Unit 1 - Phonetics and Phonology I - 2021

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INSTITUTO NEUQUINO DEL PROFESORADO EN INGLÉS Fundación "Cristina Gallo de Morales" PROFESORADO EN INGLÉS – TRADUCTORADO EN INGLÉS

 

P​HONETICS   AND   P​HONOLOGY   I

Curso​: Primer Año  Profesora Titular​: Candela Celli  Profesora Ayudante​: Laura Estévez Ciclo lectivo​: 2020  ​Unidad 1

  

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Introduction 

The Speech Mechanism    ★ Lungs:  they  are  situated  in  the rib cage of the thorax. They are made of muscles and  tissues.  Their  function  is  to  provide the air for the production of sounds, as they are  the main source of energy. They can contract and expand.  ★ Larynx:  it  is  a  casing,  formed  of  cartilage  and  muscle,  situated  in  the  upper  part  of  the  trachea.  It  is  the  first  valve  where  the  air  passes  through.  The  prominent  forward position is the ‘Adam’s apple’ found in men.  ★ Vocal folds: they are located on the top of the larynx. They are made of ligament and  elastic  tissue.  Their  function  is  to  give  voice  (or  not) to the sound, and to change its  quality.   ★ Glottis: it is the space between the vocal folds.                    Resonators  ★ Oral  Cavity:  it  is  the  inside  part  of  what  we  know  as  ‘the  mouth’.  It  is  made  of  cartilage,  it  contains  most  of  the  articulators  and  produces  oral  sounds.  It  is  the  most  important  resonator,  due  to  the  great  mobility  of  its  organs  and  consequent  changes of size and shape.  ★ Nasal  Cavity:  it  is  the  inside  part  of what we know as ‘the nose’. It extends from the  pharynx  to  the  nostrils,  and  it  is  separated  from  the  oral  cavity  by  the  palate.  The  entrance to the nasal cavity is controlled by the velum or soft palate. 

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

★ Pharynx:  it  is  the  passage  situated  at  the  top of the larynx, communicating with the  oral and nasal cavities. Its front wall is formed by the root of the tongue.  Active Articulators  ★ Tongue:  it  is  located  in  the  oral  cavity  and  it  is  a  muscle  that  can  move  backwards  and  forwards  and  up  and  down.  It  is  divided  into  6  parts:  tip,  blade,  front,  centre,  back and root.  ★ Soft  Palate/Velum:  it  is  the  movable  part  of  the  palate  and  it  is  situated  at  the  very  back  of  it,  next  to  the  pharynx.  It  is  raised  to  let  the  air  escape  through  the  oral  cavity and lowered to let it escape through the nasal cavity.  ★ Lips:  they  are  in  front  of  the  teeth  and they are made of muscle. They take different  shapes  and  positions  to  make  the  last  modification  to  the  air  before  it  finishes  its  passage through the oral cavity.    Passive Articulators  ★ Alveolar  Ridge  and  Hard  Palate:  they  are  situated  between  the  nasal  and  oral  cavities,  made  of  bone,  cartilage  and  tissue.  The  alveolar  ridge  is  the  prominence  just  behind  the  upper  teeth  and the hard palate is the unmovable part at the back of  it.  ★ Teeth:  they  are  located  along  the  jaw.  They are bones and are used to interfere with  or  stop  the  airflow  with  the  help  of  the  tongue  or  the  lower  lip  in  order  to  produce  certain consonants.                        3

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

The Sounds of English                                As  you  can  see,  the  phonemic  chart  has  three  main  sections.  The  vowels  are  shown  in  the  upper  half,  monophthongs  on  the  left,  and  diphthongs  on  the  right.  The  colon next to  five of the vowel symbols indicates length. The consonants are shown in the lower half.   To facilitate the learning of the phonemes of standard English, we need to know  •  how  each  sound  is  produced  within  the  vocal  tract  (referred  to  as  manner  of  articulation);  • where in the vocal tract each sound is produced (referred to as place of articulation).   

