3 rocket-propelled missile, spacecraft, etc. 4 slang severe reprimand, -v. (-t-) 1 a move rapidly upwards or away, b increase rapidly (prices rocketed). 2 bombard with rockets. [French roquette

from

rogues' gallery

788

form of a peppermint flavoured stick. 8 slang precious stone, esp. a diamond. get one's rocks off coarse slang

Italian]

rocketry

science or practice of n. rocket propulsion. rock-face n. vertical surface of natural rock.

rockfall

n.

descent or mass of loose

fallen rocks.

rock-garden n. = rockery. rocking-chair n. chair mounted on rockers or springs for gently rocking in. n. toy horse on rockers or springs. rock-plant n. plant growing on or

rocking-horse

among

rocks.

rock-salmon esp. the catfish

rock-salt

n.

any of several and dogfish,

n.

common

fishes,

salt as a solid

mineral.

rocky

1

adj. (-ier, -iest) of, like, or full of

rock or rocks.

rocky

2

rockiness

n.

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

tottering, unstable.

unsteady,

rockiness

n.

rococo

/ra'kaukau/ -adj. 1 of a late style of 18th-c. decoration. 2 (of literature, music, architecture, etc.) highly ornate, -n. this style. [French] rod n. 1 slender straight cylindrical bar or stick. 2 a cane for flogging, b (prec. by the) use of this. 3 = fishing-rod. 4 hist. (as a measure) perch or square perch 1 (see perch ), n make a rod for one's own back make trouble for oneself. [Old English] rode past of ride.

baroque

/'raud(a)nt/ n. mammal with strong incisors and no canine teeth, e.g. the rat, mouse, squirrel, beaver, and porcupine. [Latin rodo gnaw]

rodent

rodeo

/'raudiau, ra'deiau/ n. (pi. -s)

1

exhibition of cowboys' skills in handling animals. 2 round-up of cattle on a ranch for branding etc. [Spanish] rodomontade /.rDdamon'teid/ n. boastful talk or behaviour. [French

from

roe

Italian]

/rau/ n. 1 (also hard roe) mass of eggs in a female fish's ovary. 2 (also soft 1

roe) milt of a male

fish.

[Low German or

Dutch]

roe

2

/rau/ n. (pi. same or -s) (also roe-deer) small kind of deer. [Old English]

roebuck n. male roe-deer. roentgen /'rAntjan/ n. (also rontgen) unit of ionizing radiation. name of a physicist]

[Rontgen,

rogation

/rau'geij(a)n/ n. (usu. in pi.) litany of the saints chanted on the three days before Ascension day. [Latin rogo ask]

Rogation Days

n.pl.

the three days

before Ascension Day.

roger /'rod3a(r)/

your message has been received and understood (used in radio communication etc.). 2 slang I agree, [from the name, code for R]

rogue

int. 1

/raog/ n. 1 dishonest or unprincipled person. 2 joc. mischievous person, esp. a child. 3 (usu. attrib.) wild fierce animal driven away or living apart from others (rogue elephant). 4 (often attrib.) inexplicably aberrant result or phenomenon; inferior or defective specimen, [origin unknown] roguery /'raugan/ n. (pi. -ies) conduct or action characteristic of rogues. rogues' gallery n. colloq. collection of photographs of known^" criminals etc., used for identification.

roguish roguish adj.

roisterer n. noisily; be uproarious. [Latin: related to rustic] role n. (also role) 1 actor's part in a play, film, etc. 2 person's or thing's function.

[French: related to roll]

role model n. person on whom others model themselves. role-playing n. (also role-play) acting of characters or situations as an aid in psychotherapy, language-teaching, etc. role-play v. roll /raul/ -v. 1 (cause to) move or go in some direction by turning on an axis (ball rolled under the table; rolled the barrel into the cellar). 2 a make cylindrical or spherical by revolving

between two surfaces or over on itself (rolled a newspaper), b make thus

a cigarette), c gather into a mass or shape (rolled the dough into a ball; rolled himself into a ball). 3 (often foil, by along, by, etc.) (cause to) move, advance, or be conveyed on or (of time etc.) as if on wheels etc. (bus rolled past; rolled the tea trolley; years rolled by; rolled by in his car). 4 flatten or form by passing a roller etc. over or by passing between rollers (roll the lawn; roll pastry). 5 rotate (his eyes rolled; he rolled his eyes). 6 a wallow (dog rolled in the dust), b (of a horse etc.) lie on its back and kick about. 7 (of a moving ship, aircraft, vehicle, or person) sway to and fro sideways or walk unsteadily (rolled out of the pub). 8 a undulate (rolling hills; rolling mist), b carry or propel with undulations (river rolls its waters to the sea). 9 (cause to) start functioning or moving (cameras rolled). 10 sound or utter with vibrations or a trill (thunder rolled; rolls his rs). -n. 1 rolling motion or gait; undulation (roll of the hills). 2 a spell of rolling (roll in the mud), b gymnastic exercise in which the body rolls in a forward or backward circle, c (esp. a roll in the hay) colloq. sexual intercourse etc. 3 rhythmic rumbling sound of thunder etc. 4 complete revolution of an aircraft about its longitudinal axis. 5 anything forming a cylinder by being turned over on itself without folding (roll of carpet; sausage roll). 6 a small portion of bread individually baked, b this with a specified filling (ham roll). 7 thing cylindrical in shape (rolls offat; roll of hair). 8 a official list or register (electoral roll), b total numbers on this, n be rolling in colloq. have plenty of (esp. money), rolled into one combined in one person or thing. (rolled

roll-top

789

playfully mischievous. 2 roguishly characteristic of rogues. adv. roguishness n. roister v. (esp. as roistering adj.) revel 1

desk

roll in arrive in great numbers or quantity, roll on v. 1 put on or apply by rolling. 2 (in imper.) colloq. come quickly (roll on Friday!), roll up 1 colloq. arrive in a vehicle; appear on the scene. 2 make into or form a roll, strike off the rolls debar (esp. a solicitor) from practising. [Latin rotulus diminutive: related to rota] roll-call n. calling out a list of names to establish who is present, rolled gold n. thin coating of gold

applied to a base metal by rolling,

rolled oats

n.pl.

husked and crushed

oats.

roller

n. 1 a revolving cylinder for smoothing, spreading, crushing, stamphanging a towel on, etc., used alone or in a machine, b cylinder for diminishing friction when moving a heavy object. 2 small cylinder on which hair is rolled for setting. 3 long swelling wave. roller bearing n. bearing like a ballbearing but with small cylinders in-

ing,

stead of balls.

roller blind n. blind on a roller. roller-coaster n. 1 switchback at a fair etc. 2 (attrib.) (of emotions etc.) uncontrollable, unstable.

roller-skate -n. metal frame with small wheels, fitted to shoes for riding (-ting) move on roller-skates. roller-skater n. roller towel n. towel with the ends joined, hung on a roller. rollicking /'rolikin/ adj. jovial, exuber-

on a hard surface. —v<

ant, [origin

rolling

unknown]

drunk predic.

adj. swaying or staggering from drunkenness. rolling-mill n. machine or factory for

rolling metal into shape.

rolling-pin

n.

cylinder for rolling out

pastry, dough, etc.

rolling-stock n. 1 locomotives, carriages, etc. used on a railway. 2 US road vehicles of a company. rolling stone n. unsettled rootless person.

roll mop n. rolled uncooked pickled herring fillet. [German Rollmops] roll-neck adj. (of a garment) having a high loosely turned-over neck. roll of honour n. list of those honoured, esp. the dead in war.

roll-on -attrib. adj. (of deodorant etc.) applied by means of a rotating ball in the neck of the container, -n. light elastic corset.

roll-on roll-off adj. (of a ship, etc.) in which vehicles are driven directly on and off. roll-top desk n. desk with a flexible cover sliding in curved grooves.

roll-up roll-up

n. (also roll-your-own) handrolled cigarette.

roly-poly

/.rauli'pauli/

-n.

pudding)

(pi.

-ies)

pudding

(also

roly-poly

made

of a rolled strip of suet pastry

covered with jam etc. and boiled or baked, -adj. podgy, plump, [probably n.

Computing read-only memory,

[abbreviation] abbr. roman (type). /'rauman/ -adj. 1 of ancient Rome, its territory, people, etc. 2 of medieval or modern Rome. 3 = Roman Catholic. 4 (roman) (of type) plain and upright, used in ordinary print. 5 (of the alphabet etc.) based on the ancient Roman system with letters A-Z. -n. 1 citizen or soldier of the ancient Roman Republic or Empire. 2 citizen of modern Rome. 3 = Roman Catholic. 4 (roman)

rom.

Roman

roman

type. [Latin]

Roman

candle n. firework discharging flaming coloured balls. Catholic -adj. of the part of the Christian Church acknowledging the Pope as its head. -n. member of this

Roman

Church.

romance

Roman

Catholicism

n.

/rau'maens/ -n. /also 'rau-/

1

unworldly atmosphere or tendency. 2 a love affair, b mutual attraction in this, c sentimental or idealized love. 3 a literary genre concerning romantic love, stirring action, etc. b work of this genre. 4 idealized, poetic, or

medieval, esp. verse, tale of chivalry, common in the Romance languages. 5 a exaggeration, lies, b instance of this. 6 (Romance) (often attrib.) languages descended from Latin. 7 Mus. short informal piece, -v. (-cing) 1 exaggerate, distort the truth, fantasize. 2 court, woo. [Romanic: related to Romanic]

Usage The alternative pronunciation given for the noun, with the stress on the first syllable, is considered incorrect by some people.

Roman Empire lished by

Augustus

that estabin 27 bc and divided

n.

by Theodosius in ad

hist,

395.

Romanesque

/.rauma'nesk/ -n. style c. 900-1200, with massive vaulting and round arches, -adj. of this style.

of

Romans. [Latin Romanicus: related Roman]

European architecture

Romanian

/rau'memian/ (also

Ruma-

nian /ru:-/) -n. 1 a native or national of Romania, b person of Romanian descent. 2 language of Romania, -adj. of Romania, its people, or language. Romanic /rau'maenik/ -n. = romance n. 6. -adj. 1 a of Romance, b Romancespeaking. 2 descended from, or inheriting the civilization etc.

of,

the ancient

to

romanize

/'rauma.naiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 make Roman or Roman Catholic in character. 2 put into the Roman alphabet or roman type.

romanization

Roman law

roll]

ROM

rondeau

790

/-

zeij(8)n/ n.

law-code of ancient

n.

Rome,

forming

modern

codes.

Roman

nose

the

many

of

basis

aquiline high-bridged

n.

nose.

roman numeral n.

any of the Roman numbers: I = 1, V C = 100, D = 500, M

letters representing

= =

5,

X =

10,

L =

50,

1000.

Romano-

comb, form Roman; Roman and (Romano-British).

romantic /rau'ma?ntik/-ao?/'.

1 of, characterized by, or suggestive of romance (romantic picture). 2 inclined towards or suggestive of romance in love (romantic evening; romantic words). 3 (of a person) imaginative, visionary, idealistic. 4 a (of style in art, music, etc.)

concerned more with feeling and emoform and aesthetic qualities, b (also Romantic) of the 18th19th-c. romantic movement or style in

tion than with

the European arts. 5 (of a project etc.) unpractical, fantastic, -n. 1 romantic romantically person. 2 romanticist. adv. [French: related to romance]

romanticism adherence music,

n. (also

Romanticism)

romantic style in

to a

art,

etc.

romanticist

n.

Romanticist)

(also

writer or artist of the romantic school.

romanticize v. (also -ise) ( zing or -sing) 1 make romantic; exaggerate (romanticized account). 2 indulge in romantic thoughts or actions.

Romany

/'romani/

-n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

Gypsy. 2 language of the Gypsies, -adj. of Gypsies or the Romany language. [Romany Rom Gypsy]

Romeo

/'raumiau/

n. (pi. -s)

passionate

male lover or seducer, [name of a character in Shakespeare] -v. 1 play roughly and energet-

romp

by along, past, etc.) colloq. proceed without effort, -n. spell of romp in (or home) colloq. romping. win easily, [perhaps from ramp] ically. 2 (foil,

rompers young

n. pi. (also child's one-piece

romper

suit)

garment cover-

ing the trunk and usu. the legs.

rondeau

n. (pi. rondeaux / rondau/ pronunc. same or /-auz/) poem of ten or thirteen lines with only two rhymes throughout and with the ppening words used twice as a refrain. [French: related to rondel]

rondel

rondel /'rDnd(8)l/ n. rondeau, esp. one of special form. [French: related to round:

roundel] rondo /'mndau/ n. (pi. -s) musical form with a recurring leading theme. [French rondeau] rontgen var. of roentgen. rood n. 1 crucifix, esp. one raised on a rood-screen. 2 quarter of an acre. [Old cf.

English] n. carved screen separating nave and chancel. roof-rc. (pi. -s) 1 a upper covering of a building, b top of a covered vehicle, c top inner surface of an oven, refrigerator, etc. 2 overhead rock in a cave or mine etc. -v. 1 (often foil, by in, over) cover with or as with a roof. 2 be the roof of. go through the roof colloq. (of prices hit (or go etc.) rise dramatically,

rood-screen

through) the roof colloq. become very angry. [Old English]

roof-garden

garden on the

n.

flat

roof

of a building.

roofing n. material for a roof, roof of the mouth n. palate, roof-rack n. framework for luggage on top of a vehicle. 1 outer surface of a roof. 2 (in pi.) tops of houses etc. shout it from the rooftops make a thing embarrassingly public. roof-tree n. ridge-piece of a roof. rook /rok/ -n. black bird of the crow family nesting in colonies, —v. 1 colloq. charge (a customer) extortionately. 2

rooftop n.

1

win money

rook

at cards etc., esp.

by swind-

[Old English]

ling.

2

/ruk/ n. chess piece with a battle-

ment-shaped

rookery

n.

top. (pi.

[French from Arabic] colony of rooks,

-ies)

penguins, or seals.

rookie

/'ruki/

n.

slang

new

recruit,

[corruption of recruit]

room /ru:m/ -n.

1

space

for,

or occupied

by, something; capacity (takes

up

too 2 walls,

much room; room for improvement). a part of a building enclosed by floor,

and

ceiling,

b

(in pi.)

apartments

or lodgings, c people in a room (room US have room(s); lodge, board. [Old English] rooming-house n. lodging house. fell silent), -v.

room-mate

room

n.

person sharing a room.

service

in a hotel

roomy

n.

provision of food

etc.

bedroom.

adj. (-ier, -iest)

room, spacious.

having

roominess

much

n.

roost -n. branch or perch for a bird, esp. to sleep, —v. settle for rest or sleep.

come home recoil hrost]

rooster

Roquefort

791

to roost (of a scheme etc.) unfavourably. [Old English n.

domestic cock.

root -n. 1

1 a part of a plant normally below the ground, conveying nourish-

ment from the soil, b (in pi. ) branches or fibres of this, c small plant with a root for transplanting. 2 a plant with an edible root, b such a root. 3 (in pi.) emotional attachment or family ties to a

place or community. 4 a embedded part of a hair, tooth, nail, etc. b part of a thing attaching it to a greater whole. 5 (often attrib.) basic cause, source, nature, or origin (root of all evil, roots in the distant past; root cause; the root of things). 6 a number that when multiplied by itself a usu. specified number of times gives a specified number or quantity (cube root of eight is two), b square root, c value of an unknown quantity satisfying a given equation. 7 core of a word, without prefixes, suffixes, 1 (cause to) take root; grow etc. roots (root them firmly). 2 (esp. as rooted adj.) fix firmly; establish (rooted objection to; reaction rooted in fear). 3 (usu. foil, by out, up) drag or dig up by the roots. root and branch thoroughly), radical(ly). root out find and get rid of. strike (or take) root

1

begin

grow and draw nourishment from the soil. 2 become established. rootless to

adj. [Old English]

root 2

v. 1 (also absol.) (often foil, by up) turn up (the ground) with the snout, beak, etc., in search of food. 2 a (foil, by around, in, etc.) rummage, b (foil, by out or up) find or extract by rummaging. 3 (foil, by for) US slang encourage by applause or support. [Old English and Old Norse] rootstock n. 1 rhizome. 2 plant into which a graft is inserted. 3 primary

form from which offshoots have arisen. stout cord made by twisting together strands of hemp, wire, etc. b piece of this. 2 (foil, by of) quantity of

rope -/i.1a

onions, pearls, etc. strung together. 3 (prec. by the) a halter for hanging a person, b execution by hanging, -v. (-ping) 1 fasten, secure, or catch with rope. 2 (usu. foil, by off, in) enclose with rope. 3 Mountaineering connect with or know (or learn or attach to a rope. show) the ropes know (or learn or show) how to do a thing properly, rope in persuade to take part, rope into persuade to take part in (roped into washing up). [Old English]

rope-ladder

n. two ropes with crossused as a ladder. (also ropey) (-ier, -iest) colloq. poor in quality. ropiness n.

pieces,

ropy adj.

Roquefort

/'rDkfo:(r)/ n. propr. soft blue cheese made from ewes' milk. [Roquefort in France]

ro-ro ro-ro off,

/'raurau/ attrib. adj. roll-on roll-

[abbreviation]

rorqual dorsal

rotten

792

whale with a [French from Norwegian]

/'ra:kw(a)l/

fin.

n.

Rorschach

test /'ro:Ja:k/ n. personbased on the subject's interpretation of a standard set of ink-blots. ality test

name

of a psychiatrist] /rau'zeijas/ adj. of a large plant family including the rose. [Latin: related to rose ] Ch. rosary /'rauzari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

[Rorschach,

rosaceous

1

RC

repeated sequence of prayers. 2 string of beads for keeping count in this. [Latin rosarium rose-garden] rose /rauz/ -n. 1 prickly bush or shrub bearing usu. fragrant red, pink, yellow, or white flowers. 2 this flower. 3 flowering plant resembling this (Christmas rose). 4 a pinkish-red colour, b (usu. in pi.) rosy complexion (roses in her cheeks). 5 of a sprinkling-nozzle watering-can etc. 6 circular electric 7 a relight mounting on a ceiling. presentation of a rose in heraldry etc. b rose-shaped design. 8 (in pi.) used to express luck, ease, success, etc. (roses all the way, everything's roses), -adj. 1

= rose-coloured 1. [Latin rosa] rose 2 past of rise. rose /'rauzei/ n. light pink wine. [French]

rosebowl n. bowl for cut roses, esp. as a prize in a competition., n. 1 bud of a rose. 2 pretty

rosebud

young woman. rose-bush n. rose plant. rose-coloured adj. 1 pinkish-red. optimistic,

cheerful

(wears

2

rose-

coloured glasses).

rose-hip

n.

- hip 2

.

rosemary

/'rauzmari/ n. evergreen fragrant shrub used as a herb, [rosmarine from Latin ros dew: related to mar-

ine]

rosette

rose-shaped ornament of ribbon etc., esp. as a supporter's badge or as a prize in a competition. 2 rose-shaped carving. [French diminutive: related to rose ] /rau'zet/ n. 1

1

rose-water

n.

perfume made from

roses.

rose- window

n.

circular

window with

roselike tracery.

rosewood

n. any of several fragrant close-grained woods used in making furniture. rosin /'rnzm/ -n. resin, esp. in solid form. —u. (-n-) rub (esp. a violin bow etc.) with rosin, [alteration of resin] /'rnspa/ abbr. Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, roster /'rosta(r)/ -n. list or plan of turns of duty etc. -v. place on a roster. [Dutch

RoSPA

rooster, literally 'gridiron']

rostrum

/'rnstram/ n. (pi. rostra or -s) platform for public speaking, an orches-

tral conductor, etc. [Latin]

rosy

/'rauzi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 pink or red. 2 optimistic, hopeful (rosy future).

rosily adv. rosiness

rot -v.

(-tt-) 1

n.

animal or vegetable original form by the

(of

matter) lose its chemical action of bacteria, fungi, etc.; decay. 2 gradually perish or waste away (left to rot in prison). 3 cause to rot, make rotten, -n. 1 rotting; decay. 2 slang nonsense (talks rot). 3 decline in standards etc. (rot set in), -int. expressing incredulity or ridicule. [Old English]

rota /'rauta/ n. list of duties to be done or names of people to do them in turn; roster. [Latin, = wheel]

Rotarian

/rau'tearian/ -n. member of Rotary, -adj. of Rotary. rotary /'rautan/ -adj. acting by rotation (rotary drill), -n. (pi. -ies) 1 rotary machine. 2 (Rotary) (in full

Rotary

International)

worldwide

charitable society of businessmen, orig. entertaining in rotation, [medieval Latin: related to rota] Rotary Club n. local branch of Rotary.

rotate /rau'teit/ v. (-ting) 1 move round an axis or centre, revolve. 2 take or arrange

(esp. crops) in rotation. 3 act or take place in rotation (chairmanship will rotate), z rotatable adj. rotatory

/'raotatan, -'teitan/ adj. [Latin: related to rota] rotation /rau'teij(a)n/ n. 1 rotating or being rotated. 2 recurrence; recurrent series or period; regular succession. 3 the growing of different crops in regular order to avoid exhausting the soil. rotational adj. Rotavator /'rauta,veita(r)/ n. (also

Rotovator) propr. machine with a rotating blade for breaking up or tilling the soil, [from rotary, cultivator] rote n. (usu. prec. by by; also attrib.) mechanical or habitual repetition (in order to memorize) (rote learning), [origin unknown]

rot-gut n. slang cheap harmful alcohol. rotisserie /rau'tisan/ n. 1 restaurant etc. where meat is roasted or barbecued. 2 rotating spit for roasting or barbecuing meat. [French: related to roast] /'raota(r)/ n. 1 rotary part of a machine. 2 rotary aerofoil on a helicopter, providing lift, [related to rotate] Rotovator var. of Rotavator.

rotor

rotten

/'ri)t(a)n/ adj. (-er, -est) 1

rotting

or rotted; fragile from age or use. 2 morally or politically corrupt. 3 slang a disagreeable, unpleasant, bad (had a rotten time), b worthless (rotten idea), c

rotten borough

MP

Rottweiler

/'rDt,vail8(r), -,waila(r)/ n.

black-and-tan dog noted for ferocity. [Rottweil in Germany] rotund /rau'tAnd/ adj. 1 plump, podgy. 2 (of speech etc.) sonorous, grandiloquent. rotundity n. [Latin rotundus: related to rota] rotunda /rau'tAnda/ n. circular build-

room, esp. domed. [Italian rotonda: related to rotund] rouble /'ru:b(a)l/ n. (also ruble) chief monetary unit of Russia etc. [French from Russian] roue /'ru:ei/ n. (esp. elderly) debauchee. ing, hall, or

[French]

rouge /ru:3/ -n.

red cosmetic for colouring the cheeks, -v. (-ging) 1 colour with or apply rouge. 2 become red, blush. [Latin rubeus red] rough /rAf/ -adj. 1 uneven or bumpy, not smooth, level, or polished. 2 shaggy or coarse-haired. 3 boisterous, coarse; violent, not mild, quiet, or gentle {rough fellow, rough play; rough sea). 4 (of wine etc.) sharp or harsh in taste. 5 harsh, insensitive {rough words; rough treatment). 6 a unpleasant, severe, demanding {had a rough time), b unfortunate; undeserved {had rough luck), c (often foil, by on) hard or unfair (towards). 7 lacking finish etc. 8 incomplete, rudimentary, approximate {rough attempt; rough sketch; rough estimate). 9 (of stationery etc.) used for rough notes etc. 10 colloq. unwell; depressed (feeling rough), -adv. in a rough manner {play rough), -n. 1 (usu.

by the) hardship (take the rough with the smooth). 2 rough ground, esp.

prec.

on a golf-course

(ball went into the rough). 3 violent person (bunch of roughs). 4 unfinished or natural state (written it in rough), -v. 1 (foil, by up) ruffle (feathers, hair, etc.), esp. by rubbing. 2 (foil, by out, in) shape, plan, or sketch roughly. rough it colloq. do without basic comforts, rough up slang attack violently. roughish adj. roughness n. [Old English] roughage n. coarse fibrous material in food, stimulating intestinal action. rough-and-ready adj. crude but effective; not over-particular. rough-and-tumble -adj. irregular, scrambling, disorderly, —n. disorderly fight; scuffle.

round

793

rottenly adv. rottenill (feel rotten), ness n. [Old Norse: related to rot] rotten borough n. hist, (before 1832) though English borough electing an having very few voters. rotter n. slang nasty or contemptible person, [from rot]

roughcast -n. lime and

(often attrib.) plaster of gravel, used on outside walls.

-adj. (of a plan etc.) roughly formed, preliminary, -v. (past and past part. -cast) 1 coat with roughcast. 2 prepare in outline.

rough diamond n.

X uncut diamond. 2 rough-mannered but honest person.

rough-dry

dry (clothes) without

v.

ironing.

roughen v. make or become rough. rough-hewn adj. uncouth, unrefined. rough house n. slang disturbance or row; boisterous play.

rough justice approximately

n.

1

treatment that

is

2 unjust treatment. in a rough manner. 2 approximately (roughly 20 people).

roughly

adv.

fair.

1

roughly speaking approximately. colloq. 1 worker on an rig. 2 rough or rowdy person.

oil

who breaks

in

roughneck n. rough-rider

n.

person

or rides unbroken horses. roughshod adj. (of a horse) having shoes with nail-heads projecting to prevent slipping. ride roughshod over treat inconsiderately or arrogantly. roulade /ru:'la:d/ n. 1 rolled piece of meat, sponge, etc. with a filling. 2 quick succession of notes, usu. sung to one syllable. [French rouler roll]

roulette /ru:'let/ n. gambling game in which a ball is dropped on to a revolving numbered wheel. [French, = little wheel]

round

-adj. 1 shaped like a circle, sphere, or cylinder; convex; circular, curved, not angular. 2 done with or involving circular motion. 3 entire, continuous, complete (round dozen). 4 candid, outspoken. 5 (usu. attrib.) (of a number) expressed for brevity as a com-

plete number (£297.32, or in round figures £300). 6 (of a voice, style, etc.) flowing, sonorous, -n. 1 round object or form. 2 a revolving motion or course (yearly round), b recurring series of activities, meetings, etc. (continuous round of pleasure; round of talks). 3 a fixed route for deliveries (milk round). b route etc. for supervision or inspec(watchman's round; doctor's tion rounds). 4 drinks etc. for all members of a group. 5 a one bullet, shell, etc. b act of firing this. 6 a slice from a loaf of bread, b sandwich made from two slices, c joint of beef from the haunch. 7 set, series, or sequence of actions in turn, esp.: a one spell of play in a game etc. b one stage in a competition. 8 Golf playing of all the holes in a course once. 9 song for unaccompanied voices overlapping at intervals. 10 rung of a ladder. 11 (foil, by of) circumference or extent of (in all the

roundabout

to the starting-point or

an earlier state

{summer soon comes round).

3 with

an opposite position, opinion, etc. (turned round to look; soon won them round). 4 to, at, or affecting a change

to

circumference, area, group, etc. (tea was handed round; may I look round?). 5 in every direction within a radius (spread destruction round). 6 circuitously (go the long way round). 7 to a person's house, a convenient place, etc. (ask him round; will be round soon; brought the car round). 8 measuring (a specified distance) in girth, -prep. 1 so as to encircle or enclose (a blanket round him). 2 at or to points on the circumference of (sat round the table). 3 with successive visits to (hawks them round the cafes). 4 within a radius of (towns round Birmingham). 5 having as an axis or central point (planned a book round the War). 6 a so as to pass in a curved course (go round the corner). b having so passed (be round the corner), c in the resulting position (find them round the corner), -v. 1 give or take a round shape. 2 pass round (a

by up, down) express (a number) approximately, for brevity, z go the round (or rounds) (of news etc.) be passed on. in the round 1 with all features shown; all things considered. 2 with the audience on at least three sides of the stage. 3 (of sculpture) with all sides shown, round about 1 all round; on all sides (of). 2 approximately (round about £50). corner, cape,

routine

794

round of Nature), -adv. 1 with circular motion {wheels go round). 2 with return

3 (usu.

etc.).

foil,

roundelay

/'raundi.lei/ n. short

simple

song with a refrain, [alteration of French rondelet diminutive: related to roundel]

rounder

n.

game

(in pi; treated as sing.)

1

which players hit the ball and run through a round of bases. 2 complete run as a unit of scoring in ball

in

rounders.

Roundhead

member

hist,

n.

of the

Parliamentary party in the English Civil War.

roundly

bluntly, severely (told

adv.

them roundly).

round robin

1 petition, esp. with signatures in a circle to conceal the order of writing. 2 US tournament in which each competitor plays every

n.

other.

round-shouldered

adj.

having

shoulders bent forward and a rounded back. roundsman n. tradesman's employee delivering goods.

Round Table n.

1 international charitable association. 2 (round table) assembly for discussion, esp. at a confer-

ence (often

attrib.

round trip n.

:

round-table talks).

trip to

one or more places

and back again.

round-up n. 1 2 summary or

roundworm

systematic rounding up. resume, worm with a rounded

n.

body.

rouse

/rauz/

2 (often

make

v.

(-sing)

1

(cause to) wake.

by up, often

refl.) stir up, active or excited (was 3 anger (terrible roused). 4 evoke (feelings), [origin

or

roused

foil,

become

to protest).

when round and round several times round, unknown] round the bend see bend round off rousing adj. exciting, stirring (rousing make complete or less angular, round song). on attack unexpectedly, esp. verbally, roustabout /'rausta.baut/ n. 1 labourer round out 1 provide with more details. /jOn an oil rig. 2 unskilled or casual 2 complete, finish, round the twist see Flabourer. [roust rout out, rouse] rout -/*. 1 disorderly retreat of defeated twist, round up 1 collect or bring troops (put them to rout). 2 overthrow, together. 2 = sense 3 of v. : roundish defeat, -v. put to flight, defeat. [French: adj. roundness n. [Latin: related to 1

,

1

rotund]

related to route]

roundabout

-n.

1

road junction at

which traffic circulates in one direction round a central island. 2 a large revolving device for children to ride on in a playground, b = merry-go-round 1. -adj. circuitous.

round brackets form

n.pl.

brackets of the

2 of root ] or course taken (esp. regularly) from one place to another, -v. (-teing) send, forward, or direct by a particular route. [French route road, from Latin rupta (via)]

rout 2 v. = root2 [var. route /ru.t/ -n. way ,

route

march

n.

training-march for

troops.

( ).

round dance n. dance in which couples

routine /ru:

dancers form one

ti:n -n. 1 regular course or procedure, unvarying performance of certain acts. 2 set sequence in a dance,

1 circular mark, military aircraft. 2 small disc, esp. a medallion. [French rondel(le): related to round]

act, etc. 3 Computing sequence of instructions for a particular task. -adj. 1 performed as part of a routine (routine duties). 2 of a customary or

move

in circles or

large circle.

roundel esp.

/'raund(a)l/ n.

identifying

comedy

roux roux

adv.

same) mixture of

/ru:/ n. (pi.

fat

and

flour used in sauces etc. [French] rove v. (-ving) 1 wander without settling; roam, ramble. 2 (of eyes) look 1

.

/rau/ n. 1 line of persons or things. 2 line of seats across a theatre etc. 3 street 1

with houses along one or each side. in a row 1 forming a row. 2 colloq. in succession (two days in a row). [Old English]

row 2

/rau/ -v. 1 (often absol.) propel (a boat) with oars. 2 convey (a passenger) thus. -n. 1 spell of rowing. 2 trip in a rowing-boat, rower n. [Old English] row 3 /rau/ colloq. -n. 1 loud noise or commotion. 2 fierce quarrel or dispute. 3 severe reprimand, -v. 1 make or engage in a row. 2 reprimand, [origin i

;

rowan-berry)

scarlet berry. [Scan-

its

US = rowing-boat.

n.

/'raodi/ -adj. (-ier, -iest)

and disorderly, -n. son,

(pi. -ies)

noisy

rowdy

per-

d rowdily adv. rowdiness

n.

rowdyism n. [origin unknown] rowel /'raual/ n. spiked revolving disc at the end of a spur. [Latin rotella diminutive: related to rota] rowing-boat n. small boat propelled by

device on a boat's side for holding an oar in place, [oarlock from Old English: related to oar, lock ] royal /'roial/ -adj. 1 of, suited to, or worthy of a king or queen. 2 in the service or under the patronage of a king or queen. 3 of the family of a king or queen. 4 majestic, splendid. 5 exceptional, first-rate (had a royal time), -n. colloq. member of the royal family. royally adv. [Latin: related to regal] royal blue adj. & n. (as adj. often /'mlak/

n.

1

hyphenated) deep vivid blue.

Royal British Legion sociation of

n.

national as-

ex-members of the armed

founded in

1921.

Royal Commission

n. commission of inquiry appointed by the Crown at the request of Government. royal family n. family of a sovereign.

royal flush headed by an royal icing cakes.

1

1

royalism n.

n.

substance secreted by fed by them to future

worker bees and queen bees. marine

Royal Navy royalty

n.

British

marine

(see

n. 1). n.

British navy. royal office, dig-

n. (pi. -ies) 1

power; being royal. 2 a royal persons, b member of a royal family. 3 percentage of profit from a book, public performance, patent, etc. paid to the author etc. 4 a royal right (now esp. over minerals) granted by the sovereign, b payment made by a producer of minnity, or

erals etc. to the owner of the site etc. [French: related to royal]

royal warrant

n. warrant authorizing a tradesperson to supply goods to a specified royal person. royal 'we' n. use of 'we' instead of by a single person. RP abbr. received pronunciation.

T

rpm abbr.

retail price index,

RPO abbr.

revolutions per minute. Royal Philharmonic Orches-

tra.

abbr. 1 Royal Society of Arts. 2 Royal Scottish Academy; Royal Scottish Academician. RSC abbr. Royal Shakespeare Company.

RSI

abbr. repetitive strain injury. rolled steel joist abbr. Regimental Sergeant-Major. abbr. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. abbr. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. abbr. Revised Standard Version (of the Bible). abbr. (in an invitation etc.) please

RSJ abbr.

RSM

RSPB

RSPCA

oars.

rowlock

forces,

War.

royal jelly

RSA

dinavian]

rowdy

Civil

n.

RPI abbr.

unknown]

rowan /'rauan/ n. (in full rowan-tree) 1 Scot. & N.Engl, mountain ash. 2 (in full row-boat

hist,

supporter of monarchy, or of the royal side in the English

royalist

Royal Marine

about, [probably Scandinavian]

rove 2 past of reeve 2 rover1 n. wanderer. rover2 n. pirate. [Low German or Dutch] roving eye n. tendency to infidelity.

row

rub

795

routinely kind. [French: related to route]

standard

straight poker flush

n.

ace. n.

hard white icing for

RS V

RS VP

answer.

[French

repondez

s'il

vous

plait] rt. abbr. right.

Rt. Hon. abbr. Right Honourable. Rt. Revd. abbr. (also Rt. Rev.) Right Reverend. RU abbr. Rugby Union. Ru symb. ruthenium. rub -v. (-bb-) 1 move something, esp. one's hand, with firm pressure over the surface of. 2 (usu. foil, by against, in, on, over) apply (one's hand etc.) in this way. 3 clean, polish, chafe, or make dry, sore, or bare by rubbing. 4 (foil, by in, into, through, over) apply (polish etc.) by rubbing. 5 (often foil, by together, against, on) move with contact or friction or slide (objects) against each other. 6 (of cloth, skin, etc.) become frayed, worn, sore, or bare with friction.

rubato

rudiment

796

act or spell of rubbing (give it a rub). 2 impediment or difficulty (there's the rub). rub along colloq. cope or manage routinely, rub down dry,

-n.

1

smooth, or clean by rubbing, rub it in rub a person's nose in it) emphasize or repeat an embarrassing fact etc. rub off 1 (usu. foil, by on) be transferred by contact, be transmitted (his attitudes have rubbed off on me). 2 remove by rubbing, rub out erase with a rub(or

rub shoulders with associate with, rub up 1 polish. 2 brush up (a subject or one's memory), rub up the ber,

wrong way irritate. [Low German] rubato /ru:'ba:t9u/ n. Mus. (pi -s or

-ti

temporary disregarding of strict tempo. [Italian, = robbed] rubber n. 1 tough elastic substance made from the latex of plants or syn/-ti/)

1

rubicund

/'ruibi.kAnd/ adj. (of a face,

complexion, etc.) ruddy, high-coloured. [Latin rubeo be red]

rubidium

/rui'bidiam/ n. soft silvery metallic element. [Latin rubidus red]

Rubik's cube /'ruibiks/ n. cube-shaped puzzle in which composite faces must be restored to single colours by rotation. [Rubik, name of its inventor] ruble var. of rouble. rubric /'ru:bnk/ n. 1 heading or passage in red or special lettering. 2 explanatory words. 3 established custom or rule. 4 direction for the conduct of divine service in a liturgical book. [Latin ruber red]

ruby /'ru:bi/-rc.

(pi. -ies) 1 rare precious stone varying in colour from deep crimson to pale rose. 2 deep red colour, -adj. of this colour. [Latin rubeus red]

thetically. 2 piece of this or a similar

ruby wedding

substance for erasing esp. marks. 3 colloq. condom. 4 (in

RUC abbr.

US

rubbery adj. rubberiness

galoshes. n.

pencil pi.)

[from rub]

rubber ive

n. match of esp. three successgames between the same sides or

persons at whist, bridge, cricket,

etc.

unknown]

[origin

rubber band holding papers

n.

loop of rubber for

etc. together.

rubberize

v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) treat or coat with rubber. inquisitive person, esp. a tourist or sightseer. — v. behave like a rubberneck. rubber plant n. 1 evergreen tropical plant often cultivated as a house-plant. 2 (also rubber tree) tropical tree yielding

rubberneck colloq. -n.

latex.

rubber stamp

-n.

1

device for inking

and imprinting on a surface. 2 a person

who mechanically

copies or endorses

others' actions, b indication of such endorsement, -v. (rubber-stamp) ap-

rubbing. /'rAbiJV

-n.

1

waste material;

refuse, litter. 2 worthless material; trash. 3 (often as int.) nonsense, -v.

contemptuously. rub[Anglo-French rubbous] rough fragments of stone, brick, etc., esp. from a demolished building. [French robe spoils] rub-down n. rubbing down. colloq. criticize

bishy

adj.

rubble

rubella

/'rAb(a)l/ n.

/ru:'bela/

n.

formal German

measles. [Latin rubellus reddish]

Rubicon /'ruibi.kon/ n. boundary; point from which there is no going back. [Rubicon, river on an ancient frontier of Italy]

wedding

fortieth

Royal Ulster Constabulary.

or gathering of lace = beehive] ruck n. 1 (prec. by the) main body of competitors not likely to overtake the leaders. 2 undistinguished crowd or group. 3 Rugby loose scrum, [apparently Scandinavian] ruck 2 -v. (often foil, by up) make or become creased or wrinkled, -n. crease or wrinkle. [Old Norse] rucksack /'rAksaek/ n. bag carried on the back, esp. by hikers. [German] ruckus /'rAkas/ n. esp. US informal row, commotion, [perhaps from ruction or /ru: J/ n. frill

ruched

adj. [French,

1

rumpus]

ruction

/'rAkJ(a)n/ n. colloq.

1

disturb-

ance or tumult. 2 (in pi.) row, heated arguments, [origin unknown] rudder n. flat piece hinged vertically to the stern of a ship or on the tailplane of

an

aircraft etc., for steering.

rudder-

less adj. [Old English]

ruddy

prove automatically.

rubbing n. impression or copy made by rubbish

ruche etc.

2

n.

anniversary.

/'rAdi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of a person, complexion, etc.) freshly or healthily red. 2 reddish. 3 colloq. bloody, ruddily adv. ruddiness damnable. n. [Old English] rude adj. 1 impolite or offensive. 2 roughly made or done; crude (rude plough). 3 primitive or uneducated (rude simplicity). 4 abrupt, sudden, startling (rude awakening). 5 colloq. indecent, lewd (rude joke). 6 vigorous or rudely adv. hearty (rude health).

rudeness

[Latin rudis] /'ru:dimant/ n. 1 (in pi.) eleprinciples of a subject. 2 (in pi.) imperfect beginning of something undeveloped or ye"t to develop. 3 vestigial or undeveloped part or organ. n.

rudiment ments or

first

rue /-'mentan/ adj. [Latin:

related to rude] rue v. (rues, rued, 1

repent

of;

wish

rueing or ruing) undone or non-

to be

existent (esp. rue the day). [Old English]

rue

2

evergreen shrub with bitter

n.

strong-scented leaves. [Greek rhute] rueful adj. genuinely or humorously ruefully adv. ruefulness sorrowful. n. [from rue ] ruff n. 1 projecting starched frill worn round the neck, esp. in the 16th c. 2 projecting or coloured ring of feathers or hair round a bird's or animal's neck. 3 domestic pigeon. 4 (fern, reeve /ri:v/) wading bird with a ruff, [perhaps = 1

1

rough] ruff2 -v. trump [French

at cards, -n. trumping.

n. violent lawless person. [Italian ruffiano]

ruffle

a disturb the smoothness or tranquillity of. b undergo this. 2 gather (lace etc.) into a ruffle. 3 (often foil, by up) (of a bird) erect (its feathers) in anger, display, etc. —n. frill of lace etc., esp. round the wrist or neck, [origin unknown] rufous /'ru:fas/ adj. (esp. of animals) reddish-brown. [Latin rufus] rug n. 1 thick floor covering, usu. smaller than a carpet. 2 thick woollen coverlet or wrap. pull the rug from under deprive of support; weaken, unsettle, [probably Scandinavian] /'rAf(a)l/-i;. (-ling) 1

Rugby

/

rAgbi/

n. (in full

Rugby

foot-

team game played with an oval

ball that may be kicked or carried. [Rugby school, where it was first played]

Rugby League Rugby

partly professional with teams of 13.

Rugby Union

n.

n.

amateur Rugby with

teams of 15.

rugged

/'rAgid/ adj. 1 (esp. of ground) rough, uneven. 2 (of features) wrinkled, furrowed, irregular. 3 a unpolished; lacking refinement (rugged grandeur). b harsh in sound. 4 robust, hardy.

ruggedly

adv.

ruination

/,ru:i'neij(a)n/ n.

1

bringing

to ruin. 2 ruining or being ruined. 1 bringing ruin, disastrous

ruinous adj. (ruinous

expense).

2

dilapidated.

ruinously adv. rule —n. 1 compulsory principle governing action. 2 prevailing custom or standard; normal state of things. 3 government or dominion (under British rule). 4 graduated straight measure; ruler. 5 code of discipline of a religious order. 6 order made by a judge or court with reference to a particular case only. 7 Printing thin line or dash. -v. (-ling) 1 dominate; keep under control. 2 (often foil, by over) have sovereign control of (rules over a vast kingdom). 3 (often foil,

by that) pronounce authoritatively.

make parallel lines across (paper), b make (a straight line) with a ruler etc.

4a

ro(u)ffle]

ruffian /TAfian/

ball)

rummage

797

rudimentary

ruggedness

n.

[prob-

ably Scandinavian]

rugger /'rAga(r)/ n. colloq. Rugby. ruin /'ru:m/ -n. 1 destroyed, wrecked, or spoiled state. 2 downfall or elimination (ruin of my hopes). 3 complete loss of one's property or position (bring to ruin). 4 (in sing, or pi.) remains of a building etc. that has suffered ruin. 5 cause of ruin (the ruin of us), -v. 1 a bring to ruin (extravagance has ruined me), b spoil, damage. 2 (esp. as ruined adj.) reduce to ruins. in ruins completely wrecked (hopes [Latin ruo fall]

were in ruins).

as a rule usually, rule out exclude; pronounce irrelevant or ineligible, rule the roost be in control. [Latin regula] rule of thumb n. rule based on experience or practice rather than theory. ruler n. 1 person exercising government or dominion. 2 straight usu. graduated strip of wood, metal, or plastic used to draw or measure. ruling n. authoritative pronouncement. rum 1 n. spirit distilled from sugar-cane or molasses, [origin unknown]

rum

2

(rummer, rummest)

adj.

colloq.

odd, strange, queer, [origin unknown] Rumanian var. of Romanian. rumba /'rAmba/ n. 1 Latin American ballroom dance orig. from Cuba. 2

music for

this.

[American Spanish]

rum baba n. sponge cake soaked in rum syrup.

rumble /'rAmb(a)l/ -y.

(-ling) 1 make a continuous deep resonant sound as of distant thunder. 2 (foil, by along, by, past, etc.) (esp. of a vehicle) move with a rumbling noise. 3 (often absol) slang

find out the esp. discreditable truth

about, —n. rumbling sound, [probably

Dutch rommelen]

rumbustious /rAm'bAStJas/ adj. colloq. boisterous, noisy,, uproarious, [probably var. of robustious from robust]

ruminant /'rurmmant/ -n. chews the cud. -adj.

1

animal that of ruminants. 2

meditative, [related to ruminate]

ruminate

/'ru:mi,neit/

v.

(-ting)

1

chew the cud. ruruminative rumen throat]

meditate, ponder. 2

mination

/

'neij(a)n/ n.

/-nativ/ adj. [Latin

rummage

/'rAimd3/

-v.

(-ging)

1

search, esp. unsystematically. 2 (foil, by out, up) find among other things, -n.

rummaging. [French arrumage from arrumer stow cargo]

3

rummage rummage

rummy

sale

sale

/'rAmi/

n.

US jumble

sale.

card-game played

usu. with two packs, [origin unknown] /ru:ma(r)/ (US rumor) -n. (often foil, by of or that) general talk, assertion, or hearsay of doubtful accuracy (heard a rumour that you are leaving), -v. (usu. in passive) report by way of rumour (it is rumoured that you are leaving). [Latin rumor noise] n. 1 hind part of a mammal or bird, esp. the buttocks. 2 remnant of a parliament etc. [probably Scandinavian] rumple /'rAmp(9)l/ v. (-ling) crease, ruf-

rumour

rump

fle.

[Dutch rompelen]

rump

steak

n.

cut of beef from the

rump.

rumpus

/'rAmpas/ n. colloq. disturbance, brawl, row, or uproar, [origin

unknown]

run -v.

run

798

n. esp.

(-nn-; past ran; past part, run) 1 go with quick steps, never having both or all feet on the ground at once. 2 flee, abscond. 3 go or travel hurriedly or briefly (I'll just run down to the shops). 4 a advance by or as by rolling or on wheels, or smoothly or easily, b (cause to) be in action or operation or go in a specified way (left the engine running; ran the car into a tree). 5 be current or operative (lease runs for 99 years). 6 travel on its route (train is running late). 7 (of a play etc.) be staged or presented (now running at the Apollo). 8 extend; have a course, order, or tendency (road runs by the coast; prices are running high). 9 a (often absol.) compete in (a race), b finish a race in a specified position. 10 (often foil, by for) seek election (ran for president). 11 flow (with) or be wet; drip (with) (walls running with condensation). 12 a cause (water etc.) to flow, b fill (a bath) thus. 1 spread rapidly (ink ran over the table). 14 traverse (a course, race, or distance). 15 perform (an errand). 16 publish (an article etc.) in a newspaper etc. 17 direct or manage (a business etc.). 18 own and use (a vehicle) regularly. 1 9 transport in a private vehicle (ran me to the station). 20 enter (a horse etc.) for a race. 21 smuggle (guns etc.). 22 chase or hunt. 23 allow (an account) to accumulate before paying. 24 (of a dyed colour) spread from the dyed parts. 25 a (of a thought, the eye, the memory, etc.) pass quickly (ideas ran through my mind), b pass (one's eye) quickly (ran my eye down the page). 26 (of tights etc.) ladder. 27 (of esp. the eyes or nose) exude liquid. -n. 1 running. 2 short excursion. 3 distance travelled. 4 general tendency. 5 regular route. 6 continuous stretch, spell, or

course (run of bad luck). 7 (often foil, by on) high general demand (run on the dollar). 8 quantity produced at one time (print run). 9 average type or class (general run of customers). 10 point scored in cricket or baseball. 11 (foil, by of) free use of or access to (run of the house). 12 a animal's regular track, b enclosure for fowls etc. c range of pasture. 13 ladder in tights etc. 14 Mus. rapid scale passage. 15 (in full the runs) colloq. diarrhoea, c on the run fleeing, run about 1 bustle, hurry. 2 (esp. of children) play freely, run across happen to meet or find, run after 1 pursue at a run. 2 pursue, esp. sexually, run along colloq. depart, run around 1 take from place to place by car etc. 2 (often foil, by with) slang engage in esp. promiscuous sexual relations, run away 1 (often foil, by from) flee, abscond. 2 mentally evade (a problem etc.). run away with 1 carry off. 2 win easily. 3 deprive of self-control, carry away. 4 consume (money etc.). 5 (of a horse) bolt with (a rider etc.). 6 leave home to have a relationship with (esp. another person's

husband or wife), run down 1 knock down. 2 reduce the numbers etc. of. 3 (of an unwound clock etc.) stop. 4 discover after a search. 5 colloq. disparage, run dry 1 cease to flow. 2 = run out 1. run it seek safety by fleeing, run (or good run) for one's money 1 vigorous or close competition. 2 some return for outlay or effort, run the gauntlet see gauntlet 2 run high (of feelings) be strong, run in 1 run (an engine or

for

,

vehicle) carefully

when new.

2 colloq.

run

in the family (of a trait) be common in a family, run into 1 collide with. 2 encounter. 3 reach as many as (a usu. high figure), run into the ground colloq. bring (a person) to exhaustion etc. run low (or short) become dearrest,

have too produce (copies pleted,

little,

etc.)

run

off

1 flee.

2

on a machine. 3

decide (a race etc.) after heats or a tie. 4 (cause to) flow away. 5 write or recite fluently, run off with 1 away with 6. run on

steal. 2

= run

continue in operation. 2 speak volubly or incessantly. 3 continue on the same line as the preceding matter, run out 1 come to an end. 2 (foil, by of) exhaust one's stock of. 3 put down the wicket of (a running batsman), run out on colloq. desert (a 1

person), run over 1 (of a vehicle etc.) knock down or crush. 2 overflow. 3 study or repeat quickly, run ragged

exhaust (a person), run rings round 1 see ring run riot see riot, run a (or the) risk see risk, run through 1 examine or rehearse briefly. 2 peruse. 3 ,

runabout deal successively with. 4 spend money rapidly or recklessly. 5 pervade. 6 pierce with a sword etc. run to 1 have the money, resources, or ability for. 2 reach (an amount or number). 3 (of a person) show a tendency to (runs to fat), run to earth see earth, run to seed see seed. run up 1 accumulate (a debt etc.). 2 build or make hurriedly. 3 raise (a flag),

run up against meet with

(a difficulty

runabout n. light car run-around n. (esp.

or aircraft.

in phr. give a the run-around) colloq. deceit

person

or evasion.

runaway n.

1 fugitive. 2 bolting animal, vehicle out of control. 3 (attrib.) that is running away or out of control

slave; runaway inflation). 1 reduction in numbers. 2 detailed analysis, -adj. 1 decayed, dilapidated. 2 exhausted (from over-

(runaway

run-down -n. work,

knot that slips along a allow tightening etc. n. US 1 candidate for vice-president etc. 2 horse intended to set the pace for another horse in a race. running repairs n.pl. minor or temporary repairs etc. running sore n. suppurating sore; fesrope

etc. to

tering situation etc.

running water

(-ier, -iest) 1 tending to run or flow. 2 excessively fluid, run-off n. additional election, race, etc., after a tie. run-of-the-mill adj. ordinary, undistinguished. run-out n. dismissal of a batsman by being run out. runt n. 1 smallest pig etc. in a litter. 2 weakling; undersized person, [origin

unknown] survey.

alphabet. 2 similar mark of mysterious runic adj. [Old or magic significance. Norse] rung n. 1 step of a ladder. 2 strengthening crosspiece in a chair etc. [Old English] rung2 past part, of ring 2 run-in n. 1 approach to an action or event. 2 colloq. quarrel, runnel /'rAn(9)l/ n. 1 brook. 2 gutter. [Old English] runner n. 1 person, horse, etc. that runs, esp. in a race. 2 creeping rooting plant-stem. 3 rod, groove, roller, or blade on which a thing, e.g. a sledge, slides. 4 sliding ring on a rod etc. 5 messenger. 6 (in full runner bean) twining bean plant with long flat green edible seed pods. 7 long narrow ornamental cloth or rug. do a runner slang abscond, leave hastily; flee. runner-up n. (pi. runners-up or runner-ups) competitor or team taking second place. running -n. 1 action of runners in a race etc. 2 way a race etc. proceeds. -adj. 1 continuous (running battle). 2 consecutive (three days running). 3 done with a run (running jump). in (or out of) the running (of a competitor) with a good (or poor) chance of

run-up

letter of the earliest

1

.

make (or take up) the running take the lead; set the pace, take a running jump (esp. as int.) slang go success,

away.

running-board

n.

footboard on either

side of a vehicle.

running commentary scription of

an

n.

verbal de-

esp. sporting event.

flowing water, esp.

runny adj.

Germanic

1

n.

tap.

run-through

illness, etc.).

rune n.

running knot n.

running mate

on

[Old English]

etc.).

rush

799

n.

n.

(often

1

foil,

rehearsal. 2 brief

by

to)

preparatory

period.

runway

specially prepared surface for aircraft taking off and landing. rupee /rui'pi:/ n. chief monetary unit of India, Pakistan, etc. [Hindustani] rupiah /ru:'pi:a/ n. chief monetary unit of Indonesia, [related to rupee] n.

rupture

/'rAptJa(r)/ -n. 1 breaking; breach. 2 breach in a relationship; disagreement and parting. 3 abdominal hernia, -v. (-ring) 1 burst (a cell or membrane etc.). 2 sever (a connection). 3 affect with or suffer a hernia. [Latin rumpo rupt- break] rural /'ruar(a)l/ adj. in, of, or suggesting the country (rural seclusion). [Latin rus rur- the country] rural dean see dean 1 rural district n. hist, group of country parishes with an elected council. ruse /ru:z/ n. stratagem, trick. [French] rush 1 -v. 1 go, move, flow, or act precipitately or with great speed. 2 move or transport with great haste (was rushed to hospital). 3 (foil, by at) a move suddenly towards, b begin or attack impetuously. 4 perform or deal with hurriedly (don't rush your dinner). 5 force or induce (a person) to act hastily. 6 attack Or capture by sudden assault. 7 slang overcharge (a customer), -n. 1 a rushing; violent or speedy advance or attack, b sudden flow, flood. 2 period of great activity. 3 (attrib.) done with great haste or speed (a rush job). 4 sudden migration of large numbers. 5 (foil, by on, for) sudden strong demand for a .

commodity. 6

(in pi.) colloq. first

uncut

rush

prints of a film. [French ruser. related to RUSEl n. 1 marsh plant with slender tapering pith-filled stems, used for making chair-bottoms, baskets, etc. 2 stem of this. rushy adj. [Old English] rush candle n. candle made of rush pith dipped in tallow. rush hour n. (often hyphenated when attrib.) time(s) each day when traffic is heaviest. rushlight n. rush candle. rusk n. slice of bread rebaked as a light biscuit, esp. as baby food. [Spanish or Portuguese rosea twist] russet /'rAsit/ -adj. reddish-brown, -n. 1 russet colour. 2 rough-skinned russetcoloured apple. [Latin russus]

rush 5

Russian

ryegrass

800

/'rAj(a)n/ -n.

1

a native or

national of Russia or (loosely) the former Soviet Union, b person of Russian descent. 2 language of Russia, -adj. 1 of Russia or (loosely) the former Soviet Union or its people. 2 of or in Russian. Russian roulette n. firing of a revolver, with one chamber loaded, at one's head, after spinning the chamber. Russian salad n. salad of mixed diced vegetables with mayonnaise. Russo- comb, form Russian; Russian and. rust -n. 1 reddish corrosive coating formed on iron, steel, etc. by oxidation, esp. when wet. 2 fungal plant-disease with rust-coloured spots. 3 impaired state due to disuse or inactivity. 4 reddish-brown, -v. 1 affect or be affected with rust. 2 become impaired through disuse. [Old English] rustic /'rAstik/ -adj. 1 of or like country people or country life. 2 unsophisticated. 3 of rude or rough workmanship. 4 made of untrimmed branches or rough timber (rustic bench). 5 Archil, with a roughened or rough-hewn surface, -n. country person, peasant. rusticity /-'tisiti/ n. [Latin rus the country]

rusticate

/'rAsti.keit/

v.

(-ting)

1

send

down

(a student) temporarily from university. 2 retire to or live in the rustication country. 3 make rustic. /-'keij(a)n/ n.

rustle

-v. (-ling) 1 (cause to) gentle sound as of dry blown leaves. 2 (also absol.) steal (cattle or horses). -n. rustling sound. rustle up colloq. produce at short notice. rustler n. (esp. in sense 2 of v.). [imit/'rAs(a)l/

make a

ative]

rustproof -adj. not susceptible to corrosion by rust. -v. make rustproof. rusty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 rusted or affected by rust. 2 stiff with age or disuse. 3

knowledge etc.) impaired, esp. by neglect (my French is rusty). 4 rustcoloured. 5 (of black clothes) dis(of

coloured by age. rustiness n. 1 deep track made by the passage of wheels. 2 established (esp. tedious) practice or routine (in a rut), -v. (-tt-) mark with ruts, [probably French: related to route] rut 2 -rc. periodic sexual excitement of a male deer etc. —v. (-tt-) be affected with rut. [Latin rugio roar] ruthenium /ru:'8i:niam/ n. rare hard white metallic element from platinum ores, [medieval Latin Ruthenia Russia]

rut -n. 1

rutherfordium ficial

name

/.rAda'fo.diam/ n. arti-

metallic element. of a physicist]

[Rutherford,

ruthless

/'ru:91is/ adj. having no pity or ruthlessly adv. ruthcompassion. lessness n. [ruth pity, from rue ] abbr. Revised Version (of the Bible). -ry suffix = -ery (infantry, rivalry). rye /rai/ n. 1 a cereal plant, b grain of this used for bread and fodder. 2 (in full 1

RV

rye whisky) whisky distilled from fermented rye. [Old English] ryegrass n. forage or coarse lawn grass, [alteration of ray-grass]

s 5

/es/ n. (also s) (pi. Ss or S's) 1 nineteenth letter of the alphabet. 2 S-shaped 1

thing.

52

abbr. (also S.)

1

Saint. 2 South, South-

3

5 symb. sulphur. s. abbr.

1

second(s). 2 hist, shilling(s). 3

son. [sense 2 originally

from Latin

soli-

dus] -s' suffix

denoting the possessive case of

nouns and sometimes of singular

nouns ending

in s (the

boys' shoes;

Charles book). [Old English inflection] 's abbr. 1 is; has (he's; she's got it; John's; Charles's). 2 us (let's). -'s suffix denoting the possessive case of '

singular nouns and of plural nouns not -s (John's book; book's cover; children's shoes). SA abbr. 1 Salvation Army. 2 South Africa. 3 South Australia. sabbath /'saebaB/ n. religious day of rest kept by Christians on Sunday and Jews on Saturday. [Hebrew, - rest] sabbatical /sa'baetik(a)l/ -adj. (of leave) granted at intervals to a university teacher for study or travel, -n. period of sabbatical leave. [Greek: related to sabbath] saber US var. of sabre. sable /'seib(a)l/ -n. (pi. same or -s) 1 small brown-furred mammal of N. Europe and N. Asia. 2 its skin or fur. -adj. 1 (usu. placed after noun) Heraldry black. 2 esp. poet, gloomy. [Slavonic]

ending in

sabot

/'saebau/ n. 1 shoe carved from wood. 2 wooden-soled shoe. [French]

sabotage /'saeba,ta:3/ — n. deliberate damage to productive capacity, esp. as a political act. -v. (-ging) 1 commit sabotage on. 2 destroy, related to sabot]

saboteur

[French:

spoil.

person

/,saeba't3:(r)/ n.

commits sabotage. [French] sabre /'seiba(r)/ n. (US saber)

1

who

curved

cavalry sword. 2 light tapering fencingsword. [French from German SabeF] sabre-rattling n. display or threat of military force. sac n. membranous bag in an animal or 1

sack a sugar substi[medieval Latin saccharum sugar]

plant. [Latin: related to

saccharin tute,

of

adj.

/,saeka'daut(a)l/

priests or priestly office. [Latin sacerdos -dot- priest]

ern.

plural

sacerdotal

/'saekarm/

saccharine

]

n.

/'saeka,ri:n/

adj.

ively sentimental or sweet.

excess-

sachet

/'saejei/ n. 1 small bag or packet containing shampoo etc. 2 small scented bag for perfuming drawers etc. [French diminutive: related to sac] sack -n. 1 a large strong bag for storage or conveyance, b quantity contained in a sack. 2 (prec. by the) colloq. dismissal 1

from employment. 3

(prec.

by

the)

US

slang bed. -v. 1 put into a sack or sacks. 2 colloq. dismiss from employment. [Latin saccus] -v. plunder

sack 2

and destroy (a captured town etc.). -n. such sacking. [French mettre a sac put in a sack] sack 3 n. hist, white wine from Spain and the Canaries. [French vin sec dry wine] sackbut /'saekbAt/ n. early form of trombone. [French] sackcloth n. 1 coarse fabric of flax or hemp used for sacks. 2 clothing for penance or mourning (esp. sackcloth

and ashes). sacking n.

material for making sacks;

sackcloth.

sacral

/'seikr(a)l/ adj. 1 Anat. of the sacrum. 2 of or for sacred rites. [Latin

sacrum sacred]

sacrament

/'saekramant/ n. 1 symbolic Christian ceremony, e.g. baptism and Eucharist. 2 (also Blessed or Holy Sacrament) (prec. by the) Eucharist. sacred thing, 3 z sacramental /-'ment(a)l/ adj. [Latin: related to SACRED] sacred /'seiknd/ adj. 1 a (often foil, by to) dedicated to a god. b connected with religion (sacred music). 2 safeguarded or required esp. by tradition; inviolable. [Latin sacer holy]

sacred

cow

n. colloq.

traditionally hal-

lowed idea or institution. sacrifice /'saekri.fais/ -n. 1 a voluntary relinquishing of something valued, b thing

so

relinquished,

c

the

loss

an animal or person or surrender of a possession, as an offering to a deity, b animal, person, entailed. 2 a slaughter of

or thing so offered, -v. (-cing) 1 give up (a thing) as a sacrifice. 2 (foil, by to) devote or give over to. 3 (also absol.) offer or kill as a sacrifice, z sacrificial /-'fiJXa)l/ adj. [Latin: related to sacred]

sacrilege :

sacred, lego take]

sacristan

/'saekrist(8)n/ n. person in charge of a sacristy and church con[medieval Latin: related to tents, sacred]

sacristy /'saeknsti/ n. (pi -ies) room in a church where vestments, sacred vesetc., are kept, [medieval Latin: related to sacred] sacrosanct /"saekrao.saenkt adj. most sacrosanctity sacred; inviolable. /-'saenkt-/ n. [Latin: related to sacred, saint] sacrum /'seikram/ n. (pi. sacra or -s) triangular bone between the two hipbones. [Latin os sacrum sacred bone] sad adj. (sadder, saddest) 1 unhappy. 2 causing sorrow. 3 regrettable. 4 shamesadden v. sadly adv. ful, deplorable. sadness n. [Old English] saddle /'saed(a)l/ — n. 1 seat of leather etc. strapped on a horse etc. for riding. 2 bicycle etc. seat. 3 joint of meat consisting of the two loins. 4 ridge rising to a summit at each end. -v. (-ling) 1 put a saddle on (a horse etc.). 2 (foil, by with) burden (a person) with a task etc. in the saddle 1 mounted. 2 in office or control. [Old English] saddleback n. 1 roof of a tower with two opposite gables. 2 hill with a concave upper outline. 3 black pig with a white stripe across the back. saddle-

sels,

backed adj. saddle-bag n.

etc. (pi.

-ies) saddler's

goods, trade, or premises.

Sadducee

member

of a Jewish sect of the time of Christ that denied the resurrection of the dead. /'saedju.si:/ n.

[Hebrew]

sadhu

/'sa:du:/ n. (in India) holy man, sage, or ascetic. [Sanskrit] sadism /'seidiz(a)m/ n. 1 colloq. enjoyment of cruelty to others. 2 sexual per-

version characterized by this. sadist n. sadistic /sa'distik adj. sadistically sa distikali/ adv. [de Sade, name of an author]

sado-masochism ,kiz(a)m/ n. sadism in one person,

on

safari). [Swahili to travel]

/.seidau'maesa

and masochism sado-masochist

sado-masochistic / kistik/ adj. stamped addressed envel-

from Arabic safara

park n. park where wild animals are kept in the open for viewing

safari

from vehicles. safe -adj. 1 free of danger or injury. 2 secure, not risky (in a safe place). 3 reliable, certain. 4 prevented from escaping or doing harm (have got him safe). 5 (also safe and sound) uninjured; with no harm done. 6 cautious, unenterprising, -n. 1 strong lockable cabinet etc. for valuables. 2 = meat safe. on the safe side with a margin for error. safely adv. [French sauf from Latin salvus] :

safe conduct n. 1 immunity given from arrest or harm. 2 document securing this.

safe deposit n. building containing strongrooms and safes for hire.

safeguard cumstance,

-n. protecting proviso, ciretc. -v. guard or protect

(rights etc.).

safe

house

n.

place of refuge etc. for

spies, terrorists, etc.

safe keeping

n.

preservation in a safe

place.

safe period

n. time during the month when conception is least likely. safe sex n. sexual activity in which precautions are taken against sexually transmitted diseases, esp. Aids. safety n. being safe; freedom from danger or risk.

safety-belt

worn

n. 1

= seat-belt.

2 belt or

prevent injury. safety-catch n. device preventing a gun-trigger or machinery from being operated accidentally. strap

1 each of a pair of bags laid across the back of a horse etc. 2 bag attached to a bicycle saddle etc. saddler n. maker of or dealer in saddles

saddlery /'saedlan/ n.

sag

802

sacrilege /'saekrilid3/ n. violation of sacrilewhat is regarded as sacred. gious -lid3as adj. [Latin: related to

to

safety curtain n. fireproof curtain between a stage and auditorium. safety lamp n. miner's lamp so protected as not to ignite firedamp. match n. match igniting only on a specially prepared surface. safety net n. net placed to catch an acrobat etc. in case of a fall.

safety

safety pin n. pin with a guarded point. safety razor n. razor with a guard to prevent cutting the skin.

safety-valve

n. 1 (in a steam boiler) automatic valve relieving excess pressure. 2 means of venting excitement etc. harmlessly. saffron 'saefran -rc. 1 deep yellow food colouring and flavouring made from dried crocus stigmas. 2 colour of this. -adj. deep yellow. [French from Arabic]

sag

s.a.e. abbr. ope.

—v. (-gg-) 1 sink or subside, esp. unevenly. 2 have a downward bulge or curve in the middle. 3 fall in price, -n.

safari

state or extent of sagging. *z

n.

-

/sa'faxi/ n. (pi -s) expedition, esp. in Africa, to observe or hunt animals (go

[Low German or Dutch]

saggy

adj.

saga saga

sagacious

/sa'geij\a)s/ adj. showing insagacity good judgement. /sa'gaesiti/ n. [Latin sagax -acis] sage n. culinary herb with dull greyishgreen leaves. [French from Latin sal-

sight or 1

sainfoin

pink-flowered fodder-plant. [Latin sanctus holy, foenum hay] saint /semt, before a name usu. sant/ -n. (abbr. St or S; pi. Sts or SS) 1 holy or (in some Churches) formally canonized person regarded as 'worthy of special veneration. 2 very virtuous person, —v.

sage 2 -n.

often iron, wise man. -adj. sagely wise, judicious, experienced. adv. [French from Latin sapio be wise] sagebrush n. growth of shrubby aromatic plants in some semi-arid regions of western N. America.

Sagittarius

/,saed3i'teanas/ n. (pi. -es)

1

constellation and ninth sign of the zodiac (the Archer). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. Sagittarian

&

n. [Latin,

sago /'seigau/ n.

= archer] (pi. -s) 1

a starch used in

etc. 2 (in full sago palm) any of several tropical palms and cycads yielding this. [Malay] sahib /sa:b/ n. hist, (in India) form of address to European man. [Arabic, =

puddings

lord]

said past and past part, of say. sail -n. 1 piece of material extended on rigging to catch the wind and propel a boat or ship. 2 ship's sails collectively. 3 voyage or excursion in a sailing-boat. 4 ship, esp. as discerned from its sails. 5 wind-catching apparatus of a windmill. -v. 1 travel on water by the use of sails or engine-power. 2 begin a voyage (sails at nine). 3 a navigate (a ship etc.). b travel on (a sea). 4 set (a toy boat) afloat. 5 glide or move smoothly or in a stately manner. 6 (often foil, by through) colloq. succeed easily (sailed through the exams). sail close to the wind 1 sail as nearly against the wind as possible. 2 come close to indecency or dishonesty, sail into colloq. attack physically or verbally, under sail with sails set. [Old English] sailboard n. board with a mast and sail, used in windsurfing. sailboarder n.

sailboarding n. sailcloth n. 1 material used for

sails. 2 canvas-like dress material. sailing-boat n. (also sailing-ship) ves-

sel driven by sails. sailor n. 1 member of a ship's crew, esp. one below the rank of officer. 2 person

considered with regard to seasickness (a good sailor), [originally sailer, see 1 -ER ] n. glider designed for sus-

sailplane tained

flight.

/'saenfoin/

n.

sainthood sainted adj.) saintly. saintlike adj. [Latin sanctus holy] /'b3:nad/ n. (in full St Bernard dog) very large dog of a breed orig. kept in the Alps to rescue travellers. (as n.

St

via]

adj.

salary

803

long heroic story, esp. medieval Icelandic or Norwegian. 2 series of connected novels concerning a family's history etc. 3 long involved 3 story. [Old Norse: related to saw ] /'sa:ga/ n. 1

Bernard

wort

St John's

/d3Dnz/

n.

yellow-

flowered plant.

St Leger /'led3a(r)/ n. horse-race at Doncaster for three-year-olds, [from the

name

of the founder]

saintly

saintliness

dance

St Vitus's producing

n.

/'vaitasiz/ n. disease

involuntary

movements

sake

very holy or

adj. (-ier, -iest)

virtuous,

convulsive

of the body.

n. a for Christ's (or God's or goodness' or Heaven's or Pete's etc.) sake expression of impatience, supplication, anger, etc. for the sake of (or for one's sake) out of consideration for; in the interest of; because of; in order to please, honour, get, or keep. 1

[Old English]

sake 2

/'sa:ki/

n.

Japanese rice wine.

[Japanese]

salaam

/sa'kr.m/ -n.

1 (chiefly as a greeting) Peace! 2 Muslim low bow with the right palm on the forehead. 3 (in pi.) respectful compliments. -v. make a salaam (to). [Arabic]

Muslim

salacious

/sa'leijas/ adj. 1

indecently

erotic. 2 lecherous.

salaciousness

salacity

[Latin salax -acis:

/sa'laesiti/ n.

n.

related to salient] salad /'salad/ n. cold mixture of usu. raw vegetables, often with a dressing. [French salade from Latin sal salt] salad cream n. creamy salad-dressing. salad days n. period of youthful inexperience. n. = dressing 2a. /'saela,maend8(r)/ n. 1 tailed newtlike amphibian once thought able to endure fire. 2 similar mythical

salad-dressing

salamander

creature. [Greek salamandra]

salami

/sa'la:mi/

n.

(pi.

-s)

highly-

seasoned orig. Italian sausage. [Italian] sal ammoniac /.sael a'mauni.aek/ n. ammonium chloride, a white crystalline salt. [Latin sal salt,

Jupiter

salary

ammoniacus

of

Ammon]

/'saelan/ -n. (pi -ies) fixed regular wages, usu. monthly or quarterly, esp. for white-collar work. -v. (-ies, -ied) (usu. as salaried adj.) pay a salary

sale to.

money

for

buying

salt]

sale

exchange of a commodity for

n. 1

money etc.; act or instance of selling. amount sold (sales were enormous).

2 3

temporary offering of goods at reduced prices. 4 a event at which goods are sold, b public auction. on (or for) sale offered for purchase. [Old English]

saleable

adj.

saleability

fit

or likely to be sold.

saleroom

n.

room where auctions are

held.

salesman n. 1 man employed to goods. 2 US commercial traveller. salesmanship n. skill in selling. salesperson woman.

salesman

n.

or

sell

sales-

sales talk n. persuasive talk promoting goods or an idea etc. saleswoman n. woman employed to goods.

salicylic acid /.saeli'silik/ n. chemical used as a fungicide and in aspirin and salicylate /sa'lisi.leit/ n. [Latin dyes. salix willow]

salient

/'seiliant/

-adj.

prominent,

1

conspicuous. 2 (of an angle, esp. in fortification) pointing outwards, -n. salient angle or part of a fortification; outward bulge in a military line. [Latin salio leap] /'seilam/ —adj. 1 containing salt or salts. 2 tasting of salt. 3 of chemical

saline salts.

4 of the nature of a

salt.

-n.

1

salt

lake, spring, etc. 2 saline solution.

salinity

/sa'lmiti/

n.

salinization

/,saelmai'zeiJXa)n/ n. [Latin sal salt] /sa'laiva/ n. colourless liquid se-

saliva

creted into the

salivary salivate saliva,

mouth by

glands.

[Latin] (-ting) secrete

/sa'lai-, 'saeli-/ adj.

/'saeli.veit/

esp.

in

v.

excess.

salivation

/-'veiJXa)n/ n. [Latin salivare: related to

SALIVA]

sallow

1

/'saelau/ adj. (-er, -est) (esp.

of

the skin) yellowish. [Old English]

sallow

2

/'saelau/ n.

1

low. 2 a shoot or the English]

sally /'saeli/ ary charge;

orange-pink flesh, —adj. salmon-pink. [Latin salmo]

salmonella

/.saelma'nela/ n.

(pi.

-llae

bacterium causing food poison2 such food poisoning. [Salmon,

/-li:/) 1

ing:

name

of a veterinary surgeon]

salmon pink

adj.

&

n. (as adj.

often

hyphenated) orange-pink colour of

mon flesh. salmon trout

n.

sal-

large silver-coloured

trout.

/-'biliti/ n.

sale of work n. sale of home-made goods etc. for charity. sale or return n. arrangement by which a purchaser may return surplus goods to the supplier without payment.

sell

salt-mine

804

[Latin salarium

low-growing

wood

wil-

of this. [Old

(pi. -ies) -n. 1 sudden militsortie. 2 excursion. 3 witticism, -v. (-ies, -ied) 1 (usu. foil, by out, forth) set out on a walk, journey, etc. 2 (usu. foil, by out) make a military sally. [French sailtie from Latin salio leap] salmon /'saeman/ -n. (pi. usu. same or -s) large expensive edible fish with

salon /'saelon/ n. 1 room or establishment of a hairdresser, beautician, etc. 2 meeting of eminent people in the

hist,

home

of a lady of fashion. 3 reception esp. of a continental house. [French: related to saloon] saloon /sa'lurn/ n.1a large room or hall on a ship, in a hotel, etc. b public room for a specified purpose (billiardsaloon). 2 (in full saloon car) (usu. fourseater) car with the body closed off from the luggage area. 3 US drinking-bar. 4

room,

saloon bar) more comfortable bar in a public house. [French salon] /'saelsa/ n. a kind of dance music of Cuban origin, with jazz and rock elements. [Spanish: related to sauce] salsify /'saelsifi/ n. (pi. -ies) plant with long fleshy edible roots. [French from (in full

salsa

Italian]

SALT

/sa:lt, solt/ abbr. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (or Treaty). salt /so:lt, sxAtl-n. 1 (also common salt) sodium chloride, esp. mined or evaporated from sea water, and used for seasoning or preserving food. 2 chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base. 3 piquancy; wit. 4 (in sing, or pi. ) a substance resembling salt in taste, form, etc. (bath salts), b (esp. in pi.) substance used as a laxative. 5 (also old salt) experienced sailor. 6 = saltcellar, -adj. containing, tasting of, or preserved with salt. -v. 1 cure, preserve, or season with salt or brine. 2 salt sprinkle (a road etc.) with salt. away (or down) slang put (money etc.)

by. the salt of the earth most admir able or honest person or people (Matt. 5:13). take with a pinch (or grain) of salt regard sceptically, worth one's salt efficient, capable. [Old English] salt-cellar n. container for salt at table, [earlier salt saler from French salier salt-box] salting n. (esp. in pi.) marsh overflowed by the sea. saltire /'sa:l,taia(r)/ n. X-shaped cross dividing a shield in four. [French sautoir stile] n. place where animals from the ground,

salt-lick salt

salt-mine

n.

mine yielding

lick

rock-salt.

salt-pan n. vessel,

SAM abbr. surface-to-air missile. Samaritan

/sa'maent(a)n/

n. 1 (in full

good Samaritan) charitable or

tion.

saltpetre

/,sDlt'pi:ta(r),

,so:lt-/

(US

n.

saltpeter) white crystalline salty substance used in preserving meat and in

gunpowder. [Latin sal petrae, =

salt of

rock]

helpful 2 member of a counselling organization, [originally =

person (Luke 10:33

etc.).

inhabitant of ancient Samaria]

samarium /sa'meariam/ n. metallic element

salt-water salty

adj.

adj. of or living in the sea.

(-ier,

salubrious

tasting of or

-iest) 1

containing salt. 2 (of wit saltiness n.

etc.)

piquant.

healthsalubrity n. [Latin

/sa'luibrias/

giving; healthy. salus health]

adj.

saluki

/sa'lu:ki/ n. (pi -s) dog of a tall slender silky -coated breed. [Arabic] salutary /'saeljutari/ adj. having a good effect. [Latin: related to salute]

salutation

/(

saelju:'teiJXa)n/ n.

formal

sign or expression of greeting. salute /sa'lu:t/ -n. 1 gesture of respect, homage, greeting etc. 2 Mil. & Naut. prescribed gesture or use of weapons or flags as a sign of respect etc. 3 ceremonial discharge of a gun or guns. -v. (-ting) 1 a make a salute to. b (often foil, by to) perform a salute. 2 greet. 3 commend. [Latin salus -ut- health] salvage /'saelvid3/ -n. 1 rescue of property from the sea, a fire, etc. 2 property etc. so saved. 3 a saving and use of waste materials, b materials salvaged, -v. (-ging) 1 save from a wreck etc. 2 retrieve from a disaster etc. (salvaged her pride). salvageable adj. [Latin: 1 related to save ]

salvation

/saerveij(9)n/ n. 1 saving or being saved. 2 deliverance from sin and damnation. 3 religious conversion. 4 person or thing that saves. Salvationist n. (esp. with ref. to the Salva-

tion

sampling

805

or depression near the sea, used for getting salt by evapora-

salt-pan

Army).

Salvation

n.

1

save ] worldwide evan-

[Latin: related to

Army

gelical Christian quasi-military organ-

ization helping the poor.

salve -n. 1 healing ointment. 2 (often foil, by for) thing that soothes or con1

soles, -v. (-ving) soothe. [Old English]

salve 2

v.

(-ving) save

salvable from salvage] etc.

salver

from wreck or fire

adj.

[back-formation

n. tray, esp. silver,

letters, etc.

for drinks,

[Spanish salva assaying of

food]

salvia

/'saelvia/ n. garden plant of the sage family with red or blue flowers.

[Latin,

salvo

= sage

1

]

or -s) 1 simultaneous discharge of guns etc. 2 round /'saelvau/ n. (pi. -es

of applause. [Italian salva]

sal volatile

/.sael va'laetili/ n. solution of ammonium carbonate used as smell-

ing-salts. [Latin,

=

volatile salt]

of the lanthanide series, [ultimately from Samarski, name of an official]

samba /'saembe/-w. 1

ballroom dance of Brazilian origin. 2 music for this. -v. (-bas, -baed or -ba'd /-bad/, -baing /-bain/) dance the samba. [Portuguese] same -adj. 1 (often prec. by the) identical; not different (on the same bus). 2 unvarying (same old story). 3 (usu. prec. by this, these, that, those) just

mentioned

(this

same man

later died),

-pron. (prec. by the) 1 the same person or thing. 2 Law or archaic the person or thing just mentioned, -adv. (usu. prec. by the) similarly; in the same way (feel the same). all (or just) the same 1 nevertheless. 2 emphatically the same, at the same time 1 simultaneously. 2 notwithstanding, be all (or just) the same to make no difference to. same colloq. the same applies to me. sameness n. [Old Norse] samizdat /.saemiz'daet/ n. clandestine

here

publication of banned literature. [Russian]

samosa

/sa'mausa/ n. fried triangular pastry containing spiced vegetables or meat. [Hindustani]

samovar

/'saem9 va:(r)/ n. Russian tea(

urn. [Russian] Samoyed /'saemajed/ n. 1 member of a people of northern Siberia. 2 (also samoyed) dog of a white Arctic breed. [Russian] sampan /'saempaen/ n. small boat used in the Far East. [Chinese] samphire /'saem,faia(r)/ n. edible maritime rock-plant. [French, = St Peter('s herb)] sample /'sa:mp(a)l/ —n. 1 small representative part or quantity. 2 specimen. 3 illustrative or typical example. —v. (-ling) 1 take or give samples of. 2 try the qualities of. 3 experience briefly. [Anglo-French: related to example] sampler 1 n. piece of embroidery using various stitches as a specimen of proficiency. [French: related to exemplar] sampler2 n. 1 person or thing that samples. 2 US collection of representative items etc. sampling n. technique of digitally encoding a piece of sound and re-using it as part of a composition or recording.

Samson Samson

sanitarium

806

person of great strength. [Samson in the Old Testament] samurai 'ssemu.rai n. (pi. same) 1 Japanese army officer. 2 hist, member of a Japanese military caste. [Japanese] 'saemsi9)n

sanatorium

n.

or -ria) 1 residential clinic, esp. for convalescents and the chronically sick. 2 room etc. for sick people in a school etc. [Latin sano heal]

sanctify

,saen8'to:riam, n.

'saenkti.fai

v.

(pi. -s

(-ies,

-ied)

1

consecrate; treat as holy. 2 free from sin. 3 justify; sanction, z sanctification -fi'keij(a)n n. [Latin sanctus holy] sanctimonious .saenkti'maonias/ adj. ostentatiously pious, z sanctimoniously adv. sanctimoniousness n. sanctimony 'saenktimenr n. [Latin

air or steam. -n. this jet. z

sandboy

n. z happy as a sandboy extremely happy or carefree, [probably = a boy hawking sand for sale]

sandcastle sand

'saenkj(8)n -n. 1 approval by custom or tradition; express permission. 2 confirmation of a law etc. 3 penalty for disobeying a law or rule, or a reward for obeying it. 4 Ethics moral force encouraging obedience to any rule of conduct. 5 (esp. in pi.) (esp. economic) action by a State against another to

abide by an international agreement etc. —v. 1 authorize or agree to (an action 2 ratify; make (a law etc.) binding. [Latin sancio sanct- make sacred] sanctity 'saerjktiti n. holiness, sacredness; inviolability. [Latin sanctus holy] etc.).

n.

model

castle

made

of

at the seashore,

sand-dune n. (also sand-hill) = dune. sander n. power tool for sanding,

sandman n.

imaginary person causing

tiredness in children, sand-martin n. bird nesting in sandy

banks.

sandpaper -n. paper with an

abrasive coating for smoothing or polishing, —v.

rub with

this.

sandpiper

n. wading bird frequenting wet sandy areas.

sandpit dren

sanctimonia sanctity]

sanction

sandblaster

n.

n. pit

containing sand, for

chil-

to play in.

sandstone n. sedimentary rock

of com-

pressed sand.

sandstorm

n. storm with clouds of sand raised by the wind. sandwich 'S2enwid3 i-n. 1 two or more slices of bread with a filling. 2 layered cake with jam or cream, —v. 1 put (a thing, statement, etc.) between two of another character. 2 squeeze in between

others (sat sandwiched in the middle). [from the Earl of Sandwich]

sandwich-board n. each of two boards worn

front

and back

to carry advertise-

ments.

'saerjkt Joan/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 holy place. 2 a holiest part of a temple etc. b chancel. 3 place where birds, wild animals, etc., are bred and protected. 4

sandwich course

place of refuge.

sand. 2 a (of hair) reddish, b sandcoloured, z sandiness n. sane adj. 1 of sound mind; not mad. 2 (of views etc.) moderate, sensible. [Latin sanus healthy] sang past of sing.

sanctuary

sanctum

'saerjktam' n. (pi -s) place. 2 colloq. study, den.

1

holy

sand

-n. 1 fine loose grains resulting from the erosion of esp. siliceous rocks and forming the seashore, deserts, etc. 2 (in pi.) a grains of sand, b expanse of sand, c sandbank, -v. smooth with sandpaper or sand. [Old English] sandal 1 'saend(8)l n. shoe with an openwork upper or no upper, usu. fastened

by straps. [Latin from Greek] 'saend(a)l n. = sandalwood. [Sanskrit candana]

sandal 2

sandal-tree

n.

tree yielding sandal-

n.

1

scented

wood

of a

perfume from this. bag filled with sand, used temporary defences etc. -0. (-gg-)

sandal-tree. 2

sandbag

defend or hit with sandbag(s).

sandbank

n.

sand forming a shallow

place in the sea or a river.

sandblast

sandy

adj. (-ier, -iest)

sang-froid danger or

,'sd'frwa:

difficulty.

1

n.

work

having

al

ex-

much

calmness in

[French, = cold

blood]

Sangria

saerfgrua/ n. Spanish drink of red wine with lemonade, fruit, etc. [Spanish, = bleeding]

sanguinary

1 adj. 'saengwmari/ bloody. 2 bloodthirsty. [Latin sanguis -guin- blood]

sanguine 'saengwm

wood.

sandalwood for

course with

n.

ternate periods of study and perience.

-v. roughen, treat, or clean with a jet of sand driven by compressed

adj. 1 optimistic, confident. 2 (of the complexion) florid,

ruddy.

Sanhedrin of justice

saenidrm

n.

highest court

and the supreme council

in

ancient Jerusalem. [Greek sunedrion council]

sanitarium .saeni'teariam/ n. (pi. -s -ria) US = sanatorium, [related sanitary]

or to

sanitary

sashay

807

sanitary

/'saenitan/ adj. 1 (of conditions etc.) affecting health. 2 hygienic. sanitariness n. [Latin sanitas: related to sane]

sanitary towel

Saracen Muslim

at the time of the Crusades. [Greek sarakenos]

sarcasm

/'sa:,kaez(9)m/

language.

(US sanitary napkin) absorbent pad used during men-

scornful /sai'kaestik/

adj.

struation.

/sai'kaestikah/ speak bitterly]

adv.

sanitation

n.

sanitary conditions. 2 maintenance etc. of these. 3 disposal of sewage and refuse etc.

sanitize

/'saeni.taiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing

or -sing) colloq.

/,saeni'teij(a)n/ n. 1

1

make

sanitary; disinfect. 2

censor (information etc.) to make

it more acceptable. sanity /'saeniti/ n. 1 being sane.

2 moderation. [Latin sanitas: related to sane] sank past of sink. sansculotte /.saenzkju'lot/ n. (esp. in

the French Revolution) extreme repub= 'without lican. [French, literally knee-breeches'] sanserif /saen'serif/ n. (also sans-serif) form of type without serifs, [apparently from sans without, serif] Sanskrit /'saenskrit/ -n. ancient and sacred language of the Hindus in India. -adj. of or in this language. [Sanskrit, =

composed]

Santa Claus

/'saenta ,klo:z/ n. person bring children presents on Christmas Eve. [Dutch, = St Nicholas] sap -n. 1 vital juice circulating in plants. 2 vigour, vitality. 3 slang foolish person, - v. (-pp-) 1 drain or dry (wood) of sap. 2 weaken. [Old English] sap 2 -n. tunnel or trench dug to get nearer to the enemy, -v. (-pp-) 1 dig saps. 2 undermine. [French sappe or Italian zappa spade]

said

to

1

sapient

/'seipiant/ adj. literary

aping wisdom.

sapience

1

n.

wise. 2 [Latin

sapio be wise]

sapling

n.

young

tree,

[from sap

1

]

n. 1 person who digs saps. 2 soldier of the Royal Engineers (esp. as the official term for a private). Sapphic /'saefik/ adj. 1 of Sappho or her poetry. 2 lesbian. [Greek Sappho, poetess of Lesbos]

sapper

sapphire

/'saefai8(r)/ -n. 1 transparent blue precious stone. 2 its bright blue colour, -adj. (also sapphire blue) bright blue. [Greek sappheiros lapis

lazuli]

sappy

adj. (-ier, -iest)

1

full of sap. 2

young and vigorous,

saprophyte

/'saepra.fait/

plant or dead or

micro-organism living on decayed organic matter. [Greek sapros rotten, phud grow] saraband /'saera.baend/ n. 1 slow stately Spanish dance. 2 music for this. [Spanish zarabanda]

-

ironically

n.

sarcastic sarcastically [Greek sarkazo

sarcoma /sai'kauma/ n.

(pi. -s

or -mata)

malignant tumour of connective [Greek sarx sark- flesh]

sarcophagus

/sai'kofagas/

tissue.

n.

(pi.

stone coffin. [Greek, = flesh-consumer] sardine /sa:'di:n/ n. (pi. same or -s) young pilchard etc. sold in closely packed tins. like sardines crowded

-phagi

/-,gai/)

close together. [French

sardonic

from Latin]

/sa:'dmuk/ adj. bitterly mock-

sardonically adv. ing or cynical. [Greek sardonios Sardinian]

sardonyx /'sa:daniks/ n. onyx in which white layers alternate with yellow or orange ones. [Greek sardonux]

sargasso /sa:'gaesoo7 (also sargassum) (pi. with

berry-like

(pi. -s or -es) -gassa) seaweed

n.

air-vessels.

[Portu-

guese]

sarge

n.

slang sergeant, [abbreviation]

sari /'sari:/ n. (pi. -s) length of cloth draped round the body, traditionally worn by women of the Indian subcontinent. [Hindi]

sarky

/'sa:ki/ adj. (-ier, sarcastic, [abbreviation]

sarnie

/'sa:ni/

n.

slang

-iest)

colloq.

sandwich.

[abbreviation]

sarong

/sa'ron/ n. Malay and Javanese garment of a long strip of cloth tucked round the waist or under the armpits.

[Malay]

sarsaparilla

/.saisapa'nte/

n.

1

pre-

paration of the dried roots of various plants, esp. smilax, used to flavour some drinks and medicines and formerly as a tonic. 2 plant yielding this. [Spanish] sarsen /'sa:s(a)n/ n. sandstone boulder carried by ice during a glacial period, [from Saracen] sarsenet /'sa:snit/ n. soft silk material used esp. for linings. [Anglo-French from sarzin Saracen]

sartorial

/sa:'to:nal/ adj. of men's sartorially adv. clothes or tailoring. [Latin sartor tailor] abbr. Special Air Service. sash n. strip or loop of cloth etc. worn over one shoulder or round the waist. [Arabic, = muslin] sash 2 n. frame holding the glass in a sash-window, [from chassis] sashay /'saejei/ v. esp. US colloq. walk or move ostentatiously, casually, or diagonally. [French chasse]

SAS

1

n.

Arab or

/'saeras(a)n/ n. hist.

sash-cord sash-cord

sash-window

n. window sliding up and down in grooves, sass US colloq. -n. impudence, cheek. -v. be impudent to. [var. of sauce] sassafras /'saesa.fraes/ n. 1 small N. American tree. 2 medicinal preparation from its leaves or bark. [Spanish or

Portuguese]

Sassenach usu.

/'saesa.naek/ n. Scot.

English

derog.

person.

&

Ir.

[Gaelic

Sasunnoch]

sassy

adj. (-ier, -iest) esp.

US

colloq.

impudent, cheeky, [var. of saucy] SAT /saet/ abbr. standard assessment task.

the Devil; Lucifer.

/'seit(a)n/ n.

[Hebrew, = enemy]

satanic

/sa'taenik/ adj. of

or like Satan;

satanically adv. 1 worship Satanist n.

hellish; evil.

Satanism

/'seita,niz(a)m/ n.

of Satan. 2 pursuit of evil.

& adj. satchel /'saetJXa)l/ n. small shoulder-bag for carrying school-books etc. [Latin: 1 related to sack ] sate v. (-ting) formal gratify fully; surfeit,

[probably

sateen

sade satisfy]

dial,

/sae'tiin/ n.

glossy cotton fabric

like satin, [satin after velveteen] /'saeta.lait/ -n. 1 celestial or

satellite

body orbiting the earth or

artificial

another planet. 2 (in full satellite State) small country controlled by another, -attrib. adj. transmitted by satellite

(satellite

television).

[Latin

-/^attendant] satellite dish n. dish-shaped aerial for satelles

receiving satellite television. (-ting) = sate. adj. satiation /-'eij(a)n/ n. [Latin satis enough] satiety /sa'tanti/ n. formal being sated. [Latin: related to satiate] satin /'saetm/ -n. silk etc. fabric glossy on one side. -adj. smooth as satin. satiny adj. [Arabic zaitunX]

satiate /'seiji.eit/ v. satiable /-Jab(a)l/

satinwood

n.

a kind of yellow glossy

timber.

satire /'saetaia(r)/ n. 1 ridicule, irony, etc., used to expose folly or vice etc. 2

work

using

'tink(9)l/

adj.

satirical /sa satirically /sa'tinkali/

this.

adv. [Latin satira medley]

satirist

/'saetarist/ n. 1

writer of satires.

2 satirical person.

satirize

/'saeta.raiz/

satisfaction

v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) attack or describe with satire.

/.saetis'faekJXa)^/ n. 1 satis-

fying or being satisfied (derived great satisfaction). 2 thing that satisfies (is a great satisfaction to me). 3 (foil, by for) atonement; compensation (demanded satisfaction).

satisfactory

/.saetis'faektan/

equate; giving satisfaction. orily adv.

adj.

ad-

satisfact-

satisfy

/'saetis.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 a meet the expectations or desires of. b be adequate. 2 meet (an appetite or want). 3 rid (a person) of such an appetite or want. 4 pay (a debt or creditor). 5 adequately fulfil or comply with (conditions etc.). 6 (often foil, by of that) convince, esp. with proof etc. satisfy

oneself (often foil, by that) certain. [Latin satisfacio]

satrap

Sat. abbr. Saturday, sat past and past part, of sit.

Satan

sauce-boat

808

strong cord attaching the sash-weights to a window sash, sash- weight n. weight attached to each end of a window sash, n.

/'saetraep/ n.

become

provincial gov-

1

ernor in the ancient Persian empire. 2 subordinate ruler. [Persian, = protector of the land] /saet'su:ma/ n. variety of tangerine. [Satsuma, province in Japan]

satsuma

saturate

/'saetja.reit/

(-ting)

v.

1

fill

with moisture. 2 (often foil, by with) fill to capacity. 3 cause (a substance etc.) to absorb, hold,

as

etc.

another substance ket)

much as possible of

etc.

4 supply (a mar-

beyond demand. 5

saturated

(as

molecules) containing the greatest number of hydrogen atoms. [Latin satur full]

adj.) (of fat

saturation

/,saetja'reij(a)n/ n. saturat-

ing or being saturated.

saturation point n. stage beyond which no more can be absorbed or accepted.

Saturday

/'saeta.dei/

-n.

day of the

week following Friday, -adv.

colloq. 1

on Saturday. 2 (Saturdays) on Saturdays; each Saturday. [Latin: related to saturnalia]

saturnalia

/.sasta'neilia/ n. (pi.

same or

(usu. Saturnalia) Rom. Hist, fesSaturn in December, the predecessor of Christmas. 2 (as sing, or pi.) scene of wild revelry. [Latin, pi. from -s) 1

tival of

Saturnus

Roman

god]

saturnine

/'saeta.nam/ adj. of gloomy temperament or appearance. satyr /'saeta(r)/ n. 1 (in Greek and Roman mythology) woodland god with some horselike or goatlike features. 2 lecherous man. [Greek saturos]

sauce

/sd:s/

-n.

1

liquid or viscous

something adding piquancy or excitement. 3 colloq. impudence, impertinence, cheek, -v. (-cing) colloq. be impudent to; cheek.

accompaniment

to a dish. 2

[Latin salsus salted]

sauce-boat sauces

etc.

n.

jug or dish for serving

saucepan saucepan with a

lid

cooking pan, usu. round and a projecting handle, used n.

on a hob. n. 1 shallow circular dish for standing a cup on. 2 thing of this shape. saucerful n. (pi. -s). [French saus-

sier]

(-ier, -iest) impudent, saucily adv. sauciness n.

adj.

cheeky.

sauerkraut

/'saua.kraut/

n.

German

dish of pickled cabbage. [German] /'soma/ n. 1 period spent in a special room heated very hot, to clean the body. 2 such a room. [Finnish] saunter /'so:nta(r)/ -v. walk slowly; stroll, -n. leisurely walk, [origin

sauna

unknown] saurian /'soman/ adj.

of or like a lizard.

[Greek saura lizard]

sausage

/'sosid3/

n.

seasoned

a

1

minced meat etc. in a cylindrical edible skin, b piece of this. 2 sausage-shaped object. not a sausage colloq. nothing at all. [French saussiche]

sausage meat sausages

n.

minced meat used

in

etc.

sausage roll pastry

n.

sausage meat in a

roll.

saute

/'sautei/ -attrib. adj. (esp. of potatoes) fried quickly in a little fat. -n. food

so cooked. -v. (sauted or sauteed) cook in this way. [French sauter jump]

Sauternes

/sau't3:n/

n.

sweet white

wine from Sauternes in the Bordeaux region of France. [Sauternes in France] /'saevid3/ -adj. 1 fierce; cruel. 2 wild; primitive. -n. 1 derog. member of a primitive tribe. 2 cruel or barbarous person, -v. (-ging) 1 attack and maul. 2 attack verbally. savagely adv. savagery n. (pi. -ies). [French from Latin silva a wood]

savage

savannah

/sa'vaena/ n. (also

savanna)

grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions. [Spanish]

savant

[Latin salvo, salva, ablative sing, of

salvus safe]

save-as-you-earn n. saving by regular

saucer

saucy

saw

809

/'saev(a)nt,

sae'vd/

/'saev(a)nt/,

/sae'vdt/)

n.

(fern.

deduction from earnings at source.

saveloy /'saeva.bi/ n. seasoned dried smoked sausage. [Italian cervellata] saver n. 1 person who^saves esp. money. 2 (often in comb.) thing that saves (time 3 cheap (esp. off-peak) fare. -adj. (often in comb.) making economical use of (labour-saving), -n. 1 anything that is saved. 2 an economy (a saving in expenses). 3 (usu. in pi.) money saved. 4 act of preserving or rescuing, -prep. 1 except. 2 without offence to (saving your presence). saving grace n. redeeming quality. savings bank n. bank paying interest on small deposits. etc.).

saving

savings

certificate n. interest bearing Government certificate issued

to savers.

saviour /'seivja(r)/ n. (US savior) person who saves from danger etc. (Saviour) (prec. by [Latin: related to save

savoirfaire to

[French]

herb used esp. in cookery. [Latin satureia]

savory 2 £75 var. of savoury. savour /'seiva(r)/(C/Ssavor)-/2.

1

char-

acteristic taste, flavour, etc. 2 hint of a different quality etc. in something, -v. 1

appreciate and enjoy (food, an experience, etc.). 2 (foil, by of) imply or suggest (a specified quality). [Latin sapor] savoury /'seivan/ (US savory) -adj. 1 having an appetizing taste or smell. 2 (of food) salty or piquant, not sweet. 3 pleasant; acceptable, -n. (pi. -ies)

savoury dish.

savvy

savouriness

n.

cabbage with wrinkled

/sa'voi/ n.

SE France] slang -v. (-ies,

leaves. [Savoy in

-v. (ving)

1

(often

foil,

future use. 3 a (often refl.) relieve (another or oneself) from spending (money, time, trouble, etc.); prevent exposure to (annoyance etc.). b obviate the need for. 4 preserve from damnation; convert. 5 a avoid losing (a game, match, etc.). b prevent (a goal etc.) from being scored, -n. Football etc. prevention of a goal etc. savable adj. (also saveable). [Latin salvo from salvus safe] 2

save archaic or poet. -prep, -conj. (often

tact.

1

by from) rescue or keep from danger, harm, etc. 2 (often foil, by up) keep (esp. money) fGr

person. [French] 1

]

savor US var. of savour. savory /'seivan/ n. (pi. -ies) aromatic

savoy

save

1

/.saevwa: 'fea(r)/ n. ability

behave appropriately;

learned

savante

1

2 the, our) Christ.

foil,

except; but. by for) except; but.

/'saevi/

-ied)

know. -n. knowingness; understanding, -adj. (-ier, -iest) US knowing; wise. [Pidgin alteration of Spanish sabe usted you know] saw -n. 1 hand tool with a toothed blade used to cut esp. wood with a to-and-fro movement. 2 power tool with a toothed 1

moving band, for cutsawn or sawed) 1

rotating disk or

ting, -v. (past part,

cut (wood etc.) or make (boards etc.) with a saw. 2 use a saw. 3 a move with a

sawing motion (sawing away on his violin), b divide (the air etc.) with gesticulations. [Old English]

saw

2

past of see

1 .

saw saw 3

proverb; maxim. [Old English:

related to say]

sawdust

n.

powdery wood

particles

produced in sawing.

sawfish n. fish

scale

810 n.

(pi.

same or -es) large marine

with a toothed

sawmill

flat

factory for sawing planks. 1 of saw sawn-off adj. (US sawed-off) (of a shotgun) with part of the barrel sawn off.

sawtooth

.

adj. (also

sawtoothed)

ser-

rated.

sawyer n.

person who saws timber, esp.

for a living.

sax n. colloq. saxophone, [abbreviation] saxe /saeks/ n. & adj. (in full saxe blue; as adj often hyphenated) light greyishblue colour. [French, = Saxony] saxifrage /'saeksi,freid3/ n. rock-plant with small white, yellow, or red flowers. [Latin saxum rock, frango break] .

Saxon

/'saeks(a)n/ -n.

1 hist,

a

member

of the Germanic people that conquered parts of England in 5th-6th c. b (usu. Old Saxon) language of the Saxons. 2 = Anglo-Saxon, -adj. 1 hist, of the Saxons. 2 = Anglo-Saxon. [Latin Saxo •onis]

saxophone

/'saeksa.faun/

n.

metal

woodwind reed instrument used esp. in jazz. saxophonist /-'sDfanist/ n. [Sax,

name of the maker] say -v. (3rd sing, present says /sez/; past and past part, said

/sed/) 1 (often foil, by that) a utter (specified words); remark, b express (say what you feet). 2 (often foil, by that) a state; promise or prophesy, b have specified wording; indicate (clock says ten to six). 3 (in passive; usu. foil, by to + infin.) be asserted (is said to

be old). 4

(foil,

by

to

+

infin.) colloq. tell

do (he said to hurry). 5 convey (information) (spoke, but said little). 6 offer as an argument or excuse (much to be said in favour of it). 7 (often absol) give an opinion or decision as to (hard to say). 8 take as an example or as near enough (paid, say, £20). 9 recite or repeat (prayers, Mass, tables, a lesson, etc.). 10 convey (inner meaning etc.) (what is the poem saying?). 11 (the said) Law or joc. the previously mentioned, -n. 1 opportunity to express a view (let him have his say). 2 share in a decision (had no say in it). I'll say colloq. yes indeed. I say! exclamation of surprise etc. or drawing attention, that is to say in other words, more explicitly. [Old English] abbr. save-as-you-earn. saying n. maxim, proverb, etc. go without saying be too obvious to need mention. to

SAYE

1

power of {his

decision. 2 say-so is not

enough).

Sb symb. antimony. [Latin stibium] S-bend n. S-shaped bend in a road

or

pipe.

snout.

n.

sawn past part,

say-so n. colloq. mere assertion

Sc symb. scandium. sc. abbr. scilicet. s.c. abbr. small capitals. scab -n. 1 crust over a healing cut, sore, etc. 2 (often attrib.) colloq. derog. blackleg. 3 skin disease, esp. in animals. 4 fungous plant disease, -v. (-bb-) 1 colloq. derog. act as a blackleg. 2 form a scab, heal over. scabby adj. (-ier, -iest). [Old Norse: cf. shabby] scabbard /'skaebad/ n. hist, sheath of a

sword etc. [Anglo-French] scabies /'skeibiiz/ n. contagious skin disease causing itching. [Latin] /'skeibias/ n. plant with esp. blue pincushion-shaped flowers, [medieval Latin scabiosa (herba) named as curing scabies]

scabious

scabrous /'skeibras/ adj. 1 rough, scaly. 2 indecent, salacious. [Latin]

scaffold

/'skaefauld/ n.

1

hist,

platform

for the execution of criminals. 2 = scaffolding. [Romanic: related to ex- 1

,

CATAFALQUE] scaffolding n.l a temporary structure of poles, planks, etc., for building work, b materials for this. 2 any temporary framework. scalar /'skeila(r)/ Math. & Physics -adj. (of a quantity) having only magnitude, not

direction, -n. scalar quantity. 3 [Latin: related to scale ] scalawag var. of scallywag. scald /sko:ld, skDld/ -p. 1 burn (the skin etc.) with hot liquid or steam. 2 heat (esp. milk) to near boiling point. 3 (usu. foil, by out) clean with boiling water, -n. burn etc. caused by scalding. [Latin excaldo from calidus hot] scale 1 -n. 1 each of the thin horny plates protecting the skin offish and reptiles. 2 something resembling this. 3 white deposit formed in a kettle etc. by hard water. 4 tartar formed on teeth, -v. (-ling) 1 remove scale(s) from. 2 form or scaly adj. (-ier, come off in scales. -iest). [French escale] 2 scale n. 1 a (often in pi.) weighing machine, b (also scale-pan) each of the

dishes on a simple balance. 2 (the Scales) zodiacal sign or constellation Libra. tip (or turn) the scales 1 be the decisive factor. 2 (usu. foil, by at) weigh. [Old Norse skdl bowl] scale 3 -n. 1 graded classification system (high on the social scale). 2 a (often attrib.) ratio of reduction or enlargement in a map, model, picture, etc. (on a

scalene

scale of one inch to the mile; a scale model), b relative dimensions. 3 Mus. set of notes at fixed intervals, arranged in order of pitch. 4 a set of marks on a line used in measuring etc. b rule determining the distances between these, c rod etc. on which these are marked, -v. (-ling) 1 a climb (a wall, height, etc.). b climb (the social scale, heights of ambition, etc.). 2 represent proportionally; in scale in reduce to a common scale, proportion, scale down (or up) make or become smaller (or larger) in proportion, to scale uniformly in proportion. [Latin sea la ladder] scalene /'skeiliin/ adj. (esp. of a triangle) having unequal sides. [Greek i

skalenos unequal]

scallion

/'skaeljan/ n. esp.

US

shallot;

spring onion etc. [Latin from Ascalon in ancient Palestine] scallop /'skaelap, 'skDl-/ (also scollop /'skDl-/) -n. 1 edible mollusc with two fan-shaped ridged shells. 2 (in full scallop shell) single shell of a scallop, often used for cooking or serving food in. 3 (in pi.) ornamental edging of semicircular curves, -v. (-p-) ornament with scalscalloping n. (in sense 3 of n.). lops. [French escalope] scallywag /'skaeli.waeg/ n. (also scalawag /'skaela-/) scamp, rascal, [origin un-

known] scalp -n.

1 skin on the head, with the hair etc. attached. 2 hist, this cut off as a trophy by an American Indian, -v. 1 hist, take the scalp of (an enemy). 2 US colloq. resell (shares etc.) at a high or quick profit, [probably Scandinavian] scalpel /'skaelp(a)l/ n. surgeon's small sharp knife. [Latin scalpo scratch] scam n. US slang trick, fraud, [origin

unknown]

scamp

n. colloq. rascal; rogue, [probably Dutch] -v. run and skip. -n. act of scampering, [perhaps from scamp] scampi /'skaempi/ n.pl. large prawns.

scamper [Italian]

scan

scarcity

811

—v. (-nn-) 1 look at intently or quickly. 2 (of a verse etc.) be metrically correct. 3 a examine (a surface etc.) to detect radioactivity etc. b traverse (a particular region) with a radar etc. beam. 4 resolve (a picture) into its elements of light and shade for esp. television transmission. 5 analyse the metrical structure of (verse). 6 obtain an image of (part of the body) using a scanner, -n. 1 scanning. 2 image obtained by scanning. [Latin scando climb, scan] scandal /'skaend(a)l/ n. 1 cause of public outrage. 2 outrage etc. so caused. 3

scandalous adj. scandalously adv. [Greek skandalon, = snare] scandalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) malicious gossip.

offend morally; shock.

scandalmonger

n. person who habitually spreads scandal. /.skaendi'nervian/ -n. 1 a native or inhabitant of Scandinavia

Scandinavian

(Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and

Ice-

land), b person of Scandinavian descent. 2 family of languages of Scandinavia, -adj. of Scandinavia. [Latin]

scandium

/'skaendiam/

n.

metallic ele-

ment occurring naturally in lanthanide Scandia Scandinavia] 1 device for scanning or systematically examining all the parts of something. 2 machine for measuring radiation, ultrasound reflections, etc., from the body as a diagnostic aid.

ores. [Latin

scanner

n.

scansion /'skaenJXa)n/ n.

metrical scan-

ning of verse. [Latin: related to scan]

scant

barely sufficient; deficient.

adj.

[Old Norse]

scanty adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1 of small extent or amount. 2 barely sufficient. scantily adv. scantiness n.

scapegoat

/'skeipgaut/ n. person for others' shortcomings (with [obsolete scape escape] 16). scapula /'skaepjula/ n. (pi. -lae /-,li:/ or -s) shoulder-blade. [Latin]

blamed ref. to

Lev.

scapular

/'skaepjula(r)/

-adj.

of the

shoulder or shoulder-blade, —n. short monastic cloak. scar 1 -n. 1 usu. permanent mark on the skin from a wound etc. 2 emotional

damage from grief etc. 3 sign of damage. 4 mark left on a plant by the loss of a leaf etc. -v. (-rr-) 1 (esp. as scarred adj.) mark with a scar or scars (scarred for life). 2 form a scar. [French eschar(r)e] scar2 n. (also scaur) steep craggy outcrop of a mountain or cliff. [Old Norse, =

reef]

scarab

/'skaerab/ n.

1

a sacred dung-

beetle of ancient Egypt, b a kind of beetle. 2 ancient Egyptian gem cut in the form of a beetle. [Latin scarabaeus from

Greek]

scarce Iskedsl-adj. 1 (usu. predic.) (esp. of food, money, etc.) in short supply. 2 rare. -adv. archaic or literary scarcely.

make oneself scarce colloq.

keep out

of the way; surreptitiously disappear. [French scars Latin excerpto excerpt] scarcely adv. 1 hardly, only just (had scarcely arrived). 2 surely not (can scarcely have said so). 3 esp. iron, not (scarcely expected to be insulted).

scarcity

n. (pi. -ies)

(often

foil,

lack or shortage, esp. of food.

by

of)

scare /skea(r)/ -v. (-ring) 1 frighten, esp. suddenly. 2 (as scared adj.) (usu.

by

foil,

or to + infin.) frightened;

of,

terrified. 3 (usu. foil,

by away,

off,

up,

drive away by frightening. 4 become scared (they don 't scare easily), -n. 1 sudden attack of fright. 2 alarm etc.)

by rumour

caused

(a

etc.

measles

scare). [Old Norse]

scarecrow

human

figure dressed in old clothes and set up in a field to scare birds away. 2 colloq. badlydressed, grotesque-looking, or very thin person. n. 1

scaremonger

person who spreads scaremongeralarming rumours. ing n. scarf n. (pi. scarves /ska:vz/ or -s) piece of material worn esp. round the neck or over the head, for warmth or ornament. [French escarpe] scarf2 -v. join the ends of (timber etc.) by bevelling or notching them to fit and then bolting them etc. -n. (pi. -s) joint n.

1

made by

[probably French

scarfing,

escarf]

scarify

scenic

812

scare

1

scatological /-ta'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. [Greek skor skat- dung] scatter -v. 1 a throw about; strew, b cover by scattering. 2 a (cause to) move in flight etc.; disperse, b disperse or cause (hopes, clouds, etc.) to disperse. 3 (as scattered adj.) wide apart or sporadic (scattered villages). 4 Physics deflect or diffuse (light, particles, etc.). -n. 1 act of scattering. 2 small amount scattered. 3 extent of distribution, [probably var. of shatter]

scatterbrain n. person lacking concenscatterbrained

tration.

scatty

/'skaeti/ adj.

scatterbrained.

ness

n.

and

of scar /'skaevmd3/ v. (-ging) (usu. by for, also absol.) search for collect (discarded items), [back-

formation from scavenger]

animal feeding on carrion, refuse, etc. [Anglo-French scawager. related to show] Sc.D. ahhr. Doctor of Science. [Latin

SCE ahhr.

scarification /-ft 3 loosen (soil). 'keij(a)n/ n. [Greek skariphos stylus]

scenario

scarify 2

/'skean.fai/

v.

(-ies, -ied) colloq.

scare.

scarlatina

/,ska:la'ti:na/ n.

= scarlet

fever. [Italian: related to scarlet] /'ska:lat/ -adj. of brilliant red tinged with orange. -n.\ scarlet colour or pigment. 2 scarlet clothes or material (dressed in scarlet). [French escarlate]

scarlet

scarlet fever

n. infectious bacterial fever with a scarlet rash. n. wild plant with small esp. scarlet flowers. scarlet n. derog. promiscuous

scarlet pimpernel

woman

woman, prostitute. scarp -n. steep slope,

esp. the inner side of a ditch in a fortification, -v. make

perpendicular or steep. [Italian Scarpa] v. slang run away, escape, [probably Italian scappare escape] scarves pi. of scarf

scarper

1

.

scary

/'skean/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. frightening. scat v. (-tt-) (usu. in imper.) colloq. depart quickly, [perhaps an abbreviation of scatter] scat 2 -rc. wordlessjazz singing. -u. (-tt-) sing scat, [probably imitative] 1

scathing scornful.

witheringly scathingly adv. [Old

/'skei6in/

adj.

Norse]

scatology interest in

/skae'tolad3i/

n.

excessive

excrement or obscenity.

.

scavenger n. 1 person who scavenges. 2

/'skaen.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) 1 a slight incisions in. b cut off skin from. 2 hurt by severe criticism etc.

make

2

scaur var. scavenge foil,

adj.

(-ier, -iest) colloq.

scattily adv. scatti-

scientiae doctor]

Scottish Certificate of Educa-

tion.

/si'na.nau/ n. (pi -s) 1 outline of the plot of a play, film, etc. 2 postulated sequence of future events. [Italian]

Usage Scenario should not be used in standard English to mean 'situation', as it was an unpleasant scenario.

in

scene

/si;n/ n. 1 place in which events, real or fictional, occur. 2 a incident, real or fictional, b description of this. 3 public display of emotion, temper, etc. (made a scene in the restaurant). 4 a continuous portion of a play in a fixed setting; subdivision of an act. b similar section of a film, book, etc. 5 a piece of scenery used in a play, b these collectively. 6 landscape or view. 7 colloq. a area of interest (not my scene), b milieu be(well-known on the jazz scene). hind the scenes 1 offstage. 2 secret; the secretly, set the scene describe location of events. [Greek skene tent, stage] scenery n. 1 natural features of a landscape, esp. when picturesque. 2 painted backcloths, props, etc., used as the background in a play etc. [Italian: related to

scenario] n. person who moves scenery in a theatre, scenic adj. 1 a picturesque, b of natural scenery. 2 of or on the stage, z scen-

scene-shifter

ically adv.

scent

sent -n. 1 distinctive, esp. pleasant, smell. 2 = perfume 2. 3 a perceptible smell left by an animal, b clues etc. leading to a discovery, c power of detecting esp. smells, -v. 1 a discern by scent, b sense (scented danger). 2 (esp. as scented adj.) make fragrant put (or throw) off the (scented soap), scent deceive by false clues etc. scent out discover by smelling or searching. [French sentir perceive] scepter US var. of sceptre. sceptic /'skeptik/ n. (US skeptic) 1 person inclined to doubt accepted opinions. 2 person who doubts the truth of religions. 3 philosopher who questions the possibility of knowledge. scepticism /-,siz(a)m/ n. [Greek skeptomai observe] sceptical adj. (US skeptical) inclined to doubt accepted opinions; critical;

sceptically adv.

incredulous,

sceptre 'septa(r)/ n. (US scepter) staff as a symbol of sovereignty. [Greek /

'Jaidan.froida/ n. mali-

cious enjoyment of another's misfortunes. [German Schaden harm, Freude joy]

schedule

1 a list of /'Jedju:l/ -n. intended events, times, etc. b plan of work. 2 list of rates or prices. 3 US timetable. 4 tabulated list. -v. (-ling) 1 include in a schedule. 2 make a schedule

3

list (a

building) for preservation.

according to (or on) schedule as planned; on time. [Latin schedula slip of paper]

scheduled flight service

etc.)

n.

(also

scheduled

regular public

flight, ser-

vice, etc. (pi. schemata or -s) synopsis, outline, or diagram. [Greek

form, figure] schematic ski'maetik/ —adj. of or as a scheme or schema; diagrammatic, -n. diagram, esp. of an electronic circuit. -at-

schematically adv.

schematize

/'ski:ma,taiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) put in schematic form. scheme /ski:m/ -n. 1 systematic plan or arrangement (colour scheme). 2 artful plot. 3 timetable, outline, syllabus, etc. -v. (-ming) plan, esp. secretly or deceitfully. scheming adj. [Greek: related to

SCHEMA]

scherzo

/'skitsau/ colloq.

-adj.

schizo-

phrenic, -n. (pi. -s) schizophrenic person, [abbreviation] schizoid /'skitsoid/ -adj. tending to schizophrenia but usu. without delusions, -n. schizoid person.

schizophrenia /.skitsa'frimia/ n. mental disease marked by a breakdown in the relation between thoughts, feelings, and actions, and often with delusions schizoand retreat from social life. phrenic /-'frenik/ adj. & n. [Greek skhizo to split, phren mind]

schlock

/Jink/

n.

US

colloq.

trash.

[Yiddish shlak a blow]

schmaltz

/Jma:lts/ n. colloq.

esp.

US

sentimentality, esp. in music, drama, etc. schmaltzy adj. [Yiddish]

schmuck

/JmAk/ n. slang esp. US foolish or contemptible person. [Yiddish] schnapps /Jnasps/ n. any of various spirits drunk in N. Europe. [German] schnitzel /'J*nitz(a)l/ n. escalope of veal.

scholar

/'skDla(r)/ n. 1 learned person, academic. 2 holder of a scholarship. 3 person of specified academic ability (poor scholar). scholarly adj. [Latin:

related to school

scholarship

/'skea.tsau/

n.

(pi.

-s)

Mus.

vigorous, often playful, piece, esp. as part of a larger work. [Italian, = jest] schism ,"skiz(a)m/ n. division of a group (esp. religious) into sects etc., usu. over doctrine, schismatic /-'maetik/ adj. & n. [Greek skhizo to split] schist /Jist/ n. layered crystalline rock. [Greek skhizo to split]

1

]

a academic achievement, esp. of a high level, b standards of a good scholar (shows great scholarship). 2 financial award for a student etc., given for scholarly achievement. n. 1

scholastic /ska'laestik/ adj.

1 of schools, education, etc.; academic. 2 hist, of scholasticism. [Greek: related to

SCHOOL 1 ]

scholasticism hist.

schema /'ski:ma/ n. skhema

schizo

[German]

skepto lean on]

schadenfreude

of.

school

813

scent

medieval

/,ska'laesti,siz(a)m/

western

n.

Church

philosophy.

school

1 /sku:l/ -n. 1 a educational institution for pupils up to 19 years of age, or (US) including college or university level, b (attrib.) of or for use in school (school dinners). 2 a school buildings, pupils, staff, etc. b time of teaching; the teaching itself (no school today). 3 university department or faculty. 4 a group of similar artists etc., esp. followers of an artist etc. b group of likeminded people (belongs to the old school). 5 group of card-players etc. 6 colloq. instructive circumstances etc. (school of adversity), -v. 1 send to school; educate. 2 (often foil, by to) discipline, train, control. 3 (as schooled adj.) (foil, by in) educated or trained (schooled in humility). at (US in) school attending lessons etc. go to school attend lessons. [Greek skhole] school 2 /sku:l/ (often foil, by of) shoal of fish, whales, etc. [Low German or

Dutch]

school age school age

age-range of school

at-

n.

scintillate

boy attending school,

schoolchild n. child attending school, schoolgirl n. girl attending school,

schoolhouse n.

school building, esp. in

a village.

schooling n. education, esp. school-leaver n. person secondary school

at school,

finishing

considered as

(esp.

joining the job market),

schoolmaster

n.

head or assistant

n.

head or assistant

female teacher.

schoolroom

n. room used for lessons, schoolteacher n. teacher in a school, school year n. period from September

to July. /'sku:na(r)/ n.

1

fore-and-aft

rigged ship with two or more masts. 2 a measure or glass for esp. sherry, b US & Austral, tall beer-glass, [origin uncertain]

schottische /Jo'ti: J/ polka. 2 music for

n. 1

this.

a kind of slow

[German, =

Scottish]

sciatic

/sai'aetik/ adj. 1 of the hip. 2 of the sciatic nerve. 3 suffering from or liable to sciatica. [Greek iskhion hip] sciatica /sai'aetika/ n. neuralgia of the hip and leg. [Latin: related to sciatic] sciatic nerve n. largest nerve, running from pelvis to thigh. science /'saians/ n. 1 branch of knowledge involving systematized observation and experiment. 2 a knowledge so gained, or on a specific subject, b pursuit or principles of this. 3 skilful technique. [Latin scio know] science fiction n. fiction with a scientific theme, esp. concerned with the future, space, other worlds, etc. science park n. area containing science-based industries.

scientific /.saian'tifik/ adj. 1 a following the systematic methods of science, b systematic, accurate. 2 of, used in, or engaged in science. scientifically adv.

scientist

/'saiantist/

n.

student

or

expert in science.

Scientology

/,saian'tDlad3i/ n.

system

on selfimprovement and graded courses of study and training. Scientologist n. of religious philosophy based

& adj. [Latin scientia knowledge] sci-fi /sai'fai/ n. (often attrib.) colloq. science fiction, [abbreviation] scilicet /'saili.set/ adv. that is to say (used esp. in explanation of an ambiguity). [Latin] /'simita(r)/ n. curved oriental sword. [French and Italian]

scimitar

trace. [Latin,

n.

-

/'smti.leit/

v.

(-ting)

1

(esp.

as scintillating adj.) talk cleverly; be brilliant. 2 sparkle; twinkle. scintillation /-'leij(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to scintilla] scion /'saian/ n. 1 shoot of a plant etc., esp. one cut for grafting or planting. 2 descendant; younger member of (esp. a noble) family. [French] scirocco var. of sirocco.

scissors

male teacher.

schoolmistress

schooner

scintilla /sm'tila/ spark]

tendance.

schoolboy

scope

814

n.

/'sizaz/ n.pl. (also pair of scissors sing.) hand-held cutting instrument with two pivoted blades opening and closing. [Latin caedo cut: related to

chisel]

sclerosis /skla'rausis/ n. 1 abnormal hardening of body tissue. 2 (in full multiple or disseminated sclerosis) serious progressive disease of the nerv-

ous system. sclerotic /-'rotik/ adj. [Greek skleros hard] scoff1 -v. (usu. foil, by at) speak scornfully; mock. -n. mocking words; taunt, [perhaps from Scandinavian] scoff2 colloq. -v. eat greedily, -n. food; a meal. [Afrikaans schoff from Dutch] scold /skauld/ -v. 1 rebuke (esp. a child). 2 find fault noisily, -n. archaic nagging woman. scolding n. [probably Old Norse]

scollop

var. of scallop.

sconce

n. wall-bracket for a candlestick or light-fitting. [Latin (ab)sconsa

covered

(light)]

scone

/skon, skaun/ n. small cake of and milk, baked quickly, [origin uncertain] flour, fat,

scoop -n.

1 spoon-shaped object, esp.: a a short-handled deep shovel for loose materials, b a large long-handled ladle for liquids, c the excavating part of a

digging-machine

etc.

d an instrument

for serving ice-cream etc. 2 quantity taken up by a scoop. 3 scooping movement. 4 exclusive news item. 5 large profit made quickly, -v. 1 (usu. foil, by out) hollow out (as if) with a scoop. 2 (usu. foil, by up) lift (as if) with a scoop. 3 forestall (a rival newspaper etc.) with a scoop. 4 secure (a large profit etc.), esp.

suddenly. [Low

scoot

v.

quickly,

German

or Dutch]

(esp. in imper.) colloq. depart flee, [origin

scooter n.

1

unknown]

child's toy with a footboard

on two wheels and a long steeringhandle. 2 (in full motor scooter) lowpowered motor cycle with a shieldlike protective front.

scope

n. 1 range or opportunity (beyond the scope of our research). 2 extent of mental ability, outlook, etc. (intellect limited in its scope). [Greek, = target]

-scope

device looked at or through {teleinstrument for observing or -scopic showing (oscilloscope). /'skDpik/ comb, form forming adjectives. [Greek skoped look at] -scopy comb, form indicating viewing or observation, usu. with an instrument ending in -scope (microscopy). scorbutic /sko:'bju:tik/ adj. of, like, or affected with scurvy. [Latin scorbutus scurvy] scorch -v. 1 burn or discolour the surface of with dry heat. 2 become so discoloured etc. 3 (as scorching adj.) colloq. a (of the weather) very hot. b (of criticism etc.) stringent; harsh, —n. mark made by scorching, [origin ing:

1

scope). 2

unknown]

scorched earth policy

policy of destroying anything that might be of n.

use to an invading enemy. n. colloq. very hot day.

scorcher score -n.

number of points, goals, runs, etc., made by a player or side in some games, b respective numbers of points etc. at the end of a game (score wasfive-nil), c act of gaining esp. a goal. 2 (pi. same or -s) twenty or a set of 1

a

twenty. 3 (in pi.) a great many (scores of people). 4 reason or motive (rejected on that score). 5 Mus. a copy of a composition showing all the vocal and instrumental parts arranged one below the other, b music for a film or play, esp. for a musical. 6 notch, line, etc. cut or scratched into a surface. 7 record of money owing, -v. (-ring) 1 a win or gain (a goal, points, success, etc.). b count for (points in a game etc.) (a boundary scores six). 2 a make a score in a game (failed to score), b keep score in a game. 3 mark with notches etc. 4 have an advantage (that is where he scores). 5 Mus. (often foil, by for) orchestrate or arrange (a piece of music). 6 slang a obtain drugs illegally, b make a sexual conquest. keep score (or the score) register scores as they are made, know the score colloq. be aware of the essential facts, on that score so far as that is concerned, score off (or score points off) colloq. humiliate, esp. verbally, score out delete. scorer n. [Old Norse: related to shear] scoreboard n. large board for displaying the score in a game or match, score-book n. (also score-card or -sheet) printed book etc. for entering esp. cricket scores in.

,

i

I

scoria i

/'sko:na/ n. (pi. scoriae /-n,i:/) 1 cellular lava, or fragments of it. 2 slag or dross of metals, scoriaceous /-'eijas/ adj. [Greek skoria refuse] i

!

scour

815

-scope comb, form forming nouns denot-

scorn

-n. disdain, contempt, derision. -v. 1 hold in contempt. 2 reject or refuse to do as unworthy. [French escarnir]

scornful adj.

(often foil, by of) contempscornfully adv.

tuous,

Scorpio

/'skD:piao7 n. (pi. -s) 1 constellation and eighth sign of the zodiac (the Scorpion). 2 person born when the sun is in this sign. [Greek skorpios scorpion] scorpion /'sko:pian/ n. 1 arachnid with pincers and a jointed stinging tail. 2 (the Scorpion) zodiacal sign or constellation Scorpio. Scot n. 1 native of Scotland. 2 person of Scottish descent. [Latin Scottus] Scotch -adj. var. of Scottish or Scots. -n. 1 var. of Scottish or Scots. 2 Scotch

whisky, [from Scottish]

Usage

Scots or Scottish is preferred in Scotland, except in the compound nouns Scotch broth, egg, fir,

to Scotch

mist, terrier,

scotch

and whisky.

put an end to; frustrate. 2 archaic wound without killing, [origin v.

1

unknown] Scotch broth barley

n.

meat soup with pearl

etc.

Scotch egg

n.

hard-boiled egg in saus-

age meat.

Scotch

fir n. (also Scots fir)

= Scots

PINE.

Scotch mist n. thick drizzly mist. Scotch terrier n. (also Scottish

ter-

rier) small rough-haired terrier.

Scotch whisky

n.

whisky

distilled in

Scotland.

scot-free adv. unharmed, unpunished, [obsolete scot tax] (also Scotch) esp. Scot. -adj. 1 = Scottish adj. 2 in the dialect, accent, etc., of (esp. Lowlands) Scotland, -n. 1 = Scottish n. 2 form of English spoken in (esp. Lowlands) Scotland, [var. of

Scots

Scottish]

Scots

fir var. of

Scotsman

n.

Scotch

(fern.

fir.

Scotswoman) =

Scot.

Scots pine

n. (also Scottish pine) a kind of pine tree. Scottie n. (also Scottie dog) colloq. Scotch terrier. Scottish (also Scotch) -adj. of Scotland or its inhabitants, —n. (prec. by the; treated as pi.) people of Scotland. Scottish pine var. of Scots pine. Scottish terrier var. of Scotch ter-

rier.

scoundrel

/'skaundr(a)l/ n. unscrupu-

lous villain; rogue, [origin unknown] scour -v. 1 a cleanse by rubbing, b (usu. foil, by away, off, etc.) clear (rust, stains, etc.) by rubbing etc. 2 clear out (a pipe, channel, etc.) by flushing through. 1

scour

unknown]

scourge

,/sk3:d3/ -n. 1 person or thing seen as causing suffering. 2 whip. -v. (-ging) 1 whip. 2 punish, oppress. [Latin corrigia whip] Scouse colloq. -n. 1 Liverpool dialect. 2 (also Scouser) native of Liverpool. -adj. of Liverpool, [from lobscouse] scout -n. 1 soldier etc. sent ahead to get esp. military intelligence. 2 search for this. 3 = talent-scout. 4 (also Scout) member of the Scout Association, an (orig. boys') association intended to develop character. 5 domestic worker at

an Oxford college, -v. 1 (often foil, by for) go about searching for information etc. 2 (foil, by about, around) make a search. 3 (often foil, by out) colloq. explore to get information about (terscouting n. [French ritory etc.). escoute(r) from Latin ausculto listen] Scouter n. adult leader of Scouts. Scoutmaster n. person in charge of a group of Scouts. scow n. esp. US flat-bottomed boat. [Dutch] -n. severe frowning or sullen expression, -u. make a scowl. [Scandinavian] scrabble /'skraeb(a)l/-i;. (-ling) scratch or grope about, esp. in search of something, -n. 1 act of scrabbling. 2 (Scrabble) propr. game in which players build up words from letter-blocks on a board. [Dutch] scrag -n. 1 (also scrag-end) inferior end of a neck of mutton. 2 skinny person or animal, -v. (-gg-) slang 1 strangle, hang. 2 handle roughly, beat up. [origin uncertain] scraggy adj. (-ier, -iest) thin and bony.

scowl

scragginess n. v. (-mm-) (esp. in imper.) colloq. go away, [perhaps from scramble]

scram

scramble

scratch

816

scouring or being scoured. scourer n. [French escurer] scour2 v. search thoroughly, esp. by scanning (scoured the streets for him; [origin newspaper), scoured the -n.

/'skraemb(a)l/ -u. (-ling)

1

clamber, crawl, climb, etc., esp. hurriedly or anxiously. 2 (foil, by for, at) struggle with competitors (for a thing or share). 3 mix together indiscriminately. 4 cook (eggs) by stirring them in a pan over heat. 5 change the speech frequency of (a broadcast transmission or telephone conversation) so as to make it unintelligible without a decoding device. 6 (of fighter aircraft or pilots) take off quickly in an emergency or for action, -n. 1 act of scrambling. 2 difficult climb or walk. 3 (foil, by for) eager struggle or competition. 4 motor-cycle

race over rough ground. 5 emergency take-off

by fighter

aircraft, [imitative]

scrambler

n. device for scrambling telephone conversations. scrap -n. 1 small detached piece; fragment. 2 rubbish or waste material. 3 discarded metal for reprocessing (often attrib.: scrap metal). 4 (with neg.) smallest piece or amount. 5 (in pi.) a odds and ends, b uneaten food. -v. (-pp-) discard as useless. [Old Norse: related to scrape] scrap 2 colloq. -n. fight or rough quarrel. -v. (-pp-) have a scrap, [perhaps from scrape] scrapbook n. blank book for sticking cuttings, drawings, etc., in. scrape -v. (-ping) 1 a move a hard or sharp edge across (a surface), esp. to make smooth, b apply (a hard or sharp edge) in this way. 2 (foil, by away, off, etc.) remove by scraping. 3 a rub (a surface) harshly against another, b scratch or damage by scraping. 4 make (a hollow) by scraping. 5 a draw or move with a scraping sound, b make such a sound, c produce such a sound from. 6 (often foil, by along, by, through, etc.) move almost touching surrounding obstacles etc. (scraped through the gap). 7 narrowly achieve (a living, an examina1

tion pass,

etc.).

8 (often

foil,

by

by,

through) a barely manage, b pass an examination etc. with difficulty. 9 (foil, by together, up) bring, provide, or amass with difficulty. 10 be economical. 11 draw back a foot in making a clumsy bow. 12 (foil, by back) draw (the hair) tightly back. —n. 1 act or sound of scraping. 2 scraped place; graze. 3 colloq. predicament caused by rashness scrape the barrel colloq. be etc. reduced to a limited choice etc. [Old Norse] scraper n. device for scraping, esp. paint etc. from a surface.

scrap heap

n. 1 pile

of scrap. 2 state of

being discarded as useless.

scrapie

/'skreipi/ n. viral disease of sheep, characterized by lack of coord-

ination.

scraping

n. (esp.

in pi.) fragment pro-

duced by scraping.

scrap merchant n. dealer in scrap. scrappy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 consisting of

scraps.

2

incomplete;

carelessly

arranged or put together.

scrapyard scrap

n.

place

where

(esp. metal)

collected for reuse. -v. 1 score, mark, or wound superficially, esp. with a sharp object. 2 (also absol) scrape, esp, with the nails to relieve itching. 3 make or form by scratching. 4 (foil, by together, up, etc.) is

scratch

scratchy = scrape 9. 5 (foil, by out, off, through) strike (out) (writing etc.). 6 (also absol) withdraw (a competitor, oneself, etc.) from a race or competition. 7 (often foil,

by about, around, etc.) a scratch the ground etc. in search, b search haphazardly {scratching about for evidence), —n. 1 mark or wound made by scratching. 2 sound of scratching. 3 spell of scratching oneself. 4 colloq. superficial line from which competitors in a race (esp. those not receiving a handicap) start, -attrib.adj. 1 collected by chance. 2 collected or made from whatever is available; heterogeneous. 3 with no handicap given {scratch race). from scratch 1 from the beginning. 2 without help, scratch one's head be perplexed, scratch the surface deal with a matter only superficially, up to scratch up to the required standard, [origin uncertain] scratchy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 tending to make scratches or a scratching noise. 2 causing itching. 3 (of a drawing etc.) scratchily adv. untidy, careless.

wound. 5

scratchiness

scrawl -v.

n.

write or make (marks) in a hurried untidy way. 2 (foil, by out) cross out by scrawling over. -n. 1 hurried untidy manner of writing. 2 example of this. scrawly adj. [origin uncertain] scrawny adj. (-ier, -iest) lean, scraggy, 1

[dial.]

scream

loud high-pitched cry of sound or cry. 3 occurrence or person. —v. 1 emit a scream. 2 speak or sing (words etc.) in a screaming tone. 3 make or move with a screaming sound. 4 laugh uncontrollably. 5 be blatantly -n.

1

fear, pain, etc. 2 similar colloq. hilarious

obvious. [Old English] n. (in sing, or pi.) 1 small loose stones. 2 mountain slope covered with these. [Old Norse, = landslip] screech -n. harsh piercing scream. -v. utter with or make a screech. screechy adj. (-ier, -iest). [Old English

scree

(imitative)]

screech-owl n. owl that screeches, esp. a barn-owl.

screed

screw-up

817

n. 1 long usu. tiresome piece of writing or speech. 2 layer of cement etc. applied to level a surface, [probably from shred] screen -n. 1 fixed or movable upright partition for separating, concealing, or protecting from heat etc. 2 thing used to conceal or shelter. 3 a concealing stratagem, b protection thus given. 4 a blank surface on which a photographic image is projected, b (prec. by the) the cinema industry; films collectively. 5 surface of

a cathode-ray tube

etc., esp. of a teleon which images appear. 6 = sight-screen. 7 = windscreen. 8 frame with fine netting to keep out insects etc. 9 large sieve or riddle. 10 system of

vision,

checking for disease, an

ability, attri-

bute, etc. -v. 1 (often foil, by from) a shelter; hide, b protect from detection, censure, etc. 2 (foil, by off) conceal behind a screen. 3 show (a film, television programme, etc.). 4 prevent from causing, or protect from, electrical interference. 5 test or check (a person or group) for a disease, reliability, loyalty, etc. 6 sieve. [French]

screenplay n. film script. screen printing n. printing process with ink forced through a prepared sheet of fine material. n. audition for a part in a

screen test film.

screenwriter n. person who writes for the cinema.

screw /skru:/ -n.

1 thin cylinder or cone with a spiral ridge or thread running

round the outside (male screw) or the inside (female screw). 2 (in full

wood-

screw) metal male screw with a slotted head and a sharp point. 3 (in full screwbolt) blunt metal male screw on which a nut is threaded to bolt things together. 4 straight screw used to exert pressure. 5 (in sing, or pi) instrument of torture acting in this way. 6 (in full screwpropeller) propeller with twisted blades acting like a screw on the water or air. 7 one turn of a screw. 8 (foil, by of) small twisted-up paper (of tobacco etc.). 9 (in billiards etc.) an oblique curling motion of the ball. 10 slang prison warder. 11 coarse slang a act of sexual intercourse, b partner in this. -v. 1 fasten or tighten with a screw or screws. 2 turn (a screw). 3 twist or turn round like a screw. 4 (of a ball etc.) swerve. 5 (foil,

etc.)

by out of) extort (consent, money, from. 6 (also absol.) coarse slang

have sexual intercourse with. 7 swindle. have a screw loose colloq. be slightly crazy, put the screws on colloq. pressurize, intimidate, screw up 1 contract or contort (one's face etc.). 2 contract and crush (a piece of paper etc.) into a tight mass. 3 summon up (one's courage etc.). 4 slang a bungle, b spoil (an event, opportunity, etc.). c upset, disturb mentally. [French escroue] screwball n. US slang crazy or eccentric person. screwdriver n. tool with a tip that fits into the head of a screw to turn it. screw top n. (also (with hyphen) attrib.) screwed-on cap or lid. screw-up n. slang bungle, mess.

screwy screwy adj.

slang

(-ier, -iest)

1

crazy or

eccentric. 2 absurd. screwiness n. scribble /'sknb(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 write or draw carelessly or hurriedly. 2 joc. be an author or writer, -n. 1 scrawl. 2

hasty note

[Latin scribillo dimin-

etc.

utive: related to scribe]

scribe

ancient or medieval copyist of manuscripts. 2 ancient Jewish record-keeper or professional theologian and jurist. 3 pointed instrument -/i. 1

making marks on wood etc. 4 writer, esp. a journalist, -v. scribal (-bing) mark with a scribe. adj. [Latin scriba from scribo write] scrim n. open-weave fabric for lining or upholstery etc. [origin unknown] for

colloq.

/'sknmid3/

-n.

tussle;

brawl. (-ging) engage in this, [from skirmish] scrimp v. skimp, [origin unknown] scrip n. 1 provisional certificate of money subscribed, entitling the holder to dividends. 2 {collect.) such certificates. 3 extra share or shares instead of a dividend, [abbreviation of subscription receipt]

script -n.

1 text of a play, film, or broadcast. 2 handwriting; written characters. 3 type imitating handwriting. 4 alphabet or system of writing. 5 examinee's written answers, -v. write a script for (a film etc.). [Latin scriptum from scribo write]

scripture /'sknptja(r)/

n. 1 sacred writ(Scripture or the Scriptures) the Bible. scriptural adj. [Latin:

ings. 2

related to script]

scriptwriter

person who writes TV, etc. script writ-

n.

scripts for films, n.

/'skrivana(r)/

n.

hist.

1

copyist or drafter of documents. 2 notary. [French escrivein] scrofula /'skrofjula/ n. disease with glandular swellings, probably a form of tuberculosis. scrofulous adj. [Latin scrofa a sow] scroll /skraul/-/z. 1 roll of parchment or paper, esp. written on. 2 book in the ancient roll form. 3 ornamental design imitating a roll of parchment, -v. (often foil, by down, up) move (a display on a VDU screen) to view earlier or later material, [originally (sc)rowle roll]

scrolled

adj.

having a

scroll

Scrooge

/skru:d3/ n. miser, character in Dickens]

scrotum /'skrautam/ n.

(pi.

ornament.

[name of a

scrota or -s)

pouch of skin containing the testicles. scrotal

by

n.

[dial.

clean by rubbing, esp. with a hard brush and water. 2 (often foil, by up) (of a surgeon etc.) clean and disinfect the hands and arms before operating. 3 colloq. scrap or cancel. 4 use water to remove impurities from (gases etc.). -n. scrubbing or being scrubbed. [Low German or Dutch] scrub 2 n. 1 a brushwood or stunted forest growth, b land covered with this. 2 (attrib.) small or dwarf variety (scrub pine). scrubby adj. [from shrub] scrubber n. 1 slang promiscuous woman. 2 apparatus for purifying gases -v. (-bb-)

1

etc.

scruff

n. back of the neck (esp. scruff of the neck), [perhaps from Old Norse skoft hair] scruff2 n. colloq. scruffy person, [origin

uncertain]

scruffy

v.

cadging.

(-ging) (also absol.) obtain

on

the

scrounge

untidy.

n. [scruff = scurf] scrummage. 2 colloq. =

scruffiness

scrum

shabby, scruffily adv.

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

slovenly, n.

1

scrimmage, [abbreviation]

scrum-half

half-back

n.

who

puts the

scrum.

ball into the

scrummage n. Rugby massed forwards on each side pushing to gain possession of the ball thrown on the ground between them, [related to scrimmage] scrump v. colloq. steal from an orchard or garden, [related to scrumpy]

scrumptious 1

/'skrAmpJas/ adj. colloq. 2

delicious.

delightful,

[origin

unknown]

scrumpy

n. colloq. rough scrump small apple] 1 (usu. foil, by up) crumple.

/'skrAmpi/

cider, [dial,

scrunch -v.

~-n.

crunching sound,

[var. of

CRUNCH]

scruple

/'skru:p(a)l/ -n. 1 (often in pi.)

moral concern. 2 doubt caused by this. -v. (-ling) (foil, by to + infin.; usu. with neg.) hesitate because of scruples. [Latin] /'skru:pjulas/ adj. 1 conscientious, thorough. 2 careful to avoid doing wrong. 3 punctilious; overscrupulously attentive to details. adv. [Latin: related to scruple]

scrupulous

scrutineer

who

/,skru:ti'nia(r)/

n.

person

scrutinizes ballot-papers.

scrutinize

/'skru:ti,naiz/

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing) subject to scrutiny. /'skru:tmi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 critical gaze. 2 close investigation. 3 official examination of ballot-papers. [Latin scrutinium from scrutor examine]

scrutiny

scuba

adj. [Latin]

scrounge

1

2 crunch.

scrivener

scrounger

scrounging. scrunge steal]

scrub

1

scrimmage

ing

scuba

818

/'sku:ba/

n.

(p/.»-s)

aqualung,

[acronym of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus]

scuba-diving scuba-diving

n.

water using a scuba. scuba-diver n.

scud -v.

sea anchor

819

swimming under-

move

:

i

scuba-dive

v.

scurry /'skAn/ -v. (-ies, -ied) run or move hurriedly, esp. with short quick scamper, -n.

steps;

and

(pi.

-ies) 1 act

or

fast;

sound of scurrying. 2 flurry of rain or

skim along (scudding clouds). 2 Naut. run before the wind. —n. 1 spell of scudding. 2 scudding motion. 3 vapoury driving clouds or shower, [perhaps an

snow, [abbreviation of hurry-scurry reduplication of hurry] /'sk3:vi/ -n. disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. —adj. (-ier, scurvily -iest) paltry, contemptible. adv. [from scurf] scut n. short tail, esp. of a hare, rabbit, or deer, [origin unknown] scutter v. & n. colloq. scurry, [perhaps an alteration of scuttle 2 ] scuttle /'skAt(a)l/ n. 1 = coal-scuttle. 2 part of a car body between the windscreen and the bonnet. [Old Norse from Latin scutella dish] scuttle 2 /'skAt(a)l/ -v. (-ling) scurry; flee from danger etc. -n. hurried gait; precipitate flight, [perhaps related to dial, scuddle frequentative of scud] scuttle 3 /'skAt(a)l/ -n. hole with a lid in a ship's deck or side. -v. let water into (a ship) to sink it. [Spanish escotilla hatch-

(-dd-)

1

straight

alteration of scut] 1 graze or brush against. 2 or wear out (shoes) in this way. 3 shuffle or drag the feet. -n. mark of scuffing, [imitative]

scuff -f.

mark

/'skAf(a)l/ -n. confused struggle or fight at close quarters, -v. (-ling) engage in a scuffle, [probably Scandinavian: related to shove] scull —n. 1 either of^ pair of small oars. 2 oar over the stern of a boat to propel it, usu. by a twisting motion. 3 (in pi.) sculling race. -v. (often absol. ) propel (a boat) with sculls, [origin unknown] sculler n. 1 user of sculls. 2 boat for

scuffle

sculling.

scullery /'skAlan/ n. (pi. -ies) back kitchen; room for washing dishes etc. [Anglo-French squillerie] /'skAljan/ n. archaic 1 cook's boy. 2 person who washes dishes etc.

scullion [origin

unknown]

sculpt

v.

sculpture,

[shortening

of

sculptor]

sculptor n. sculptures.

(fern,

sculptress) artist who related to sculp-

[Latin:

ture]

sculpture /'skAlptJa(r)/ -n. 1 making three-dimensional or

art of relief

forms, by chiselling, carving, modelling, casting, etc. 2 work of sculpture. -v. (-ring) 1 represent in or adorn with sculpture. 2 practise sculpture. sculptural adj. [Latin sculpo sculptcarve] scum-rc. 1 layer of dirt, froth, etc. at the top of liquid. 2 derog. worst part, person, or group (scum of the earth), —v. (-mm-) 1 remove scum from. 2 form a scum (on). scummy adj. (-ier, -iest). [Low German or Dutch] scumbag n. slang contemptible person, scupper* rc. hole in a ship's side to drain water from the deck. [French escopir to spit]

scupper 2

v. slang 1 sink (a ship or its crew). 2 defeat or ruin (a plan etc.). 3

kill,

[origin

scurf

n.

scurfy

adj. [Old

English]

scurrilous

/'skArilas/ adj. grossly or

scurrility abusive. /ska'nhti/ n. (pi. -ies). scurrilously adv. scurrilousness n. [Latin scurra buffoon] indecently

1

way]

and

Scylla

Charybdis

/.sila,

two dangers or extremes such that one can be avoided only by approaching the other, [names of a monster and a whirlpool in Greek ka'nbdis/

n.pl.

mythology] /said/ -n. mowing and reaping implement with a long handle and curved blade swung over the ground.

scythe

-v. (-thing) cut with a scythe. [Old English] SDI abbr. strategic defence initiative. abbr. (in N. Ireland) Social Democratic and Labour Party. abbr. hist. Social Democratic Party. SE abbr. 1 south-east. 2 south-eastern.

SDLP SDP

Se symb. selenium. sea n. 1 expanse of salt water that covers most of the earth's surface. 2 any part of this.

3

named

tract of this partly or

wholly enclosed by land (North Sea). 4 large inland lake (Sea of Galilee). 5 waves of the sea; their motion or state (choppy sea). 6 (foil, by of) vast quantity or expanse. 7 (attrib.) living or used in, on, or near the sea (often prefixed to the

name

of a marine animal, plant,

etc.,

having a superficial resemblance to

unknown]

dandruff.

scurvy

what it is named after) (sea lettuce). at sea 1 in a ship on the sea. 2 perplexed, confused, by sea in a ship or ships, go to sea become a sailor, on the sea 1 = at sea

I.

2 on the coast. [Old English] drifting

sea anchor n. bag to retard the of a ship.

anemone

sea

anemone n. marine animal with tube-shaped body and petal-like tent-

sea

seals of office n.pl. seals held, esp. by the Lord Chancellor or a Secretary of State.

acles.

seabed

ocean

n.

sea bird

seam

floor,

bird living near the sea. seaboard n. 1 seashore or coastline. 2 coastal region. n.

seaborne adj. transported by sea. sea change n. notable or unexpected transformation.

sea cow n. 1 sirenian. 2 walrus, sea dog n. old sailor, seafarer n. 1 sailor. 2 traveller by sea. seafaring

adj.

&

n. (often attrib.) edible sea fish or shellfish {seafood restaurant). sea front n. part of a town directly facing the sea. seagoing adj. (of ships) fit for crossing the sea. sea green adj. & n. (as adj. often hyphenated) bluish-green.

seagull n. = gull sea horse n. 1 small upright fish with a 1

.

mythical creature with a horse's head and fish's tail. seakale n. plant with young shoots used like a horse's. 2

as a vegetable. 1 piece of stamped wax, lead, paper, etc., attached to a document or to a receptacle, envelope, etc., to guarantee authenticity or security. 2 engraved piece of metal etc. for stamping a design on a seal. 3 substance or device used to close a gap etc. 4 anything regarded as a confirmation or guarantee {seal of approval). 5 decorative adhesive stamp. -v. 1 close securely or hermetically. 2 stamp, fasten, or fix with a seal. 3 certify as correct with a seal or stamp. 4 (often foil, by up) confine securely. 5 settle or decide {their fate is sealed). 6 (foil, by off) prevent entry to or exit from (an area), set one's seal to (or on) authorize or confirm. [Latin sigillum] 2 seal -n. fish-eating amphibious marine mammal with flippers, -v. hunt for seals. [Old English]

seal -n. 1

sealant

material for sealing, esp. to make airtight or watertight, sea legs n.pl. ability to keep one's balance and avoid seasickness at sea. sea level n. mean level of the sea's surface, used in reckoning the height of hills etc. and as a barometric standard, sealing-wax n. mixture softened by heating and used to make seals, sea lion n. large, eared seal. Sea Lord n. naval member of the Admiralty Board. sealskin n. 1 skin or prepared fur of a n.

seal.

2

from

this.

(often attrib.)

-n. 1 line where two edges join, esp. of cloth or boards. 2 fissure between parallel edges. 3 wrinkle. 4 stratum of coal etc. -v. 1 join with a seam. 2 (esp. as

seamed

mark

adj.)

seamless

seam.

seaman

or score with a

adj. [Old English]

person whose work is at one below the rank of

n. 1

sea. 2 sailor, esp. officer.

seamanship n.

skill in

managing a ship

or boat.

n.

seafood

head

sea salt

820

garment made

seam bowler

n.

Cricket bowler

who

makes the ball deviate by bouncing it off its

seam.

n. = unit varying between approx. 2,014 yards (1,842 metres) and 2,035 yards (1,861 metres). seamstress /'semstns/ n. (also sempstress) woman who sews, esp. for a living. [Old English: related to seam] seamy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 disreputable or sordid (esp. the seamy side). 2 marked with or showing seams. seaminess n. seance /'seids/ n. meeting at which a spiritualist attempts to make contact with the dead. [French] sea pink n. maritime plant with bright

sea mile

pink flowers.

seaplane n.

aircraft designed to take off

from and land on water. seaport n. town with a harbour.

sear

v. 1 scorch, cauterize. 2 cause anguish to. 3 brown (meat) quickly at a high temperature to retain its juices in

cooking. [Old English]

search

-v.

/s3:tJ7

1

(also absol.) look

through or go over thoroughly to find something. 2 examine or feel over (a person) to find anything concealed. 3 probe {search one's conscience). 4 (foil, by for) look thoroughly in order to find. 5 (as searching adj.) (of an examination) thorough; keenly questioning {searching gaze). 6 (foil, by out) look for; seek out. -n. 1 act of searching. 2 investigation. in search of trying to find,

search me! colloq. I do not know, c searcher n. searchingly adv. [AngloFrench cerchier]

searchlight n.

1 powerful outdoor elecwith a concentrated beam that can be turned in any direction. 2 light or

tric light

beam from this. search-party n. group

of people conducting an organized search.

search warrant

authorizabuilding. n. space at sea for a ship to

tion to enter

sea

room

turn

n. official

and search a

etc.

sea salt n. sea water.

salt

produced by evaporating

seascape

branch of the Scout Association, seashell n. shell of a salt-water mollusc,

seashore seasick

n.

adj.

land next to the sea. nauseous from the motion

of a ship at sea.

seaside

n.

second

821

seascape n. picture or view of the sea. Sea Scout n. member of the maritime

seasickness

n.

sea-coast, esp. as a holiday

resort.

season

/'si:z(a)n/ -n. 1 each of the climatic divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter). 2 proper or suitable time. 3 time when something is plentiful, active, etc. 4 (usu. prec. by the) = high season. 5 time of year for an

sea wall

wall built to stop flooding or erosion by the sea. seaward /'si:wad/ -adv. (also seawards) towards the sea. -adj. going or facing towards the sea. seaway n. 1 inland waterway open to seagoing ships. 2 ship's progress. 3 ship's path across the sea. seaweed n. plant growing in the sea or on rocks on a shore. seaworthy adj. fit to put to sea. n.

seaworthiness

sebaceous

n.

/si'beijas/ adj. fatty; secret-

ing oily matter. [Latin sebum tallow] Sec. abbr. (also sec.) secretary. sec abbr. secant. sec 2 n. colloq. (in phrases) second, moment (wait a sec), [abbreviation] sec. abbr. second(s). sec adj. (of wine) dry. [French] secant /'si:kant/ n. Math. 1 ratio of the hypotenuse to the shorter side adjacent to an acute angle (in a right-angled triangle). 2 line cutting a curve at one or more points. [French] 1

activity or for social life generally {football season; London in the season). 6 indefinite period. 7 colloq. * season ticket, -v. 1 flavour (food) with salt, herbs, etc. 2 enhance with wit etc. 3 moderate. 4 (esp. as seasoned adj.) make or become suitable by exposure to

the weather or experience (seasoned in seawood', seasoned campaigner). son 1 (of food) plentiful and good. 2 (of an animal) on heat. [Latin satio sowing] seasonable adj. 1 suitable or usual to the season. 2 opportune. 3 apt.

Usage

Seasonable fused with seasonal

seasonal adj.

is

sometimes con-

of,

]

holder to unlimited travel, access, etc., in a given period. seat -n. 1 thing made or used for sitting on. 2 a buttocks, b part of a garment covering them. 3 part of a chair etc. on which the buttocks rest. 4 place for one person in a theatre etc. 5 position as an MP, committee member, etc., or the right to occupy it. 6 supporting or guiding part of a machine. 7 location (seat of learning). 8 country mansion. 9 manner of sitting on a horse etc. -v. 1 cause to sit. 2 provide sitting accommodation for (bus seats 50). 3 (as seated adj.) sitting. 4 put or fit in position. be seated sit down, by the seat of one's pants colloq. by instinct rather than knowledge, take a seat sit down. [Old Norse: related to sit]

seat-belt

n. belt securing motor vehicle or aircraft passengers, -seater comb, form having a specified

number

of seats. seats collectively. 2 sitting

n. 1

accommodation.

sea urchin with a spiny

n.

small marine animal

shell.

/,seka't3:z/ n.pl.

pruning clip-

pers used with one hand. [French]

secede

/si'si:d/

v.

(-ding)

withdraw

formally from a political federation or religious body. [Latin secedo -cess-]

secession /si'sej(a)n/

depending on, or varyseasonally adv. ing with the season. seasoning n. salt, herbs, etc. added to food to enhance its flavour. season ticket n. ticket entitling the

seating

secateurs

secessionist

n.

n. act

& adj.

of seceding.

[Latin: related

to secede]

seclude

/si'klu:d/

v.

(-ding) (also

refl.) 1

person or place) apart from others. 2 (esp. as secluded adj.) screen

keep

(a

from view. [Latin secludo

seclusion

/si'klu:3(a)n/

-clus-] n.

secluded

state or place. second 1 /'sekand/ -adj. 1 next after first. 2 additional (ate a second cake). 3 subordinate; inferior. 4 Mus. perform-

ing a lower or subordinate part (second violins). 5 such as to be comparable to (a second Callas). -n. 1 runner-up. 2 person or thing besides the first or previously mentioned one. 3 second gear. 4 (in pi.) inferior goods. 5 (in pi) colloq. second helping or course. 6 assistant to a duellist, boxer, etc. -v. 1 support; back up. 2 formally support (a nomination, resolution, or its proposer). at second seconder n. (esp. in indirectly. sense 2 of v.). [Latin secundus from sequor follow] second 2 /'sekand/ n. 1 sixtieth of a minute of time or of an angle. 2 colloq. very short time (wait a second), [medieval Latin secunda (minuta) secondary (minute)] second 3 /si'knnd/ v. transfer (a person) temporarily to another department etc. secondment n. [French en second in the second rank]

hand

secondary secondary

section

822

/'sekandari/ -adj.

1

coming

below what is primary. 2 derived from or supplementing what is primary. 3 (of education, a school, etc.) following primary, esp. from the age of 11. -n. (pi. -ies) secondary thing,

after or next

secondarily adv. SECOND

related

[Latin:

to

in their secret?; the secret of success), secretly adv. [Latin secret secretly,

secerno secret- separate]

secret agent n. spy. secretaire /,sekn'tea(r)/

secretariat istrative

1

]

secondary colour

result of mixing

n.

n.

picketing of

premises of a firm not directly involved in an industrial dispute, second-best adj. & n. next after best, second chamber n. upper house of a parliament.

second class

members

/.sekri'teariat/ n. 1

secretary

/'sekritari/

employee who

Secretary of State n.

denoting burns that cause blistering but not permanent scars.

see fiddle.

colloq. 1 anticipate by with hindsight. -adj. 1 a having had a previous owner; not new. b (attrib.) (of a v.

criticize

second-hand etc.)

where such goods can be

bought. 2 (of information etc.) indirect, not from one's own observation etc. -adv. 1 on a second-hand basis. 2 indirectly.

second lieutenant

n.

army

officer

next below lieutenant, adv. 1 furthermore. 2 as a second item. second nature n. acquired tendency that has become instinctive, second officer n. assistant mate on a

secondly

merchant

ship,

second person second-rate

see person.

adj.

mediocre; inferior,

second sight n. clairvoyance, second string n. alternative course

revised opinion

n. 1

recovery of normal

breathing during exercise after breathlessness. 2 continue.

initial

renewed energy

to

secrecy

/'si:krasi/ n. state of being sehabit or faculty of keeping secrets (done in secrecy).

em;

secret

1

retarial /-'teanal/ adj. secretaryship n.

[Latin secretarius; related to secret] n. long-legged crested

African bird.

Secretary-General

n. principal ad ministrator of an organization. 1 head of a major government department. 2 US = foreign MINISTER. secret ballot n. ballot in which votes are cast in secret. secrete /si'kri:t/ v. (-ting) 1 (of a cell, organ, etc.) produce and discharge (a secretory adj. substance). 2 conceal, [from secret] secretion /si'kri:J(a)n/ n. 1 a process of secreting, b secreted substance. 2 act of concealing. [Latin: related to secret] secretive /'si:krativ/ adj. inclined to make or keep secrets; uncommunicative, secretively adv. secretive-

ness n. secret police

n. police force operating secretly for political ends. secret service n. government depart-

ment concerned with espionage. secret society n. society whose members are sworn to secrecy about it. sect n. 1 group sharing (usu. unorthodoctrines. 2 (esp. ligious denomination. follow] ical

exclusive) re[Latin sequor

sectarian /sek'teanan/ -adj.

or resolution.

second wind

-ies)

dox) religious, political, or philosophof

action etc.

second thoughts n.pl.

(pi.

ence, records, making appointments, etc. 2 official of a society or company who writes letters, organizes business, etc. 3 principal assistant of a government minister, ambassador, etc. sec-

second-degree

adj.

n.

assists with correspond-

secretary bird

shop

admin-

or department. 2 its or premises, [medieval Latin: office

-n. second-best group, category, postal service, or accommodation, -adj. & adv. (second-class) of or by the second class (second-class citizens; travelled second-class). second cousin n. son or daughter of one's parent's cousin.

guesswork. 2

escritoire.

related to secretary]

two primary colours,

secondary picketing

second fiddle second-guess

n.

[French: related to secretary]

/'si:knt/ -adj. 1 kept or meant to be kept private, unknown, or hidden. 2 acting or operating secretly. 3 fond of secrecy, -n. 1 thing kept or meant to be kept secret. 2 mystery. 3 effective but not generally known method (what's

2 devoted, esp. one's sect. -n.

sectarianism

1

of a sect.

narrow-mindedly,

member

n.

to

of a sect.

[medieval Latin

!

sec-

tarius adherent] /'sekj(a)n/ -n. 1 each of the parts of a thing or out of which a thing can be fitted together. 2 part cut off. 3 subdivision. A US a area of land, b district of a town. 5 act of cutting or separating surgically. JB a cutting of a solid by a plane, b resulting figure or area. -v. 1 arrange in or divide into sections. 2 compulsorily commit to a

section

I

<

sectional sect-

cut]

sectional /'sekjan(a)l/ adj. 1 a of a social group (sectional interests), b par-

made

tisan. 2

in sections. 3 local rather

sectionally adv. than general, /'sekta(r)/ n. 1 distinct part of an enterprise, society, the economy, etc. 2 military subdivision of an area. 3 plane figure enclosed by two radii of a circle, ellipse, etc., and the arc between them. [Latin: related to section] secular /'sekjula(r)/ adj. 1 not concerned with religion; mot sacred; worldly (secular education; secular music). 2 (of clerics) not monastic,

sector

secularism

n.

secularize v. (also secularization saeculum an age] -adj. 1 untroubled by

-ise) (-zing or -sing), /-'zeij(9)n/ n. [Latin

secure

i

si'k)u^(r) I

danger or

fear. 2 safe. 3 reliable; stable;

1 make secure or safe. 2 fasten or close securely. 3 succeed in obtaining. securely adv. [Latin se without, cura care]

fixed. -v. (-ring)

security

secure condition or feeling. 2 thing that guards or guarantees. 3 a safety against espionage, theft, etc. b organization for ensuring this. 4 thing deposited as a guarantee of an undertaking or loan, to be forfeited in case of default. 5 (often in pi.) document as evidence of a loan, certificate of stock, bonds, etc. security risk n. person or thing that threatens security. sedan /si'daen/ n. 1 (in full sedan chair) hist, enclosed chair for one, carried on poles by two men. 2 US enclosed car with four or more seats, [origin uncern. (pi. -ies) 1

tain]

sedate

j si'

deit/ -adj. tranquil

and

digni-

-v. (-ting) put under sedation, sedately adv. sedateness n. [Latin sedo settle, calm] sedation /si'deijXa)n/ n. act of calming, esp. by sedatives. [Latin: related to fied; serious,

sedate]

sedative

calming drug or calming, soothing, [medieval Latin: related to sedate]

influence,

/'sedativ/ -n.

-adj.

sedentary /'sedantari/ adj. 1 sitting. 2 (of work etc.) done while sitting. 3 (of a person) disinclined to exercise. [Latin sedeo sit] sedge n. waterside or marsh plant resembling coarse grass. sedgy adj. [Old English] sediment /'sedimant/ n. 1 grounds; dregs. 2 matter deposited on the land by water or wind. sediment-

ary

see

823

psychiatric hospital. [Latin seco

/-'mentari/

adj.

-'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin

sedimentation

sedeo

sit]

sedition

/si'dij\a)n/

n.

conduct

or sedi-

speech inciting to rebellion. tious adj. [Latin seditio]

seduce

/si'dju:s/

v.

(-cing)

1

entice into

sexual activity or wrongdoing. 2 coax or seducer n. [Latin selead astray.

away, duco duct- lead]

seduction

/si'dAkf(a)n/ n. 1 seducing or being seduced. 2 thing that tempts or

attracts.

seductive iveness

/si'dAktiv/

alluring,

adj.

seductively adv. seduct-

enticing. n.

seductress

/si'dAktns/ n. female seducer, [obsolete seductor male seducer: related to seduce] sedulous /'sedjulas/ adj. persevering, sedulity diligent, painstaking. /si'dju:liti/ n. sedulously adv. [Latin sedulus zealous] sedum /'si:dam/ n. fleshy-leaved plant with yellow, pink, or white flowers, e.g. the stonecrop. [Latin, = houseleek]

see

(past saw; past part, seen) 1 v. perceive with the eyes. 2 have or use this power. 3 discern mentally; understand. 4 watch (a film, game, etc.). 5 ascertain, learn (will see if he's here). 6 imagine, foresee (see trouble ahead). 7 look at for information (see page 15). 8 meet and recognize (/ saw your mother in town). 9 a meet socially or on business; visit or be visited by (is too ill to see anyone; must see a doctor), b meet regularly as a boyfriend or girlfriend. 1 reflect, wait for clarification (we shall have to see). 11 experience (/ never thought to see it). 12 find attractive (can't think what she sees in him). 13 escort, conduct (saw them home). 14 witness (an event etc.) (see the New Year in). 15 ensure (see that it is done). 16 a (in poker etc.) equal (a bet), b equal the bet of (a player). see about 1 attend to. 2 consider, see the back of colloq. be rid of. see fit see fit see the light 1 realize one's mistakes etc. 2 undergo religious conversion, see off 1 be present at the departure of (a person). 2 colloq. ward off, get the better of. see out 1 accompany out of a building etc. 2 finish (a project etc.) completely. 3 survive (a period etc.). see over inspect; tour, see red colloq. become enraged, see stars colloq. see lights as a result of a blow on the head, see things colloq. have hallucinations, see through detect the truth or true nature of. see a person through support a person during a difficult time, see a thing through finish it completely, see to it (foil, by that) ensure. [Old English] 1

1

,

see see

2

area under the authority of a

n. 1

bishop or archbishop. 2 his office or jurisdiction. [Latin sedes seat]

seed -n.

1 a part of a plant capable of developing into another such plant, b seeds collectively, esp. for sowing. 2 semen, a prime cause, beginning. 4 offspring, descendants. 5 (in tennis etc.) seeded player, -v. 1 a place seeds in. b sprinkle (as) with seed. 2 sow seeds. 3 produce or drop seed. 4 remove seeds from (fruit etc.). 5 place a crystal etc. in (a cloud) to produce rain. 6 Sport a so position (a strong competitor in a knockout competition) that he or she will not meet other strong competitors in early rounds, b arrange (the order of go (or run) to seed 1 play) in this way. cease flowering as seed develops. 2 become degenerate, unkempt, etc. seedless adj. [Old English] seed-bed n. 1 bed prepared for sowing. 2 place of development. seedling n. young plant raised from seed rather than from a cutting etc. seed-pearl n. very small pearl. seed-potato n. potato kept for seed. seedsman n. dealer in seeds. seedy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 shabby, unkempt. 2 colloq. unwell. 3 full of or going to seed. seediness n.

seeing conj. (usu. foil, by that) considering that, inasmuch as, because. seek v. (past and past part, sought /sort/) 1 (often foil, byfor, after) search or inquire. 2 a try or want to find or get or

reach (sought my hand), b request (sought help). 3 endeavour (seek to seek out 1 search for and find. 2 single out as a friend etc.

please).

seeker

seem v.

n.

[Old English]

(often

foil,

by

to

+

infin.)

appear

or feel (seems ridiculous). I etc. can't seem to I etc. appear unable to (can 't

seem to manage it), it seems (or would seem) (often foil, by that) it appears to be the case. [Old Norse] adj. apparent but perhaps doubtful (his seeming interest).

seeming

seemingly

seemly

adv.

adj. (-ier, -iest) in

decorous, c seemliness related to seem]

n.

good

taste;

[Old Norse:

seen past part, of see See of Rome n. the papacy, seep v. ooze out; percolate. [Old English] seepage n. 1 act of seeping. 2 quantity 1

.

that seeps out.

seer

seize

824

n.

1

who

person

ton, etc.

,

sees. 2 prophet;

sAk 9 (r)/ n. linen, cotfabric with a puckered surface.

[Persian]

/

/'sirso:/ -n. 1 a long plank balanced on a central support, for children to sit on at each end and move up and down alternately, b this game. 2 up-

and-down or to-and-fro motion.

3 close contest with alternating advantage. — v. 1 play on a see-saw. 2 move up and

down. 3 vacillate in policy, emotion, etc. & adv. with up-and-down or backward-and-forward motion, [reduplica-

-adj.

tion of

seethe

si9

1

SAW

1 ]

(-thing) 1 boil, bubble over. 2 be very angry, resentful, etc. /si:d/ v.

[Old English] adj. (esp. of clothing) translucent. segment /'segment/ -n. 1 each part into which a thing is or can be divided. 2 part of a circle or sphere etc. cut off by an intersecting line or plane, -v. usu. /-'ment/ divide into segments. segmental /- ment(9)l/ adj. segmentation /-'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin seco cut]

see-through

segregate

/'segri.geit/ v. (-ting) 1 put apart; isolate. 2 separate (esp. an ethnic group) from the rest of the community. [Latin grex greg- flock] segregation /,segn'geij(9)n/ n. 1 enforced separation of ethnic groups in a community etc. 2 segregating or being

segregated.

seigneur

segregationist

n.

& adj.

feudal lord. seigneurial adj. [French from Latin senior senior] seine /sem/ -n. fishing-net with floats at the top and weights at the bottom edge. -v. (-ning) fish or catch with a seine. [Old English segne] seise var. of seize 6. seismic /'saizmik/ adj. of earthquakes. [Greek seismos earthquake] seismogram /'saizma.graem/ n. record given by a seismograph. /sei'nj3:(r)/ n.

seismograph

/'saizma.grarf/ n. instruthat records the force, direction, seismographic of earthquakes.

ment etc.,

/-'praefik/ adj.

seismology

/saiz'mDlad3i/ n. the study seismological /-ma of earthquakes.

'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. seismologist n. seize /si:z/ v. (-zing) 1 (often foil, by on, upon) take hold of forcibly or suddenly. 2 take possession of forcibly or by legal power. 3 affect suddenly (panic seized us). 4 (often foil, by on, upon) take advantage of (an opportunity etc.). 5 (often foil, by on, upon) comprehend

quickly or clearly. 6 (also seise) (usu. by of) Law put in possession of. seized (or seised) of 1 possessing legally. 2 aware or informed of. seize up 1 (of a mechanism) become jammed. 2 (of part of the body etc.) become stiff. [French saisir] foil,

visionary.

seersucker

see-saw

seizure seizure

seizing or being esp. of epilepsy

/'si:3a(r)/ n. 1

seized. 2

sudden attack,

or apoplexy. /'seldam/ adv. rarely, not often. [Old English] select /si'lekt/ -v. choose, esp. with care. -adj. 1 chosen for excellence or suitability. 2 (of a society etc.) exclusive. [Latin seligo -lect-]

seldom

committee

select

small parliamentary committee conducting a spen.

cial inquiry.

selection

selecting or

/si'lekj\a)n/

being selected. 2 selected person or thing. 3 things from which a choice may

be made. 4 evolutionary process by which some species thrive better than others.

selective

adj.

of or using selection

1

(selective schools). 2 able to select. 3 (of

memory

etc.)

what

selecting

is

con-

selectively adv. selectivity

venient, /-'tiviti/ n.

selector

n. 1

person

who

selects, esp. a

team. 2 device in a vehicle, machinery, etc. that selects the required gear etc. selenium /si'li:niam/ n. non-metallic element occurring naturally in various metallic sulphide ores. [Greek selene

moon] self

selves)

individuality, per(showed his true self, is her old self again). 2 object of introspection or reflexive action. 3 a one's own interests or pleasure, b concentration on these. 4 Commerce or colloq. myself, yourself, etc. (cheque n. (pi.

1

sonality, or essence

drawn to self). [Old English] self- comb, form expressing reflexive action: 1 of or by oneself or itself (selflocking). 2 on, in, for, or of oneself or itself (self-absorbed). self-abasement /.selfa'beismant/ n. self-humiliation; cringing. self-absorption

/,selfab'zo:pJX9)n/

absorption in oneself.

n.

self-absorbed

adj.

self-abuse

/,selfa'bju:s/

n.

archaic

masturbation.

self-addressed

/.selfa'drest/ adj. (of

an

envelope) bearing one's own address for a reply.

self-adhesive

/,selfad'hi:siv/ adj. (of an

envelope, label, without wetting.

etc.)

adhesive,

esp.

/,selfad'va:ns mant/ n. advancement of oneself. self-aggrandizement /.selfa'graendiz

process of enriching oneself or making oneself powerful. selfn.

-aggrandizing /-'graendaizin/ self-analysis /.selfa'naelasis/

adj. n.

ana-

lysis of oneself, one's motives, character, etc.

self-appointed

/.selfa'pomtid/

adj.

designated so by oneself, not by others (self-appointed critic).

self-assembly

/.selfa'sembli/

adj.

assembled by the buyer from a kit. self-assertive /.selfa'saitiv/ adj. confident or aggressive in promoting oneself, self-assertion

one's rights, etc.

self-assured /.selfa'Juad/ n. self-assurance n. ent, self-aware /.selfa'wea(r)/

n.

self-confid-

adj. conscious of one's character, feelings, motives, etc. self-awareness n. self-catering /selfkeitann/ adj. (of a holiday, accommodation etc.) with cooking facilities provided, but no food. self-censorship /self sensajip/ n. censoring of oneself. self-centred /selfsentad/ adj. (US

-centered) preoccupied with oneself; self-centredly adv. selfselfish. :

-centredness n. self-cleaning /self kli:nin/ adj. (esp. of an oven) cleaning itself when heated. self-conceit /,selfkan'si:t/ n. high or exaggerated opinion of oneself.

self-confessed

/.selfkan'fest/

adj.

openly admitting oneself to be.

self-confident /selfkDnfid(a)nt/ adj. having confidence in oneself, z selfconfidence n. self-confidently adv.

self-congratulatory /.selfkan'graetju = .latari/ adj. self-satisfied, z self-congratulation

self-conscious

/-'leiJXa)n/ n.

/selfkonjas/

adj.

nervous, shy, or embarrassed, z self-

-consciously adv. self-consciousness n.

self-consistent

/,selfkan'sist(a)nt/ adj.

parts of the same whole etc.) consistent; not conflicting, z self(of

-consistency

n.

self-contained /.selfkan'temd/ adj. 1 (of a person) uncommunicative; independent. 2 (of accommodation) complete in itself, having no shared entrance or facilities. self-control /.selfkan'traul/

n. power of controlling one's behaviour, emotions,

etc. z self-controlled adj. self-critical /selfkntik(a)l/ adj. critical of oneself, one's abilities, etc. z self-criticism /-,siz(a)m/ n.

self-deception

self-advancement mant/

self-defence

825

/,selfdi'sepj(a)n/

n.

deceiving of oneself, esp. about one's motives or feelings, z self-deceit /-di'si:t/ n.

self-defeating

/,selfdi'fi:tin/ adj. (of

an

action etc.) doomed to failure because of internal inconsistencies; achieving the opposite of what is intended.

self-defence

/.selfdifens/

n.

(US

-defense) physical or verbal defence of

,

self-delusion

self-delusion

/,selfdi'lu:3(a)n/ n. act of

/.selfdi'naial/ n. asceticism,

self-deny-

esp. to discipline oneself, ing adj.

self-deprecation

self-deprec-

ating -'depri.keitin/ adj. self-destruct /.selfdi'strAkt/ -v. spacecraft, bomb, etc.) explode or

when pre-set do so. -attrib. adj. enabling a thing to self-destruct {self-destruct device). self-destruction /,selfdi'strAkJXa)n/ n. 1 destroying of itself or oneself or one's chances, happiness, etc. 2 act of selfself-destructive adj. destructing, to

/,selfdi,t3:mi

nation's right to determine its own government etc. 2 ability to act with free will. self-discipline /self disiplm/ n. 1 ability to apply oneself. 2 self-control. 'neiJXa)n/

rc.

1

/.selfdi'skAvari/ n. pro-

cess of acquiring insight into one's character, desires, etc. self-doubt /self daut/ n. lack of confidence in oneself. self-drive /self draiv/ adj. (of a hired vehicle) driven by the hirer.

self-educated /selfedju.keitid/ educated by one's own reading

adj. etc.,

without formal instruction. self-effacing /.selft'feisin/ adj. retiring; modest. self-effacement n.

self-employed working

/.selfim'pbid/ adj. as a freelance or for one's own

business

etc.

self-esteem

self-employment /.selfi'stiim/ n.

n.

good opin-

ion of oneself.

self-evident /selfevid(a)nt/ adj. obvious; without the need of proof or further explanation. self-evidence n. self-evidently adv.

self-examination

/.selftg.zaemi

the study of one's conduct etc. 2 examining of one's body for signs of illness. 'neij(a)n/ n.

1

self-explanatory

own own

/.selnk'splaenatari/ /,selfik'sprej(a)n/

n.

artistic or free expression.

self-financing

/self famaensin adj. (of an institution or undertaking) that pays for itself without subsidy. self-fulfilling /.selffuTfilin/ adj. (of a prophecy etc.) bound to come true as a result of its being made. self-fulfilment /.selfful'filmant/ n. fulfilment of one's ambitions etc. -'naensin/

self-image

/self imid3/ n. one's concep-

tion of oneself. /,selfim'po:t(a)nt/

pompous.

conceited;

adj.

importance self-imposed task

etc.)

self-

n.

/.selfim'pauzd/ adj. (of a oneself.

imposed on and by

self-improvement

/,selfimpru:v

improvement of oneself or one's life etc. by one's own efforts. self-induced /,selfm'dju:st/ adj. inmant/

n.

duced by oneself or itself. self-indulgent / selfm'dAld3(a)nt/ l

adji

indulging in one's own pleasure, feelings, etc. 2 (of a work of art etc.) selflacking economy and control. 1

indulgence

n.

in-

by and on oneself. self-interest /self mtrast/ flicted

n. one's perselfsonal interest or advantage.

interested

adj.

selfish adj. concerned chiefly with one's own interests or pleasure; actuated by selfor appealing to self-interest. ishly adv. selfishness n. /,selfd3Astifi self-justification 'keij(a)n/ n. justification or excusing of oneself.

self-knowledge

/self nolid3/ n.

standing of oneself. selfless adj. unselfish. selflessness n.

self-made one's

own

adj.

selflessly adv.

successful or rich by

self-opinionated adj.

under-

effort.

/.selfapmja.neitid/

stubbornly adhering to one's opin-

ions.

self-perpetuating /.selfpa'petjui.eitir)/ perpetuating itself or oneself without external agency. self-pity /self piti/ n. feeling sorry for self-pitying adj. oneself. adj.

self-pollination

needing explanation.

self-expression

use

resources, etc. to of one's solve one's problems etc. (formed a selfabilities,

self-inflicted /.selfm'fliktid/ adj.

self-disciplined adj.

self-discovery

n.

/self help/ n. (often attrib.)

own

self-important (of a disin-

tegrate automatically, esp.

self-determination

adj.

self-

help group).

/,selfdepri'kei.f(a)n/

belittling of oneself.