HOW? Manner of Articulation 

WHERE? Place of Articulation 

The  distinguishing  quality  of  each  vowel  There  is  no  obstruction  to  the  escape  of  is  produced  by  the  shape  and  size  of  the  air  through  the  mouth,  and  they  are  all  resonant  space  in  the  mouth.  This  is  voiced,  i.e.  the  vocal  cords  vibrate  in  the  controlled  by  the  position  and  shape  of  air flow.  the tongue, lips and jaw. 

4

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Like  in  the  case  of  monophthongs,  the  As  in  the  case  of monophthongs, there is  distinguishing  quality  of  diphthongs  is  no  obstruction  to  the  escape  of  air  produced  by  the  tongue,  lips  and  jaw.  through  the  mouth,  and  they  are  all  The  difference  is  that  there is one mouth  voiced,  i.e.  the  vocal  cords  vibrate  in  the  posture  at  the  beginning  of  the  vowel  air flow.  sound,  and  another  at  the  end.  The  resulting  glide  between  these  two  positions 

gives  the  diphthong  its 

characteristic ‘two-sound’ quality.  There  are  restrictions  to  the  air  flow  Restrictions  to  the  air  flow  can  be  made  made  at  one  of  the  points  of  contact  in  various  ways,  each  giving  a  different  between  the  various  speech  organs  such  characteristic  sound.  Restrictions  can  be  as  the  tongue,  teeth,  lips,  palate,  etc.  All  produced  by  friction  applied  to  the  air  consonants 

involve 

some 

sort 

of  flow,  or  by  a  momentary  blocking  of  the 

restriction  to  the  air  flow  except  /w/  and  air  flow  followed  by  a  sudden  release,  or   

/j/. 

by  diverting  the  air  flow  through  the  nose.  The  use  of  voicing  and  devoicing  also characterizes consonant sounds.  

  Monophthongs: Vowel sounds  In  the  production  of vowel sounds, the vocal tract is open so that there is no obstruction  to  the  air  flow  escaping  over  the  tongue.  The  characteristic  sound  of  a  vowel  depends  on  the shape and size of the resonant space in the mouth. This is determined by:  • the horizontal tongue position (front–center–back);  • the vertical tongue position (high–mid–low);  • the lip position (rounded–neutral–spread).  And  there  is  a  fourth  characteristic  of  vowels  which  is  not  dependent  on  tongue  or  lip  position:  • the typical length or duration of the vowel (long–short)  The  vowel  chart  is used as a visual aid for understanding the quality of the vowel system  in  a  language.  It  is  based  on  the  cardinal  vowel  diagram,  devised  by  Daniel  Jones.  These  cardinal  vowels  do  not  exist  in  any  language  in  particular;  they  are  abstractions  which  5

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

serve  as  a  reference  point  to  describe  and  compare  the  vowels  in  a  language,  and  also  across  languages.  The  vertical  axis  of  the  chart  indicates  the  degree  of  opening  of  the jaw  and  its  connection  with  the  raising  or  lowering  of  the  tongue.  The  horizontal  axis  shows  the  part  of  the  tongue  that  is  raised  the  most  and forms the narrowest stricture in the oral  tract.   

Front

Central

Back  Close 

 

   

Mid-close   

  Mid-open     Open 

 

 

  Front: ​/iː/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ Central: ​/ə/ /ɜː/ /ʌ/ Back:​ /uː/ /ʊ/ /ɔː/ /ɒ/ /ɑː/     

 

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Description:​ Pure Front Vowel. Long. The front of the tongue is raised to a height  slightly below and behind the close front position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense,  with the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars.       Distribution   Initial

Medial

east 

peel 

Final  see 

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

​ three, cheese, leek,  

​ and ​​ aesthetic, 

​ people 

​ season, leap, seat, 

anaemia, phoenix 

  7

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

​ be, these, complete 

​ piece, siege  ​ and ​ seize, receive,  key  ​machine, prestige      / iː /

 

/ ʃiːp /

eel  

mean  

grief 

each 

tea  

thief  

east  

eel 

eve 

ease 

keep 

people  

heap  

feed 

heal, heel, he'll 

heat  

weed  

meat, meet, mete 

heave  

free  

peal, peel  

leave  

tree  

knead, need  

clean  

knee  

leak, leek 

seat 

three  

steal, steel  

neat 

knee 

weak, week  

seal 

bee, B, be  

flea, flee 

breathe 

glee 

key, quay  

yeast 

chief  

 