/selfgAvanirj/ oneself, z

or

itself

-government self-help

deluding oneself.

self-denial

adj. not

self-governing governing

etc.

n.

self-preservation

826

one's body, property, rights, reputation,

/,selfpDli'neiJ(a)n/ n.

pollination of a flower by pollen from self-pollinating the same plant. adj.

/self po:tnt/ n. portrait or description of oneself by oneself.

self-portrait

self-possessed /.selfpa'zest/ adj. calm and composed, n self-possession /-'zej(a)n/ n.

self-preservation /,selfpreza'veij(a)n/ n. 1

this.

keeping oneself

safe. 2 instinct for

self-proclaimed

/.selfpra'kleimd/ adj. oneself or itself to be

proclaimed by such.

self-propelled

/.selfpra'peld/ adj. (of a its own power, self-propelling adj. self-raising /self reizin/ adj. (of flour) containing a raising agent. self-realization /.selfrialai'zeiJXaW n.

vehicle etc.) propelled by

development of one's abilities etc. self-regard /,selfri'ga:d/ n. proper

re-

gard for oneself. /selfregju.leitin/ adj.

or

regulating oneself out intervention. n.

with-

itself

self-regulation self-regulatory /-latari/

adj.

self-reliance /.selfri'laians/ n. reliance on one's own resources etc.; independence.

self-reliant adj.

self-reproach

/.selfri'prautJV

n.

re-

proach directed at oneself self-respect /.selfri'spekt/ n. respect self-respecting adj. for oneself, self-restraint /.selfn'stremt/ n. selfcontrol. /self rait Jas/ self-righteous adj. selfsmugly sure of one's Tightness, -righteously adv. self-righteousness n.

self-rule /self ru:l/ n. self-government. self-sacrifice /selfsaekn.fais/ n. selfself-sacrificing

lessness; self-denial. adj.

selfsame

adj. (prec.

by

the)

very same,

identical.

self-satisfied /selfsaetis.faid/ complacent; self-righteous. -satisfaction /-'faekJXa)n/ n.

self-sealing

adj. self-

(of a tyre etc.) automatically able to seal small punctures. 2 (of an envelope) self-adhes/self si:lin/ adj.

1

ive.

self-seed

/self si:d/

agate itself by seed.

self-seeking

v.

a plant) propself-seeder n.

(of

/self si:kin/ adj.

&

n. self-

ish.

self-service

-adj. (often attrib.) (of a shop, restaurant, etc.) with customers serving themselves and paying at a checkout etc. -n. colloq. selfservice restaurant etc. /selfs3:vis/

self-starter /selfsta:ta(r)/ n. 1 electrical appliance for starting an engine. 2 ambitious person with initiative. self-styled adj. called so by oneself. self-sufficient /,selfsa'fij(a)nt/ adj. able to supply one's own needs; independent,

self-worth /self W3:0/ n. = self-esteem. sell -v. (past and past part, sold /sauld/) 1 exchange or be exchanged for money (these sell well). 2 stock for sale (do you by at, for) have a specified price (sells at £5). 4 (also refl.) betray or prostitute for money etc. 5 (also refl.) advertise or publicize (a product, oneself, etc.). 6 cause to be sold (name alone will sell it). 7 colloq. make

sell eggs?). 3 (foil,

person) enthusiastic about (an idea -n. colloq. 1 manner of selling (soft sell). 2 deception; disappointment. sell down the river see river, sell off (a

etc.).

self-regulating

/-'leij*(a)n/

semi-

827

self-proclaimed

self-sufficiency

self-supporting

n.

/.selfsa'po.tin/

adj.

financially self-sufficient.

self-taught /self to:t/ adj. self-educated. self-willed /self wild/ adj. obstinately pursuing one's own wishes.

sell at reduced prices, sell out 1 (also absol.) sell (all one's stock, shares, etc.). 2 betray; be treacherous or disloyal, sell

short disparage, underestimate, sell

up

sell one's business, house, English!

sell-by date

latest

n.

etc.

[Old

recommended

date of sale.

seller

n. 1

sells well

person

who

sells.

2 thing that

or badly.

seller's market n. (also sellers' market) trading conditions favourable to the seller.

selling-point n. advantageous feature. Sellotape /'sela.teip/ -n. propr. adhesive usu. transparent tape. -v. (sellotape) (-ping) fix with Sellotape. [from

cellulose] sell-out n.

1

the selling of betrayal.

commercial success, esp. all tickets for a show. 2

selvage /'selvid3/ n. (also selvedge) fabric edging woven to prevent cloth from fraying, [from self, edge]

selves pi. of self.

semantic

meaning

/si'maentik/ adj. of

language, z semantically [Greek semaino to mean]

adv.

in

semantics branch of meaning.

n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) linguistics concerned with

semaphore

/'sema,fo:(r)/ -n. 1 system of signalling with the arms or two flags. 2 railway signalling apparatus consisting of a post with a movable arm or arms etc. -v. (-ring) signal or send by semaphore. [Greek sema sign, phero bear] semblance /'semblans/ n. (foil, by of)

show

appearance;

(a

semblance

of

anger). [French sembler resemble]

semen /'si:man/ n.

reproductive fluid of males. [Latin semen semin- seed]

semester

/si'mesta(r)/

n.

half-year

course or term in (esp. US) universities. [Latin semestris from sex six, mensis

month]

semi

/'semi/

n.

(pi.

-s)

colloq.

semi-

detached house, [abbreviation]

semi- prefix

1

half. 2 partly. [Latin]

semibreve semibreve

Mus. note

/'semi.briiv/ n.

/'semi,s3:k(8)l/ n. half of a

semi-

circle or of its circumference. circular /-'S3:kjula(r)/ adj.

semicolon tion mark

between a comma and full stop. semiconductor /.semikan'dAktaCr)/

n.

substance that in certain conditions has conductivity intermediate electrical

between insulators and metals.

semi-conscious

/.semi'kDnJas/ partly or imperfectly conscious.

side only. -n.

adj.

-adj.

/.semidi'taetjt/

(of a house) joined to

one other on one

such a house.

semifinal /,semi'fain(a)l/ round preceding the final.

match or

n.

semifinal-

ist n.

seminal

/'semm(9)l/

adj.

1

of seed,

semen, or reproduction; germinal. 2 (of ideas etc) forming a basis for future development. [Latin: related to semen] seminar /'semi,na:(r)/ n. 1 small discussion class at a university etc. 2 short intensive course of study. 3 conference of specialists. [German: related to

seminary]

seminary /'semman/

n. (pi. -ies) training-college for priests or rabbis etc. seminarist n. [Latin: related to semen] semiotics /.semi'ntiks/ n. the study of signs and symbols and their use, esp. in

language. semiotic semeidtikos of signs]

adj.

[Greek

semi-permeable /,semi'p3:miab(8)l/ adj. (of a membrane etc.) allowing small molecules to pass through,

semiprecious gem)

less

/.semi'prejas/ adj. (of a valuable than a precious

stone.

semi-professional

/.semipra a footballer, muetc.) paid for an activity but not relying on it for a living. 2 of semiprofessionals, —n. semi-professional person. 'feXan(a)l/ -adj. 1 (of

sician,

semiquaver

/'semi,kweiv8(r)/ n. Mus.

note equal to half a quaver,

semi-skilled

/.semi'skild/ adj. (of work

or a worker) needing or having

some

training.

semi-skimmed milk) from which

/.semi'skimd/ adj. (of some of the cream has

been skimmed. /'si:mait/ n. member of the peoples said to be descended from Shem (Gen. 10), including esp. the Jews and Arabs. [Greek Sem Shem]

Semitic

/si'miuk/ adj. 1 of the Semites, esp. the Jews. 2 of languages of the

Hebrew and Arabic.

/,semi'trDpik(8)l/ adj.

=

sound

in-

SUBTROPICAL. /'semi.vaual/ n.

1

termediate between a vowel and a consonant. 2 letter representing this. (e.g. w,y) semolina /.sema'lma/ n. 1 hard grains left after the milling of flour, used in milk puddings etc. 2 pudding of this. [Italian semolino] sempstress var. of seamstress. Semtex n. propr. malleable odourless plastic explosive, [from Semtin in Czechoit was originally made] State Enrolled Nurse. abbr. 1 Senior. 2 Senator.

slovakia,

where

SEN abbr.

Sen. senate /'senit/ n. 1 legislative body, esp. the upper and smaller assembly in the US, France, etc. 2 governing body of a university or (US) a college. 3 ancient Roman State council. [Latin senatus from senex old man] senator /'senata(r)/ n. member of a senate.

senatorial

/-'toTial/ adj. [Latin:

related to senate] send v. (past and past part, sent) 1 a order or cause to go or be conveyed, b propel (sent him flying), c cause to become (sent me mad). 2 send a message etc. (he sent to warn me). 3 (of God, etc.) grant, bestow, or inflict; bring about; cause to be. 4 slang put into ecstasy. send away for order (goods) by post, send down 1 rusticate or expel from a university. 2 send to prison, send for 1 summon. 2 order by post, send in 1 cause to go in. 2 submit (an entry etc.) for a competition etc. send off 1 dispatch (a letter, parcel, etc.). 2 attend the departure of (a person) as a sign of respect etc. 3 Sport (of a referee) order (a player) to leave the field, send off for send away for. send on transmit further or in advance of oneself, send up 1 cause to go up. 2 transmit to a higher authority. 3 colloq. ridicule by mimicking, send word send information. sender n. [Old English] send-off rc. party etc. at the departure of a person, start of a project, etc.

send-up n. senescent

colloq. satire,

/si'nes(a)nt/

senescence

parody. adj.

growing

[Latin senex old] seneschal /'senij(9)l/ n. steward of a medieval great house. [French, = old servant] senile /'si:nail/ adj. 1 of^old age. 2 mentally or physically infirm because of old old.

Semite

family including

/'semi.taun/ n. half a tone in

semitropical

semivowel

/.semi'kaulan/ n. punctuaof intermediate value (;)

semi-detached

semitone

the musical scale.

equal to four crochets.

semicircle

senile

828

n.

age. senility /si'niliti/ related to senescent]

n.

[Latin:

dementia

senile

of bodily functions etc.

senior

/

si:nia(r)/ -ad/'. 1

more or most

advanced

in age, standing, or position. 2 (placed after a person's name) senior to a relative of the same name. -n. 1 senior person. 2 one's elder or superior, n seniority /-'Driti/ n. [Latin comparative of senex old]

senior citizen n. old-age pensioner, senior nursing officer n. person

in

charge of nursing services in a hospital,

senior school

n. school for children over the age of 11. senior service n. Royal Navy,

esp.

senna /'sena/ n.

1 cassia. 2 laxative from the dried pod of this. [Arabic]

senor title

man.

/sen'jo:(r)/ n. (pi.

senores

/-rez/)

used of or to a Spanish-speaking [Spanish from Latin senior

senior] /sen'jo:ra/ n. title used of or to a Spanish-speaking esp. married woman. senorita /.senja'riita/ n. title used of or to a young esp. unmarried Spanishspeaking woman.

sensation

/sen'seij(a)n/ n. 1 feeling in one's body (sensation of warmth). 2 awareness, impression (sensation of being watched). 3 a intense interest, shock, etc. felt among a large group, b person, event, etc., causing this. 4 sense of touch, [medieval Latin: related to SENSE] Sensational adj. 1 causing or intended to cause great public excitement etc. 2 dazzling; wonderful (you look sensa-

sensationalize

v.

(also -ise)

(-zing or -sing), sensationally adv. sensationalism n. use of or interest in the sensational. sensationalist n. & adj.

sense -n.

1 a any of the five bodily transmitting sensation, b sensitiveness of all or any of these (good sense of smell). 2 ability to perceive or feel. 3 (foil, by of) consciousness; awareness (sense of guilt). 4 quick or accurate appreciation, understanding, or instinct (sense of humour). 5 practical wisdom, common sense. 6 a meaning of a word etc. b intelligibility or coherence. 7 prevailing opinion (sense of the meeting). 8 (in pi) sanity, ability to think, -v. (-sing) 1 perceive by a sense or senses. 2 be vaguely aware of. 3 realize. 4 (of a machine etc.) detect, come to one's senses 1 regain consciousness. 2 regain common sense, in a (or one) sense if the statement etc. is understood in a particular way. make sense be intelligible or practicable.

faculties

make

sense of show or find the meaning of. take leave of one's senses go mad. [Latin sensus from sentio sensfeel]

senseless 2

adj.

pointless;

1

foolish.

senselessly adv.

unconscious.

senselessness

n.

sense-organ n.

bodily organ conveying external stimuli to the sensory system.

sensibility

/.sensi'biliti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

capacity to feel. 2 a sensitiveness, b exceptional degree of this. 3 (in pi.) tendency to feel offended etc.

Usage Sensibility should not be used in standard English to mean 'possession of good sense'. sensible /'sensib(a)l/ adj. 1 having or showing wisdom or common sense. 2 a perceptible

enough

to

by the senses, b great be perceived. 3 (of clothing 4 (foil, by of) aware.

etc.) practical.

senora

tional).

sentence

829

dementia n. illness of old people with loss of memory and control

senile

sensibly adv. sensitive /'sensitiv/ by

adj. 1 (often foil,

acutely susceptible to external stimuli or impressions; having sensibility. 2 easily offended or hurt. 3 (often foil, by to) (of an instrument etc.) responsive to or recording slight changes. 4 (of photographic materials) responding (esp. rapidly) to light. 5 (of a topic etc.) requiring tactful treatment or secrecy. sensitively adv. sensitiveness n. sensitivity /-'tiviti/ n. to)

sensitize (-zing

/'sensi.taiz/

or

-sing)

sensitization

v.

make

(also -ise) sensitive.

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

sensor

n. device for detecting or measuring a physical property, [from sen-

sory]

sensory adj.

of sensation or the senses. [Latin sentio sens- feel] /'sensjual/ adj. 1 a of physical, esp. sexual, pleasure, b enjoying or giving this, voluptuous. 2 showing sensuality (sensual lips). sensualism n. sensually adv. [Latin: related to sense]

sensual

Usage Sensual is sometimes confused with sensuous, which does not have the sexual overtones of sensual. sensuality

/.sensju'aeliti/

n.

(esp.

sexual) gratification of the senses. sensuous /'sensjuas/ adj. of or affecting the senses, esp. aesthetically, c sensuously adv. sensuousness n. [Latin: related to sense]

Usage

See note at sensual.

sent past and past part, of send.

sentence

/'sent(a)ns/ -n. 1 statement,

exclamation, or command containing or implying a subject and predicate (e.g. / went; come here!). 2 a question,

sententious

etc.). 2 (foil, by to) declare (such a person) to be condemned to (a punishment). [Latin sententia from sentio consider]

sententious

/sen'tenjas/ adj.

1

pom-

pously moralizing. 2 affectedly formal m style. 3 aphoristic; using maxims,

sententiousness

n.

[Latin: related to

sentence]

sentient sentience n. ception and feeling. sentiency n. sentiently adv. [Latin /'senJXa)nt/ adj. capable of per-

sentio feel]

sentiment

/'sentimant/ n. 1 mental feeling. 2 (often in pi.) what one feels, opinion. 3 opinion or feeling, as distinct from its expression (the sentiment is good). 4 emotional or irrational view. 5 such views collectively, esp. as an influence. 6 tendency to be swayed by feeling. 7 a mawkish or exaggerated emotion, b display of this. sentimental /,senti'ment(a)l/ adj. 1 of or showing sentiment. 2 showing or affected by emotion rather than reason.

sentimentalism

n. sentimentalist sentimentality /-'taeliti/ n. sentimentalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing), sentimentally adv. n.

sentimental value thing because of

sentinel out.

n.

value given to a

associations. /'sentm(a)l/ n. sentry or lookits

[French from Italian]

sentry

/'sentn/ n. (pi -ies) soldier etc.

stationed to keep guard, [perhaps from obsolete centrinel, var. of sentinel] sentry-box n. cabin for sheltering a standing sentry. sepal /'sep(a)l/ n. division or leaf of a calyx, [perhaps from separate, petal] separable /'separab(a)l/ adj. able to be

separated. separability /-'biliti/ n. [Latin: related to separate] separate -adj. /'separat/ forming a unit by itself, existing apart; disconnected, distinct, or individual, -n. /'separat/ (in pi) trousers, skirts, etc. that are not parts of suits, -v. /'sepa.reit/ (-ting) 1 make separate, sever. 2 prevent union or contact of. 3 go different ways. 4 (esp. aa separated adj.) cease to live with one's spouse. 5 (foil, byfrom) secede. 6 a divide or sort into parts or sizes, b (often foil, by out) extract or remove (an ingredient etc.). separately adv. separateness n. [Latin separo (v.)] separation ,sep9'reij(a)n/ n. 1 separating or being separated. 2 (in full judicial or legal separation) legal arrangement by which a couple remain married /

sepulchral

830

decision of a lawcourt, esp. the punishment allotted to a convicted criminal, b declaration of this. -v. (-cing) 1 declare the sentence of (a convicted criminal

but live apart. separate]

[Latin:

related

to

/'separatist/ n. person who favours separation, esp. political indeseparatism n. pendence.

separatist

separator

n. machine cream from milk. Sephardi /si'fa:di/ n. (pi Sephardim) Jew of Spanish or Portuguese descent. Sephardic adj. [Hebrew, = Span-

/'sepa.reita(r)/

for separating, e.g.

iard]

sepia

dark reddish-brown

/'si:pia/ n. 1

colour or paint. 2 brown tint used in photography. [Greek, = cuttlefish] sepoy /'si:pai/ n. hist, native Indian soldier under European, esp. British, discipline. [Persian sipahl soldier] sepsis /'sepsis/ n. septic condition. [Greek: related to septic]

Sept. abbr. September.

sept

n.

clan, esp. in Ireland, [alteration

of sect]

September

/sep'temba(r)/ n. ninth of the year. [Latin septem seven, originally the 7th month of the Roman year] septennial /sep'tenial/ adj. 1 lasting for seven years. 2 recurring every seven years.

month

septet /sep'tet/ n. 1 Mus. a composition for seven performers, b the performers. 2 any group of seven. [Latin septem seven]

septic

/'septik/ adj.

contaminated with

bacteria, putrefying. [Greek sepo rot]

septicaemia ticemia)

septic

(US sep-

/,septi'si:mia/ n.

septi-

blood-poisoning.

caemic adj. haima blood]

tank

[from

n.

disintegrated

septic,

Greek

tank in which sewage is bacterial through

activity.

septuagenarian n.

/,septjuad3i'nearian/ old. [Latin

person from 70 to 79 years

septuageni 70 each]

Septuagesima

/,septjua'd3esima/ n. [Latin, =

Sunday before Sexagesima. seventieth]

Septuagint

/'septjua,d3int/

n.

Greek

version of the Old Testament including [Latin septuaginta the Apocrypha. seventy] septum /'septam/ n. (pi septa) partition such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of a poppy-fruit or of a shell. [Latin s(a)eptum from saepio enclose] septuple /'septjup(a)l/ -adj. 1 sevenfold, having seven parts. 2 being seven times as many or as much. -n. sevenfold number or amount. [Latin septem seven] sepulchral /si'pAlkr(a)l/ adj. 1 of a tomb or interment. 2 funereal, gloomy. [Latin: related to sepulchre]

sepulchre sepulchre

/'sepalka(r)/

(US sepulcher)

—n. tomb, esp. cut in rock or built of stone or brick, -v. (-ring) 1 place in a sepulchre. 2 serve as a sepulchre for. [Latin sepelio bury] sepulture /'sepaltja(r)/ n. burying, interment. [Latin: related to sepulchre] sequel /'si:kw(a)l/ n. 1 what follows (esp. as a result). 2 novel, film, etc., that continues the story of an earlier one. [Latin sequor follow] sequence /'si:kwans/ n. 1 succession. 2 order of succession. 3 set of things one another; belonging next to unbroken series. 4 part of a film dealing with one scene or topic. [Latin: related to sequel] sequencer n. programmable electronic device for storing sequences of musical notes, chords, etc., and transmitting them when required to an electronic sequencing n. musical instrument,

sequential

/si'kwenj(a)l/ adj.

a sequence or consequence. tially adv. [from sequence]

sequester

/si'kwesta(r)/

sequestered

v.

]

1

forming

sequen(esp. as

adj.) seclude, isolate. 2

=

sequestrate. [Latin sequester trustee]

sequestrate

/'si:kwi,streit, si'kwe-/

v.

1 confiscate. 2 take temporary possession of (a debtor's estate etc.).

(-ting)

sequestration sequestrator

/,si:kwi'streiJXa)n/

n.

/'si:kwi,streit9(r)/

n.

[Latin: related to sequester]

sequin

/'si:kwm/ n. circular spangle, to clothing. sequinned sequined). [Italian zecchino a gold coin]

esp.

sewn on

adj. (also

sequoia

/si'kwaia/

extremely

n.

Californian evergreen conifer. [Sequoiah, name of a Cherokee]

tall

seraglio /sa'ra:liao7 n. (pi. -s) 1 harem. 2 hist. Turkish palace. [Italian serraglio from Turkish]

seraph

/'seraf/ n. (pi. -im or -s) angelic being of the highest order of the celestial hierarchy. seraphic /sa'raefik/ adj. [Hebrew] Serb -n. 1 native of Serbia in SE Europe. 2 person of Serbian descent. -adj. = Serbian. [Serbian Srb] Serbian /'S3:bian/ -n. 1 dialect of the Serbs. 2 - Serb. -adj. of Serbia.

Serbo-Croat

/,s3:bau'krauaet/

(also

Serbo-Croatian /-krau'eij*(a)n/) -n. main official language of Yugoslavia, combining Serbian and Croatian, -adj. of this language.

serenade

serious

83]

/.sera'neid/

-n.

1

piece of

music performed at night, esp. beneath a lover's window. 2 orchestral suite for a small ensemble, -v. (-ding) perform a

serenade

serenader

to.

n.

[Italian:

related to serene]

serendipity /.seran'dipiti/ n. faculty of making happy discoveries by accident, serendipitous Horace Walpole]

adj.

j

serene

[coined

/si'rim/ adj. (-ner, -nest)

1

by

clear

and calm. 2 tranquil, unperturbed, serenely adv. sereneness n. serenity /si'reniti/ n. [Latin] n. 1 hist, labourer who was not allowed to leave the land on which he worked. 2 oppressed person, drudge, serfdom n. [Latin servus slave] serge n. durable twilled worsted etc. fabric. [French sarge, serge]

serf

sergeant

non-commisbelow warrant-officer. 2 police officer below inspector. [French sergent from Latin sioned

/'sa:d3(a)nt/ n.

Army

or

1

RAF officer next

serviens -ent- servant]

sergeant-major n.

(in full

regimental

sergeant-major)

warrant-officer assisting the adjutant of a regiment or battalion.

serial

/'sianal/ -n. (also attrib.) story published, broadcast, or shown in instalments, -adj. 1 of, in, or forming a series. 2 Mus. using transformations of a fixed series of notes (see series 4). serially adv. [from series] serialize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) publish or produce in instalments. etc.

serialization /-'zeiJXa)n/ n. serial killer n. person who murders continually with no apparent motive. serial number n. number identifying an item in a series. series /'siari:z, -nz/ n. (pi. same) 1

number

of similar or related things, events, etc.; succession, row, or set. 2 set of related but individual programmes. 3 set of related geological strata. 4 arrangement of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale as a basis for serial music. 5 set of electrical circuits or components arranged so that the same current passes through each successively. in series in ordered succession. [Latin sero join] serif /'serif/ n. slight projection at the extremities of a printed letter (as in T contrasted with T) (cf. sanserif), [origin uncertain] serio-comic /.siariau'knmik/ adj. combining the serious and the comic. serious /'sianas/ adj. 1 thoughtful, earnest. 2 important, demanding consideration. 3 not negligible; dangerous, frightening (serious injury). 4 sincere, in earnest, not frivolous. 5 (of music, literature, etc.) intellectual in content or appeal; not popular, z seriously adv. seriousness n. [Latin seriosus]

Serjeant Serjeant

serjeant-at-law, hist,

pi.

(in

n.

full

serjeants-at-law)

barrister of the highest rank. [var.

serjeant-at-arms

n. (pi.

serjeants-at-

-arms) official of a court, city, or parliament, with ceremonial duties. sermon /'s3:man/ n. 1 spoken or written discourse on religion or morals etc., esp. delivered in church. 2 admonition, reproof. [Latin sermo -onis speech!

sermonize v.

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing)

(to).

serous

/'siaras/ adj. 1 of or like serum; watery. 2 (of a gland or membrane) serosity having a serous secretion. -'rDsiti/ n.

[related to serum]

/'S3:pant/ n. 1 snake, esp. large. or treacherous person. [Latin serpo creep] serpentine /'ssipan.tam/ -adj. 1 of or like a serpent. 2 coiling, meandering. 3 cunning, treacherous, -n. soft usu. dark-green rock, sometimes mottled. SERPS abbr. State earnings-related

sly

pension scheme.

serrated

/sa'reitid/ adj.

with a sawlike

serration

n. [Latin serra saw] /'send/ adj. (of ranks of soldiers etc.) close together. [French serrer to

edge.

serried

close] /'siaram/ n. (pi. sera or -s) 1 liquid that separates from a clot when blood coagulates, esp. used for inoculation. 2 watery fluid in animal bodies. [Latin, = whey]

serum

servant

/'s3:v(a)nt/

n.

1

person

employed to do domestic duties, esp. in a wealthy household. 2 devoted follower or helper. [French: related to serve] -v. (-ving) 1 do a service for (a person, community, etc.). 2 be a servant to. 3 carry out duties (served on six committees). 4 (foil, by in) be employed in (esp. the armed forces) (served in the navy). 5 a be useful to or serviceable for. b meet requirements; perform a function. 6 a go through a due period of (apprenticeship, a prison sentence, etc.). b go through (a due period) of imprisonment etc. 7 present (food) to eat. 8 (in full serve at table) act as a waiter. 9 a attend to (a customer etc.). b Coll. by with) supply with (goods). 10 treat (a person) in a specified way. 11a (often foil, by on) deliver (a writ etc.). b (foil, by with) deliver a writ etc. to. 12 (also absol.) (in tennis etc.) deliver (a bail etc.) to begin or resume play. 13 (of an animal) copulate with (a female), -rc. service n. 16a, b. serve a person right be a person's deserved punishment etc. serve up derog. offer (served up the same old excuses). [Latin servio]

serve

n.

*\

assistant at a n.

mass

etc.

-ies)

(pi.

room or counter

from which meals etc. are served. service /'S3:vis/ -n. 1 work, or the doing of work, for another or for a community etc. (often in pi the services of a lawyer). 2 work done by a machine etc. (has given good service). 3 assistance or :

benefit given. 4 provision or supplying of a public need, e.g. transport, or (often in pi.) of water, gas, electricity, etc. 5 employment as a servant. 6 state or period of employment (resigned after 15 years' service). 7 public or Crown de-

partment or organization

serpent 2

a person who serves, b utensil for serving food. 2 celebrant's

server

servery

of sergeant]

moralize

servicewoman

882 /'sa:d3(a)nt/

8 (in pi.) the

armed

(civil service). forces. 9 (attrib.) of

the kind issued to the armed forces (service revolver). 10 a ceremony of worship, b form of liturgy for this. 11a provision for the maintenance of a machine etc. b routine maintenance of a vehicle etc. 12 assistance given to customers. 13 a serving of food, drinks, etc.; quality of this, b extra charge nominally made for this. 14 (in pi) = service area (motorway services). 15 set of dishes, plates, etc., for serving meals (dinner service). 16 a act of serving in tennis etc. b person's turn to serve, c (in full service game) game in which a specified player serves, -v. (-cing) 1 maintain or repair (a car, machine, etc.). 2 supply with a service. at a person's service ready to serve a person, be of service be helpful or useful, in service 1 employed as a servant. 2 in use. out of service not available for use, not working. [Latin servitium from servus slave] serviceable adj. 1 useful or usable; able to render service. 2 durable but

serviceability /-'biliti/ n. n. area beside a major road providing petrol, refreshments, plain.

service area

toilet facilities, etc.

service charge

n.

additional charge

for service in a restaurant etc. service flat n. flat in which domestic service and sometimes meals are provided for an extra fee. service industry n. industry providing services, not goods. serviceman n. 1 man in the armed forces. 2 man providing service or main-

tenance.

service road shops, road.

etc.,

n. road serving houses, lying back from the main

service station

n.

= garage

n. 2.

servicewoman n. woman in the armed forces.

serviette serviette

set

833 /,s3:vi'et/

n.

table-napkin.

[French: related to serve] /'s3:vail/ adj. 1 of or like a slave. servility 2 fawning; subservient. /-'vihti/ n. [Latin servus slave] serving n. quantity of food for one person. servitor /'S3:vit(a)r/ n. archaic servant, attendant. [Latin: related to serve] servitude /'S3:vi,tju:d/ n. slavery, subjection. [Latin servus slave]

servile

servo /'s3:vao7 n. (pi. -s) 1 powered mechanism producing motion at a higher level of energy than the input comb.) involving this. [Latin servus slave] sesame /'sesami/ n. 1 E. Indian plant with oil-yielding seeds. 2 its seeds. open sesame magic phrase for opening a locked door or gaining access. [Greek] sesqui- /'seskwi/ comb, form denoting lV 2 (sesquicentennial). [Latin] sessile /'sesail/ adj. 1 (of a flower, leaf, eye, etc.) attached directly by its base without a stalk or peduncle. 2 fixed in one position; immobile. [Latin: related level. 2 (in

to session]

establish (a record etc.). 19 determine or decide. 20 appoint or establish (set them in authority). 21 a put parts of (a broken or dislocated bone, limb, etc.) together for healing, b deal with (a fracture etc.) in this way. 22 (in full set to music) provide (words etc.) with music for singing. 23 a compose (type etc.). b compose the type etc. for (a book etc.). 24 (of a tide, current, etc.) have a certain motion or direction. 25 (of a face) assume a hard expression. 26 a cause (a hen) to sit on eggs, b place (eggs) for a hen to sit on. 27 (of eyes etc.) become motionless. 28 feel or show a certain tendency (opinion is setting against it). 29 a (of blossom) form into fruit, b (of

develop from blossom, c (of a tree) develop fruit. 30 (of a dancer) take a position facing one's partner. 31 (of a hunting dog) take a rigid attitude indicating the presence of game. 32 dial, or slang sit. set about 1 begin or take steps towards. 2 colloq. attack, set against 1 consider or reckon as a balance or compensation for. 2 cause to

fruit)

oppose, set apart separate, reserve,

session /'sej(a)n/ n. 1 period devoted to an activity {recording session). 2 as-

differentiate, set aside 1 put to one side. 2 keep for future use. 3 disregard or

sembly of a parliament, court, etc. 3 single meeting for this. 4 period during which these are regularly held. 5 academic year. in session assembled for business; not on vacation. sessional

back 1 place further back in place or time. 2 impede or reverse the progress of. 3 colloq. cost (a person) a specified amount, set down 1 record in writing. 2 allow to alight. 3 (foil, by to) attribute to. 4 (foil, by as) explain as. set eyes on see eye. set foot on (or in) enter or go to (a place etc.). set forth 1 begin a journey. 2 expound, set in 1 (of weather etc.) begin, become established. 2 insert, set off 1 begin a journey. 2 detonate (a bomb etc.). 3 initiate, stimulate. 4 cause (a person) to start laughing, talking, etc. 5 adorn; enhance. 6 (foil, by against) use as a compensating item, set on (or upon) 1 attack violently. 2 cause or urge to attack, set oneself up as pretend or claim to be. set out 1 begin a journey. 2 (foil, by to + infin.) intend. 3 demonstrate, arrange, or exhibit. 4 mark out. 5 declare, set sail hoist the sails, begin a voyage, set to begin vigorously, esp. fighting, arguing, or eating, set up 1 place in position or view. 2 start (a business etc.). 3 establish in some capacity. 4 supply the needs of. 5 begin making (a loud sound). 6 cause (a condition or situation). 7 prepare (a task etc. for another). 8 restore the health of (a person). 9 establish (a record). 10 colloq. frame or cause (a person) to look foolish; cheat. [Old English] set 2 n. 1 group of linked or similar things or persons. 2 section of society. 3 collection of objects for a specified purpose

adj. [Latin sedeo sess- sit]

sestet

/ses'tet/ n. 1 last six lines of a sonnet. 2 sextet. [Italian sesto sixth] 1

v. (-tt-; past and past part, set) 1 put, stand in a certain position etc. 2 apply (one thing) to (another) {set pen to paper). 3 a fix ready or in position, b dispose suitably for use, action, or display. 4 a adjust (a clock or watch) to show the right time, b adjust (an alarm clock) to sound at the required time. 5 a fix, arrange, or mount, b insert (a jewel) in a ring etc. 6 make (a device) ready to operate. 7 lay (a table) for a meal. 8 style (the hair) while damp. 9 (foil, by with) ornament or provide (a surface). 10 make or bring into a specified state; cause to be {set things in motion; set it on fire). 11 (of jelly, cement, etc.) harden or solidify. 12 (of the sun, moon, etc.) move towards or below the earth's horizon. 13 show (a story etc.) as happening in a certain time or place. 14 a (foil, by to + infin.) cause (a person or oneself) to do a specified thing, b (foil, by pres. part.) start (a person or thing) doing something. 1 5 give as work to be done or a matter to be dealt with. 16 exhibit as a model etc. (set an example). 17 initiate; lead (set the fashion; set the pace). 18

set

lay, or

reject, set

2

severe

834

set

(cricket set; teaset). 4 radio or television receiver. 5 (in tennis etc.) group of

(an account, debt,

with

settle

etc.).

1

games counting as a unit towards win-

(a creditor). 2 get revenge on. [Old English: related to sit]

ning a match. 6 Math, collection of things sharing a property. 7 direction or

settle 2 /'set(a)l/ n. high-backed wooden bench, often with a box below the seat.

position in which something sets or is set. 8 slip, shoot, bulb, etc., for planting. 9 setting, stage furniture, etc., for a play or film etc. 10 styling of the hair while damp. 1 1 (also sett) badger's burrow. 1 (also sett) granite paving-block, [senses 1-6 from French sette; senses 7-12 from

SET

1

]

set adj. 1 prescribed or determined in advance; fixed (a set meal). 2 (of a phrase or speech etc.) having invariable or predetermined wording; not extempore. 3 prepared for action. 4 (foil, by on, upon) determined to get or achieve etc. [past part, of set 5

1

]

set-back

n.

reversal or arrest of pro-

gress; relapse.

set piece n. 1 formal or elaborate arrangement, esp. in art or literature. 2 fireworks arranged on scaffolding etc. set square n. right-angled triangular plate for

drawing

60°, or 30°. sett var. of set 2

settee

/se'ti:/ n.

lines, esp. at 90°, 45°,

pay

[Old English]

settlement

n. 1 settling or being seta place occupied by settlers, b small village. 3 a political or financial etc. agreement, b arrangement ending a dispute. 4 a terms on which property is given to a person, b deed stating these, c amount or property given. settler n. person who settles abroad. set-to n. (pi. -tos) colloq. fight, argument. set-up n. 1 arrangement or organization. 2 manner, structure, or position of this. 3 instance of setting a person up

tled. 2

(see set up 10). /'sev(a)n/ adj. & n. 1 one more than six. 2 symbol for this (7, vii, VII). 3 size etc. denoted by seven. 4 seven o'clock. [Old English]

seven

adj. & adv. 1 seven times as or as many. 2 consisting of seven

sevenfold

much parts.

seven seas

n. (prec.

by

the) the

oceans

of the world.

11, 12.

= sofa, [origin uncer-

seventeen

/,sevan'ti:n/ adj.

&

n. 1

one

more than

tain]

setter

n. dog of a long-haired breed trained to stand rigid when scenting

game. set theory n. the study or use of sets in mathematics. position or manner in which a thing is set. 2 immediate surroundings of a house etc. 3 period, place, etc., of a story, drama, etc. 4 frame etc. for a jewel. 5 music to which words are set. 6 cutlery etc. for one person at a table. 7 level at which a machine is set to operate (on a high setting). settle /'set(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 (often foil, by down, in) establish or become established in an abode or lifestyle. 2 (often foil, by down) a regain calm after dis-

setting n.

1

1

turbance; come to rest, b adopt a regular or secure style of life, c (foil, by to) apply oneself (settled down to work). 3 (cause to) sit, alight, or come down to stay for some time. 4 make or become composed, certain, quiet, or fixed. 5 determine, decide, or agree upon. 6 resolve (a dispute, matter, etc.). 7 agree to terminate (a lawsuit). 8 (foil, by for) accept or agree to (esp. a less desirable alternative). 9 (also absol.) pay (a debt, account, etc.). 10 (as settled adj.) established (settled weather) 11 calm (nerves, the stomach, Bt« 12 a colonize, b establish colonists in. 13 subside; fall to the bottom or on to )

a surface,

settle

up

(also absol.)

pay

sixteen. 2 symbol for this (17, xvii, XVII). 3 size etc. denoted by sevenseventeenth adj. & n. [Old teen.

English]

seventh

adj.

&

n. 1

next after sixth. 2

one of seven equal parts of a thing.

I

seventhly adv.

Seventh-Day Adventists n.pl.

sect of

Adventists observing the sabbath on Saturday. seventh heaven n. state of intense joy.

seventy

/'sevanti/ adj.

&

n.

(pi -ies)

1

seven times ten. 2 symbol for this (70, lxx, LXX). 3 (in pi.) numbers from 70 to 79, esp. the years of a century or of a person's life. [Old English]

sever /'seva(r)/ v. separate, artery).

seventieth

adj.

divide, break, or

&

n.

make

by cutting (severed [Anglo-French severer from esp.

Latin separo]

several /'sevr(a)l/ -adj. & pron. more than two but not many; a few. —adj. formal separate or respective (went severally adv. their several ways). [Latin separ distinct] act 1 n.

severance severed

of severing.

2

state.

severance pay

n.

payment made

to

an

employee on termination of a contract. /si'via(r)/ adj. 1. rigorous and harsh (severe critic). 2 serious (severe

severe

shortage). 3 forceful (severe storm). 4 extreme (severe winter). 5 exacting

Seville

orange I

n.

Seville orange /'sevil, sa'vil/ n. bitter orange used for marmalade. [Seville in Spain]

sew

(pas* part, sewn or sewed) /sau/ fasten, join, etc., with a needle and

thread or a sewing-machine. sew up 1 join or enclose by sewing. 2 (esp. in passive) colloq. satisfactorily arrange or finish; gain control of. [Old English] sewage /'su:id3/ n. waste matter conveyed in sewers, [from sewer]

sewage farm place

n. (also

where sewage

sewer

/'su:a(r)/ n.

is

sewage works) treated.

conduit, usu. under-

ground, for carrying off drainage water and sewage. [Anglo-French sever(e): related to ex- aqua water] sewerage /'su:and3/ n. system of, or drainage by, sewers. sewing /'sauin/ n. material or work to be sewn. sewing-machine n. machine for sewing or stitching. sewn past part, of sew. sex -n. 1 each of the main groups (male and female) into which living things are 1

,

categorized on the basis of their reproductive functions (what sex is your dog?). 2 sexual instincts, desires, etc., or their manifestation. 3 colloq. sexual intercourse. 4 (attrib.) of or relating to sex or sexual differences. *•!>. 1 determine the sex of. 2 (as sexed adj.) having a specified sexual appetite (highly sexed). [Latin sexus]

sexagenarian

/,seksad3i'neanan/ n. old. [Latin -arius from sexaginta sixty] Sexagesima /,seksa'd3esima/ n. Sunday before Quinquagesima. [Latin, =

person from 60 to 69 years

sixtieth]

sex appeal n. sexual attractiveness, sex change n. apparent change of sex by hormone treatment and surgery, sex chromosome n. chromosome determining the sex of an organism,

sexism

n.

prejudice or discrimination,

esp. against women, on the grounds of sex. : sexist adj. n. sexless adj. 1 neither male nor female. 2

&

lacking sexual desire or attractiveness,

sex life n. person's sexual activity, sex maniac n. colloq. person obsessed with sex.

sex object

person regarded as an

object of sexual gratification, n.

person

who commits a

sexual crime. /sek'sDlad3i/ n. the study of sexual relationships or practices. sex-

ologist

n.

sex symbol

n.

person widely noted for

sex appeal.

sextant /'sekst(a)nt/ n. instrument with a graduated arc of 60°, used in navigation and surveying for measuring the angular distance of objects by means of mirrors. [Latin sextans -ntis sixth part]

sextet

/sek'stet/ n.

1

Mus. a composition

for six performers, b the performers. 2 any group of six. [alteration of sestet after Latin sex six] sexton /'sekst(a)n/ n. person who looks after a church and churchyard, often acting as bell-ringer and gravedigger. [French segerstein from Latin sacrista-

nus]

sextuple /'seks,tju:p(a)l/ -adj.

1

sixfold.

2 having six parts. 3 being six times as many or as much. -n. sixfold number or amount, [medieval Latin from Latin sex six]

sextuplet

/'seks.rjuplit,

-'tju:plit/

n.

each of six children born at one birth,

sexual

/'sekjual/ adj. of sex, the sexes, or relations between them. sexuality /-'aeliti/ n. sexually adv. sexual intercourse n. method of reproduction involving insertion of the penis into the vagina, usu. followed by

ejaculation.

sexy

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 sexually attract-

ive, stimulating,

a project

or aroused. 2 colloq. (of trendy. sexily

etc.) exciting,

adv. sexiness n. abbr. science fiction. sfabbr. sforzando.

SF

sforzando

/sfai'tsaendau/

Mus. -adj.

adv. with sudden emphasis, -n.

&

or -di /-di/) 1 suddenly emphasized note or group of notes. 2 increase in emphasis and loudness. [Italian] Sgt. abbr. Sergeant. sh int. = hush. shabby /'Jaebi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 faded and worn, dingy, dilapidated. 2 contemptible (a shabby trick). shabbily adv. shabbiness n. [related to scab] shack -n. roughly built hut or cabin. -v. (foil, by up) slang cohabit, esp. as lovers, [perhaps from Mexican jacal (pi. -s

wooden hut] shackle /'Jaek(a)l/ -n.

1 metal loop or used to connect chains etc. 2 fetter for the ankle or wrist. 3 (usu. in pi.) restraint, impediment, -v. (-ling) fetter, impede, restrain. [Old

link, closed

by a

bolt,

English] n.

sex offender

sexology

shaddock

835

(severe competition). 6 plain in style. severely adv. severity /-'veriti/ [Latin severus]

shad

same or -s) large edible [Old English] shaddock /'Jaedak/ n. 1 largest citrus fruit, with a thick yellow skin and bitter pulp. 2 tree bearing these. [Capt. Shaddock, who introduced it to the W. Indies in the 17th c] n.

marine

(pi.

fish.

shade shade -n.

1

comparative darkness (and

usu. coolness) given by shelter from direct light and heat. 2 area so sheltered. 3 darker part of a picture etc. 4 colour, esp. as darker or lighter than one similar. 5 comparative obscurity. 6 slight amount (a shade better). 7 lampshade. 8 screen against the light. 9 (in pi.) esp. US colloq. sunglasses. 10 literary ghost. 11 (in pi; foil, by of) reminder of, suggesting (esp. something undesirable) (shades of Hitler!), -v. (-ding) 1 screen from light. 2 cover, moderate, or exclude the light of. 3 darken, esp. with parallel lines to show shadow etc. 4 foil, by away, off, into) pass or change gradually. [Old English]

(often

shading n. light and shade shown on a map or drawing by parallel lines etc.

shadow

/'Jaedau/ -n. 1 shade; patch of shade. 2 dark shape projected by a body intercepting rays of light. 3 inseparable attendant or companion. 4 person secretly following another. 5 slightest trace (not a shadow of doubt). 6 weak or insubstantial remnant (a shadow of his former self). 7 (attrib.) denoting members of an Opposition party holding posts parallel to those of the government (shadow Cabinet). 8 shaded part of a picture. 9 gloom or sadness, -u. 1 cast a shadow over. 2 secretly follow and watch. [Old English: related to

shade]

shadow-boxing

n. boxing with an imaginary opponent as training. shadowy adj. 1 like or having a shadow. 2 vague, indistinct. shady /'Jeidi/ a dj. (-ier, -iest) 1 giving

shade. 2 situated in shade. 3 disreputable; of doubtful honesty. shadily adv. shadiness n.

shaft

/Ja:ft/ n. 1 narrow usu. vertical space, for access to a mine, or (in a building) for a lift, ventilation, etc. 2 (foil, by of) a ray (of light), b bolt (of lightning). 3 stem or handle of a tool etc. 4 long narrow part supporting, connecting, or driving thicker part(s) etc. 5 a archaic arrow, spear, b its long slender stem. 6 hurtful or provocative remark (shafts of wit). 7 each of the pair of poles

between which a horse is harnessed to a vehicle. 8 central stem of a feather. 9 column, esp. between the base and capital.

[Old English]

shag' n. 1 coarse kind of cut tobacco. 2 a rough mass of hair etc. b (attrib.) (of a carpet) with a long rough pile 3 cormorant, esp. the crested cormorant. [Old English]

shag^

shall

836

v. (-gg) coarse slang 1 have sexual intercourse with. 2 (usu. in passive;

often foil, by out) exhaust, tire out. [origin unknown] adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 hairy, roughshagginess n. haired. 2 unkempt.

shaggy

shaggy-dog story

n.

amusing only by

long rambling

pointlessness. 1 a kind of untanned granulated leather. 2 sharkskin, [var. of CHAGRIN] shah n. hist former monarch of Iran. [Persian] shake -v. (-king; past shook Juk/; past part, shaken) 1 move forcefully or quickly up and down or to and fro. 2 (cause to) tremble or vibrate. 3 agitate, shock, or upset the composure of. 4 weaken or impair in courage, effectiveness, etc. 5 (of a voice, note, etc.) tremble; trill. 6 gesture with (one's fist, a stick, etc.). 7 colloq. shake hands (they shook on the deal), -n. 1 shaking or being shaken. 2 jerk or shock. 3 (in pi prec. by the) colloq. fit of trembling. 4 Mus. trill. 5 = milk shake. no great shakes colloq. mediocre, poor, shake down 1 settle or cause to fall by shaking. 2 settle down; become established, shake hands (often foil, by with) clasp hands as a greeting, farewell, in congratulation, as confirmation of a deal, etc. shake one's head turn one's head from side to side in refusal, denial, disapproval, or concern, shake off get rid of or evade (a person or thing), shake out 1 empty by shaking. 2 joke,

shagreen

/Jae'gri:n/

its n.

/

;

open (a sail, flag, etc.) by shaking, shake 1 mix by shaking. 2 restore to shape by shaking. 3 disturb or make uncomfortable; rouse from apathy, conven-

up

tionality, etc. [Old English]

shaker n.

1 person or thing that shakes. 2 container for shaking together the ingredients of cocktails etc. Shakespearian /Jeik'spianan/ adj. (also Shakespearean) of Shakespeare. shake-up n. upheaval or drastic reorganization. shako /'Jaekau/ n. (pi. -s) cylindrical plumed peaked military hat. [Hungarian csdko]

shaky

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 unsteady; trembling. 2 unsound, infirm. 3 unreli-

able.

shale n.

shakily adv. shakiness soft

n.

rock of consolidated mud or

shaly adj. clay that splits easily. [German: related to scale 2 ] shall /Jael, J(a)l/ v.aux. (3rd sing, present shall; archaic 2nd sing, present shalt; past should /Jod, Jad/) (foil, by infin. without to, or absol present and past ;

only in use) 1 (in the 1st person) expressing the future tense or (with shall stressed) emphatic intention (/ shall return soon). 2 (in the 2nd and 3rd

shallot

share

837

persons) expressing a strong assertion, command, or duty (they shall go to the party; thou shalt not steal; they shall obey). 3 (in 2nd-person questions) expressing an enquiry, esp. to avoid the form of a request (shall you go to France?), shall I? (or we) do you want me (or us) to? [Old English] shallot / Ja'lDt/ n. onion-like plant with a cluster of small bulbs. [French: related

(-poos, -pooed)

wash with shampoo.

[Hindustani] /'Jaemrok/ n. trefoil, used as an emblem of Ireland. [Irish] shandy /'Jaendi/ n. (pi. -ies) beer with lemonade or ginger beer, [origin

shamrock

unknown]

shanghai -haiing)

1

/Jaen'hai/

(-hais, -haied,

v.

colloq. trick or force

someone

pretend to be. —n.

into doing something. 2 trick or force (a person) into serving as a sailor. [Shanghai in China] shank n. 1 a leg. b lower part of the leg. c shin-bone. 2 shaft or stem, esp. the part of a tool etc. joining the handle to the working end. [Old English] shanks's n. (also shanks's pony) one's own legs as transport. shan't /Ja:nt/ contr. shall not. shantung /Jaen'tAn/ n. soft undressed

unknown]

shanty

to

scaluon]

shallow /'Jaelau/ -adj.

1

of little depth. 2

superficial, trivial, -n. (often in pi.) shallowness n. [Old shallow place.

English]

/JVlom/ n. & int. Jewish salutation at meeting or parting. [Hebrew] shalt archaic 2nd person sing, of shall. sham -v. (-mm-) 1 feign, pretend. 2

shalom

1 imposture, pretence. 2 bogus or false person or thing. -adj. pretended, counterfeit, [origin

shaman

/'Jaeman/

n.

communicate with

priest claiming to

gods

witch-doctor or

shamanism

etc.

n.

[Russian]

shamble

'Jaemb(9)l/ -v. (-ling) walk or run awkwardly, dragging the feet. -n. shambling gait, [perhaps related to shambles]

shambles

treated as sing.) 1 colloq. mess, muddle. 2 butcher's slaughterhouse. 3 scene of carnage, [pi. of shamble table for selling meat] shambolic Jaem'bDlik/ adj. colloq. chaotic, unorganized, [from shambles after symbolic] shame -n. 1 distress or humiliation caused by consciousness of one's guilt, dishonour, or folly. 2 capacity for feeling this. 3 state of disgrace or discredit. 4 a person or thing that brings disgrace etc. b thing that is wrong or regrettable. -v. (-ming) 1 bring shame on; make n.pl. (usu.

ashamed; put to shame. 2 (foil, by into, out of) force by shame (shamed into confessing). for shame! reproof to a shameless person, put to shame humiliate by being greatly superior. [Old English]

shamefaced

adj.

1

showing shame.

2

bashful, shy. -sidli/ adv.

z shamefacedly /also

shameful adj.

disgraceful, scandalous. adv. shamefulness n.

shamefully

shameless adj.

1 having or showing no shame. 2 impudent, z shamelessly

adv.

shammy shammy

/'Jaemi/ n. (pi. -ies) (in full leather) colloq. = chamois 2.

[representing corrupted pronunciation] /Jaem'pu:/ -n. 1 liquid for

shampoo

washing the hair. 2 similar substance for washing cars, carpets, etc. -v.

mare

Chinese

silk.

[Shantung, Chinese prov-

ince] 1

/'Jaenti/

n

.

(pi.

cabin. 2 shack, [origin

shanty

-ies)

1

hut or

unknown]

2

/'Jaenti/ n. (pi. -ies) (in full sea shanty) sailors' work song, [probably French chanter, related to chant] shanty town n. area with makeshift

housing.

shape -n.

1 effect produced by a thing's outline. 2 external form or appearance. 3 specific form or guise (in the shape of an excuse). 4 good or specified condition (back in shape; in poor shape). 5 person or thing seen in outline or indistinctly. 6 mould or pattern. 7 moulded jelly etc. 8

piece of material, paper, etc., made or cut in a particular form, -ix (-ping) 1 give a certain shape or form to; fashion, create. 2 influence (one's life, course, etc.). 3 (usu. foil, by up) show signs of developing; show promise. 4 (foil, by to) adapt or make conform. in any shape or form in any form at all (don't like

jazz in any shape or form), take shape take on a definite form. [Old English] adj. lacking definite or attractive shape, z shapelessness n. shapely adj. (-ier, -iest) pleasing in appearance, elegant, well-proportioned, z shapeliness n. shard n. broken piece of pottery or glass etc. [Old English] share -n. 1 portion of a whole allotted to or taken from a person. 2 each of the equal parts into which a company's

shapeless

1

capital is divided, entitling its

owner

to

a proportion of the profits, -v. (-ring) 1 (also absol. ) have or use with another or others; get, have, or give a share of (we shared a room; refused to share; shared his food,. 2 (foil, by in) participate. 3 (often foil, by out) divide and distribute (let's share the last cake). 4

share have

common {shared the same [Old English: related to shear] = ploughshare. [Old English: n.

in

beliefs).

share

2

related to share

shareholder

1

!

owner

n.

of shares in a

company.

share-out

act of sharing out, distri-

n.

bution.

shark

1

n.

large voracious marine fish,

unknown]

[origin

shark 2

n.

swindler, profiteer,

colloq.

unknown]

[origin

sharkskin smooth

n.

skin of a shark. 2

1

-adj. 1 having an edge or point able to cut or pierce. 2 tapering to a point or edge. 3 abrupt, steep, angular. 4 welldefined, clean-cut. 5 a severe or intense, b (of food etc.) pungent, acid. 6 (of a voice etc.) shrill and piercing. 7 (of words or temper etc.) harsh. 8 acute; quick to understand. 9 artful, unscrupulous. 10 vigorous or brisk. 11 Mus. above the normal pitch; a semitone higher than a specified pitch (C sharp), -n. 1 Mus. a note a semitone above natural pitch, b sign (#) indicating this. 2 colloq. swindler, cheat, -adv. 1 punctually (at nine o'clock sharp). 2 suddenly (pulled up sharp). 3 at a sharp angle. 4 Mus. above true pitch (sings sharp), sharply adv. sharpness n. [Old English] sharpen v. make or become sharp.

sharpener

n.

sharper n. swindler, esp. at cards, sharpish colloq. -adj. fairly sharp. fairly sharply. 2 quite quickly,

1

sharp

practice

n.

dishonest

or

dubious dealings.

sharpshooter n. skilled marksman, sharp-witted adj. keenly perceptive or intelligent.

shat past and past. part, of shit. shatter v. 1 break suddenly in pieces. 2 severely damage or destroy. 3 (esp. in passive) greatly upset or discompose. 4 (usu. as shattered adj.) colloq. exhaust, [origin

unknown]

shave - v. (ving; (as adj.)

shaven)

Shaw. Shaw]

[Shavius,

past part, shaved or 1 remove (bristles or

hair) with a razor. 2 (also absol.) remove bristles or hair with a razor from (a

lish]

or she' used to indicate either sex. (pi. sheaves) bundle of things lengthways together and usu. tied, reaped corn or a collection of papers, -v. make into sheaves. [Old English] shear -v. (past sheared; past part. shorn or sheared) 1 (also absol.) clip the wool off (a sheep etc.). 2 remove or take off by cutting. 3 cut with scissors or shears etc. 4 (foil, by of) a strip bare, b deprive. 5 (often foil, by off) distort, be distorted, or break, from structural strain, -n. 1 strain produced by pressure in the structure of a substance. 2 (in pi.) (also pair of shears sing.) large scissor-shaped clipping or cutting instrument, n shearer n. [Old English]

sheaf- n. laid esp.

sheath

n.

(pi.

-s /Ji:6z, Ji:8s/) 1

drinking place. [Irish] one-storeyed usu. wooden n. structure for storage or shelter, or as a workshop, [from shade] shed 2 v. (-dd-; past and past part, shed) 1 let, or cause to, fall off (trees shed their leaves). 2 take off (clothes). 3 reduce (an electrical power load) by disconnection etc. 4 cause to fall or flow (shed blood; shed tears). 5 disperse, diffuse, radiate (shed light). 6 get rid of (IBM are shedding 200 jobs; shed your inhibitions). shed light on help to explain.

shed

1

sheen

thing that shaves. 2 electric

razor. 3 colloq.

young lad. /'Jeivien/ -adj. of or like the writings of G. B. Shaw. -n. admirer of

close-

blade of a knife or sword. 2 condom. 3 enclosing case, covering, or tissue. 4 woman's closefitting dress. [Old English] sheathe /Ji:6/ v. (-thing) 1 put into a sheath. 2 encase; protect with a sheath. sheath knife n. dagger-like knife carried in a sheath. sheave v. (-ving) make into sheaves. sheaves pi. of sheaf. shebeen /JYbiin/ n. esp. Ir. unlicensed fitting cover, esp. for the

she'd /Jl:d/ contr.

Shavian

of

worn over the shoulders or head, or wrapped round a baby. [Urdu from Persian shal] she /Ji:/ -pron. (obj. her; poss. her; pi. they) the woman, girl, female animal, ship, or country, etc. previously named or in question, —n. 1 female; woman. 2 (in comb.) female (she-goat). [Old Eng-

[Old English] n. 1

form

fabric

person, face, leg, etc.). 3 reduce by a small amount. 4 pare (wood etc.) to shape it. 5 miss or pass narrowly, -n. 1 shaving or being shaved. 2 narrow miss or escape. 3 tool for shaving wood etc.

shaver

Latinized

shaving n. thin strip cut off wood etc. shawl n. large usu. rectangular piece of

s/he pron. written representation of 'he

slightly shiny fabric.

sharp

-adv.

sheep

838

[Old English] n. 1

sheeny

1 she had. 2 she would. gloss or lustre. 2 brightness. adj. [Old English, = beauti-

ful]

sheep

n.

(pi.

same)

1

mammal

thick woolly coat, esp. kept for

with a wool

its

sheep-dip or meat. 2 timid, silly, or easily-led person. 3 (usu. in pi.) member of a minister's congregation. [Old English] sheep-dip n. preparation or place for cleansing sheep of vermin by dipping. sheepdog n. 1 dog trained to guard and herd sheep. 2 dog of a breed suitable for this.

sheepfold sheepish ashamed.

pen for sheep, embarrassed or shy; sheepishly adv.

n.

adj.

sheepshank

n. knot for shortening a rope temporarily.

sheepskin

n. 1 (often attrib.) sheep's skin with the wool on. 2 leather from sheep's skin. sheer —adj. 1 mere, complete {sheer luck). 2 (of a cliff etc.) perpendicular. 3 (of a textile) diaphanous, -adv. directly, perpendicularly. [Old English] sheer 2 v. 1 esp. Naut. swerve or change course. 2 (foil, by away, off) turn away, esp. from a person or topic one dislikes or fears, [origin unknown] sheet -n. 1 large rectangle of cotton etc. used esp. in pairs as inner bedclothes. 2 broad usu. thin flat piece of paper, metal, etc. 3 wide expanse of water, ice, flame, falling rain, etc. 4 page of unseparated postage stamps. 5 derog. newspaper, -v. 1 provide or cover with sheets. 2 form into sheets. 3 (of rain etc.) fall in sheets. [Old English] sheet 2 n. rope or chain attached to the lower corner of a sail to hold or control it. [Old English: related to sheet ] sheet anchor n. 1 emergency reserve anchor. 2 person or thing depended on in the last resort. sheeting n. material for making bed 1

1

1

linen.

sheet metal n. metal rolled or hammered etc. into thin sheets. sheet music n. music published in sheets, not bound.

sheikh Arab

/Jeik/ n.

1

chief or head of an

tribe, family, or village. 2

leader,

sheikhdom

n.

Muslim

[Arabic]

sheila /'Ji:la/ n. Austral. & NZ slang girl, young woman, [origin uncertain] shekel /'Jek(a)l/ n. 1 chief monetary unit of modern Israel. 2 hist, silver coin and unit of weight in ancient Israel etc. 3 (in pi.) colloq.

sherbet

839

money;

shelduck

riches.

{Hebrew]

/'JeldAk/ n (pi same or -s; masc. sheldrake, pi. same or -s) brightplumaged wild duck, [probably from dial, she Id pied, duck ] shelf n. (pi. shelves) 1 wooden etc. board projecting from a wall, or as part of a unit, used to store things. 2 a projecting horizontal ledge in a cliff face etc. b reef or sandbank, on the shelf 1 (of a woman) regarded as too old to hope .

1

for marriage. 2 (esp. of a retired person) put aside as if no longer useful. [Low

German] shelf-life n. time for which a stored item remains usable. shelf-mark n. code on a library book

showing where it is kept. shell —n. 1 a hard outer case of many molluscs, the tortoise, etc. b hard but fragile case of an egg. c hard outer case of a nut-kernel, seed, etc. 2 a explosive projectile for use in a big gun etc. b hollow container for fireworks, cartridges, etc. 3 shell-like thing, esp.: a a light racing-boat, b the metal framework of a vehicle etc. c the walls of an unfinished or gutted building, ship, etc. -v. 1 remove the shell or pod from. 2

bombard with shells. come out of one's shell become less shy. shell out (also absol.) colloq. pay (money). shell-less adj. shell-like adj. [Old English] /Ji:l/ contr. she will; she shall. shellac /Ja'laek/ -n. resin used for mak-

she'll

ing varnish, -v. (-ck-) varnish with shellac, [from shell, lac] adj. 1 having a shell. 2 with its

shelled

shell removed. shellfish n. (pi. same) 1 aquatic mollusc with a shell. 2 crustacean, shell-shock n. nervous breakdown caused by warfare. shell-shocked adj.

Shelta

/'Jelta/ n. ancient hybrid secret language used by Irish tinkers, Gypsies,

etc.

shelter -n. 1 protection from danger, bad weather, etc. 2 place giving shelter 1 act or serve as a shelter protect; conceal; defend. 2 find refuge; take cover, [origin unknown] shelve v. (-ving) 1 put aside, esp. temporarily. 2 put (books etc.) on a shelf. 3 fit with shelves. 4 (of ground etc.) slope.

or refuge, -v.

to;

shelving n. shelves pi of shelf.

shemozzle

/Ji'mDz(a)l/ n. slang 1 brawl or commotion. 2 muddle. [Yiddish] shenanigan /JYnaenigan/ n. (esp. in pi) colloq. mischievous or dubious behaviour, carryings-on. [origin unknown] shepherd /'Jepad/ -n. 1 (fern, shepherdess) person employed to tend sheep. 2 member of the clergy in charge of a congregation, —v. 1 a tend (sheep etc.). b guide (followers etc.). 2 marshal or drive (a crowd etc.) like sheep. [Old English: related to sheep, herd]

shepherd's pie

n.

= cottage

pie.

Sheraton

/'Jerat(9)n/ n. (often attrib.) style of English furniture c.1790. [name

of a furniture-maker]

sherbet

/'J3:bat/ n.

effervescent

1

flavoured sweet

powder or drink. 2 drink of

sherd sweet diluted fruit juices. [Turkish and Persian from Arabic] sherd n. - potsherd. [Old English]

High Sheriff) chief executive officer of the Crown in a

sheriff

Jerif/

n.1a

(also

administering justice etc. b officer elected annually in some towns. 2 US elected chief lawenforcing officer in a county. 3 (also sheriff-depute) Scot, chief judge of a county or district. [Old English: related

county,

honorary

to SHIRE,

Sherpa

REEVE n. (pi.

1

]

same or

-s)

member

of a

Himalayan people living on the borders of Nepal and Tibet, [native name] sherry /'Jen/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 fortified wine orig. from S. Spain. 2 glass of this. [Xeres in

Andalusia]

2 she has. pony of a small hardy rough-coated breed. [Shetland Islands, NNE of Scotland] shew archaic var. of show.

she's

Shinto

840

/Ji:z, Jiz/

contr.

Shetland pony

1

she

is.

/'Jetland/ n.

Shiatsu /Ji'aetsu:/ n. Japanese therapy in which pressure is applied, chiefly with fingers and hands, to specific points on the body. [Japanese, = finger pressure]

shibboleth

/'Jiba.leG/ n. long-standing formula, doctrine, or phrase, etc., held to be true by a party or sect. [Hebrew

(Judg. 12:6)]

shied past & past part,

of shy

2 .

shield -n.

1 a piece of armour held in front of the body for protection when fighting, b person or thing giving protection. 2 shield-shaped trophy. 3 protective plate or screen in machinery etc. 4 Heraldry stylized representation of a shield for displaying a coat of arms etc. -v. protect or screen. [Old English] shier compar. of shy 1 shiest superl. of shy 1

shifty

adj. colloq. (-ier, -iest) evasive;

shiftily adv. shiftiness

deceitful.

n.

Shiite /'Ji:ait/ -n. adherent of the branch of Islam rejecting the first three Sunni caliphs, —adj. of this branch. [Arabic Shiah, - party] shillelagh /jYleite, -li/ n. Irish cudgel. [Shillelagh in Ireland]

shilling /'Jinn/ n. 1 hist, former British coin and monetary unit worth onetwentieth of a pound. 2 monetary unit in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. [Old English]

shilly-shally

Jilijaeli/

/

v.

(-ies, -ied)

be undecided; vacillate, [from shall IT] shim -n. thin wedge in machinery etc. to make parts fit. -v. (-mm-) fit or fill up with a shim, [origin unknown] shimmer -v. shine tremulously or faintly, -n. tremulous or faint light. [Old English] -72. 1 front of the leg below the knee. 2 cut of beef from this part. -v.

shin

foil, by up, down) climb quickly by clinging with the arms and legs. [Old English]

(-nn-) (usu.

shin-bone n. = tibia. shindig /'jindig/ n. colloq. = shindy

party. 2

1.

1 lively noisy [probably from

SHINDY]

shindy

/'Jindi/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

colloq.

1

brawl, disturbance, or noise. 2 = shindig 1. [perhaps an alteration of shinty] shine -v. (-ning; past and past part. shone /Jon/ or shined) 1 emit or reflect light; be bright; glow. 2 (of the sun, a

be visible. 3 cause (a lamp etc.) and past part, shined) polish. 5 be brilliant; excel, -n. 1 light; take brightness. 2 high polish; lustre. a shine to colloq. take a fancy to. [Old star, etc.)

to shine. 4 (past

.

English]

.

(cause to) change or move from one position to another. 2 remove, esp. with effort. 3 slang a hurry, b consume (food or drink). 4 US change (gear) in a vehicle. -n. 1 act of shifting. 2 a relay of workers, b time for which they work. 3 a device, stratagem, or expedient, b trick or evasion. 4 woman's straight unwaisted dress or petticoat. 5 Physics displacement of a spectral line. 6 key on a keyboard used to switch between lower and upper case etc. 7 US a gear lever in a vehicle, b mechanism

shift

for this.

1

make

shift

manage;

get

along somehow, shift for oneself rely on one's own efforts, shift one's ground take up a new position in an argument etc. [Old English] shiftless adj. lacking resourcefulness; lazy.

shiner n. shingle

black eye. small smooth n. pebbles, esp. on the sea-shore. shingly adj. [origin uncertain] shingle 2 /'Jing(a)l/ -n. 1 rectangular wooden tile used on roofs etc. 2 archaic a shingled hair, b shingling of hair. -v. (-ling) 1 roof with shingles. 2 archaic a cut (a woman's hair) short, b cut the hair of (a person or head) in this way. 1

colloq.

/'Jing(8)l/

[Latin scindula]

shingles

/'Jirjg(a)lz/ n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.) acute painful viral inflammation of the nerve ganglia, with a rash [Latin often encircling the body.

cingulum

girdle]

Shinto

/'Jmtau/ n. Japanese religion with the worship of ancestors and Shintoism n. Shintonature-spirits. ist n. [Chinese,

= way of the gods]

shinty

shocker

841

shinty

game

like

gather (material) with parallel threads.

hockey, but with taller goalposts. 2 stick or ball used in this, [origin uncertain] shiny adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 having a shine. 2 (of clothing) with the nap worn off.

shirring n. [origin unknown] shirt n. upper-body garment of cotton keep one's etc., usu. front-opening. shirt on colloq. keep one's temper, put one's shirt on colloq. bet all one has on. shirting n. shirtless adj. [Old Eng-

n.

'Jinti

shininess

-ies)

(pi.

1

n.

large seagoing vessel. 2 US aircraft. 3 spaceship, -v. (-pp-) 1 put, take, or send away in a ship. 2 a take in (water) over a ship's side etc. b lay (oars) at the bottom of a boat, c fix (a rudder etc.) in place. 3 a embark, b (of a sailor) take service on a ship. 4 deliver (goods) ship off to an agent for forwarding.

ship -n.

1

when

send away,

comes home

a person's ship

(or in)

when

a person's

made. [Old English] -ship suffix forming nouns denoting: fortune

is

1

quality or condition (friendship; hardship). 2 status, office, etc. (authorship;

lordship). 3 tenure of office (chairmanship). 4 specific skill (workmanship). 5

members

of a group (readership). [Old

English]

shipboard

attrib. adj. used or occurring on board a ship. shipbuilder n. person, company, etc., that constructs ships, z shipbuilding n.

ship-canal

n.

canal large enough for

ships.

as many goods or passengers as a ship can hold. shipmate n. fellow member of a ship's crew. shipment n. 1 amount of goods shipped. 2 act of shipping goods etc. shipowner n. owner of a ship, ships, or

shipload

n.

shares in ships.

shipper

n. person or company that ships goods. [Old English] shipping n. 1 transport of goods etc. 2 ships, esp. a navy. ship's boat n. small boat carried on board a ship. shipshape adv. &predic.adj. trim, neat,

tidy.

shipwreck -n.

1 a destruction of a ship etc. b ship so destroyed. 2 (often foil, by of) ruin of hopes, dreams, etc. -v. 1 inflict ship-

by a storm, foundering,

wreck

on. 2 suffer shipwreck.

shipwright

n.

1

shipbuilder. 2 ship's

carpenter.

shipyard n.

place

where ships are

built

etc.

shire n. county. [Old English] shire-horse n. heavy powerful

etc.).

v.

work, [German Schurke

(also absol.) avoid (duty,

shirker

n. (usu. in pi) sleeve of a shirt. in shirtsleeves without one's jacket on. shirt-tail n. curved part of a shirt below the waist. shirtwaister n. woman's dress with a bodice like a shirt. shirty adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. angry; shirtily adv. shirtiness n. annoyed, shish kebab /.JiJ ki'baeb/ n. pieces of meat and vegetables grilled on skewers. [Turkish: related to kebab] shit coarse slang -n. 1 faeces. 2 act of defecating. 3 contemptible person. 4 nonsense, -int. exclamation of anger etc. -v. (-tt-; past and past part, shitted, shat or shit) defecate or cause the defecation of (faeces etc.). [Old English] shitty adj. (-ier, -iest) coarse slang 1 disgusting, contemptible. 2 covered

with excrement.

shiver

1

/'Jiva(r)/ -v.

fear, etc. -n.

movement.

n.

scoundrel]

shirr -n. elasticated gathered threads in a garment etc. forming smocking. -v.

1

tremble with cold,

momentary shivering

2 (in pi. prec. by the) attack of shivering, z shivery adj. [origin uncertain] shiver 2 /'Jiva(r)/ -n. (esp. in pi) small fragment or splinter, -v. break into shivers, [related to dial, shive slice] shoal 1 -n. multitude, esp of fish swimming together, -v. (offish) form shoals. 2 [Dutch: cf. school ] shoal 2 -n. 1 a area of shallow water, b ,

submerged sandbank

visible

at

low

water. 2 (esp. in pi) hidden danger, - v. (of water) get shallower. [Old English] shock 1 -n. 1 violent collision, impact, tremor, etc. 2 sudden and disturbing effect on the emotions etc. 3 acute prostration following a wound, pain, etc. 4 = electric shock. 5 disturbance in the stability of an organization etc. -v. 1 a horrify; outrage, b (absol.) cause shock. 2 affect with an electric or pathological shock. [French choc, choquer] shock 2 -n. group of corn-sheaves in a field, - v. arrange (corn) in shocks, [origin uncertain] shock 3 n. unkempt or shaggy mass of hair, [origin

draught-horse.

shirk

lish]

shirtsleeve

unknown]

shock absorber n. etc. for

device on a vehicle

absorbing shocks, vibrations,

etc.

shocker

n. colloq. 1

shocking person or

thing. 2 sensational novel etc.

shocking shocking adj.

1

causing shock; scandal-

ous. 2 colloq. very bad. adv.

shocking pink

adj.

&

shockingly n. (as adj.

often

hyphenated) vibrant shade of pink.

shockproof adj. resistant to the effects of (esp. physical) shock.

shock therapy ment) treatment by electric shock

shock troops

n. (also shock treatof depressive patients

etc. n.pl.

troops specially

trained for assault.

shock wave n.

1 moving region of high caused by an explosion or by a supersonic body. 2 wave of emotional shock {the news sent shock waves throughout the region). shod past and past part, of shoe. shoddy 'Jodi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 poorly shoddily adv. made. 2 counterfeit.

air pressure

shoddiness

shoe

n.

[origin

unknown]

-n. 1 protective foot-covering of leather etc., esp. one not reaching above the ankle. 2 protective metal rim for a horse's hoof. 3 thing like a shoe in shape or use. 4 = brake shoe. — v. (shoes, shoeing; past and past part. shod) 1 fit (esp. a horse etc.) with a shoe or shoes. 2 (as shod adj.) (in comb.) having shoes etc. of a specified kind {roughshod). : be in a person's shoes be in his or her situation, difficulty, etc. [Old English] ,'Ju:/

shoehorn n. curved implement for easing the heel into a shoe. n. cord for lacing up shoes. shoemaker n. maker of boots and shoes, shoemaking n. shoestring n. 1 shoelace. 2 colloq. small esp. inadequate amount of money. shoe-tree n. shaped block for keeping a shoe in shape. shone past and past part, of shine. shoo -int. exclamation used to frighten away animals etc. -u. (shoos, shooed) 1 utter the word 'shoo!'. 2 (usu. foil, by away) drive away by shooing, [imit-

shoelace

ative]

shook past of shake. shoot -v.

{past and past part, shot) 1 a (also absol.) cause (a weapon) to fire, b

or wound with a bullet, arrow, etc. 2 send out, discharge, etc., esp. swiftly. 3

kill

foil, by out, along, forth, etc.) swiftly or vigorously. 4 a (of a plant etc.) put forth buds etc. b (of a bud etc.; appear. 5 hunt game etc. with a gun. 6 film or photograph. 7 (also absol.) esp. Football a score (a goal), b take a shot at (the goal). 8 (of a boat) sweep swiftly down or under (a bridge, rapids, etc.). 9 (usu. foil, by through, up, etc.) (of a pain) stem to stab. 10 (often foil, by up; also absol.) slang inject (a drug). -n.1a

(often

come or go

shorn

842

young branch or sucker, b new growth of a plant. 2 a hunting party, expedition, etc. b land shot over for game. 3 = chute 1 -int. colloq. invitation to ask shoot down 1 kill by questions etc. shooting. 2 cause (an aircraft etc.) to crash by shooting. 3 argue effectively against, shoot one's bolt colloq. do all that is in one's power, shoot one's mouth off slang talk too much or indiscreetly, shoot up 1 grow rapidly. 2 rise suddenly. 3 terrorize by indiscriminate shooting, the whole shoot (or the whole shooting match) colloq. everything. [Old English] shooting-brake n. archaic estate car. shooting star n. small rapidly moving meteor. shooting-stick n. walking-stick with a foldable seat. shop -n. 1 place for the retail sale of goods or services. 2 act of going shopping {did a big shop). 3 place for manufacture or repair {engineering-shop). 4 one's profession etc. as a subject of conversation {talk shop). 5 colloq. institution, place of business, etc. -v. (-pp-) 1 go to a shop or shops to buy goods. 2 slang inform against (a criminal etc.). all over the shop colloq. 1 in disorder. 2 everywhere, shop around look for the shopper n. [French best bargain. eschoppe] shop assistant n. person serving in a shop. shop-floor n. 1 production area in a factory etc. 2 workers as distinct from ,

management.

shopkeeper

n.

owner or manager

of a

shop.

shoplift

steal goods while appearing shoplifter n. shoppings. 1 (often attrib.) purchase of goods etc. 2 goods purchased, shopping centre n. area or complex of v.

to shop,

shops.

shop-soiled

adj.

soiled or faded

by

display in a shop.

shop steward

elected representative of workers in a factory etc. shopwalker n. supervisor in a large shop. shore 1 n. 1 land adjoining the sea, a lake etc. 2 (usu. in pi.) country {foreign shores). on shore ashore. [Low German or Dutch] shore 2 -n. prop or beam set against a ship, wall, etc., as a support. -v. (-ring) (often foil, by up) support (as if) with a shore or shores; hold up. [Low German or Dutch]

shoreline

n.

n.

line

where shore and

water meet.

shorn past part,

of shear.

short 1

be caught

short-circuit.

short

(or

taken)

be put at a disadvantage. 2 colloq. urgently need to use the lavatory, be short for be an abbreviation for. come short of = fall short of. for short as a short name (Tom for short), in short briefly, short of 1 see sense 2a of adj. 2 less than (nothing short of a miracle). 3 distant from (two miles short of home). 4 without going so far as (did everything short of resigning). short on colloq. see sense 2a of adj. c shortish adj. shortness n. [Old Eng1

abbreviated expression.

shortage n.

(often

foil,

by of) deficiency; n.

short simple

shortbread

rich biscuit of butter,

n.

with short horns,

shortie var. of shorty. short list -n. list of selected candidates from which a final choice is made. -v. (short-list) put on a short list, short-lived adj. ephemeral, shortly adv. 1 (often foil, by before, a few words; curtly. [Old

after) soon. 2 in

English]

short-range

1 having a short range. 2 relating to the immediate fu-

adj.

ture.

shorts n.pl

1 trousers reaching to the knees or higher. 2 US underpants.

short shrift n. curt or dismissive treatment. [Old English shrift confession: related to shrive]

short sight

= shortbread. 2 cake of short pastry filled with fruit and

shortcake

n. 1

on

short-sighted

adj.

1

having

short

2 lacking imagination or foreshort-sightedly adv. short-

sight. sight.

sightedness

n.

short-staffed

adj. understaffed,

short temper n. temper easily lost. short-tempered adj. short-term adj. of or for a short period of time.

wave n.

greater than 3

radio

wave

of frequency

MHz. n.

weight less than

it is

alleged to be. adj.

easily

becoming

breathless. n. (also

shortie)

(pi. -ies) colloq.

person or garment shorter than average.

shot

cream.

short-change

cheat, esp.

v.

by giving

insufficient change.

short

circuit -n. electric circuit through small resistance, esp. instead of the resistance of a normal circuit, -v. (short-circuit) 1 cause a short circuit (in). 2 shorten or avoid by taking a more direct route etc.

shortcoming shortcrust

n.

n.

deficiency; defect, (in

full

shortcrust

pastry) a type of crumbly pastry, short cut n. 1 route shorter than the usual one. 2 quick method, shorten v. become or make shorter or short.

shortening shortfall

inability to focus

n.

distant objects.

shorty

and sugar.

of

shorthand.

short-winded

haircut.

mode

shorthorn n. animal of a breed of cattle

short weight

lack.

short back and sides

symbolic

or

short-handed adj. understaffed, shorthand typist n. typist qualified in

short

lish]

flour,

shot

843

a measuring little from head to foot, top to bottom, or end to end; not long, b not long in duration, c seeming short (a few short years of happiness). 2 a (usu. foil, by of on) deficient; scanty (short of spoons), b not farreaching; acting or being near at hand {short range). 3 a concise; brief, b curt; uncivil. 4 (of the memory) unable to remember distant events. 5 (of a vowel or syllable) having the lesser of the two recognized durations. 6 (of pastry) easily crumbled. 7 (of stocks etc.) sold or selling when the amount is not in hand, with reliance on getting the deficit at a lower price in time for delivery. 8 (of a drink of spirits) undiluted. 9 (of odds or a chance) nearly even. -adv. 1 before the natural or expected time or place; abruptly. 2 rudely, -rc. 1 short circuit. 2 colloq. short drink. 3 short film. -v.

short -adj.

n. fat

for pastry,

n. deficit,

shorthand n.

(often attrib.) system of rapid writing using special symbols. 2 1

1 n. 1 firing of a gun, cannon, etc. (heard a shot). 2 attempt to hit by shooting or throwing etc. 3 a single nonexplosive missile for a gun etc. b (pi. same or -s) small lead pellet used in

quantity in a single charge, c (as pi.) these collectively. 4 a photograph, b continuous film sequence. 5 a stroke or a kick in a ball game, b colloq. attempt, guess (had a shot at it). 6 colloq. person of specified shooting skill (a good shot). 7 ball thrown by a shot-putter. 8 launch of a space rocket. 9 range etc. to or at which a thing will carry or act. 1 colloq. a drink of esp. spirits, b injection of a like a shot colloq. without drug etc. hesitation; willingly. [Old English] shot 2 past and past part, of shoot, -adj. (of coloured material) woven so as to show different colours at different

shotgun

angles. shot through (usu. foil, by with) permeated or suffused, n. gun for firing small shot at short range.

shotgun

shotgun wedding

n. colloq.

wedding

enforced because of the bride's pregnancy. shot in the arm n. colloq. stimulus or

shot

is

shot-putter

thrown.

on (a burden etc.). put one's shoulder to the wheel make a great effort, shoulder arms hold a rifle with the barrel against the shoulder and the butt in the hand, shoulder to shoulder 1 side by side. 2 with united effort. [Old English]

bag hung from the

n.

shoulder by a strap.

shoulder-blade flat

either of the large

n.

bones of the upper back,

shoulder-length

adj.

(of hair

strip of cloth

from

shoulder to collar, esp. on a military uniform. shouldn't ,"Jud(9)nt/ contr. should not. shout -v. 1 speak or cry loudly. 2 say or express loudly, -n. 1 loud cry of joy etc., or calling attention. 2 colloq. one's turn to buy a round of drinks etc. shout down reduce to silence by shouting, [perhaps related to shoot]

1

(also absol.)

shore in a boat. 2 slang depart. [Old English]

shove-halfpenny

n. form of shovelboard played with coins etc. on a table.

/']av(9)1/

-n.

1

spadelike tool

with raised sides, for shifting coal etc. 2 (part of) a machine with a similar form (-11-;

US-1-)

1

move (as if)

with a shovel. 2 colloq. move in large quantities or roughly (shovelled peas shovelful n. (pi. -s). into his mouth). [Old English]

shovelboard

n. game played esp. on a ship's deck by pushing discs over a marked surface. shoveller /' jAvala(r)/ n. (also shoveler) duck with a shovel-like beak. /Jau/ -v. (past part, shown or showed) 1 be, allow, or cause to be,

show

visible; manifest (buds are beginning to show; white shows the dirt). 2 (often foil, by to) offer for scrutiny etc. (show

your

tickets please). 3 a indicate (one's feelings) (showed his anger), b accord, grant (favour, mercy, etc.). 4 (of feelings etc.) be manifest (his dislike shows). 5 a demonstrate; point out; prove (showed it to be false; showed his competence), b (usu. foil, by how to + infin.)

instruct

them how

by example (showed

to knit). 6 (refl.) exhibit one(showed herself to be

self (as being)

fair). 7 exhibit in a show. 8 (often foil, by in, out, up, round, etc.) conduct or lead

(showed them to their rooms). 9 colloq. = show up 3 (he didn't show), -n. 1 showing. 2 spectacle, display, exhibientertainment or performance. 4 a outward appearance or display, b empty appearance; mere display. 5 colloq. undertaking, business, etc. 6 Med. discharge of blood etc. at the tion, etc. 3 public

onset of childbirth. etc.)

reaching to the shoulders, shoulder-pad n. pad in a garment to bulk out the shoulder, shoulder-strap n. 1 strip of cloth going over the shoulder from front to back of a garment. 2 strap suspending a bag etc.

from the shoulder. 3

/Jav/ -v. (-ving)

push vigorously. 2 colloq. put casually (shoved it in a drawer), -n. act of shove off 1 start from the shoving.

or function, -v.

n.

Jad/ v.aux. (3rd sing. should) past of shall, used esp.: 1 in reported speech (/ said I should be home soon). 2 a to express obligation or likelihood (I should tell you; you should have read it; they should have arrived by now), b to express a tentative suggestion (/ should like to add). 3 a expressing the conditional mood in the 1st person (/ should have been killed if I had gone), b forming a conditional clause (if you should see him). shoulder /'Jaulda(r)/ -n. 1 part of the body at which the arm, foreleg, or wing is attached. 2 either of the two projections below the neck. 3 upper foreleg of an animal as meat. 4 (often in pi.) shoulder regarded as supportive, comforting, etc. (a shoulder to cry on; has broad shoulders). 5 strip of land next to a road. 6 the part of a garment covering the shoulder, -u. 1 a push with the shoulder, b make one's way thus. 2 take /Jud,

shoulder bag

shove

shovel

encouragement.

shot in the dark n. mere guess. shot-put n. athletic contest in which a

should

showcase

844

poor) show!

good (or bad or was well (or

colloq. that

badly) done, on show being exhibited, show one's hand disclose one's plans, show off 1 display to advantage. 2 colloq. act pretentiously, show up 1 make or be conspicuous or clearly visible. 2 expose or humiliate. 3 colloq. appear; arrive, show willing show a willingness to help etc. [Old English] showbiz n. colloq. = show business.

show business

n.

colloq.

theatrical

profession.

showcase

-n. 1 glass case for exhibiting goods etc. 2 event etc. designed to exhibit someone or something to advantage, -v. (-sing) display in or as if in a showcase.

showdown showdown

n.

final test

or confronta-

tion.

shower-n.

1 brief fall of rain, snow, etc. 2 a brisk flurry of bullets, dust, etc. b

copious

sudden

of

arrival

gifts,

honours, etc. 3 (in full shower-bath) a cubicle, bath, etc. in which one stands under a spray of water, b apparatus etc. used for this, c act of bathing in a shower. 4 US party for giving presents to a prospective bride etc. 5 slang contemptible person or group, -v. 1 discharge (water, missiles, etc.) in a shower. 2 take a shower. 3 (usu. foil, by on, upon) lavishly bestow (gifts etc.). 4

descend

shower.

in a

!

showery

adj.

[Old English]

showerproof

resistant to light

adj.

rain.

showgirl

n.

female singer and dancer

in musicals, variety shows, etc. n. (also show flat) fur

show house

nished and decorated new house etc., on show to prospective buyers, showing n. 1 display, performance. 2 quality of performance. 3 presentation of a case; evidence. showjumping n. sport of riding horses competitively over a course of fences

showjumper

etc.

n.

showman n. 1 proprietor or manager of a circus

etc. 2

person skilled in publi-

city, esp.

self-advertisement.

manship

n.

shown past part, show-off

show-

of show.

n. colloq.

person

who shows

off.

show of hands n. raised hands indicating a vote for or against.

show-piece

n. 1 item presented for display. 2 outstanding specimen. show-place n. tourist attraction. n. room used to display goods for sale. show-stopper n. colloq. act in a show

showroom

receiving prolonged applause. trial n. judicial trial designed to frighten or impress the public.

show

showy gaudy.

adj.

2

(-ier,

-iest)

striking.

showiness

1

brilliant;

showily

adv.

n.

shrank past of shrink. shrapnel

/'Jraepn(a)l/ n. 1 fragments of an exploded bomb etc. 2 shell containing pieces of metal etc., timed to burst short

of impact. [Shrapnel, name of the inventor of the shell] shred -n. 1 scrap or fragment. 2 least amount (not a shred of evidence), -v. (-dd-) tear or cut into shreds. shred-

der

n.

shrew

shrug

845

[Old English] /Jru:/ n. 1

nosed mammal.

small mouselike long2 bad-tempered or

shrewish adj. scolding woman. sense 2). [Old English]

shrewd

/Jru:d/ adj. astute; clever

judicious.

ness

n.

curse,

shrewdly

adv.

(in

and

shrewd-

[perhaps from obsolete shrew to

from shrew]

shriek -n. shrill scream or sound, —v. make or utter in a shriek. [Old Norse] shrike n. bird with a strong hooked and toothed bill. [Old English] shrill -adj. 1 piercing and high-pitched in sound. 2 derog. sharp, unrestrained. -v. utter with or make a shrill sound, shrillness n. shrilly adv. [origin uncertain]

shrimp

same or

-s)

small

edible crustacean, turning pink

when

-n.

1

(pi.

boiled. 2 colloq. very small person, -v. try to catch shrimps, [origin uncertain] shrine n. 1 esp. RC Ch. a place for special worship or devotion, b tomb or reliquary. 2 place hallowed by some memory or association. [Latin scrinium bookcase] shrink -v. (past shrank; past part. shrunk or (esp. as adj.) shrunken) 1 make or become smaller, esp. from moisture, heat, or cold. 2 (usu. foil, by from) recoil; flinch, -n. 1 act of shrinking. 2 slang psychiatrist. [Old English] shrinkage n. 1 process or degree of shrinking. 2 allowance made by a shop etc. for loss by wastage, theft, etc. shrink-wrap v. enclose (an article) in film that shrinks tightly on to it. shrive v. (-ving; past shrove; past part. shriven) RC Ch. archaic 1 (of a priest) hear and absolve (a penitent). 2 (re/7.) submit oneself to a priest for confession etc. [Old English serifan impose as

penance]

shrivel /'Jnv(a)l/

v. (-11-;

US -1-) contract

into a wrinkled or dried-up state, [per-

haps from Old Norse] shroud -n. 1 wrapping for a corpse. 2 thing that conceals. 3 (in pi.) ropes supporting a mast. -v. 1 clothe (a body) for burial. 2 cover or conceal. [Old English, = garment] shrove past of shrive. Shrovetide n. Shrove Tuesday and the two days preceding it. Shrove Tuesday n. day before Ash

Wednesday. n. any woody plant smaller than a tree and with branches near the

shrub

shrubby adj. [Old English] ground. shrubbery n. (pi. -ies) area planted with shrubs.

shrug

-v. (-gg-) (often absol.) slightly raise (the shoulders) to express indifference, doubt, etc. -n. shrug off dismiss as act of shrugging.

and momentarily

unimportant, [origin unknown]

shrunk shrunk

sic

846

shuttle

-n

absol.) drag (the feet) in walking etc. 2 (also absol.) rearrange or intermingle

a (in a loom) instrument pulling the weft-thread between the warp-threads, b (in a sewing-machine) bobbin carrying the lower thread. 2 train, bus, etc. used in a shuttle service. 3 = space shuttle, -v. (-ling) (cause to) move to and fro like a shuttle. [Old English: related to shoot] shuttlecock n. cork with a ring of feathers, or a similar plastic device, struck to and fro in badminton.

(esp. cards or papers). 3 a prevaricate, be evasive, b keep shifting one's position, -n. 1 act of shuffling; shuffling walk or movement. 2 change of relative shuffle positions. 3 shuffling dance. off remove, get rid of. [Low German!

shy

(also

shrunken) past

part, of

SHRINK.

shudder -v. from fear, pugnance,

1 shiver, esp. convulsively, cold. etc. 2 feel strong re-

fear, etc. (shudder at the thought). 3 vibrate. -n. 1 act of shuddering. 2 (in pl.\ prec. by the) colloq. state of shuddering. [Low German or Dutch] shuffle 'jAf(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 (also

shufti

"Jufti/

n.

(pi.

-s)

colloq.

look,

glimpse. [Arabic saffa try to seel v. (-nn-) avoid; keep clear of. [Old English] shunt -v. 1 move (a train) between sidings etc.; (of a train) be shunted. 2 move or put aside; redirect. -n. 1 shunting or being shunted. 2 Electr. conductor joining two points of a circuit, through which current may be diverted. 3 Surgery alternative path for the circulation of the blood. 4 slang collision of vehicles, esp. one behind another, [per-

shun

haps from shun]

shush eten

/JuJ, JXJ7 -int. hush! -v. 1 qui(a person or people) by saying

"shush". 2

fall silent, [imitative]

shut v. (-tt-; past and past part, shut) 1 a move (a door, window, lid, etc.) into position to block an opening, b close or seal (a room, box, eye, etc.) by moving a door etc. 2 become or be capable of being closed or sealed. 3 become or make closed for trade. 4 fold or contract (a book, telescope, etc.). 5 (usu. foil, by in, out) keep in or out of a room etc. 6 (usu. foil, by in) catch (a finger, dress, etc.) by shutting something on it. 7 bar access to. be (or get) shut of slang be (or get) rid of. shut down 1 stop (a factory etc.) from operating. 2 (of a factory etc.) stop operating, shut off 1 stop the flow of (water, gas, etc.). 2 separate from society etc. shut out 1 exclude. 2 screen from view. 3 prevent. 4 block from the mind, shut up 1 close all doors and windows of. 2 imprison. 3 put (a thing) away in a box etc. 4 (esp. in imper.) colloq. stop talking, shut up shop close a business, shop, etc., temporarily or permanently. [Old English] shut-down n. closure of a factory etc.

shut-eye

n. colloq.

sleep,

shutter-,?. 1 movable hinged cover for a window. 2 device that exposes the film in a camera, -u. provide with shutters.

/'jAt(a)l/

.

1

shuttle diplomacy n. negotiations conducted by a mediator travelling between disputing parties. shuttle service n. transport service operating to and fro over a short route. 1

/Jai/ -adj. (shyer, shyest or shier, shiest) 1 a timid and nervous in company; self-conscious, b (of animals etc.) easily startled. 2 (in comb.) disliking or fearing (work-shy), -v. (shies, shied) 1 (usu. foil, by at) (esp. of a horse) turn suddenly aside in fright. 2 (usu. foil, by

away from, at) avoid involvement in. —n. sudden startled movement, shyly adv. (also shily). shyness n. [Old English]

shy 2 fling,

—v.

(shies,

throw, -n.

shied) (also absol.) shies) fling, throw,

(pi.

unknown]

[origin

Shylock

hard-hearted n. /'Jailok/ money-lender, [name of a character in a play by Shakespeare]

shyster

/'Jaista(r)/

n.

esp.

US

colloq.

unscrupulous or unprofessional person, [origin uncertain]

SI abbr. the international system of units of measurement. [French Systeme International]

Si symb. si

silicon.

/si:/ n.

=

te.

[French from Italian]

Siamese

/.saia'muz/ -n. (pi. same) 1 native or language of Siam (now Thailand) in Asia. 2 (in full Siamese cat) cat of a cream-coloured short-haired breed with dark markings and blue eyes. -adj. of Siam, its people, or language. Siamese twins n.pl 1 twins joined at some part of the body. 2 any closely associated pair. sibilant /'sibilant/ -adj. 1 sounded with a hiss. 2 hissing, -n. sibilant letter or sound, z sibilance n. sibilancy n. [Latin]

sibling n. each of two or more children having one or both parents in common. [Old English, = akin] sibyl /'sibil/ n. pagan prophetess. [Greek sibulla]

sibylline sibyl.

2

1 of or from a prophetic. [Latin:

/'sibi.lam/ adj.

oracular;

related to sibyl] /sik/ adv. (usu. in brackets) used, spelt, etc., as written (confirming, or

sic

sick emphasizing,

sidestep

847

the

quoted

or

copied

words). [Latin, = so] 1 esp. US unwell, ill. 2 vomiting or likely to vomit. 3 (often foil, by of) colloq. a disgusted; surfeited, b angry, esp. because of surfeit. 4 colloq. (of a joke etc.) cruel, morbid, perverted, offensive. 5 a mentally disordered, b (esp. in comb.) pining (lovesick), -n. colloq. vomit, -v. (usu. foil, by up) colloq. take (or fall) sick colloq. be vomit. taken ill. [Old English] sickbay n. room, cabin, etc. for those who are sick. sickbed n. invalid's bed. sicken v. 1 affect with disgust etc. 2 a (often foil, by for) show symptoms of illness, b (often foil, by at, or to + infin.) feel nausea or disgust. 3 (as sickening adj.) a disgusting, b colloq. very annoysickeningly adv. ing, sickle /'sik(8)l/ n. short-handled tool with a semicircular blade, used for reaping etc. [Old English] sick-leave n. leave granted because of

sick -adj.

illness.

sickle-cell n. sickle-shaped blood cell, esp. as found in a type of severe hereditary anaemia. sickly adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 a weak; apt to be ill. b languid, faint, or pale. 2 causing ill health. 3 sentimental or mawkish. 4 of or inducing nausea, [related to sick] sickness n. 1 being ill; disease. 2 vomiting or a tendency to vomit. sick-pay n. pay given during sick-leave. side —n. 1 a each of the surfaces bounding an object, b vertical inner or outer surface, c such a surface as distinct from the top or bottom, front or back. 2 a right or left part of a person or animal, esp. of the torso, b left or right half or a specified part of a thing, c (often in comb.) adjoining position (seaside; stood at my side), d direction (from all sides). 3 a either surface of a thing regarded as having two surfaces, b writing filling one side of a sheet of paper. 4 aspect of a question, character, etc. (look on the bright side). 5 a each of two competing groups in war, politics, games, etc. b cause etc. regarded as being in conflict with another. 6 a part or region near the edge, b (attrib.) subordinate, peripheral, or detached

part (side-road; side-table). 7 colloq. television channel. 8 each of the bounding lines of a plane rectilinear figure. 9 position nearer or farther than, or right or left of, a given dividing line. 10 line of descent through one parent. 11 (in full side spin) spin given to a billiard-ball etc. by hitting it on one side. 12 slang cheek; pretensions (has no side about

him), -v. (-ding) (usu. foil, by with) take part or be on the same side, by the side of 1 close to. 2 compared with, let the side down embarrass or fail one's colleagues, on one side 1 not in the main or central position- 2 aside, on the side somewhat (on the high side), on the side 1 as a sideline. 2 illicitly. 3 US as a side dish, side by side standing close together, esp. for mutual support, take sides support one or other cause etc. [Old English] sideboard n. table or esp. a flat-topped i

.

.

.

cupboard for dishes, table linen,

etc.

sideboards n.pl. colloq. hair grown by a man down the sides of his face, sideburns n.pl. = sideboards, [earlier burnsides, after General Burnside

(d.

1881)] n. passenger compartment attached to the side of a motor cycle. adj. 1 having sides. 2 (in comb.) having a specified number or type of

side-car

sided

sides.

side-door

n.

1

door at the side of a

building. 2 indirect

side-drum

n.

means

small

of access.

double-headed

drum. side-effect

n.

secondary (usu. undesir-

able) effect.

sidekick n. henchman.

colloq.

friend, associate;

sidelight

n. 1 light from the side. 2 small light at the side of the front of a vehicle. 3 Naut. light on the side of a moving ship. sideline n. 1 work etc. done in addition to one's main activity. 2 (usu. in pi.) a line bounding the side of a hockey-pitch etc. b space next to these where spectators etc. sit. on the sidelines not directly concerned. sidelong -adj. (esp. of a glance) oblique, -adv. obliquely. sidereal /sai'diarial/ adj. of the constellations or fixed stars. [Latin sidus sider-

star]

sidereal day

n. time between successive meridional transits of a star etc. side-road n. minor road, esp. branching from a main road. side-saddle —n. saddle for a woman riding with both legs on the same side of the horse, —adv. riding in this position. sideshow n. 1 small show or stall in an exhibition, fair, etc. 2 minor incident or issue. sidesman n. assistant churchwarden who takes the collection etc. side-splitting adj. causing violent laughter. sidestep -n. step to the side. -v. (-pp-) 1 avoid by stepping sideways. 2 evade.

1

side-swipe 1

glancing blow on or

from the side. 2 incidental criticism etc. -v. hit (as iO with a side-swipe, sidetrack v. divert or diverge from the

main course or

issue,

a side. 2

with one side facing forward, -adj. to or side.

side-whiskers

n.pl.

whiskers on the

cheeks.

side wind n. wind from the side. siding n. short track at the side of a railway line, used for shunting. sidle /'said(a)l/ v. (-ling) (usu. foil, by along, up) walk timidly or furtively, [shortening of sidelong] SIDS abbr. sudden infant death syndrome; cot-death.

siege

n. 1

surrounding and blockading

of a town, castle, etc. 2 similar operation by police etc. to force an armed person lay siege to conduct out of a building. the siege of. raise the siege of abandon, or cause the abandonment of, an attempted siege of. [French sege seat] Siemens /'si:manz/ n. SI unit of conductance, equal to one reciprocal ohm. [von Siemens, name of an engineer] sienna /si'ena/ n. 1 a kind of earth used as a pigment. 2 its colour of yellowishI

brown (raw sienna) or reddish-brown (burnt sienna). [Siena in Tuscany] sierra /si'ero/ n. long jagged mountain chain, esp. in Spain or Spanish America. [Spanish from Latin serra saw] siesta /si'esta/ n. afternoon sleep or rest, in hot countries. [Spanish from Latin sexta (hora) sixth hour] sieve /siv/ -n. perforated or meshed utensil for separating solids or coarse material from liquids or fine particles, or for pulping, -v. (-ving) sift. [Old English] sift v. 1 put through a sieve. 2 (usu. foil, by from, out) separate (finer or coarser parts) from material. 3 sprinkle (esp. sugar) from a perforated container. 4 examine (evidence, facts, etc.). 5 (of snow, light, etc.) fall as if from a sieve. [Old English] sigh /mi/'-h. 1 emit an audible breath in sadness, weariness, relief, etc. 2 (foil, by for) yearn for. 3 express with sighs. 4 make a sighing sound, -n. 1 act of sighing. 2 sound made in sighing. [Old English] sight /sait/-n. 1 a faculty of seeing, b act " '""Mr or being seen. 2 (hing seen. 3 Opinion (In my sight). 4 range of vision fflUt of sight). 5 (usu. in pi.) noteworthy features of a town etc. 6 a device on a esp.

j

gun telescope,

observation, b

gained. 7 colloq. unsightly person or thing {looked a sight). 8 colloq. great deal (a sight too clever), - v. ^ get sight of, observe the presence of (they sighted land). 2 aim (a gun etc.) with a sight. at first sight on first glimpse or impression, at (or on) sight as soon as a person or a thing has been seen, catch (or lose) sight of begin (or cease) to see or be aware of. in sight 1 visible. 2 near at hand, set one's sights on aim at. [Old English: related to see ] sighted adj. 1 not blind. 2 (in comb.) having specified vision (long-sighted). 1

sidewalk n. US pavement, sideways -adv. 1 to or from from a

signal

B48

side-swipe -n.

assisting aim or aim or observation so

etc., for

1

sight for sore eyes

n. colloq.

welcome

person or thing.

sightless adj. blind. sightly adj. attractive to look at. sight-read v. read (music) at sight. sight-screen n. Cricket large white screen placed near the boundary in line with the wicket to help the batsman see the ball.

sightseer of a place.

n. 1

1

person visiting the sights sightseeing n.

sight unseen adv. without previous inspection.

sigma /'sigmo/ n.

eighteenth letter of the

Greek alphabet (£, a, or, when final, ?). [Latin from Greek] sign /sain/ -n. 1 thing indicating a qualstate, future event, etc. (sign of weakness). 2 mark, symbol, etc. 3 gesture or action conveying an order etc. 4 signboard; signpost. 5 each of the twelve divisions of the zodiac. — v. 1 a (also absol.) write (one's name) on a document etc. as authorization, b sign (a ity,

document) as authorization. 2 communicate by gesture (signed to me to come). 3 engage or be engaged by signing a contract etc. (see also sign on, sign sign away relinquish (property up), etc.) by signing, sign in 1 sign a register on arrival. 2 get (a person) admitted by signing a register, sign off 1 end work, broadcasting, etc. 2 withdraw one's claim to unemployment benefit after finding work, sign on 1 agree to a contract etc. 2 employ (a person). 3 register as unemployed, sign out sign a register on departing, sign up 1 engage (a person). 2 enlist in the armed forces. 3 enrol. [Latin signum] signal /'sign(a)l/ -n. 1 a sign (usu. prearranged) conveying information i

1

etc.

b message of such signs. 2 immedi-

ate cause of action etc. (her death was a signal for hope). 3 a electrical impulse or impulses or radio waves transmitted as a signal, b sequence of these. 4 device on a railway giving instructions or

warnings

US -1-)

1

to train-drivers etc. -v.

make

signals. 2 a (often

(-11-;

foil,

by

signal

silk

849

to

signorina

sign]

woman. signpost -n.

+ infin.) make signals to; direct, b transmit or express by signal; ansignaller n. [Latin: signum nounce,

signal 2

remarksignally adv. able, noteworthy. [French signale: related to signal attrib.

'sign(a)l

adj.

1

!

signal-box n. building beside a railway track from which signals are controlled. signalize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing; 1

make noteworthy

or remarkable. 2

in-

dicate.

signalman

railway signal operator. 'signatan -n. (pi. -ies) party that has signed an agreement, esp. a treaty, -adj. having signed such an agreement etc. [Latin: related to sign] signature 'signatj^r) n. 1 a person's name, initials, etc. used in signing, b act of signing. 2 Mus. a = key signature, b = time signature. 3 Printing section of a book made from one sheet folded and cut. [medieval Latin: related to signatory] signature tune n. tune used regularly to introduce a particular broadcast or performer. signboard n. board displaying a name or symbol etc. outside a shop or hotel n.

signatory

etc.

signet

'signit n. small seal. [French or medieval Latin: related to sign] signet-ring n. ring with a seal set in it.

significance sig'nifikans n. 1 importance. 2 meaning. 3 being significant. 4 extent to which a result deviates from a hypothesis such that the difference is due to more than errors in sampling. [Latin: related to signify]

significant

adj.

1

having a meaning;

indicative. 2 noteworthy: important, z significantly adv. [Latin: related to signify]

significant figure n. digit conveying information about a number containing

,si:nja'ri:n3

used of

n. title

or to an Italian-speaking esp. unmarried 1 post on a road etc. indicating direction etc. 2 indication, guide. — l\ provide with a signpost or signposts. signwriter n. person who paints sign-

boards

Sikh

etc.

si:k. sik

monotheistic

silage

n.

member

sect. [Hindi,

'sailid3

n. 1

of an Indian

=

disciple]

green fodder stored

in a silo. 2 storage in a silo, [alteration of ensilage after silo] -n. 1 absence of 'sailans sound. 2 abstinence from speech or noise. 3 avoidance of mentioning a thing, betraying a secret, etc. -v. (-cing)

silence

make

by force or superior in silence without speech or other sound. [Latin: related to silent] silencer n. device for reducing the noise of a vehicle's exhaust, a gun, etc. silent adj. not speaking; not making or silent, esp.

argument,

accompanied by any sound, adv. [Latin sileo be silent] silent majority n. the legedly moderate people express an opinion.

z silently

mass

who

of alrarely

silhouette

,silu:'et -n. 1 picture showing the outline only, usu. in black on white or cut from paper. 2 dark shadow or outline against a lighter background. -v. (-ting) represent or (usu. in passive)

show

in silhouette. [Silhouette,

name

of

a politician]

silica /'silika/ n. silicon dioxide, occurring as quartz etc. and as a main constituent of sandstone and other rocks, z siliceous /-'lijas/ adj. [Latin silex -lie- flint]

silica gel n. hydrated silica in a hard granular form used as a drying agent, silicate 'sili.keit n. compound of a metal with silicon and oxygen, silicon 'silikan n. Chem. non-metallic element occurring widely in silica and

it.

signify

'sigm.fai

sign or indication

(-ies, -ied)

v.

of.

2

1

be a

mean; symbolize.

make known. 4 be of importance; matter, z signification ;-fi'keiJ(a)n/ n. [Latin: related to sign] 3

sign language

system of communication by gestures, used esp. by the n.

deaf.

sign of the cross

Christian sign made by tracing a cross with the hand, signor /si:njo:(r) n. (pi. -nori -'njo:ri:/) title used of or to an Italian-speaking man. [Latin senior senior] signora su'njo-.ra, n. title used of or to an Italian-speaking esp. married

woman.

n.

silicates.

silicon chip n. silicon microchip. silicone 'sili.kaun n. any organic compound of silicon, with high resistance to cold, heat, water, etc. n. lung fibrosis .sili'kausis caused by inhaling dust containing

silicosis silica.

silk n. 1 fine soft lustrous fibre produced by silkworms. 2 (often attrib.) thread or

from this. 3 (in pi.) cloth or garments of silk, esp. as worn by a jockey. 4 cloth

Queen's (or King's) Counsel, as having the right to wear a silk gown. 5 fine soft thread (embroidery silk). take silk become a Queen's (or King's) colloq.

Counsel. [Old English sioloc]

silken silken

adj.

made

1

=

n.

screen

n.

caterpillar that spins a

cocoon of silk. silky adj. (-ier,

-iest) 1 soft and smooth silkily adv. silkilike silk. 2 suave,

lish}

var. of syllabub.

'sili/

1

foolish,

person. : sillily adv. silliness n. [Old English, = happy] silo sailau, n. (pi -s) 1 pit or airtight barn etc. in which green crops are kept for fodder. 2 pit or tower for storing grain, cement, etc. 3 underground storage chamber for a guided missile. [Span-

ish from Latin] silt -n. sediment in a channel, harbour, etc. -v. (often foil, by up) choke or be

choked with

silt,

[perhaps Scandin-

avian]

Silurian

/sai'ljuanen/ Geol. -adj. of the third period of the Palaeozoic era. —n. this period. [Silures, people of ancient

Wales] var. of sylvan.

silver -n.

1 greyish-white lustrous precious metallic element. 2 colour of this. 3 silver or cupro-nickel coins. 4 household cutlery. 5 = silver medal, -adj. of or coloured like silver, -v. 1 coat or plate with silver. 2 provide (a mirrorglass) with a backing of tin amalgam etc. 3 make silvery. 4 turn grey or white. [Old English]

band

n.

band playing

silver-

plated instruments.

silver birch

n.

common

birch with

silver-coloured bark.

silverfish

n. (pi.

silvery

wingless

coloured

fish.

same or insect.

-es)

2

1

small silver-

silviculture

misfortune.

medal

n.

medal of

/'silvi,kAltj9(r)/

n.

(also

sylviculture)

cultivation of forest [Latin silva a wood: related to

simian

/'simian/ -adj. 1 of the anthropoid apes. 2 like an ape or monkey, -n. ape or monkey. [Latin simia ape] similar /"simil9(r)/ adj. 1 like, alike. 2 (often foil, by to) having a resemblance. 3 Geom. shaped alike. similarity /-'laenti/ n. (pi -ies). similarly adv. [Latin similis like] simile /'simili/ n. 1 esp. poetical comparison of one thing with another using the

words

silver, usu.

awarded as second prize, silver paper n. aluminium foil, silver plate n. vessels, cutlery, etc., plated with silver. silver-plated adj. silver sand n. fine pure sand used in gardening.

silver screen n. (usu. prec. by the) cinema films collectively, silverside n. upper side of a round of

or

'like'

'as' (e.g.

as brave as a

2 use of this. [Latin, neuter of similis like] similitude /si'mili,rju:d/ n. 1 guise, appearance. 2 comparison; expression of a comparison. [Latin: related to simile] simmer -v. 1 bubble or boil gently. 2 be in a state of suppressed anger or excitement, -n. simmering condition. simmer down become less agitated, [perhaps imitative] simnel cake /'simn(a)l/ n. rich fruit cake, usu. with a marzipan layer and decoration, eaten esp. at Easter. [Latin simila fine flour] simony /'saimani/ n. buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, [from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18)] /si'mu:m; n. hot dry dust-laden desert wind. [Arabic] simper —v. 1 smile in a silly or affected way. 2 express by or with simpering. -n. such a smile, [origin unknown] lion).

simoom

simple plest)

silver jubilee n. 25th anniversary, silver lining n. consolation or hope in

beef.

eloquence,

articles of or plated with

n.

culture]

-adj. (-ier, -iest)

imprudent. 2 weak-minded. 3 Cricket (of a fielder or position) very close to the batsman, -n. (pi -ies) colloq. foolish

silver

n.

in silver,

silver wedding n. 25th anniversary of a wedding. silvery adj. 1 like silver in colour or appearance. 2 having a clear gentle

trees.

sillabub

silver

silverware

worker

ringing sound.

n.

sill n. slab of stone, wood, or metal at the foot of a window or doorway. [Old Eng-

silvan

n.

silver.

PRINTING.

silkworm

silly

silversmith

silver tongue

lustrous.

silk-screen printing

ness

simpleton

850

of silk. 2 soft or

1

without

simunderstood or done easily and not complicated or

/'simp(8)l/ adj. (simpler, difficulty. 2

elaborate; plain. 3 not compound or unqualified, absolute, 4 complex. straightforward (the simple truth). 5

foolish;

gullible,

feeble-minded,

simpleness n. [Latin simplus] simple fracture n. fracture of the bone only without a wound. simple interest n. interest payable on a capital sum only. simple-minded adj.

minded.

simpleton n. son.

foolish;

simple-mindedness

feeblen.

gullible or halfwitted per-

simplicity simplicity

/sim'plisiti/ n. fact

or con-

dition of being simple.

simplify

/'simpli.fai/

v.

simple or simpler.

make

simplification

/sim'plistik/ adj. excessively

simplistically or affectedly simple, adv. adv. 1 in a simple manner. 2 absolutely (simply astonishing). 3 merely (was simply trying to please). simulate /'simju.leit/ v. (-ting) 1 pretend to be, have, or feel. 2 imitate or counterfeit. 3 reproduce the conditions of (a situation etc.), e.g. for training. 4 produce a computer model of (a pro-

simply

simulation /-'leij(a)n/ n. simu-

cess),

lator

related to similar] simultaneous /.simal'temias/ adj. (often foil, by with) occurring or operatsimultaneity ing at the same time, /-ta'nenti/ simultaneously adv. n. [Latin simul at the same time] sin -n. 1 a breaking of divine or moral law, esp. deliberately, b such an act. 2 offence against good taste or propriety etc. -v. (-nn-) 1 commit a sin. 2 (foil, by against) offend. [Old English] sin 2 /sain/ abbr. sine. sin bin n. colloq. Ice Hockey penalty box. since -prep, throughout or during the period after (has been here since June; happened since yesterday), -conj. 1 during or in the time after (what have you done since we met?). 2 because. -adv. 1 from that time or event until now (has not seen him since). 2 ago (many years since). [Old English, = n. [Latin:

1

after that] /sm'sia(r)/ adj. (sincerer, sincerest) 1 free from pretence. 2 genuine,

sincere

sincerity

honest, frank.

/-'senti/ n.

[Latin]

sincerely adv. in a sincere manner. yours sincerely formula for ending an informal

sine

letter.

ratio of the side opposite a given angle (in a right-angled triangle) to the hypotenuse. [Latin sinus} sinecure / sami kjoo(r), 'sin-/ n. profitn.

,

1

able or prestigious position requiring little or no work. [Latin sine cura without care] sine die /.sami 'dan, ,smei 'di:ei/ adv. formal indefinitely (postponed sine

qua non

/.smei

kwa: 'naun/

n.

indispensable condition or qualification. [Latin,

sinew

adj. committing or involving sin. sinfully adv. sinfulness n. (past sang; past part, sung) 1 utter musical sounds, esp. words with a

sing - v.

set tune. 2 utter or produce by singing. 3 (of the wind, a kettle, etc.) hum, buzz, or whistle. 4 (of the ears) hear a humming

sound. 5 slang turn informer. 6 (foil, by celebrate in verse, -n. act or spell of singing. sing out shout, sing the praises of praise enthusiastically. singer n. [Old English] singe /smd3/ -v. (-geing) 1 burn superfiof) literary

cially;

(hair),

scorch. 2 burn off the tips of -n. superficial burn. [Old Eng-

lish]

singer-songwriter sings

n.

person

who

and writes songs.

Singhalese

var. of Sinhalese. single /'sing(a)l/ -adj. 1 one only, not double or multiple. 2 united or undivided. 3 for or done by one person etc. 4 one by itself (a single tree). 5 regarded separately (every single thing). 6 not married. 7 (with neg. or interrog.) even one (not a single car). 8 (of a flower) having only one circle of petals, -n. 1 single thing, esp. a single room in a hotel. 2 (in full single ticket) ticket valid for an outward journey only. 3 pop

record with one item on each side. 4 Cricket hit for one run. 5 (usu. in pi.) side. 6 (in unmarried people, -v. (foil, by out) choose for special attention etc. singly adv. [Latin singulus] single-breasted adj. (of a coat etc.) having only one vertical row of buttons

game with one player on each

pi.)

and overlapping little down the front. single combat n. duel. single cream n. thin cream with a relatively low fat content. single-decker n. bus with only one deck.

single file -n.

line of people one behind another, -adv. one behind the other,

single-handed

adv. without help.

single-handedly adv. adj. having or intent single-mindedly on only one aim. adv. single-mindedness n. single parent n. person bringing up a

single-minded

child or children alone, sleeveless /'singlit/ n. [after doublet]

singlet

vest.

singleton

die). [Latin]

sine

sinful i

(-ies, -ied)

/-fi'keiJXa)n/ n.

simplistic

singular

851

= without which not]

/'smju:/ n. 1 tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone; a tendon. 2 (in pi.) muscles; bodily strength. 3 (in pi.) strength or framework of a thing. sinewy adj. [Old English]

/'sing(a)lt(a)n/ n. 1 one card only of a suit in a player's hand. 2 single person or thing, [after simpleton] singsong -n. informal singing party.

-adj. monotonously rising

and

falling,

[from sing, song]

singular

/'singjula(r)/ -adj.

1

unique;

outstanding; extraordinary, strange. 2 Gram, (of a word or form) denoting a

sinh

single person or thing, -n. Gram. 1 singular word or form. 2 the singular

singularity number. singularly adv. [Latin:

n.

related

to

single] sai'neitj/ abbr. Math, hyperbolic sine, [sine, hyperbolic] ,sma'li:z/ (also

Sinhalese /.smhalrz, Singhalese

/.sing-/)

-n.

(pi.

same)

1

of a N. Indian people now forming the majority of the population of Sri Lanka. 2 their language, -adj. of this people or language. [Sanskrit]

member

/'smista(r)/ adj. 1 evil or villainous in appearance or manner. 2 wicked, criminal. 3 ominous. 4 Hera Idry of or on the left-hand side of a shield etc. = (i.e. to the observer's right). [Latin,

sinister

left]

sink -v. (past sank or sunk; past part. sunk or as adj. sunken) 1 fall or come slowly downwards. 2 disappear below the horizon. 3 a go or penetrate below the surface esp. of a liquid, b (of a ship) go to the bottom of the sea etc. 4 settle comfortably. 5 a decline in strength etc. b (of the voice) descend in pitch or volume. 6 cause or allow to sink or penetrate. 7 cause (a plan, person, etc.) to fail. 8 dig (a well) or bore (a shaft). 9 engrave (a die). 10 invest (money). 11a knock (a ball) into a pocket or hole in

b achieve this by (a stroke). 12 overlook or forget (sank their differences), -n. 1 plumbed-in billiards, golf, etc.

basin, esp. in a kitchen. 2 place where foul liquid collects. 3 place of vice.

sink in

1

penetrate or permeate. 2

become understood. [Old English] sinker n. weight used to sink a fishingline or sounding-line. n. money set aside gradually for the eventual repayment of a debt.

person

who

sins,

esp. ha-

bitually.

Sinn Fein /Jm

'fern/ n. political

the IRA. [Irish, =

we

foil, by off) 1 (cause through a siphon. 2 divert or

to) flow set aside (funds etc.). [Greek, = pipe] sir n. 1 polite form of address or reference to a man. 2 (Sir) title prefixed to the forename of a knight or baronet, [from

(often

sire] 1 male parent of an animal, esp. a stallion. 2 archaic form of address to a king. 3 archaic father or male ancestor. -v. (-ring) (esp. of an animal) beget. [French from Latin senior senior] siren /'saiaran/ n.1a device for making a loud wailing or warning sound, b this sound. 2 (in Greek mythology) woman or winged creature whose singing lured

sire -~n.

unwary

wing of

ourselves]

Sino- comb, form Chinese; Chinese and (Sino-American). [Greek Sinai the Chinese]

sinology /sai'nDlad3i/ n. the study of the Chinese language, Chinese history, etc. sinologist n. sinuous /'smjuas/ adj. having many curves;

on

sailors

attrib.) temptress;

to rocks. 3 (often seductress. [Greek

seiren]

sirenian order

/sai'rimian/ n.

of

any one of an

aquatic

large

plant-eating

mammals. n. upper and choicer part of a loin of beef. [French: related to 1 sur- loin] sirocco /si'mkoo/ n. (also scirocco) (pi -s) 1 Saharan simoom. 2 warm sultry wind in S. Europe. [Arabic sharuk] sirup US var. of syrup. sis n. colloq. sister, [abbreviation]

sirloin /'S3:bm/ ,

sisal

/'sais(8)l/ n. 1 fibre

Mexican agave.

sinking fund

n.

sip -v. (-pp-) drink in small mouthfuls. -n. 1 small mouthful of liquid. 2 act of taking this, [perhaps var. of sup ] siphon /'saif(a)n/ -n. 1 tube shaped like an inverted V or U with unequal legs, used to convey liquid from a container to a lower level by atmospheric pressure. 2 bottle from which aerated water is forced by the pressure of gas. -v. 1

/-'laenti/

sinh Jam,

sinner

sister-in-law

852

made from a

2 this plant. [Sisal, the

siskin

/'siskin/ n.

yellowish-green song-

bird. [Dutch]

sissy

/'sisi/

(also cissy) colloq. -n.

I

(pi.

-ies) effeminate or cowardly person, -adj. (-ier, -iest) effeminate; cowardly,

[from sis] sister n. 1 woman or girl in relation to her siblings. 2 female fellow member of a trade union, feminist group, etc. 3 senior female nurse. 4 member of a female religious order. 5 (often attrib.) of the

same

type, design, or origin etc. the younger sister

i

<

j

(sister ship; prose,

undulating. sinuosity /-'Dsiti/ n. [Latin: related to sinus] sinus /'samas/ n. cavity of bone or tissue, esp. in the skull connecting with

sisterly adj. [Old English] sisterhood n. 1 relationship between or as between sisters. 2 society of esp. religious or charitable women. 3 com-

the nostrils. [Latin, = bosom, recess] sinusitis /.samasaitis/ n. inflammation

munity of feeling between women. sister-in-law n. (pi. sisters-in-law) 1 sister of one's wife or husband. 2 wife of

of a sinus. -sion see ion.

i

port of Yucatan]

of verse).

one's brother.

;

s

S |

|

$ i

isyphean isyphean

/,sisi'fi:an/ adj. (of toil)

end-

less and fruitless like that of Sisyphus (who endlessly pushed a stone uphill in Hades). [Latin from Greek] isit v. (-tt-; past and past part, sat) 1 support the body by resting the buttocks on the ground or a seat etc. 2 cause to sit; |

i

|

I

j

1

\

j

I

j

|

|

s

\

I

|

!

place in a sitting position. 3 a (of a bird) perch or warm the eggs in its nest, b (of an animal) rest with the hind legs bent and the buttocks on the ground. 4 (of a committee etc.) be in session. 5 (usu. foil, by for) pose (for a portrait). 6 (foil, by for) be a Member of Parliament for (a constituency). 7 (often foil, by for) take (an examination). 8 be in a more or less permanent position or condition (left sitting in Rome; parcel sitting on the doorstep). 9 (of clothes etc.) fit or hang in a certain way. 10 babysit. be sitting pretty be comfortably placed, sit at a person's feet be a person's pupil, sit back relax one's efforts, sit down 1 sit after standing. 2 cause to sit. 3 (foil, by under) submit tamely to (an insult etc.). sit in 1 occupy a place as a protest. 2 (foil, by for) take the place of. 3 (foil, by on) be present as a guest or observer at (a meeting etc.). sit in judgement be censorious or self-righteous, sit on 1 be a member of (a committee etc.). 2 hold a session or inquiry concerning. 3 colloq. delay action about. 4 colloq. repress, rebuke, or snub, sit on the fence remain neutral or undecided, sit out 1 take no part in (a dance etc.). 2 stay till the end of (esp. an ordeal). 3 sit outdoors, sit tight colloq. 1 remain firmly in one's place. 2 not yield, sit up 1 rise from lying to sitting. 2 sit firmly upright. 3 go to bed late. 4 colloq. become interested or aroused etc. sit well on suit or fit. [Old English!

sitar /'sita:(r), si'ta:(r)/ Indian lute. [Hindi]

sitcom

n.

colloq.

n.

long-necked

situation

comedy,

[abbreviation]

sit-down

-attrib. adj. 1 (of a meal) eaten sitting at a table. 2 (of a protest

etc.)

;

[

I

j

||

with

sixth sense

853

demonstrators

occupying

n. 1 person v/ho sits, esp. for a = babysitter (see babysit). 3 colloq. easy catch or shot.

sitter

portrait. 2

sitting -n. 1 continuous period spent engaged in an activity (finished the book in one sitting). 2, time during which an assembly is engaged in business. 3 session in which a meal is served, -adj. 1 having sat down. 2 (of an animal or bird) still. 3 (of an MP etc.) current.

duck

sitting colloq.

n.

(also sitting target)

easy target.

sitting-room

n.

room

for relaxed

sit-

ting in.

sitting tenant

n.

tenant occupying

/'sitju.eit/ v.

(-ting) (usu. in pas-

premises.

situate

1 put in a certain position or circumstances. 2 establish or indicate the place of; put in a context. [Latin

sive)

situo: related to site]

situation

/.sitju'eiJXa^/ n. 1 place and surroundings. 2 circumstances; position; state of affairs. 3 formal paid job. situational adj. situation comedy n. broadcast comedy based on characters dealing with awkward domestic situations. sit-up n. physical exercise of sitting up from a supine position without using the arms or hands. its

sit-upon

buttocks.

n. colloq.

six adj. & n. 1 one more than five. 2 symbol for this (6, vi, VI). 3 size etc. denoted by six. 4 Cricket hit scoring six runs. 5 six o'clock.

and

at sixes

sevens in confusion or disagreement,

knock

(or hit) for six colloq. utterly

surprise or overcome. [Old English]

sixer n. 1 Cricket hit for six runs. 2 Brownie or Cub in charge of a group of six.

adj. & adv. 1 six times as much or as many. 2 consisting of six parts. sixpence /'sikspans/ n. 1 sum of six esp. old pence. 2 hist, coin worth this. sixpenny adj. costing or worth sixpence, esp. before decimalization. six-shooter n. (also six-gun) revolver

sixfold

with six chambers.

their workplace or sitting down on the ground in a public place, -rc. 1 spell of sitting. 2 sit-down protest etc. site -n. 1 ground chosen or used for a town or building. 2 place of or for some activity (camping site), -v. (-ting) locate, place. [Latin situs] sit-in n. protest involving sitting in.

sixteen /,siks'ti:n, more than fifteen.

Sitka

Sitka spruce)

sixth-form college n. separate college

fast-growing spruce yielding timber. [Sitka in Alaska] sits vac /sits 'vaek/ abbr. situations vacant.

sixth former n. sixth-form pupil, sixth sense n. supposed intuitive or

/'sitka/ n. (in full

'siks-/ adj.

2

& n.

1

one

symbol

for this (16, xvi, XVI). 3 size etc. denoted by sixteen.

sixteenth adj. & n. [Old English] sixth adj. &n.1 next after fifth. 2 any of sixthly adv. six equal parts of a thing. form n. form in a secondary school for pupils over 16.

sixth

for pupils over 16.

extrasensory faculty.

sixty sixty

&

n.

(pi.

times ten. 2 symbol for this (in pi.)

numbers from

-ies) 1 six

LX). 3 60 to 69, esp. the (60, lx,

years of a century or of a person's sixtieth adj. & n. [Old English]

sizable

life.

var. of sizeable.

1

-v. (-zing) sort in sizes or accordthe size of it colloq. the ing to size. truth of the matter, size up colloq. form sized adj. (also in a judgement of. comb.). [French sise] 2 size -n. sticky solution used in glazing paper, stiffening textiles, etc. -v. (-zing) size.

treat with size, [perhaps = size ] adj. (also sizable) large or fairly large. sizzle ,'siz(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 sputter or hiss, esp. in frying. 2 colloq. be very hot or excited etc. -n. sizzling sound. sizzling adj. adv. [imitative] 1

sizeable

&

SJ abbr. Society of Jesus. ska ska:/ n. a kind of fast orig. Jamaican pop music, [origin unknown] 1 boot with a blade attached for gliding on ice; this blade. 2 =

skate -n. 1

roller-skate, —v. (-ting) 1 a move on skates, b perform (a specified figure) on

by over) refer fleetingly to, disregard. : get one's skates on slang make haste, skate on thin ice colloq. behave rashly, risk danger. skater n. [Dutch schaats from French] skates. 2

skate 2

n.

marine

(foil,

(pi.

same or

-s)

large flat

used as food. [Old Norse] skateboard -n. short narrow board on two pairs of trucks, for riding on while fish

standing, -v. ride on a skateboard,

skateboarder

skedaddle

depart

colloq.

n.

/ski'daed(a)l/

quickly,

(-ling) [origin

v.

flee,

unknown] skein /skein/

n. 1 loosely-coiled bundle of yarn or thread. 2 flock of wild geese etc. in flight. [French escaigne]

skeleton /'skelit(a)n/ n. 1 hard framework of bones etc. of an animal. 2 supporting framework or structure of a thing. 3 very thin

person or animal. 4 useless or dead remnant. 5 outline sketch, epitome. 6 (attrib.) having only the essential or minimum number of persons, parts, etc. (skeleton staff).

skeletal adj. [Greek skello dry up]

skeleton in the cupboard

n.

dis-

creditable or embarrassing secret.

skeleton key

n.

key designed

to

fit

locks.

skeptic US var. of sceptic skeptical US var. of sceptical.

skerry

/'sken/ n.

(pi.

-ies) Scot,

rocky island. [Old Norse]

sketch -rc.

rough or unfinished draw ing or painting. 2 rough draft or genera 1

outline. 3 short usu.

humorous

!

play.

short descriptive essay etc. - v. 1 mak or give a sketch of. 2 draw sketches. (often foil, by in, out) outline briefly [Greek skhedios extempore]

!

!

size -n. 1 relative dimensions, magnitude. 2 each of the classes into which similar things are divided according to

many

skil

854 /'siksti/ adj.

sketch-book

n. (also sketch-block pad of drawing-paper for sketching, sketch-map n. roughly-drawn ma] with few details.

sketchy a

outline,

like

unsubstantial

through haste. sketchiness n.

esp.

1

a or

giving onl sketch.

imperfec

sketchily adi

skew -adj.

oblique, slanting, set askew -n. slant, -v. 1 make skew. 2 distort. move obliquely, z on the skew askew [French: related to eschew] skewbald /'skju:bo:ld/ -adj. (esp. of c horse) with irregular patches of white and another colour, -n. skewbald an imal. [origin uncertain] skewer /'skju:a(r)/ -n. long pir designed for holding meat together while cooking, —v. fasten together or pierce (as) with a skewer, [origin uncer 3

tain]

skew-whiff ad/. &

adv. colloq. askew. /ski:/ -n. (pi. -s) 1 each of a pair ol long narrow pieces of wood etc., fastened under the feet for travelling over snow. 2 similar device under a vehicle or aircraft, -v. (skis, ski'd or skied /ski:d/, skiing) travel on skis. skier n. [Norwegian from Old Norse] skid -v. (-dd-) 1 (of a vehicle etc.) slide on slippery ground, esp. sideways or obliquely. 2 cause (a vehicle) to skid. -n.

ski

1 act of skidding. 2 runner beneath an aircraft for use when landing. on the skids colloq. about to be discarded or defeated, put the skids under colloq. hasten the downfall or failure of. [origin

unknown] skid-pan n.

slippery surface for drivers

to practise control of skidding.

row n. US slang part of a town frequented by vagrants etc. skiff n. light rowing- or sculling-boat. [French esquif: related to ship] skid

ski-jump

n. steep slope levelling off before a sharp drop to allow a skier to ski-jumping n. leap through the air.

skilful adj. (US skillful) (often at, in) having or showing skill.

foil,

by

skil-

fully adv. ski-lift n. device for carrying skiers up a slope, usu. a cable with hanging seats. (often foil, by in) ability to do well; technique, expertise. [Old Norse, = difference]

skill reef,

adj. (-ier, -iest)

rough

colloq.

n.

something

I

!

skilled adj.

1

(often

foil,

[French]

skillful

US var.

skim -v.

(-mm-)

of skilful. a take a floating layer from the surface of (a liquid), b take surface of a liquid. from the (cream etc.) 2 a barely touch (a surface) in passing over, b (often followed by over) deal with or treat (a matter) superficially. 3 (often foil, by over, along) go or glide lightly. 4 (often followed by through) read or look over cursorily, -n. skimming. [French: related to scum] 1

skimmia

/'skimia/ n. evergreen shrub with red berries. [Japanese]

skim milk

n. (also skimmed milk) milk from which the cream has been removed. skimp v. 1 (often followed by on) economize; use a meagre or insufficient amount of, stint. 2 (often foil, by in) supply (a person etc.) meagrely with food etc. 3 do hastily or carelessly, [cf.

skin-tight

adj.

(of a

garment) very

close-fitting.

skip - v.

(-pp-) 1 a move along lightly, esp. with alternate hops, b jump lightly, esp. over a skipping-rope, c gambol, caper, frisk. 2 (often foil, by from, off, to) 1

move quickly from one

point, subject,

another. 3 (also absol.) omit parts of (a text, subject, etc.). 4 colloq. miss intentionally, not attend. 5 colloq. leave hurriedly, -n. skipping movement or skip it colloq. abandon a topic action, etc. [probably Scandinavian] 2 skip n. 1 large container for building refuse etc. 2 container for transporting or raising materials in mining etc. [Old Norse] etc. to

skipjack n. (in full skipjack tuna) (pi. same or -s) small striped Pacific tuna used as food, [from skip

1

jack] -n. 1 captain of a ship or aircraft. 2 captain of a sporting team. -y. be captain of. [Low German or ,

skipper

Dutch schipper]

skipping-rope n. length of rope turned over the head and under the feet while it as a game or exercise. shrill sound, esp. of bagpipes. -v. make a skirl, [probably Scandin-

jumping

skirl -n.

scrimp]

skimpy

adj. (ier, -iest)

ficient,

skimpiness

skin -n.

skivvy

855

by in) skilful. 2 (of work or a worker) requiring or having skill or special training. skillet /'skilit/ n. 1 small long-handled metal cooking-pot. 2 US frying-pan.

skilled

meagre; insuf-

n.

covering of a body. 2 a skin of a flayed animal with or without the hair etc. b material prepared from skins. 3 complexion of the skin. 4 outer layer or covering, esp. of a fruit, sausage, etc. 5 film like skin on a liquid etc. 6 container for liquid, made of an animal's skin. 7 slang skinhead. -v. (-nn-) 1 remove the skin from. 2 graze (part of the body). 3 slang swindle. be skin and bone be very thin, by (or with) the skin of one's teeth by a very narrow margin, get under a person's skin colloq. interest or annoy a person intensely, have a thick (or thin) skin be insensitive (or sensitive), no skin off one's nose colloq. of no consequence to one. skinless adj. [Old Norse] 1

flexible

skin-deep adj. superficial. skin-diver n. underwater swimmer without a diving-suit, usu. with aqualung and flippers. skin-diving n. skinflint n. miser.

skinful

n. colloq. enough alcohol to make one drunk. skin-graft n. 1 surgical transplanting

of skin. 2 skin transferred in this way.

skinhead

n. youth with a shaven head, one of an aggressive gang. skinny adj. (-ier, -iest) thin or emaciated, skinniness n. skint adj. slang having no money left.

esp.

[= skinned]

avian]

skirmish

/'sk3:mij/ -n. 1 minor battle. 2 short argument or contest of wit etc. -v. engage in a skirmish. [French from

Germanic] skirt -n. 1 woman's garment hanging from the waist. 2 the part of a coat etc. hanging below the waist. 3 hanging part at the base of a hovercraft. 4 (in sing, or border, extreme part. 5 (also

pi.) edge,

woman. 6 (in skirt of beef etc.) cut of meat from the flank or diaphragm, -v. (often foil, by around) 1 go or lie along or round the edge of. 2 avoid dealing with (an issue etc.). [Old Norse: related to shirt]

bit of skirt) slang offens. full

skirting-board

n.

narrow board

etc.

along the bottom of a room-wall. ski-run n. slope prepared for skiing. skit n. light, usu. short, piece of satire or burlesque, [perhaps from Old Norse: related to shoot] skittish adj. 1 lively, playful. 2 (of a horse etc.) nervous, inclined to shy. [perhaps related to skit] skittle /'skit(a)l/ n. 1 pin used in skittles. 2 (in pl.\ usu. treated as sing.)

trying to bowl pins, [origin

skive

usu. nine

game of wooden

unknown]

(-ving) (often followed by off evade work; play truant.

v.

slang

skiver

skivvy derog.

down

n.

[Old Norse] -n. (pi.

/'skivi/

-ies)

colloq.

female domestic servant, -v.

skua as a skivvy, [origin

slack 2

large predatory sea

slacken

unknown]

skua

/'skjuia/

n.

skulduggery

/skAl'dAgan/ n. trickery; [origin behaviour. unscrupulous

unknown]

skulk

move

v.

stealthily; lurk, hide.

[Scandinavian]

bony case of the brain of a vertebrate. 2 bony skeleton of the head. 3 head as the seat of intelligence, [origin unknown] skull and crossbones n.pl. representation of a skull with two crossed thigh-bones as an emblem of piracy or n.

1

death.

skullcap n. peakless cap covering the crown only. skunk n. (pi same or -s) 1 black and white striped mammal emitting a powerful stench when attacked. 2 colloq. contemptible person. [American Indian]

sky

/skai/ -n. (pi. skies) (in sing, or pi)

atmosphere and outer space as seen from the earth, -v. (skies, skied) to the Cricket etc. hit (a ball) high. skies without reserve (praise to the Norse, = cloud]

skies). [Old

sky blue adj. & n.

(as adj. often

hyphen-

ated) bright clear blue. n. sport of performing acrobatic manoeuvres under free fall before

skydiving

opening a parachute.

skydiver

n.

sky-high adv. & adj. very high. skyjack v. slang hijack (an aircraft). skylark -n. lark that sings while soaring, -v. play tricks, frolic.

skylight n. window in a roof. skyline n. outline of hills, buildings, etc.

against the sky.

sky-rocket -n. = rocket

I.

-v. (esp. of

prices) rise very rapidly.

skyscraper

skyward

n. very tall building. /'skarwad/ -adv. (also sky-

wards) towards the sky. -adj. moving skyward.

sky-writing

make

v.

or become slack.

slacker

off (see

slack

1

).

shirker. slag-rc. 1 refuse left after smelting etc. 2 slang derog. prostitute; promiscuous woman, -v. (-gg-) 1 form slag. 2 (often foil, by off) slang insult, slander.

slaggy

n.

adj.

slag-heap

[Low German] of refuse

n. hill

mine, steelworks,

slake

v.

(-king)

from a

coal-

etc.

slain past part of slay 1

1 .

assuage or satisfy

2 temper (quicklime) by combination with water. [Old English: related to slack 1 ] slalom /'sla:lam/ n. 1 ski-race down a zigzag obstacle course. 2 obstacle race (thirst,

a desire,

etc.).

in canoes etc. [Norwegian] 1 -v. (-mm-) 1 shut forcefully and loudly. 2 put down loudly. 3 put or do suddenly (slam the brakes on; car

slam

slammed

to a halt). 4 slang criticize severely. 5 slang hit. 6 slang conquer easily, -n. sound or action of slamming,

[probably Scandinavian]

slam 2 n. Cards winning of every trick in a game, [origin uncertain]

slander -n.

1

false

and damaging utter-

ance about a person. 2 uttering of this. -v. utter slander about, z slanderous adj. [French esclandre: related to scandal]

slang -n. very informal words, phrases, or meanings, not regarded as standard and often used by a specific profession, class, etc. -v. use abusive language (to).

slangy

adj. [origin

slanging-match

n.

unknown] prolonged

ex-

change of insults. slant /sla:nt/ -v. 1

slope; lie or (cause to) go obliquely. 2 (often as slanted adj.) present (information) in a biased or particular way. -n. 1 slope; oblique position. 2 point of view, esp. a biased on a (or one. -adj. sloping, oblique,

the) slant aslant. [Scandinavian] adv. aslant. (-pp-) 1 strike with the palm or a flat object, or so as to make a similar noise. 2 lay forcefully (slapped it down). 3 put hastily or carelessly (slap paint on). 4 (often foil, by down) colloq. reprimand or snub. -n. 1 blow with the palm or a flat object. 2 slapping sound. -adv. suddenly, fully, directly (ran slap into him). [Low German, imitative] slap and tickle n. colloq. sexual horseplay. slap-bang adv. colloq. violently, head-

slantwise

n.

writing in aeroplane

smoke-trails. 1 flat thick esp. rectangular piece of solid material, esp. stone. 2 mortuary table, [origin unknown] slack -adj. 1 (of rope etc.) not taut. 2 inactive or sluggish. 3 negligent, remiss. 4 (of tide etc.) neither ebbing nor flowing, -n. 1 slack part of a rope (haul in the slack). 2 slack period. 3 (in pi) informal trousers, -v. 1 loosen (rope

slab n.

1

etc.).

2 colloq. take a rest, be lazy. slack off 1 loosen. 2 (also slack up) reduce one's level of activity; reduce

speed,

coal-dust or fragments of coal. [probably Low German or Dutch] n.

slacken off = slack

bird. [Old Norse]

skull

slapdash

856

work

-ied)

(-ies,

slackness

n.

[Old English]

slap -v.

long.

slapdash

-adj. hasty and careless. -adv. in this manner.

slap-happy slap-happy

adj.

colloq.

cheerfully

casual or flippant.

slap in the face n. rebuff or affront, slap on the back n. congratulations, slapstick n. boisterous comedy, slap-up attrib. adj. colloq. excellent, 1

foil,

cut or gash with a knife etc. 2 by at) deliver or aim cutting

blows. 3 reduce (prices etc.) drastically. 4 censure vigorously, —n. 1 slashing cut or stroke. 2 Printing oblique stroke; solidus. 3 slang act of urinating, [origin

unknown] slat tic,

slave-trade

n. hist, dealing in slaves, esp. African Blacks. adj. n. = Slavonic. like slaves. 2 without originality. slavishly adv. Slavonic /sla'vonik/ -adj. 1 of the

&

Slavic /'sla:vik/ slavish adj. 1

group of languages including Russian,

lavish.

slash -v. (often

sleeping partner

857

thin narrow piece of wood, plasor metal, esp. as in a fence or

n.

Venetian blind. [French esclat splinter] slate -n. 1 (esp. bluish-grey) metamorphic rock easily split into flat

smooth

plates. 2 piece of this as a tile or for writing on. 3 bluish-grey colour of slate. 4 list of nominees for office etc. -v. (-ting) 1 roof with slates. 2 colloq. criticize severely. 3 US make arrangements for (an event etc.). 4 US nominate for office etc. -adj. of slate or hist,

the colour of slate. on the slate on slating n. (usu. informal) credit. slaty adj. [French esclate, feminine of esclat: related to slat] slattern /'slset(a)n/ n. slovenly woman. slatternly adj. [origin uncertain] slaughter /'sto:ta(r)/-i>. 1 kill (animals) for food or skins or because of disease. 2 kill (people) ruthlessly or on a great scale. 3 colloq. defeat utterly. — n. act of slaughtering. slaughterer n. [Old Norse: related to slay] slaughterhouse n. place for the slaughter of animals as food. Slav /slaiv/ -n. member of a group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavonic languages, -adj. of the Slavs. [Latin Sclavus, ethnic name] slave —n. 1 person who is owned by and has to serve another. 2 drudge, hard worker. 3 (foil, by of, to) obsessive devotee (slave of fashion). 4 machine, or part of one, directly controlled by another, -v. (-ving) (often foil, by at, over) work very hard. [French esclave from Latin Sclavus Slav (captive)] slave-driver n. 1 overseer of slaves. 2

demanding boss. slave labour n. forced labour. slaver n. hist, ship or person engaged 1

in the slave-trade.

slaver

2

/'slaeva(r)/ -v. 1 dribble.

2

(foil,

by over) drool over. -n. 1 dribbling saliva. 2 a fulsome flattery, b drivel, nonsense. [Low German or Dutch]

slavery

condition of a slave. 2 drudgery. 3 practice of having slaves.

/'sleivari/ n.

1

Polish,

and Czech.

Slavonic Slav]

2 of the Slavs, -n. language-group, [related to

slay 1

n.

v. (past slew - kill [Old English]

literary

past part, slain) 2 = kill 4. m slayer

/slu:/; 1.

sleaze n. colloq. sleaziness. [back-formation from sleazy] sleazy adj. (-ier, -iest) squalid, tawdry. sleazily adv. sleaziness

n.

[origin

unknown] sled US -n. sledge, -v. (-dd-) ride on a sledge. [Low German] sledge -n. vehicle on runners for use on snow. -v. (-ging) travel or convey by sledge. [Dutch sleedse] n. / sled3,haema(r)/

sledgehammer

1

heavy long-handled hammer used to break stone etc. 2 (attrib.) heavy or powerful (sledgehammer blow). [Old large

English

slecg: related to slay]

sleek -adj. and glossy.

(of hair, skin, etc.) smooth 2 looking well-fed and comfortable, -v. make sleek. sleekly adv. sleekness n. [var. of slick] 1

sleep —n. 1 natural recurring condition of suspended consciousness, with the eyes closed and the muscles relaxed. 2 period of sleep (had a sleep). 3 state like sleep; rest, quiet, death, -v. (past and past part, slept)

b

fall asleep.

2

1

a be in a state of sleep,

(foil,

by at,

in, etc.)

spend

the night. 3 provide beds etc. for (house sleeps six). 4 (foil, by with, together) have sexual intercourse, esp. in bed. 5 (foil, by on) put off (a decision) until the next day. 6 (foil, by through) fail to be woken by. 7 be inactive or dead. 8 (foil, by off) remedy by sleeping, c get to sleep manage to fall asleep, go to sleep 1 begin to sleep. 2 (of a limb) become numb, put to sleep 1 anaesthetize. 2 put down (an animal), sleep around colloq. be sexually promiscuous, sleep in sleep later than usual in the morning. [Old English] sleeper n. 1 person or animal that sleeps. 2 horizontal beam supporting a railway track. 3 a sleeping-car. b berth in this. 4 ring or stud worn in a pierced ear to keep the hole open. sleeping-bag n. padded bag to sleep in

when camping sleeping-car

etc.

(also sleepingn. -carriage) railway coach with berths. sleeping partner n. partner not shar ing in the actual work of a firm.

sleeping-pill sleeping-pill

n. pill to

sleeping policeman the road to

make

n.

induce sleep, n.

traffic

sleeping sickness

ramp

etc. in

slow down, tropical disease

causing extreme lethargy, sleepless adj. 1 lacking sleep (sleepless night). 2 unable to sleep. 3 continually sleeplessness n. active, sleepwalk v. walk about while asleep.

sleepwalker n. sleepy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 drowsy. 2 quiet, inactive (sleepy town),

sleepiness n. sleet -n. 1 snow together. 2 hail or falls, -v. (prec. by falls (it is sleeting).

sleepily adv.

and rain falling snow melting as it it

as subject) sleet sleety adj. [Old

English] n. 1 part of a garment that encloses an arm. 2 cover of a gramophone up record. 3 tube enclosing a rod etc. sleeved adj. one's sleeve in reserve, (also in comb.), sleeveless adj. [Old

sleeve

English]

sleigh

/slei/ -n. sledge, esp. for riding on. -v. travel on a sleigh. [Dutch slee: related to sledge] sleight of /slait/ n. dexterity, esp. in conjuring. [Old Norse: related to sly] slender adj. (-er, -est) 1 a of small girth or breadth, b gracefully thin. 2 relatively small, scanty, inadequate, [origin

hand

unknown] slept past and past part, of sleep.

sleuth

/slu:8/ colloq. -n. detective, -v. investigate crime etc. [Old Norse] slew /slu:/ (also slue) -v. (often foil, by round) turn or swing forcibly to a new position, -n. such a turn, [origin 1

unknown]

slew 2 past

of slay. slice -n. 1 thin flat piece or wedge of esp. food cut off or out. 2 share; part. 3 longhandled kitchen utensil with a broad flat perforated blade. 4 Sport stroke that sends the ball obliquely, -v. (-cing) 1 (often foil, by up) cut into slices. 2 (foil, by off) cut off. 3 (foil, by into, through) cut (as) with a knife. 4 strike (a ball) with a slice. [French esc lice from Ger-

manic] slick -adj.

slip

858

colloq. 1 a skilful or efficient, b superficially or pretentiously smooth and dexterous; glib. 2 sleek, smooth, -n. large patch of oil etc., esp. on the sea. — v. colloq. 1 (usu. foil, by back, down) flatten (one's hair etc.). 2 (usu. foil, by up) make sleek or smart. slickly adv. slickness n. [Old English] slide (past and past part, slid) 1 move along a smooth surface with continuous contact on the same part of the thing moving. 2 move quietly or smoothly; glide. 3 glide over ice without

skates. 4 (foil, by over) barely touch (a delicate subject etc.). 5 (often by into) move quietly or unobtrusively, -n. 1 act of sliding. 2 rapid decline. 3 inclined plane down which children, goods, etc., slide. 4 track made by or for sliding, esp. on ice. 5 part of a machine or instrument that slides. 6 a mounted transparency viewed with a projector, b piece of glass holding an object for a microscope. 7 = hair-slide. let things slide be negligent; allow deterioration. [Old English] slide-rule n. ruler with a sliding central strip, graduated logarithmically for making rapid calculations. sliding scale n. scale of fees, taxes, wages, etc., that varies according to some other factor. slight /slait/ -adj. 1 a small; insignificant, b inadequate. 2 slender, fraillooking. 3 (in super I.) any whatever (if there were the slightest chance), -v. treat disrespectfully; ignore, -n. act of slighting. : slightly adv. slightness

upon

foil,

n.

[Old Norse] -adj. (slimmer, slimmest)

slim

1 not slender. 2 small, insufficient (slim chance), -v. (-mm-) (often foil, by down)

fat,

1

become slimmer by

dieting, exercise,

make smaller (slimmed it down to slimmer n. slimming & 40 pages). adj. slimmish adj. [Low German or etc. 2

rc.

Dutch]

slime

n.

thick slippery

mud

or sticky

substance produced by an animal or plant. [Old English]

slimline

adj. 1 of slender design. 2 (of a drink) not fattening.

slimy

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like,

covered

with, or full of slime. 2 colloq. disgustingly obsequious, z sliminess n. sling -n. 1 strap etc. used to support or raise a thing. 2 bandage supporting an injured arm from the neck. 3 strap etc. for firing a stone etc. by hand. - v. (past and past part, slung) 1 colloq. throw. 2 suspend with a sling, z sling one's hook slang go away. [Old Norse or Low German or Dutch] sling 2 n. sweetened drink of spirits (esp. gin) and water, [origin unknown] sling-back n. shoe held in place by a strap above the heel. slink v. (past and past part, slunk) (often foil, by off, away, by) move in a stealthy or guilty manner. [Old English] slinky adj. (-ier, -iest) (of a garment) close-fitting and sinuous. slip 1 -v. (-PP-) 1 slide unintentionally or momentarily; lose one's footing or balance. 2 go or move with a sliding motion. 3 escape or fall from being slippery or not being held properly. 4 1

slip (often

in,

out,

served or quietly. 5 a

away) go unob-

make a careless or

slight error, b fall below standard. 6 place or slide stealthily or casually (slipped a coin to him). 7 release from

or

restraint

stitch) to the

connection. 8 move (a other needle without knit-

ting it. 9 (foil, by on, off) pull (a garment) easily or hastily on or off. 10 escape from; evade {dog slipped its collar, slipped my mind), -n. 1 act of slipping. 2 careless or slight error. 3 a pillowcase, b petticoat. 4 (in sing, or pi.) = slipway. 5 Cricket a fielder stationed for balls

glancing off the bat to the off side, b give (in sing, or pi.) this position, a person the slip escape from; evade, utter inadvertently. 2 miss opportunity). 3 release, esp. a leash, slip up colloq. make a

let slip

(an

from

slot

859

by

foil,

1

mistake, [probably from

Low German

slippen]

slip" n. 1 small piece of paper, esp. for writing on. 2 piece cut from a plant for grafting or planting. slip of a small and slim (slip of a girl). [Low German or

Dutch] slip 3 n. clay and water mixture for decorating earthenware. [Old English,

= slime] slip-knot n. 1 knot that can be undone by a pull. 2 running knot. slip of the pen n. (also slip of the tongue) small written (or spoken) mistake.

slip-on -attrib. adj. easily slipped on and off. -n. slip-on shoe or garment. slippage n. act or an instance of slipping.

slipped disc

n. displaced disc between vertebrae causing lumbar pain. slipper n. light loose soft indoor shoe. slippery adj. 1 difficult to grasp, stand on, etc. because smooth or wet. 2 unreliable, unscrupulous. slipperiness n. [Old English] slippery slope n. course leading even-

tually to disaster.

slippy adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. slippery, look (or be) slippy make haste. slip-road n. road for entering or leaving a motorway etc. slipshod adj. careless, slovenly.

slipstream

n. current of air or water driven back by a revolving propeller or a moving vehicle slip-up n. colloq. mistake. slipway n. ramp for building ships or landing boats. slit -n. straight narrow incision or opening, -v. (-tt-; past and past part. slit) 1 make a slit in. 2 cut into strips. [Old English] .

slither

/'slioa(r)/

-v. slide unsteadily.

-n. act of slithering. slithery adj. [var. of slidder. related to slide] /'sliva(r)/ -n. long thin piece cut or split off. -u. 1 break off as a sliver. 2 break or form into slivers. [Old English]

sliver

Sloane

/slaun/ n. (in full Sloane Ranger) slang fashionable and convenupper-class young person. Sloaney adj. [Sloane Square in London, and Lone Ranger, cowboy hero] slob n. colloq. derog. lazy, untidy, or fat person. [Irish slab mud]

tional

slobber

-v. 1 dribble. 2 (foil, by over) drool over. -n. dribbling saliva. slobbery adj. [Dutch]

sloe

/slau/ n.

1

= blackthorn. 2

small sour bluish-black

fruit.

its

[Old Eng-

lish]

slog-i;. (-gg-) 1 hit hard and usu. wildly. 2 work or walk doggedly, -n. 1 hard random hit. 2 a hard steady work or walk, b spell of this, [origin unknown]

slogan

/'slaugan/ n. 1 catchy phrase used in advertising etc. 2 party cry; watchword. [Gaelic, = war cry] sloop n. small one-masted fore-and-aft rigged vessel. [Dutch sloep] slop -v. (-pp-) 1 (often foil, by over) spill over the edge of a vessel. 2 wet (the floor etc.) by slopping, -n. 1 liquid spilled or splashed. 2 sloppy language. 3 (in pi.) dirty waste water or wine etc. from a kitchen, bedroom, or prison vessels. 4 (in sing, or pi.) unappetizing weak liquid food, z slop about move about in a slovenly manner, slop out carry slops

out (in prison etc.). [Old English] 1 inclined position, direction, or state. 2 piece of rising or falling ground. 3 difference in level between the two ends or sides of a thing. 4 place for skiing on a mountain etc. -v. (-ping) 1 have or take a slope, slant. 2 cause to slope, z slope arms place one's rifle in a sloping position against one's shoulder, slope off slang go away, esp. to evade work etc. [aslope crosswise] sloppy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 wet, watery, too liquid. 2 careless, untidy. 3 foolishly sentimental. sloppily adv. sloppi-

slope -n.

ness n. slosh - v.

1 (often foil, by about) splash or flounder. 2 slang hit, esp. heavily. 3 colloq. a pour (liquid) clumsily, b pour liquid on. -n. 1 slush. 2 act or sound of splashing. 3 slang heavy blow. [var. of slush] sloshed predic. adj. slang drunk. slot -n. 1 slit in a machine etc. for a thing, esp. a coin, to be inserted. 2 slit, groove, etc. for a thing. 3 allotted place in a schedule, esp. in broadcasting, -v. (-tt-) 1 (often foil, by in, into) place or be

sloth placed (as slots.

into a slot. 2 provide with esclot hollow of breast] n. 1 laziness, indolence. 2 S. American mammal that

if)

[French

sloth slaofl slow-moving hangs upside down slothful adj. lazy,

slot-machine

n.

in trees, [from slow]

slothfully adv.

machine worked by

the insertion of a coin, esp. selling small items or providing amusement. -v. stand, move, or sit in a drooping fashion, -n. 1 slouching posture or movement. 2 slang incompetent [origin worker etc. slovenly or

slouch

unknown] slouch hat

n.

hat with a wide flexible

brim.

slough

1

slau

n.

swamp, miry

place.

[Old English]

slough 2

/slAf/ -n. part that an animal casts or moults, esp. a snake's cast skin. —17, (often foil, by off) cast or drop off as a slough, [origin unknown] Slough of Despond n. state of hope-

less depression.

Slovak

/'slauvaek/ -n. 1 native of Slovakia in Czechoslovakia. 2 language of

Slovakia, one of the two official languages of Czechoslovakia, -adj. of the Slovaks or their language, [native

name] ,/'slAv(a)n/ n. untidy or careless person, [origin uncertain] slovenly -adj. careless and untidy; unmethodical, -adv. in a slovenly manner, z slovenliness n. slow /slau/ -adj. 1 a taking a relatively long time to do a thing (also foil, by of: slow of speech), b acting, moving, or done without speed, not quick. 2 not conducive to speed (slow route). 3 (of a clock etc.) showing a time earlier than is correct. 4 (of a person) not understanding or learning readily. 5 dull, tedious. 6 slack, sluggish (business is slow). 7 (of a fire or oven) giving little heat. 8 Photog. (of a film) needing long exposure. 9 reluctant; not hasty (slow to anger), -adv. slowly (also in comb.: slow-moving traffic), -v. (usu. foil, by down, up) 1 reduce one's speed or the speed of (a vehicle etc.). 2 reduce one's pace of life, slowish adj. slowly adv. slowness n. [Old English] slowcoach n. colloq. slow person. slow-down n. action of slowing down. slow motion n. 1 speed of a film at which actions etc. appear much slower than usual. 2 simulation of this in real

action.

slow-worm lizard. [Old

sludge

n.

thick greasy

1

mud

sludgy

ment. 2 sewage.

or sediadj.

[cf.

slush]

slue slug

var. of 1

slew

1 .

small shell-less mollusc often destroying plants. 2 a bullet, esp. of irregular shape, b missile for an airgun. 3 Printing metal bar used in spacing. 4 mouthful of drink (esp. spirits). [Scandinavian] slug 2 US -v. (-gg-) hit hard. -n. hard blow, z slug it out fight it out. [origin n. 1

unknown] sluggard [related to

sluggish

/'slAgad/

lazy

n.

person,

slug 1 ] adj.

slow-moving,

inert;

z

sluggishly adv. sluggishness n. sluice /slu:s/ -n. 1 (also sluice-gate, sluice-valve) sliding gate or other contrivance for regulating the volume or flow of water. 2 water so regulated. 3 (sluice-way) artificial water-channel, esp. for washing ore. 4 place for rinsing. 5 act of rinsing, - v. (-cing) 1 provide or wash with a sluice or sluices. 2 rinse, esp. with running water. 3 (foil, by out, away) wash out or away with a flow of water. 4 (of water) rush out (as if) from a sluice.

[French escluse] 1 house unfit for

slum -n.

human

hab-

overcrowded and squalid district in a city. -v. (-mm-) visit

itation. 2 (often in pi.)

sloven

origin!

slush fund

860

n. small European legless English slow of uncertain

slums, esp. out of curiosity, z slum it put up with conditions less comz slummy adj.

colloq.

fortable than usual, [originally cant]

v. & n. poet, or joc. sleep. [Old English] slump -n. sudden severe or prolonged fall in prices and trade, usu. bringing

slumber

1 widespread unemployment, -v. undergo a slump. 2 sit or fall heavily or

limply, [imitative]

slung past and past part, of sling slunk past and past part, of slink. slur - v. (-rr-) 1 pronounce indistinctly 1

.

with sounds running into one another. 2 Mus. perform (notes) legato. 3 archaic or US put a slur on (a person or a person's character). 4 (usu. foil, by over) pass over (a fact, fault, etc.) lightly. -n. 1 imputation of wrongdoing. 2 act of slurring. 3 Mus. curved line joining notes to be slurred, [origin unknown] colloq. - v. eat or esp. drink noisily, -n. sound of this. [Dutch]

slurp

slurry

/'slAri/

n.

thin

cement, mud, manure, dial,

slur thin

semi-liquid

etc. [related to

mud]

thawing muddy snow. 2 silly sentimentality, z slushy adj. (-ier,

slush

n. 1

-iest). [origin

slush fund

unknown] n.

reserve fund, esp. for

political bribery.

slut slut

derog. slovenly or

n.

woman. unknown]

sluttish

promiscuous adj.

[origin

/slai/ adj. (slyer,

Sm symb. smack

1

samarium.

-n.

1

sharp slap or blow. 2 hard loud kiss. 4 loud

sharp sound, -v.

1

slap. 2 part (one's

lips) noisily in anticipation of food. 3

move,

etc., with a smack, -adv. with a smack. 2 suddenly;

hit, 1

directly; violently. 3 exactly {smack in the centre), a a smack in the eye (or face) colloq. rebuff; setback, [imitative] smack 2 (foil, by of) -v. 1 have a flavour of; taste of. 2 suggest (smacks of nepotism), -n. 1 flavour. 2 barely discernible quality. [Old English] smack 3 n. single-masted sailing-boat. [Low German or Dutch] smack 4 n. slang heroin or other hard drug, [probably alteration of Yiddish

schmeck

sniff]

smacker USUsmall not

slang

n.

1

loud kiss. 2 a

£1.

b

/smo:l/ -adj. 1 not large or big. 2 in importance, amount,

great

number, power, etc. 3 not much; little (paid small attention). 4 insignificant (from small beginnings). 5 of small particles (small shot). 6 on a small scale (small farmer). 7 poor or humble. 8 mean; ungenerous. 9 young (small child), -n. 1 slenderest part of a thing, esp. of the back. 2 (in pi) colloq. under-

wear, esp. as laundry, -adv. into small pieces (chop it small). feel (or look) small be humiliated or ashamed. smallish adj. smallness n. [Old English]

small small small small

smarm -v. colloq. 1 (often foil, by down) smooth, plaster

smarmy

flat

—n.

ingratiating, ness, [dial.]

(hair

collog.

etc.). 2 be obsequious-

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. ingra-

smarmily adv. smarminess

tiating.

hit at cricket etc. 3

colloq.

small talk n. light social conversation, small-time adj. colloq. unimportant, petty.

slyest) 1 cunning, crafty, wily. 2 secretive. 3 knowing; on the sly secretly. insinuating. slyly adv. slyness n. [Old Norse: related to slay]

sly

smell

881

n.

smart

-adj. 1 well-groomed, neat. 2 brightly coloured, newly painted, etc. 3 stylish, fashionable. 4 (esp. US) clever, ingenious, quickwitted. 5 quick, brisk. 6 painfully severe; sharp, vigorous, - v. 1 feel or give pain. 2 rankle. 3 (foil, by for) suffer the consequences of. -n. sharp pain; stinging sensation, -adv. smartly. smartish adj. & adv. smartly adv. smartness n. [Old English]

smart alec n.

smart aleck) colloq.

(also

conceited know-all.

smarten

(usu.

v.

foil,

by up) make or

become smart.

smart money

n. money invested by people with expert knowledge. smash -v. 1 (often foil, by up) a break into pieces; shatter, b bring or come to sudden destruction, defeat, or disaster. 2 (foil, by into, through) move with great force. 3 (foil, by in) break with a crushing blow. 4 hit (a ball etc.) with great force, esp. downwards, -n. 1 act of smashing, collision. 2 sound of this. 3 (in full smash hit) very successful play, song, performer, etc. -adv. with a

smash, [imitative]

smash-and-grab a shop-window

is

robbery in which smashed and goods

n.

seized.

smasher n.

colloq. beautiful

or pleasing

person or thing.

smashing

adj. colloq. excellent,

won-

derful.

arms beer fry

smash-up

n.pl portable firearms,

n.

n.

coins, not notes,

unimportant people;

ledge chil-

n.

farmer of a smallhold

ing.

smallholding

n.

agricultural holding

smaller than a farm,

small hours

n.pl.

period soon after

a

language

etc.

know[origin

unknown]

small-minded

1 daub or mark with grease 2 smudge. 3 defame, -n. 1 act of smearing. 2 Med. a material smeared on a microscopic slide etc. for examination, b specimen of this. smeary adj. [Old English]

etc.

smear

midnight. adj.

petty;

narrow

in

outlook.

smallpox

of

violent collision. superficial

n. slight

smear -v.

dren.

smallholder

n.

smattering

n. trifling thing,

change

n. hist, acute contagious disease with fever and pustules, usu. leaving scars. small print n. unfavourable clauses etc. in a contract, usu. printed small. small-scale adj. made or occurring on a small scale.

test

n.

= cervical smear.

smell -n.

1 faculty of perceiving odours. 2 quality in substances that is perceived by this. 3 unpleasant odour. 4 act of inhaling to ascertain smell, -v. (past

and past

part, smelt or smelled) 1 perceive or examine by smell. 2 emit an odour; stink. 3 seem by smell to be (smells sour). 4 (foil, by of) a emit the odour of (smells offish), b be suggestive

smelling-salts of (smells of dishonesty). 5 perceive; detect {smell a bargain). 6 have or use a smell a rat suspect sense of smell. trickery etc. smell out detect by smell Or investigation. [Old English]

smelling-salts

sharp-smelling n.pi. substances sniffed to relieve faintness

etc.

smelly

adj. (-ier, -iest)

having a strong

smelliness n. or unpleasant smell, smelt v. 1 extract metal from (ore) by melting. 2 extract (metal) in this way. 1

smelter

n.

[Low German or Dutch

smelten] 2

smelt past and past part, of smell. smelt 3 n. (pi. same or -s) small edible green and silver

smidgen

fish.

/'smid3(a)n/

[Old English] n.

(also

smidgin)

small bit or amount, [perhaps in the same sense] /'smailaeks/ n. any of several climbing shrubs. [Greek, = bindweed] smile -v. (-ling) 1 have or assume a happy, kind, or amused expression, with the corners of the mouth turned up. 2 express by smiling (smiled a welcome). 3 give (a smile) of a specified kind (smiled a sardonic smile). 4 (foil, by on, upon) favour (fortune smiled on me), -n. 1 act of smiling. 2 smiling expression or aspect, [perhaps from Scandincolloq.

from smitch

smilax

avian]

smirch

-v.

stain, [origin

discredit,

soil;

-n.

spot,

unknown]

smirk

-n. conceited or silly smile, -v. give a smirk. [Old English] smite v. ( ting; past smote; past part. smitten /'smit(a)n/) 1 archaic or literary a hit. b chastise; defeat. 2 (in passive) affect strongly; seize (smitten with regret; smitten by her beauty). [Old English]

smith

blacksmith. 2 (esp. in comb.) in metal (goldsmith). 3 (esp. in

n. 1

worker

comb.) craftsman English]

smithereens fragments,

(wordsmith).

[Old

/,smida'ri:nz/ n.pl. small

[dial,

smithers]

smithy /'smioi/ n.

(pi. -ies)

workshop, forge, [related

blacksmith's

to smith]

smitten past part,

of smite. -n. 1 loose shirtlike garment often ornamented with smocking. 2 loose overall. -v. adorn with smocking. (Old English]

smock

smocking n. ornamental effect on cloth made by gathering

it

tightly

with

stitches.

smog ad)

n.

smoke-laden fog. smoggy [portmanteau word] r

(-ier, -iest).

smoke

smoulder

862

-n. 1 visible vapour from a burning substance. 2 act of smoking tobacco. 3 colloq. cigarette or cigar, -v. (-king; 1 a inhale and exhale the smoke

of (a cigarette 2 3

emit

etc.).

smoke

b do this habitually. visible vapour.

or

darken or preserve with smoke go up in smoke (smoked salmon). colloq. come to nothing, smoke out 1 drive out by means of smoke. 2 drive out of hiding

etc.

[Old English]

smoke bomb n. bomb that emits dense smoke on exploding. smoke-free adj. 1 free from smoke. where smoking

smokeless

is

2

not permitted.

producing smoke; free from smoke. adj.

little

or no

smokeless zone n. district where only smokeless fuel may be used. smoker n. 1 person who habitually smokes. 2 compartment on a train where smoking is allowed. smokescreen n. 1 cloud of smoke concealing (esp. military) operations. 2 ruse for disguising one's activities. n. 1 chimney or funnel of a locomotive or steamer. 2 tall chimney. smoky adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 emitting, filled with, or obscured by, smoke. 2 stained with or coloured like smoke. 3 having smokithe flavour of smoked food.

smokestack

ness

n.

smolder US var.

of smoulder. colloq. —n. 1 period of slow close dancing. 2 period of kissing and caressing, -v. engage in a smooch. smoochy adj. [imitative] smooth /smu:6/ -adj. 1 having an even surface; free from projections, dents, and roughness. 2 that can be traversed without check. 3 (of the sea etc.) calm, flat. 4 (of a journey etc.) easy. 5 not harsh in sound or taste. 6 suave, conci(often liatory; slick. 7 not jerky, -v.

smooch

"\

by out, down) make or become smooth. 2 (often foil, by out, down, over, away) reduce or get rid of (differences, foil,

faults, difficulties, etc.) in fact or appearance, -n. smoothing touch or stroke. smoothly adv. -adv. smoothly. smoothness n. [Old English] smoothie /'smu:di/ n. colloq., often derog. smooth person. smooth-tongued adj. insincerely flat-

tering.

smorgasbord

/'smo:gas,bo:d/

n.

various esp. savoury dishes as hors d'oeuvres or a buffet meal. [Swedish] smote past of smite.

smother

/'smAda(r)/

v.

1

suffocate,

stifle. 2 (foil, by in, with) overwhelm or cover with (kisses, gifts, kindness, etc.). 3 extinguish (a fire) by covering it. 4 a die of suffocation, b have difficulty breathing. 5 (oftei\foll. by up) suppress or conceal. [Old English]

smoulder -v.

1

/'smaulda(r)/ (US smolder) burn slowly without flame or

smudge

unknown]

smudge mark,

-n. blurred or smeared line, (-ging) 1 make a of. 2 become smeared or

blot, etc. -v.

smudge on or

smudgy

blurred.

adj.

[origin

unknown]

smug

(smugger, smuggest)

adj.

self-

smugly adv. smugness [Low German smuk pretty]

satisfied,

smuggle

/'smAg(a)l/

v.

(-ling)

1

n.

(also

import or export illegally, esp. without paying duties. 2 (foil, by in, out) smuggler n. smugconvey secretly. gling n. [Low German] smut-rc. 1 small flake of soot etc. 2 spot or smudge made by this. 3 obscene talk, pictures, or stories. 4 fungous disease of cereals. -v. (-tt-) mark with smuts. absol.)

:

smutty unknown]

Sn symb.

adj.

(-ier,

-iest).

[origin

tin.

place where snacks are

n.

sold.

snaffle /'snaef(a)l/ -n. (in full snaffle-bit) simple bridle-bit without a curb. — v. (-ling) colloq. steal; seize.

[Low German

or Dutch perhaps from snavel beak] snafu /snae'fu:/ slang -adj. in utter confusion, -n. this state, [acronym of 'situation normal: all /ouled (or /ucked)

,

snag-rc.

1 unexpected obstacle or drawback. 2 jagged projection. 3 tear in material etc. -v. (-gg-) catch or tear on a snag, [probably Scandinavian]

'

|

:

snail

!

n.

slow-moving gastropod mollusc

with a spiral shell. [Old English] snail's pace n. very slow movement, snake -n. 1 long limbless reptile. 2 (also snake in the grass) traitor; secret

enemy, -v. (-king) move or twist n.

ters moved 'snakes',

up

'ladders'

and down

snakeskin -n. skin of a snake, made of snakeskin. snaky adj. 1 of or like a snake. 2

-adj.

windcunning, treacherous, (-pp-) 1 break suddenly or with a cracking sound. 2 (cause to) emit a sudden sharp crack. 3 open or close with a snapping sound. 4 speak or say irrit-

ing, sinuous. 3

snap -v.

•

ably. 5 (often

audible

by at) make a sudden move quickly (snap into

foil,

j

I

seize] n.

plant with a two-lipped

flower.

snap-fastener n. = press-stud. snapper n. any of several edible marine fish.

snappish

adj.

1

curt;

ill-tempered;

sharp. 2 inclined to snap.

bite. 6

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. 1 brisk, 2 neat and elegant (snappy dresser). 3 snappish, z make it snappy lively.

be quick, z snappily adv. n. casual or informal photograph. snare /snea(r)/ -n. 1 trap, esp. with a noose, for birds or animals. 2 trap, trick, or temptation. 3 (in sing, or pi.) twisted strings of gut, hide, or wire stretched across the lower head of a side-drum to produce a rattle. 4 (in full snare drum) drum fitted with snares, -v. (-ring) catch in a snare; trap. [Old Norse] snarl 1 -v. 1 growl with bared teeth. 2 speak, say, or express angrily. -n. act or sound of snarling, [snar from Low Ger-

man] snarl 2

-v. (often

foil,

by up)

twist; en-

hamper the movement of (traffic become entangled or congested.

tangle; etc.);

-n. knot, tangle, [from snare]

snarl-up

jam; muddle. by away, from)

n. colloq. traffic

snatch -v.

1

(often

foil,

by grabbing, b slang kidnap. 3 secure with difficulty. 4 (foil, by at) a try to

treated as sing.) board-game with coun-

i

pen

snapdragon

person appearing

make snakes move by music etc. snakes and ladders n.pl. (usu.

;

-adv. with a snap (heard it go snap), -adj. done without forethought (snap decision), z snap out of slang get rid of (a mood, etc.) by a sudden effort, snap up accept (an offer etc.) quickly or eagerly. [Low German or Dutch snap-

remove quickly, eagerly, or unexpectedly. 2 a steal (a handbag etc.)

to

:

similar cards are exposed, b

(as int.) on noticing an (often unexpected) similarity. 6 vigour, liveliness.

like a

snake. [Old English]

snake-charmer

*

when two

snapshot

meals. [Dutch]

snack bar

action). 7 photograph. -n. 1 act or sound of snapping. 2 crisp biscuit (brandy snap). 3 snapshot. 4 (in full cold snap) sudden brief spell of cold weather. 5 a card-game in which players call 'snap'

snappy

[Latin tannum] snack n. 1 light, casual, or hurried meal. 2 small amount of food eaten between

i

sneak

863

internally. 2 (of emotions) be fierce but suppressed. 3 (of a person) show silent [origin smouldering, emotion, -n.

seize or

seize, b take (an offer etc.) eagerly, —n, 1 act of snatching. 2 fragment of a song or talk etc. 3 US slang kidnapping. 4 short spell of activity etc. [related to snack]

snazzy stylish,

ness

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

slang smart,

showy, z snazzily adv. snazzi-

n. [origin

sneak -v.

unknown]

by in, out, past, away, go or convey furtively. 2 slang steal unobserved. 3 slang tell tales; turn 1 (foil,

etc.)

informer. 4 (as sneaking adj.) a furtive (sneaking affection), b persistent and puzzling (sneaking fee ling). -n. 1 meanspirited underhand person. 2 slang tell-

sneaker informer, -adj. acting or done sneaky adj. without warning; secret, uncertain] sneaker n. slang soft-soled canvas tale;

(-ier, -iest). [origin

shoe.

sneak-thief n. breaking

thief who steals without

in.

sneer

-n. contemptuous smile or remark, -u 1 (often foil, by at) smile or speak derisively. 2 say with a sneer. sneering adj. sneeringly adv. [origin

unknown] sneeze -n. sudden loud involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation of the nosnot to trils, -y. (-zing) make a sneeze. colloq. worth having or considering. [Old English] snick -v. 1 make a small notch or incision in. 2 Cricket deflect (the ball) slightly with the bat. -n. 1 small notch or cut. 2 Cricket slight deflection of the ball, [snickersnee long knife, ultimately

be sneezed at

from Dutch]

snicker n. & v. = snigger, [imitative] snide adj. sneering; slyly derogatory, [origin unknown] inhale air audibly through the nose. 2 (often foil, by up) draw in through the nose. 3 smell the scent of by sniffing, -n. 1 act or sound of sniffing. 2 amount of air etc. sniffed up. sniff at show contempt for. sniff out = smell

sniff -v.

1

out. [imitative]

person who sniffs, esp. a drug comb. glue-sniffer). sniffer-dog n. colloq. dog trained to sniff out drugs or explosives. sniffer

snotty

864

n.

etc. (often in

:

sniffle /'snif(a)l/ -v. (-ling) sniff slightly or repeatedly, -n. 1 act of sniffling. 2 (in sing, or pi.) cold in the head causing sniffling, [imitative; cf. snivel]

sniffy adj.

colloq. (-ier, -iest) disdainful, sniffily adv. sniffiness n. snifter n. slang small alcoholic drink, [dial, snift sniff]

snigger -n. half-suppressed

laugh, -u. utter this. [var. of snicker] snip -v. (-pp-) (also absol.) cut with scissors etc., esp. in small quick strokes. -n. 1 act of snipping. 2 piece snipped off. 3 slang a something easily done, b bargain. [Low German or Dutch snippen]

snipe -n.

(pi. same or -s) wading bird bill. -v. (-ping) 1 shots from hiding, usu. at long range. 2 (often foil, by at) make a sly

with a long straight fire

critical attack,

sniper n. (in sense 1 of [probably Scandinavian] n. 1 small piece cut off. 2 (usu. in pi.) a scrap of information etc. b short extract from a book etc.

V.).

snippet smpit/

snitch slang -v. 1 steal. 2 (often foil, by on) inform on a person. -/?. informer, [origin unknown] snivel /'smv(a)l/ -v. (-11-; US -1-) 1 weep with sniffling. 2 run at the nose; sniffle. 3 show weak or tearful sentiment, —n. act of snivelling. [Old English] n. person who despises those inferior in social position, wealth, intellect, taste, etc. (intellectual snob).

snob

snobbery

n.

snobbish adj. snobby unknown]

adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin

snog

slang

- v.

(-gg-)

engage in kissing

and caressing, -n. period of this, [origin unknown] snood n. ornamental hairnet, worn usu. at the back of the head. [Old English] snook n. slang contemptuous gesture with the thumb to the nose and the fingers spread. cock a snook (often foil, by at) 1 make this gesture. 2 register one's contempt, [origin unknown] snooker -n. 1 game played on an oblong cloth-covered table with a cueball, 15 red, and 6 coloured balls. 2 position in this game in which a direct shot would lose points, -v. 1 (also refl.) subject (oneself or an opponent) to a snooker. 2 (esp. as snookered adj.) slang thwart, defeat, [origin unknown] snoop colloq. -u. 1 pry into another's affairs. 2 (often foil, by about, around) investigate transgressions of rules, the snooper law, etc. -n. act of snooping. n. snoopy adj. [Dutch]

snooty adj.

(-ier, -iest) colloq. supercili-

snootily ous; conceited; snobbish. adv. [origin unknown] snooze colloq. -n. short sleep, nap. - v. (-zing) take a snooze, [origin unknown] snore -n. snorting or grunting sound of breathing during sleep, -v. (-ring)

make this sound, [imitative] snorkel /'sno:k(a)l/ -n. 1

breathing-

tube for an underwater swimmer. 2 device for supplying air to a submerged submarine. -i>. (-11-; US -1-) use a snorkel. [German Schnorchel] snort -n. 1 explosive sound made esp. by horses by the sudden forcing of breath through the nose. 2 similar human sound showing contempt, incredulity, etc. 3 colloq. small drink of liquor. 4 slang inhaled dose of powdered cocaine etc. - v. 1 make a snort. 2 (also absol.) slang inhale (esp. cocaine). 3 express or utter with a snort, [imitative] snot n. slang nasal mucus, [probably Low German or Dutch: related to snout] snotty adj. (-ier, -iest) slang 1 running or covered with nasal mucus. 2 snooty. snottily adv. 3 mean, contemptible. snottiness n.

snout

projecting nose and mouth of 2 derog. person's nose. 3 pointed front of a thing. [Low German or Dutch] snow /snau/ ~n. 1 frozen atmospheric vapour falling to earth in light white flakes. 2 fall or layer of this. 3 thing resembling snow in whiteness or texture etc. 4 slang cocaine, -v. 1 (prec. by it as subject) snow falls (it is snowing; if it snows). 2 (foil, by in, over, up, etc.) confine or block with snow, n be

snout

n. 1

an animal.

snowed under be overwhelmed,

esp.

with work. [Old English] ball of compressed snow throwing in play. -v. 1 throw or pelt with snowballs. 2 increase rapidly.

for

snowball-tree

snowberry

guelder rose.

n.