  The short variation of this sound, /i/, is called ‘neutral i’ and can be found in word-final  position, in unaccented syllables and in the weak forms of certain function words:    easy  

release  

greedy  

needy 

believe  

speedy  

delete  

repeat  

greasy  

defeat  

receipt  

copy 

relief 

retrieve 

Mary 

serene 

breezy 

really 

reveal 

queasy  

semicircle 

  8

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

In a café: ‘It’s cheaper to eat at Marguerite’s’   CHRISTINA: What would you like to eat, 1 …………………………….. ? The cheese sandwiches are  the cheapest.   PETER: Er … mmm … oh, a 2 …………………………. sandwich, please, Christina.   CHRISTINA: Cheese … mmm … Janine? Would you like a 3 ………………………………………  sandwich or a cheese sandwich?   JANINE: A cheese sandwich, 4 …………………………………….   PETER: What about you, Christina? Would you like cheese or 5 ……………………………………….?   WAITRESS: Are you all ready to order? What would you like to 6 …………………………………………?   CHRISTINA: Er, we’ll have one beef sandwich, two cheese sandwiches and, mmm, 7  ………………………………… for me.   JANINE: Tea for 8 …………………………………….. too, please.   PETER: Yes, make that three 9 ……………………………………., please.   WAITRESS: (writing down the order) One beef sandwich, two cheese sandwiches and 10  ………………………….. teas.     

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Description:​ Pure Front Vowel. Short. The part of the tongue slightly nearer the centre is  raised to just above the half close position (not as high as in /i:/) . The lips are spread  loosely, and the tongue is more relaxed. The sides of the tongue may just touch the upper  molars.   10

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Initial

Medial

ill 

Final 

since 

  

  Spelling:     Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

BVP ​ ill, since 

​ women, pretty 

​ village, character, 

​ singing, playing 

​ rhythm, mystery, 

spinach 

​ plural and past: 

sympathy 

​ women 

churches, started 

 

​ village, certificate  ​ busy, minute  ​ build, circuit  ​ sieve 

  Attention!  ▪

This sound can be stressed (e.g. sit) or unstressed (e.g. sitting). The following weak,  and extremely frequent words, contain this sound: in, is, it, its, it’s, if, this, with, his,  him, etc. 

  /ɪ/

/ ʃɪp /

 

  silly  

frilly  

difficulty 

kissing  

city  

Mickey  

remit 

mischief 

pretty  

whinny 

mimicry  

kicking 

witty  

dizzy  

image  

relinquish  

Billy  

filly  

village 

vividly  

busy  

giddy  

simile  

biscuit  

sixty  

fizzy  

filthy  

women  

fifty  

tricky 

illicit  

dismiss  

hilly 

pity 

frigid  

thinking  

chilly  

skinny 

willing  

finish   11

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Three interesting films (A 16)  BILL: Good evening, Mrs Lee.  GINA: Is ………………………….. in?   BILL: Is he coming to the ……………………….., Mrs Lee? It’s the Children’s Film ………………………. .  MRS LEE: Kim’s ……………………….  BILL: Here he is!  GINA: Hi, Kim!   KIM: Hi, Gina! Hi, Bill!  BILL: Kim, we’ve got these three free ……………………….. to see three ……………………………………………  films for …………………………….!  MRS LEE: Listen, Kim …   KIM: Is it ………………………………….. ?  GINA: We think it is. First there’s a short …………………….. about gorillas and chimpanzees in  Africa  BILL: … then the next film is about the ……………….. best Olympic ………………………………………………  competitions, and then …   GINA: … then it’s the ……………………….. film – The ……………………………………………. of English  Cricket.  KIM: ……………………………….!   BILL: It’s a …………………………………………… film.  MRS LEE: If you’re ill, Kim …   GINA: It would be a ………………………………. to miss it.  MRS LEE: Now listen, you ……………………………. …  BILL: And it begins in fifty minutes.   MRS LEE: KIM!   KIM: Quick! Or we’ll miss the …………………………………………….. of the gorilla film!    