(pi.

n.

-ies)

shrub with

temporarily blinded by the glare from snow, adj.

snowblower

n.

machine that clears

snow by blowing.

snowbound

adj. prevented by snow from going out or travelling, n. snow-covered mountain

snowcap

snowcapped adj. peak, snowdrift n. bank of snow heaped up by the wind.

snowdrop

n. early spring plant with white drooping flowers, n. 1 fall of snow. 2 amount of

snowfall this.

snowflake

each of the flakes in

n.

which snow

falls.

snow goose n.

white Arctic goose, n. level above which snow never melts entirely, snowman n. figure resembling a human, made of compressed snow,

snowline

snowmobile

/'snauma,bi:l/ n. motor vehicle, esp. with runners or Caterpillar tracks, for travel over snow,

snowplough n. (US snowplow) device or vehicle for clearing roads of thick

snow.

snowshoe

n. racket-shaped attachment to a boot for walking on snow without sinking in. snowstorm n. heavy fall of snow, esp. with a high wind.

snow white

adj.

&

(as adj. often

n.

hyphenated) pure white, (-ier, -iest) 1

of or like snow.

2 (of the weather etc.) with much snow, n. large white Arctic owl. abbr. Scottish National Party. Snr. abbr. Senior. snub -v. (-bb-) rebuff or humiliate with sharp words or coldness, —n. act of snubbing, -adj. short and blunt in shape. [Old Norse, = chide]

snowy owl

SNP

n.

short turned-up nose.

snub-nosed adj. snuff -n. charred part of a candle-wick. -i>. trim the snuff from (a candle). 1

snuff it slang die. snuff out 1 extinguish (a candle flame). 2 put an end to (hopes etc.). [origin unknown] snufP -n. powdered tobacco or medicine taken by sniffing, -v. take snuff. [Dutch]

snuffbox n. small box for holding snuff. snuffer

n. device for snuffing or extinguishing a candle.

/'snAf(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 make sniffing sounds. 2 speak or say nasally or whiningly. 3 breathe noisily, esp.

with a blocked nose. -n. snuffling sound or tone. snuffly adj. [Low German or

Dutch

snuffelen]

snug -adj.

white berries.

snow-blind

snub nose

snuffle

snowball -n.

snowy adj.

soak

865

(snugger, snuggest)

1

cosy,

comfortable, sheltered. 2 close-fitting. -n. small room in a pub. d snugly adv. [probably Low German or Dutch] snuggery n. (pi. -ies) snug place, den. snuggle /'snAg(8)l/ v. (-ling) settle or draw into a warm comfortable position. so 1 /sau/ -adv. 1 to such an extent (stop complaining so; so small as to be invisible; not so late as I expected). 2 in this or that way; in the manner, position, or state described or implied (place your feet so; am not cold but may become so). 3 also (he went and so did I). 4 indeed, actually (you said it was good, and so it is). 5 very (/ am so glad). 6 (with verbs of saying or thinking etc.) thus, this, that (/ think so; so he said), -conj. (often foil, by that) 1 consequently (was ill, so couldn't come). 2 in order that (came early so that I could see you). 3 and then; as the next step (so then I gave up; and so to bed). 4 (introducing a question) then; after that (so what did you do?), c and so on (or forth) 1 and others of the same kind. 2 and in other similar ways, or so approximately (50 or so), so as to in order to. so be it expression of acceptance or resignation, so long! colloq. goodbye, so much 1 a certain amount (of). 2 nothing but (so much nonsense). so much for that is all that need be done or said about (a thing), so so adj. & adv. colloq. only moderately good or well, so what? colloq. that is not significant. [Old English] so 2 var. of soh. -so comb, form = -soever. soak -v. 1 make or become thoroughly wet through saturation. 2 (of rain etc.) drench. 3 (foil, by in, up) absorb (liquid, knowledge, etc.). 4 refl. (often foil, by in) steep (oneself) in a subject etc. 5 (foil, by

soakaway

lish] pit into which liquids may flow and then percolate slowly into the

soakaway n. subsoil.

soaking

adj. (in full

soaking wet) wet

through. /'sauan.sau/ n.

(pi.

-so's) 1

particular but unspecified person or thing. 2 colloq. objectionable person. soap -n. 1 cleansing agent yielding lather when rubbed in water. 2 colloq. = soap opera, -v. apply soap to. [Old English] soapbox n. makeshift stand for a speaker in the street etc. soap flakes n.pl. thin flakes of soap for washing clothes etc.

soap opera

n. broadcast drama serial with domestic themes (orig. sponsored in the US by soap manufacturers).

soap powder with additives,

powdered soap, esp. for washing clothes etc. n.

soapwort

n.

n.

soar

v. 1 fly or rise high. 2 reach a high level or standard. 3 fly without flapping

wings or using power. [French

essorer]

sob -v.

(-bb-) 1 inhale convulsively, usu. with weeping. 2 utter with sobs. -/z. act or sound of sobbing, [imitative] sober -adj. (soberer, soberest) 1 not drunk. 2 not given to drink. 3 moderate, tranquil, sedate, serious. 4 not exaggerated. 5 (of a colour etc.) quiet; dull. -v. (often foil, by down, up) make or become

soberly adv. [French from

sober. Latin]

being sober.

n.

[Latin: related to sober]

sobriquet briquet

/'saubn.kei/

/'su:-/)

sob story n.

n.

(also

sou-

nickname. [French]

colloq. story

or explanation

appealing for sympathy.

Soc. abhr. so-called

1

Socialist. 2 Society.

adj.

commonly

called, often

incorrectly.

soccer

ility /-'biliti/ n. sociably adv. [Latin socius companion] /'sauj(a)l/ -adj. 1 of society or its -organization, esp. of the relations of people or classes of people. 2 living in organized communities. 3 needing companionship; gregarious, -n. social gathering, esp. of a club. socially adv. [Latin: related to sociable]

social

/'sDka(r)/ n.

[from Assoc.]

n.

person anxious to

gain a higher social status.

social contract n. agreement between the State and population for mutual advantage.

social

democracy

n. political

system

favouring a mixed economy and democratic social change. social democrat n.

socialism

n. 1 political

and economic

theory advocating State ownership and control of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. 2 social system based on this. socialist n. & adj. socialistic /-'listik/ related to social]

socialite

[French:

adj.

/'sauja.lait/ n.

person moving

Association football,

/'sauja.laiz/

v.

(also

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 mix socially. 2 make social. 3 organize on socialistic principles. socialization /-'zeij(a)n/ n. social science n. the study of society and social relationships. social

scientist

n.

social security n. State assistance to the poor and unemployed etc. social services n.pl. welfare services provided by the State, esp. education, health, and housing. social work n. professional or voluntary work with disadvantaged groups. social

worker

n.

society /sa'saiati/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 organized and interdependent community. 2 system and organization of this. 3 aristocratic part of this; its society; society

members (polite

would not approve). 4

mixing with others; companionship, company. 5 club, association (music society;

/sa'braiiti/

com-

sociab-

pany, gregarious; friendly.

socialize

plant with pink or white flowers, and leaves yielding a soapy substance. soapy adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or like soap. 2 containing or smeared with soap. 3 unctuous, flattering. soapily adv. soapi-

sobriety

/'S8ujab(8)l/ adj. liking

in fashionable society.

soapstone n. steatite. soapsuds n.pl. = suds.

the

sociable

social climber

so-and-so

ness

sociology

866

through) (of liquid) go or penetrate by saturation. 6 colloq. extort money from. 7 colloq. drink heavily, -n. 1 act of soaking; prolonged spell in a bath. 2 colloq. hard drinker. [Old Engin, into,

building

society).

societal

adj. [Latin societas]

Society of Friends n. pacifist Christian sect with no written creed or ordained ministers; Quakers.

Society of Jesus see Jesuit. socio- comb, form of society or sociology (and) (socio-economic). [Latin: related to social] sociology /,sausi'Dl8d3i/ n. the study of sociosociety and social problems.

logical /-a lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. sociologist n. [French: related to social]

sock sock

1

slipper]

sock 2 colloq. -v.

hit hard. -n. hard blow. sock it to attack or address (a person or people) vigorously, [origin unknown!

socket

hollow for something esp. a device receiving an

/'sokit/ n.

to fit into etc., electric plug,

light-bulb,

etc.

[Anglo-

French]

Socratic

/sa'kraetik/ adj. of Socrates or

his philosophy.

Socratic irony

n. pose of ignorance to entice others into refutable statements.

method

Socratic

n. dialectic,

proced-

ure by question and answer.

sod

1

piece of turf. 2 surface of the ground. [Low German or Dutch] 2 sod coarse slang -n. 1 unpleasant or awkward person or thing. 2 fellow (lucky sod), -v. (dd) 1 damn (sod them!). 2 (as sodding adj.) damned. sod off go away, [abbreviation of sodomite] soda /'sauda/ n. 1 compound of sodium in common use. 2 (in full soda water) effervescent water used esp. with spirits etc. as a drink, [perhaps from Latin sodanum from Arabic] n. 1 turf,

soda bread

n.

bread leavened with

baking-soda.

soda fountain

1 device supplying soda water. 2 shop or counter with this,

sodden

n.

/'sod(a)n/

adj.

saturated;

1

soaked through. 2 stupid or dull etc. with drunkenness, [archaic past part, of seethe]

sodium

/'saudiam/ n. soft silver-white metallic element, [from soda] white crystal line compound used in baking-powder.

j

|

n.

etc.;

caustic

lamp using sodium

vapour and giving a yellow

light.

in fertilizers etc.

sodomite

/'sDda.mait/ n. person who practises sodomy. [Greek: related to

SODOMY]

sodomy

/'sodami/

sodomize I

L

smooth;

fine;

weaker by preliminary (a person)

attack, b make more receptive to persuasion.

softener n. soft fruit n. small stoneless strawberry or currant),

fruit (a

v.

n.

= buggery.

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing).

from Sodom: Gen. 18,19] Sod's Law n. = Murphy's Law. [Latin

soever

I

kind; to

I

may

n.pl. curtains, rugs,

etc.

softie n. (also softy) (pi. -ies) colloq. weak, silly, or soft-hearted person. softly-softly adj. (also softly, softly) (of strategy) cautious and cunning. soft option n. easier alternative. soft palate n. rear part of the palate. soft pedal -n. piano pedal that softens the

tone. -v. (soft-pedal) (-11-; US refrain from emphasizing; be restrained. soft roe see roe 1 soft sell n. restrained salesmanship. -1-)

i

I

1 not hard; easily cut or malleable. 2 (of cloth etc.) not rough. 3 (of wind etc.) mild, gentle. 4 (of water) low in mineral salts and lathering easily. 5 (of light or colour etc.) not brilliant or glaring. 6 (of sound) gentle, not loud. 7 (of a consonant) sibilant (as c in ice, s in pleasure). 8 (of an outline etc.) vague, blurred. 9 gentle, conciliatory. 10 compassionate, sympathetic. 11 feeble, half-witted, silly, sentimental. 12 colloq. (of a job etc.) easy. 13 (of drugs) not highly addictive. 14 (also soft-core) (of pornography) not highly obscene. 15 (of currency) likely to fall in value; not readily exchangeable into other currencies, -adv. softly. be soft on colloq. 1 be lenient towards. 2 be infatuated with, have a soft spot for be fond of. softish adj. softly adv. softness n. [Old English] Softball n. form of baseball using a softer and larger ball. soft-boiled adj. (of an egg) boiled leaving the yolk soft. soft-centred adj. 1 (of a sweet) having a soft centre. 2 soft-hearted; sentimental. soft drink n. non-alcoholic drink. soften /'sof(a)n/ v. 1 make or become soft or softer. 2 (often foil, by up) a make

dented;

soft furnishings

pound used

I

fitta)

soft -adj.

soft-hearted adj. tender, compassionate. soft-heartedness n.

sodium nitrate n. white powdery com-

I

long upholstered seat with a back and arms. [Arabic shuffa] sofa bed n. sofa that can be converted into a bed. soffit /'sDfit/ n. undersurface of an arch, lintel, etc. [French soffite, Italian sof/'saufa/ n.

sodium chloride n. common salt, sodium hydroxide n. strongly alkal ine compound used in soap soda.

I

sofa

sodium bicarbonate n.

sodium lamp

.

soft target

867

knitted covering for the foot and lower leg. 2 insole, n pull one's socks up colloq. make an effort to improve, put a sock in it slang be quiet. [Old English socc from Greek sukkhos n. 1

any any extent (how great soever it

/sau'eva(r)/ adv. literary of

be).

1

-soever comb, form of any kind;

1

extent (whatsoever, howsoever).

.

soft

to

any

soap

-n. colloq. persuasive flattery, -v. (soft-soap) colloq. persuade with flattery. soft-spoken adj. having a gentle voice, soft target n. vulnerable person or thing.

j

soft

touch

soft

touch

over money.

esp.

software n. programs for a computer. softwood n. easily sawn wood of deciduous trees. softy var. of softie.

soggy

sDgi adj. (-ier, -iest) sodden, saturated; too moist (soggy bread).

sogginess

soh

sau

major

n.

n. [dial,

sog marsh]

(also so)

scale.

Mus.

fifth

[Latin solve,

note of a

word

arbit-

rarily taken]

soigne

swamjei

adj.

soignee

(Jem.

pronunc. same) well-groomed. [French] soil n. 1 upper layer of earth in which plants grow. 2 ground belonging to a nation; territory (on French soil). [Latin solium seat, solum ground] soil 2 — v. 1 make dirty; smear or stain. 2 defile; discredit. -n. 1 dirty mark. 2 filth; refuse. [French soill(i)er) soil pipe n. discharge-pipe of a lavat1

ory.

soiree

swa:rei

n.

evening party, usu.

for conversation or music. [French] soixante-neuf ,swa:sdt'n3:f n. slang

mutual oral stimulation of the

genitals.

[French, = sixty-nine] sDd3(a)n -n. temporary' stay. -v. stay temporarily. [French sojorner] sola 'saoia n. pithy-stemmed E. Indian swamp plant. [Urdu] solace solas/ —il comfort in sadness, disappointment, or tedium, - v. (-cing) give solace to. [Latin solatium] solan saulan n. (in full solan goose large gooselike gannet. [Old Norse] solar 'saula(r) adj. of or reckoned by the sun. [Latin 50/ sun] solar battery n. (also solar cell) de vice converting solar radiation into

sojourn

electricity.

solar day

n. interval transits of the sun.

between meridian

solarium sa'leanam

n. (pi. -ria)

room

with sun-lamps or a glass roof etc. [Latin: related to solar] solar panel n. panel that absorbs the sun's rays as an energy source. solar plexus n. complex of nerves at the pit of the stomach.

solar system n. the sun and the celestial bodies whose motion it governs. solar year n. time taken for the earth to travel once round the sun. sola topi n. sun-helmet made from the pith of the sola plant.

sold past and past part, of sell. -adj. (foil,

by on)

solicitous

868

n. colloq. gullible person,

colloq. enthusiastic

about. -n. fusible alloy used to join metals or wires etc. —v. join with solder. [Latin: related to solid]

solder solda(o,

soldering iron

sau-/

n.

heated tool for melt-

ing and applying solder.

soldier saold3a(r) -n. 1 member of an army. 2 (in full common soldier) private or NCO in an army. 3 colloq. finger of bread for dipping into egg. -v. serve soldier on colloq. peras a soldier.

soldierly adj. severe doggedly. [French soulde, originally = soldier's pay]

soldier of fortune n. mercenary, soldiery n. soldiers, esp. of a specified character. sole' -n. 1 undersurface of the foot. 2 part of a shoe, sock, etc., under the foot, esp. other than the heel. 3 lower surface or base of a plough, golf-club head, etc. -v. (-ling) provide (a shoe etc.) with a sole. -soled adj. (in comb.). [Latin solea sandal] sole- n. (pi. same or -s) flat-fish used as food. [Latin solea sandal, which the shape of fish resembles] sole' adj. one and only; single, exclusive. [French from Latin solus]

solecism 'sDh,siz(a)m grammar or idiom. 2

n. 1 mistake of offence against etiquette, z solecistic -sistik adj. [Greek soloikos speaking incorrectly] solely 'saulli adv. 1 alone (solely responsible). 2 only (did it solely out of

duty).

solemn

'solam adj.

1

serious and dig-

nified. 2 formal. 3 awe-inspiring. 4 (of a

person) serious or cheerless in manner. 5 grave, sober (solemn promise).

solemnly

adv.

solemness

n.

[Latin

solemnis]

solemnity

sa'lemniti n. (pi. -ies) being solemn. 2 rite, ceremony.

1

solemnize

sDlam.naiz v. (also -ise; 1 duly perform (esp. a marriage ceremony). 2 make solemn. : solemnization -zeiJYam n. (-zing or -sing)

solenoid

'saula.noid n. cylindrical coil of wire acting as a magnet when carrying electric current. [French from Greek solen tube] sol-fa 'sulfa: n. system of syllables

representing musical notes,

[sol var. of

soh, fa] soli pi. of SOLO.

solicit sa'lisit v. (-t-) 1 seek (esp. business) repeatedly or earnestly. 2 (also soliabsol.) accost as a prostitute. citation -'teij(a)n n. [Latin sollicitus anxious] solicitor n. lawyer qualified to advise clients and instruct barristers. [French: related to solicit]

Solicitor-General

n.

(pi.

Solicitors-

-General) law officer below the Attorney-General or the Lord 'Advocate. solicitous adj. 1 showing interest or concern. 2 (foil, by to - infin.) eager.

solicitude solicitously adv. [Latin:

anxious.

related to solicit)

solicitude

n.

being solicitous. [Latin:

related to solicitous]

solid /'solid/ -adj. (-der, -dest) 1 firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid. 2 of such material throughout, not hollow. 3 of the same substance throughout (solid silver). 4 sturdily built; not flimsy or slender. 5 a three-dimensional, b of solids (solid geometry). 6 a sound, reliable (solid arguments), b dependable (solid friend). 7 sound but unexciting (solid piece of work). 8 financially sound. 9 uninterrupted (four solid hours). 10 unanimous, undivided. 11 (of printing) without spaces, -n. 1 solid substance or body. 2 (in pi.) solid food. 3 Geom. three-dimensional body or mag-

nitude, -adv. solidly (jammed solid). solidly adv. solidness n. [Latin solid us]

solidarity

/.sDli'daeriti/ n. 1 unity, esp.

an industrial dispute. 2

political or in

mutual dependence. [French: related

to

solid]

solidify or

/sa'lidi.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied)

become

solid.

make

solidification

/sa'liditi/ n.

being

solid; firm-

using the electronic properties of solids (e.g. a semiconductor) to replace those of valves.

solidus

adj.

/'sDlidas/ n. (pi. solidi /-,dai/)

oblique stroke

(/).

[Latin:

related to

solid] /sa'lilakwi/ n. (pi. -quies)

1

without or regardless of talking hearers, esp. in a play. 2 this part of a

i!

I

I

play. soliloquist n. soliloquize v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing). [Latin solus alone, loquor speak]

solipsism |

!

ical

/'sDlip,siz(a)m/ n. philosophtheory that the self is all that can be known. solipsist n.

exists or

[Latin solus alone, ipse self]

|

solitaire

one

i

/,sDli'tea(r)/ n. 1

jewel set by

2 ring etc. with this. 3 player in which pegs

itself.

[

game

for

etc.

are

removed from a board by jumping others over them. 4 US = patience 3.

i

.

J i i

I

I j i

I j I

J

I

with drooping green and white flowers. [Solomon, king of Israel] solstice /'sDlstis/ n. either of the times

when

the sun equator. [Latin standing still']

furthest solstitium

is

from the 'the sun

soluble

/*SDljub(a)l/ adj. 1 that can be dissolved, esp. in water. 2 solvable. solubility /-'biliti/ n. [Latin solvo solutrelease]

solute /'sDlju:t/ n. dissolved substance. solution /sa'lu:JXa)n/ n. 1 solving or

means of solving a problem. 2 a conversion of a solid or gas into a liquid by mixture with a liquid, b state resulting from this. 3 dissolving or being dissolve

v.

[French: see solitary] /'sDlitari/ -adj. 1 living or being alone; not gregarious; lonely. 2 secluded. 3 single, sole. -n. (pi. -ies) 1 recluse. 2 colloq. = solitary confinement. z solitariness n. [Latin solitarius from solus alone] solitary confinement n. isolation in a separate prison cell. solitude /'sDh,tju:d/ n. 1 being solitary. 2 lonely place. [Latin solitudo: related to SOLITARY]

solitary

solvable

(-ving) answer, remove, or deal with (a problem). adj.

solvent -adj.

1 able to pay one's debts; not in debt. 2 able to dissolve or form a solution with something, -n. solvent solvency n. (in sense 2 of liquid etc.

adj.).

soliloquy

i|

/'saulau/ -n. (pi. -s) 1 (pi. -s or soli /-li/) musical piece or passage, or a dance, performed by one person. 2 thing done by one person, esp. an unaccompanied flight. 3 (in full solo whist) type of whist in which one ,player may oppose the others, -v. (-es, -ed) perform a solo. -adv. unaccompanied, alone. [It3 alian from Latin: related to sole ] soloist /'saulauist/ n. performer of a solo, esp. in music. Solomon's seal n. flowering plant

effectively

ness.

solid-state

i

solo

solved.

/-fi'keiJXa)n/ n.

solidity

-some

869

somatic /sa'maetik/ adj.

of the body, not somatically adv. [Greek of the mind. soma -mat- body] sombre /'sDmba(r)/ adj. (also US somber) dark, gloomy, dismal. sombrely adv. sombreness n. [Latin

sub ombra under shade]

sombrero

/som'brearau/

broad-brimmed hat worn

n.

(pi.

-s)

esp. in Latin

America. [Spanish: related to sombre] some /sAm/ -adj. 1 unspecified amount or number of (some water, some apples; some of them). 2 unknown or unspecified (some day; some fool broke it). 3 approximately (some ten days). 4 considerable (went to some trouble; at some 5 (usu. stressed) a at least a of (have some consideration). b such up to a point (that is some help).

cost).

modicum

c colloq. remarkable (/ call that some story), -pron. some people or things, some number or amount (/ have some already), -adv. colloq. to some extent (do it some more). [Old English]

-some

1

suffix forming adjectives meanproducing (fearsome). 2 characterized by being (gladsome). 3 apt to

ing:

1

-some

sop

870

{tiresome; meddlesome). 4 suitable for

recorded sound to give a dramatic nar-

{cuddlesome). [Old English]

rative of

-some 2

forming nouns from numerals, meaning 'a group of (foursuffix

some). [Old English]

somebody -pron. some person. -n. -ies)

(pi

important person.

someday

adv. at

some time

in the fu-

adv.

1

for some reason or

other (somehow I don't trust him). 2 in

some way; by some means.

someone

& pron.

n.

someplace

adv.

= somebody. colloq. - some-

US

somersault /'sAma,sDlt/-rc.

leap or roll

with the body turning through a circle. -v. perform this. [French sobre above, saut jump]

something n. & pron. 1 unspecified or unknown thing (something has happened). 2 unexpressed or intangible quantity, quality, or extent (something strange about it). 3 colloq. notable person or thing. something else colloq. something exceptional, something like

approximately, something of to some extent (something of an expert). [Old English: related to some, thing] sometime -adv. 1 at some time. 2 formerly, -attrib. adj. former.

sometimes

adv. occasionally.

somewhat adv. to some extent. somewhen adv. colloq. at some time. somewhere -adv. in or to some place. -pron. some unspecified place.

somnambulism ,hz(a)m/

n.

/somnaBmbju

sleepwalking.

somnam-

bulant adj. somnambulist [Latin somnus sleep, ambulo walk]

n.

somnolent

/'sDmnalant/ adj. 1 sleepy, drowsy. 2 inducing drowsiness. somnolence n. [Latin: related to somnambulism] son /sAn/ n. 1 boy or man in relation to his parent(s). 2 male descendant. 3 (foil, by of) male member of a family, etc. 4 male descendent or inheritor of a quality etc. (sons of freedom). 5 form of address, esp. to a boy. [Old English] sonar /'sauna:(r)/ n. 1 system for the underwater detection of objects by reflected sound. 2 apparatus for this, [sound navigation and ranging]

sonata

sa'na:ta/ n. composition for one or two instruments, usu. in three or four

movements.

sonatina

[Italian,

song n.

1 words set to music or meant to be sung. 2 vocal music. 3 musical composition suggestive of a song. 4 cry of for a song colloq. very some birds. cheaply. [Old English: related to sing]

= sounded]

/,sDna'ti:na/ n.

simple or short

Banata, [Italian, diminutive of sonata] •OW et lumiere /,SDnei'lu:mjea(r)/ n.

entertainment by night at a historic building etc., using lighting effects and

n. colloq. fuss,

com-

motion.

songbird

bird with a musical call, book of song lyrics and

n.

songbook

n.

music.

song cycle songster

where.

= sound

history. [French,

its

light]

song and dance

ture.

somehow

and

n. set

n. (fern,

of linked songs,

songstress)

1

singer.

2 songbird.

song thrush

n.

common thrush,

noted

for singing.

songwriter

n.

writer of songs or the

music for them.

sonic /'sonik/ adj. of or using sound or sound waves. [Latin sonus sound] sonic bang n. (also sonic boom) noise

made when an aircraft passes the speed of sound.

sonic barrier n. = sound barrier. son-in-law sons-in-law) n. (pi. daughter's husband,

sonnet /'sonit/ n. poem of 14 lines with a rhyme-scheme and, in English, usu. ten syllables per line. [French sonnet or Italian sonetto] sonny /'saiu/ n. colloq. familiar form of address to a young boy. fixed

sonorous

/'sonaras/ adj.

1

having a

']

J i

loud, full, or deep sound; resonant. 2 (of language, style, etc.) imposing. sonority /sa'nonti/ n. [Latin]

|

soon

adv. 1 in a short time (shall soon know). 2 relatively early (must you go so soon?). 3 readily or willingly (would as (or sooner go; would as soon stay). so) soon as at the moment that; not later than; as early as (came as soon as / could), sooner or later at some future soonish adv. [Old time; eventually. English] soot /sot/ n. black powdery deposit from smoke. [Old English] sooth n. archaic truth. [Old English] soothe /su:5/ v. (-thing) 1 calm (a person, feelings, etc). 2 soften or mitigate (pain etc.). [Old English]

soothsayer

/'su:e,seia(r)/

n.

seer,

I

J

I

< j

<

$

s

prophet.

sooty

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 covered with soot. 2 black or brownish-black. sop -n. 1 thing given or done to pacify or bribe. 2 piece of bread etc. dipped in

gravy etc. -v. (-pp-) 1 (as sopping adj.) drenched (came home sopping; sopping wet clothes). 2 (foil, by up) soak or mop up. [Old English]

,

& [

$ \

a

%

sophism sophism

esp. one sophos wise]

sophist

sophisticate

/sa'fistikat/ n.

sophistic-

ated person, [medieval Latin: related to sophism]

sophisticated

/sa'fisti.keitid/ adj. 1 (of

a person) worldly-wise; cultured; elegant. 2 (of a thing, idea, etc.) highly

developed and complex, tion /-'keij\a)n/ n.

sophistica-

/'sDfistn/ n. (pi. -ies)

use of

1

sophisms. 2 a sophism.

sophomore /'sDfa,mo:(r)/ n. US secondyear university or high-school student. [sophum, obsolete var. of sophism] soporific /.sDpa'nftk/ -adj. inducing sleep, -n. soporific drug or influence. soporifically adv. [Latin sopor sleep]

sopping see sop. soppy adj. (-ier,

-iest) colloq.

mawk-

ishly sentimental; silly; infatuated. soppily adv. soppiness n. [from sop] soprano /sa'pra:n9u/ n. (pi -s) 1 a highest singing-voice, b female or boy singer with this voice. 2 instrument of a high or the highest pitch in its family. [Italian

sopra above]

sorbet

/'so:bei/ n. 1 water-ice. 2

sherbet.

[Arabic sharba to drink]

sorcerer

/'so:sara(r)/ n.

ess) magician, wizard. -ies).

sorcer-

sorcery

n. (pi.

[French sourtier, related to sort]

/'so:did/ adj. 1 dirty, squalid. 2 ignoble, mercenary. sordidly adv. sordidness n. [Latin sordidus] sore -adj. 1 (of a part of the body) painful. 2 suffering pain. 3 aggrieved, vexed. 4 archaic grievous or severe (in sore need), -n. 1 inflamed place on the skin or flesh. 2 source of distress or annoyance, -adv. archaic grievously, severely. soreness n. [Old English] sorely adv. extremely (sorely tempted; sorely vexed). sore point n. subject causing distress

l

or annoyance.

sorghum

/'so:gam/ n. tropical cereal grass. [Italian sorgo]

sorority

/sa'rnriti/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

US

female students' society in a university or college. [Latin soror sister] sorrel /'sDr(a)l/ n. sour-leaved herb. [Germanic: related to sour] sorrel 2 /'sor(8)l/ -adj. of a light reddishbrown colour, -n. 1 this colour. 2 sorrel animal, esp. a horse. [French] jsorrow /'sDrau/ -n. 1 mental distress caused by loss or disappointment etc. 2 1

I

I

;

||

feel

sorrow, mourn.

[Old English] adj.

feeling,

causing,

or

sorrowfully adv.

showing sorrow.

sorry

pained, regretful, penitent (sorry about the mess). 2 (foil, by for) feeling pity or sympathy for. 3 (attrib.) wretched (a sorry sight), -int. expression of apology. sorry for oneself dejected. [Old English: related to sore] sort -n. 1 group of similar things etc.; class or kind. 2 colloq. person of a specified kind (a good sort), -v. (often foil, by out, over) arrange systematically; put in order. of a sort (or of sorts) colloq. barely deserving the name (a holiday of sorts), out of sorts slightly unwell; in low spirits, sort of colloq. as it were; to some extent, sort out 1 separate into sorts. 2 select from a varied group. 3 disentangle or put into order. 4 solve. 5 colloq. deal with or reprimand. [Latin sors sort- lot] sortie /'so:ti/ -n. 1 sally, esp. from a besieged garrison. 2 operational military flight, -v. (-ties, -tied, -tieing) make a sortie. [French]

SOS

/'son/ -adj. (-ier, -iest)

/.esau'es/

n.

(pi.

SOSs)

1

1

inter-

national code-signal of extreme distress. 2 urgent appeal for help, [letters easily recognized in Morse] /,sDst8'nu:tau/ Mus. -adv. & a sustained or prolonged manner, -n. (pi. -s) passage to be played in this way. [Italian] sot n. habitual drunkard. sottish adj. [Old English]

sostenuto (fern,

sordid

|

cause of sorrow. -v.

sorrowful

captious or clever sophistic but fallacious reasoner. related to [Greek: adj. /sa'fistik/ sophism] /'sofist/ n.

sophistry

soul

871

/'sDfiz(9)m/ n. false argument, intended to deceive. [Greek

adj. in

sotto voce

/.sDtao 'vautji/ adv. in

an

undertone. [Italian]

sou

/su:/ n. 1 colloq.

very small

sum

of

money. 2 hist, former French coin of low value. [French from Latin: related to solid]

soubrette

1 pert maidsera comedy. 2 actress taking this part. [French] soubriquet var. of sobriquet. souffle /'su:flei/ n. light spongy sweet or savoury dish usu. made with stiffly egg-whites and gelatine. beaten [French, = blown] sough /sau, sAf/ -v. moan or whisper like the wind in trees etc. -n. this sound. [Old English] sought past and past part, of seek. sought-after adj. generally desired, souk /su:k/ n. market-place in Muslim countries. [Arabic] soul /saul/ n. 1 spiritual or immaterial part of a person, often regarded as

vant

etc. in

/su:'bret/ n.

soul-destroying

immortal. 2 moral, emotional, or intellectual nature of a person. 3 personification or pattern (the very soul of discretion). 4 an individual (not a soul in sight). 5 person regarded with familiarity or pity etc. (the poor soul; a good soul). 6 person regarded as an animating or essential part (life and soul). 7 energy or intensity, esp. in a work of art. soul exupon 8 = soul music. clamation of surprise. [Old English] soul-destroying adj. (of an activity etc.) tedious, monotonous. soul food n. traditional food of Amer-

my

having,

adj.

evoking deep

soulless

expressing,

or

soulfully adv.

feeling,

lacking sensitivity or noble qualities. 2 undistinguished or adj.

1

uninteresting.

soul mate

person ideally suited to

n.

another.

soul music n. Black American music with rhythm and blues, gospel, and rock introspection. sound -n. 1 sensation caused in the ear by the vibration of the surrounding air or other medium. 2 vibrations causing this sensation. 3 what is or may be heard. 4 idea or impression conveyed by words (don't like the sound of that). 5 mere words. -v. 1 (cause to) emit sound. 2 utter, pronounce (sound a warning note). 3 convey an impression when heard (sounds worried). 4 give an audible signal for (an alarm etc.). 5 test (the n.

1

etc.)

by the sound produced, z

sound

off talk loudly or express one's opinions forcefully, z soundless adj. [Latin sonus] sound 2 -adj. 1 healthy; not diseased, injured, or rotten. 2 (of an opinion, policy, etc.) correct, well-founded. 3 financially secure. 4 undisturbed (sound sleeper). 5 thorough (sound

thrashing),

soundly

-adv.

soundly

asleep),

adv.

(sound

soundness

n.

[Old English]

sound

3

v. 1 test the depth or quality of the bottom of (the sea or a river etc.). 2 (often foil, by out) inquire (esp. discreetly) into the opinions or feelings of (a person). [French sonder from Latin sub unda under the wave] sound 4 n. strait (of water). [Old English, = swimming]

sound barrier n. high resistance of air to objects

moving

at speeds

near that of

sound.

sound

bite

n.

short pithy extract from etc., as part of a

an interview, speech,

news

etc.

the hollow body of a stringed musical instrument, providing resonance. sound effect n. sound other than speech or music made artificially for a film, broadcast, etc. sounding n. 1 measurement of the depth of water. 2 (in pi.) region close enough to the shore for sounding. 3 (in pi.) cautious investigation. sounding-balloon n. balloon used to obtain information about the upper n.

atmosphere.

sounding-board

n.

1

a person

etc.

to test opinion, b means of disseminating opinions etc. 2 canopy directing sound towards an audience.

sounding-line

n. line

used in sound-

ing.

sounding-rod

n.

rod used in sounding

water in a ship's hold,

soundproof -adj. impervious to sound, - v. make soundproof, sound system n. equipment for sound reproduction.

elements.

soul-searching

lungs

soundbox

used

ican Blacks.

soulful

sourpuss

872

broadcast.

soundtrack n.

1 the sound element of a film or videotape. 2 recording of this available made separately. 3 any single track in a multi-track recording. sound wave n. wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is transmitted in the air etc. soup /su:p/ -n. liquid food made by boiling meat, fish, or vegetables, -v. (usu. foil, by up) colloq. 1 increase the power of (an engine). 2 enliven (a souped-up version of the original), z in the soup colloq. in difficulties. [French] soupcon /'su:ps5/ n. small quantity; trace. [French: related to suspicion] soup-kitchen n. place dispensing soup etc. to the poor.

soup-plate

n.

soup-spoon

deep wide-rimmed plate, large round-bowled

n.

spoon.

soupy

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 like soup. 2 sentimental. -adj. 1 acid in taste or smell, esp. because unripe or fermented. 2 morose; bitter. 3 (of a thing) unpleasant; distasteful. 4 (of the soil) dank. -v. make or become sour, z go (or turn) sour 1 turn out badly. 2 lose one's keenness, z sourly adv. sourness n. [Old English] source /so:s/ n. 1 place from which a river or stream issues. 2 place of origination. 3 person or document etc. providing information, z at source at the point of origin or issue. [French: related to surge] sour grapes n.pl. resentful disparagement of something one covets.

sour

sourpuss son.

n. colloq.

sour-tempered per-

souse

sozzled

873

/saus/ -v. (-sing) 1 immerse in pickle or other liquid. 2 (as soused adj.) colloq. drunk. 3 (usu. foil, by in) soak (a thing) in liquid. -n. 1 a pickle made with salt, b US food in pickle. 2 plunge or drench in water. [French sous]

souse

soutane /su:'ta:n/ n. cassock worn by a Roman Catholic priest. [French from

south-south-west n. point or tion midway between south and

direc-

south-

west.

southward

/'sauGwad/ -adj.

&

adv.

southwards) towards the south. southward direction or region.

(also

— n. South-West town

part

n.

a country or

. (past stank or stunk; past part, stunk) 1 emit a strong offensive smell. 2 (often foil, by out) fill (a place) with a stink. 3 (foil, by out etc.) drive (a person) out etc. by a stink. 4 colloq. be or

seem very unpleasant, -n. 1 strong or offensive smell. 2 colloq. row or fuss. [Old English]

stink

bomb

n.

device emitting a stink

when opened. stinker

n. slang objectionable or diffiperson or thing. -adj. 1 that stinks. 2 slang very objectionable, -adv. slang extremely and usu. objectionably (stink-

cult

stinking

ing rich). stint -v.

1

supply (food or aid

meanly or grudgingly.

2 (often

etc.) refl.)

supply (a person etc.) in this way. -n. 1 limitation of supply or effort (without

amount of work (do one's stint). 3 small sandpiper. [Old English] stipend /'staipend/ n. salary, esp. of a clergyman. [Latin stipendium] stipendiary /stai'pendjan, sti-/ -adj. receiving a stipend, -n. (pi. -ies) person receiving a stipend. [Latin: related to stipend] stipendiary magistrate n. paid professional magistrate. stipple /'stip(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 draw or paint or engrave etc. with dots instead of lines. 2 roughen the surface of (paint, cement, etc.). -n. 1 stippling. 2 effect of stippling. [Dutch] stint). 2 allotted

stipulate

/'stipju.lert/ v. (-ting)

demand

or specify as part of a bargain

etc.

stir stipulation

/-'leij(9)n/ n.

[Latin stipu-

lari] 1

stir -v.

stodge

898

(-rr-) 1

move a spoon etc. round

in (a liquid etc.), esp. to mix ingredients. 2 a cause to move, esp. slightly, b be or begin to be in motion. 3 rise from sleep. 4 arouse, inspire, or excite (the emotions, a person, etc.). 5 colloq. cause trouble between people by gossiping etc. -n. 1 act of stirring. 2 stir in add commotion, excitement. (an ingredient) by stirring, stir up 1 mix thoroughly by stirring. 2 stimulate, stirrer n. [Old English] excite. stir 2 n. slang prison, [origin unknown] stir-fry -v. fry rapidly while stirring, -rc. stir-fried dish. stirrup /'stirap/ n. metal loop supporting a horse-rider's foot. [Old English, = climbing-rope] stirrup-cup n. cup of wine etc. offered

and round

to a departing traveller, orig. a rider. n. (also stirrupstrap) strap attaching a stirrup to a

stirrup-leather saddle.

stirrup-pump n. hand-operated waterpump with a foot-rest, used to extinguish small

stitch -n.

1

a

fires.

(in sewing, knitting, or

crocheting) single pass of a needle, or the resulting thread or loop etc. b particular method of sewing etc. 2 least bit of clothing (hadn 't a stitch on). 3 sharp pain in the side induced by running etc. -v. sew; make stitches (in). in stitches colloq. laughing uncontrollably, stitch up 1 join or mend by sewing. 2 slang trick, cheat, betray. [Old English: related to stick 2 ] stitch in time n. timely remedy. stoat n. mammal of the weasel family with brown fur turning mainly white in the winter, [origin unknown] stock -n. 1 store of goods etc. ready for sale or distribution etc. 2 supply or quantity of anything for use. 3 equipment or raw material for manufacture or trade etc. {rolling-stock). 4 farm animals or equipment. 5 a capital of a business, b shares in this. 6 reputation or popularity (his stock is rising). 7 a money lent to a government at fixed interest, b right to receive such interest. 8 line of ancestry (comes of Cornish stock). 9 liquid basis for soup etc. made by stewing bones, vegetables, etc. 10 fragrant-flowered cruciferous cultivated plant. 11 plant into which a graft is inserted. 12 main trunk of a tree etc. 13 (in pi) hist, timber frame with holes for the feet in which offenders were locked as a public punishment. 14 base, support, or handle for an implement or machine. 15 butt of a rifle etc. 16 (in pi.)

supports for a ship during building or repair. 17 band of cloth worn round the neck, -attrib. adj. 1 kept in stock and so regularly available. 2 hackneyed, conventional, -v. 1 have (goods) in stock. 2

provide (a shop or a farm goods, livestock, etc. 3

etc.)

(a

fit

gun

with etc.)

in (or out of) stock available (or not available) immediately

with a stock.

for sale etc. stock up (often foil, by with) provide with or get stocks or supplies

take stock 1 make an inventory of one's stock. 2 (often foil, by of) review (a situation etc.). [Old English] stockade /stn'keid/ -n. line or enclosure of upright stakes, -v. (-ding) fortify with this. [Spanish estacada] stockbreeder n. livestock farmer. (of),

stockbroker broking n.

= broker

n.

2.

stock-

stock-car n.

specially strengthened car for use in racing with deliberate bumping.

Stock Exchange in stocks there.

n. 1

place for dealing

and shares. 2 dealers working

stockholder

n.

owner of stocks or

shares.

stockinet

/.stDki'net/

n.

(also stock-

inette) elastic knitted fabric, [probably from stocking-net] stocking n. 1 long knitted covering for the leg and foot, of nylon, wool, silk, etc. 2 differently-coloured lower leg of a

horse etc. in one's stocking (or stockinged) feet without shoes, [from stock]

stocking-stitch n. alternate rows of plain and purl. stock-in-trade n. 1 requisite(s) of a trade or profession. 2 characteristic or product; characteristic behaviour, actions, etc. stockist n. dealer in specified types of goods. essential

stockjobber n. = jobber 2. stock market n. 1 = Stock Exchange. 2 transactions on this, stockpile -n. accumulated stock of

goods etc. held in reserve, —v, (-ling) accumulate a stockpile of. stockpot n. pot for making soup stock,

stockroom

n.

room

for storing goods,

stock-still adj. motionless,

stocktaking n.

1

making an inventory

of stock. 2 review of one's position etc. stocky adj. (-ier, -iest) short and stockily adv. stockiness n. sturdy. stockyard n. enclosure for the sorting or temporary keeping of cattle, stodge /stDd3/ n. colloq. heavy fattening food, [imitative, after stuffjand podge]

stodgy (-ier, -iest) 1 (of food)

heavy

and glutinous. 2 dull and uninteresting. stodgily adv. stodginess n. Stoic /'stauik/ -n. 1 member of the ancient Greek school of philosophy which sought virtue as the greatest good and taught control of one's feelings and passions. 2 (stoic) stoical person, -adj. = 1 of or like the Stoics. 2 (stoic) stoical. [Greek stoa portico] stoical adj. having or showing great self-control in adversity, stoically adv.

Stoicism

philosophy of the Stoics. 2 (stoicism) stoical attitude. stoke v. (-king) (often foil, by up) 1 feed and tend (a fire or furnace etc.). 2 colloq. fill oneself with food, [back-formation /'st9ui,siz(8)m/

n.

1

from stoker] n.

stokehole

n.

compartment in a steamship containing its boilers and furnace. space for stokers in front

of a furnace. n.

person

who

tends a furnace,

on a steamship. [Dutch] STOL abbr. short take-off and landing. stole n. 1 woman's garment like a long wide scarf, worn over the shoulders. 2 strip of silk etc. worn similarly by a esp.

1

priest. [Greek stole ing]

equipment, cloth-

stole 2 past of steal. stolen past part, of steal. stolid /'stDlid/ adj. not easily excited or moved; impassive, unemotional. stolidity

/-liditi/

n.

stolidly

adv.

stoma

/'stauma/ n. (pi. -s or stomata) 1 minute pore in the epidermis of a leaf. 2 small mouthlike artificial orifice made in the stomach. [Greek stoma mouth]

stomach

/'stAmak/ -n. 1 a internal organ in which digestion occurs, b any of several such organs in animals. 2 lower front of the body. 3 (usu. foil, by for) a appetite, b inclination, -v. 1 find palatable. 2 endure (usu. with neg.: canit).

stomach-ache

[Greek stoma mouth] pain in the belly or

n.

bowels.

stomacher

n. hist, pointed bodice of a dress, often jewelled or embroidered. [probably French: related to stomach] stomach-pump n. syringe for forcing liquid etc. into or out of the stomach, stomach upset n. temporary digestive

disorder. -v. tread or stamp heavily, -n. lively jazz dance with heavy stamping, [var. of stamp] stone -n. 1 a solid non-metallic mineral matter; rock, b small piece of this. 2 (often in comb.) piece of stone of a

stomp

same) unit of weight 5 = precious stone. 6 (attrib.) made of stone. — v. (-ning) 1 pelt with stones. 2 remove the stones from (fruit). cast (or throw) stones speak the body. 4

equal to 14

(pi.

lb.

of a person, leave no stone unturned try all possible means, a stone's throw a short distance. [Old ill

English]

Stone Age

prehistoric period when were made of stone. n. small brown bird with n.

weapons and

stonechat

tools

black and white markings. stone-cold adj. completely cold. stone-cold sober predic. adj. com-

stonecrop n. succulent rock-plant, stoned adj. slang drunk or drugged, stone-dead adj. completely dead, stone-deaf adj. completely deaf, stone-fruit n.

fruit

with flesh enclosing

a stone.

stoneground

(of flour)

adj.

ground

with millstones.

stonemason

person who cuts, prepares, and builds with stone. n.

stonewall v.

1 obstruct (a discussion or investigation) with evasive answers etc. 2 Cricket bat with excessive caution.

stoneware

n. ceramic ware which is impermeable and partly vitrified but

opaque.

stonewashed

adj.

(esp.

of

denim)

washed with abrasives to give a worn or

[Latin]

not stomach

definite shape or for a particular purpose. 3 a thing resembling stone, e.g. the hard case of the kernel in some fruits, b (often in pi.) hard morbid concretion in

pletely sober.

stokehold

stoker

stoolball

899

stodgy adj.

faded look.

stonework stonker

n.

masonry.

/'stDrjka(r)/ n.

c: origin

stony

slang excellent

stonking unknown]

person or thing.

adj. (-ier, -iest)

1

adj. [20th

full of stones. 2

a hard, rigid, b unfeeling, uncomstonily adv. stoniness n. promising. stony-broke adj. slang entirely without money. stood past and past part, of stand. stooge colloq. -n. 1 butt or foil, esp. for a comedian. 2 assistant or subordinate, esp. for routine or unpleasant work. — v. (-ging) 1 (foil, by for) act as a stooge for. 2 (foil, by about, around, etc.) move about aimlessly, [origin unknown] stook /stu:k, stuk/ -n. group of sheaves of grain stood on end in a field, -v. arrange in stooks. [related to Low Ger-

man

stuke]

stool n. 1 single seat without a back or arms. 2 = footstool. 3 (usu. in pi) = faeces. [Old English] n. team game with pairs of batters scoring runs between two bases.

stoolball

2

stool-pigeon

storm petrel

900

stool-pigeon

storage battery

stoop

storage

n. 1 person acting as a decoy. 2 police informer. 1 -v. 1 lower the body, sometimes bending the knee; bend down. 2 stand or walk with the shoulders habitually bent forward. 3 (foil, by to + infin.) condescend. 4 (foil, by to) descend to (some conduct), -n. stooping posture. [Old English] stoop 2 n. US porch, small veranda, or steps in front of a house. [Dutch stoep] stop -v. (-pp-) 1 a put an end to the progress, motion, or operation of. b effectively hinder or prevent, c discontinue (stop playing). 2 come to an end (supplies suddenly stopped). 3 cease from motion, speaking, or action. 4 defeat. 5 slang receive (a blow etc.). 6 remain; stay for a short time. 7 (often foil, by up) block or close up (a hole, leak, etc.). 8 not permit or supply as usual (stop their wages). 9 (in full stop payment of or on) instruct a bank to withhold payment on (a cheque). 10 fill (a tooth). 11 press (a violin etc. string) to obtain the required pitch, -rc. 1 stopping or being stopped. 2 designated stoppingplace for a bus or train etc. 3 = full stop. 4 device for stopping motion at a particular point. 5 change of pitch effected by stopping a string. 6 a (in an organ) row of pipes of one character, b knob etc. operating these. 7 Optics & Photog. = diaphragm 3a. 8 a effective diameter of a lens, b device for reducing this. 9 (of sound) = plosive, z pull out

the stops make extreme effort, put a stop to cause to end. stop at nothing be ruthless, stop off (or over) break one's journey. [Old English] stopcock n. externally operated valve regulating the flow through a pipe etc. all

stopgap

n.

stop-go

n.

temporary substitute. alternate stopping and

re-

starting, esp. of the economy. stopoff n. break in a journey. stopover n. break in a journey, esp.

overnight.

stoppage

n.

1

interruption of

work

to a strike etc. 2 (in pi.) sum deducted from pay, for tax, national insurance, etc. 3 condition of being blocked or stopped. stopper -n. plug for closing a bottle etc. -f. close with this.

owing

stop press

n.

(often attrib.) late

news

inserted in a newspaper after printing

has begun.

stopwatch n. watch that can be stopped and

started,

used

to

time races

etc.

storage /'sta:rid3/ «.1a storing of goods etc. b method of or space for storing. 2

storage

cell)

with something useful. 4 keep (data) for retrieval, z in store 1 kept in readiness. 2 coming in the future. 3 (foil, by for) awaiting, set store by consider

important. [French estore(r) from Latin instauro renew] storehouse n. storage place. storekeeper n. 1 storeman. 2 US shopkeeper. storeman n. person in charge of a store of goods. storeroom n. storage room.

storey

/'sto:ny n. (pi. -s) 1

= floor

n. 3.

thing forming a horizontal division, z -storeyed adj. (in comb.). [Anglo-Latin: related to history, perhaps originally meaning a tier of painted windows] storied /'sto:nd/ adj. literary celebrated in or associated with stories or legends. stork n. long-legged usu. white wading bird. [Old English] storm -n. 1 violent atmospheric disturbance with strong winds and usu. thunder, rain, or snow. 2 violent political etc. disturbance. 3 (foil, by of) a violent shower of missiles or blows, b outbreak of applause, hisses, etc. 4 a direct assault by troops on a fortified place, b capture by such an assault, -v. 1 attack or capture by storm. 2 (usu. foil, by in, out of, etc.) move violently or angrily (stormed out). 3 (often foil, by at, away) talk violently, rage, bluster, z take by storm 1 capture by direct assault. 2 rapidly captivate. [Old English]

storm centre

n. 1 point to which the wind spirals inward in a cyclonic storm.

2 centre of controversy etc. n. 1 heavy rain-cloud. 2 threatening situation,

storm cloud

storm-door n. additional outer door, storm in a teacup n. great excitement over a

trivial matter,

storm petrel n.

cost of storing. 3 storing of data in a

small

computer

petrel. 2

etc.

n. (also

battery (or cell) for storing electricity, heater n. electric heater releasing heat stored outside peak hours. store -n. 1 quantity of something kept available for use. 2 (in pi.) a articles gathered for a particular purpose, b supply of, or place for keeping, these. 3 a = DEPARTMENT STORE, b esp. US shop. c (often in pi.) shop selling basic necessities. 4 warehouse for keeping furniture etc. temporarily. 5 device in a computer for keeping retrievable data. -v. (-ring) 1 (often foil, by up, away) accumulate for future use. 2 put (furniture etc.) in a store. 3 stock or provide

(also

stormy petrel)

1

and white N. Atlantic person causing unrest.

black

storm trooper troops.

storm troops n.pl. hist.

1 = shock troops. 2 Nazi political militia.

stormy

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or affected

by storms. 2 (of a wind etc.) violent. 3 full of angry feeling or outbursts {stormy meeting). : stormily adv.

storminess

n.

stormy petrel

var. of

storm petrel.

story

/'sto:n/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 account of imaginary or past events; tale, anecdote. 2 history of a person or institution etc. 3 (in full

story-line) narrative or

plot of a novel, play, etc. 4 facts or experiences worthy of narration. 5 colloq. fib. [Anglo-French estorie from

Latin: related to history]

storyteller

n.

1

person who tells storytelling n.

stories. 2 coiloq. liar.

& adj. /stu:p/ n. 1 basin for holy-water. 2 archaic flagon, beaker. [Old Norse] stout —adj. 1 rather fat, corpulent, bulky. 2 thick or strong. 3 brave, resolstoutly ute, —n. strong dark beer. adv. stoutness n. [Anglo-French from

Germanic]

stout-hearted adj. courageous. stove n. closed apparatus burning 1

fuel

or using electricity for heating or cooking. [Low German or Dutch] stove 2 past and past part, of stave v. stove-pipe n. pipe carrying smoke and gases from a stove to a chimney. stow /stau/ v. pack (goods, cargo, etc.) stow away 1 tidily and compactly. place (a thing) out of the way. 2 be a stowaway on a ship etc. [from bestow] stowage n. 1 stowing. 2 place for this. stowaway n. person who hides on a ship or aircraft etc. to travel free.

strabismus squinting, squinting]

/stra'bizmas/ squint. [Greek

n.

Med. strabos

straddle

/'straed(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 a sit or stand across (a thing) with the legs spread, b be situated on both sides of. 2 part (one's legs) widely, [from stride] /stra:f, streif/ v. (-fing)

bombard;

attack with gunfire. [German, = punish]

straggle /'straeg(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 lack compactness or tidiness. 2 be dispersed or sporadic. 3 trail behind in a race etc. -n. straggling or scattered group.

straggler

n.

straggly

adj. (-ier, -iest).

[origin uncertain]

extending 1 /streit/ -adj. uniformly in the same direction; not bent or curved. 2 successive, uninterrupted (three straight wins). 3 ordered;

straight

level;

honest, candid. 5 (of thinking etc.) logical. 6 (of theatre, music, etc.) serious, classical, not popular or comic. 7 a unmodified, b (of a drink) undiluted. 8 coiloq. a (of a person etc.) conventional, respectable, b heterosexual. 9 direct, undeviating. -n. 1 straight part, esp. the concluding stretch of a racetrack. 2 straight condition. 3" sequence of five cards in poker. 4 coiloq. conventional person; heterosexual, -adv. 1 in a straight line; direct. 2 in the right direction. 3 correctly. go straight (of a criminal) become honest, straight away immediately, straight off coiloq.

without hesitation. straightish adj. straightness n. [originally a past part, of stretch]

straightaway

tidy

(put

things

straight).

4

/.streita'wei/

=

adv.

straight away.

straighten

stoup

strafe

strait

901

storm trooper n. member of the storm

/'streit(9)n/

v.

1

(often

foil,

by out) make or become straight. 2 (foil, by up) stand erect after bending. straight eye n. ability to detect deviation from the straight. straight face n. intentionally expressionless face. straight-faced adj. straight fight n. Polit. contest between two candidates only. straight flush n. flush in numerical sequence.

straightforward

/streit'foiwad/ adj.

1

honest or frank. 2 (of a task etc.) simple. straight man n. comedian's stooge. 1

strain -v. 1 stretch tightly; make or become taut or tense. 2 injure by overuse or excessive demands. 3 exercise (oneself, one's senses, a thing, etc.) intensely; press to extremes. 4 strive intensively. 5 (foil, by at) tug, pull. 6 distort from the true intention or meaning. 7 a clear (a liquid) of solid matter by passing it through a sieve etc. b (foil, by out) filter (solids) out from a liquid. -n. 1 a act of straining, b force exerted in this. 2 injury caused by straining a muscle etc. 3 severe mental or physical demand or exertion (suffering from strain). 4 snatch of music or poetry. 5 tone or tendency in speech or writing (more in the same strain). [French estrei(g)nfrom Latin stringo] strain 2 n. 1 breed or stock of animals, plants, etc. 2 tendency; characteristic. [Old English, = begetting] strained adj. 1 constrained, artificial. 2 (of a relationship) mutually distrustful or tense. strainer n. device for straining liquids etc.

strait n. 1 (in sing, or pi.) narrow channel connecting two large bodies of

straitened

tus narrow]

straitened /'streit(a)nd/ marked by poverty.

adj.

or

of

strait-jacket -n. 1 strong garment with long sleeves for confining a violent prisoner etc. 2 restrictive measures. -v. (-t-) 1 restrain with a strait-jacket. 2 severely restrict.

strait-laced

strand

1

adj. puritanical.

-v.

stranded

1

run aground.

2

(as

adj.) in difficulties, esp. with-

out money or transport, -n. foreshore; beach. [Old English] strand 2 n. 1 each of the twisted threads or wires making a rope or cable etc. 2 single thread or strip of fibre. 3 lock of hair. 4 element; component, [origin

unknown] strange /streind3/ adj. liar,

1

unusual, pecu-

surprising, eccentric. 2 (often

foil,

by to) unfamiliar, foreign. 3 (foil, by to) unaccustomed. 4 not at ease, strangely strangeness adv. n. [French estrange from Latin extraneus] stranger n. 1 person new to a particular place or company. 2 (often foil, by to) person one does not know. 3 (foil, by to) person unaccustomed to {no stranger to controversy).

strangle

/'straerjg(a)l/

v.

(-ling)

1

squeeze the windpipe or neck

of, esp. so 2 hamper, suppress, strangler n. [Latin strangulo] stranglehold n. 1 throttling hold in wrestling. 2 deadly grip. 3 complete control.

as

to

kill.

strangulate compress

/'straengju.leit/ v. (-ting) (a vein, intestine, etc.), pre-

venting circulation. [Latin: related to strangle]

strangulation

/,straerjgju'leiJXa)n/ n. 1

strangling or being strangled. 2 stran-

stratagem

/'straetad3am/ n. 1 cunning plan or scheme. 2 trickery. [Greek strategos a general] strategic /stra'ti:d3ik/ adj. 1 of or promoting strategy. 2 (of materials) essential in war. 3 (of bombing or weapons) done or for use as a longerterm military objective. strategically adv. strategy /'straetid3i/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 longterm plan or policy (economic strategy). 2 art of war. 3 art of moving troops, ships, aircraft, etc. into favourable positions, z strategist n. /straeG'spei/ n. 1 slow Scottish dance. 2 music for this. [Strathspey,

strathspey

valley of the river Spey]

stratify

/'straeti.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) (esp.

as stratified adj.) arrange in strata or grades etc. stratification /-fi'keiJXa)n/ n. [French: related to stra-

tum]

stratigraphy

strap -n.

1 strip of leather etc., often a buckle, for holding things together etc. 2 narrow strip of fabric worn over the shoulders as part of a garment. 3 loop for grasping to steady oneself in a moving vehicle. 4 (the strap) punishment by beating with a leather strap, -v. (-pp-) 1 (often foil, by down, up, etc.) secure or bind with a strap. 2 beat with a strap. strapless adj. [dial., = strop] straphanger n. slang standing passenger in a bus, train, etc. straphang

with

v.

strapping

adj. large and sturdy. strata pi of stratum. It is

the singular

incorrect to use strata as of stratum.

noun instead

/stra'tigrafi/ n.

Geol.

&

Archaeol. 1 relative position of strata. 2 the study of this. stratigraphic /.straeti'graefik/ adj. [from stratum] stratosphere /'straeta,sfi9(r)/ n. layer of atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km from the earth's

surface.

stratospheric

/-'sfenk/ adj. [from stratum] /'stra:tam/ n. (pi. strata) 1 layer or set of layers of any deposited

stratum

substance, esp. of rock. 2 atmospheric layer. 3 social class. [Latin sterno strew] straw n. 1 dry cut stalks of grain as fodder or material for bedding, packing, etc. 2 single stalk of straw. 3 thin tube for sucking drink through. 4 insignificant thing. 5 pale yellow colour, clutch at straws try any remedy in desperation, straw in the wind indication of future developments. [Old English]

strawberry

gulating.

Usage

streak

902

water. 2 (usu. in pi.) difficulty or distress. [French estreit from Latin str ic-

pulpy red

/'str3:ban/ n.

(pi.

-ies)

1

with a seed-studded surwith runners and white flowers bearing this. [Old English: related to straw, for unknown reason] strawberry mark n. reddish birthmark. fruit

face. 2 plant

straw vote

n. (also straw poll) unofas a test of opinion. stray -u. 1 wander from the right place or from one's companions; go astray. 2 deviate morally or mentally, -n. strayed person, animal, or thing, -adj. 1 strayed, lost. 2 isolated, occasional. 3 Physics wasted or unwanted. [AngloFrench strey: related to astray] streak -n. 1 long thin usu. irregular line or band, esp. of colour. 2 strain in a person's character. 3 spell or series % (winning streak), -v. 1 mark with

ficial ballot

streaky streaks. 2

move very

rapidly. 3 colloq.

run naked in public, streaker n. [Old English, = pen-stroke]

streaky

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 full of streaks. 2 (of bacon) with streaks of fat. stream -rc. 1 flowing body of water, esp. a small river. 2 flow of a fluid or of a mass of people. 3 current or direction in

which things are moving or tending (against the stream). 4 group of schoolsimilar ability taught 1 move as a stream. 2 run with liquid. 3 be blown in the wind. 4 emit a stream of (blood etc.). 5 arrange on (schoolchildren) in streams. stream in operation or production. [Old English] streamer n. 1 long narrow strip of ribbon or paper. 2 long narrow flag. 3 banner headline. streamline v. (-ning) 1 give (a vehicle etc.) the form which presents the least resistance to motion. 2 make simple or

children

of together, -v.

more

efficient.

street

stride

903

n. a public road in a city, town, or village, b this with the houses etc. on each side. 2 people who live or work in a on the streets livparticular street. ing by prostitution, streets ahead (often foil, by of) colloq. much superior (to), up (or right up) one's street colloq. what one likes, knows about, etc. [Old English] streetcar n. US tram. street credibility n. (also street cred) slang familiarity with a fashionable urban subculture. streetwalker n. prostitute seeking customers in the street, streetwise n. knowing how to survive "\

modern urban life. strength n. 1 being strong; degree or manner of this. 2 a person or thing giving strength, b positive attribute. 3 number of people present or available; from strength to full number. strength with ever-increasing success, in strength in large numbers, on the strength of on the basis of. [Old English: related to strong] strengthen /'stren8(9)n/ v. make or become stronger. strenuous /'strenjuas/ adj. 1 requiring or using great effort. 2 energetic, strenuously adv. [Latin]

stress -n. 1 a pressure or tension, b quantity measuring this. 2 a physical or mental strain, b distress caused by this. 3 a emphasis, b emphasis on a syllable or word. -u. 1 emphasize. 2 subject to stress. lay stress on emphasize, [shortening of distress]

stressful adj. causing stress. stretch -v. 1 draw, be'drawn, or be able be drawn out in length or size. 2 make or become taut. 3 place or lie at full length or spread out. 4 (also absol.) a extend (a limb etc.). b thrust out one's limbs and tighten one's muscles after being relaxed. 5 have a specified length or extension; extend. 6 strain or exert extremely; exaggerate (stretch the truth), 1 -n. continuous extent, expanse, or period. 2 stretching or being stretched. 3 (attrib.) elastic (stretch fabric). 4 colloq. period of imprisonment etc. 5 US straight side of a racetrack. at a stretch in one period, stretch one's legs exercise oneself by walking, stretch out 1 extend (a limb etc.). 2 last; prolong, stretch a point agree to somestretchy thing not normally allowed. adj. (-ier, -iest). [Old English] stretcher n. 1 two poles with canvas etc. between, for carrying a person in a lying position. 2 brick etc. laid along the face of a wall. strew /stru:/ v. (past part, strewn or strewed) 1 scatter or spread about over a surface. 2 (usu. foil, by with) spread (a surface) with scattered things. [Old English: related to straw] 'strewth var. of 'struth. stria /'straia/ n. (pi. striae /-i:/) slight ridge or furrow. [Latin] striate -adj. /'strant/ (also striated to

marked with striae, -v. (-ting) mark with slight striation /strai'eij(a)n/ n. stricken /'strikan/ adj. overcome with illness or misfortune etc. [archaic past /-eitid/)

/'straieit/

ridges.

part, of strike]

strict adj. 1 precisely limited or defined; undeviating (strict diet). 2 requiring complete obedience or exact performstrictly speaking applying ance. words or rules in their strict sense, n strictly adv. strictness n. [Latin stringo

strict-

draw

tight]

/.strepta'kDkas/ n. (pi. -cocci /-kai/) bacterium of ^a type often streptocausing infectious diseases. coccal adj. [Greek streptos twisted,

stricture

kokkos berry]

stride -v. (ding; past strode; past part. stridden /'stnd(a)n/) 1 walk with long firm steps. 2 cross with one step. 3

streptococcus

streptomycin

/.streptau'maism/ n. antibiotic effective against many disease-

producing twisted,

bacteria.

mukes fungus]

[Greek

streptos

often

/'stnktj8(r)/ n. (usu. in pi; foil, by on, upon) critical or

censorious remark. [Latin: related to strict]

bestride, -n.

length of

1

a single long step, b

this. 2 gait as

determined by

strident

the length of stride. 3 (usu. in pi.) progress {great strides). 4 steady progress take in one's (get into one's stride). stride manage easily. [Old English]

strident harsh.

/'straid(a)nt/

stridency

n.

adj. loud and stridently adv.

[Latin strido creak] conflict; struggle. [French n. related to strive] strike -v. (-king; past struck; past part, struck or archaic stricken) 1 deliver (a blow) or inflict a blow on; hit. 2 come or bring sharply into contact with (ship struck a rock). 3 propel or divert with a blow. 4 (cause to) penetrate (struck terror into him). 5 ignite

strife estrif.

match) or produce (sparks etc.) by make (a coin) by stamping. 7 produce (a musical note) by striking. 8 (a

friction. 6

a (also absol.) (of a clock) indicate (the time) with a chime etc. b (of time) be so indicated. 9 a attack suddenly, b (of a disease) afflict. 10 cause to become suddenly (struck dumb). 11 reach or achieve (strike a balance). 12 agree on (a bargain). 13 assume (an attitude)

suddenly and dramatically. 14 discover or find (oil etc.) by drilling etc. 15 occur to or appear to (strikes me as silly). 16 (of employees) engage in a strike. 17 lower or take down (a flag or tent etc.). 18 take a specified direction. 19 (also absol.) secure a hook in the mouth of (a fish) by jerking the tackle, -rc. 1 act of striking. 2 a organized refusal to work until a grievance is remedied, b similar refusal to participate. 3 sudden find or success. 4 attack, esp. from the air. on strike taking part in an industrial etc. strike, strike home 1 deal an effective blow. 2 have the intended effect, strike off 1 remove with a stroke. 2 delete (a name etc.) from a list, esp. a professional register, strike out 1 hit out. 2 act vigorously. 3 delete (an item or name etc.). 4 set off (struck out eastwards). strike up 1 start (an acquaintance, conversation, etc.), esp. casually. 2 (also absol.) begin playing (a tune etc.). struck on colloq. infatuated with. [Old English, = go, stroke] strikebreaker n. person working or employed in place of strikers. strike pay n. allowance paid to strikers by their union. striker n. 1 employee on strike. 2 Football attacking player positioned forward. striking adj. impressive; attracting at-

strikingly adv. 1 comic transliteration of Australian pronunciation. 2 (esp. uneducated) Australian English. [= Australian in Strine]

tention,

Strine n.

stripe

904

1 twine or narrow cord. 2 piece of this or of similar material used for tying or holding together, pulling, forming the head of a racket, etc. 3 length of catgut or wire etc. on a musical instrument, producing a note by vibration. 4 a (in pi.) stringed instruments in an orchestra etc. b (attrib.) of stringed instruments (string quartet). 5 (in pi.) condition or complication (no strings attached). 6 set of things strung together; series or line. 7 tough side of a bean-pod etc. -v. (past and past part. strung) 1 fit (a racket, violin, archer's bow, etc.) with a string or strings, or (a violin etc. bow) with horsehairs etc. 2 tie with string. 3 thread on a string. 4 arrange in or as a string. 5 remove the strings from (a bean), on a string under one's control, string along colloq. 1 deceive. 2 (often foil, by with) keep company (with), string out extend; prolong, string up 1 hang up on strings etc. 2 kill by hanging. 3 (usu. as strung up adj.) make tense. [Old English] string-course n. raised horizontal band of bricks etc. on a building.

string -n.

stringed

adj. (of musical instruments) strings. stringent /'stnnd3(a)nt/ adj. (of rules etc.) strict, precise; leaving no loophole stringency n. strinfor discretion. gently adv. [Latin: related to strict]

having

stringer

n. 1 longitudinal structural in a framework, esp. of a ship or aircraft. 2 colloq. freelance newspaper correspondent. string vest n. vest with large meshes.

member

stringy

-iest)

like

string,

fibrous. stringiness n. 1 -v. (-pp-) 1 (often

foil,

by

adj.

(-ier,

strip

of)

remove the clothes or covering from. 2 (often foil, by off) undress oneself. 3 (often

foil,

by

property or

of)

titles.

deprive (a person) of 4 leave bare. 5 (often

by down) remove the accessory fittings of or take apart (a machine etc.). foil,

6 damage the thread of (a screw) or the teeth of (a gearwheel). 7 remove (paint) or remove paint from (a surface) with solvent. 8 (often foil, by from) pull (a covering etc.) off (stripped the masks from their faces), -n. 1 act of stripping, esp. in striptease. 2 colloq. distinctive outfit worn by a sports team. [Old English]

strip 2

tear a n. long narrow piece. person off a strip colloq. rebuke a person. [Low German strippe strap] strip cartoon n. = comic strip. strip club n. club at which striptease is

performed.

stripe

n. 1

long narrow^ band or strip

differing in colour or texture

from the

striped

adj. marked with stripes. strip light n. tubular fluorescent lamp. stripling n. youth not yet fully grown,

striped

[from strip 2 ]

stripper

n. 1

something.

person or thing that strips 2

device

removing paint

etc.

or solvent for 3 striptease per-

former.

strip-search -n. search involving the removal of all a person's clothes, -v. search in this way.

striptease /'stnpti:z/ n. entertainment in which the performer slowly and erotically undresses.

stripy strive

struggle

905

surface on either side of it. 2 Mil. chevron etc. denoting military rank, [perhaps from Low German or Dutch]

adj. (-ier, -iest) striped.

v. (-ving; past strove; past part. striven /'stnv(a)n/) 1 try hard (strive to

succeed). 2 (often foil, by with, against) struggle. [French estriver] strobe n. colloq. stroboscope, [abbreviation] stroboscope /'strauba.skaup/ n. 1 Physics instrument for determining speeds of rotation etc. by shining a bright light at intervals so that a rotating object appears stationary. 2 lamp made to flash intermittently, esp. for this purstroboscopic /-'skopik/ adj. pose. [Greek strobos whirling] strode past of stride. stroke -n. 1 act of striking; blow, hit. 2 sudden disabling attack caused esp. by thrombosis; apoplexy. 3 a action or movement, esp. as one of a series, b slightest action (stroke of work). 4 single complete motion of a wing, oar, etc. 5 (in rowing) the mode or action of moving the oar (row a fast stroke). 6 whole motion of a piston in either direction. 7 specified mode of swimming. 8 specially successful or skilful effort (a stroke of diplomacy). 9 mark made by a single movement of a pen, paintbrush, etc. 10 detail contributing to the general effect. 11 sound of a striking clock. 12 (in full stroke oar) oar or oarsman nearest the stern, setting the time of the stroke. 13 act or spell of stroking, -v. (-king) 1 pass one's hand gently along the surface of (hair or fur etc.). 2 act as the at a stroke stroke of (a boat or crew). by a single action, on the stroke (of) punctually (at). [Old English: related to strike] stroll /straul/ -v. walk in a leisurely way. -n. short leisurely walk, [probably from German Strolch vagabond] strolling players n.pl. hist, travelling actors etc. strong -adj. (stronger /'strDrjga(r)/; strongest /'stmngist/) 1 able to resist;

not easily damaged, overcome, or disturbed. 2 healthy. 3 capable of exerting great force or of doing much; muscular, powerful. 4 forceful in effect (strong wind). 5 firmly held (strong suspicion). 6 (of an argument etc.) convincing. 7 intense (strong light). 8 formidable (strong candidate). 9 (of a solution or drink etc.) not very* diluted. 10 of a specified number (200 strong). 11 Gram. (of a verb) forming inflections by a change of vowel within the stem (e.g. swim, swam), -adv. strongly. come on strong behave aggressively, going strong colloq. continuing vigorously; in good health etc. strongish adj. strongly adv. [Old English] strong-arm attrib. adj. using force

(strong-arm

tactics).

strongbox

strongly

made

fortified place. 2

secure

n. small chest for valuables.

stronghold n.

1

refuge. 3 centre of support for a cause etc.

strong language n. swearing, strong-minded adj. determined, strong point n. (also strong

suit)

thing at which one excels,

strongroom n. room, esp. in a bank, for keeping valuables safe from

fire

and

theft.

strontium

/'strontiam/

n.

soft silver-

white metallic element. [Strontian in Scotland]

strontium-90

n.

radioactive isotope of

strontium found in nuclear fallout and concentrated in bones and teeth when ingested. device, esp. a strip of leather, for sharpening razors. -v. (-pp-) sharpen on a strop. [Low German or Dutch] stroppy /'stropi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. bad-tempered; awkward to deal with, [origin uncertain] strove past of strive. struck past and past part, of strike. structural /'strAktJar(a)l/ adj. of a

strop -n.

structure.

structurally adv.

structuralism

n. doctrine that structure rather than function is important. structuralist n. & adj. structure /'strAktJa(r)/ -n. 1 a constructed unit, esp. a building, b way in which a building etc. is constructed. 2

framework (new wages

structure), -v. (-ring) give structure to; organize. [Latin struo struct- build]

strudel

/'stru:d(a)l/

pastry rolled round a

n.

thin

filling

leaved

and baked.

[German]

struggle

/'strAg(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 violently try to get free of restraint. 2 (often foil, by for, or to + infin.) try hard under

strum

power; strug-

gled to win). 3 (foil, by with, against) contend; fight. 4 (foil, by along, up, etc.) progress with difficulty. 5 (esp. as struggling adj.) have difficulty in gaining recognition or a living (struggling artist), -n. 1 act or spell of struggling. 2 hard or confused contest, [origin uncertain]

strum

-v. (-mm-) 1 (often foil, by on; also absol.) play on (a guitar, piano, etc.), esp. carelessly or unskilfully. 2 play (a tune etc.) in this way. -rc. sound or spell of strumming, [imitative: cf.

THRUM

]

archaic or rhet.

prostitute, [origin unknown] strung past and past part, of string. 1 bar in a framework, designed compression. 2 strutting gait. -u. (-tt-) 1 walk stiffly and pompously. 2 brace with struts. [Old English] 'struth /stru:0/ int. (also 'strewth) colloq. exclamation of surprise. [God's

strut -n. to resist

truth]

strychnine /'stnkni:n/ n. highly poisonous alkaloid used in small doses as a stimulant. [Greek strukhnos nightshade]

Sts abbr. Saints. 1

remnant of a pencil or cigarcheque or

ette etc. 2 counterfoil of a

receipt etc. 3 stump. (-bb-) 1 strike (one's toe) against something. 2 (usu. foil, by out) extinguish (a cigarette) by pressure. [Old English] stubble /'stAb(9)l/ n. 1 stalks of corn etc. left in the ground after the harvest. 2

short

stiff

hair or bristles.

stubbly

adj. [Latin stupula]

stubborn

/'stAban/ adj. obstinate, in-

stubbornly adj. stubbornunknown] stubby adj. (-ier, -est) short and thick. stucco /'stAkau/ -n. (pi. -es) plaster or cement for coating walls or moulding flexible.

ness

stud

(of a stallion) hired out for breed-

ing. [Old English]

stud-book

n. [origin

into decorations, -v. (-es, -ed) coat with stucco. [Italian] stuck past and past part, of stick 2 stuck-up adj. conceited, snobbish. 2 [stick ] stud 1 -n. 1 large-headed projecting nail, boss, or knob, esp. for ornament. 2 double button, esp. for use with two buttonholes in a shirt-front. -i>. (-dd-) 1 set with or as with studs. 2 (as studded adj.) (foil, by with) thickly set or strewn with. [Old English] stud 2 n. 1 a number of horses kept for breeding etc. b place where these are kept. 2 stallion. 3 colloq. young man, esp. one noted for sexual prowess. 4 (in full stud poker) form of poker with betting after the dealing of cards face up. at .

n.

book containing the

pedi-

grees of horses.

studding-sail

/'stAns(a)l/ n. extra sail

set in light winds.

[Low German or

Dutch]

student

/'stju:d(a)nt/ n. 1

person

who is

studying, esp. at a place of higher or further education. 2 (attrib.) studying in order to become (student nurse). studentship n. [Latin: related to study] stud-farm n. place where horses are bred.

studio

1

strumpet /'strAmpit/ n.

stub -n.

stuff

906

difficulties (struggled for

/'stju:diao7 n. (pi. -s)

1

workroom

of a painter, photographer, etc. 2 place for making films, recordings, or broadcast programmes. [Italian] studio couch n. couch convertible into a bed. studio flat n. one-roomed flat.

studious

/'stju:dias/ adj. 1 assiduous in study. 2 painstaking, z studiously adv. [Latin: related to study] study /'stAdi/ -n. (pi. -ies) 1 acquisition of knowledge, esp. from books. 2 (in pi.) pursuit of academic knowledge. 3 private room used for reading, writing, etc. 4 piece of work, esp. a drawing, done for practice or as an experiment. 5 portrayal in literature etc. of behaviour or character etc. 6 musical composition designed to develop a player's skill. 7

thing worth observing (his face was a study). 8 thing that is or deserves to be investigated, -v. (-ies, -ied) 1 make a study of; investigate (a subject) (study law). 2 (often foil, by for) apply oneself to study. 3 scrutinize closely (a visible object). 4 learn (one's" role etc.). 5 take pains to achieve (a result) or pay regard to (a subject or principle etc.). 6 (as affected deliberate, studied adj.) (studied politeness). [Latin studium] stuff -n. 1 material; fabric. 2 substance or things not needing to be specified (lot of stuff on the news). 3 particular knowledge or activity (know one's stuff). 4 woollen fabric. 5 trash, nonsense. 6 (prec. by the) a colloq. supply, esp. of drink or drugs, b slang money, -v. 1 pack (a receptacle) tightly (stuff a cushion with feathers). 2 (foil, by in, into) force or cram (a thing). 3 fill out the skin of (an animal etc.) with material to restore the original shape. 4 fill (food, esp. poultry) with a mixture, esp. before cooking. 5 (also refl.) fill with food; eat greedily. 6 push, esp. hastily or clumsily. 7 (usu. in passive; foil, by up) block up (the nose etc.). 8 slang (expressing contempt) dispose of (you can stuff the job). 9 coarse slang offens. have sexual intercourse with (a woman).

get

stuffed shirt

[French

estoffe]

stuffed shirt

n. colloq.

pompous

per-

son.

stupid

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 (of a

room

etc.)

lacking fresh air. 2 dull or uninteresting. 3 (of the nose etc.) stuffed up. 4 dull stuffily adv. stufand conventional. finess n.

stultify

/'stAlti.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied)

ineffective or useless, esp.

make

by routine.

stultification /-fi'keiJXa)n/

[Latin

n.

stultus foolish] /'stAmb(a)l/ -v. (-ling)

stumble

1

invol-

untarily lurch forward or almost fall. 2 (often foil, by along) walk with repeated stumbles. 3 speak haltingly. 4 (foil, by on, upon, across) find by chance, -rc. act of stumbling, [related to stammer]

stumbling-block

stump -it

n.

obstacle.

part of a cut or fallen tree still in the ground. 2 similar part (e.g. of a branch or limb) cut off or worn down. 3 Cricket each of the three uprights of a wicket. 4 (in pi.) joc. legs. -v. 1 (of a question etc.) be too hard for; baffle. 2 (as stumped adj.) at a loss, baffled. 3 Cricket put (a batsman) out by touching the stumps with the ball while he is out of the crease. 4 walk stiffly or noisily. 5 (also absol.) US traverse (a district) making political speeches, n stump up colloq. pay or produce (the money required). [Low German or Dutch] stumpy adj. (-ier, -iest) short and thick, 1

stumpiness n. stun v. (-nn-) 1 knock senseless; stupefy. 2 bewilder, shock. [French: related to

astonish]

stung past and past part, of sting. stunk past and past part, of stink. stunner n. colloq. stunning person

or

thing.

stunning adj.

colloq.

extremely attract-

stunningly adv. ive or impressive. stunt v. retard the growth or development of. [obsolete stunt foolish, short] stunt 2 n. 1 something unusual done for 1

publicity. 2 trick or daring feat, [origin

unknown] stunt man n. man employed to perform dangerous stunts in place of an

stupefy

/'srju:pi,fai/

v.

(-ies,

actor. -ied)

1

stupid or insensible. 2 astonish,

stupefaction /-'fa?kj(8)n/ n. amaze. [French from Latin stupeo be amazed] /stju.'pendas/ adj. amazstupening or prodigious, esp. in size,

stupendous

i

dously

;

adv. [Latin: related to stupefy]

(stupider,

stupidest) 1 unintelligent, foolish (a stupid fellow). 2 typical of stupid persons (stupid mistake). 3 uninteresting, boring. 4 in a stupor, n stupidity n.

(pi.

[Latin: related to

stupor

-ies). stupidly adv. stupendous]

/'stju:pa(r)/ n.

helplessly

cooking.

stuffy

adj.

/'stju:pid/

/-'piditi/

stuffing n. 1 padding for cushions etc. 2 mixture used to stuff food, esp. before

make

stymie

907

stuffed slang exclamation of dismissal, contempt, etc. stuff and nonsense exclamation of incredulity or ridicule.

amazed

dazed, torpid, or

state. [Latin: related

to stupefy]

sturdy /'st3:di/ adj.

(-ier, -iest) 1

robust;

vigorous (sturdy resistance), n sturdily adv. sturdiness n. [French esturdi] sturgeon /'st3:d3(a)n/ n. (pi. same or -s) large sharklike fish yielding caviare. [Anglo-French from Germanic] stutter -v. 1 stammer, esp. by involuntary repetition of the initial consonants of words. 2 (often foil, by out) utter (words) in this way. -n. act or habit of strongly

built.

2

stuttering, [dial, stut] 1 (pi. sties) I stail n.

sty

= pigsty. [Old

English]

sty r

n. (also stye) (pi. sties or I stail styes) inflamed swelling on the edge of an eyelid. [Old English] Stygian /'stid3ian/ adj. literary dark, gloomy, [literally = of the Styx, a river

round Hades in Greek mythology] style /stail/ -n. 1 kind or sort, esp. in regard to appearance and form (elegant style of house). 2 manner of writing, speaking, or performing. 3 distinctive of a person, artistic school, or period. 4 correct way of designating a person or thing. 5 superior quality or manner (do it in style). 6 fashion in dress etc. 7 pointed tool for scratching or engraving. 8 Bot. narrow extension of the ovary supporting the stigma, -y. (-ling) 1 design or make etc. in a particular (esp. fashionable) style. 2 designate in a specified way. [Latin stilus] stylish adj. 1 fashionable; elegant. 2 stylishly adv. stylishness superior.

manner

n.

stylist /'stailist/ n. 1 a designer of fashionable styles etc. b hairdresser. 2 stylish writer or performer, stylistic /stai'listik/ adj. of esp. literary stylistically adv. style.

stylized

/'stailaizd/

adj.

(also

-ised)

painted, drawn, etc. in a conventional non-realistic style. stylus /'stailas/ n. (pi. -luses) 1 sharp needle following a groove in a gramophone record and transmitting the recorded sound for reproduction. 2 pointed writing tool. [Latin: related to STYLE]

stymie

/'staimi/ (also stimy) -ft (pi. Golf situation where an opponent's ball lies between one's ball and the -ies) 1

styptic

[origin

unknown]

styptic

/'stiptik/

carbon easily polymerized and used in making plastics etc. [Greek sturax a resin] suasion /'swei3(a)n/ n. formal persuasion {moral suasion). [Latin suadeo suas- urge] suave /swa:v/ adj. smooth; polite; suavely adv. suavity sophisticated. /-viti/ n. [Latin suavis] sub colloq. -n. 1 submarine. 2 subscription. 3 substitute. 4 sub-editor, -v. (-bb-)

(usu.

foil,

by for) act as a substitute. 2

sub-edit, [abbreviation]

sub- prefix

1 at, to, or from a lower position (subordinate; submerge; subtract). 2 secondary or inferior position (subclass; subtotal). 3 nearly; more or less (subarctic). [Latin]

subaltern

/'sAbalt(a)n/ n. officer

below

the rank of captain, esp. a second lieutenant. [Latin: related to alternate] sub-aqua /sAb'aekwa/ adj. of underwater swimming or diving.

subaquatic

/.sAba'kwaetik/ adj. under-

water.

subatomic /.sAba'tnmik/ adj. in,

occurring

or smaller than, an atom,

subcommittee

committee formed from a main committee for a special n.

purpose.

subconscious /sAb'konJas/ -adj. of the part of the mind which is not fully conscious but influences actions etc. —n. subconthis part of the mind.

sciously adv. /'sAb.kontmant/ n. large land mass, smaller than a continent.

subcontract

/.SAbkan'traekt/ 1 -v. employ another contractor to do (work) as part of a larger project. 2 make or out a subcontract. -n. carry /sAb'knntraekt/ secondary contract.

subcontractor

/-'traekta(r)/ n.

/'sAb,kAltJa(r)/ n. distinct

cultural group within a larger culture.

subcutaneous

/,sAbkju:'teinias/

adj.

under the

skin. subdivide /.SAbdi'vaid/ v. (-ding) divide again after a first division. subdivi-

sion

/-,vi3(a)n/ n.

subdue

v. (-dues, -dued, conquer, subjugate, or tame. 2 (as subdued adj.) softened; lacking in intensity; toned down. [Latin subduco]

-duing)

/sab'dju:/

1

/sAb'edita(r)/ n. 1 assistant editor. 2 person who edits material for

sub-edit

printing.

v. (-t-).

/'sAbfAsk/ -adj.

formal

dull;

dusky, -n. formal clothing at some universities. [Latin fuscus dark brown] subgroup /'sAbgru:p/ n. subset of a group. subheading /'sAb.hedirj/ n. subordinate heading or title. subhuman /sAb'hju:man/ adj. (of behaviour, intelligence, etc.) less than

human. subject -n.

1 a matter, be discussed, described, represented, etc. b (foil, by for) person, circumstance, etc., giving rise to a specified feeling, action, etc. (subject for congratulation). 2 field of study. 3 Logic & Gram, noun or its equivalent about which a sentence is predicated and with which the verb agrees. 4 any person, except a monarch, living under a government. 5 Philos. a thinking or feeling entity; the conscious mind esp. as opposed to anything external to it. b central substance of a thing as opposed to its attributes. 6 Mus. theme; leading phrase or motif. 7 person of specified tendencies (a hysterical subject), -adj.

theme,

/'sAbd3ikt/

etc. to

/'sAbd3ikt/ 1 (foil, by to) conditional (subject to your approval). 2 (foil, by to) liable or exposed to (subject to infection). 3 (often foil, by to) owing

upon

obedience to a government etc.; in subjection, -adv. /'sAbd3ikt/ (foil, by to)

upon

conditionally

(subject to your con-

sent, I shall go), -v. /sab'd3ekt/

1

(foil,

to) make liable; expose (subjected us hours of waiting). 2 (usu. foil, by to) subdue to one's sway etc. subjection

by to

/sab'd3ekj(a)n/

n.

[Latin

subjectus

placed under]

subjective

subcontinent

subculture

sub-editor

subfusc

-adj. checking bleeding, -n. styptic substance. [Greek stupho contract] styrene /'staiari:n/ n. liquid hydro-

1

subjugate

908

hole. 2 difficult situation, -v. (-mies, -mied, -mying or -mieing) 1 obstruct; thwart. 2 Golf block with a stymie,

/sab'd3ektiv/ adj.

1

(of art,

written history, an opinion, etc.) not impartial or literal; personal. 2 esp. Philos. of the individual consciousness or perception; imaginary, partial, or distorted. 3 Gram, of the subject, subjectivity adv. subjectively /,SAbd3ek'tiviti/ n. [Latin: related to subject] subjoin /sAb'd3om/ v. add (an illustration, anecdote, etc.) at the end. [Latin

subjungo

-junct-]

sub judice

/sAb

'd3u:disi/

adj.