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Description:  Pure  Front  Vowel.  Short.  The  front  of  the  tongue  is  between  the  half-open  and  half–close  position.  Lips  are  loosely  spread.  The  tongue  is  tenser  than  for  /​ɪ​/,  and  the  sides of the tongue may touch the upper molars.    13

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Initial

Medial

end 

said 

Final    

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

BVP ​ bed, set, went 

​ dead, head 

​ ate, many, any 

 

 

​ jeopardize, Leonard  ​ bury  ​ says, said, against  ​ build, circuit  ​ friend 

  /e/

 

/ pen /

  leisure 

tell 

death  

lead  (metal), 

heavy 

egg  

French  

tread  

led  

select 

end  

wren  

thread 

guessed, 

seventy 

else  

jest 

dread 

guess 

jealousy 

edge 

sell, cell 

health 

beggar  

leopard 

hem  

felt  

wealth  

Leicester  

measure 

hen  

shed  

friend  

Refuse 

treasure 

men  

yet 

said  

tentative  

leisure 

ten  

head  

says  

excessive 

 

bed 

breast  

bread, bred 

imperil  

leg  

breath  

leant, lent 

adventure  

send  

spread  

scent,  sent, 

tempestuous  

mend  

dead  

cent  

recollect  

     

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Read  the  following  dialogue  and  try  to  fill  in  the  gaps  with  the  expressions  below.  First,  transcribe them!  ❖ Can I get you a drink, Adele?  ❖ Is that better?  ❖ Was it expensive?  ❖ Are you listening to the Red Hot Chilly Peppers?  ❖ How did you spend your holiday, Adele?  ❖ Are you a friend of Emma’s?  ❖ Have you met my friend Adele yet, Kevin?      Friends  ADELE: Hi, Emma! Hi, Ben! Hello, Emily! Hello! Eddie! Hi, everybody!  EVERYBODY EXCEPT KEVIN: Hi, Adele!  EMILY: Nice to see you again, Adele. Kevin, this is Adele. Adele, this is Kevin.  ADELE: Hi, Kevin. 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………..…..? It’s terribly loud.  KEVIN: Yes…. (​ turns the music down)​ 2 ……………………………………………..? (​ Adele nods her head)   3 …………………………………………………………………………?   ADELE: Yes.  KEVIN: Emma said she had a friend called Adele.  EDDIE: Help yourself to Mexican food, Adele. It’s on the kitchen bench.  EMILY: And there's French bread on the shelf.  BEN: 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………?  ADELE: Yes, thanks, Ben. Some lemonade with a bit of ice in it.  EMMA: 5 …………………………………………………………………….?  KEVIN: Yes. I've just met her. She's very friendly.  BEN: 6 ……………………………………………………………………………?  ADELE: I went to South America with my best friend Kerrie.  EVERYBODY: Well!  EMMA: We're all jealous  EDDIE: 7 …………………………………………………………………………………..?  ADELE: Not very. But I spent everything. I haven't any money left.  15

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

      Description:  Pure  Front  Vowel.  Short.  The  front  of  the  tongue  is  raised  to just below the  half-open position. Lips are neutrally open.     16

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Initial

Medial at 

Final 

fat 

  

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Exceptions 

Attention! 

BVP ​ cat, Brad, fat 

​ reveille 

Letters    or      are 

 

​ plaid, plait 

never /​ æ/ 

​ timbre 

 

​ guarantee    Attention!  You need to lower your jaw and spread your lips. Smile!    /æ/

/ kæt /

 

  add 

dam, damn 

rat 

damage 

ant 

gap 

mass 

exact 

ass 

patch 

trap 

angle 

axe 

tank 

flat 

access 

apt 

tack 

lamb 

canteen 

hat 

rag 

sag 

a contact 

hand ham 

lad 

stamp 

madman 

hag 

sank 

clap 

calamity 

back 

sad 

hang 

to extract 

black 

mad 

cabbage 

an impact 

banned, band 

bad 

savage 

canal 

cap 

glad 

ravage 

scandal 

catch 

wax 

marriage 

managerial 

fan 

match 

carriage 

fact 

man 

average 

  17

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Aaron’s recorded messages  Read the words below, pay attention to the target sound and look them up in the  dictionary. Then listen and complete the dialogue.    Allen 