Law

under judicial consideration and therefore prohibited from public discussion elsewhere. [Latin]

subjugate /'sAbd3u,geit/ v. tion

/-'geij(a)n/ n.

jugum yoke]

(-ting) bring

subjugasubjugator n. [Latin

into subjection; vanquish.

subjunctive subjunctive /sab'd3Anktiv/ Gram, -adj. (of a mood) expressing what is

imagined, wished, or possible (e.g. if I were you; be that as it may), -n. this mood or form. [Latin: related to sublease granted by a tenant to a subtenant, -v. /sAb'liis/ (-sing) lease to a subtenant. sublet -n. /'sAblet/ - sublease n. -v. /sAb'let/ (-tt-; past and past part, -let) =

SUBLEASE

/'sAbli:s/

/.SAbleftenant/

of-

n.

ranking next below lieutenant.

sublimate

-v. /sAbli.meit/ (-ting) 1 divert (esp. sexual energy) into socially more acceptable activity. 2 convert (a substance) from the solid state directly to vapour by heat, and usu. allow it to solidify again. 3 refine; purify; idealize. -n. /'sAblimat/ sublimated substance.

sublimation

/-'meij(a)n/

[Latin:

n.

related to sublime] sublime /sa'blaim/ -adj. (sublimer, sublimest) 1 of the most exalted or noble kind; awe-inspiring. 2 arrogantly unruffled (sublime indifference), -v. 1 = sublimate v. 2. 2 purify or elevate by or as if by sublimation; make sublime. 3 become pure (as if) by sublimation. sublimely adv. sublimity /-'limiti/ n. [Latin sublimis] subliminal /sab'limm(a)l/ adj. Psychol. (of a stimulus etc.) below the threshold subof sensation or consciousness. liminally adv. [Latin limen -minthreshold]

sub-machine-gun

/.sAbma JimgAn/ hand-held lightweight machine-gun.

n.

submarine

/,SAbma'ri:n, 'sAb-/ -n. vesan armed warship, capable of operating under water, -attrib. adj. existing, occurring, done, or used under submariner /-'maerma(r)/ n. the sea. sel, esp.

submerge /sab'm3:d3/ v. (-ging) 1 go, or dive

place,

under water. 2 inundate with

work, problems,

etc.

submergence

submersion

/-'m3:J(a)n/ n. [Latin dip] submersible /sab'm3:sib(a)l/ -n. submarine operating under water for short

mergo mers-

periods, -adj. capable of submerging.

submicroscopic

/sAb.maikra'skDpik/ small to be seen by an ordinary microscope. submission /sab'miJXa)n/ «.1a submitting or being submitted, b thing submitted. 2 submissiveness. [Latin submissio: related to submit] adj. too

submissive

/sab'misiv/ adj.

humble,

submissively adv. submissiveness n. obedient.

submit to)

[Latin mitto miss- send]

below or than normal, esp. in intelligence, n. taxonomic category between an order and a family,

less

suborder

subordinate

-adj. /sa'baidmat/ (usu.

by

to) of inferior importance or secondary, subservient, —n. /sa'boidinat/ person working under another, -v. /sa'baidi.neit/ (-ting) (usu. foil, by to) make or treat as subordinate. foil,

rank;

V.

sub-lieutenant

n.

surrender (oneself) to the control of another etc. 2 present for consideration. 3 (usu. foil, by to) subject (a person or thing) to a process, treatment, etc.

subnormal /sAb'nD:m(a)l/ adj.

join]

sublease -n.

ficer

subservient

909

/sab'mit/

v. (-tt-) 1

(usu.

foil,

a cease resistance; yield, b

by

refl.

subordination

/-'neij(a)n/ n. [Latin:

related to ordain]

subordinate clause n.

clause serving as an adjective, adverb, or noun in a main sentence. suborn /sa'bom/ v. induce by bribery etc. to commit perjury etc. [Latin orno equip] sub-plot n. secondary plot in a play etc. subpoena /sa'pi:na/ -n. writ ordering a person to attend a lawcourt. -v. (past and past part, -naed or -na'd) serve a subpoena on. [Latin, = under penalty] sub rosa /SAb 'rauza/ adj. & adv. in secrecy or confidence. [Latin, = under the rose] subroutine n. Computing routine designed to perform a frequently used

operation within a program.

subscribe /sab'skraib/

v. (-bing) 1 (usu. by to, for) a pay (a specified sum), esp. regularly, for membership of an

foil,

organization, receipt of a publication, etc. b contribute money to a fund, for a cause, etc. 2 (usu. foil, by to) agree with an opinion etc. (/ subscribe to that). subscribe to arrange to receive (a periodical etc.) regularly. [Latin scribo script- write] subscriber n. 1 person who subscribes. 2 person hiring a telephone line. subscriber trunk dialling n. automatic connection of trunk calls by dialling.

subscript /'SAbsknpt/ -adj. written or printed below the line. -n. subscript

number etc. subscription

/sab'sknpj(a)n/ -n.

1

a

act of subscribing, b money subscribed. 2 membership fee, esp. paid regularly. -attrib. adj. paid for mainly by advance sales of tickets (subscription concert). subsection n. division of a section. subsequent /'sAbsikwant/ adj. (usu. foil, by to) following, esp. as a consubsequently adv. [Latin sequence. sequor follow] subservient /sab's3:viant/ adj. 1 servile. 2 (usu. foil, by to) instrumental. 3

subset (usu.

vience

subset

n. n.

to)

are contained in another set. subside /sab'said/ v. (-ding) 1 become tranquil; abate {excitement subsided). 2 (of water etc.) sink. 3 (of the ground)

subsidence /-'said(a)ns,

cave in; sink.

'sAbsid(a)ns/ n. [Latin subsido]

subsidiary

/sab'sidiari/ -adj.

1

supple-

company.

thing, person, or [Latin: related to subsidy]

sidiary

subsidize

/'sAbsi.daiz/

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 pay a subsidy partially pay for by subsidy. /'sAbsidi/ n. (pi. -ies)

1

to.

2

money down

granted esp. by the State to keep

the price of commodities etc. 2 any monetary grant. [Latin subsidium help] subsist /sab'sist/ v. 1 (often foil, by on) keep oneself alive; be kept alive. 2 remain in being; exist. [Latin subsisto] subsistence /sab'sist(a)ns/ n. 1 state or instance of subsisting. 2 a means of support; livelihood, b (often attrib.) minimal level of existence or income.

subsistence farming n. farming which supports the farmer's household but produces no surplus.

subsoil /'sAbsoil/ under the surface

subsonic

n.

soil

immediately

soil.

/sAb'snnik/ adj. of speeds less /'sAbst(a)ns/ n.

1

particular

kind of material having uniform properties. 2 reality; solidity. 3 content or essence as opposed to form etc. (substance of his remarks). 4 wealth and possessions (woman of substance). in

substance

generally; essentially. [Latin substantia] /sAb'staendad/ adj. of less than the required or normal quality or

substandard size.

substantial

/sab'staenJXa)l/ adj.

1

a of

real importance or value, b large in size or amount. 2 solid; sturdy. 3 commercially successful; wealthy. 4 essential; substanlargely true. 5 real; existing. tially adv. [Latin: related to substance]

substantiate

[Latin sub-

substratum

/'sAb,stra:tam/ n.

(pi. -ta)

underlying layer or substance. substructure n. underlying or supporting structure.

subsume foil,

/sab'sju:m/

v.

(-ming) (usu.

by under) include (ah instance,

[Latin sumo take] subtenant /'sAb.tenant/ ing a room etc. from its

tenancy

n.

person rent-

tenant, z sub-

n. (pi. -ies).

/sAb'tend/

v.

opposite (an angle 1 related to tend ]

or

(of a

line)

arc).

be

[Latin:

subterfuge

/'sAbta.fju^s/ n. 1 attempt avoid blame or defeat esp. by lying or deceit. 2 statement etc. used for such a purpose. [Latin] to

subterranean

/.sAbta'remian/

adj.

underground. [Latin terra land] subtext n. underlying theme, subtitle /'sAb,tait(a)l/ -n. 1 secondary or additional title of a book etc. 2 caption on a film etc., esp. translating dialogue. -v. (-ling) provide with a subtitle or subtitles.

subtle

/

SAt(a)l/ adj. (subtler,

subtlest)

elusive, mysterious; hard to grasp. 2 (of scent, colour, etc.) faint, delicate. 3 a perceptive (subtle intellect), b ingenious (subtle device). - subtlety n. (pi. -ies). subtly adv. [Latin subtilis] subtotal n. total of one part of a group of figures to be added. subtract ,/sab'traekt/ v. (often foil, by 1

than that of sound.

substance

/-'tju:JXa)n/ n.

stituo -tut-]

subtend (also

v.

substitution

idea, category, etc.) in a rule, class, etc.

mentary; auxiliary. 2 (of a company) controlled by another, -n. (pi. -ies) sub-

subsidy

subvert

910

subordinate, d subser[Latin subservio] set of which all the elements

by

foil,

/sab'staenji.eit/

v.

(-ting)

prove the truth of (a charge, claim, : substantiation /-'eij\a)n/ n.

etc.).

substantive

/'sAbstantiv/ -adj. /also sab'staentiv/ 1 genuine, actual, real. 2 not slight; substantial, -n. Gram. =

noun,

substantively adv. substitute /'sAbsti,tju:t/ -n. 1 (also attrib.) person or thing acting or used in place of another. 2 artificial alternative to a food etc. -v. (-ting) (often foil, by for) (cause to) act as a substitute.

from) deduct (a number etc.) from another, z subtraction /-'traek.f(a)n/ n. [Latin subtraho draw away]

subtropics

/SAb'trnpiks/ n.pl regions adjacent to the tropics, z subtropical

adj.

suburb /'sAb3:b/ n. city. [Latin

urbs

outlying district of a

city]

suburban

/sa'D3:ban/ adj. 1 of or characteristic of suburbs. 2 derog. provincial in outlook, z

suburbanite

n.

suburbia /sa'b3:bia/ n.

often derog. suburbs, their inhabitants, and their way of life.

subvention

/sab'venj(a)n/ n. subsidy. [Latin subvenio assist] /sab'v3:siv/ -adj. seeking to subvert (esp. a government), -n. sub-

subversive

versive person, z subversion n. subversively adv. subversiveness n. [medieval Latin subversivus: related to

subvert]

subvert weaken

overthrow or v. government etc.). [Latin

/sab'v3:t/

(a

verto vers- turn]

subway beneath a road ground railway.

subzero

1

etc.

pedestrian tunnel 2 esp. US under-

/sAb'ziarau/ adj. (esp. of tem-

perature) lower than zero. sue- prefix assim. form of sub- before c. succeed /sak'si:d/ v. 1 a (often foil, by in) have success, b be successful. 2 follow; come next after. 3 (often foil, by to) come into an inheritance, office, title, or property (succeeded to the throne). [Latin

come after] /sak'ses/ n. 1 accomplishment aim; favourable outcome. 2 attain-

succedo

-cess-

success of an

ment

of wealth, fame, or position. 3 successful thing or person. [Latin: related to succeed] successful adj. having success; prossuccessfully adv. perous. succession ,'sak'seJXa)n/ n.1a process of following in order; succeeding, b series of things or people one after another. 2 a right of succeeding to the throne, an office, inheritance, etc. b act or process of so succeeding, c those having such a right. in succession one after another, in succession to as the successor of.

successive

/sak'sesiv/

adj.

following suc-

one after another; consecutive. cessively adv.

successor

/sak'sesa(r)/ n. (often foil,

person

to)

or

thing

that

by

succeeds

/sak'sinkt/ adj. brief; concise.

succinctly adv. succinctness

n.

[Latin cingo cinct- gird]

succour

/'sAka(r)/ (US succor) -n. aid, esp. in time of need. -v. give succour to. [Latin succurro run to help] succubus /'sAkjubas/ n. (pi. -buses or

-bi

/-,bai/)

female

demon formerly

believed to have sexual intercourse with sleeping men. [Latin, = prostitute] succulent /'sAkjolant/ -adj. 1 juicy; palatable. 2 Bot. (of a plant, its leaves, or stems) thick and fleshy, -n. Bot. succu-

succulence

lent plant. cus juice]

succumb

v.

n.

(usu.

[Latin sue-

foil,

by

to) 1

to temptation). 2 die (from) (succumbed to his injuries).

cumbo

lie]

such -adj.

1 (often foil, by as) of the kind or degree indicated (such people; people such as these). 2 so great or extreme (not such a fool as that). 3 of a more than normal kind or degree (such awful food), -pron. such a person or persons; as such as such a thing or things. being what has been indicated or named; in itself (there is no theatre as such), such as for example. [Old Eng-

lish,

-attrib. adj. of a particular kind but not needing to be specified, —n. such a person or thing. suchlike colloq. -attrib. adj. of such a kind. -n. things, people, etc. of such a

kind.

suck -v.

1

draw

(a fluid) into the

mouth

by suction. 2 (also absol.) draw fluid from (a thing) in this way. 3 roll the tongue round (a sweet etc.). 4 make a sucking action or sound. 5 (usu. foil, by down, in) engulf or drown in a sucking movement, -n. act or period of sucking. suck dry exhaust the contents of by sucking, suck in 1 absorb. 2 involve (a person) esp. against his or her will,

suck up

1 (often foil, by to) colloq. behave obsequiously. 2 absorb. [Old

English]

sucker

/'sAka(r)/ n.

"\

a gullible person,

b (foil, by for) person susceptible to. 2 a rubber cup etc. adhering by suction, b similar organ of an organism. 3 shoot springing from a root or stem below ground. suckle /'sAk(a)l/ v. (-ling) 1 feed (young) from the breast or udder. 2 feed by sucking the breast etc. suckling n. unweaned child or animal. sucrose /'su:krauz/ n. sugar from sugar cane, sugar beet, etc. [French sucre SUGAR]

suction

/'sAkJ(a)n/ n.

1

act of sucking. 2

vacuum by the air etc. so that liquid etc. is forced in or adhesion is procured, b force so produced. [Latin sugo suctsuck] Sudanese /,su:da'ni:z/ -adj. of Sudan. -n. (pi. same) 1 native, national, or inhabitant of Sudan. 2 person of Sudanese descent. [Sudan in NE Africa] sudden /'sAd(a)n/ adj. done or occurall of ring unexpectedly or abruptly, suddenly adv. a sudden suddenly. suddenness n. [Latin subitaneus] sudden death n. colloq. decision in a

= so

removal of

game

tied

etc.

dependent on one move,

card, etc.

/sa'kAm/

surrender (succumbed [Latin

such-and-such

a production of a partial

another.

succinct

sue

911

subway /'sAbwei/ n.

like]

sudden infant death syndrome

n.

= COT-DEATH. sudorific /,su:da'rifik/ -adj. causing sweating, -n.

sudorific

drug.

[Latin

sudor sweat]

suds

n.pl.

froth of soap

and water, n

adj. [Low German sudde or Dutch sudse marsh, bog]

sudsy

sue

/su:, sju:/ v.

(sues, sued, suing)

1

(also absol.) begin a law suit against. 2 (often foil, by to, for) make application to a lawcourt for redress. 3 (often foil, by to, for) make entreaty to a person for a

favour. [Anglo-French suer from Latin sequor follow]

suede

suitor

912

suety adj. [Anglo-French seii, from Latin sebum] suf- prefix assim. form of sub- before /.

slang elderly man who lavishes gifts on a young woman. conical moulded mass of sugar. sugar soap n. alkaline compound for cleaning or removing paint, sugary adj. 1 containing or like sugar. 2 excessively sweet or esp. sentimental.

suffer /'sAfa(r)/ v. 1 undergo pain, grief, damage, etc. 2 undergo, experience, or

suggest

suede

/sweid/

n.

(often attrib.)

leather

1

with the flesh side rubbed to a nap. 2 [French, = Sweden] suet /'su:it/ n. hard white fat on the kidneys or loins of oxen, sheep, etc. cloth imitating

it.

be subjected to (pain, loss, grief, defeat, change, etc.). 3 tolerate (does not suffer fools gladly). 4 (usu. foil, by to + infin.) archaic allow. sufferer n. [Latin suf fero]

sufferance

n. tacit

on

consent.

suf-

ferance tolerated but not encouraged. [Latin: related to suffer] suffice /sa'fais/ v. (-cing) 1 (often foil, by for, or to + infin.) be adequate. 2 satisfy. suffice it to say I shall say only this.

[Latin sufficio]

sufficiency /sa'fijansi/ n. (pi. -ies) (often foil, by of) adequate amount. sufficient adj. sufficing, adequate. sufficiently adv. suffix /'sAfiks/ -n. letter(s) added at the end of a word to form a derivative, -y. append, esp. as a suffix. [Latin figo fixfasten]

suffocate /'sAfa.keit/ v. (-ting) or kill by stopping breathing,

1

choke by by by,

esp.

pressure, fumes, etc. 2 (often foil, with) produce a choking or breathlessness in. 3 be or feel suffocated. suf-

focating

adj.

suffocation

/-'keij(a)n/

[Latin suffoco from fauces throat] suffragan /'sAfragan/ n. 1 bishop assisting a diocesan bishop. 2 bishop in relation to his archbishop or metropoln.

[medieval Latin suffraganeus] /'sAfnd3/ n. right of voting in political elections. [Latin suffragium] itan,

suffrage

suffragette

/,sAfra'd3et/ n. hist,

woman

seeking suffrage by organized protest.

suffuse

/sa'fju:z/ v.

moisture,

etc.)

(-sing) (of colour,

spread throughout from

suffusion /-'fju:3(a)n/ n. within. [Latin suffundo pour over] Sufi /'su:fi/ n. (pi. -s) Muslim mystic. Sufic adj. Sufism n. [Arabic] sug- prefix assim. form of sub- before g. sugar /'Juga(r)/ —n. 1 sweet crystalline substance esp. from sugar cane and sugar beet, used in cookery etc.; sucrose. 2 Chem. soluble usu. sweet crystalline carbohydrate, e.g. glucose. 3 esp.

US colloq. darling (as a term of address). —v. sweeten or coat with sugar. [French sukere, from Arabic sukkar]

sugar beet n. beet yielding sugar. sugar cane n. tropical grass yielding sugar.

sugar-daddy n.

sugar loaf n.

sugariness

n.

/sa'd3est/ v. 1 (often foil, by propose (a theory, plan, etc.). 2 a evoke (an idea etc.). b hint at. suggest

that)

itself (of an idea etc.) come into the mind. [Latin suggero -gest-] suggestible adj. 1 easily influenced. 2

suggest-

capable of being suggested. ibility

/-'biliti/ n.

suggestion

/sa'd3estj(a)n/ n.

1

suggest-

ing or being suggested. 2 theory, plan, etc., suggested. 3 slight trace, hint. 4 Psychol, insinuation of a belief etc. into the mind. [Latin: related to suggest]

suggestive by

/sa'd3estiv/ adj.

1

(usu.

foil,

hinting (at). 2 (of a remark, joke, indecent, n suggestively adv. suicidal /,su:i'said(a)l/ adj. 1 inclined to commit suicide. 2 of suicide. 3 selfdestructive; rash. suicidally adv. suicide /'su:i,said/ n. 1 a intentional killing of oneself, b person who commits suicide. 2 self-destructive action or course (political suicide). [Latin sui of of)

etc.)

oneself, -cide]

sui generis /,sju:ai 'd3enans,

,su:i 'gen-/

own

kind; unique. [Latin] -n. 1 set of matching clothes, usu. a jacket and trousers or skirt. 2 (esp. in comb.) clothes for a special purpose (swimsuit). 3 any of the four sets (spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs) making up a pack of cards. 4 lawsuit. 5 a petition, esp. to a person in authority, b archaic courting a woman (paid suit to her), -v. 1 go well with (a person's appearance etc.). 2 (also absol.) meet the demands or requirements of; satisfy; agree with. 3 make fitting; accommodate; adapt. 4 (as suited adj.) appropriate; well-fitted (not suited to be suit oneself do as one a nurse). chooses. [Anglo-French siute] suitable adj. (usu. foil, by to, for) wellsuitability fitted; appropriate. /-'biliti/ n. suitably adv. suitcase n. case for carrying clothes etc., with a handle and a flat hinged lid. suite /swi:t/ n. 1 set, esp. of rooms in a hotel etc. or a sofa and armchairs. 2 Mus. set of instrumental pieces performed as a unit. [French: related to adj. of its

suit

/su:t, sju:t/

suit]

suitor /'su:ta(r), 'sju:-/ n.

woman.

1

man wooing a

2 plaintiff or petitioner in a lawsuit. [Anglo-French from Latin]

sulfa

sultry /'sAltn/ adj. (-ier, -iest) weather etc.) hot and close. 2

AMIDE.

sulfur US var. of sulphur sulfuric US var. of sulphuric. sulfurous US var. of sulphurous. sulk -v. be sulky, -n. (also in pi, prec. by

the) period of sullen silence. [perhaps a back-formation from sulky] adj. (-ier, -iest) sullen or silent,

from resentment or bad temper. sulkily adv. sulkiness n. [perhaps from obsolete sulke hard to dispose of] sullen /'sAlan/ adj. passively resentful, sullenly adv. sullensulky, morose, ness n. [Anglo-French sol sole 3 ] sully /'saIi/ v. (-ies, -ied) disgrace or esp.

tarnish

(a

reputation

souiller. related to soil

sulpha

etc.).

[French

2

n.

sulpha drug), [abbreviation] /'sAlfeit/ n. (US sulfate)

sulphate phur]

sulphide /'sAlfaid/ n. (US ary compound of sulphur.

sulfide) bin-

sulphite

/'sAlfait/ n. (US sulfite) salt or ester of sulphurous acid. [French: related to sulphate] sulphonamide /sAl'fbna.maid/ n. (US sulfonamide) any of a class of antibi-

drugs containing sulphur. [German Sulfon (related to sulphur), amide a derivative of ammonia] sulphur /'sAlfa(r)/ n. (US sulfur) 1 paleyellow non-metallic element burning with a blue flame and a suffocating smell. 2 pale greenish-yellow colour. otic

[Anglo-French from Latin]

sulphur dioxide

n. colourless pungent gas formed by burning sulphur in air and dissolving it in water.

sulphureous

/sAl'fjuanas/ adj. (US sulfureous) of or like sulphur. sulphuric /sAl'fjuank/ adj. (US sul-

furic) Chem. containing sulphur with a valency of six. n.

dense oily highly

corrosive acid.

sulphurous

/'sAlfaras/ adj. (US sulfur1 of or like sulphur. 2 Chem. containing sulphur with a valency of four. sulphurous acid n. weak acid used as a reducing and bleaching acid. sultan /'sAlt(a)n/ n. Muslim sovereign, sultanate n. [Arabic] sultana /sAl'ta:na/ n. 1 seedless raisin. 2 sultan's mother, wife, concubine, or daughter. [Italian]

ous)

sum

[French from Arabic]

summarize

/'sAma.raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make or be a summary

summary

/'sAmari/ -n. (pi. -ies) brief account, -adj. without details or form-

summarily

brief.

alities;

salt

or ester of sulphuric acid. [Latin sul-

sulphuric acid

etc.) passionate, sensual. sultrily adv. sultriness n. [obsolete suiter related to swelter] -n. 1 total resulting from addition. 2 amount of money (a large sum). 3 a arithmetical problem, b (esp.pl.) colloq. arithmetic work, esp. elementary, -v. (-mm-) find the sum of. in sum in brief, sum up 1 (esp. of a judge) give a summing-up. 2 form or express an opinion of (a person, situation, etc.). 3 summarize. [Latin summa] sumac /'su:maek, 'Ju:-/ n. (also sumach) 1 shrub with reddish conical fruits used as a spice. 2 dried and ground leaves of this used in tanning and dyeing. (v.):

of. ]

(US sulfa) any of various sulphonamides (often attrib.: /'sAlfa/

1 (of (of a

person

US var. of sulphite. sulfonamide US var. of sulphonsulfite

sulky

summons

913

sulfa US var. of sulpha. sulfate US var. of sulphate. sulfide US var. of sulphide.

adv.

sum]

[Latin: related to

summation /sa'meiJXa)n/ n.

finding of

1

a total. 2 a summing-up.

summer

/'sAma(r)/ n.

(often attrib.) warmest season of the year. 2 (often foil, by of) mature stage of life etc. sum1

mery adj. [Old English] summer-house n. light

building in a

garden etc. for sitting in in fine weather. n. pudding of soft fruit pressed in a bread case.

summer pudding summer

school n. course of summer lectures etc. held esp. at a university.

summer

solstice

n. solstice

about 21

June.

summertime

season or period of

n.

summer.

summer time n. October when

period from March to clocks are advanced an

hour.

summing-up

n. 1 judge's review of evidence given to a jury. 2 recapitula-

tion of the

main points

of an

argument

etc.

summit /'sAmit/

n. 1 highest point, top. 2 highest degree of power, ambition, etc. 3 (in full summit meeting, talks, etc.) conference of heads of government. [Latin summus highest]

summon /'sAman/

v. 1 order to come or appear, esp. in a lawcourt. 2 (usu. foil,

by

to

+

infin.) call

upon (summoned her

to assist). 3 call together. 4 (often foil,

by up) gather (courage, sources,

etc.).

summons

[Latin

spirits,

re-

summoned]

-n. (pi. summonses) authoritative call to attend or do something, esp. to appear in court. — v. esp. Law serve with a summons.

sumo 'su:mau n. Japanese wrestling in which a wrestler is defeated by touching the ground with any part of the body except the soles of the feet or by moving outside the ring. [Japanese! sump n. 1 casing holding the oil in an internal-combustion engine. 2 pit, well, hole. etc. in which superfluous liquid collects. (Low German or Dutch]

sumptuary

sAmptJuan/

adj.

Law

regulating (esp. private) expenditure. (Latin sumptus cost]

sumptuous

SAmptJuas'

adj. rich, lav-

sumptuously adv. sump-

ish costly

tuousness

n.

[Latin: related to

sumptu-

ary]

Sun.

superannuate

d\4

sumo

abbr. Sunday.

sun

-n. 1 a the star round which the earth orbits and from which it receives light and warmth, b this light or

warmth. 2 any star. -v. (-nn-) reft, bask m the sun under the sun anywhere sunless adj. [Old Engin the world, lish]

sunbathe

v.

(-thing) bask in the sun,

esp. to tan the body,

sunbeam

sunbather

n.

sun-glasses

glasses tinted to protect the eyes from sunlight or glare. part, of sink. past and sunk past sunken adj. 1 at a lower level; submerged. 2 (of the cheeks etc.) hollow, depressed, [past part, of sink] sun-lamp n. lamp giving ultraviolet rays for therapy, to tan, etc. sunlight n. light from the sun. sunlit adj. illuminated by sunlight. sun lounge n. room with large windows to receive sunlight. Sunni /'sAni/ -n. (pi. same or -s) 1 one of the two main branches of Islam, accepting law based not only on the Koran, but on Muhammad's words and acts. 2 adherent of this branch, -adj. (also Sunnite) of or relating to Sunni. [Arabic n.pl.

Sunna = way,

sunny

rule] 1 bright with or 2 cheery, bright, z

adj. (-ier, -iest)

warmed by sunlight.

sunnily adv. sunniness n. sunrise n. 1 sun's rising. 2 time of this. sun-roof n. panel in a car's roof that can be opened.

sunset

n. 1

sun's setting. 2 time of this.

ray of sunlight. sunbed n. 1 long lightweight, usu. folding, chair for sunbathing. 2 bed for lying on under a sun-lamp. sunblock n. lotion protecting the skin from the sun.

sunshade n. parasol; awning. sunshine «.1a light of the sun.

sunburn

sunstroke

n.

inflammation and tanning from exposure to the sun. sunburnt adj. (also sunburned). n.

of the skin

sundae

'sAndei/ n. ice-cream with fruit, nuts, syrup, etc. [perhaps from Sunday] Sunday SAndei/ — n. 1 first day of the week, a Christian holiday and day of worship. 2 colloq. newspaper published on Sundays, -adv. colloq. 1 on Sunday. 2

(Sundays) on Sundays; each Sunday. n.

joc.

person's

Sunday use. school n. religious

best

Sundays

sunder

class

on

for children.

v.

archaic or literary separate.

[Old English:

sundew n.

cf.

asunder]

small insect-consuming bog-

plant.

sundial n. instrument showing the time by the shadow of a pointer in sunlight.

sundown

sunset. sundry /'sAndn/ — adj. various; several, -n. (pi -ies) (in pi.) items or oddments not mentioned individually. [Old English related to sunder] n.

n. (pi. same or -es) any of various almost spherical fish. sunflower n. tall plant with large golden rayed flowers. sung past part, of sing.

Nlllflsll

surface. n. acute prostration from excessive exposure to the sun. suntan n. brownish skin colour caused by exposure to the sun. z suntanned

adj.

suntrap n. sunny, esp. sheltered, place. sun-up n. esp. US sunrise. sup -v. (-pp-) 1 take by sips or spoon1

fuls. 2 esp.

N.Engl, colloq. drink (alco-

hol), -n. sip of liquid. [Old English] 2

v.

(-pp-)

archaic

supper.

take

[French]

sup- prefix assim. form of sub- before p.

clothes, esp. for

Sunday

ness. 4 colloq.

sup

[Old English]

Sunday best

b area

by the sun. 2 fine weather. 3 cheerfulform of address. sunspot n. dark patch on the sun's lit

super

/'su:pa(r)/ -adj. (also as int.) colexcellent; splendid, -n. colloq. 1 2 supernumerary, superintendent. [shortening of words beginning super-] super- comb, form forming nouns, adjectives, and verbs, meaning: 1 above, loq.

beyond, or over (superstructure; supernormal). 2 to an extreme degree (superabundant). 3 extra good or large of its kind (supertanker). 4 of a higher kind (superintendent). [Latin] /,su:p9r8'bAnd(a)nt/

superabundant adj.

abounding beyond what

or right, z superabundance related to super-, abound]

superannuate

is

normal

n. [Latin:

/.su.par'aenju.eit/

v.

pension (a person) off. 2 dismiss or discard as too old. 3 (as super(-ting)

1

superannuation annua ted

adj.)

use. [Latin

annus year]

work or

too old for

/.suipar.aenju

pension. 2 payment towards 1 colloq.

superbly

2 magnificent.

excellent.

adv. [Latin,

= proud] /'suipa.kaigau/ n.

(pi.

-es)

merchant ship managing

officer in a

sales etc. of cargo. [Spanish sobrecargo] / su:pa tj a:d3/ v. (-ging) 1 foil, by with) charge (the atmo,

supercharge

1

(usu.

sphere etc.) with energy, emotion, etc. 2 use a supercharger on. supercharger n. device supplying air or fuel to an internal-combustion engine at above atmospheric pressure to increase efficiency.

supercilious

con-

adj.

/,su:pa'silias/

temptuous; haughty.

superciliously

adv. superciliousness n. [Latin supercilium eyebrow] supercomputer /'su:pakam,pju:ta(r)/ powerful computer capable of n. dealing with complex mathematical

problems.

superconductivity

/,su:p8,kDndAk Physics property of zero electrical resistance in some substances at very low absolute temperatures. 'tiviti/

n.

superconducting

superconductor

/-kan'dAktin/ adj. /,su:pakan'dAkta(r)/

Physics substance having supercon-

ductivity.

superego

/,su:par'i:gao7 n. (pi. -s) Psy-

chol, part of the

mind

that acts as a

conscience and responds to social rules. ,

supererogation su:p8r era'geiJ (a)n/ n. doing more than duty requires. [Latin /

l

1

supererogo pay in addition] superficial /,su:p8'fij(8)l/ adj.

superfluity fluous

1

/,su:pa'flu:iti/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

of being superfluous. 2 superamount or thing. [Latin fiuo to

superfluous is

su:parim'p9uz/ v. (a thing) on

superimposition

/-pa'zij(a)n/ n.

/,su:p8rm'tend/

v.

super-

superintendence

vise, direct.

n.

superintendent

/,su:parm'tend(8)nt/ police officer above the rank of chief inspector. 2 a person who superintends, b director of an institution etc. superior /su:'pi9ri9(r)/ -adj. 1 in a higher position; of higher rank. 2 a highquality (superior leather), b supercilious (had a superior air). 3 (often foil, by to) better or greater in some respect. 4

written or printed above the line. —n. 1 person superior to another esp. in rank. 2 head of a monastery etc. (Mother superiority /-'Dnti/ n. Superior). [Latin comparative of superus above]

superlative

/su:'p3:lativ/ -adj. 1 of the highest quality or degree; excellent. 2 Gram, (of an adjective or adverb) expressing the highest degree of a quality (e.g. bravest, most fiercely), -n. 1 Gram, superlative form of an adjective or adverb. 2 (in pi.) high praise; exaggerated language. [French from Latin]

superman

/'su:p8,maen/ n. 1 colloq. man of exceptional strength or ability. 2 Philos. ideal person not subject to con-

ventional morality

/su:'p3:fluas/

adj.

more

needed or wanted; useless.

[Latin fluo to flow]

superglue

/'su:p8,glu:/ n. exceptionally

strong glue.

supergrass

/'su:pa,gra:s/ n. colloq. po-

many people. /,su:p8'hju:m8n/ adj. exceeding normal human capability. informer implicating

superhuman

etc.

supermarket

/'su:pa,ma:kit/ n. large self-service store selling food, house-

hold goods,

etc.

supernatural

/,su:pa'naBtj9r(a)l/ -adj. not attributable to, or explicable by, the laws of nature; magical; mystical, —n. (prec. by the) supernatural forces,

supernaturally adv. /,su:pa'n8uva/ n. (pi. -vae /-vi:/ or -s) star increasing suddenly in brightness.

supernova

supernumerary

/

,

su :pa'nj u maran/ :

in excess of the normal number; extra. 2 engaged for extra work. 3 (of an actor) appearing on stage but not speak-

-adj.

1

ing, -n. (pi. -ies)

supernumerary person

or thing. [Latin: related to number]

superphosphate /,su:pa'fDsfeit/ n. fertilizer made from phosphate rock. superpower /'su:p9,paua(r)/ n. extremely powerful nation.

superscript

flow]

than

(

by on) lay

effects, etc.

of or on the surface; lacking depth. 2 swift or cursory (superficial examination). 3 apparent but not real (superficial resemblance). 4 (esp. of a person) shallow. superficiality / -Ji aeliti/ n. superficially adv. [Latin: related to face] superfine /'su:pa,fam/ adj. Commerce of extra quality. [Latin: related to fine 1 ] state

/

foil,

else.

n. 1

supercargo

lice

something

superintend

this.

superb /su:'p3:b/ adj.

n.

superimpose (-sing) (usu.

superannuation 'eij(a)n/ n. 1

supersonic

915

/'su:paskript/ -adj. written or printed above, -n. superscript number or symbol. [Latin scribo write] supersede /,su:po'si:d/ v, (-ding) 1 take the place of. 2 replace with another supersession person or thing. /-'sej(a)n/ n. [Latin supersedeo] supersonic /,su:p9'sDnik/ adj. of or having a speed greater than that of supersonically adv. sound.

superstar superstar

extremely

'su:pa,sta:(r)/ n.

famous or renowned

actor, musician,

superstition ,8u:p9'8tiJ(«)n/n. belief ID the supernatural; irrational fear of thr unknown. 2 practice, belief, or reli1

superstitious this. superstitiously adv. [Latin]

gion based on

superstore

large

n.

'su:pa,st:):(r)/

supermarket.

superstructure

/'su:pa,strAktJa(r)/ n.

structure built on top of another,

supertanker

/'su:pa,taenka(r)/ n.

very

large tanker ship. supertax su:pa,taeks/ n. additional tax

on incomes above a certain

supervene

level.

v. (-ning) formal occur as an interruption or change. supervention venj(a)n/ n. [Latin supervenio]

/,su:pa'vi:n/

supervise

'su:pa,vaiz/

\r,M)n

visory

(-sing)

v.

su-

supervision supervisor n. super-

oversee.

perintend,

n.

supervideo -vis-] /'su:pa,wuman/ n. colof exceptional strength or

adj. [Latin

superwoman lou.

woman

ability.

supine

su:pam/ -adj. 1 lying face upwards. 2 inert, indolent, -n. Latin verbal noun used only in the accusative and ablative. [Latin] supper n. 1 late evening snack. 2 evening meal, esp. light. [French souper]

supplant

take the place of, esp. by underhand means. [Latin supplanto trip up] supple /SAp(a)l/ adj. (suppler, supsa'pla:nt/

v.

plest) flexible, pliant, suppleness n. [Latin supplex] supplement -rc. /'sAplimant/ 1 thing or part added to improve or provide further information. 2 separate section, esp. a colour magazine, of a newspaper etc. —v. 'sAplimant, -,ment/ provide a

supplement

supplemental supplementary supplementation

for.

ment(a)l/

adj.

menton

adj.

-'teij(a)n/ n. [Latin

suppliant

suppleo supply]

/'sApliant/ -adj.

supplicat-

-n.

supplicating person. related to supplicate]

ing,

supplicate ary

1

>n

v. (-ting) literto (a person) or

by supplicant

plication

supply

humbly

/

2

(foil,

keij(a)n/

n.

to,

make

for)

&

a

supsupplicatory

adj.

n.

adj. [Latin supplico] /sa'plai/-i;. (-ies, -ied)1

img needed). 2 (often

foil,

provide by with)

Ide 'a person etc. with a thing). 3 meet or make up for (a deficiency or need etc.). -n. (pi. -ies) 1 providing of •

is

and equipment an army, expedition, etc. 4 (often

able. 3 (in pi.) provisions

schoolteacher

attrib.)

needed. 2 stock, store, amount,

etc.

acting as a

in temporary substitute for another. short supply scarce, supply and demand Econ. quantities available and required, as factors regulating price. supplier n. [Latin suppleo fill up] supply-side attrib. adj. Econ. denoting a policy of low taxation etc. to encour-

age production and investment. /sa'pait/ -v. 1 carry all or part of the weight of; keep from falling, sinking, or failing. 2 provide for (a family etc.). 3 strengthen, encourage. 4 bear out; tend to substantiate. 5 give help or approval to (a person, team, sport, etc.); further (a cause etc.). 6 speak in favour of (a resolution etc.). 7 (also absol.) take a secondary part to (a principal actor etc.); perform a secondary act to (the main act) at a pop concert etc. -n. 1 supporting or being supported. 2 person or thing that supports. 3 secondary act at a pop concert etc. in support of so as to support. [Latin porto

support

carry]

supporter

n. person or thing that supports a cause, team, etc.

supporting film picture

etc.) less

n. (also

supporting

important film in a

cinema programme.

supportive tional)

adj. providing (esp. emosupport or encouragement.

supportively adv. supportiveness

suppose

n.

(-sing) (often foil, by that) 1 assume; be inclined to think. 2 take as a possibility or hypothesis (suppose you are right; supposing you are right). 3 (in imper.) as a formula of proposal (suppose we try again). 4 (of a /sa'paoz/

v.

theory or result etc.) require as a condition (that supposes we're on time). 5 (in imper. or pres. part, forming a question) in the circumstances that; if (suppose he won't let you?). 6 (as supposed

presumed

supposed brother). by to + infin.) a be expected or required (was supposed to write to you), b (with neg.) ought not; not be allowed to (you are not supposed to go in there). I suppose so expression adj.)

7 (in passive;

"sApli.keit/

petition

(a thing).

ion

[Latin:

of something provided or obtain-

etc.,

for

etc.

adj.

suppositious

916

(his

foil,

of hesitant agreement. [French: related to POSE]

supposedly /sa'pauzidh/ adv. as

is

allegedly;

generally believed.

supposition

/,SApa'ziJ(a)n/ n.

1

thing

supposed. 2 act of supposing.

suppositious thetical.

/.SApa'ziJas/ adj.

hypo-

suppository suppository

(pi.

-ies)

medical preparation melting in the rec-

tum

or vagina. [Latin suppositorius placed underneath] /sa'pres/ v. 1 put an end to, esp. forcibly. 2 prevent (information, feelings, a reaction, etc.) from being seen, heard, or known. 3 a partly or wholly eliminate (electrical interference etc.). b equip (a device) to reduce supthe interference caused by it.

suppress

pressive pressor

adj.

suppression

n. [Latin:

n.

related to press

suppurate /'sApju.reit/

v.

(-ting)

1

sup1

]

form

suppuration /-'reij\a)n/ pus. 2 fester. n. [Latin: related to pus] supra /'su:pra/ adv. above or earlier (in a book

etc.).

[Latin]

supra- prefix above. supranational /,su:pra'naejan(a)l/ adj. transcending national limits.

supremacy

/su:'premasi/

n. (pi. -ies) 1

being supreme. 2 highest authority. /su:'pri:m/ adj. 1 highest in authority or rank. 2 greatest; most important. 3 (of a penalty or sacrifice etc.) supremely adv. involving death.

supreme

[Latin]

Supreme Court court in a State

n.

highest judicial

etc.

supremo /su:'pri:mao7

person in overall charge. [Spanish, = supreme] sur- prefix = super- (surcharge; surn. (pi. -s)

1

i

i

surgical

917

/sa'pDzitari/ n.

realism). [French] sur- 2 prefix assim. form of sub- before r. surcease /S3:'si:s/ literary -n. cessation, —v. (-sing) cease. [French sursis delayed, omitted] surcharge -n. /'S3:tja:d3/ additional charge or payment, -v. /'S3:tja:d3, -'tja:d3/ (-ging) exact a surcharge from. 1 [French: related to sur- ] surd Math -adj. (of a number) irrational, -n. surd number, esp. the root of an integer. [Latin, = deaf] sure /Jua(r), Jo:(r)/ -adj. 1 (often foil, by of or that) convinced. 2 having adequate reason for a belief or assertion. 3 (foil, by of) confident in anticipation or knowledge of. 4 reliable or unfailing. 5 (foil, by to + infin.) certain. 6 undoubtedly true or truthful, -adv. colloq. certainly. be sure (in imper. or infin.', foil, by that + clause or to + infin.) take care to; not fail to. for sure colloq. certainly, make sure make or become certain; ensure, sure enough colloq. in fact; certainly, to be sure admittedly; indeed, certainly. sureness n. [French from Latin securus] sure-fire attrib. adj. colloq. certain to succeed.

sure-footed adj. never stumbling or making a mistake.

surely

with certainty or safety (slowly but surely). 2 as an appeal to likelihood or reason (surely that can't be right). adv.

1

surety /'Juarati, "Ja:-/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 money given as a guarantee of performance etc. 2 (esp. in phr. stand surety for) person who takes responsibility for another's debt, obligation, etc. [French from Latin] surf-rc. foam of the sea breaking on the shore or reefs, -v. practise surfing. surfer n. [origin unknown] surface /'S3:fis/ -n. 1 a the outside of a thing, b area of this. 2 any of the limits of a solid. 3 top of a liquid or of the ground etc. 4 outward or superficial aspect. 5 Geom. set of points with length and breadth but no thickness. 6 (attrib.) a of or on the surface, b superficial, —v. (-cing) 1 give the required surface to (a road, paper, etc.). 2 rise or bring to the surface. 3 become visible or known. 4 come to the colloq. wake up; get up. surface become perceptible. [French: 1 related to sur- ]

surface mail n. mail carried by land or sea.

surface tension

n. tension of the surface-film of a liquid, tending to minimize its surface area.

surfboard

n.

long narrow board used

in surfing.

-n. 1 an excess, esp. in eating or drinking. 2 resulting fullness. -v. (-t-) 1 overfeed. 2 (foil, by with) (cause to) be wearied through excess. 1 [French: related to sur- feat] surfing n. sport of riding the surf on a board. surge -n. 1 sudden rush. 2 heavy forward or upward motion. 3 sudden increase in price, activity, etc. 4 sudden increase in voltage of an electric current. 5 swell of the sea. -v. (-ging) 1

surfeit

/'S3:fit/

,

move suddenly and powerfully

for-

wards. 2 (of an electric current etc.) increase suddenly. 3 (of the sea etc.) swell. [Latin surgo rise] surgeon /'S3:d3(a)n/ n. 1 medical practitioner qualified in surgery. 2 naval or military medical officer.

surgery

/'S3:d3an/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 treatof bodily injuries or disorders by incision or manipulation etc. as opposed to drugs. 2 place where or time when a doctor, dentist, etc., treats patients, or an MP, lawyer, etc., holds consultations. [Latin chirurgia, from Greek kheir hand, ergo work] surgical /'S3:d3ik(a)l/ adj. 1 of or by surgeons or surgery. 2 a used in surgery, b worn to correct a deformity etc. 3

ment

surgical spirit (esp. of military action) swift

and

surgically adv. n. methylated

cise,

surgical spirit

used for cleansing

surly

pre-

(-ier,

-iest)

bad-

surliness n. tempered; unfriendly. [obsolete sirly haughty: related to sir] /sa'maiz/ -n. conjecture, -v.

surmise

(-sing) (often foil, by that) infer doubtfully; guess; suppose. [Latin supermitto -miss- accuse] surmount /sa'maunt/ v. 1 overcome (a difficulty or obstacle). 2 (usu. in passive)

surmountable

cap or crown.

[French: related to sur-

surname

adj.

related to sur-

surpass

]

n.

1

]

/sa'pa:s/

v.

1

be greater or

better than, outdo. 2 (as

surpassing

adj.) pre-eminent. [French: related to

SUR-

1

]

surplice /'S3:plis/ n. loose white vestment worn by clergy and choristers. [Anglo-French surplis]

surplus

/'S3:plas/

-n.

1

amount

left

over. 2 excess of revenue over expenditure, -adj. exceeding what is needed or used. [Anglo-French]

surprise

/sa'praiz/ -n. 1 unexpected or astonishing thing. 2 emotion caused by this. 3 catching or being caught unawares. 4 (attrib.) unexpected; made or done etc. without warning. —v. (-sing) 1 affect with surprise; turn out contrary to the expectations of. 2 (usu. in passive; foil, by at) shock, scandalize. 3 capture or attack by surprise. 4 come upon (a person) unawares. 5 (foil, by into) startle (a person) into an action etc. take by surprise affect with surprise, esp. by an unexpected encounter or statement. surprising adj. surprisingly adv. [French] surreal /sa'nal/ adj. unreal; dreamlike; bizarre, [back-formation from surreal-

ism] n. 20th-c. movement in art literature, attempting to express

the subconscious mind by dream imagery, bizarre juxtapositions, etc.

surrealist n. & adj. surrealistic /-'lis tik/ adj. surrealistically /-'listikali/ adv. [French: related to sur- 1 real ] /sa'renda(r)/ -v. 1 hand over; relinquish. 2 submit, esp. to an enemy. 3 re/7, (foil, by to) yield to a habit, emotion, influence, etc. 4 give up rights under (a life-insurance policy) in return for a smaller sum received immediately. 5 abandon (hope etc.). -n. act of 1

,

surrender

surrendering,

bail.

1

]

/.SArap'tiJas/ adj.

done

by stealth; clandestine. surreptitiously adv. [Latin surripio seize secretly]

surrogate

/'SAragat/ n.

1

substitute. 2

deputy, esp. of a bishop in granting

surrogacy

marriage licences.

n.

[Latin rogo ask]

surrogate mother

woman who

n.

bears a child on behalf of another woman, usu. by artificial insemination of her own egg by the other woman's

surround

/sa'raund/ -v. come or be all round; encircle, enclose. -n. 1 border or edging, esp. an area of floor between the walls and carpet of a room. 2 surrounding area or substance. [Latin: related to

sur-

1 ,

unda wave]

surroundings

n.pl. objects or conditions around or affecting a person or thing; environment. surtax /'s3:taeks/ n. additional tax, esp. on high incomes. [French: related to 1 SUR- ] surtitle /'S3:,tait(9)l/ n. explanatory caption projected on to a screen above the stage during an opera. surveillance /S3:'veilans/ n. close observation undertaken by the police etc. [French: related to sur- 1 veiller watch] survey -v. /sa'vei/ 1 view or consider as a whole. 2 examine the condition of (a building etc.). 3 determine the boundaries, extent, ownership, etc. of (a district ,

-n. /'S3:vei/ 1 general view or consideration. 2 a act of surveying property, b statement etc. resulting from this. 3 investigation of public opinion etc. 4 map or plan made by surveying. [Latin: related to super-, video see] etc.).

surveyor

/sa'veia(r)/ n. person who, surveys land and buildings, esp. for a

living.

survival

/sa'vaiv(a)l/ n.

surrender to bail duly

1

surviving. 2

relic.

survive /sa'vaiv/ v.

surrealism and

surreptitious

partner.

1

family name, usu. inherited or acquired by marriage, [obsolete surnoun from Anglo-French: /'s3:neim/

appear in court after release on [Anglo-French: related to sur-

spirit

etc.

adj.

/'S3:li/

susceptible

918

continue to live or exist. 2 live or exist longer than. 3 remain alive after or continue to exist in (-ving)

1

spite of (a danger, accident, etc.).

survivor n. [Anglo-French survivre from Latin supervivo]

sus

var. of suss.

sus- prefix assim. form of sub- before c,p, t.

susceptibility -ies) 1

/sa.septa'biliti/

n.

(pi.

being susceptible. 2 (in pi) per-

son's feelings.

susceptible

/sa'septab(a)l/

adj.

1

impressionable, sensitive, emotional. 2 (predic.) a (foil, by to) liable or vulnerable to. b (foil, by of) allowing; admitting

sushi

pendo

n.

temporary

deathlike condition.

suspended sentence

n.

judicial sen-

unenforced subject to good behaviour during a specified period. suspender n. 1 attachment to hold up a stocking or sock by its top. 2 (in pi.) US left

braces.

suspender belt

n.

woman's under-

garment with suspenders.

suspense

/sa'spens/ n. state of anxious

uncertainty

or expectation. penseful adj. [French, = delay]

sus-

suspension /sa'spenj(a)n/ n. 1 suspending or being suspended. 2 springs etc. supporting a vehicle on its axles. 3 substance consisting of particles suspended in a medium. suspension bridge n. bridge with a roadway suspended from cables supported by towers.

suspicion

/sa'spij(a)n/ n. 1 unconfirmed belief; distrust. 2 suspecting or being suspected. 3 (foil, by of) slight trace of. above suspicion too obviously good etc. to be suspected, under suspicion suspected. [Latin:

related to suspect]

suspicious

maintain

/sa'spijas/ adj. 1

sustainable keep up]

(effort etc.).

adj. [Latin sustineo

sustenance

/'sAstmans/

n. 1

nourish-

ment, food. 2 means of support. [AngloFrench: related to sustain]

suttee /sA'ti:, 'sAti/ n. esp. hist. 1 Hindu custom of a widow's suicide on her husband's funeral pyre. 2 widow undergoing this. [Sanskrit sati faithful wife]

suture

/'su:tja(r)/ -n. 1 stitching of the edges of a wound or incision. 2 thread or wire used for this. —v. (-ring) stitch (a wound or incision). [Latin suo sut- sew] suzerain /'su:z9ran/ n. 1 hist, feudal overlord. 2 archaic sovereign or State partially controlling another State that is internally autonomous. suzerainty n. [French]

svelte ful.

-pens-]

suspended animation tence

swallow-dive

919

susceptibly adv. of (proof etc.). [Latin suscipio -cept- take up] sushi /'su:.fi/ n. Japanese dish of balls of cold rice topped with raw fish etc. [Japanese] suspect -v. /sa'spekt/ 1 be inclined to think. 2 have an impression of the existence or presence of. 3 (often foil, by of) mentally accuse. 4 doubt the genuineness or truth of. -n. /'sAspekt/ /'SAspekt/ suspected person, —adj. subject to or deserving suspicion. [Latin suspicio -spect-] suspend /sa'spend/ v. 1 hang up. 2 keep inoperative or undecided for a time. 3 debar temporarily from a function, office, etc. 4 (as suspended adj.) (of particles or a body in a fluid) floating between the top and bottom. [Latin sus-

/svelt/ adj. slender, lissom, grace-

[French from Italian]

SW abbr.

south-west. 2 south-western. 1 a absorbent pad used in surgery, b specimen of a secretion taken for examination. 2 mop etc. for cleaning or mopping up. -v. (-bb-) 1 clean with a swab. 2 (foil, by up) absorb (moisture) with a swab. 3 mop clean (a ship's deck) [Dutch] 1

swab /swDb/-/z.

swaddle /'swDd(a)l/ v.

(-ling)

wrap (esp.

a baby) tightly, [from swathe]

swaddling-clothes

n.pl.

bandages formerly used

to

narrow wrap and

restrain a baby. n. 1 slang booty of burglars etc. 2 Austral. & traveller's bundle. 3 festoon of flowers, foliage, drapery, etc.

swag

NZ

swagged

Scandinavian] walk or behave arrogswaggering gait or manner, [from swag] swagger stick n. short cane carried by

swagger

adj. [probably

—v.

antly, -n.

a military

Swahili

officer.

/swa'hi:li/ n. (pi.

same)

1

mem-

ber of a Bantu people of Zanzibar and adjacent coasts. 2 their language. [Arabic]

swain n.

1

archaic country youth. 2 poet. suitor. [Old Norse, =

young lover or lad]

prone

to or

feeling suspicion. 2 causing suspicion. suspiciously adv. suss v. slang (also sus) (-ss-) (usu. foil, by out) 1 investigate, inspect. 2 work out; realize. on suss on suspicion (of having committed a crime), [abbreviation] sustain /sa'stem/ v. 1 support, bear the weight of, esp. for a long period. 2 encourage, support. 3 (of food) nourish. 4 endure, stand. 5 suffer (defeat or injury etc.). 6 (of a court etc.) uphold or decide in favour of (an objection etc.). 7 corroborate (a statement or charge). 8

swallow

1

/'swolau/ -v. 1 cause or allow (food etc.) to pass down the throat. 2 perform the muscular movement required to do this. 3 accept meekly or credulously. 4 repress (a feeling etc.) (swallow one's pride). 5 articulate (words etc.) indistinctly. 6 (often foil, by up) engulf or absorb; exhaust, —n. 1 act of swallowing. 2 amount swallowed. [Old English] swallow 2 /'swolau/ n. migratory swiftflying bird with a forked tail. [Old English]

swallow-dive

n.

&

arms outspread until

v.

dive with the

close to the water.

swallow-tail swallow-tail

n. 1

deeply forked

tail.

2

butterfly etc. with this.

swaini

/'swarmi/ n. (pi. -s) Hindu male religious teacher. [Hindi svami] /swomp/ -n. (area of) waterlogged ground, -v. 1 overwhelm, flood, or soak with water. 2 overwhelm or make invisible etc. with an excess or swampy large amount of something. adj. (-ier, -iest). [origin uncertain] /swnn/ -rc. large usu. white waterbird with a long flexible neck. -v. (-nn-) (usu. foil, by about, off, etc.) colloq. move or go aimlessly, casually, or with a superior air. [Old English] colloq. -n. ostentation, swagger. swanky adj (-ier, -iest). -v. show off. [origin uncertain] swansong n. person's last work or act

swamp

swan

swank

before death or retirement etc. /swop/ (also swop) -v. (-pp-) exchange or barter, -rc. 1 act of swapping. 2 thing for swapping or swapped, [originally = 'hit', imitative] /'swarpau/ abbr. (also Swapo) South West Africa People's Organiza-

swap

SWAPO tion.

sward

/swo:d/ n. literary expanse of turf. [Old English, = skin] swarf /swo:f/ n. fine chips or filings of stone, metal, etc. [Old Norse] 1 /swo:m/ -n. 1 cluster of bees leaving the hive with the queen to establish a new colony. 2 large cluster of insects, birds, or people. 3 (in pi. foil, by of) great numbers. — v. 1 move in or form a swarm. 2 (foil, by with) (of a place) be overrun, crowded, or infested with. [Old

swarm

;

English]

swarm

2 /swo:m/ v. (foil, by up) climb (a rope or tree etc.) by clinging with the hands and knees etc. [origin unknown]

/'swo:6i/ adj. (-ier, -iest) dark,

dark-complexioned, [obsolete swarty from swart black, from Old English]

swashbuckler

/'swDj,bAkl8(r)/

n.

adventurer. swashbuckling adj. & n. [swash strike nois-

swaggering

ily,

BUCKLER]

swastika

/'swDstika/ n. 1 ancient symbol formed by an equal-armed cross with each arm continued at a right angle. 2 this with clockwise continuations as the symbol of Nazi Germany. [Sanskrit] swat /swDt/ -v. (-tt-) 1 crush (a fly etc.) with a sharp blow. 2 hit hard and abruptly, -n. swatting blow. [dial. var. of squat] swatch /swDtJV n. 1 sample, esp. of cloth. 2 collection of samples, [origin

unknown]

swath

/swo:9/ n. (also

swathe

/sweid/)

/swo:8s, swo:os, sweidz/) 1 ridge of cut grass or corn etc. 2 space left clear by a mower etc. 3 broad strip. [Old English] swathe /sweio/ -y. (-thing) bind or wrap in bandages or garments etc. -n. bandage or wrapping. [Old English] sway -v. 1 (cause to) lean or move unsteadily from side to side. 2 oscillate; waver. 3 a control the motion or direction of. b influence; rule over. -rc. 1 rule, influence, or government (hold sway). 2 swaying motion, [origin uncertain] (pi. -s

swam past of swim.

swarthy

Swede

920

/sweo(r)/ — v. (past swore; past sworn) 1 a (often foil, by to + or that + clause) state or promise solemnly or on oath, b (cause to) take (an oath) (swore them to secrecy). 2 colloq. insist (swore he was fit). 3 (often foil, by at) use profane or obscene language. 4 (foil, by by) a appeal to as a witness in taking an oath (swear by Almighty God), b colloq. have great confidence in (swears by yoga). 5 (foil, by to; usu. in neg.) say certainly (could not swear to it), —n. spell of swearing.

swear part,

infin.

swear blind colloq. affirm emphatswear in induct into office etc. with an oath, swear off colloq. promise

ically,

to abstain

from (drink

etc.).

[Old Eng-

lish]

swear-word

n.

profane or indecent

word.

sweat

/swet/ -n. 1 moisture exuded through the pores, esp. from heat or nervousness. 2 state or period of sweating. 3 colloq. state of anxiety (in a sweat). 4 colloq. a drudgery, effort, b laborious task. 5 condensed moisture on a surface, -v. (past and past part. sweated or US sweat) 1 exude sweat. 2 be terrified or suffer. 3 (of a wall etc.) exhibit surface moisture. 4 (cause to) drudge or toil. 5 emit like sweat. 6 make (a horse, athlete, etc.) sweat by exercise.

7 (as etc.)

sweated

adj.) (of goods, labour, to ex-

produced by or subjected

ploitation.

no sweat

colloq.

no

bother, no trouble, sweat blood colloq. 1 work strenuously. 2 be very anxious, sweat it out colloq. endure a difficult sweaty adj. experience to the end. (-ier, -iest). [Old English] sweat-band n. band fitted inside a hat or worn round a wrist etc. to absorb sweat. sweater n. jersey or pullover, sweatshirt n. sleeved cotton sweater, sweatshop n. factory where sweated labour is used. Swede n. 1 a native or national of Sweden, b person of Swedish descent. 2 (swede) large yellow-fleshed turnip

Swedish orig.

swill

921

from Sweden. [Low German or

sweeten

Swedish -adj. of Sweden, its people, or language, —n. language of Sweden. sweep -v. (past and past part, swept) 1 clean or clear (a room or area etc.) (as) with a broom. 2 (often foil, by up) clean a room etc. in this way. 3 (often foil, by up) collect or remove (dirt etc.) by sweeping. 4 (foil, by aside, away, etc.) a push (as) with a broom, b dismiss abruptly. 5 (foil, by along, down, etc.) carry or drive along with force. 6 (foil, by off, away, etc.) remove or clear forcefully. 7 traverse swiftly or lightly. 8 impart a sweeping motion to. 9 swiftly cover or affect. 10 a glide swiftly; speed along, b go majestically. 11 (of landscape etc.) be rolling or spacious, -n. 1 act or motion of sweeping. 2 curve in the road, sweeping line of a hill, etc. 3 range or scope. 4 = chimney-sweep. 5 sortie by aircraft. 6 colloq.

= sweepstake.

I

]

make a

clean

sweep of 1 completely

abolish or expel. 2 win all the prizes etc. in (a competition sweep away abolish swiftly, etc.). sweep the board 1 win all the money at stake. 2 win all possible prizes etc. sweep under the carpet see carpet. [Old English] sweeper n. 1 person who cleans by sweeping. 2 manual device for sweeping carpets etc. 3 Football defensive player positioned close to the goalkeeper. sweeping -adj. 1 wide in range or effect (sweeping changes). 2 generalized, arbitrary (sweeping statement), —n. (in pi) dirt etc. collected by sweeping.

sweepstake

n. 1 form of gambling in stakes are pooled and paid to the winners. 2 race with betting of this kind. 3 prize(s) won in a sweepstake. sweet -adj. 1 tasting of sugar. 2 smelling pleasant like roses or perfume etc.; fragrant. 3 (of sound etc.) melodious or harmonious. 4 fresh; not salt, sour, or bitter. 5 gratifying or attractive. 6 amiable, pleasant. 7 colloq. pretty, charming. 8 (foil, by on) colloq. fond of; in love with. -n. 1 small shaped piece of sweet substance, usu. made with sugar or chocolate. 2 sweet dish or course of a meal. sweetish adj. sweetly adv. [Old English]

which

all

sweet-and-sour

attrib. adj.

cooked in

a sauce containing sugar and vinegar or

lemon

etc.

sweetbread an animal,

n.

pancreas or thymus of

esp. as food,

sweet-brier

n.

wild rose with small

fragrant leaves.

sweetcorn kernels.

n.

sweet-flavoured maize

ful,

1 make or become sweet or make agreeable or less pain-

v.

sweeter. 2

Dutch]

sweetening

sweetener •

n.

n.

substance used to

1

sweeten food or drink. 2 or inducement.

sweetheart n.

1

colloq. bribe

lover or darling. 2 term

of endearment.

sweetie

= sweet

n. colloq. 1

1.

2 sweet-

heart.

sweetmeal n. sweetened wholemeal, sweetmeat n. 1 = sweet 1. 2 small fancy cake.

sweetness

n.

being sweet; fragrance,

sweetness and light (esp. uncharacteristic) mildness and reason.

sweet pea

n.

climbing plant with

fra-

grant flowers.

sweet pepper sweet potato

n. n.

mild pepper, 1

tropical climbing

plant with sweet tuberous roots used for food. 2 root of this, sweetshop n. confectioner's shop, sweet talk colloq. -n. flattery, blandishment, -v. (sweet-talk) flatter in order to persuade, sweet tooth n. liking for sweet-tasting things.

sweet William n.

cultivated plant with clusters of vivid fragrant flowers. swell -v. (past part, swollen /'swaulan/ or swelled) 1 (cause to) grow bigger, louder, or more intense. 2 (often foil, by up) rise or raise up from the surrounding surface. 3 (foil, by out) bulge. 4 (of the heart etc.) feel full of joy, pride, relief, etc. 5 (foil, by with) be hardly able to restrain (pride etc.). -n. 1 act or state of swelling. 2 heaving of the sea with unbreaking waves. 3 a crescendo, b mechanism in an organ etc. for produc-

ing a crescendo or diminuendo. 4 colloq. dandy. 5 protuberance, -adj. colloq. 1 esp. US fine, excellent. 2 smart, fashionable. have (or get) a swelled (or swollen) head be (or become) conceited. [Old English] swelling n. abnormal bodily protuberance. swelter -v. be uncomfortably hot. —n. sweltering condition. [Old English] swept past and past part, of sweep. swerve -v. (-ving) (cause to) change direction, esp. abruptly, -n. swerving movement. [Old English, - scour] swift -adj. 1 quick, rapid. 2 prompt, -n. swift-flying migratory bird with long wings. swiftly adv. swiftness n. [Old English] swig -v. (-gg-) colloq. drink in large draughts, —n. swallow of drink, esp. large, [origin unknown] 1 (often foil, by out) rinse or flush. 2 drink greedily, -n. 1 act of

swill - v.

swim swim

swum) 1 propel the body through water with limbs, fins, or tail. 2 traverse (a stretch of water or distance) by swimming. 3 perform (a stroke) by swimming. 4 float on a liquid. 5 appear to undulate, reel, or whirl. 6 feel dizzy (my head swam). 7 (foil, by in, with) be flooded, -n. period or act of swimming. in the swim colloq. involved in or aware of what is going on. swimmer n.

[Old English]

swimming-bath

n. (also

-pool) artificial pool for

swimming-costume

swimming-

swimming. = bathing-

n.

costume.

swimmingly

adv.

colloq.

smoothly,

without impediment,

swimsuit

swimming-costume, one-piece for women and girls, n.

swimwear

n.

clothing for

esp.

swimming

in.

swindle

/'swind(a)l/ -i>. (-ling) (often

by out of) 1 cheat of money etc. 2 cheat a person of (money etc.) (swindled £200 out of him). -n. 1 act of swindling. 2 fraudulent person or thing. swindler n. [back-formation from swindler from foil,

German]

swine n.

(pi.

same) 1 formal or US

same or

pig. 2

a contemptible person, b unpleasant or difficult thing. swinish adj. [Old English] swing -v. (past and past part, swung) 1 a (cause to) move with a to-and-fro or curving motion, as of an object attached at one end and hanging free at the other; sway, b hang so as to be free to swing. 2 oscillate or revolve. 3 move by gripping something and leaping etc. (swung from tree to tree). 4 walk with a swing. 5 (foil, by round) move to face the opposite direction. 6 change one's opinion or mood. 7 (foil, by at) attempt to hit. 8 (also swing it) play (music) with a swing rhythm. 9 colloq. (of a party etc.) be lively etc. 10 have a decisive influence on (voting etc.). 11 colloq. achieve, manage. 1 2 colloq. be executed by hanging, -n. 1 act, motion, or extent of swinging. 2 swinging or smooth gait, rhythm, or action. 3 a seat slung by ropes etc. for swinging on or in. b period of swinging on this. 4 a jazz or dance music with an easy flowing rhythm, b rhythmic feeling or drive of this. 5 discernible change, esp. in votes or points scored etc. swings and roundabouts situation affording equal gain and loss. swinger n. [Old English] swing-boat n. boat-shaped swing at colloq. (pi.

fairs.

swizzle-stick

922

rinsing. 2 mainly liquid refuse as pigfood. [Old English] -v. (-mm-; past swam; past part.

-s)

swing-bridge n. bridge that can be swung aside to let ships pass. swing-door n. self-closing door opening both ways.

swingeing /'swmd3in/ adj.

1 (of a blow) huge or far-reaching {swingeing economies), [archaic swinge strike hard, from Old English]

forcible. 2

swing-wing n. aircraft wing move from a right-angled to

that can

a swept-

back position.

swipe colloq.

-v. (-ping) 1 (often foil, by hard and recklessly. 2 steal, -n. reckless hard hit or attempted hit. [perhaps var. of sweep] swirl -v. move, flow, or carry along at) hit

with a whirling motion, -n. 1 swirling motion. 2 twist or curl. swirly adj. [perhaps from Low German or Dutch] swish -v. 1 swing (a thing) audibly through the air, grass, etc. 2 move with or make a swishing sound, -n. swishing action or sound, -adj. colloq. smart, fashionable, [imitative] of Switzerland or its people. -n. (pi. same) 1 native or national of Switzerland. 2 person of Swiss descent.

Swiss -adj.

[French Suisse]

Swiss roll n. cylindrical sponge cake with a jam etc. filling. switch -n. 1 device for completing and an electric circuit. 2 a transfer, change-over, or deviation, b exchange. 3 flexible shoot cut from a tree. 4 light tapering rod. 5 US railway points, -v. 1 (foil, by on, off) turn (an electrical device) on or off. 2 change or transfer. 3 exchange. 4 whip or flick with a switch. : switch off colloq. cease to pay attention. [Low German] switchback n. 1 ride at a fair etc., with extremely steep ascents and descents. 2 (often attrih.) such a railway or road. switchboard n. apparatus for making connections between electric circuits, esp. in telephony. switched-on adj. colloq. 1 up to date; aware of what is going on. 2 excited; breaking

under the influence of drugs.

swivel

/'swiv(a)l/

-n. coupling between to revolve with-

two parts enabling one

out turning the other, -v. (-11-; US -1-) turn on or as on a swivel. [Old English] swivel chair n. chair with a revolving seat.

swizz

n.

(also swiz) colloq.

1

something

unfair or disappointing. 2 swindle, [origin unknown] swizzle /'swiz(9)l/ n. 1 colloq. frothy mixed alcoholic drink esp. of rum or gin and bitters. 2 slang = swizz. [origin

unknown] swizzle-stick

n. stick

or flattening drinks.

used for frothing

swollen swollen past part,

swoon

v.

&

syllabub

of swell.

literary faint. [Old

n.

Eng-

lish]

swoop

-v. 1 (often foil, by down) descend rapidly like a bird of prey. 2 (often foil, by on) make a sudden attack, -n. swooping movement or action. [Old

English]

swop var. of swap. sword so:dl n. 1 weapon

swordfish fish

n.

(pi.

same or

-es) large

with swordlike upper jaw.

sword of Damocles

/'daema,kli:z/ n.

an immediate danger, [from Damokles, who had a sword hung by a hair over him]

swordplay lively

n.

fied) skill

ship

1

fencing. 2 repartee;

person of (usu. speciswordsmanwith a sword. n.

n.

swordstick

hollow walking-stick n. containing a blade that can be used as a sword. swore past of swear. sworn past part, of swear, -attrib. adj. bound (as) by an oath (sworn enemies). swot colloq. -v. (-tt-) 1 study hard. 2 (usu. foil, by up, up on) study (a subject) hard or hurriedly, -n. usu. derog. person who swots, [dial. var. of sweat] past part, of swim. swung past and past part, of swing. sybarite /'siba.rait/ n. self-indulgent or voluptuous person. sybaritic /-'ntik/ adj. [Sybaris, ancient city in S. Italy]

swum

sycamore /'sika,m3:(r)/ n.

1

large

wood. 2 US plane-tree or [Greek sukomoros]

or

its

its

/silepsis/

n.

(pi.

n. '(pi.

figure of speech in

syllepses

which a word

applied to two others in different senses (e.g. caught the train and a cold) or to two others of which it grammatically suits one only (e.g. neither you nor he knows) (cf. zeugma). [Greek: related to syllable] syllogism /'sila,d3iz(a)m/ n. reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions. syllogistic /-'d3istik/ adj. [Greek logos reason] sylph /silf/ n. 1 elemental spirit of the air. 2 slender graceful woman or girl. is

adj. [Latin]

sylvan /'silv(a)n/ adj. (also silvan) 1 a of the woods, b having woods. 2 rural. [Latin silva a wood] sylviculture var. of silviculture. sym- prefix assim. form of syn- before b,

m,p.

symbiosis /.simbai'ausis,

.simbi-/ n. (pi.

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, usu. to the advantage of both. 2 mutually advantageous association between persons. symbiotic /-'otik/ adj. [Greek, = living together] symbol /'simb(a)l/ n. 1 thing regarded as typifying or representing something (white is a symbol of purity). 2 mark,

-bioses

/-si:z/)

1

an

object, idea,

function, or process; logo.

symbolic

/-'bnlik/ adj.

sign, etc. representing

symbolically

/-'bnlikali/

adv. [Greek sumbolon]

[Greek sukophantes]

/'silabari/

of characters

/-si:z/)

wood.

syl- prefix assim. form of syn- before

syllabary

of study, teaching, etc. [misreading of Greek sittuba label]

maple

sycophant /'sika.faent/ n. flatterer; toady. sycophancy n. sycophantic /-'faentik/ adj.

unknown] syllabus /'silabas/ n. (pi. -buses or -bi /-,bai/) programme or outline of a course

sylphlike

argument.

swordsman

sillabub) dessert of flavoured, sweetened, and whipped cream or milk, [origin /'sila.bAb/ n. (also

syllepsis

with a long blade and hilt with a handguard. 2 (prec. by the) a war. b military power. put to the sword kill. [Old English] sword dance n. dance with the brandishing of swords or with swords laid on the ground. I

marine

symmetry

923

symbolism

n.

1

a use of symbols, b

2 artistic and movement or style using symbols to express ideas, emotions, etc. sym-

symbols

collectively.

poetic /.

-ies) list

representing syllables, [related to syllable] syllabic /si'laebik/ adj. of or in syllables, syllabically adv. syllable /'silab(a)l/ n. 1 unit of pronunciation forming the whole or part of a word and usu. having one vowel sound often with consonant(s) before or after (e.g. water has two, inferno three). 2 character(s) representing a syllable. 3 the least amount of speech or writing. in words of one syllable plainly, bluntly. [Greek sullabi]

bolist

n.

symbolize

v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) be a symbol of. 2 represent by symbols. [French: related to symbol] symmetry /'simitn/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 a correct proportion of parts, b beauty resulting from this. 2 a structure allowing an object to be divided into parts of an equal shape and size, b possession of such a structure. 3 repetition of exactly similar parts facing each other or a

1

symmetrical /-'metrik(a)l/ symmetrically /-'metnkah/ adv.

centre. adj.

[Greek summetria]

sympathetic /.simpa'Betik/ adj. 1 of or expressing sympathy. 2 pleasant, likeable. 3 (foil, by to) favouring (a proposal

sympathetically adv.

etc.).

sympathize

synod

924

sympathetic

/'simpa.Gaiz/

v.

(also -ise)

synchronism /'smkra.niz^m/

synchronize /'sinkra.naiz/ v.

(-zing or -sing) (often foil, by with) 1 feel or express sympathy. 2 agree. sym-

(-zing or -sing)

pathizer

the sound and

n.

sympathy

/'simpa0i/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 a sharing of another's feelings, b capacity for this. 2 a (often foil, by with) sharing or tendency to share (with a person etc.) in an emotion, sensation, or condition, b (in sing, or pi.) compassion or commiseration; condolences. 3 (often foil, by for) approval. 4 (in sing, or pl. often foil, by with) agreement (with a person etc.) in opinion or desire. in sympathy (often foil, by with) having, snowing, or resulting from sympathy. \

[Greek, = fellow-feeling] /'simfam/ n.

-ies)

(pi.

1

large-scale composition for full orchestra in several movements. 2 instrumental interlude in a large-scale vocal WOrk. 3 = SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA. /-'fonik/

[from syn-,

adj.

Greek phone sound]

symphony orchestra n. large orchestra suitable for playing

symphonies

etc.

symposium

/sim'pauziam/ n. (pi. -sia) 1 conference, or collection of essays, on a particular subject. 2 philosophical or other friendly discussion. [Greek sumpotes fellow-drinker] symptom /'simptam/ n. 1 physical or mental sign of disease. 2 sign of the existence of something. symptomatic /-'maetik/ adj. [Greek pipto fall] syn- prefix with, together, alike. [Greek sun with] synagogue /'sina.gog/ n. 1 building for

Jewish religious observance and instruction. 2 Jewish congregation. [Greek, = assembly]

synapse

/'sainaeps, 'sin-/ n.

two

tion of

Anat. junc-

nerve-cells. [Greek hapto

join]

sync

/sink/ (also synch) colloq. -n. synchronization, -v. synchronize. in (or out of) sync (often foil, by with) according or agreeing well (or badly), [abbre-

viation]

synchromesh attrib.)

/'sinkrau.meJV

n.

(often

system of gear-changing, esp. in which the gearwheels resame speed during engage-

vehicles, in volve at the

ment, mesh]

[abbreviation

synchronic

of synchronized

/sin'krnnik/

cerned with a subject as

it

1

1

(often

foil,

(also -ise)

by with)

make or be synchronous

(with). 2 make picture of (a film etc.)

coincide. 3 cause (clocks etc.) to show same time. synchronization

the

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

Usage Synchronize should not be used in standard English to mean 'coordinate' or 'combine'.

synchronous foil,

/'sinkranas/ adj. (often

by with) existing or occurring at the

same

time.

syncopate

/'sinka.peit/

(-ting)

v.

1

dis-

place the beats or accents in (music). 2

shorten (a word) by dropping interior

symphony

symphonic

n.

being or treating as synchronic or synchronous. 2 process of synchronizing sound and picture.

adj.

con-

exists at

one

point in time. synchronically adv. [from syn-, Greek khronos time]

syncopation

letters.

/-'peij(a)n/ n.

[Latin: related to syncope]

syncope

/'sirjkapi/ n. 1

Gram, syncopa-

tion. 2 fainting through a fall in blood pressure. [Greek sunkope cutting off]

syncretize

/'sinkra.taiz/

(also -ise)

v.

(-zing or -sing) attempt, esp. inconsistently, to unify or reconcile differing schools of thought. syncretic /-'kretik/ adj. syncretism n. [Greek] syndic /'smdik/ n. any of various university or government officials. [Greek sundikos, = advocate]

syndicalism /'sindika,liz(a)m/ n. hist. movement for transferring industrial ownership and control to workers' unions. syndicalist n. [French: related to syndic] syndicate -n. /'smdikat/1 combination of individuals or businesses to promote a common interest. 2 agency supplying material simultaneously to a number of newspapers etc. 3 group of people who gamble, organize crime, etc. 4 committee of syndics, -v. /'sindi.keit/ (-ting)

1

form into a syndicate. 2 publish (matersyndicaial) through a syndicate. tion

/-'keij\a)n/

n.

related to

[Latin:

syndic]

syndrome

group of concurrent symptoms of a disease. 2 characteristic combination of opinions, emotions, behaviour, etc. [Greek sundrome running together] /'sindraom/

synecdoche

n.

1

/si'nekdaki/ n.

speech in which a part

is

figure of to rep-

made

resent the whole or vice versa (e.g. new faces at the club; England lost to India). [Greek, = taking together] synod /'smad/ n. Church council of delegated clergy and sometimes laity. [Greek, = meeting]

synonym

/'sinanim/ n. word or phrase that means the same as another (e.g.

shut and

close).

[Greek onoma name]

synonymous

/si'nonimas/ adj. (often having the same meanfoil, by with) ing. 2 suggestive of; associated with (his 1

name is synonymous with terror). synopsis /si'nopsis/ n. (pi. synopses /-si:z/)

summary

or

outline.

[Greek

opsis view]

synoptic

/si'nDptik/ adj. of or giving a synopsis. [Greek: related to synopsis]

Synoptic Gospels

n.pl.

Gospels of

Matthew, Mark, and Luke.

synovia

systems analysis

925

synonym

/sai'nauvia,

si-/ n.

Physiol, vis-

cous fluid lubricating joints etc. synovial adj. [medieval Latin] syntax /'smtaeks/ n. 1 grammatical arrangement of words. 2 rules or analysis syntactic /-'taektik/ adj. synof this. tactically /-'taektikali/ adv. [Greek, = arrangement] synth /smG/ n. colloq. = synthesizer. synthesis /'smBasis/ n. (pi -theses /-,si:z/) 1 a combining of elements into a whole, b result of this. 2 Chem. artificial production of compounds from their constituents as distinct from extraction = placing etc. [Greek, together]

from plants

synthesize

/'smSa.saiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make a synthesis of. synthesizer n. electronic, usu. key-

board, instrument producing a wide variety of sounds. synthetic /sm'Getik/ -adj. 1 made by chemical synthesis, esp. to imitate a natural product. 2 affected, insincere. —n. synthetic substance. synthetically adv. syphilis /'sifalis/ n. contagious venereal disease. syphilitic /-'litik/ adj. [Syphilus, name of a character in a

poem of 1530] Syriac /'siri,aek/-rc. language of ancient Syria, western Aramaic, -adj. of or in Syriac.

Syrian /'sinan/ -n.

1 native or national of Syria. 2 person of Syrian descent. -adj. of Syria. syringa /si'nnga/ n. 1 = mock orange. 2 lilac or similar related plant, [related to syringe] syringe /si'nnd3, 'si-/ -n. device for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a fine stream, -v. (-ging) sluice or spray with a syringe. [Greek surigx pipe]

syrup

/'sirap/ n. (US sirup) 1 a sweet sauce of sugar dissolved in boiling water, b similar fluid as a drink, medicine, etc. 2 condensed sugar-cane juice; molasses, treacle. 3 excessive sweetness syrupy adj. [Arof manner or style. abic sharab] system /'sistam/ n. 1 complex whole; set of connected things or parts; organized body of things. 2 a set of organs in the body with a common structure or function, b human or animal body as a whole. 3 method; scheme of action, pro-

cedure, or classification. 4 orderliness. 5 (prec. by the) prevailing political or social order, esp. regarded as oppressive. get a thing out of one's system colloq. get rid of a preoccupation or anxiety. [Greek sustema -mat-]

systematic

/.sista'maetik/

adj.

1

methodical; according to a system. 2 regular, deliberate. adv.

systematically

systematize /'sistama.taiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) make systematic. systematization

systemic

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

1 Physiol, of the whole body. 2 (of an insecticide etc.) entering the plant via the roots or shoots and freely transported within its tissues. systemically adv. systems analysis n. analysis of a complex process etc. in order to improve its

/si'stemik/ adj.

by using a computer. systems analyst n.

efficiency esp.

T T

/ti:/ n. (also t) (pi. Ts or T's) 1 twentieth letter of the alphabet. 2 T-shaped thing (esp. attrib.: T-joint). to a T exactly; to a nicety.

T

1

2

t.

symb. tritium. (also

t)

TA abbr.

abbr. 1 ton(s). 2 tonne(s). Territorial Army.

Ta symb.

tantalum. /ta:/ int. colloq. thank you. [infantile form] tab -n. 1 small flap or strip of material attached for grasping, fastening, or hanging up, or for identification. 2 US colloq. bill (picked up the tab). 3 distinguishing mark on a staff officer's collar, -v. (-bb-) provide with a tab or tabs, z keep tabs (or a tab) on colloq. 1 keep account of. 2 have under observation or in check, [probably dial.]

ta

1

tab 2

n.

= tabulator

tabard /'taebad/ n.

1

2. [abbreviation] herald's official coat

emblazoned with royal arms.

woman's

or girl's sleeveless knight's short emblazoned worn over armour. [French]

garment

2 jerkin.

3

hist.

tabasco per.

from

/ta'baeskau/ n. 1 pungent pep2 (Tabasco) propr. sauce made this. [Tabasco in Mexico]

tabby

grey or brownish cat with dark stripes. 2 a kind of watered silk. [French from Arabic] /'taebi/

tabernacle

n.

(pi.

-ies)

/'taeba,naek(a)l/

1

n.

1

hist.

tent used as a sanctuary by the Israelites during the Exodus. 2 niche or receptacle, esp. for the Eucharistic elements. 3 Nonconformist meeting-house. [Latin: related to tavern] tabla /'taebla/ n. pair of small drums played with the hands, esp. in Indian music. [Arabic, = drum] table /'teib(a)l/ -n. 1 flat surface on a leg or legs, used for eating, working at, etc. 2 a food provided in a household (keeps a good table), b group seated for dinner etc. 3 a set of facts or figures in columns etc. (table of contents), b matter contained in this, c = multiplication table, -v. (-ling) 1 bring forward for discussion etc. at a meeting. 2 esp. US postpone consideration of (a matter). at table taking a meal at a table, on the table offered for discussion, turn the tables (often foil, by on) reverse circumstances to one's advantage (against), under the table colloq. 1 very drunk. 2 = under the counter (see counter 1 ). [Latin tabula board]

tableau

/'taeblau/

n.

(pi.

-x /-auz/)

1

picturesque presentation. 2 group of silent motionless people representing a scene on stage. [French, = picture, diminutive of table] tablecloth n. cloth spread over a table, esp. for meals.

table d'hote /,ta:b(a)l 'daut/ n. (often attrib. ) meal from a set menu at a fixed price. [French, = host's table]

tableland

n. elevated plateau. n. licence to serve alcoholic drinks with meals only. table linen n. tablecloths, napkins, etc. tablespoon n. 1 large spoon for serving food. 2 amount held by this. table-

table licence

spoonful n. (pi. -s). tablet /'taeblit/ n. 1 small solid dose of a medicine etc. 2 bar of soap etc. 3 flat slab of esp. stone, usu. inscribed. 4 US writing-pad. [Latin diminutive: related to

table]

table talk n. informal talk at table, table tennis n. indoor ball game played with small bats on a table divided by a net.

tabletop

n.

tableware

surface of a table, n.

dishes, plates, etc., for

meals.

table wine n. wine of ordinary quality, tabloid /'taebtoid/ n. small-sized, often popular or sensational, newspaper. [from tablet] taboo /ta'bu:/ (also tabu) -n. (pi. -s) 1 ritual isolation of a person or thing as sacred or accursed. 2 prohibition imposed by social custom, -adj. avoided or prohibited, esp. by social custom (taboo words), -v. (-oos, -ooed or -us, -ued) 1 put under taboo. 2 exclude or prohibit, esp. socially. [Tongan] tabor /'teiba(r)/ n. hist, small drum, esp. used to accompany a pipe. [French] tabu var. of taboo. tabular /'taebjula(r)/ adj. of or arranged in

tables

or

lists.

[Latin:

related to

table]

tabulate

/'taebju.leit/ v. (-ting) arrange (figures or facts) in tabular form.

tabulation

tabulator

/-'leij(a)n/ n. n.

1

person or thing that

tabulates. 2 device on a typewriter etc. for advancing to a sequence of set positions in tabular work. tacho /'taekau/ n. (pi -s) colloq. = tachometer, [abbreviation]

tachograph tachograph

device in a

vehicle recording speed and travel time. [Greek takhos speed]

tachometer

/ta'kDmit8(r)/ n. instruvelocity or rate of shaft (esp. in a vehicle). rotation of a

ment measuring

tacit /'taesit/ adj. understood or implied without being stated {tacit consent). tacitly adv. [Latin taceo be silent] taciturn /'taesi,t3:n/ adj. saying little; taciturnity uncommunicative. /-'t3:niti/ n. 1

joining fabrics etc. lightly or temporarily together. 4 (in sailing) direction, or temporary change of direction, esp. taking advantage of a side wind (starboard tack). 5 course of action or policy (change tack). 6 sticky condition of varnish etc. -v. 1 (often foil, by down etc.) fasten with tacks. 2 stitch lightly together. 3 (foil, by to, on, on to) add or append. 4 a change a ship's course by turning its head to the wind, b make a series of such tacks, [probably related to French tache clasp, nail] tack 2 n. saddle, bridle, etc., of a horse, [from tackle] tack 3 n. colloq. cheap or shoddy material; tat, kitsch, [back formation from ]

/'taek(a)l/ -n. 1 equipment for a task or sport. 2 mechanism, esp. of ropes, pulley-blocks, hooks, etc., for lifting weights, managing sails, etc. 3 windlass with its ropes and hooks. 4 act of tackling in football etc. —v. (-ling) 1 try to deal with (a problem or difficulty). 2 grapple with (an opponent). 3 confront (a person) in discussion or argument. 4 intercept or stop (a player running with the ball). tackier n. [Low German] tackle-block n. pulley over which a rope runs.

tacky

1

adj. (-ier, -iest) slightly sticky.

tackiness

tacky 2

n.

[from tack 1 ]

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

taste, cheap. 2 tatty,

1

shabby.

in poor

tacki-

ness n. [origin unknown] taco /'taekau./ n. (pi -s) Mexican dish of meat etc. in a folded tortilla. [Mexican Spanish]

tact

n. 1 skill in dealing with others, esp. in delicate situations. 2 intuitive perception of the right thing to do or say. [Latin

tango tact- touch] tactful adj. having or showing

tact.

:

tactfully adv. tactic /'taektik/ n. 1 tactical manoeuvre. 2 = tactics. [Greek from tasso arrange] tactical adj. 1 of tactics (tactical retreat). 2 (of

bombing

etc.)

3 adroitly planning or adroitly planned. tactically adv. tactics n.pl. 1 (also treated as sing.) disposition of armed forces, esp. in warfare. 2 short-term procedure adopted in

carrying out a scheme or achieving an end. tactician /taek'tiJXa)n/ n. tactile /'taektail/ adj. 1 of the sense of touch. 2 perceived by touch; tangible. tactility tact]

tactless

[Latin: related to tacit]

tack -n. 1 small sharp broad-headed nail. 2 US drawing-pin. 3 long stitch for

TACKY 2 tackle

tail

927

/'taeka,gra:f/ n.

done in direct

support of military or naval operations.

/-'tiliti/

adj.

n.

[Latin: related to

having or showing no

tact.

tactlessly adv.

tadpole

n.

larva, esp. of a frog, toad, or

newt, [related to toad, poll] taffeta /'taefita/ n. fine lustrous silk or silklike fabric. [French or medieval Latin from Persian] taffrail /'taefreil/ n. rail round a ship's stern. [Dutch taffereel panel]

Taffy

/'taefi/

n.

(pi.

-ies) colloq.

often

Welshman, [a supposed pronunciation of Davy = David] tag -n. 1 label, esp. on an object to show offens. 1

its

address, price, etc. 2 metal etc. point

on a shoelace etc. 3 loop or flap for handling or hanging a thing. 4 loose or ragged end. 5 trite quotation or stock 1 provide with a tag or by on, on to) join or attach, p tag along (often foil, by with) go along, accompany passively, [origin

phrase, -v. (-gg-)

tags. 2 (often foil,

unknown] tag 2 -n. children's chasing game. -v. (-gg-) touch in a game of tag. [origin unknown] tag end n. esp. US last remnant. tagliatelle /.taelja'teli/ n. narrow ribbon-shaped pasta.

[Italian]

chi /tai 'tji:/ n. (in full t'ai chi ch'uan /'tjwa:n/) Chinese martial art and system of callisthenics with slow controlled movements. [Chinese, =

t'ai

great ultimate boxing] tail -n. 1 hindmost part of an animal, esp. extending beyond the body. 2 a thing like a tail, esp. an extension at the rear, b rear of a procession etc. 3 rear part of an aeroplane, vehicle, or rocket. 4 luminous trail following a comet. 5 inferior, weaker, or last part of anything. 6 part of a shirt or coat below the waist at the back. 7 (in pi.) colloq. a tailcoat, b evening dress including this. 8 (in pi.) reverse of a coin as a choice when tossing. 9 colloq. person following another, —v. 1 remove the stalks of 1

(fruit). 2 (often foil, by after) colloq. follow closely. on a person's tail closely following a person, tail off (or away) gradually decrease or diminish; end inconclusively, with one's tail between one's legs dejected, humiliated. tailless adj. [Old English]

tail tail

Law

-n. limitation of ownership,

esp. of an estate limited to a person and that person's heirs, -adj. so limited {estate tail). in tail under such a limitation. [French taillier cut: related to tally] tailback n. long line of traffic caused by

an obstruction. tailboard n. hinged or removable

flap

at the rear of a lorry etc.

tailcoat

n.

man's coat with a long

divided flap at the back,

worn

as part of

formal dress. tail-end n. hindmost, lowest, or last part.

tailgate n. 1 esp. US = tailboard. 2 rear door of an estate car or hatchback. tail-light n. (also tail-lamp) US rear light on a vehicle etc. tailor /'teila(r)/ -n. maker of clothes, esp. men's outer garments to measure. -v. 1 make (clothes) as a tailor. 2 make or adapt for a special purpose. 3 work as or be a tailor. [Anglo-French taillour. 2 related to tail ! tailored adj. 1 (of clothing) well or closely fitted. 2 = tailor-made. tailor-made adj. 1 made to order by a tailor. 2 made or suited for a particular purpose. tailpiece n. 1 rear appendage. 2 final part of a thing. 3 decoration in a blank space at the end of a chapter etc. tailpipe n. rear section of an exhaustpipe.

tailplane n. horizontal aerofoil at the tail of an aircraft. tailspin n. 1 spin by an aircraft with the tail spiralling.

tail

take

928

2

wind

n.

2 state of chaos or panic. in the direc-

wind blowing

tion of travel. 1 spot or trace of decay, infection, corruption, etc. 2 corrupt condition or infection, -v. 1 affect with a taint; become tainted. 2 (foil, by with) affect slightly. [Latin: related to tinge] take -v. (-king; past took /tuk/; past part, taken) 1 lay hold of; get into one's hands. 2 acquire, capture, earn, or win. 3 get by purchase, hire, or formal agreement (take lodgings; took a taxi). 4 (in a recipe) use. 5 regularly buy (a newspaper etc.). 6 obtain after qualifying (take a degree). 7 occupy (take a chair). 8 make use of (take the next turning on the left; take the bus). 9 consume (food or medicine). 10 a be effective (inoculation did not take), b (of a plant, seed,

taint -n.

begin to grow. 11 require or use up (will only take a minute). 12 carry or

etc.)

accompany (take

the book home; bus will take you). 13 remove; steal (someone has taken my pen). 14 catch or be infected with (fire or fever etc.). 15

a experience, seek, or be affected by (take fright; take pleasure), b exert (take no notice). 16 find out and note (took his address; took her temperature). 17 understand; assume (/ took you to mean yes). 18 treat, deal with, or regard in a specified way (took it badly; took the corner too fast). 19 (foil, by for) regard as being (do you take me for an idiot?). 20 a accept, receive (take the offer; take a call; takes boarders), b hold (takes 3 pints), c submit to; tolerate (take

a joke).

21

wear (takes size

10).

22 choose or assume (took a job; took the initiative). 23 derive (takes its name from the inventor). 24 (foil, by from) subtract (take 3 from 9). 25 perform or effect (take notes; take an oath; take a look). 26 occupy or engage oneself in (take a rest). 27 conduct (took prayers). 28 teach, be taught, or be examined in (a subject). 29 a make (a photograph), b photograph (a person etc.). 30 (in imper.) use as an example (take Napoleon). 31 Gram, have or require as part of a construction (this verb takes an object). 32 have sexual intercourse with (a woman). 33 (in passive; foil, by by, with) be attracted or charmed by. -n. 1 amount taken or caught at a time etc. 2 scene or film sequence photographed continuously at one time. be taken ill become ill, esp. suddenly, have what it takes colloq. have the necessary qualities etc. for success, take account of see account, take advantage of see advantage, take after resemble (a parent etc.). take against begin to dislike, take aim see aim. take apart 1 dismantle. 2 colloq. beat or defeat. 3 colloq. criticize severely,

take away

1

remove

or carry elsewhere. 2 subtract. 3 buy (hot food etc.) for eating elsewhere, take back 1 retract (a statement). 2 convey to an original position. 3 carry in thought to a past time. 4 a return (goods) to a shop, b (of a shop) accept such goods. 5 accept (a person) back into one's affections, into

employment,

etc.

take the

biscuit (or bun or cake) colloq. be the most remarkable, take down 1 write down (spoken words). 2 remove or dismantle. 3 lower (a garment worn below the waist), take effect see effect, take for granted see grant, take fright see fright, take heart be encouraged, take in 1 receive as a lodger etc. 2 undertake (work) at home. 3 make (a garment etc.) smaller. 4 understand; observe (did you take that in?). 5 cheat. 6 include. 7 colloq. visit (a place) on the way to another (took in Bath). 8 absorb

take-away

talk

929

into the body, take in hand 1 undertake; start doing or dealing with. 2 undertake to control or reform (a per-

taker n. person who takes a bet,

son), take into account see account. take it 1 (often foil, by that) assume. 2 colloq. endure in a specified way (took it badly), take it easy see easy, take it into one's head see head, take it on one (or oneself) (foil, by to + infin.) venture or presume, take it or leave it (esp. in imper.) accept it or not. take it out of 1 exhaust the strength of. 2 have revenge on. take it out on relieve one's frustration by treating aggressively, take off 1 a remove (clothing) from the body, b remove or lead away, c withdraw (transport, a show, etc.). 2 deduct.

taking-ad/,

3 depart, esp. hastily. 4 colloq. mimic humorously. 5 begin a jump. 6 become airborne. 7 (of a scheme, enterprise, etc.) become successful. 8 have (a period) away from work, take oneself off go away, take on 1 undertake (work etc.). 2 engage (an employee). 3 be willing or ready to meet (an opponent etc.). 4 acquire (new meaning etc.). 5

show strong emotion, take out 1 remove; extract. 2 escort on an outing or

colloq.

as a sexual partner. 3 get (a licence, summons, etc.) issued. 4 US = take away 3. 5 slang murder or destroy, take a person out of himself or herself make a person forget his or her worries, take over 1 succeed to the management or ownership of. 2 take control, take part see part, take place see place.

take shape assume a distinct form; develop, take one's time not hurry, take to 1 begin or fall into the habit of (took to smoking). 2 have recourse to. 3 adapt oneself to. 4 form a liking for. take up 1 become interested or engaged in (a pursuit). 2 adopt as a protege. 3 occupy (time or space). 4 begin (residence etc.). 5 resume after an interruption. 6 (often foil, by on) interrupt or question (a speaker) (on a point). 7 accept (an offer etc.). 8 shorten (a garment). 9 lift up. 10 absorb. 11 pursue (a matter etc.) further, esp. with those in authority, take a person up on accept (a person's offer etc.). take up with begin to associate with. [Old English

from Old Norse]

take-away

-attrib.

adj.

(of

food)

bought cooked for eating elsewhere, —n. 1

this food. 2 establishment selling this,

take-home pay

n.

employee's pay

after the deduction of tax etc. take-off n. 1 act of becoming airborne. 2 act of mimicking.

take-over

n.

assumption of control

(esp. of a business); buying-out.

an

accepts

offer, etc.

take-up n. acceptance of a thing offered, (in pi.)

attractive, captivating. -n. of money taken at a

amount

show, in a shop, etc. talc n. 1 talcum powder. 2 magnesium silicate formed as soft flat plates, used as a lubricator etc. [Arabic from Persian talk] 1 = talc 2. 2 (in full talcum powder) powdered talc applied

talcum /'taelkam/ n.

perfumed, [medieval

to the skin, usu.

Latin: see talc] tale n. 1 (usu. fictitious) narrative or story. 2 allegation, often malicious or in breach of confidence. [Old English] talent /'taelant/ n. 1 special aptitude or faculty (talent for music). 2 high mental ability. 3 a person or persons of talent, b colloq. attractive members of the opposite sex (plenty of local talent). 4 ancient esp. Greek weight and unit of

talented

currency.

adj.

[Greek

talanton]

talent-scout

n.

(also talent-spotter) talent, esp. in sport

person seeking new or entertainment.

talisman

/'taelizman/ n. (pi. -s) ring, thought to have magic powers, esp. to bring good luck. talis-

stone,

manic

etc.

/-'maenik/

adj.

[French

and

Spanish from Greek]

talk

by

with) converse or communicate verbally. 2 have the power of speech. 3 (often foil, by about) a discuss; express; utter (talked cricket; talking nonsense), b (in imper.) colloq. as an emphatic statement (talk about expense!). 4 use (a language) in speech (talking Spanish). 5 (foil, by at) address pompously. 6 (usu. foil, by into, out of) bring into a specified condition etc. by talking (talked himself hoarse; did you talk them into it?). 7 betray secrets. 8 gossip (people will talk). 9 have influence (money talks), -n. 1 conversation, talking. 2 particular mode of speech (baby-talk). 3 informal address or lecture. 4 a rumour or gossip (talk of a merger), b its theme (the talk was all babies). 5 empty promises; boasting. 6 (often in pi.) discussions or negotiations. now you're talking colloq. I like what you say, suggest, etc. talk back reply defiantly, talk down to speak condescendingly to. talk a person etc. down 1 silence by loudness or persistence. 2 bring (a pilot or aircraft) to landing by radio, talk of 1 discuss or mention. 2 (often foil, by verbal noun) express some intention of (talked of /to:k/ -u. 1 (often foil,

moving

to

to,

London), talk out block

(a

talkative

talkback

n.

two-way

(often attrib.) system of

communication

by

loudspeaker.

talkie

n. colloq. (esp. early) film with a soundtrack. talking -adj. 1 that talks, or is able to talk {talking parrot). 2 expressive (talking eyes), -n. in senses of talk v. talking of as we are discussing. talking book n. recorded reading of a book, esp. for the blind.

talking-point n. topic for discussion. talking-shop n. derog. arena or opportunity for empty talk. talking-to n. colloq. reproof, reprimand. tall /to:l/ -adj. 1 of more than average height. 2 of a specified height (about six feet tall). 3 higher than the surrounding objects (tall building), -adv. as if tall; proudly (sit tall). tallish adj. tallness n. [Old English, = swift] tallboy n. tall chest of drawers. tall order n. unreasonable demand.

tallow

/'taslau/ n. hard (esp. animal) fat melted down to make candles, soap, etc. z tallowy adj. [Low German] tall ship n. sailing-ship with a high

mast. tall story n. colloq. extravagant story that is difficult to believe. tally /'taeli/-rc. (pi. -ies) 1 reckoning of a debt or score. 2 total score or amount. 3 mark registering the number of objects delivered or received. 4 hist, a piece of notched wood for keeping account, b account kept thus. 5 identification ticket or label. 6 corresponding thing, counterpart, or duplicate, -v. (-ies, -ied) (often foil, by with) agree or correspond. [Latin talea rod]

tally-ho /.taeli'hao/ -int. huntsman's cry on sighting a fox. -n. (pi. -s) cry of -hoed) 1 utter a cry of indicate (a fox) or urge

this. -v. (-hoes,

'tally-ho'.

2

tandoor

930

Parliament) by prolonging discussion to the time of adjournment, talk over discuss at length, talk a person over (or round) gain agreement by talking, talk shop talk about one's occupation etc. talk to rebuke, talker n. [from tale or tell] scold. talkative /'toikativ/ adj. fond of or given to talking. bill in

(hounds) with this cry.

[cf.

French

taiaut]

Talmud /'taelmud, -mad/ n.

body of Jewand ceremonial law and legend. /- mudik/ adj. Talmudist n. [Hebrew, = instruction] talon /'taelan/ n. claw, esp. of a bird of ish civil

Talmudic

prey. [Latin talus ankle]

talus /'teilas/ n. (pi. tali /-lai/) anklebone supporting the tibia. [Latin, = ankle]

tamarind

/'taemennd/

n.

1

tropical

evergreen tree. 2 fruit pulp from this used as food and in drinks. [Arabic, = Indian date]

tamarisk

/'taemarisk/

n.

seashore

shrub usu. with small pink or white flowers. [Latin]

tambour /'taembu8(r)/

drum. 2

n. 1

cir-

cular frame holding fabric taut for embroidering. [French: related to

tabor]

tambourine

/,taemba'ri:n/

n.

small

shallow drum with jingling discs in its rim, shaken or banged as an accompaniment. [French, diminutive of tambour] tame -adj. 1 (of an animal) domesticated; not wild or shy. 2 insipid; dull (tame entertainment). 3 (of a person) amenable, -v. (-ming) 1 make tame; domesticate. 2 subdue, curb. tameable adj. tamely adv. tameness n. tamer n. (also in comb.). [Old English] Tamil /'tsemil/ -n. 1 member of a people of South India and Sri Lanka. 2 language of this people, -adj. of this people or language, [native name] tam-o'-shanter / taema'J aenta(r)/ n. floppy round esp. woollen beret, of Scottish origin, [hero of a poem by Burns] tamp v. ram down hard or tightly, [tampion stopper for gun-muzzle, from ,

1

French tampon]

tamper

v. (foil, by with) 1 meddle with or change illicitly. 2 exert a secret or corrupt influence upon; bribe, [var. of

temper]

tampon /'tampon/ n. plug of soft material

used esp.

to

absorb menstrual blood.

[French: related to tamp]

tam-tam

/'taemtaem/ n. large metal gong. [Hindi] 1 tan -n. 1 = suntan. 2 yellowish-brown colour. 3 bark, esp. of oak, used to tan hides, -adj. yellowish-brown, -v. (-nn-) 1 make or become brown by exposure to sunlight. 2 convert (raw hide) into leather. 3 slang beat, ihrash. [medieval Latin tanno, perhaps from Celtic] tan 2 abbr. tangent. tandem /'taendam/ -n. 1 bicycle with two or more seats one behind another. 2 group of two people etc. with one behind or following the other. 3 carriage driven tandem, -adv. with two or more horses harnessed one behind another (drive in tandem 1 one behind tandem). alongside each other; 2 another. together. [Latin, = at length] tandoor /'taendua(r)/ n. clay oven. [Hindustani]

tandoori /taen'duan/

n.

point]

tangent

(often attrib.) straight line, curve, or surface that meets a curve at a point, but does not intersect it. 2 ratio of two sides (other than the hypotenuse) opposite and adjacent to an acute angle in a right-angled triangle, at a tangent diverging from ,

'taend3(8)nt/ n.

1

a previous course or from what is relevant or central {go off at a tangent). [Latin tango tact- touch] tangential /taen'd3enJXa)l/ adj. 1 of or along a tangent. 2 divergent. 3 peritangentially adv. pheral,

tangerine

/,ta?nd3a'ri:n/ n. 1 small sweet thin-skinned citrus fruit like an orange; mandarin. 2 deep orange-yellow colour. [Tangier in Morocco] tangible /'taend3ib(a)l/ adj. 1 perceptible by touch. 2 definite; clearly intelligible; not elusive {tangible proof). tangibility /-'biliti/ n. tangibleness n. tangibly adv. [Latin: related to

tangent]

tangle

/'taerjg(a)l/

-v. (-ling)

1

inter-

twine (threads or hairs etc.) or become entwined in a confused mass; entangle. 2 (foil, by with) colloq. become involved (esp. in conflict) with {don 't tangle with me). 3 complicate {tangled affair), -rc. 1 confused mass of intertwined threads etc. 2 confused state, [origin uncertain]

tangly

adj. (-ier, -iest) tangled.

tango

'taengau/ -n.

{pi.

-s)

American ballroom dance. this. -v. (-goes,

2

1

slow

music

S.

for

-goed) dance the tango.

adj. (-ier, -iest)

having a strong

usu. acid tang.

tanh

/Gaen, taenf, taen'eitJV abbr.

hyper-

bolic tangent.

tank

-n. 1 large container, usu. for liquid or gas. 2 heavy armoured fighting vehicle moving on continuous tracks. -v. (usu. foil, by up) fill the tank of (a vehicle etc.) with fuel, z tankful n. {pi. = pond, from -s). [originally Indian, Gujarati]

tankard

tanner n. person who tans hides, tannery n. {pi. -ies) place where

hides

are tanned.

tannic

of tan (sense 3). [French tannique: related to tannin] /'taenik/ adj.

tannic acid n. natural yellowish organic compound used as a mordant and astringent. /'taenm/ n.

tannin ganic

and tion.

any of various orcompounds found in tree-barks

oak-galls, used in leather produc[French tanin: related to tan 1 ]

Tannoy /'taenoi/ n. propr. type of publicaddress system, [origin uncertain]

tansy

/'taenzi/ n. {pi. -ies) plant with yellow flowers and aromatic leaves. [Greek athanasia immortality]

tantalize

/'taenta.laiz/

v.

(also

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) 1 torment or tease by the sight or promise of the unobtainable. 2 raise and then dash the hopes of. tantalization /-'zeij(a)n/ n. [Tantalus,

mythical king punished in Hades with sight of water and fruit which drew back whenever he tried to reach them]

tantalum

'taentalam/

white metallic element. [related to tantalize]

tantalus

rare hard tantalic adj.

n.

stand in which be locked up but visible, [see tantalize] /'taentalas/ n.

may

spirit-decanters

tantamount adj. (foil,

by

/'taenta.maunt/ to)

tanto montare

equivalent

amount

to so

predic.

to. [Italian

much]

tantra /'taentra/ n. any of a class of Hindu or Buddhist mystical or magical writings. [Sanskrit, = doctrine]

tantrum /'taentram/ n. (esp. child's) outburst of bad temper or petulance, [origin unknown] Taoiseach /'ti:Jax/ n. prime minister of the Irish Republic. [Irish, = chief, leader]

Taoism

[American Spanish]

tangy

tap

931

food spiced and cooked over charcoal in a tandoor (often attrib.: tandoori chicken). [Hindustani] tang n. 1 strong taste or smell. 2 characteristic quality. 3 projection on the blade of esp. a knife, by which it is held firm in the handle. [Old Norse tange

tandoori

/'taenkad/ n. 1 tall beer mug with a handle. 2 contents of or amount held by this {drank a tankard of ale). [probably Dutch tankaert] tanked up predic. adj. colloq. drunk. tank engine n. steam engine with integral fuel and water containers. tanker n. ship, aircraft, or road vehicle for carrying liquids, esp. oil, in bulk.

/'tauiz(8)m, 'ta:au-/ n. Chinese philosophy advocating humility and religious piety. Taoist n. [Chinese dao right way] tap -n. 1 device by which a flow of liquid or gas from a pipe or vessel can be controlled. 2 tapping of a telephone etc. 3 taproom, - v. (-pp-) 1 provide (a cask) or let out (liquid) with a tap. 2 draw sap 1

from

(a tree) by cutting into it. 3 obtain information or supplies from. 4 extract or obtain; discover and exploit (mineral wealth waiting to be tapped; tap skills of young people). 5 connect a listening device to (a telephone etc.). on tap 1 ready to be drawn off by tap. 2 colloq.

freely available. [Old English] -v. (-pp-) 1 (foil, by at, on) strike a gentle but audible blow. 2 (often foil, by against, on, etc.) strike or cause (a thing) to strike lightly (tapped me on the

tap 2

tapas

Tarmac

932

shoulder). 3 (often foil, by out) make by a tap or taps (tapped out the rhythm). 4 tap-dance, -n. 1 a light blow; rap. b sound of this. 2 a tap-dancing, b metal attachment on a tap-dancer's shoe,

tappet

[imitative]

tap root

tapas

small Spanish dishes. [Spanish] tap-dance -n. rhythmic dance performed with shoes with metal taps. -v. tap-dancer n. perform a tap-dance. /'taepaes/ n.pl. (often attrib.)

savoury

esp.

tap-dancing n. 1 narrow

strip of woven matertying up, fastening, etc. 2 this across the finishing line of a race. 3 (in full adhesive tape) strip of adhesive plastic etc. for fastening, masking, insulating, etc. 4 a = magnetic tape, b reel or cassette containing this, c tape = tape-measure, -v. recording. 5 (-ping) 1 a fasten or join etc. with tape, b apply tape to. 2 (foil, by off) seal or mark off with tape. 3 record on magnetic have (or tape. 4 measure with tape. get) a person or thing taped colloq. understand (him, it, etc.) fully. [Old English] tape deck n. machine for using audiotape (separate from the amplifier, speakers, etc.). tape machine n. 1 machine for recording telegraph messages. 2 = tape

tape-rc. ial for

recorder. n. strip

of

marked tape

or flexible metal for measuring. 1 wick coated with wax etc. for conveying a flame. 2 slender candle, —v. (often foil, by off) 1 diminish or reduce in thickness towards one end. 2 make or become gradually less. [Old English] tape recorder n. apparatus for recording and replaying sounds on magnetic

taper -n.

tape-record

v.

tape recording

n.

tapestry

a thick fabric in which coloured weft threads are woven to form pictures or designs, b (usu. wool) embroidery imitating this, c piece of this. 2 events or circumstances etc. seen as interwoven etc. (life's rich tapestry), z tapestried adj. [tapissery

n.

motion, [from tap 2 ]

taproom

n. room in a pub serving drinks on tap. n. tapering root growing ver-

tically downwards. tar -n. 1 dark thick inflammable liquid distilled from wood or coal etc., used as a preservative of wood and iron, in making roads, as an antiseptic, etc. 2 similar substance formed in the com1

bustion of tobacco etc. — v. (-rr-) cover with tar. z tar and feather smear with tar and then cover with feathers as a

punishment, tarred with the same brush having the same faults. [Old English]

tar r /2.

colloq. sailor,

taramasalata

[from tarpaulin]

/.taeramasa'lcuta/

n.

taramosalata) pate made from roe with olive oil, seasoning, etc. [Greek taramas roe, salata salad] tarantella /.taeran'tela/ n. 1 whirling S. Italian dance. 2 music for this. [Italian from Taranto in Italy] (also

tarantula

/ta'raentjula/ n. 1 large hairy tropical spider. 2 large black S. European spider, [medieval Latin: related to

TARANTELLA]

tarboosh

/ta:'bu:J7 n.

cap like a

fez.

[Arabic from Persian]

tardy

/'ta:di/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1

slow to

come, or happen. 2 delaying or delayed, z tardily adv. tardiness n. [Latin tardus slow] tare 1 n. 1 vetch, esp. as a cornfield weed or fodder. 2 (in pi) Bibl. an injurious cornfield weed (Matt. 13:24-30). [origin act,

tape-measure

tape, z

lever or projecting part in machinery giving intermittent /'taepit/

/'taepistri/ n. (pi. -ies) 1

from French tapis carpet]

tapeworm

n.

worm

parasitic intestinal

flat-

with a segmented body. tapioca /.taepi'auka/ n. starchy substance in hard white grains, obtained from cassava and used for puddings etc. [Tupi-Guarani] tapir /'teipa(r), -pia(r)/ n. nocturnal Central and S. American or Malaysian hoofed mammal with a short flexible snout. [Tupi]

unknown] tare 2 n. 1 allowance made for the weight of packing or wrapping around goods. 2 weight of a vehicle without fuel or load. [Arabic tarha]

target at,

-n. 1 mark fired or aimed round object marked with

/'ta:git/

esp. a

concentric circles. 2 person or thing aimed or fired at etc. (an easy target). 3 objective or result aimed at. 4 butt for criticism, abuse, etc. -v. (-t-) 1 identify or single out as a target. 2 aim or direct (missiles targeted on major cities). [French targe shield] tariff /'taerif/ n. 1 table of fixed charges (hotel tariff). 2 a duty on a particular class of goods, b list of duties or customs due. [Arabic, = notification] tarlatan /'ta:l9t(a)n/ n. thin stiff openweave muslin. [French; probably originally Indian] Tarmac /'ta:maek/ -n. propr. 1 = tar-

macadam. 2 runway etc. made of this. -0. (tarmac) (-ck-) apply tarmacadam to. [abbreviation]

tarmacadam tarmacadam

n.

stone

or slag bound with bitumen, used in paving roads etc. [from tar macadam] tarn n. small mountain lake. [Old Norse] tarnish /'tamiJV -v. 1 (cause to) lose lustre. 2 impair (one's reputation etc.). -n. 1 loss of lustre, esp. as a film on a metal's surface. 2 blemish, stain. [French ternir from terne dark] taro /'tarrau/ n. (pi. -s) tropical plant with tuberous roots used as food. [Polynesian] 1

,

tarot

/'taerau/ n. (often attrib.) 1 (in sing.

a pack of mainly picture cards used in fortune-telling, b any game played with a similar pack of 78 cards. 2 any card from a tarot pack. [French] tarpaulin /tai'poilm/ n. 1 heavy-duty cloth waterproofed esp. with tar. 2 sheet 1 1 or covering of this, [from tar pall ] or

pi.)

,

tarragon /'taeragan/ n. bushy herb used in salads, stuffings, vinegar, etc. [medieval Latin from Greek] tarry /'ta:n/ adj. (-ier, -iest) of, like, or 1

smeared with

tarry

2

/'taen/

tar. v.

(-ies,

linger, stay, wait, [origin

-ied)

archaic

unknown]

tarsal

/'ta:s(9)l/ -adj. of the anklebones, -n. tarsal bone, [from tarsus] tarsus /'ta:sas/ n. (pi. tarsi /-sai/) 1 bones of the ankle and upper foot. 2 shank of a bird's leg. [Greek] tart n. 1 open pastry case containing jam etc. 2 pie with a fruit or other sweet filling. tartlet n. [French tarte] tart 2 -n. slang 1 prostitute; promiscuous woman. 2 slang offens. girl or woman, -v. (foil, by up) colloq. (usu. re/7.) smarten or dress up, esp. gaudily, [probably abbreviation of sweetheart] tart 3 adj. 1 sharp or acid in taste. 2 (of a 1

remark

tartly [Old English] tartan /'ta:t(9)n/ n. 1 pattern of coloured stripes crossing at right angles, esp. denoting a Scottish Highland clan. 2 woollen cloth woven in this pattern (often attrib. tartan scarf), [origin unetc.) cutting, bitter.

adv. tartness

taster

933

/.taima'kaedam/

n.

:

certain]

Tartar

/'ta:t9(r)/ -n. 1 a member of a group of Central Asian peoples including Mongols and Turks, b Turkic language of these peoples. 2 (tartar) harsh

or formidable person, -adj. 1 of Tartars. 2 of Central Asia east of the Caspian Sea. [French or medieval Latin] tartar /'ta:ta(r)/ n. 1 hard deposit that forms on the teeth. 2 deposit that formsa hard crust in wine, [medieval Latin

from Greek] tartare /ta:'ta:(r)/ adj. (in phr. sauce tartare) = tartar sauce. [French]

tartaric

/ta:'taenk/ adj. of or

from

tar-

tar.

tartaric acid n. natural acid found esp. in unripe grapes, used in baking powders etc. tartar sauce n. sauce of mayonnaise and chopped gherkins, capers, etc. [from Tartar] tartrazine /'ta:tra,zi:n7 n. brilliant yellow dye from tartaric acid, used to colour food

tarty

etc.

adj. colloq. (-ier, -iest) (esp. of

woman)

[from tart

2 ]

Tarzan /'ta:z(a)n/ n. colloq. lar

a

vulgar, gaudy; promiscuous, agile muscuin stories

man. [name of a character

by E. R. Burroughs]

task /ta:sk/ -n.

piece of work to be done. demands on (a person's take to task rebuke, scold, [medieval Latin tasca, probably = taxa tax]

-v.

make

powers

great

etc.).

task force

n. (also

task group) armed

force or other group organized for a specific operation or task,

taskmaster n. (fern, taskmistress) person who makes others work hard. Tass n. official Russian news agency. [Russian] /'taes(a)l/ n. 1 tuft of loosely hanging threads or cords etc. as decoration. 2 tassel-like flower-head of some plants, esp. maize. tasselled adj. (US taseled). [French tas(s)el clasp] taste /teist/ -n. 1 a sensation caused in the mouth by contact with a soluble substance, b faculty of perceiving this (bitter to the taste). 2 small sample of food or drink. 3 slight experience (taste of success). 4 (often foil, by for) liking or predilection (expensive tastes). 5 aesthetic discernment in art, clothes, conduct, etc. (in poor taste), -v. (-ting) 1 sample the flavour of (food etc.) by taking it into the mouth. 2 (also absol.) perceive the flavour of (cannot taste with a cold). 3 (esp. with neg.) eat or drink a small portion of (had not tasted food for days). 4 experience (never tastedfailure). 5 (often foil, by of) have a specified flavour (tastes of onions). to one's taste pleasing, suitable. [French

tassel

from Romanic] taste bud n. cell or nerve-ending on the surface of the tongue by which things are tasted.

tasteful taste.

adj. having, or done in, good tastefully adv. tastefulness

n.

tasteless adj. 1 lacking flavour. 2 having, or done in, bad taste. tastelessly adv. tastelessness n. taster n. 1 person employed to test food or drink by tasting. 2 small sample.

tasting tasting drink

is

tasty

gathering at which food or and evaluated. 1 pleasing in fla-

n.

tasted

adj. (-ier, -iest)

vour; appetizing. 2 colloq. attractive, tastily adv. tastiness n. tat n. colloq. tatty things; rubbish, junk, [back-formation from tatty] tat 2 v. (-tt-) do, or make by, tatting, i

i

1

unknown]

[origin

tat 3 see tit 2 ta-ta /tae'ta:/

goodbye, [origin

int. colloq.

unknown] (usu. in pi.) rag; irregularly in tatters torn cloth or paper etc. colloq. 1 torn in many places. 2 desNorse] troyed, ruined. [Old tattered adj. in tatters. tatting /'taetin/ «.1a kind of handmade knotted lace used for trimming etc. 2 process making this, [origin of n.

unknown]

tautologous

/-ta'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj.

/-lagas/

[Greek tauto the same] /'taev(a)n/ n. archaic or literary inn, pub. [Latin taberna]

adj.

tavern

taverna

/ta'v3:na/ n. Greek restaurant. [modern Greek: related to tavern] /'ta:dn/ adj. (-ier, -iest) showy but worthless; gaudy. tawdrily adv. tawdriness n. [tawdry lace from St

tawdry

Audrey's

.

tatter

taxonomy

984

tawny

lace]

-

/'to:ni/ adj. (-ier, -iest)

orange-

brown or yellow-brown. [Anglo-French taune: related to tan tawny owl n. reddish-brown European 1

]

owl.

tax -n.

1

money compulsorily

levied by

the State or local authorities on individuals, property, or businesses. 2 (usu. foil,

by on, upon)

strain,

heavy demand,

or burdensome obligation, - v. 1 impose a tax on. 2 deduct tax from (income etc.).

-v. (-ling) prattle, chatgossip; idle talk. [Flemish tatelen, imitative]

3 make heavy demands on (taxes my patience). 4 (often foil, by with) confront

evening drum

count, j taxable adj. [Latin taxo cen-

tattle

/'taet(a)l/

gossip,

ter,

tattoo

1

-n.

/ta'tu:, tae-/ n.

1

or bugle signal recalling soldiers to quarters. 2 elaboration of this with music and marching as an entertainment. 3 rhythmic tapping or drumming, [earlier tap-too from Dutch taptoe, literally 'close the tap' (of the cask)]

tattoo 2

-v. (-oos, -ooed) 1 mark (skin) indelibly by puncturing it and inserting pigment. 2 make (a design) in this way. —n. such a design. tattooer n. tattooist n. [Polynesian]

tatty

/ta'tu:, tae-/

/'taeti/

adj.

(-ier,

-iest) colloq.

1

tattered; shabby. 2 inferior. 3 tawdry. tattily adv. tattiness n. [originally Scots, = shaggy, apparently related to

tatter]

tau

rejoinder] esp.

/taup/ adj.

&

n.

grey tinged with

brown. [French, = mole

Taurus

person) with a fault

etc; call to ac-

r

sure, compute] taxa pi. of taxon.

taxation /taek'seiJXa)n/ n. imposition or payment of tax. [Latin: related to tax] tax avoidance n. minimizing payment of tax by financial manoeuvring,

tax-deductible

adj.

(of expenditure)

from income before

legally deductible

tax assessment.

tax disc n. road tax receipt displayed on the windscreen of a vehicle,

tax evasion n. illegal non-payment or underpayment of tax. tax-free adj. exempt from tax. tax haven n. country etc. where taxes are low.

nineteenth letter of the Greek alphabet (T, t). [Greek] past and past part, of teach. taught taunt /to:nt/ -n. insult; provocation. -v. insult; provoke contemptuously. [French tant pour tant tit for tat, smart /tao, to:/ n.

taupe

(a

1

]

(pi -es) 1 constellation and second sign of the zodiac (the Bull). 2 person born when the sun is in /'ta:ras/ n.

this sign, bull]

c

i

Taurean adj. & n.

[Latin,

=

taut

/to:t/ adj. 1 (of a rope etc.) tight; not slack. 2 (of nerves etc.) tense. 3 (of a ship etc.) in good condition. tauten v.

tautly adv. tautness TOUGH]

n.

[perhaps =

/'taeksi/ -n. (pi. -s) (in full taxi-cab) car licensed to ply for hire and usu. with a taximeter, —v. (-xis, -xied, -xiing or -xying) 1 (of an aircraft or pilot) drive on the ground before takeoff or after landing. 2 go or convey in a taxi, [abbreviation of taximeter cab] taxidermy /'ta3ksi,d3:mi/ n. art of preparing, stuffing, and mounting the skins taxidermist n. [Greek of animals.

fitted

taxis arrangement,

taximeter

/to:'tDlad3i/ n. (pi. -ies) repetition using different words, esp. as a fault of style (e.g. arrived one after the

tautological

derma

skin]

/'taeksi,mi:ta(r)/

n.

auto-

matic fare-indicator fitted to a taxi. [French: related to tax] taxi rank n. (US taxi stand) place where taxis wait to be hired.

taxman n.

colloq.

inspector or collector

of taxes.

taxon

tautology

other in succession).

taxi

taxa) any taxo[back-formation from

/'taeks(a)n/ n. (pi.

nomic group, taxonomy]

taxonomy

/taek'sonamiA n. classification of living and extinct organisms.

taxpayer

/-sa'rmmik/ adj. taxonomtaxonomical /-sa'nDmik(9)l/ adj. ically /-sa nDmikali/ adv. taxonomist -nomia arrangement, taxis [Greek n. distribution] taxpayer n. person who pays taxes, tax return n. declaration of income for taxation purposes.

taxonomic

tayberry

/'teiban/ n.

(pi.

-ies)

hybrid

between the blackberry and raspberry. [River Tay in Scotland] abbr. 1 tubercle bacillus. 2 tubercufruit

TB

terbium.

T-shaped bone, esp. in steak from the thin end of a loin, tbsp. abbr. tablespoonful. Tc symb. technetium. /'ti:baun/ n.

TCP

abbr. propr. a disinfectant and germicide. [frichlorophenylmethyliodasalicyl] Te symb. tellurium. te /ti:/ n. (also ti) seventh note of a major scale, [earlier

tea

si:

French from

Italian]

a (in full tea plant) Asian evergreen shrub or small tree, b its dried leaves. 2 drink made by infusing tea-leaves in boiling water. 3 infusion of other leaves etc. (camomile tea; beef tea). 4 a light afternoon meal of tea, bread, cakes, etc. b = high tea. [probably Dutch tee from Chinese] tea bag n. small perforated bag of tea for n.

1

infusion.

tea break

n.

pause in work

etc. to

drink

tea.

tea caddy

teacake

n.

container for tea-leaves, usu. toasted sweet bun

n. light

eaten at tea.

teach

(past and past part, taught a give systematic information, instruction, or training to (a person) or about (a subject or skill) (taught me to swim), b (absol.) practise this professionally, c communicate, instruct in (suffering taught me patience). 2 advocate as a moral etc. principle (taught forgiveness). 3 (foil, by to + infin.) a instruct (a person) by example or punishment (that will teach you not to disobey), b colloq. discourage (a person) from (that will teach you to laugh). teachable adj. [Old English] teacher n. person who teaches, esp. in a v.

/to:t/) 1

school.

tea chest n. light metal-lined plywood box for transporting tea-leaves.

teaching

n. 1

profession of a teacher. 2

what is taught; doctrine. tea cloth n. = tea towel. tea cosy n. cover to keep a teapot warm. (often in pi.)

(pi

-s).

tea dance

afternoon tea with dan-

n.

cing.

teak

n. 1 a hard durable timber. 2 large Indian or SE Asian deciduous tree yielding this. [Portuguese from Malayalam] teal n. (pi. same) small freshwater duck,

[origin

unknown]

tea lady

woman employed

n.

to

make

tea in offices etc.

tea-leaf

n. 1

thief.

t.b.a. abbr. to be announced.

T-bone

teacup n. 1 cup from which tea is drunk. teacupful n. 2 amount held by this.

dried leaf of tea. 2 (esp. in pi.) these as dregs. 3 rhyming slang

losis.

Tb symb.

tear-drop

935

team

-n. 1 set of players forming one side in a game. 2 two or more people working together. 3 set of draught animals, -u. 1 (usu. foil, by up) join in a team or in common action (teamed up with them). 2 (foil, by with) match or

coordinate (clothes). [Old English]

team-mate n. fellow-member of a team. team spirit n. willingness to act for the communal good. teamster n. 1 US lorry-driver. of a

team of animals, combined n.

teamwork

2 driver action;

co-operation.

tea-planter

n. proprietor or cultivator of a tea plantation. teapot n. pot with a handle, spout, and lid, for brewing and then pouring tea. tear 1 /tea(r)/ -v. (past tore; past part. torn) 1 (often foil, by up) pull apart or to pieces with some force (tore up the letter). 2 a make a hole or rent in this way; undergo this (have torn my coat, curtain tore), b make (a hole or rent). 3 (foil, by away, off, at, etc.) pull violently (tore off the cover; tore down the notice). 4 violently disrupt or divide (torn by guilt). 5 colloq. go hurriedly (tore across the road), -n. 1 hole etc. caused by tearing. 2 torn part of cloth etc. be torn between have difficulty in choosing between, tear apart 1 search (a place) exhaustively. 2 criticize forcefully. 3 destroy; divide utterly; distress

tear one's hair out colloq. behave with extreme desperation, tear into colloq. 1 severely reprimand. 2 start (an activity) vigorously, tear onegreatly,

away

leave reluctantly, tear to or criticize thoroughly, that's torn it colloq. that has spoiled things etc. [Old English] tear 2 /tia(r)/ n. 1 drop of clear salty liquid secreted by glands from the eye, and shed esp. in grief. 2 tearlike thing; drop. in tears crying. [Old English] self

shreds

colloq. refute

tearaway

n.

colloq.

unruly

person.

tear-drop

n.

single tear.

young

tear-duct

sad {tearful event). tearfully adv. tear-gas n. gas causing severe irritation to the eyes.

tearing hurry n. tear-jerker n.

hurry, sentimental

colloq. great colloq.

story, film, etc.

tearoom ing tea

small unlicensed cafe serv-

n.

etc.

tea rose

hybrid shrub with a tealike

n.

scent.

tease

-v. (-sing) (also absol.) 1 a make fun of playfully, unkindly, or annoyingly; irritate, b allure, esp. sexually, while withholding satisfaction. 2 pick (wool etc.) into separate fibres. 3 dress (cloth) esp. with teasels, -n. 1 colloq. person fond of teasing. 2 act of teasing (only a tease). tease out separate by disentangling. [Old Eng/ti:z/

lish]

teasel ti:z(a)l/ n. (also teazel, teazle) 1 plant with large prickly heads that are dried and used to raise the nap on woven cloth. 2 other device used for this purpose, z teaseler n. [Old English: /

related to tease]

teaser

n. 1

person

who

teases. 2 colloq.

hard question or task, teaset n. set of crockery for serving tea. teashop n. = tearoom. teaspoon n. 1 small spoon for stirring tea. 2 amount held by this, z teaspoonful

n. {pi. -s).

teat

n.

1

mammary

nipple, esp. of

an

animal. 2 rubber nipple for sucking from a bottle. [French from Germanic] teatime n. time in the afternoon when tea is served.

tea towel crockery

n.

towel for drying washed

etc.

tea trolley n. (US tea wagon) small trolley from which tea is served. teazel (also teazle) var. of teasel. TEC /tek/ abbr. Training and Enterprise Council.

tec

n. colloq.

tech

n. (also

detective, [abbreviation] tec) colloq. technical col-

technetium

/tek'ni:J(a)m/

ical failure (technical hitch). 5 strictly

or legally interpreted (lost on a technical point). technically adv. /.tekm'kaeliti/ n. (pi -ies) 1 being technical. 2 technical expression. 3 technical point or detail (acquit-

technicality

ted on a technicality). technical knockout

n. ruling by the referee that a boxer has lost because he is not fit to continue. technician /tek'mj(a)n/ n. 1 person doing practical or maintenance work in a laboratory etc. 2 person skilled in artistic etc. technique. 3 expert in practical science.

Technicolor

/'tekni kAl9(r)/ n. (

(often

propr. process of colour cinematography. 2 (usu. technicolor) colloq. a vivid colour, b artificial bril-

attrib.)

1

liance.

technique

1 mechanical manipulation of a

/tek'niik/ n.

skill in art. 2 skilful

situation, people, etc. 3 manner of artexecution in music, painting, etc. [French: related to technic] technocracy /tek'nokrasi/ n. (pi -ies) 1 rule or control by technical experts. 2 istic

instance or application of this. [Greek tekhne art]

technocrat

/'tekna.kraet/ n.

or advocate of technocracy. cratic /-'kraetik/ adj.

technology

exponent techno-

/tek'nnl8d3i/ n. (pi -ies)

1

knowledge or use of the mechanical arts and applied sciences (lacked the technology). 2 these subjects collectively.

technological /-n8'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. technologically /-na'lDd3ikali/ adv. technologist n. [Greek tekhnologia systematic treatment, from tekhne art] tectonic /tek'tonik/ adj. 1 of building or construction. 2 of the deformation and subsequent structural changes of the earth's crust (see plate tectonics). [Greek tekton craftsman]

tectonics n.pl

(usu. treated as sing.)

study of the earth's large-scale structural features (see plate tectonics).

Ted

n.

(also ted) colloq.

Teddy boy.

[abbreviation]

lege, [abbreviation] n.

artifi-

produced radioactive metallic element. [Greek tekhnetos artificial] cially

technic

tee

936

tear-duct n. drain for carrying tears to or from the eye. tearful adj. 1 crying or inclined to cry. 2

/'teknik/ n. 1 (usu. in pi.) a technology, b technical terms, details, methods, etc. 2 technique. [Greek tekhne art] technical adj. 1 of the mechanical arts and applied sciences (technical college). 2 of a particular subject or craft etc. or its techniques (technical terms). 3 (of a book or discourse etc.) using technical language; specialized. 4 due to mechan-

teddy full

pet

/'tedi/ n. (also Teddy) (pi -ies) (in teddy bear) soft toy bear. [Teddy, form of Theodore Roosevelt]

Teddy boy

/'tedi/ n. colloq. youth, esp. of the 1950s, wearing Edwardian-style clothes, hairstyle, etc. [Teddy, pet form of Edward] tedious /'ti:dias/ adj. tiresomely long; wearisome, z tediously adv. tediousness n. [Latin: related to tedium] tedium /'ti:diam/ n. tediousness. [Latin taedium from taedet it bores] tee 1 n. = T [phonetic spelling] 1

.

tee

2 mark aimed at in bowls, quoits, curling, etc. -v. (tees, teed) (often foil, by tee off 1 up) place (a ball) on a golf tee. play a ball from a tee. 2 colloq. start,

begin, [origin

tee-hee

unknown]

te-hee) -int. expressing esp. derisive amusement. -n. titter, giggle, -v. (-hees, -heed) tit(also

/ti:'hi:/

ter, giggle, [imitative]

teem

v. 1 be abundant. 2 (foil, by with) be full of or swarming with (teeming with ideas). [Old English, = give birth 1

3 by telephone [Greek tele far off]

(telecast).

(telesales).

tele-ad

/'teli.aed/ n. advertisement telephoned to a newspaper etc. telecast -n. television broadcast, — w. telecaster n. transmit by television.

telecommunication 'keij(a)n/ n.

1

/.telika.mjuini

communication over a

distance by circuits using cable, fibre optics, satellites, radio etc. 2 (usu. in pi.) technology of this.

teleconference

/'teli.konfarans/

n.

conference with participants linked by telephone etc. teleconferencing n.

telefax

/'teli.faeks/ n.

= fax. [abbrevi-

ation of telefacsimile]

telegram

to]

teem 2

(often foil, etc.) flow copiously; rain). [Old Norse]

teen

v.

by down) (of water pour (teeming with

ation]

teenage

attrib. adj. of

of teenagers.

teenager

n.

or characteristic

teenaged adj. person from 13 to

19 years

of age.

years of one's age from

/ti:nz/ n.pl.

13 to 19 (in his teens). /'tiinzi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

teensy

=

TEENY.

teeny /'ti:ni/ adj.

(-ier, -iest) colloq. tiny,

[var. of tiny]

teeny-bopper

n.

ager, usu. a girl, fashions.

teeny-weeny teepee teeter

colloq.

who

young

teen-

follows the latest (also

adj.

-weensy) very

teensy-

tiny,

Since 1981 telegram has not

UK official use, except for inter-

been in

var. of tepee. v.

totter;

move

unsteadily,

[dial.

teeth pi. of tooth. teethe /ti:o/ v. (-thing) grow or cut teeth, esp.

milk teeth.

teething-ring

n.

ring for an infant to

on while teething.

teething troubles n.pl. initial culties in an enterprise etc.

/ti:'taut(a)l/ adj. of or advocating total abstinence from alcohol.

teetotaller n. [reduplication of TOTAL] teff n. an African cereal. [Amharic] TEFL /'tef(9)l/ abbr. teaching of English as a foreign language. n.

Teflon

/'teflon/ n. propr. non-stick coating for kitchen utensils, [from tetra-,

yZuor-, -on]

te-hee

,

/

teli,gra:f/-rc. (often attrib.)

device or system for transmitting messages or signals to a distance, esp. by making and breaking an electrical connection (telegraph wire), -v. 1 (often followed by to) send a message by telegraph to. 2 send or communicate by telegraph (telegraphed my concern). 3 give advance indication of (telegraphed his punch). telegraphist /ti'le grafist/ n.

telegraphic /.teli'graefik/ adj.

1 of or by telegraphs or telegrams. 2 economically

telegraphically adv. /ti'legrafi/ n. communicaby telegraph. telekinesis /,telikai'ni:sis, -ki'ni:sis/ n. supposed paranormal force moving obworded.

telegraphy

distance. telekinetic [Greek kineo move] telemarketing /'teli.maikitirj/ n. marketing of goods etc. by unsolicited telejects

var. of tee-hee.

telescope).

2

a

at

/-'netik/ adj.

phone

calls.

television

/'teli,mesid3/ n.

message

sent by telephone or telex and delivered in printed form.

Telemessage has been in UK use since 1981 for inland mess-

Usage official

ages, replacing telegram.

telemetry

/ti'lematn/ n. process of recording the readings of an instrument and transmitting them by radio. tele-

meter

/ti'lemita(r)/ n.

teleology

/,ti:li'Dl8d3i, ,te-/ n. (pi. -ies)

explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve. 2 Theol. doctrine of design and purpose in the material world. teleological /-a'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. [Greek telos end]

Philos.

Tel. abbr. (also tel.) telephone, tele- comb, form 1 at or to a distance (telekinesis,

telegraph

telemessage diffi-

teetotal

teetotalism

age.

tion

titter]

bite

form.

national messages. See also telemess-

[Old English]

teens

/'teli.graem/ n. message sent by telegraph and delivered in printed

Usage

= teenage, [abbrevi-

attrib. adj.

-teen suffix forming numerals from 13 to 19.

teleology

937

tee 2 /ti:/ -n. 1 a cleared space from which the golf ball is struck at the start of play for each hole, b small wooden or plastic support for a golf ball used then.

1

telepathy

paeBik/ adj. telepathically /.teli'paeOikali/ adv.

telepathic

/.teli

telephone

/'teh.faun/ -n. 1 apparatus for transmitting sound (esp. speech) to a distance, esp. by using optical or electrical signals. 2 handset etc. used in this.

3 system of communication using a network of telephones, -v. (-ning) 1 speak to or send (a message) by telephone. 2 make a telephone call. on the telephone having or using a telephone, over the telephone using the teletelephonic /-'fonik/ adj. telephone. phonically /-'fnnikali/ adv.

telephone book

= telephone

n.

dir-

ectory.

telephone booth

n.

(also

telephone

kiosk, telephone box) booth telephone for public use.

telephone directory

etc.

book

n.

with a listing

telephone subscribers and numbers,

telephone number n. number used to call a particular telephone,

telephonist /ti'lefamst/ n. operator in a telephone exchange or at a switchboard, telephony /ti'lefam/ n. transmission of

sound by telephone.

telephoto

/.teh'fautau/ n. (pi. -s) (in full

telephoto lens) lens used in telephotography.

telephotography

/.telifa'tografi/

n.

photographing of distant objects with a system of lenses giving a large image.

telephotographic /-.fauta'graeftk/ adj. teleprinter /'teli,pnnta(r)/ n. device for transmitting, receiving, and printing telegraph messages.

teleprompter

/'teli,prDmpta(r)/ n. de-

beside a television or cinema camera that slowly unrolls a speaker's script out of sight of the audience. telesales /'teli.seilz/ n.pl selling by telephone. telescope /'teli.skaup/ -n. 1 optical instrument using lenses or mirrors to vice

magnify distant

objects.

2

= radio

telescope, -v. (-ping) 1 press or drive (sections of a tube, colliding vehicles, etc.) together so that one slides into another. 2 close or be capable of closing in this way. 3 compress so as to less space or time.

telescopic

occupy

of or made with a telescope (telescopic observations). 2 (esp. of a lens) able to focus on and magnify distant objects. 3 consisting of sections that telescope. telescopically adv. telescopic sight n. telescope on a rifle etc.

tell-tale

938

telepathy /ti'lepaGi/ n. supposed paranormal communication of thoughts.

/.teli'skopik/

used for sighting.

adj.

1

teletext

/'teli.tekst/

n.

computerized

news and information service transmitted to the televisions of subscribers. /'teli,0Dn/ n. exceptionally long television programme, esp. to raise money for charity, [from tele-, mara-

telethon thon]

Teletype

/'teli.taip/ n.

propr.

sl

kind of

teleprinter.

televise /'teh.vaiz/ v. (-sing) broadcast on television. television /'teli,vi3(a)n, -'vi3(a)n/ n. 1 system for reproducing on a screen visual images transmitted (usu. with sound) by radio signals or cable. 2 (in full television set) device with a screen for receiving these signals. 3 television

televisual

broadcasting.

/-'vi3ual/

adj.

telex

/'teleks/

(also Telex) -n.

inter-

national system of telegraphy by teleprinters, using the public telecommunications network, -v. send, or communicate with, by telex, [from teleprinter, exchange] tell v. (past and past part, told /tauld/) 1 relate in speech or writing (tell me a story). 2 make known; express in words (tell me your name). 3 reveal or signify to (a person) (your face tells me everything). 4 utter (tell lies). 5 a (often foil, by of, about) divulge information etc.; reveal a secret, the truth etc. (told her

about Venice; book tells you how to cook; promise you won't tell, time will tell), b (foil, by on) colloq. inform against. 6 (foil, by to + infin.) direct; order (tell them to wait). 7 assure (it's true, I tell you). 8 decide, determine, distinguish (tell one from the other). 9 (often foil, by on) produce a noticeable effect or influence (strain told on me; evidence tells against you). 10 (often absol.) count (votes) at a meeting, electell apart distinguish betion, etc. tween (could not tell them apart), tell off colloq. scold, tell tales make known another person's faults etc. tell the time read the time from a clock or watch, you're telling me colloq. I agree wholeheartedly. [Old English: related to tale] teller n. 1 person working at the counter of a bank etc. 2 person who counts votes. 3 person who tells esp. stories (teller of tales).

telling

adj.

having a marked

effect;

tellingly adv. striking; impressive. telling-off n. (pi. tellings-ofi) colloq. scolding.

tell-tale n. 1 person who reveals secrets about another. 2 (attrib.) that reveals or betrays (tell-tale smile), 3 automatic monitoring or registering device.

tellurium tellurium /te'ljuariam/

n. rare lustrous silver-white element used in semicontelluric adj. [Latin tellus -urductors, earth] i

telly

/'teli/

n.

(pi.

-ies) colloq.

1

tele-

vision. 2 television set. [abbreviation] /ti'menti/ n. rashness; auda-

temerity city.

temp

[Latin temere rashly]

-n. temporary employee, esp. a secretary, -v. work as a temp, colloq.

mental disposition, mood {placid temper). 2 irritation or anger (fit temper). 3 tendency to lose one's of temper (have a temper). 4 composure, calmness (lose one's temper). 5 hard1

ness or elasticity of metal, -v. 1 bring (metal or clay) to a proper hardness or consistency. 2 (foil, by with) moderate, mitigate (temper justice with mercy). in a bad (or out of) temper irritable, angry, in a good temper amicable, happy. [Latin tempero mingle] tempera /'tempara/ n. 1 method of painting using an emulsion, e.g. of pigment with egg-yolk and water, esp. on canvas. 2 this emulsion. [Italian] temperament /'tempramant/ n. person's or animal's nature and character (nervous temperament). [Latin: related to

temper]

temperamental

/,tempra'ment(a)l/ adj. 1 of temperament. 2 a (of a person) unreliable; moody, b colloq. (of esp. a machine) unreliable, unpredictable. temperamentally adv. temperance /'temparans/ n. 1 moderation, esp. in eating and drinking. 2 (often attrih.) abstinence, esp. total, from alcohol (temperance hotel). [Latin: related to

temper]

temperate

/'temparat/ adj. 1 avoiding excess. 2 moderate. 3 (of a region or climate) mild. [Latin: related to temper]

temperature

/'tempritj'a(r)/

n.

1

measured or perceived degree of heat or cold of a thing, region, etc. 2 colloq. body temperature above the normal (have a temperature). 3 degree of excitement in a discussion etc. [Latin: related to temper]

tempest

/'tempist/ n. violent storm. [Latin tempus time] /tem'pestjuas/ adj. stormy; turbulent. tempestuously adv. tempi pi. of tempo. template /'templit, -pleit/ n. piece of thin board or metal plate etc., used as a pattern in cutting or drilling etc. [originally templet, diminutive of temple, device in a loom to keep the cloth stretched]

tempestuous

temple

1

/'temp(a)l/ n. building for the worship, or seen as the dwelling-place, of a god or gods etc. [Latin templum]

temple 2

/'temp(a)l/ n. flat part of either side of the head between the forehead and the ear. [French from Latin] tempo /'tempau/ n. (pi. -s or -pi /-pi:/) 1

speed at which music is or should be played. 2 speed or pace* [Latin tempus -por- time]

temporal /'tempar(a)l/ adj.

[abbreviation]

temper -n.

tenant

939

1 worldly as opposed to spiritual; secular. 2 of time. 3 Gram, denoting time or tense (temporal conjunction). 4 of the temples of the head (temporal artery). [Latin tempus por- time]

temporary

/'temparan/ -adj. lasting or meant to last only for a limited time. -n. (pi. -ies) person employed temporar-

temporarily

ily,

ness

adv.

temporari-

n.

temporize

/'tempa.raiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 avoid committing oneself so as to gain time; procrastinate. 2 comply temporarily; adopt a timeserving policy. tempt v. 1 entice or incite (a person) to

do what

him

wrong or forbidden (tempted

is

to steal

it).

2 allure, attract. 3 risk be tempted to

provoking (fate etc.). be strongly disposed

temptress

n.

to.

tempter

n.

[Latin tempto, tento try,

test]

temptation

/temp'teiJXa)n/ n. 1 tempting or being tempted; incitement, esp. to wrongdoing. 2 attractive thing or course of action. 3 archaic putting to the test.

tempting

adj.

attractive, inviting.

temptingly

tempura

adv. /tem'puara/

of fish, shellfish, [Japanese]

ten

adj.

&

n.

etc.,

Japanese dish

fried in batter.

one more than nine. 2 this (10, x, X). 3 size etc. ten. 4 ten o'clock, z ten to

n. 1

symbol for denoted by

one very probably. [Old English] tenable /'tenab(a)l/ adj. 1 maintainable or defensible against attack or objection (tenable position). 2 (foil, by for, by) (of an office etc.) that can be held for (a specified period) or by (a specified class tenability /-'biliti/ n. of person). [French tenir hold]

tenacious

/ti'neijas/ adj. 1 (often foil, of) keeping a firm hold. 2 persistent, resolute. 3 (of memory) retentive. tenaciously adv. tenacity /ti naesiti/ n. [Latin tenax -acis from teneo hold] tenancy /'tenansi/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 status of or possession as a tenant. 2 duration of

by

this.

/'tenant/ n. 1 person who rents land or property from a landlord. 2

tenant

tenant farmer by

toll,

of)

rented land.

tenantry tench n. water

tenants of an estate

n.

etc.

tinea]

Ten Commandments

n.pl (prec. by

the) rules of

conduct given by God

Moses (Exod.

20:1-17).

tend

to

1

attend]

tendency foil,

/'tendansi/ n.

(pi. -ies)

(often

by

tion,

to, towards) leaning or inclina[medieval Latin: related to tend ] 1

tendentious

/ten'denjas/ adj. derog. calculated to promote a particular cause or viewpoint; biased; controtendentiously adv. tendenversial.

tiousness

tender

1

n.

(tenderer, tenderest)

adj.

1

easily cut or chewed, not tough (tender steak). 2 susceptible to pain or grief;

compassionate

vulnerable;

(tender

heart). 3 sensitive; fragile; delicate (ten-

der skin; tender reputation). 4 loving, affectionate. 5 requiring tact (tender subject). 6 (of age) early,

immature

(of

tender years), a tenderly adv. tender-

ness

[Latin tener] tender 2 -y. 1 offer, present (one's services, resignation, money as payment, etc.). 2 (often foil, by for) offer a tender. -n. offer, esp. in writing, to execute work or supply goods at a stated price. put out to tender seek competitive tenderer n. tenders for (work etc.). [French: related to tend ] n.

1

tender3

person who looks after people or things. 2 supply ship attending a larger one etc. 3 truck coupled to a steam locomotive to carry fuel and 2 water, [from tend ] n.

1

tenderfoot n.

(pi -s or -feet)

newcomer,

novice.

tender-hearted

/,tenda'ha:tid/

adj.

moved; compassionate. tender-heartedness n.

easily

tenderize

/'tenda.raiz/

v.

(also

-ise)

(-zing or -sing) make (esp. meat) tender by beating, hanging, marinading, etc.

tenderizer

n.

tenderloin n. 1 middle part of pork loin. 2 US undercut of sirloin. tender mercies n.pl. iron, harsh treatment.

person

is

tendon

subject on which a

n.

touchy.

n. cord of strong connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone etc. tendinitis /-'naitis/ n. [Latin tendo stretch] tendril /'tendril/ n. slender leafless shoot by which some climbing plants cling, [probably from French tendrillon]

/'tend(a)n/

tenebrous /'tenibras/ adj.

literary dark,

gloomy. [Latin tenebrosus]

(often foil, by to) be apt or inclined (tends to lose his temper; tends tofat). 2 be moving; hold a course (tends in our direction). [Latin tendo tens- or tent- stretch] tend 2 v. take care of, look after (an invalid, sheep, a machine etc.). [from 1

v.

tender spot

i

same) European freshof the carp family. [Latin

(pi.

fish

tensile

940

occupant of a place. [French: related to tenable] tenant farmer n. person who farms (often

tenement

room or flat within a house or block of flats. 2 (also tenement-house or -block) house or block so divided. [Latin teneo hold]

tenet

/'tenimant/

/'tenit/

[Latin,

n.

n. 1

doctrine,

principle.

= he holds]

tenfold adj. & adv. 1 ten times as much or as many. 2 consisting of ten parts. ten-gallon hat n. cowboy's large broad-brimmed hat.

tenner n.

colloq.

ten-pound or ten-dollar

note. /'tenis/ n. game in which two or four players strike a ball with rackets over a net stretched across a court, [probably French tenez take! (as a

tennis

server's call)]

tennis elbow

n. sprain caused by overuse of forearm muscles.

tenon /'tenan/ n. wooden projection made for insertion into a cavity, esp. a [Latin: mortise, in another piece. related to tenor] tenor /'tena(r)/ n. 1 a male singing-voice between baritone and alto or countertenor, b singer with this voice. 2 (often attrib. ) instrument with a similar range. 3 (usu. foil, by of) general meaning. 4 (usu. foil, by of) prevailing course, esp. of a person's life or habits. [Latin teneo hold] tenosynovitis /.tenau.samau'vaitis/ n. injury of esp. a wrist tendon resulting from repetitive strain. [Greek tenon tendon, synovia] tenpin n. pin used in tenpin bowling. tenpin bowling n. game in which ten pins or skittles are bowled at in an alley. tense -adj. 1 stretched tight, strained. 2 causing tenseness (tense moment), -v. tense (-sing) make or become tense. up become tense. tensely adv. tense1 ness n. [Latin tensus: related to tend ] tense 2 n. 1 form of a verb indicating the time (also the continuance or completeness) of the action etc. 2 set of such forms as a paradigm. [Latin tempus time] tensile /'tensail/ adj. 1 of tension. 2 capable of being stretched, u tensility /-'siliti/ n. [medieval Latin: related to 1

TENSE

1

]

tensile strength strength

tensile breaking under tension.

resistance

to

'tenj(a;n -n. 1 stretching or being stretched; tenseness. 2 mental strain or excitement. 3 strained (political, social, etc.; state or relationship. 4 stress produced by forces pulling apart.

5 degree of tightness of stitches in knitting and machine sewing. 6 voltage (high tension; low tension), -v. subject tensional adj. [Latin: to tension. related to tend ] tent n. 1 portable canvas etc. shelter or 1

dwelling supported by poles and cords attached to pegs driven into the ground 2 tentlike enclosure, e.g. supplying oxygen to a patient. [Latin: related to tend ] tentacle tentak(a)l n. 1 long slender 1

flexible appendage of an (esp. invertebrate) animal, used for feeling, grasp-

moving. 2 channel for gathering information, exercising influence, etc. tentacled adj. [Latin: related to ing, or

TEMPT] 'tentatrv

adj.

1

experi-

mental. 2 hesitant, not definite ative suggestion).

tentativeness

n.

(tent-

tentatively adv. [medieval Latin: re-

lated to TEMPT]

tenter n. machine for stretching cloth to dry in shape, [medieval Latin tentorium: related to tend

tenterhook

1

n.

]

hook

to

which cloth

is

fastened on a tenter, on tenterhooks in a state of suspense or agitation due to uncertainty. tenth adj. h JL 1 next after ninth. 2 any often equal parts of a thing, tenthly adv. tent-stitch n. 1 series of parallel diagonal stitches. 2 such a stitch. tenuous tenjues adj. 1 slight, insubstantial (tenuous connection). 2 (of a distinction etc J oversubtle. 3 thin, slender, small 4 rarefied, tenuity -ju.Tti n.

tenuously

tenure

adv. [Latin tenuis) 1 condition, or

tenja(r; n.

of right or

title,

under which

[Latin teneo]

tepee

n:pi: n. (also teepee; N. American Indian's conical tent. [Dakota] tepid tepid adj. 1 lukewarm. 2 unen-

thusiastic. tepidity tepidly adv. [Latin]

n

piditi

n.

tequila tikr.la n. Mexican liquor made from an agave. [Tequila in Mexico] tera- comb, form denoting a factor of 12 .

[Greek teras monster]

t3:biam n. silvery metallic of the lanthanide series.

[Ytterby in Sweden] t3:sf^l n. (also tiercel /tia s(a;l ; male hawk, esp. a peregrine or goshawk. [Latin tertius third] tercentenary ,t3:sen'ti:nan n. (pi. -ies> 1 three-hundredth anniversary. 2 celebration of this. [Latin ter, = three times] teredo la ri:dao n. (pi. -s) bivalve mollusc that bores into submerged timbers

tercel

of ships etc. [Latin from Greek] tergiversate i^dsiva.seit v. (-ting; change one's party or principles; 1 apostatize. 2 make conflicting or evastergiversation ive statements. ,-'seiJ(a)n n. tergiversator n. [Latin tergum back, verto turn] term -n. 1 word for a definite concept, esp. specialized (technical term). 2 (in pi.) language used; mode of expression (in no uncertain terms). 3 (in pi.) relation, footing (on good terms). 4 (in pi.) a stipulations (accepts your terms), b charge or price (reasonable terms). 5 a limited, usu. specified, period (term of five years; in the short term), b period of weeks during which instruction is given or during which a lawcourt holds sessions. 6 Logic word or words that may be the subject or predicate of a proposition. 7 Math, a each of the quantities in a ratio or series, b part of an algebraic expression. 8 completion of a normal length of pregnancy, -v. call, name (was termed a bigot), z bring to terms cause to accept conditions, come to terms yield, give way. come to terms with reconcile oneself to (a difficulty etc.). in terms of in the language peculiar to; referring to. termly adj. & adv. [Latin terminus]

termagant tamagant woman;

virago. [French

n.

overbearing

Tervagan from

Italian]

form

(esp. real;

property is held. 2 (often foil, by of) a holding or possession of an office or property, b period of this. 3 guaranteed permanent employment, esp. as a teacher or lecturer, z tenured adj.

10

terbium element

tension

tentative

terminate

941 n.

terminable

ta.mrnab(a;l adj. able to

be terminated. terminal t3:mm(a;l -adj. 1 a (of a condition or disease; fatal, b (of a patient; dying. 2 of or forming a limit or terrninus (terminal station), -n. 1 terminating thing; extremity-. 2 terminus for trains or long-distance buses. 3 = air terminal. 4 point of connection for closing an electric circuit. 5 apparatus for the transmission of messages to and from a computer, communications system, etc. z terminally adv. [Latin: related to terminus] terminate team neit v. (-ting; 1 bring or come to an end. 2 (foil, by in) (of a word; end in (a specified letter etc.;.

termination termination

/,t3:mi'neij\a)n/ n.

1

ter-

minating or being terminated. 2 induced abortion. 3 ending or result. 4 word's final syllable or letter. termini pi. of terminus.

terminology

/,t3:mi'nDl9d3i/

n.

(pi.

system of specialized terms. 2 terminoscience of the use of terms. logical /-na'lDd3ik(a)l/ adj. [German: related to terminus] -ies)

1

terminus /'t3:mmas/ n.

(pi -ni /-,nai/ or -nuses) 1 station at the end of a railway or bus route. 2 point at the end of a pipeline etc. [Latin, = end, limit,

boundary]

termite

/'t3:mait/ n. small tropical antlike social insect destructive to timber.

[Latin termes -mitis]

terms of reference inquiry

tern

n.

forked

etc.;

tail.

n.pl scope of an

definition of this.

marine

gull-like bird

with a long

/'t3:nan/ adj. composed of three parts. [Latin terni, = three each] terrace /'teres/ -n. 1 flat area made on a slope for cultivation. 2 level paved area next to a house. 3 row of houses built in one block of uniform style. 4 tiered standing accommodation for spectators at a sports ground, —v. (-cing) form into or provide with a terrace or terraces. [Latin terra earth]

house

n.

(also

terraced

house) house in a terrace. terracotta /.tere'knta/ n. 1 a unglazed usu. brownish-red earthenware, b statuette of this. 2 its colour. [Italian, = baked earth] terra firma /.tere 'fsima/ n. dry land, firm ground. [Latin] terrain /ta'rem/ n. tract of land, esp. in geographical or military contexts. [Latin: related to terrene]

terra

incognita

/.tere

in'kngnita,

n. unexplored region. = unknown land] terrapin /'terepm/ n. 1 N. American

,mkDg'ni:ta/ [Latin,

edible freshwater turtle. 2 (Terrapin) propr. type of prefabricated one-storey building. [Algonquian] terrarium /ta'reanam/ n. (pi. -s or -ria) 1 place for keeping small land animals. 2 sealed transparent globe etc. containing growing plants. [Latin terra earth, after

aquarium]

terrazzo

terrible

/'tenb(a)l/ adj. 1 colloq. very great or bad (terrible bore). 2 colloq.

very incompetent (terrible at maths). 3 causing or likely to cause terror; dreadful,

formidable. [Latin terreo frighten] 1 colloq. very, extremely

terribly adv.

(terribly nice). 2 in a terrible

manner.

terrier

/'teria(r)/ n. small dog of various breeds originally used for digging out foxes etc. [French chien terrier dog that chases to earth] terrific /ta'rifik/ adj. 1 colloq. a huge; intense (terrific noise), b excellent (did a terrific job). 2 causing terror. terrifically adv. [Latin: related to terrible] terrify /'ten.fai/ v. (-ies, -ied) fill with terror (terrified of dogs). terrifying adj. terrifyingly adv.

terrine /ta'ri:n/ n. 1 pate or similar food. 2 earthenware vessel, esp. for pate. .[Latin terra earth] /.ten'toinal/ -adj. 1 of territory or a district (territorial possessions', territorial right). 2 tending to

territorial

[Scandinavian]

ternary

terrace

terse

942

/te'raetsau/ n. (pi. -s)

smooth

flooring-material of stone chips set in concrete. [Italian, = terrace] terrene /te'ri:n/ adj. 1 of the earth; worldly. 2 of earth, earthy. 3 terrestrial. [Latin terrenus from terra earth] terrestrial /ta'restnal/ adj. 1 of or on the earth; earthly. 2 of or on dry land. [Latin terrestris: related to terrene]

defend one's territory, -n. (Territormember of the Territorial Army. territorially adv. [Latin: related to territory] Territorial n. local volunteer reserve force. territorial waters n.pl. area of sea under the jurisdiction of a State, esp. within a stated distance of the shore. territory /'teritari/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 extent of the land under the jurisdiction of a ruler, State, etc. 2 (Territory) organized division of a country, esp. one not yet admitted to the full rights of a State. 3 sphere of action etc.; province. 4 commercial traveller's sales area. 5 animal's or human's defended space or area. 6 area defended by a team or player in a game. [Latin terra land] terror /'tere(r)/ n. 1 extreme fear. 2 a terrifying person or thing, b colloq. formidable or troublesome person or thing, esp. a child. 3 organized intimidation; terrorism. [Latin terreo frighten] terrorist n. (often attrib.) person using organized violence against a esp. ial)

Army

government

terrorism

etc.

n.

[French: related to terror]

terrorize

(also -ise) (-zing or -sing) 1 fill with terror. 2 use terterrorization against. rorism /'tere.raiz/

v.

/-'zeij(a)n/ n.

terror-stricken

(also terroradj. -struck) affected with terror, terry /'ten/ n. (often attrib.) looped pile fabric used esp. for towels and nappies.

[origin

terse

unknown]

1 brief, contersely adv. 2 curt, abrupt. terseness n. [Latin tergo ters- wipe]

cise.

adj. (terser, tersest)

*

tertiary

!

-adj.

/'t3:Jari/

1

third]

tervalent [

/'t3:valant, -'veilant/ adj. having a valency of three, [from tercen-

TENARY, VALENCE

1

]

|

Terylene

propr. synthetic

/'ten,li:n/ n.

[from terephethylene] TESL /'tes(a)l/ abbr. teaching of English as a second language. tesla /'teste/ n. SI unit of magnetic inductextile fibre of polyester,

'

!

[

thalic acid,

,

I

i

|

I

I

J |

I

[

name

of a scientist] abbr. tax exempt special savings account. tessellated /'tesa.leitid/ adj. 1 of or resembling a mosaic. 2 regularly chequered. [Latin tessella diminutive of TESSERA] tessellation /,tesa'leiJXa)n/ n. close arrangement of polygons, esp. in a repeated pattern. tion. [Tesla,

i

TESSA

/'tesa/

tessera

/'tesara/ n. {pi. tesserae /-,ri:/) small square block used in mosaic. [Latin from Greek] tessitura /.tesi'tuara/ n. range of a singing voice or vocal part. [Italian, = texture] test -n. 1 critical examination or trial of a person's or thing's qualities. 2 means, procedure, or standard for so doing. 3 minor examination, esp. in school {spelling test). 4 colloq. test match, -v. 1 put to the test. 2 try or tax severely. 3 examine by means of a reagent. put to the test cause to undergo a test, test out put to a practical test. testable adj. [Latin testu(m) earthen pot: related to test 2 ] 2 test n. shell of some invertebrates. 1

I

-

|

;

!

,

[Latin testa pot,

testa

tetchy

943

third in order etc. 2 (Tertiary) of the first period in the Cenozoic era. -n. (Tertiary) Tertiary period. [Latin tertius

tertiary or rank

i

protective outer related to test 2 ]

testaceous

shell]

tile,

/'testa/ n. (pi.

testae /-ti:/) seed's covering. [Latin:

/te'steijas/

hard continuous

adj.

having a

n.

will (esp.

shell.

testament /'testamant/ last will and testament).

1

2 (usu.

foil,

by

evidence, proof (is testament to his loyalty). 3 Bibl. a covenant, dispensation, b (Testament) division of the Bible

who has made testate] test card side

a will. [Latin: related to

n. still

television picture outfor

normal programme hours used

adjusting brightness, definition, etc. test case n. Law case setting a precedent for other similar cases. test drive n. drive taken to judge the test-drive performance of a vehicle*. v.

tester

n. 1 person or thing that tests. 2 bottle etc. containing a cosmetic for trial in a shop. testes pi. of testis. test flight n. aircraft flight for evalutest-fly v. ation purposes. testicle /'testik(a)l/ n. male organ that produces spermatozoa etc., esp. one of a pair in the scrotum in man and most mammals. [Latin, diminutive of testis

witness]

testify

/'testi.fai/ v. (-ies,

-ied)

(often

1

by to) (of a person or thing) bear witness; be evidence of (testified to the facts). 2 give evidence. 3 affirm or declare. [Latin from testis testificor witness] foil,

testimonial

/.testi'maunial/ n.

1

certi-

ficate of character, conduct, or quali-

presented to a person (esp. in public) as a mark of esteem etc. [French: related to testimony] fications. 2 gift

testimony

/'testimani/ n.

(pi.

-ies) 1

witness's statement under oath etc. 2 declaration or statement of fact. 3 evidence, demonstration (produce testimony). [Latin testimonium from testis witness] testis /'testis/ n. (pi. testes /-ti:z/) Anat.

&

Zool. testicle. [Latin,

= witness

(cf.

TESTICLE)]

test

match

n.

international cricket or

Rugby match, usu. in a series. testosterone /te'stosta.raun/ n. male sex hormone formed in the testicles, [from testis, sterol] test paper n. 1 minor examination paper. 2 paper impregnated with a substance changing colour under known conditions.

who test-flies aircraft.

to)

test pilot

(see

test-tube n. thin glass tube closed at one end, used for chemical tests etc. test-tube baby n. colloq. baby conceived by in vitro fertilization. testy adj. (-ier, -iest) irritable, touchy.

Old Testament, New Testament).

[Latin

testamentum

will:

related

to

testate]

testamentary

/.testa'mentari/ adj. of,

by, or in a will. will

at

testacy

death, -n. n. (pi. -ies).

testate person. [Latin testor testify,

from testis witness] testator /te'steita(r)/ /te'steitnks/)

(esp.

testily adv. testiness n. [French head: related to test 2 ] /'tetanas/ n. bacterial disease causing painful spasm of the voluntary muscles. [Greek teino stretch] tetchy /'tetfi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) peevish, irritable. tetchily adv. tetchiness n. [teche blemish, fault] teste

testate /'testeit/ -adj. having left a valid

n. (fern, testatrix deceased) person

n. pilot

tetanus

tete-a-tete tete-a-tete

-n.

/,teita:'teit/

(often

private conversation between two persons, -adv. privately without a

attrib.)

third person {dined teted-tete). [French, literally 'head-to-head']

tether /'teda(r)/ -n. rope etc. confining a grazing animal, -v. tie with a tether. at the end of one's tether at the limit of one's patience, resources, etc. [Old Norse] tetra- comb, form four. [Greek tettares four]

tetrad /'tetraed/ n. group of four. [Greek: related to tetra

]

tetragon

/'tetra.gon/ n. plane figure tetrawith four angles and sides. gonal /ti'traegan(9)l/ adj. [Greek -gonos

-angled]

vegetable protein) provide with a texture resembling meat. textural adj. [Latin: related to text] Th symb. thorium. -th suffix (also -eth) forming ordinal and fractional numbers [Old English]

Thai

from four onwards.

-n. (pi. same or -s) 1 a native or national of Thailand, b person of Thai descent. 2 language of Thailand, -adj. of Thailand. [Thai, = free] thalidomide /ea'lida.maid/ n. sedative drug found in 1961 to cause foetal malformation when taken early in pregnancy, [from ph^a/i'midoglutarim/cte] thallium /'Gaeliam/ n. rare soft white metallic element. [Greek thallos green /tai/

shoot]

tetrahedron /.tetra'hiidran/ n.

(pi. -dra or -s) four-sided solid; triangular pyramid. ^ tetrahedral adj. [Greek hedra base]

tetralogy

/te'tragl8d3i/

n.

(pi.

-ies)

group of four related novels, plays, operas, etc.

tetrameter

/te'traemito(r)/ n.

Prosody

verse of four measures.

Teuton /'tju:t(a)n/

n. member of a Teutonic nation, esp. a German. [Latin Teutones, ancient tribe of N. Europe]

Teutonic

of the Germanic peoples or languages. 2 German. [Latin: related to Teuton] text n. 1 main body of a book as distinct from notes etc. 2 original book or document, esp. as distinct from a paraphrase etc. 3 passage from Scripture, esp. as the subject of a sermon. 4 subject, theme. 5 (in pi.) books prescribed for study. 6 data in textual form, esp. as stored, processed, or displayed in a word processor etc. [Latin texo text- weave] textbook -n. book for use in studying, esp. a standard account of a subject. -attrib. adj. 1 exemplary, accurate. 2 instructively typical. text editor n. Computing system or program allowing the user to enter and /rjui'tonik/ adj.

1

/'tekstail/

-n.

1

(often in pi)

fabric, cloth, or fibrous material, esp. woven. 2 fibre, yarn. -adj. 1 of weaving or cloth (textile industry). 2 woven (textile fabrics). [Latin:

text processing

than /dan, daen/ conj.

introducing a comparison (plays better than he did before;

more bread than meat in these sausmore than £100, you are older

ages; cost

than then]

he).

[Old English, originally

Usage With

=

reference to the last

example, it is also legitimate to say you are older than him, with than treated as a preposition, esp. in less formal contexts. hist. 1 man who held land from an English king or other superior by

thane n.

military service. 2

man who

held land

from a Scottish king and ranked with an earl's son; chief of a clan. [Old English] thank -v. 1 express gratitude to

(thanked him for the present). 2 hold responsible (you can thank yourselffor that), -n. (in pi.) 1 gratitude. 2 expres-

sion of gratitude. 3 (as a formula) thank

you (thanks for your help). thank goodness (or God or heavens etc.) colloq. expression of relief etc. thanks to as the result of (thanks to my foresight; thanks to your obstinacy), thank you polite formula expressing gratitude. [Old English]

thankful

adj.

1

grateful,

pleased. 2

expressive of thanks.

edit text.

textile

thanksgiving

944

related to text] n.

Computing ma-

nipulation of text, esp. transforming it from one format to another. textual /'tekstjual/ adj. of, in, or concerning a text. textually adv. texture /'tekstl8(r)/~n. 1 feel or appearance of a surface or substance. 2 arrangement of threads etc. in textile fabric. (-ring) (usu. as textured adj.) 1 provide with a texture. 2 (of

thankfully

adv. 1 in a thankful manner. 2 let us be thankful (that) (thankfully, it didn't rain).

Usage The use of thankfully in sense 2 is

common, but

rect

by some people.

thankless

is

considered incor-

adj. 1 not expressing or feeling gratitude. 2 (of a task etc.) giving no pleasure or profit; unappreciated. thanksgiving /z. 1 expression of gratitude, esp. to God. 2 (Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day) fourth Thursday in November (a national holiday in the US).

that -demons, pron. (pi. those person or thing indicated, understood (/ heard that; or named, who is that in the garden?). 2 con-

that

then

945 /daet/

/6auz/)

1

trasted with this (this is much better than that). 3 (esp. in relative constructions) the one, the person, etc. (a table like that described above). 4 /Bat/ (pi. that) used instead of which or whom to introduce a defining clause (the book that you sent me\ there is nothing here that matters), -demons, adj. (pi. those

person or thing indicated, named, understood, etc. (cf. sense 1 of pron.). -adv. 1 to such a degree; so (have done that much). 2 colloq. very (not that good), -con), /dat/ introducing a subordinate clause indicating: 1 statement or hypothesis (they say that he is better). 2 purpose (we eat /dauz/) designating the

that we may live). 3 result (am so sleepy all that very (not that I cannot work), that is (or that is to say) formula introducing or following an explanation of a preceding word or words, that's that formula indicating conclusion or completion. [Old English]

all that good),

Usage In sense 4 of the pronoun, that usually specifies or identifies something referred to, whereas who or which need not: compare the book that you sent me is lost with the book, which I gave you, is lost. That is often omitted in senses 1 and 3 of the conjunction: they say he is ill

thatch -n.

1 roof-covering of straw, reeds, etc. 2 colloq. hair of the head. -v. (also absol.) cover with thatch.

thatcher

n. [Old English] 1 (often foil, by out) pass from a frozen into a liquid or unfrozen state. 2 (usu. prec. by it as subject) (of the

thaw -v.

warm enough to melt become warm enough to lose numbness etc. 4 become or make genial.

weather) become ice etc. 3

foil, by out) cause to thaw. -n. 1 thawing. 2 warmth of weather that thaws. [Old English] the /before a vowel di, before a consonant 6a, when stressed di:/ —adj. (called the definite article) 1 denoting person(s> or thing(s) already mentioned, under discussion, implied, or familiar (gave the man a wave). 2 describing as unique (the Thames). 3 a (foil, by defining adj.)

5 (often

which

is,

who

are, etc.

(Edward

the

Seventh), b (foil, by adj. used absol.) denoting a class described (from the sublime to the ridiculous). 4 best known or best entitled to the name (with the stressed: do you mean the Kipling?). 5 indicating a following defining clause or phrase (the book that you borrowed).

6 a indicating that a singular noun represents a species etc. (the cat is a

mammal), b used with a noun which figuratively represents an occupation etc. (went on the stage), c (foil, by the name of a unit) a, per (5p in the pound), -adv. (preceding comparatives in expressions of proportional variation) in or by that (or such a) degree; on that account (the more the merrier, the more he has the more he wants). [Old English]

/9iata(r)/ n. (US theater) 1 building or outdoor area for dramatic performances. 2 writing and production of plays. 3 room or hall for lectures etc. with seats in tiers. 4 operating theatre. 5 a scene or field of action (the theatre of war), b (attrib.) designating weapons intermediate between tactical and strategic. [Greek theatron] theatrical /8i'aetnk(a)l/ -adj. 1 of or for the theatre or acting. 2 (of a manner or person etc.) calculated for effect; showy. -n. (in pi.) dramatic performances

theatre

(amateur

theatricality theatrically adv.

theatricals),

/-'kaehti/ n.

i

]

1

objective case of thou theft n. act of stealing. [Old English: related to thief] their /Sea(r)/ poss. pron. (attrib.) of or belonging to them. [Old Norse] theirs /deaz/ poss. pron. the one or ones of or belonging to them (it is theirs; theirs are over here). of theirs of or belonging to them (a friend of theirs). theism /'0i:iz(a)m/ n. belief in gods or a god, esp. a god supernaturally revealed theist n. theistic /-'istik/ adj. to man.

thee

.

[Greek theos god]

them

/5(a)m, or,

when

stressed,

dem/

-pron. 1 objective case of they. 2 colloq. they (it's them again), -demons, adj. slang or dial, those. [Old Norse] theme n. 1 subject or topic of a talk, book, etc. 2 Mus. prominent melody in a composition. 3 US school exercise on a thematic /Gi'maetik/ given subject. adj.

thematically /Gi'maetikah/ adv.

[Greek thema -mat-]

theme park

n.

amusement park

or-

ganized round a unifying idea.

theme song

(also theme tune) 1 recurrent melody in a musical play or film. 2 signature tune.

themselves

n.

/dam'selvz/

pron.

1

emphat. form of they or them. 2 reft, be themselves act in form of them. their normal, unconstrained manner, by themselves see by oneself then /6en/ -adv. 1 at that time. 2 a next; after that, b and also. 3 a in that case (then you should have said so), b implying grudging or impatient concession

thence if

the door), -attrib. adj. such at the time in question (the then King), -n. that time (until then). then and there immediately and on the spot. [Old English]

thence

thermal unit

946

you must), c used parenthetically to resume a narrative etc. (the policeman, then, knocked on

(all right then,

/dens/ adv. (also

from thence)

archaic or literary 1 from that place. 2 for that reason. [Old English]

theosophy

any of various philosophies professing to achieve knowledge of God by spiritual ecstasy, direct intuition, or special individual relations, esp. a modern movement following Hindu and Buddhist teachings and seeking universal brotherhood. : theosophical /Gia'sDfik(a)l/ adj. theosophist n. [Greek theosophos wise concerning God] /Gi'Dsafi/ n. (pi. -ies)

therapeutic /,6era'pju:tik/ adj.

1 of, for,

thenceforth /dens'fa:6/ adv. (also thenceforward /-'fo:wad/) archaic or

or contributing to, the cure of disease. 2 soothing, conducive to well-being.

literary from that time onward. theo- comb, form God or god(s). [Greek

therapeutically adv. peuo wait on, cure]

therapeutics

theos god]

theocracy

/Gi'nkrasi/ n. (pi. -ies)

form

of government by God or a god directly, or through a priestly order etc. theo-

cratic /Gia'kraetik/ adj.

theodolite

/Gi'Dda.lait/

surveying-

n.

instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles with a rotating telescope, [origin

theologian

unknown] /Gia'laud3ian,

-d3(a)n/

n.

expert in theology. [French: related to

THEOLOGY]

theology

/6i'Dlad3i/

n.

(pi.

the

-ies)

study or a system of theistic (esp. Christian)

theological theologically /Gia

religion.

/Gi8'k)d3ik(a)l/ adj.

'lDd3ikali/ adv. [Greek: related to theo-]

theorem

/'Giaram/

n.

esp.

Math.

1

general proposition that is not selfevident but is proved by reasoning. 2 rule in algebra etc., esp. one expressed by symbols or formulae. [Greek theoreo look at]

theoretical

/Gia'retik(a)l/

adj.

1

con-

cerned with knowledge out not with its practical application. 2 based on theory theoreticrather than experience. ally adv. theoretician /,Giara'tiJXa)n/ n. person concerned with the theoretical aspects of a subject.

theorist

/'Giarist/ n.

holder or inventor

of a theory.

theorize

/'Giaraiz/ v. (also -ise) (-zing or -sing) evolve or indulge in theories.

theory

/'Gian/ n. (pi. -ies) 1 supposition or system of ideas explaining something, esp. one based on general principles independent of the particular things to be explained (atomic theory; theory of evolution). 2 speculative (esp. fanciful) view (one of my pet theories). 3 abstract knowledge or speculative thought (all very well in theory). 4 exposition of the principles of a science etc. (the theory of music). 5 collection of propositions to illustrate the principles of a mathematical subject (probability theory). [Greek: related to theorem]

n.pl.

[Greek

(usu.

thera-

treated

as

branch of medicine concerned with cures and remedies.

sing.)

therapy

/'Gerapi/ n. (pi. -ies) non-sur-

gical treatment of disease or disability. therapist n. [Greek therapeia healing]

there

/Sea(r)/ -adv. 1 in, at, or to that place or position (lived there for a year, goes there daily). 2 at that point (in speech, performance, writing, etc.). 3 in that respect (/ agree with you there). 4 used for emphasis in calling attention (you there!). 5 used to indicate the fact or existence of something (there is a house on the corner), -n. that place (lives near there), -int. 1 expressing confirmation, triumph, etc. (there! what did I tell you?). 2 used to soothe a child etc. (there,

there, never mind). there and then = then and there. [Old English] thereabouts adv. (also thereabout) 1

near that place. 2 near that number, quantity, etc. adv. formal after that, thereby adv. by that means, as a result of that, thereby hangs a tale much could be said about that, therefore /'6eafa:(r)/ adv. for that reason; accordingly, consequently, therein adv. formal 1 in that place etc. 2 in that respect. thereof adv. formal of that or it. thereto adv. formal 1 to that or it. 2 in addition. thereupon adv. 1 in consequence of that. 2 immediately after that. therm n. unit of heat, esp. as the statutory unit of gas supplied, equivalent to 100,000 British thermal units (1.055 x 8 10 joules). [Greek therme heat] thermal /'G3:m(a)l/ -adj. 1 of, for, or producing heat. 2 promoting the retention of heat (thermal underwear), -n. rising current of warm air (used by thergliders etc. to gain height). mally adv. [French: related to therm] thermal unit n. unit for measuring

thereafter l

heat.

hermionic lermionic

rons emitted from a very hot subitance. [from thermo-, ion] lermionic valve n. device giving a low of thermionic electrons in one lirection, used esp. in the rectification >f a current and in radio reception, lermo- comb, form heat. [Greek]

lermocouple for

vice

rQ3\mdv,kAv(d)\l

n. de-

measuring temperatures by

neans of a pair of different metals in intact at a point and generating a hermoelectric voltage, l

lermodynamics

/,03:maudai

(usu. treated as sing.) science of the relations between heat

naemiks/

md

n.pl.

other forms of energy,

thermo-

dynamic adj. hermoelectric

/,03:maui'lektnk/ adj. producing electricity by a difference of

temperatures.

ihermometer /0a'momit8(r)/ n. instrujment for measuring temperature, esp. a containing tube 'graduated glass mercury or alcohol. [French: related tO THERMO-, -METER]

hermonuclear

/,03:mau'nju:klia(r)/

relating to nuclear reactions that occur only at very high temperatures. 2 (of weapons) using thermonuclear reac-

\adj. 1 I

I

tions.

hermoplastic

/,03:mau'plaestik/ -adj.

becomes plastic on heating and hardens on cooling, -n. thermoplastic that

i

1

/'03:mas/ n. (in full Thermos flask) propr. vacuum flask. [Greek: related to thermo-] hermosetting /'03:mau,setin/ adj. (of plastics) setting permanently when heated.

hermosphere

/'03:ma,sfia(r)/

n.

re-

gion of the atmosphere beyond the

mesosphere.

hermostat /"03:ma,staet/ n. device that automatically regulates or responds to temperature, thermostatic /-'staetik/ thermostatically /-'staetikali/ adv. [from thermo-, Greek statos standing]

adj.

hesaurus

they

/0i'sD:ras/ n. {pi -ri /-rai/

or

-ruses) book that lists words in groups of synonyms and related concepts. [Greek: related to treasure] :hese pi. of this. hesis /'8i:sis/ n. (pi theses /-si:z/) 1 proposition to be maintained or proved. 2 dissertation, esp. by a candidate for a higher degree. [Greek, = putting] Thespian /'0espian/-aGf/'. of drama. -n. actor or actress. [Greek Thespis, name of a Greek tragedian] theta /'0i:ta/ n. eighth letter of the Greek alphabet (6,0). [Greek]

pron.

them;

poss. their, theirs) 1 pi. of he, she, it. 2 people in general (so they say). 3 those in authority (they have raised taxes). [Old /dei/

(obj.

Norse] /6eid/ contr. 1 they had. 2 they would. they'll /'deial, deal/ contr. T they will. 2 they shall. they're /oea(r), 6e(r),/ contr. they are. they've /deiv/ contr. they have.

they'd

thiamine

/'Gaiamin,

-,mi:n/

n.

(also

thiamin) B vitamin found in unrefined cereals, beans, and liver, a deficiency of which causes beriberi. [Greek theion sulphur, amin from vitamin]

thick -adj.

1

of great or specified extent

between opposite surfaces. 2 (of a line etc.) broad; not fine. 3 arranged closely; crowded together; dense. 4 (usu. foil, by with) densely covered or filled (air thick with smoke). 5 a firm in consistency; containing much solid matter, b made of thick material (a thick coat). 6 a muddy, cloudy; impenetrable by sight, b (of one's head) suffering from a hangover, headache, etc. 7 colloq. stupid. 8 a (of a voice) indistinct, b (of an accent) very marked. 9 colloq. intimate, very friendly, -n. thick part of anything. -adv. thickly (snow was falling thick). a bit thick colloq. unreasonable or intolerable, in the thick of at the busiest part of. through thick and thin

under

substance.

!?hermos |

thigh-bone

941

/,03:mi'Dnik/ adj. of elec-

all

conditions; in spite of all

thickish

difficulties.

adj.

thickly

adv. [Old English]

thicken

v.

1

make

or become thick or

thicker. 2 become more complicated (plot thickens). thickener n. thickening n. 1 becoming thick or thicker. 2 substance used to thicken liquid. 3 thickened part. thicket /'Bikit/ n. tangle of shrubs or trees. [Old English: related to thick]

thickhead

n. colloq.

thickheaded thickness n.

stupid person.

adj.

being thick. 2 extent 3 layer of material (use three 1

of this. thicknesses).

thickset adj. 1 heavily or solidly built. 2 set or growing close together.

thick-skinned

adj.

not sensitive to

criticism.

thief n.

(pi.

thieves

/9i:vz/)

person

who

steals, esp. secretly. [Old English]

thieve

v. (-ving) 1 be a thief. 2 steal (a thing). [Old English: related to thief]

thievery n. stealing. thievish adj. given to stealing. thigh /0ai/ n. part of the leg between the hip and the knee. [Old English]

thigh-bone

n.

= femur.

I

thimble thimble

sewing. [Old English: related to thumb] n. (pi. -s) small quantity, esp. of drink. thin -adj. (thinner, thinnest) 1 having opposite surfaces close together; of small thickness or diameter. 2 (of a line) narrow or fine. 3 made of thin material (thin dress). 4 lean; not plump. 5 not dense or copious (thin hair). 6 of slight consistency. 7 weak; lacking an important ingredient (thin blood; a thin voice). 8 (of an excuse etc.) flimsy or transparent, -adv. thinly (cut the bread very

thimbleful

thin), -v. (-nn-)

1

(often

foil,

by down)

make or become thin or thinner. 2 (often foil, by out) make or become less dense or crowded or numerous. have a thin time colloq. have a wretched or uncomfortable time, thin on the ground few in number, thin on top balding. thinly adv. thinness n. thinnish adj.

[Old English]

thine /Cam/

poss. pron. archaic 1 (preor absol. ) of or belonging to thee. 2 (attrib. before a vowel) = thy. [Old English] thin end of the wedge see wedge. thing n. 1 entity, idea, action, etc., that exists or may be thought about or perceived. 2 inanimate material object (take that thing away). 3 unspecified item (a few things to buy). 4 act, idea, or utterance (silly thing to do). 5 event (unfortunate thing to happen). 6 quality (patience is a useful thing). 7 person regarded with pity, contempt, or affection (poor thing!). 8 specimen or type (latest thing in hats). 9 colloq. one's dic.

special interest (not

my thing). 1

colloq.

a remarkable (there's by the) colloq. a what is proper or fashionable, b what is needed something thing!).

11

(prec.

(just the thing), c what is to be considered (the thing is, shall we go or not?), d what is important. 12 (in pi.)

personal belongings or clothing (where are my things?). 13 (in pi.) equipment (painting things). 14 (in pi) affairs in general (not in the nature of things). 15 conditions pi.) circumstances, (in (things look good). 16 (in pi. with a following adjective) all that is so dedo one's scribable (things Greek).

own thing colloq. pursue one's own interests or inclinations, have a thing about

third-rate

948

metal or plastic cap worn to protect the finger and push the needle in n.

be obsessed or prejudiced about, make a thing of colloq. 1 regard as essential. 2 cause a fuss about. [Old colloq.

English]

thingummy

/'Girjami/ n. (pi. -ies) (also

thingumabob

thingumajig person or thing whose

/-ma.bob/,

/-ma,d3ig/) colloq.

name one has

forgotten or does not*

know.

think - v.

(past and past part, thought |1 be of the opinion (think that they I come). 2 judge or consider (is thought to be a fraud). 3 exercise the mind (let me thinkfor a moment). 4 (foil. t by of or about) a consider; be or become aware of. b form or entertain the idea of; imagine. 5 have a half-formed intention (/ think I'll stay). 6 form a conception of. 7 recognize the presence or existence of (thought no harm in it), -n. colloq. act of thinking (have a think). think again revise one's plans or opinions, think aloud utter one's thoughts as s soon as they occur, think better of change one's mind about (an intention) 1 after reconsideration, think fit see fit think little (or nothing) of consider to J /0o:t/) 1

will

t

I

i

:

*

:

t

i

I

<

\

\

.

be insignificant, think much (or a lot or highly) of have a high opinion of. think out 1 consider carefully. 2 produce (an idea etc.) by thinking, think over reflect upon in order to reach a

,» |

j

j

j

think through reflect fully problem etc.). think twice use

decision,

upon

(a

]

consideration,

careful

action, etc.

avoid

think up colloq.

hasty

devise. [Old

,

English] n. 1 person who thinks, esp. in I way (an original thinker). 2 person with a skilled or powerful mind. J

thinker

a specified

thinking

-attrib. adj. intelligent, ra-

judgement. body of experts providing advice and ideas on national or commercial problems. tional. -n. opinion,

think-tank

n. colloq.

I

thinner n. solvent for diluting paint etc. to sensitive thin-skinned adj. criticism.

thiosulphate

/,0ai9o'sAlfeit/ n. sulph-

which one oxygen atom placed by sulphur. [Greek ate in

is

rej

fta'orcj!

sulphur]

& n. 1 next after second. 2 each thirdly of three equal parts of a thing. adv. [Old English: related to three] third degree -n. long and severe questioning, esp. by police to obtain information or a confession, -adj. (third-degree) denoting burns of the most severe kind, affecting lower layers of third adj.

.

j

tissue.

third man n. fielder positioned near the boundary behind the slips, third party - n. 1 another party besides the two principals. 2 bystander etc. -adj.

(third-party)

(of

insurance)

Covering damage or inj ury suffered by a person other than the insured,

third person n. 1 = .third party. Gram, see person. third-rate adj. inferior; very poor.

2

j

j

lihird reading third reading

I

a

bill to

{Third

a legislative assembly. n. Nazi regime, 1933-^5.

Reich

Third World 5

n.

s

third presentation of

(usu. prec. by the) developing countries of Asia, Africa, n.

and Latin America, llirst -n. 1 need to drink; discomfort caused by this. 2 desire, craving, -u. (often foil, by for or after) 1 feel thirst. 2 have a strong desire. [Old English] thirsty adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 feeling thirst. 2 (of land, a season, etc.) dry or parched. 3 (often foil, by for or after) eager. 4 colloq. causing thirst {thirsty work), n thirstily adv. thirstiness n. [Old English: related to thirst]

a

\

i

\

*.

thirteen

"

i

/83:'ti:n/ adj.

&

n. 1

one more

than twelve. 2 symbol for this (13, xiii, XIII). 3 size etc. denoted by thirteen. thirteenth adj. & n. [Old English: related to three] thirty /'83:ti/ adj. & n. (pi. -ies) 1 three times ten. 2 symbol for this (30, xxx, XXX). 3 (in pi.) numbers from 30 to 39, esp. the years of a century or of a person's life. thirtieth adj. & n. [Old English: related to three]

Thirty-nine Articles

n.pl. points of doctrine assented to by those taking orders in the Church of England, this /6is/ -demons, pron. (pi. these /6i:z/) 1 person or thing close at hand or indicated or already named or understood (can you see this?; this is my cousin). 2 (contrasted with that) the J person or thing nearer to hand or more immediately in mind, -demons, adj. (pi these /di:z/) 1 designating the person or thing close at hand etc. (cf. senses 1, 2 of pron.). 2 (of time) the present or current (am busy all this week). 3 colloq. (in I narrative) designating a person or thing previously unmentioned (then up came this policeman), -adv. to the degree or extent indicated (knew him when he j J was this high). this and that colloq. various unspecified things. [Old English] thistle / 8is(8)l/ n. 1 prickly plant, usu. with globular heads of purple flowers. 2 this as the Scottish national emblem. [Old English] thistledown n. light down containing thistle-seeds and blown about in the wind. j

I

thought

)

thong n. narrow strip of hide or leather. [Old English]

thorax

/'8o:raeks/ n. (pi. -races /-ra,si:z/ or -raxes) Anat. & Zool. part of the trunk between the neck and the abdo-

thoracic men. from Greek]

/8o:'raesik/ adj. [Latin

thorium /'83:riam/ n. Chem. radioactive metallic element. [Thor, name of Scandinavian god of thunder] 1 sharp-pointed projection on a plant. 2 thorn-bearing shrub or tree. thorn in one's flesh (or side) constant thornless adj. [Old nuisance.

thorn n.

English]

thorny

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1

having

many

thorns. 2 problematic, causing disagreement. thornily adv. thorniness n. [Old English: related to thorn]

thorough

/'BAra/ adj. 1

complete and

unqualified; not superficial. 2 acting or done with great care and completeness. 3 absolute (thorough nuisance). thoroughly adv. thoroughness n. [related to

through]

thoroughbred -adj. high-spirited. —n. esp. a horse.

thoroughfare

1 of pure breed. 2 thoroughbred animal,

n.

both ends, esp. for

road or path open at traffic,

thoroughgoing

attrib. adj. thorough; complete, those pi. of THAT. thou /6au/ pron. (obj. thee /6i:/; poss. thy or thine; pi. ye or you) archaic second person singular pronoun. [Old English] 1

i

|

I

,

j

thistly

i

!

|

j

thither

adj.

overgrown with

thistles.

archaic or formal to or towards that place. [Old English] tho' (also tho) var. of though. thole n. (in full thole-pin) 1 pin in the gunwale of a boat as the fulcrum for an oar. 2 each of two such pins forming a rowlock. [Old English] /'dioa(r)/ adv.

Usage Thou has now been replaced by you except in some formal, liturgical, dialect,

thou 2

and poetic

/9au/ n.

(pi.

uses.

same or

-s) colloq. 1

thousand. 2 one thousandth, [abbreviation]

though /dau/ (also tho') -conj.

1 despite the fact that; in spite of being (though it was early we left, though annoyed, I agreed). 2 (introducing a possibility) even if (ask him though he may refuse). 3 and yet; nevertheless, -adv. colloq. however; all the same. [Old Norse] thought 1 /8o:t/ n. 1 process or power of thinking; faculty of reason. 2 way of thinking associated with a particular time, group, etc. 3 sober reflection or consideration. 4 idea or piece of reasoning produced by thinking. 5 (foil, by of + verbal noun or to + infin.) partly formed intention (had no thought to go). 6 (usu. in pi) what one is thinking; one's opinion. 7 (prec. by a) somewhat (a thought arrogant). in thought meditating. [Old English: related to think]

thought thoughtful

adj.

1

of think.

engaged in or given

to meditation. 2 (of a book, writer, etc.)

giving signs of serious thought. 3 (often by of) (of a person or conduct) thoughtfully adv.

foil,

considerate.

thoughtfulness

thoughtless

adj.

careless of con-

1

thoughtlessly

to lack of thought.

thoughtlessness

thought-reader

n.

person supposedly

/'8aoz(a)nd/ adj.

&

1 ten hundred. 2 m, M). 3 (in sing. thoularge number.

sing. prec.

by a or one)

symbol for

this (1,000,

adj. & adv. [Old English]

sandfold

&

n.

thrall

thousandth

adj.

by

slave (of a person, or of a power or 2 slavery {in thrall). thraldom n. [Old English from Old

of, to)

influence).

Norse] beat or whip severely. 2 defeat thoroughly. 3 deliver repeated blows. 4 (foil, by about, around) move or fling (esp. the limbs) about violently. 5 = thresh 1. -n 1 act of thrashing. 2 slang (esp. lavish) party. thrash out discuss to a conclusion. [Old English] thread /0red/ -n. 1 a spun-out cotton, silk, or glass etc.; yarn, b length of this. 2 thin cord of twisted yarns used esp. in -v.

1

sewing and weaving. 3 continuous aspect of a thing {the thread of life; thread of his argument). 4 spiral ridge of a screw, -v. 1 pass a thread through (a needle). 2 put (beads) on a thread. 3 insert (a strip of material, e.g. film or magnetic tape) into equipment. 4 make way) carefully through a (one's crowded place, over a difficult route, etc. [Old English: related to throw] threadbare adj. 1 (of cloth) with the

nap worn away and the thread visible. 2 (of a person) wearing such clothes. 3 hackneyed.

threadworm

parasitic threadlike

1 declaration of an intention to punish or hurt if an order etc. is not obeyed. 2 indication of something undesirable coming {threat of war). 3 person or thing as a likely cause of harm

[Old English]

threaten

make

a threat or threats against. 2 be a sign of (something undesirable). 3 (foil, by to + infin.) announce one's intention to do an undesirable thing. 4 (also absol.) warn of the

v. 1

infliction

triangular. 2 (of

gun-decks. 2 thing with three levels or divisions. adj. having or appearing to have length, breadth, and adj. & adv. 1 three times as or as many. 2 consisting of three

threefold

much parts.

three-legged race

running-race

n.

between pairs, one member of each pair having the left leg tied to the right leg of

three-line whip n. written notice to MPs from their leader insisting on attendance at a debate and voting a certain way.

threepence

/'Orepsns, 'Grup-/ n.

sum

of

three pence.

threepenny

/'Grepani,

'Grup-/

attrib.

adj. costing three pence.

three-piece -n. three-piece

suit

or

suite, —attrib. adj. (esp. of a suit or suite)

consisting of three items.

three-ply -adj. of three strands or layers etc. -n. ply wood.

1

three-ply wool. 2 three-

three-point turn n. method of turning a vehicle round in a narrow space by moving forwards, backwards, and forwards again. three-quarter n. (also three-quarter back) Rugby any of three or four players just behind the half-backs. n.pl. three parts out of

three-quarters four.

three Rs writing,

n.pl. (prec. by and arithmetic.

threescore

threesome three-way

&

the) reading,

archaic sixty. n. group of three persons. adj. involving three direcn.

adj.

tions or participants.

threnody n.

worm. threat /8ret/ n.

etc.

1

between three parties, n. 1 warship with three

the other.

/8ro:l/ n. literary 1 (often foil,

thrash

etc.)

three-decker

depth. (pi

n.

thousands or (in sense 1) thousand) (in

or pi.) colloq.

three-cornered adj.

three-dimensional

n.

able to perceive another's thoughts.

thousand

threatened adj.) (of a species etc.) likely to become extinct. [Old English] three adj. &n.1a one more than two. b symbol for this (3, iii, III). 2 size etc. denoted by three. [Old English] a contest

n.

sequences or of others' feelings. 2 due adv.

threw

950

thought 2 past and past part,

of

(harm

etc.).

5

(as

/'Grenadi/ n. {pi. -ies) song of lamentation or mourning. [Greek] thresh v. 1 beat out or separate grain

from (corn etc.). 2 = thrash v. 4. thresher n. [Old English] threshing-floor n. hard level floor for threshing esp. with

threshold

flails.

/'Grejauld/ n.

1

strip of

wood

or stone forming the bottom of a doorway and crossed in entering a house etc. 2 point of entry or beginning. 3 limit below which a stimulus causes no reaction. [Old English: related to thrash in the sense 'tread'] threw past of throw.

thrice thrice adv. archaic or

literary 1 times. 2 (esp. in comb.) highly (thriceblessed), [related to three] thrift n. 1 frugality; careful use of

money etc. 2 the sea pink. [Old Norse: related to thrive] thriftless adj. wasteful. thrifty adj. (-ier, -iest) economical. thriftily adv. thriftiness n. thrill -n. 1 wave or nervous tremor of emotion or sensation (a thrill of joy). 2 throb, pulsation, -v. 1 (cause to) feel a thrill. 2 quiver or throb with or as with emotion. [Old English, = pierce: related to through] thriller n. exciting or sensational story or play etc., esp. about crime or espi-

onage.

thrips

n. (pi. same) an insect harmful to plants. [Greek, = woodworm] v. (-ving; past throve or thrived; past part, thriven /'8nv(a)n/ or thrived) 1 prosper, flourish. 2 grow rich. 3 (of a child, animal, or plant) grow

thrive

vigorously. [Old Norse]

thro' var. of through. throat n.1a windpipe or gullet, b front part of the neck containing this. 2 literary narrow passage, entrance, or exit. cut one's own throat harm oneself or one's interests, ram (or thrust) down a person's throat force on a person's attention. [Old English]

throaty

(-ier,

-iest) (of a voice)

hoarsely resonant.

throatily adv.

adj.

throatiness

n.

throb -v. (-bb-) 1 pulsate, esp. with more than the usual force or rapidity. 2 vibrate with a persistent rhythm or with emotion, —n.

1 throbbing. 2 (esp. violent) pulsation, [imitative] (usu. in pi.) violent pang, esp. of childbirth or death. in the throes of

throe n.

struggling with the task

[Old Engthrowe, per-

of.

lish, alteration of original

haps by association with woe]

thrombosis /Grom'bausis/ n.

(pi. -boses coagulation of the blood in a blood-vessel or organ. [Greek, = curd/-si:z/)

ling]

throne

throw

951

three

-n. 1 chair of State for a sovereign or bishop etc. 2 sovereign power (came to the throne), -v. (-ning) enthrone. [Greek thronos] throng -n. (often foil, by of) crowd, esp. of people, - v. 1 come in great numbers (crowds thronged to the stadium). 2 flock into or crowd round; fill with or as with a crowd. [Old English] throstle /'6rDs(a)l/ n. song thrush. [Old English] throttle /'9rDt(a)l/ -n. 1 a valve controlling the flow of fuel or steam etc. in an engine, b (in full throttle-lever)

lever or pedal operating this valve. 2 throat, gullet, or windpipe, -v. (-ling) 1 choke or strangle. 2 prevent the utterance etc. of. 3 control (an engine or steam etc.) with a throttle, n throttle back (or down) reduce the speed of (an engine or vehicle) by throttling, [per-

haps from throat]

through

/8ru:/ (also thro',

US thru)

-prep. 1 a from end to end or side to side of. b going in one side or end and out the other of. 2 between or among (swam through the waves). 3 from beginning to end of (read through the letter- went through many difficulties). 4 because of; by the agency, means, or fault of (lost it through carelessness). 5 US up to and including (Monday through Friday), -adv. 1 through a thing; from side to side, end to end, or beginning to end. 2 so as to be connected by telephone (will put you through), -attrib. adj. 1 (of a journey, route, etc.) done without a change of line or vehicle etc. or with one ticket. 2 (of traffic) going through a place to its destination. 3 (of a road) open at both ends. be through colloq. 1 (often foil, by with) have finished. 2 (often foil, by with) cease to have dealings. 3 have no further prospects, through and through thoroughly, completely. [Old English] throughout /8ru:'aot/ -prep, right through; from end to end of. -adv. in every part or respect. throughput n. amount of material put through a process, esp. in manufacturing or computing. throve past of thrive. throw /Grau/ -v. (past threw /8ru:/; past part, thrown) 1 propel with force through the air. 2 force violently into, or compel to be in, a specified position or state (thrown on the rocks; threw themselves down; thrown out of work). 3 turn or move (part of the body) quickly or suddenly (threw an arm out). 4 project or cast (light, a shadow, etc.). 5 a bring to the ground in wrestling, b (of a horse) unseat (its rider). 6 colloq. disconcert (the question threw me). 7 (foil, by on, off, etc.) put (clothes etc.) hastily on or off etc. 8 a cause (dice) to fall on a table etc. b obtain (a specified number) by throwing dice. 9 cause to pass or extend suddenly to another state or position (threw a bridge across the river). 10 operate (a switch or lever). 11 form on a potter's wheel. 1 2 have (a fit or tantrum etc.). 13 give (a party), -n. 1 act of throwing or being thrown. 2 distance a thing is or may be thrown. 3 (prec. by a) slang each; per item (sold at £10 a throw). throw away 1 discard as

throw-away

oneself into engage vigorously in. throw oneself on (or upon) rely completely on. throw open (often foil, by to) 1 cause to be suddenly or widely open. 2 make accessible, throw out 1 put out or

forcibly

suddenly.

2

discard

as

unwanted. 3 reject (a proposal), throwover desert, abandon, throw together 1 assemble hastily. 2 bring into casual contact, throw up 1 abandon. 2 resign from. 3 colloq. vomit. 4 erect hastily. 5 bring to notice. [Old English, = twist] throw-away attrib. adj. 1 meant to be

thrown away after (one) use.

2

spoken

in

a deliberately casual way. 3 disposed to things away {throw-away

throwing society).

throwback

reversion to ancestral character. 2 instance of this, throw-in n. throwing in of a football during play. thrown past part, of throw.

thru US

thrum

n. 1

var. of

through.

1

-v. (-mm-) 1 play (a stringed instrument) monotonously or unskilfully. 2 (often foil, by on) drum idly. -n. 1 such playing. 2 resulting sound, [imitative]

thrum

2

n. 1 unwoven end of a warpthread, or the whole of such ends, left when the finished web is cut away. 2 any short loose thread. [Old English] thrush n. any of various songbirds, esp. the song thrush and mistle thrush. [Old English] thrush 2 n. 1 fungous disease, esp. of children, affecting the mouth and throat. 2 similar disease of the vagina, 1

[origin unknown] thrust —n. (past and past part, thrust)

1

push with a sudden impulse or with force. 2 (foil, by on) impose (a thing) forcibly; enforce

acceptance of (a thing).

by at, through) pierce, stab; lunge suddenly. 4 make (one's way) forcibly. 5 (as thrusting adj.) aggressive, ambitious, -n. 1 sudden or forcible push or lunge. 2 propulsive force produced by a

3

(foil,

or rocket engine. 3 strong attempt to penetrate an enemy's line or territory. 4 remark aimed at a person. 5 stress

jet

thunderbolt

952

useless or unwanted. 2 waste or fail to make use of (an opportunity etc.). throw back 1 revert to ancestral character. 2 (usu. in passive; foil, by on) compel to rely on. throw in 1 interpose (a word or remark). 2 include at no extra cost. 3 throw (a football) from the edge of the pitch where it has gone out of play, throw in the towel (or sponge) admit defeat, throw off 1 discard; contrive to get rid of. 2 write or utter in an offhand manner, throw oneself at seek blatantly as a sexual partner, throw

between the parts of an arch etc. 6 (often foil, by of) chief theme or gist of remarks etc.

[Old Norse]

thud -n. low dull sound as of a blow on a non-resonant surface, -v. (-dd-) make or fall with a thud, [probably Old English]

thug n. 1 violent ruffian. 2 (Thug) hist member of a religious organization of robbers and assassins in India,

gery

n.

thuggish

thulium

thug-

adj. [Hindi]

/'0ju:liam/ n. metallic

element

of the lanthanide series. [Latin Thule, name of a region in the remote north] 0Am -n. 1 short thicker finger on the human hand, set apart from the other four. 2 part of a glove etc. for a thumb, -v. 1 wear or soil (pages etc.) with a thumb. 2 turn over pages with or as with a thumb (thumbed through the directory). 3 request or get (a lift) by signalling with a raised thumb. 4 use the thumb in a gesture. thumb one's nose = cock a snook (see snook). thumbs down indication of rejection, thumbs up indication of satisfaction or

thumb

under a person's thumb completely dominated by a person. [Old approval, English]

thumb index n.

set of lettered grooves cut down the side of a book for easy reference. thumbnail n. 1 nail of a thumb. 2 (attrib.) concise (thumbnail sketch). thumbprint n. impression of a thumb

esp. for identification. n. instrument of torture for crushing the thumbs. -v. 1 beat or strike heavily, esp. with the fist. 2 throb strongly. 3 (foil, by at, on, etc.) knock loudly, -n. 1 heavy blow. 2 dull sound of this, [imitative]

thumbscrew

thump

thumping tensifier)

adj.

huge

colloq.

(a

(esp. as

thumping

an lie;

in-

a

thumping great

house). thunder '0Anda(r) -n. 1 loud noise caused by lightning and due to the expansion of rapidly heated air. 2 resounding loud deep noise (thunders of applause). 3 strong censure or denunciation, -v. 1 (prec. by it as subject)

thunder sounds

(it is

thundering;

if it thunders). 2 make or proceed with a noise like thunder. 3 utter (threats, compliments, etc.) loudly. 4 (foil, by against etc.) make violent threats etc. against. steal a person's thunder see thundery adj. [Old English] steal, thunderbolt n. 1 flash of lightning with a simultaneous crash of thunder. 2 unexpected occurrence or announcement. 3 supposed bolt or shaft as a :

thunderclap

thundercloud

n. cumulus cloud charged with electricity and producing thunder and lightning.

thunder-fly

n.

thundering

= thrips.

colloq. (esp. as an huge (a thundering nuisance; a thundering great bruise).

adj.

intensifier)

thunderous adj.

1

like thunder. 2

very

loud.

thunderstorm

n. storm with thunder and lightning and usu. heavy rain or

hail.

thunderstruck predic. adj. amazed. Thur. abbr. (also Thurs.) Thursday, thurible

/'9juarib(a)l/ n. censer. [Latin

thus thur- incense]

Thursday /'93:zdei/ -n. day of the week following Wednesday, -adv. colloq.

1

on

Thursday. 2 (Thursdays) on Thursdays; each Thursday. [Old English] thus /Qas/ adv. formal 1 a in this way. b as indicated. 2 a accordingly, b as a result or inference. 3 to this extent; so (thus far; thus much). [Old English] thwack -v. hit with a heavy blow. -n. heavy blow, [imitative] thwart /ewo:t/ -v. frustrate or foil (a person, plan, etc.). -n. rower's seat. [Old Norse, = across] thy /Oai/ poss. pron. (attrib.) (also thine predic. or before a vowel) archaic of or belonging to thee, [from thine]

Usage Thy has now been replaced by your except in some formal, liturgical, dialect, and poetic uses.

thyme

/taim/ n. any of several herbs with aromatic leaves. [Greek thumon] thymol /'0aimDl/ n. antiseptic obtained from oil of thyme.

thymus

ticklish

953

destructive agent, esp. as an attribute of a god. thunderclap n. 1 crash of thunder. 2 something startling or unexpected.

/'Baimas/ n. (pi

lymphoid organ situated

thymi

/-mai/)

in the

neck of

vertebrates. [Greek]

thyroid

/'Gairoid/ n. (in full thyroid gland) 1 large ductless gland in the neck of vertebrates, secreting a hormone

which regulates growth and development. 2 extract prepared from the thyroid gland of animals and used in treating goitre etc. [Greek thureos oblong shield]

thyroid cartilage

n.

large cartilage of

the larynx, forming the Adam's apple. thyself pron. archaic emphat. & refl. form of thou thee. Ti symb. titanium. 1

,

ti var. of te.

tiara /ti'a:ra/ n. 1 jewelled ornamental band worn on the front of a woman's

three-crowned diadem worn by a pope. tiaraed adj. [Latin from Greek] tibia /'tibia/ n. (pi. tibiae /-bi.i:/) Anat. inner of two bones extending from the tibial adj. [Latin] knee to the ankle. hair. 2

n. (in full nervous tic) occasional involuntary contraction of the muscles, esp. of the face. [French from Italian] tick -n. 1 slight recurring click, esp. that of a watch or clock. 2 colloq. moment. 3 mark (/) to denote correctness, check items in a list, etc. -v. 1 (of a clock etc.) make ticks. 2 a mark with a tick, b (often foil, by off) mark (an item) with a tick in checking. tick off colloq. reprimand, tick over 1 (of an engine etc.) idle. 2 (of a person, project, etc.) be functioning at a basic level, what makes a person tick colloq. person's motivation, [probably imitative] tick 2 n. 1 parasitic arachnid on the skin

tic

1

of dogs, cattle, etc. 2 parasitic insect on sheep and birds etc. [Old English] tick 3 n. colloq. credit (buy goods on tick). [apparently an abbreviation of ticket in on the ticket] tick 4 n. 1 cover of a mattress or pillow. 2 = ticking. [Greek theke case] ticker n. colloq. 1 heart. 2 watch. 3 US =

TAPE MACHINE 1. ticker-tape n. 1 paper

strip

from a tape

machine. 2 this or similar material thrown from windows etc. to greet a celebrity.

ticket

/'tikit/ -n. 1 written or printed piece of paper or card entitling the holder to enter a place, participate in an event, travel by public transport, etc. 2 notification of a traffic offence etc. (parking ticket). 3 certificate of discharge from the army. 4 certificate of qualification as a ship's master, pilot, etc. 5 price etc. label. 6 esp. US a list of candidates put forward by one group, esp. a political party, b principles of a party. 7 (prec. by the) colloq. what is correct or needed, -v. (-t-) attach a ticket to. [obsolete French etiquet] ticking n. stout usu. striped material

used to cover mattresses TICK

etc.

[from

4 ]

tickle

/'tik(8)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 a touch or stroke (a person etc.) playfully or lightly so as to produce laughter and spasmodic movement, b produce this sensation. 2 excite agreeably; amuse. 3 catch (a trout etc.) by rubbing it so that it moves backwards into the hand. -n. 1 act of tickling. 2 tickling sensation. tickled pink (or to death) colloq. extremely amused or pleased. tickly adj. [probably frequentative of tick ] 1

ticklish adj. 1 sensitive to tickling. 2 (of a matter or person) difficult to handle.

tick-tack

tidal

/'taid(a)l/ adj.

affected by tides,

relating to, like, or tidally adv. exceptionally large

tidal wave n. 1 ocean wave, esp. one caused by an underwater earthquake. 2 widespread manifestation of feeling etc. tidbit US var. of titbit. tiddler n. colloq. 1 small fish, esp. a stickleback or minnow. 2 unusually 2 small thing, [perhaps related to tiddly

and

tittlebat,

a childish form of stickle-

back]

tiddly

1

adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. slightly

drunk, [origin unknown]

tiddly 2

adj.

(-ier,

-iest) colloq.

unknown] tiddly-wink /'tidliwink/

little.

[origin

n.

1

counter

flicked with another into a cup etc. 2 (in pi.) this game, [perhaps related to tid1

dly ] tide n.1a periodic rise and fall of the sea due to the attraction of the moon and sun. b water as affected by this. 2 time or season (usu. in comb.: Whitsuntide). 3

marked trend of events.

opinion, fortune, or tide (-ding) over provide (a

person) with what 1

needed during a

is

difficult period. [Old

tidemark n.

English, = time]

mark made by the tide at

high water. 2 a line left round a bath by the dirty water, b colloq. line between washed and unwashed parts of a person's body. tidetable n. table indicating the times of high and low tides. tideway n. tidal part of a river. tidings /'taidinz/ n. (as sing, or pi.) archaic or joc. news. [Old English, probably from Old Norse]

tidy -adj.

tight

954

tick-tack n. a kind of manual semaphore used by racecourse bookmakers. tick-tock n. ticking of a large clock etc.

(-ier, -iest) 1 neat,

orderly. 2

worn round the collar and tied in a knot at the front. 3 thing that unites or restricts persons (family ties). 4 draw,

dead heat, or equality of score among competitors. 5 match between any pair from a group of competing players or teams. 6 (also tie-beam etc.) rod or beam holding parts of a structure together. 7 Mus. curved line above or below two notes of the same pitch indicating that they are to be played without a break between them. tie in (foil, by with) bring into or have a close association or agreement, tie up 1 bind securely with cord etc. 2 invest or reserve (capital etc.) so that it is not immediately available for use. 3 (often foil, by with) = tie in. 4 (usu. in passive) fully occupy (a person). 5 bring to a satisfactory conclusion. [Old English] tie-break n. (also tie-breaker) means of deciding a winner from competitors

who have tied

tied.

attrib. adj. 1 (of

a house) occupied

subject to the tenant's working for its owner. 2 (of a public house etc.) bound to supply the products of a particular brewery only. tie-dye n. (also tie and dye) method of producing dyed patterns by tying string etc. to keep the dye away from parts of the fabric. tie-in n. 1 connection or association. 2 joint promotion of related commodities etc. (e.g.

tie-pin

a book and a

n.

film).

ornamental pin for holding a

tie in place.

tier

n. row, rank, or unit of a structure, as one of several placed one above

tiered adj. another (tiers of seats). [French tire from tirer draw, elongate] tiercel var. of tercel. tie-up n. connection, association.

(of a person) methodical. 3 colloq. considerable (a tidy sum), -n. (pi. -ies) 1

tiff n. slight or petty quarrel, [origin

receptacle for holding small objects etc. 2 esp. US cover for a chair-back etc. — v. (-ies, -ied) (also absol. often foil, by up) put in good order; make (oneself, a room, etc.) tidy. tidily adv. tidiness n. [originally = timely etc., from tide] tie I tan l -v. (tying) 1 attach or fasten with string or cord etc. 2 a form (a string, ribbon, shoelace, necktie, etc.) into a knot or bow. b form (a knot or bow) in this way. 3 (often foil, by down) restrict (a person) in some way (is tied to his job). 4 (often foil, by with) achieve the same score or place as another competitor (tied with her for first place). 5 hold (rafters etc.) together by a crosspiece etc. 6 Mus. unite (written notes) by a tie. -n. 1 cord or wire etc. used for fastening. 2 strip of material

/'tifin/ n. Ind. light meal, esp. lunch, [apparently from tiffing sipping] tiger /'taiga(r)/ n. 1 large Asian animal of the cat family, with a yellow-brown coat with black stripes. 2 fierce, energetic, or formidable person. [Greek

',

unknown] tiffin

tigris]

tiger-cat n. any moderate-sized feline resembling the tiger, e.g. the ocelot. tiger lily n. tall garden lily with darkspotted orange flowers. tiger moth n. moth with richly spotted

and streaked wings. tight /tait/ -adj. 1 closely held, drawn, fastened, fitting, etc. (tight hold; tight 2 too closely fitting. 3 imper-

skirt).

meable, impervious, esp. (in comb.) to a specified thing (watertight). 4 tense; stretched. 5 colloq. drunk. 6 colloq.

tight corner

stingy. 7 (of money or materials) not easily obtainable. 8 a (of precautions, a etc.) stringent, demanding, b presenting difficulties (tight situ-

programme,

ation). 9 produced by or requiring great exertion or pressure (tight squeeze), tightly -adv. tightly (hold tight!). adv. tightness n. [Old Norse] tight corner n. (also tight place or

spot) difficult situation.

tighten v. make or become tighter. tight-fisted adj. stingy. tight-lipped adj. with or as with the lips compressed to restrain emotion or speech; determinedly reticent. tightrope n. rope stretched tightly high above the ground, on which acrobats perform. tights n.pl. 1 thin close-fitting wool or nylon etc. garment covering the legs, feet, and the lower part of the torso,

worn by women and girls. 2 similar garment worn by a dancer, acrobat, etc. tigress /'taigns/ n. female tiger. tike var. of tyke. tilde /'tilda/ n. mark (~) put over a letter, e.g. over a Spanish n when pronounced ny (as in sehor). [Latin: related to title] tile -rc. 1 thin slab of concrete or baked clay etc. used for roofing or paving etc. 2 similar slab of glazed pottery, cork, linoleum, etc., for covering a wall, floor, etc. 3 thin flat piece used in a game (esp. in mah-jong). -v. (-ling) cover with tiles. on the tiles colloq. having a spree. tiler n. [Latin tegula] n. 1 process of fixing tiles. 2 area of tiles. till -prep. 1 up to or as late as (wait till six o'clock). 2 up to the time of (faithful till death), -conj. 1 up to the time when (wait till I return). 2 so long that (laughed till I cried). [Old Norse: related 3 to TILL ]

tiling 1

Usage In all senses, till can be replaced by until which is more formal in style. 2 n. drawer for money in a shop or bank etc., esp. with a device recording the amount of each purchase, [origin unknown]

till

3

v. cultivate (land). English, = strive for]

till

tillage

n.

1

time

955

tiller n. [Old

preparation of land for

growing crops. 2 tilled land. n. bar fitted to a boat's rudder to turn it in steering. [Anglo-French teller weaver's beam] v

tiller

tilt -v. 1 (cause to) assume a sloping position; heel over. 2 (foil, by at) strike, thrust, or run at, with a weapon. 3 (foil,

by with) engage in a contest, —n. 1 tilting. 2 sloping position. 3 (of medieval

knights etc.) charging with a lance against an opponent or at a mark. 4 attack, esp. with argument or satire (have a tilt at). full (or at full) tilt 1 at full speed. 2 with full force, tilt at windmills see windmill. [Old English, = unsteady] tilth n. 1 tillage, cultivation. 2 tilled soil. [Old English: related to till 3 ]

timber n.

1

wood prepared for building,

carpentry, etc. 2 piece of wood or beam, esp. as the rib of a vessel. 3 large standing trees. 4 (esp. as int.) warning cry that a tree is about to fall. [Old English, = building] timbered adj. 1 made wholly or partly of timber. 2 (of country) wooded. timberline n. line or level above which no trees grow.

timbre

/'taemba(r), 'taembra/ n. distinctive character of a musical sound or voice apart from its pitch and volume. [Greek: related to tympanum]

timbrel /'timbr(8)l/ n, archaic tambourine. [French: related to

time -n.

timbre]

indefinite continued progress of existence, events, etc., in the past, present, and future, regarded as a whole. 2 progress of this as affecting persons or things. 3 portion of time belonging to particular events or circumstances (the time of the Plague; prehistoric times). 4 allotted or available portion of time (had no time to eat). 5 point of time, esp. in hours and minutes (the time is 7.30). 6 (prec. by a) indefinite period. 7 time or an amount of 1

time as reckoned by a conventional standard (eight o 'clock New York time; the time allowed is one hour). 8 occasion (last time). 9 for a

purpose

moment

etc. suitable

time

to act). 10 (in

etc. (the

expressing multiplication (five times six is thirty). 11 lifetime (will last my time). 12 (in sing, or pi.) conditions of life or of a period (hard times). 13 slang prison sentence (is doing time). 14 apprenticeship (served his time). 15 period of gestation. 16 date or expected date of childbirth or death. 17 measured time spent in work. 18 a any of several rhythmic patterns of music, b duration of a note. —v. (-ming) 1 choose the time for. 2 do at a chosen or correct time. 3 arrange the time of arrival of. 4 ascertain the time taken by. against time with utmost speed, so as to finish by a

pi.)

specified time, ahead of time earlier than expected, all the time 1 during the whole of the time referred to (often despite some contrary expectation etc.).

2 constantly, at

one time

1

in a

known

time and a half

tinder-box

956

but unspecified past period. 2 simultaneously, at the same time 1 simultan-

time-sharing n. 1 use of a holiday home at contractually agreed different

eously. 2 nevertheless, at times intermittently, for the time being until

times by several joint owners. 2 operation of a computer system by several users for different operations at the

some other arrangement is made, half the time colloq. as often as not. have no time for 1 be unable or unwilling to spend time on. 2 dislike, have a time of it undergo trouble or difficulty, in no time 1 very soon. 2 very quickly, in time 1 not late, punctual. 2 eventually. 3 in

accordance with a given rhythm,

keep time move or sing etc. in time, pass the time of day colloq. exchange a greeting or casual remarks, time after time 1 on many occasions. 2 in many instances, time and (or time and time) again on many occasions, the time of one's life period of exceptional enjoyment, time out of mind a longer time than anyone can remember, time was there was a time. [Old English] time and a half n. one and a half times the normal rate of payment. adj. (usu. attrib.)

time-and-motion

measuring the efficiency of industrial and other operations.

time

bomb

n.

bomb designed

to

explode at a pre-set time.

time capsule

box

containing objects typical of the present time, buried for future discovery. time clock n. clock with a device for recording workers' hours of work. time exposure n. exposure of photographic film for longer than the slowest normal shutter setting. n.

time-honoured

adj.

etc.

esteemed by

tra-

dition or through custom.

timekeeper

n. 1 person who records workers or in a game. 2 a watch or clock as regards accuracy (a good timekeeper), b person as regards

time, esp. of

punctuality, z timekeeping n. time-lag n. interval of time between a cause and effect. timeless adj. not affected by the pas-

sage of time.

lessness

timelessly adv. time-

n.

timepiece n. clock or watch. timer n. person or device that measures or records time taken. adj.

having completed a

period of apprenticeship or training.

time-server

n. derog. person who changes his or her view to suit the prevailing circumstances, fashion, etc. time-serving adj. time-share n. share in a property under a time-sharing scheme.

time.

another, esp. record (a television programme) for later viewing, -n. move-

ment from one time to another (the continual time-shifts make the plot difficult to follow).

time signal

n. audible signal of the exact time of day. n. Mus. indication of tempo following a clef. time switch n. switch acting automatically at a pre-set time. timetable -n. list of times at which events are scheduled to take place, esp. the arrival and departure of transport or a sequence of lessons, -v. (-ling) include in or arrange to a timetable; schedule. time zone n. range of longitudes where a common standard time is used. timid adj. (timider, timidest) easily timidity frightened; apprehensive. /-'miditi/ n. timidly adv. [Latin iimeo

time signature

fear]

timing is

n. 1 way an action or process timed. 2 regulation of the opening

and closing of valves combustion engine.

in

an

internal-

timorous

/'timaras/ adj. 1 timid. 2 frightened. timorously adv. [medieval Latin: related to timid] timpani /'timpani/ n.pl. (also tympani)

kettledrums.

timpanist

n.

[Italian,

pi. of timpano = tympanum] tin -n. 1 silvery-white metallic element, used esp. in alloys and in making tin

plate. 2 container made of tin or tinned iron, esp. airtight for preserving food. 3 = tin plate, —v. (-nn-) 1 seal (food) in a tin for preservation. 2 cover or coat with tin.

time-limit n. limit of time within which a task must be done. timely adj. (-ier, -iest) opportune; coming at the right time. timeliness n.

time-served

same

time sheet n. sheet of paper for recording hours of work etc. time-shift - v. move from one time to

tin

[Old English] n. tin container, esp. an empty

can

one.

-n. (often foil, by flavour or trace. 2 tinge (of a colour). 3 medicinal solution (of a drug) in alcohol (tincture of quinine), -v. (-ring) 1 colour slightly; tinge, flavour. 2 (often foil, by with) affect slightly (with a quality). [Latin: related to tinge] tinder n. dry substance that readily tindery catches fire from a spark. adj. [Old English] tinder-box n. hist, box containing

tincture

/'tinktja(r)/

of) 1 slight

tinder, flint,

kindling

and steel, formerly used for

fires.

tine

i

often in passive)

1

affect slightly, -n. 1 |

\

!

|

colour slightly. 2

tendency towards

or trace of some colour. 2 slight admixture of a feeling or quality. [Latin tingo tinct- dye] tingle /'ting(a)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 feel a slight prickling, stinging, or throbbing sensation. 2 cause this {the reply tingled in my tingly ears), -n. tingling sensation. adj. [probably from tinkle] tin hat n. colloq. military steel helmet.

tinker -n. and pans

1

itinerant mender of kettles 2 Scot. & Ir. Gypsy. 3

etc.

j

mischievous person or animal. 4

colloq.

tinny

adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 of or like tin. 2

flimsy, insubstantial. 3 (of sound) thin

and metallic. tin-opener n. tool for opening tins. tin-pan alley n. world of composers

I

i

I

i

:

|

and publishers of popular music. tin plate n. sheet iron or sheet coated with tin.

tinpot

attrib. adj.

tinsel

/'tms(a)l/ n.

cheap, inferior. 1 glittering metallic strips, threads, etc., used as decoration. 2 superficial brilliance or splendour. 3 {attrib.) gaudy, flashy. tinselled adj. tinselly adj. [Latin scintilla spark]

tinsmith

n.

tinsnips

n.

metal. tint -n.

variety of a colour, esp.

1

:

worker

in tin and tin plate, clippers for cutting sheet

made

by adding white. 2 tendency towards or admixture of a different colour {red with a blue tint). 3 faint colour spread over a surface. -v. apply a tint to; colour, [tinct: related to tinge] n. iron tack, tintinnabulation /.tmti.naebju 'leiJXa)n/ n. ringing or tinkling of bells. [Latin tintinnabulum bell]

tin whistle

tiny

n.

= penny whistle.

/'tami/ adj. (-ier, -iest)

or slight. [origin

-tion see

-ion.

very small

tinily adv. tininess

unknown]

n.

(often attrib.) road haulage

vehicle that tips at the back to discharge its load.

tippet /'tipit/ n. 1 long piece of fur etc. worn by a woman round the shoulders. 2 similar garment worn by judges, clergy, etc. [probably from tip ] tipple /'tip(a)l/ — v. (-ling) 1 drink intox1

steel

tin-tack i

1 make a small present of money to, esp. for a service given. 2 likely winner of a race or name as the

tip -v. (-pp-)

tipper

tinnitus

'

3

tinnit- ring, tinkle]

(-ling) (cause to)

make a succession of short light ringing

I

,

tain]

sounds, -n. 1 tinkling sound. 2 colloq. telephone call. :: tinkly adj. [imitative] /ti'naitas/ n. Med. condition with ringing in the ears. [Latin tinnio

unknown] tinkle /'tink(a)l/ -v.

(

1

tip -n. 1 extremity or end, esp. of a small or tapering thing. 2 small piece or part attached to the end of a thing. 3 leafbud of tea. -v. (-pp-) provide with a tip. n on the tip of one's tongue about to be said or remembered, tip of the iceberg small evident part of something much larger. [Old Norse] tip 2 -v. (-pp-) 1 (often foil, by over, up) a lean or slant, b cause to do this. 2 (foil, by into etc.) a overturn or cause to overbalance, b discharge the contents of (a container etc.) in this way. -n. 1 a slight push or tilt, b light stroke. 2 place where material (esp. refuse) is tipped. 2 tip the scales see scale [origin uncer-

contest etc. 3 strike or touch lightly, -n. 1 small money present, esp. for a service given. 2 piece of private or special information, esp. regarding betting or investment. 3 small or casual piece of advice. tip off give (a person) a hint or piece of special information or warning, tip a person the wink give a person private information, [origin uncertain] tip-off n. hint or warning etc.

spell of tinkering, -v. 1 (foil, by at, with) work in an amateurish or desultory way. 2 work as a tinker, [origin

|

TIR

957

tine n. prong, tooth, or point of a fork, comb, antler, etc. [Old English] tin foil n. foil made of tin, aluminium, or tin alloy, used for wrapping food, ting -n. tinkling sound as of a bell. -v. (cause to) emit this sound, [imitative] tinge -v. (-ging) (often foil, by with;

n.

icating liquor habitually. 2 drink (liquor) repeatedly in small amounts. -n. colloq. alcoholic drink. tippler n. [origin unknown] tipstaff n. 1 sheriffs officer. 2 metaltipped staff carried as a symbol of office, [from tip 1 ] tipster n. person who gives tips, esp. about betting at horse-races. tipsy /'tipsi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) 1 slightly drunk. 2 caused by or showing intoxication {a tipsy lurch). tipsily adv. tipsiness n. [from tip 2 ] tiptoe -n. the tips of the toes. -v. (-toes, -toed, -toeing) walk on tiptoe, or very stealthily, -adv. (also on tiptoe) with the heels off the ground. tiptop colloq. -adj. highest in excellence, -n. highest point of excellence. -adv. most excellently. tip-up attrib. adj. able to be tipped, e.g. of a theatre seat. TIR abbr. international road transport. [French transport international routier]

tirade

T-junction

958

long vehement denunciation or declamation. [French

Titian

from

titillate sexually.

tirade

tai'reid

n.

Italian]

tire v. (-ring) 1 make or grow weary. 2 exhaust the patience or interest of; bore. 1

passive; foil, by of) have had of; be fed up with. [Old English] tire n. 1 band of metal placed round the rim of a wheel to strengthen it. 2 US var. of tyre, [perhaps = archaic tire 'head3

(in

enough 2

dress']

tired adj. 1 weary; ready for sleep. 2 (of tiredly adv. an idea etc.) hackneyed. tiredness n. tireless adj. not tiring easily, energetic. tirelessly adv. tirelessness n. tiresome adj. 1 wearisome, tedious. 2 colloq. annoying, z tiresomely adv.

tiresomeness tiro taia.rau/

n.

tyro) (pi -s) beginrecruit] [contraction] tissue tiju:, 'tisju: n. 1 any of the coherent collections of specialized cells of which animals or plants are made (muscular tissue). 2 = tissue-paper. 3 disposable piece of thin soft absorbent paper for wiping, drying, etc. 4 fine woven esp. gauzy fabric. 5 (foil, by of) connected series (tissue of lies). n. (also

ner, novice. [Latin,

'tis

tiz

archaic

=

it is.

[French tissu woven cloth] tissue-paper n. thin soft paper for wrapping etc. tit n. any of various small birds, [probably from Scandinavian] 1

tit

2

tit

n.

for tat blow for blow; = earlier tip in tip for tap:

retaliation. [ 2 see tip ] 3 tit n. 1 coarse slang woman's breast. 2 colloq. nipple. [Old English]

Titan

,/'tait(a)n/ n. (often titan) person of very great strength, intellect, or importance. [Greek, = member of a race of

giants]

titanic sal,

to

/tai'taenik/ adj. gigantic, colosz titanically adv. [Greek: related

Titan]

titanium

/tai'temiam, ti- n. grey metallic element. [Greek: related to Titan] titbit n. (US tidbit) 1 dainty morsel. 2 piquant item of news etc. [perhaps from dial, tid tender]

titchy

adj.

(-ier,

-iest)

colloq.

very

small, [titch small person, from Tick, name of a comedian] titfer n. slang hat. [abbreviation of tit for tat, rhyming slang] tithe taicV -n. 1 one-tenth of the annual produce of land or labour, formerly taken as a tax for the Church. 2 tenth part. -v. (-thing) 1 subject to tithes. 2 pay tithes. [Old English, = tenth] tithe barn n. barn built to hold tithes paid in kind.

adj.

'tij(3)n

name

auburn. [Titian, titi.leit

2

-'leij(a)n

titivate colloq.

touches

n.

v.

bright of a painter]

(of hair)

(-ting)

tickle,

z

1

excite, esp.

titillation

[Latin]

/'titi.veit

v.

(-ting) (often refl.)

smarten up; put the finishing to.

z titivation

[earlier tidivate,

/-'veij"(a)n

n.

perhaps from tidy after

cultivate]

title 'tait(a)l/ n. 1 name of a book, work of art, etc. 2 heading of a chapter, document, etc. 3 a = title-page, b book, magazine, etc., in terms of its title (brought out two new titles). 4 (usu. in pi. ) caption or credit in a film etc. 5 name indicating a person's status (e.g. queen, professor) or used as a form of address or reference (e.g. Lord, Mr, Your Grace). 6 championship in sport. 7 Law a right to ownership of property with or without possession, b facts constituting this, c (foil, by to) just or recognized claim. [Latin titulus] titled adj. having a title of nobility or

rank.

title-deed n. legal instrument as evidence of a right. title-holder n. person who holds a title, esp. a sporting champion. title-page n. page at the beginning of a book giving the title, author, etc. title role n. part in a play etc. that gives it its name (e.g. Othello). titmouse n. (pi. titmice) small

active

[Old English tit little, mase titmouse, assimilated to mouse]

tit.

tai'treit/ v. (-ting) Chem. ascertain the amount of a constituent in (a solution) by reaction with a known titration concentration of reagent.

titrate

-'treij(a)n/ n. [French titre title] titter -v. laugh covertly; giggle, -n. covert laugh, [imitative] tittle /'tit(a)r n. 1 small written or printed stroke or dot. 2 particle; whit (not one jot or tittle). [Latin: related to

TITLE]

tittle-tattle 'tit(a)l,taet(a)l -n. petty (-ling) gossip, chatter. gossip. -v. [reduplication of tattle] tittup 'titap -v. (-p- or -pp-) go about friskily or jerkily; bob up and down; canter, -n. such a gait or movement. [perhaps imitative] titular /'tirjola(r) adj. 1 of or relating to a title. 2 existing, or being, in name or title only (titular ruler). [French: related to title] tizzy /'tizi/ n. (pi. -ies) colloq. state of agitation (in a tizzy), [origin unknown] n. road junction at which one road joins another at right angles without crossing it.

T-junction

Tl

toffee

959

tobacco

Tl symb. thallium.

Tm symb.

abbr. trinitrotoluene, a high explosive formed from toluene, to Its/, before a vowel /tu/, when stressed

introducing a noun 1 what is reached, a approached, or touched (fell to the ground; went to Paris; five minutes to six), b what is aimed at (throw it to me). c as far as (went on to the end), d what is followed (made to order), e what is considered or affected (am used to that; that is nothing to me), f what is caused -prep. /tu:/ expressing:

what

or produced (turn to stone), g

compared (nothing

what

is

origin]

tobacconist

/ta'baekanist/ n. dealer in tobacco, cigarettes, etc. toboggan /ta'bogan/ -n. long light narrow sledge for sliding downhill over snow or ice. -v. ride on a toboggan.

[Canadian French from Algonquian] /'taubi/ n. jug or mug in the man wearing a threecornered hat. [familiar form of the name

toby jug

form of a stout Tobias]

equal to the occasion), h what is what is increased (add it to mine), involved or composed as specified (there is nothing to it). 2 introducing the infinitive: a as a verbal noun (to get there is the priority), b expressing purpose, consequence, or cause (we eat to live; left him to starve; I'm sorry to hear that), c as a substitute for to + infinitive (wanted to come but was unable to), -adv. 1 in the normal or required position or condition (come to; heave to). 2 (of a door) in a nearly closed position. to and fro 1 backwards and forwards. 2

toccata

to

it

i

repeatedly between the [Old English]

same

points.

n. 1 froglike amphibian breeding water but living chiefly on land. 2 re-

pulsive person. [Old English] n. plant with yellow or purple flowers.

toadflax

n.

sausages baked in

batter.

toadstool n. fungus, usu. poisonous, with a round top and slender stalk, -n. (pi -ies) sycophant,

- v.

(foil.

by to) (-ies, -ied) behave servilely to; fawn upon, toadyism n. [contraction of toad-eater]

toast -n. 1 sliced bread browned on both sides by radiant heat. 2 a person or thing in whose honour a company is requested to drink, b call to drink or an instance of drinking in this way. —v. 1 brown by radiant heat. 2 warm (one's drink to honour of (a person or

feet, oneself, etc.) at

the health or in thing).

a

fire etc. 3

[French toster roast]

toaster

n.

electrical device for

making

toast.

toasting-fork making toast.

toastmaster person

n.

n.

long-handled fork for (fern,

toastmistress)

responsible for announcing toasts at a public occasion, toast rack n. rack for holding slices of toast at table.

/t9'ka:ta/ n. musical composifor a keyboard instrument, designed to exhibit the performer's = touch and technique. [Italian, touched] tocsin /'tDksin/ n. alarm bell or signal. [Provencal tocasenh] tod n. slang on one's tod alone; on one's own. [rhyming slang on one's Tod Sloan] today /ta'dei/ -adv. 1 on this present day. 2 nowadays, -n. 1 this present day.

tion

;

i

2 modern times. [Old English] toddle /'tod(8)l/ -v. (-ling) 1 walk with

short unsteady steps like a small child. 2 a walk, stroll, b (usu. foil, by off or along) depart, -n. act of toddling,

colloq.

toad

toady

plant of

used for smoking, chewing, or snuff. 2 its leaves, esp. as prepared for smoking. [Spanish tabaco, of American Indian

once was;

toad-in-the-hole

(pi. -s) 1

American origin with narcotic leaves

thulium.

TNT

in

/ta'baekau/ n.

[origin unknown] toddler n. child who

is

just learning to

walk.

toddy

/'todi/ n.

(pi -ies) drink of spirits

with hot water and sugar stani tar palm]

to-do

/ta'du:/ n. (pi.

-s)

etc.

[Hindu-

commotion or

fuss.

toe -n.

1 any of the five terminal projections of the foot. 2 corresponding part of

an animal. 3 part of a shoe etc. that covers the toes. 4 lower end or tip of an implement etc. - v. (toes, toed, toeing) touch

(a starting-line etc.) with the toes. on one's toes alert, toe the line conform, esp. under pressure. [Old

English]

toecap

n. (usu. strengthened) outer covering of the toe of a boot or shoe. toe-hold n. 1 small foothold. 2 small beginning or advantage. toenail n. nail of each toe. toff n. slang upper-class person, [perhaps from tuft, = titled undergraduate] toffee /'toft/ n. 1 firm or hard sweet made

by boiling sugar, butter,

by can't at all [origin

etc. together. 2

for toffee slang (prec. (denoting incompetence) (they couldn't sing for toffee).

this substance. etc.)

unknown]

toffee-apple toffee-apple toffee.

toffee-nosed

adj.

snobbish,

slang

taufu: n. curd of mashed soya beans. [Japanese] tog colloq. -n. (usu. in pi.) item of clothing, -v. (-gg-) (foil, by out, up) dress, [apparently originally cant: ultimately related to Latin toga] tog 2 n. unit of thermal resistance used to express the insulating properties of clothes and quilts, [arbitrary, probably

tofu 1

from tog

1

]

/'tauga/

n.

hist,

ancient

Roman

citizen's loose flowing outer garment. togaed adj. (also toga'd). [Latin] together /ta'geda(r)/ -adv. 1 in com-

pany or conjunction (walking together, were at school together). 2 simultaneously (both shouted together). 3 one with another (talking together). 4 into conjunction; so as to unite (tied them together,

put two and two

together). 5

into company or companionship. 6 uninterruptedly (he could talk for three

hours

together), -adj. colloq. wellself-assured; emotionally

organized;

together with as well as. [Old English: related to to, gather] togetherness n. 1 being together. 2 feeling of comfort from this. stable,

toggle /'tDg(9)l/ n. 1 fastener for a garment consisting of a crosspiece which passes through a hole or loop. 2 Computing switch action that

operated the

is

same way but with opposite effect on successive occasions, [origin unknown] toggle switch n. electric switch with a lever to be moved usu. up and down. toil -v. 1 work laboriously or incessantly. 2

make slow painful progress. -n.

intensive

French

toing and froing /,tu:in and "frauin/ n. constant movement to and fro; bustle; dispersed activity, [from to, fro] /ta'kei/ n. a sweet Hungarian wine. [Tokaj in Hungary] token /'taukan/ n. 1 thing serving as a symbol, reminder, or mark (as a token of affection; in token of my esteem). 2 voucher. 3 thing equivalent to something else, esp. money. 4 (attrib.) a perfunctory (token effort), b conducted briefly to demonstrate strength of feeling (token strike), c chosen by tokenism to represent a group (token woman). by this (or the same) token 1 similarly. 2 moreover. [Old English] tokenism n. 1 granting of minimum concessions, esp. to minority groups. 2 making of only a token effort. told past and past part, of tell tolerable /'tDlarab(a)l/ adj. 1 endurtolerably adv. able. 2 fairly good. [Latin: related to tolerate] tolerance /'tDlarans/ n. 1 willingness or ability to tolerate; forbearance. 2 allowable variation in any measurable prop-

Tokay

superior.

toga

torn

960

apple with a coating of

n.

labour; drudgery. dispute]

[Anglo-

toil(er)

1

.

erty.

tolerant

adj. 1 disposed to tolerate others or their acts or opinions. 2 (foil, by of) enduring or patient. tolerate /'tDla.reit/ v. (-ting) 1 allow the existence or occurrence of without authoritative interference. 2 endure (suffering etc.). 3 find or treat as endurable. 4 be able to take or undergo (drugs, treatment, etc.) without adverse effects.

[Latin tolero]

toleration

= lavatory. 2 process

panied by

of washing oneself, dressing, etc. (at one's toilet). [French toilette diminutive of toile cloth] toilet paper n. paper for cleaning oneself after excreting. toilet roll n. roll of toilet paper. toiletry /'toilitn/ n. (pi. -ies) (usu. in pi)

toll 2 /taul/

toilet

/'toilit/ n. 1

article or

cosmetic used in washing,

dressing, etc.

toilet soap n. soap for washing oneself, toilette /twa:'let/rc. - toilet 2. [French] toilet-training n. training of a young Id to use the lavatory, toilet-train i

water

n.

dilute

perfume used

after washing.

toils /toilz/ n.pl. net, snare, French: related to toilet]

toilsome

[toil

from

/'toilsam/ adj. involving toil.

loss, injury, etc.

-D.la

(of a bell) sound with slow uniform strokes, b ring (a bell) in this way. c (of a bell) announce or mark (a death etc.) in this way. 2 strike (the hour), -n. 1 tolling. 2 stroke of a bell, [(now dial.) toll entice, pull, from an Old English root] toll-bridge n. bridge at which a toll is charged. toll-gate n. gate preventing passage until a toll is paid. toll-road n. road maintained by the tolls collected

toluene

v.

toilet

/,tDla'reiJ(a)n/ n. tolerating

or being tolerated, esp. the allowing of religious differences without discrimination. [Latin: related to tolerate] toll 1 /taul, tol/ n. 1 charge to use a bridge, road, etc. 2 cost or damage caused by a disaster etc. take its toll be accom-

on

it.

/'tDlju.Ln/

n.

colourless aro-

matic liquid hydrocarbon derivative of benzene, used in the manufacture of explosives etc. [Tolu in Colombia] torn n. (in full tom-cat) male cat. [abbreviation of the

name Thomas]

tomahawk tomahawk

n>m?h::k

:

N Amenuir.

Indian war-axe ;Renape;

tomato ^ma::^

glossy red or yellow pulpy edible fruit. 2 plan: bearing this, [ultimately from Mexican tomail] 1 burial-vault 2 grave 3 tomb ru:m

sepulchral

tombola

rl

r.

-es

1

monument. [Greek tumbos] ronvbaola

lottery

n.

with

tickets drawn from a drum for immediate prizes. [French or Italian] n. boisterous girl who enjoys

tomboy

activities traditionally associated with

tomboyish ad

boys

tombstone

[from to v.;

memorial stone ever grave, usu. with an epitapho-dse Tom. Tom. Dick, and Harry rt

Dick, or Harry usu prer by .:v. :r every) person taken at random (any Tom Dick, or Harry can walk in).

tome

n. heavy book or volume. [Greek temno cut] ft. foolish person. —armo. octf.

tomfool -

silly, foolish.

fa Ian

ft.

foolish be-

haviour.

Tommy nwm

(pi -ies) coUoq. Britprivate soldier. [Tommy Atkins,

name used official

com posit: en

with reference to

its pitch, quality,

2

est

and

strength. 2 (often in pL) modulation of the voice expressing particular feeling 0.

or

mood

2

:'". coUoq. large number or amount (Ions of people). € s/unc a speed of IX m.p h b £:>; weigh a ton oe.\ec be ri gin ally the same word as tun] tonal taunidM aaj. of or relating to tone or :onai::> tonally 22: tuecli k eval Latin: related to tone] :onalit> to- i.v lit: .V..o a -ies :

:

1

rle or unable n perennial plant, esp milfoil. [Old English] yashmak ja?Jmai k n veil concealing the face except the eyes, worn by some Muslim women. [Arabic] yaw -v. (of a ship or aircraft etc.) fail to hold a straight course; go unsteadily — n. yawing of a ship etc. from its course tale,

[origin

unknown]

yawl

n. a kind of ship's boat or sailing or fishing-boat. [Low German jolle or

Dutch jot]

yawn

-v. 1 inhale, esp.

open the mouth wide and

when sleepy or bored. 2 gape, be wide open. -n. 1 act of yawning. 2 colloq. boring idea, activity, etc (Old English] yaws jo:z n.pl. (usu. treated as sing. contagious tropical skin disease with large red swellings, [origin unknown]

Yb

HW7 *ai

mi hum. ns and some

<

i

i

>t

ki

.»om •• *.mm

her m.innuals]

hromiisniiu'oct in mg onh in male ells V .is .in arbitrary label]

ma

i

i

I

yd abbf ye /ji:/

pron. archaic pi

ye2

ad)

yds) vard imt'.isup'i

ipl

1

/Ji:

ohic tea

shaped

-

1

(ye

the

{ye

obsolete

f

i

Mto

pronunciation

year

in

COiiOQ. {

n

ii.»

earth

^

yes.

casual

[a

ks]

ttBM

I

Um

upfttd by

1

one revolution round the sun.

appmx

ai.kmiak da\ s 2 twelve mnnths, start ing at any point {/our years ago. tax voting year 4iin />/ age tunc libfor his year f) |(utu in pi'.) colloq. very long time 6 group ot students entering college etc m the sarin' a< ademn year [Old Bnfttsh] yearbook n annual publication deal the iumi mg with «'\ i«nts >r aspects preceding \ ear .iii.V

<

,

3 period

year

i»t

i

>

i

»t

i

i

i

it

)

yearling two years

n

animal between one and

old.

yearly -adi

done, produced, orcxrur ring once a year. 2 of or lasting a year. -adr once a year yearn j.» n v. be filled with longing. yea rn n g compassion, or tenderness n & adj. [Old English] yeast n. greyish yellow fungus obtained esp. from fermenting malt liquors and used as a fermenting agent, to raise bread, etc [Old English) yeasty adj. (-ier. -iest) 1 of. like, or tasting of yeast; frothy. 2 in a ferment 3 working like yeast. 4 (of talk etc.) light 1

i

and

superficial.

yell -n. loud sharp cry; shout, -v. cry. shout [Old English] yellow jelao -adj. 1 of the colour of buttercups, lemons, egg-yolks, etc. 2 having a yellow skin or complexion. 3 colloq. cowardly -n. 1 yellow colour or pigment 2 yellow clothes or material, -c. turn yellow yellowish adj. yel-

lowness

n.

yellowy

adj. [Old English:

related to gold]

yellow-belly

n. colloq.

coward,

yellow card

n. card shown by the referee to a football player being cau tioned.

yellow fever

>

yellow spot

n

pomt

of at utest

yellow, streak n coUOQ

jei archau -adv 1 yes 2 indeed -n utteran [ready. v»t; cu^vr VIM'. VPS vote (( )| ytterbium V chromosome ^

n. tropical virus disease with fever and jaundice, yellow flag n. flag displayed by a ship in quarantine.

trait

of coward-

ice.

yelp -n

harp -brill cry ,«s of a dor. in pain or \< itement. -v. utterayelp. (Old English! yen" n (pi same) chief monetary unit of •

Japan [Japanese from Chinese)

yen ondon. >epr;r/r fcf| a Iso v up) UScolloq. - YES. yes-adv 1 indicating that theanswer to the question is affirmative, the statement etc. made is correct the request or command will be complied with, or the person summoned or addressed is present. 2 (yes?) a indeed 9 is that so b what do you want 9 -n. 1 utterance of the word yes. 2 affirmation or assent. 3 'yes' vote. say yes grant a request, confirm a yea let it be] statement. [Old English. yes-man n colloq weakly acquiescent person. yesterday jcstadei -adv. 1 on the day before today. 2 in the recent past. -n. 1 the dav before todav 2 the recent past. [Old English] yesteryear 'jestajia(r) n. archaic or rhet. 1 last year. 2 the recent past. [Old English yester- that is last past, year] yet -adv. 1 as late as. or until, now or then (there is yet time; your best work yet). 2 (with neg. or interrog. ) so soon as. or by. now or then (it is not time yet: have you finished yet?). 3 again; in addition (more and yet more). 4 in the remaining time available (/ will do it yet). 5 (foil, by compar. ) even (a yet more difficult task). 6 nevertheless; and or but in spite of that. -conj. but at the same time; but nevertheless [Old En£ |

lish]

yeti yeti

= Abominable Snowman.

/'jeti/ n.

[Tibetan]

yew

n.

dark-leaved evergreen tree

1

bearing berry-like cones. 2

its

wood.

[Old English]

Y-fronts /'waifrAnts/ n. propr. men's or boys' briefs with a Y-shaped seam at the

YHA abbr.

Youth Hostels Association.

Yid

Jew. [backn. slang offens. formation from Yiddish] Yiddish /'jidiJV -n. language used by Jews in or from Europe, orig. a German dialect with words from Hebrew etc. -adj. of this language. [German jiidisch Jewish] yield -v. 1 produce or return as a fruit, profit, or result. 2 give up; surrender, concede. 3 a (often foil, by to) surrender; submit; defer to. b (as yielding adj.) compliant; submissive; soft and pliable. to) give right of way to (other 5 (foil, by to) be inferior or confess inferiority to (I yield to none in this matter), -n. amount yielded or produced. [Old English, = pay] yin n. (in Chinese philosophy) the passive female principle of the universe (cf.

by

(foil,

traffic).

YANG).

yippee

expressing delight or excitement, [natural exclamation] abbr. Young Men's Christian /ji'pi:/ int.

YMCA

Association.

yob

slang lout, hooligan. [back slang for boy] /'jnbau/ n. (pi. -s) slang = yob. /'jaud(a)l/ -v. (-11-; US -1-) sing

/job/

yobbish

yobbo yodel

n.

adj.

with melodious inarticulate sounds and frequent changes between falsetto and normal voice in the manner of Swiss mountain-dwellers, -n. yodelling cry. yodeller n. [German] yoga /'jaoga/ n. 1 Hindu system of meditation and asceticism designed to effect reunion with the universal spirit. 2 system of physical exercises and breathing control used in yoga. [Sanskrit, = union] yoghurt /'jog at/ n. (also yogurt) semisolid sourish food made from milk fermented by added bacteria. [Turkish] yogi /'jaugi/ n. (pi. -s) devotee of yoga. [Hindustani: related to yoga] yoicks int. cry used by fox-hunters to urge on the hounds, [origin unknown]

yoke

-n.

1

bond of union, esp. of marriage, -v. (-king) 1 put a yoke on. 2 couple or unite (a pair). 3 (foil, by to) link (one thing) to (another). 4 match or work together. [Old English]

yokel

/'jauk(a)l/

bumpkin, [perhaps

n.

rustic;

country

dial.]

yolk

front.

4

young

1068

wooden crosspiece fastened

over the necks of two oxen etc. and attached to the plough or wagon to be pulled. 2 (pi. same or -s) pair (of oxen etc.). 3 object like a yoke in form or function, e.g. a wooden shoulder-piece for carrying a pair of pails, the top section of a garment from which the rest hangs. 4 sway, dominion, or servitude. 5

/jaok/ n. yellow inner part of an egg. [Old English: related to yellow]

Yom

Kippur /jom 'kipa(r)/ n. most solemn religious fast day of the Jewish year, Day of Atonement. [Hebrew]

yon

&

adj.

adv. literary

&

dial,

yonder.

[Old English]

yonder

-adv. over there; at some

dis-

tance in that direction; in the place indicated, -adj. situated yonder. yonks n.pl. slang a long time (yonks ago), [origin

yoo-hoo

unknown]

used to attract a person's attention, [natural exclama/'ju:hu:/ int.

tion]

yore

of yore a long time ago. [Old = long ago] English, york v. Cricket bowl out with a yorker. [back-formation from yorker] n.

yorker

Cricket ball that pitches immediately under the bat. [probably with ref. to the practice of Yorkshire crickn.

eters]

Yorkist

/'jo:kist/ -n. hist, follower of the House of York, esp. in the Wars of the Roses, -adj. of the House of York.

Yorkshire pudding

/'jo:kJa/ n.

baked

batter eaten with roast beef.

Yorkshire terrier

/'jo:kJa/ n.

small

long-haired blue and tan kind of terrier. /ju:/ pron. (obj. you; poss. your, yours) 1 the person or persons addressed. 2 (as int. with a noun) in an exclamatory statement (you fools!). 3 (in general statements) one, a person, you and people (you get used to it). yours you and your family, property, etc. [Old English, originally objective case of ye ] you'd /ju:d/ contr. 1 you had. 2 you would.

you

1

you'll

young

/ju:l/

you will; you shall. -adj. (younger /'jAnga(r)/;

contr.

/jAn/ /'jAngist/)

1 not far advanced or existence; not development, in life, yet old. 2 a immature, inexperienced, b youthful. 3 of or characteristic of youth (young love). 4 representing young people (Young Farmers). 5 a distinguishing a son from his father (young George), b as a familiar or condescending form of address (listen, young lady). 6 (younger) distinguishing one person from another of the same name (the

youngest

younger

-n. (collect.) offspring, youngish adj. [Old esp. of animals. English] Pitt),

young person young person between

14

youngster

and

Law

n.

person aged

17 years,

young person,

n. child,

your /jo:(r)/ poss. pron.

of or belonging to you. 2 colloq. often derog. much talked of; well known (your typical professor). [Old English]

you're

/jo:(r)/

1

you

contr.

are.

yours /jo:z/ poss. pron.

1 the one or ones belonging to you (it is yours; yours are over there). 2 your letter (yours of the 10th). 3 introducing a formula ending a of letter (yours ever, yours truly). yours of or belonging to you (friend of

yours).

yourself /joi'self/ pron. (pi. yourselves) 1 a emphat. form of you. b re/7, form of you. 2 in your normal state of body or be mind (are quite yourself again). yourself see oneself. youth /ju:G/ n. (pi. -s /ju:6z/) 1 being young; period between childhood and adult age. 2 vigour, enthusiasm, inexperience, or other characteristic of this period. 3 young man. 4 (as pi.) young people collectively (the youth of the country). [Old English: related to

young]

youth club

n.

place for

young

people's

leisure activities.

youthful

adj.

young or

still [

you've

having the

]

cyclists,

/ju:v/ contr.

you have,

yowl-tt. loud wailing cry of or as of a cat or dog in distress, -u. utter a yowl. [imitative]

yo-yo

yo-yos) 1 toy consisting of a pair of discs with a deep groove between them in which string is attached and wound, and which can be made to fall and rise. 2 thing that repeatedly falls and rises, [origin un/'jaojau/ n. (pi.

known]

yr. abbr. 1 year(s). 2 younger. 3 your. yrs. abbr. 1 years. 2 yours. YTS abbr. Youth Training Scheme.

ytterbium ment in

/i't3:biam/ n. metallic ele-

of the lanthanide series. [Ytterby

Sweden]

yttrium

/'itnam/ n. metallic element resembling the lanthanides. [related to

ytterbium]

yuan

/ju:'a:n/ n. (pi.

same) chief mon-

etary unit of China. [Chinese] yucca /'jAka/ n. subtropical whiteflowered plant with swordlike leaves, often grown as a house-plant. [Carib] yuck /jAk/ int. (also yuk) slang expression of strong distaste, [imitative]

yucky

adj.

(also

yukky)

(-ier,

-iest)

slang 1 messy, repellent. 2 sickly, sentimental.

Yugoslav

/'ju:ga,sla:v/ (also

Jugoslav)

native or national of Yugoslavia. 2 person of Yugoslav descent, —adj. of Yugoslavian /-'sla:vian/ Yugoslavia. south: related adj. & n. [Serbo-Croat

—n.

to

1

Slav]

yuk var. of yuck. yukky var. of yucky. yule

n. (in full

Christmas

youthfully characteristics of youth. adv. youthfulness n. youth hostel n. any of a chain of cheap lodgings holiday-makers, esp. for walkers and

YWCA

1069

yule-tide) archaic the

festival. [Old English]

yule-log n. 1 large log traditionally burnt on Christmas Eve. 2 log-shaped chocolate cake eaten at Christmas,

yummy

/'jAmi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq.

[from yum-yum] expressing pleasure from eating or the prospect of eating. [natural exclamation]

tasty, delicious,

yum-yum yup var. yuppie

int.

of yep. /'jApi/ n. (also

yuppy)

(pi. -ies)

(often attrib.) colloq., usu. derog.

young

ambitious professional person working in a city, [from voung wrban professional]

YWCA abbr. Young Women's Christian Association.

z Z

/zed/ n. (also z) (p/. Zs or Z's) 1 twentysixth letter of the alphabet. 2 (usu. z) Algebra third unknown quantity. zabaglione /.zaeba'ljaoni/ n. Italian dessert of whipped and heated egg-yolks, sugar, and wine. [Italian] zany /'zemi/ adj. (-ier, -iest) comically idiotic; crazily ridiculous. [French or Italian]

zap slang

-v. (-pp-) 1 a kill or destroy; attack, b hit hard (zapped the ball over the net). 2 move quickly. 3 overwhelm

emotionally, -int. expressing the sound or impact of a bullet, ray gun, etc., or any sudden event, [imitative]

zappy

adj.

(-ier,

-iest) colloq.

lively,

var. of Zoroastrian.

zeal

n. earnestness or fervour; hearty persistent endeavour. [Greek zelos] zealot /'zelat/ n. extreme partisan; fan-

zealotry

n.

zealous /'zelas/ adj.

full of zeal;

enthusi-

zealously adv.

astic.

zebra

/'zebra,

n.

'zi:-/

(pi.

same or

-s)

black-and-white striped African animal of the family including the ass and horse. [Italian or Portuguese from Congolese]

zebra

crossing

n.

striped

street-

crossing where pedestrians have precedence.

zebu

/'zi:bu:/ n. (pi.

same or

-s)

humped

ox of Asia and Africa. [French] zed n. letter Z. [Greek zeta]

zee

/zi:/ n.

US

letter Z. [var. of zed]

Zeitgeist /'tsaitgaist/ n. the spirit of the times. [German] Zen n. form of Buddhism emphasizing meditation and intuition. [Japanese, = meditation] n. an interpretation of the Avesta.

Zend

Zoroastrian

n.

sacred

writings of the Avesta (or text) and Zend (or

mometer

etc.

(pi. -s) 1

figure

0;

nought;

on the scale of a therfrom which a positive or

negative quantity is reckoned. 3 (attrib.) no, not any (zero growth). 4 (in full zero-hour) a hour at which a planned, esp. military, operation is timed to begin, b crucial moment. 5 lowest or earliest point (down to zero; the year zero). zero in on (-oes, -oed) 1 take aim at. 2 focus one's attention on. [Arabic: related to cipher] zero option n. disarmament proposal for the total removal of certain types of weapons on both sides.

zero-rated

commentary).

on which no

adj.

VAT

is

piquancy; stimulating flavour or quality. 2 a keen enjoyment or interest, b (often foil, by for) relish, c gusto. 3 scraping of orange or lemon peel as flavouring. zestful adj. zestfully adv. [French] zeta /'zirta/ n. sixth letter of the Greek alphabet (Z, CJ. [Greek] zeugma /'zju:gma/ n. figure of speech using a verb or adjective with two nouns, to one of which it is strictly applicable while the word appropriate to the other is not used (e.g. with weeping eyes and [sc. grieving] hearts) (cf. syllepsis). [Greek, = a yoking, from zugon yoke] ziggurat /'ziga.raet/ n. rectangular stepped tower in ancient Mesopotamia, surmounted by a temple. [Assyrian] zigzag /'zigzaeg/ -adj. with abrupt alternate right and left turns (zigzag line), -n. zigzag line; thing having the form of a zigzag or having sharp turns. -adv. with a zigzag course, -v. (-gg-) move in a zigzag course. [French from n. 1

1

- west wind]

Zeppelin /'zepalm/ German airship of

zilch

n. esp.

n. large dirigible the early 20th c. name of an

[Count F. von Zeppelin, airman]

US

slang nothing, [origin

uncertain]

zillion

point of the heavens directly above an observer. 2 highest point (of power or prosperity etc.). [Latin from Arabic] zephyr /'zefa(r)/ n. literary mild gentle /'zeniG/ n.

breeze. JGreek,

zest

German]

[Persian]

Zend-Avesta zenith

2 point

nil.

charged.

energetic.

Zarathustrian

atic.

zero /'ziarau/ n.

/'ziljan/ n. colloq. indefinite

number, [probably

Zimmer frame

large

after million]

n.

propr. a kind of name of the

walking-frame. [Zimmer,

maker] zinc n. greyish-white metallic element used as a component of brass and in galvanizing sheet iron. [German Zink] zing colloq. -n. vigour, energy, -v. move swiftly, esp. with a high-pitched ringing sound, [imitative]

zinnia

Zion

/'zaian/ n.

holy

1

2 a

hill.

ancient Jerusalem; its the Jewish people or Church. 3 the

religion, b the Christian

Kingdom

Zionism

of Heaven.

[Hebrew

movement

slyon]

the reestablishment and development of a now Israel. Jewish nation in what is Zionist n. & adj. zip -n. 1 light fast sound. 2 energy, vigour. 3 a (in full zip-fastener) fastening device of two flexible strips with interlocking projections, closed or opened by sliding a clip along them, b (attrib.) having a zip-fastener (zip bag), -v. (-pp-) 1 (often foil, by up) fasten with a zip-fastener. 2 move with zip or at high n.

for

speed, [imitative]

Zip code n. US postcode, [zone improvement plan] zipper n. esp. US = zip 3a. zippy adj. (-ier, -iest) colloq. lively,

zirconium lic

/za'kauniam/

n.

grey metal-

element. n.

esp.

US slang

pimple,

[origin

unknown] zither /'zioa(r)/

n. stringed instrument soundbox, placed horizontand played with the fingers and a

with a ally

distribute by zones. 3 assign as or to a particular area, zonal adj. [Greek i

zone girdle]

zonked /zonkt/ adj.

slang (often foil, by out) exhausted; intoxicated, [zonk hit] zoo n. zoological garden, [abbreviation]

zoological

/.zaua'lDdjikfeH, ,zu:a-/ adj.

of zoology.

Usage

See note at zoology.

zoological garden n. (also zoological gardens n.pl.) public garden or park with a collection of animals for exhibition

and study.

zoology

/z9o'Dlad3i, ,zu:'d1-/ n. the study

zoologist

of animals.

n.

[Greek zoion

animal]

Usage The second pronunciation given for zoology, zoological, and zoologist, with the first syllable pronounced as in zoo, although extremely common, is considered incorrect by some people.

zoom

speedy.

zircon /'Z3:kan/ n. zirconium silicate of which some translucent varieties are cut into gems. [German Zirkon]

zit

zygote

1071

zinnia /'zmia/ n. garden plant with showy flowers. [Zinn, name of a physician and botanist]

flat

plectrum. [Latin: related to guitar]

zloty /'zlDti/ n. (pi. same or -s) chief monetary unit of Poland. [Polish]

Zn symb. zodiac

close-up sharply.

(of).

— n.

1

4 (of prices etc.) rise aeroplane's steep climb. 2

zooming camera

shot, [imitative]

zoom lens n.

lens allowing a camera to zoom by varying the focal length. zoophyte /'zaua.fait/ n. plantlike animal, esp. a coral, sea anemone, or sponge. [Greek zoion animal, phuton plant]

zinc. /'zaudi.aek/

-v. 1 move quickly, esp. with a buzzing sound. 2 cause an aeroplane to mount at high speed and a steep angle. 3 (often foil, by in or in on) (of a camera) change rapidly from a long shot to a

n.

1

belt

of the

heavens including all apparent positions of the sun, moon, and planets as known to ancient astronomers, and divided into twelve equal parts (signs of the zodiac). 2 diagram of these signs. zodiacal /za'daiak(a)l/ adj. [Greek zoion animal]

zombie

/'zombi/ n. 1 colloq. person who acts mechanically or lifelessly. 2 corpse said to have been revived by witchcraft.

[West African] -n. 1 area

zone

having particular features, properties, purpose, or use (danger zone; smokeless zone). 2 welldefined region of more or less beltlike form. 3 area between two concentric circles. 4 encircling band of colour etc. 5 archaic belt, girdle, -v. (-ning) 1 encircle as or with a zone. 2 arrange or

Zoroastrian

/.zDrau'aestrian/

Zarathustrian

(also

/.zaera'Gustnan/) -adj.

of Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) or the dualistic religious system taught by him. -n. follower of Zoroaster. Zoroastrianism n. [Zoroaster, Persian founder of the religion]

Zr symb. zirconium. zucchini /zu:'ki:m/ esp. US & Austral, pi.

of zucchino,

n.

(pi.

same or

-s)

courgette. [Italian, diminutive of zucca

gourd]

Zulu /'zu:lu:/ -n.

(pi. -s) 1

member of a S.

African Bantu people. 2 their language. -adj. of this people or language, [native

name]

zygote

/'zaigaut/ n. Biol, cell

formed by

the union of two gametes. [Greek zugotos yoked: related to zeugma]

'

APPENDIX Punctuation Marks Comma (,)

1.

This

is

used:

To separate main clauses when the second is not closely identified with the first, e.g. Cars will turn here, and coaches will go straight on. 1.2 To avoid momentary misunderstanding, e.g. In the valley below, 1.1

the villages looked very

small

In a sentence which would mean something different without the comma, e.g. He did not go to church, because he was playing golf. 1.3

Between adjectives qualifying a noun, except when the last is more closely related to the noun, e.g. a cautious, eloquent man but a distinguished foreign author. 1.5 To separate items in a list of more than two items, e.g. potatoes, 1.4

adjective

and carrots.

peas,

Come

Dear

Sir,

Before or after a salutation or vocative, Thank you for your letter.

1.7

To mark the beginning and end of a parenthetical word or phrase,

1.6

e.g. It

here, boy,

appears, however, that they were wrong.

Before a quotation,

1.8

e.g.

e.g.

/ boldly cried out, 'Woe to this city!

1

In numbers of four or more figures, to separate each group of three consecutive figures, starting from the right, e.g. 10,135,793. 1.9

2.

Semicolon

(;)

This separates two or more clauses which are of more or less equal importance and are linked as a pair or series, e.g. To err is human; to forgive, divine.

3.

Colon

This

is

(:)

used:

To separate main clauses when there

is a step forward from the the second, as from introduction to main theme, from cause to effect, or from premiss to conclusion, e.g. Country life is the natural life: it is there that you will find real friendship.

3.1

first to

To introduce a list of items (a dash should not be added), and after expressions such as namely, for example, to resume, to sum up, the

3.2

following. 3.3

none

Before a quotation, e.g. Then he wrote these words: 7 have to their disadvantage.

named

APPENDIX Period, Full Point, Full Stop

4.

This

is

4.1

At the end of

1073

(.)

used: all

sentences which are not questions or exclama-

tions.

After many abbreviations and initials. If such a. point closes a sentence, it also serves as the sentence's full point, e.g, cats etc. but

4.2

.

(.

.

.

cats

Question

5.

This

is

.

.

etc.).

Mark

(?)

used:

After any sentence which asks a question, but not after an indirect e.g. What is it? but / asked what it was.

5. 1

question,

Before a word born 7100 bc.

5.2

etc.

Exclamation Mark

6.

whose accuracy

is

doubted,

e.g.

Julius Caesar,

(!)

used after an exclamatory word, phrase, or sentence expressing absurdity, command, disgust, emotion, enthusiasm, pain, sorrow, a wish, or wonder.

This

7.

is

Apostrophe

(')

This

is

7.1

7.2

To show the possessive case, e.g. John's To show an omission, e.g. John's angry.

7.3

At the end of a quotation: see following section.

8.

used:

book.

Quotation Marks

A quotation is normally preceded by a turned comma (') and followed by an apostrophe. Double marks are used for a quotation within a quotation. The apostrophe should come after any punctuation mark which is part of the quotation, but before any mark which is not, e.g. 'He asked "Where are we?"' but 'Did he say "Here we are"?' Quotation marks are only used when the exact words of the original are quoted. 8.1

Quotation marks are used when citing titles of articles, series, chapters, essays, poems, and songs, but not for titles of books of the 8.2

Bible.

They may be used

8.3

9.

Parentheses

(

to enclose slang

and technical terms.

)

These enclose: 9. 1

e.g.

Interpolations and remarks

He

is

(as he

always was) a

made by the writer of the text himself,

rebel.

)

APPENDIX

1074 9.2

An

9.3

In a report of a speech, interruptions by the audience.

9.4

Reference letters or figures,

10.

authority, definition, explanation, reference, or translation.

Square Brackets

[

e.g. (1), (a).

]

These enclose material added by someone other than the author, often by way of explanation, e.g. He [Bloggs] fell down. 11.

Dash (—

This

is

used:

11.1

Instead of the parentheses in

11.2

Instead of the colon in 3.1 above.

11.3

To indicate pauses

above.

in hesitant speech, or the ending

tion of a sentence interrupted

and resump-

by another speaker.

To replace an omitted word.

11.4

12.

9.1

Hyphen (-)

This

is

12.1

used:

In

compounds used attributively,

The man 12.2

In

is

e.g.

He is a well-known man but

well known.

compounds formed from words which have a

syntactical

relationship, e.g. weight-carrying, punch-drunk. 12.3

12 A

To join a prefix to a proper name, e.g. anti-Darwinian. To prevent misconceptions by linking words, e.g. twenty-odd

people. 12.5

word, 12.6

To prevent misconceptions by separating a prefix from the main e.g. One player resigned, but later he re-signed. To separate letters representing similar sounds, e.g. sword-dance,

radio-isotope. 12.7

a

To represent a common second element in all but the last word of

list, e.g.

12.8

two-, three-,

At the end of a

or fourfold.

line in printing, to indicate that the last

word has

been divided. 13. Ellipsis,

Marks of Omission

(.

.

.)

These are used to show an omission. If the omission follows a complete sentence, the three points are preceded by the full point of the sentence, but if it follows an incomplete sentence a fourth point should not be added.

THE OXFORD DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH For the new edition of this best-selling dictionary, the text has been completely revised and expanded. It is the most authoritative, comprehensive, and up-to-date dictionary of its size available, specially designed to be quickly and easily used in everyday life.

Spelling 65,000 entries— 10,000 new to

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Meaning 75,000

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in

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Correct English Hundreds of new usage notes with guidance on correct English

Word

Origins New, easy-to-understand presentation

New Words Fully

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repetitive strain injury, doughnutting,

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