salad 

cancelled  anchovy

habit 

animals  Alligator

travel 

Africa 

Janet 

antelope 

absent  Annabelle 

sandwich 

contracts 

Anthony 

passengers 

advertising 

  1. Aaron works at the A ​ jax Travel​ Agency.  2. He’s on holiday in …………………………………………………. .  3. His boss is Mrs. ……………………………………………………… .  4. Aaron  left  an  …………………………………  and  …………………………………………………………on  his  desk.   5. He  ……..……………  to  contact  Anthony  about  the  ………………..  of  ………………………………..  he …………………….. on ……………………………. .  6. Aaron has a …………………….. of being ………………………………… from work.  7. Aaron booked a …………………………………….. to San ………………………………………. with three  ……………………………  :  an  anteater,  an  ………………………………………..  ,  and  an  ………………………………   8. The  computer  has  ……………………………………….  and  Aaron  hadn't  done  the  ………………………  up  for  the  ………………………………………….  programmes.  Mrs.  Allen  is  very ……………………………………. .  9. The  best  advertising  ………………………………………….  have  been  …………………………………..  because of Aaron's bad ………………………………………. .  10. Aaron  doesn’t  …………………………  to  come  ……………………  to  the  ……………………………..  agency because he's been …………………………………. . 

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

    Description​:  Pure central vowel. The centre of the tongue is raised to just above  the fully open position. Lips are neutrally open.    19

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Initial

Medial

uncle 

Final 

truck 

  

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

BVP      up,  fun,  sun,  ​ oven, worry 

​ blood, flood 

gun 

​ country, young,  

​ does, doesn’t 

 

    enough,  tough 

  Attention!  You need to lower your jaw and avoid smiling when you produce this sound.      /ʌ/

/ sʌn /

 

  up 

sunk 

tough 

suffocate 

uncle 

grunt 

rough 

sultry 

ugly 

gruff 

enough 

husband 

much 

snuff 

couple 

subsequent 

such 

rub 

trouble 

customer 

tum 

bunch 

hiccough 

subsidy 

run 

munch 

does 

cucumber 

jump 

lunch 

blood 

plunder 

sudden 

trust 

flood 

disgusting 

blunt 

jungle 

bungalow 

thunder 

luck 

snug 

construct 

conductor 

just 

snub 

country 

rubber 

cluck 

duck 

budgerigar 

pronunciation 

shunt 

touch 

hunger 

troublesome  20

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

cupboard 

stomach 

frontier 

London 

abduction 

come 

done 

Monday 

mustard 

comfort 

some, sum 

month 

structure 

company 

one, won 

govern 

reluctant 

comfortable 

once 

oven 

love 

comrade 

monk 

worry 

glove 

money 

monkey 

dozen 

dove 

honey 

none, nun 

nothing 

above 

onion 

sponge 

colour 

other 

wonder 

cover 

 

brother 

tongue 

among 

mother 

front 

compass 

    She doesn't love him  JASMINE : Honey why are you so sad?  (Duncan says ……………………………………….. )  JASMINE: ………………………………… , why are you so unhappy? I don't understand.  DUNCANY: You don't …………………………… me Jasmine.  JASMINE: But Duncan, I love you very ………………………………….!  DUNCANT: That’s …………………………….., Jasmine. You …………………………. my …………………………………   JASMINE: Justin?  DUNCAN: No, his …………………………………..  JASMINE: Dudley?  DUNCAN:  No.  Stop  being  ………………………………….,  Jasmine.  Not  that  ………………………..  The  ……………………………..  brother.  Hunter.  You  think  he´s  ………………………………..  and  I’m  ………………………………………………………… .  JASMINE: …………………………….! That's ………………………………….. ………………………………….. .  DUNCAN: And Hunter loves you too.  JASMINE: No he doesn’t  DUNCAN: Yes, he ………………………………... 

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

JASMINE:  Duncan,  …………………..  …………………………… last  ……………………………….. I had lunch with  Hunter.  You  mustn’t  ……………………………… . I like your ……………………………………. much better than  Hunter’s. Hunter’s ….  DUNCAN: Oh, just …………………………… up, Jasmine!  JASMINE: But honey, I think you’re ………………………………………………. .  DUNCAN: Oh, shut up, Jasmine.  JASMINE : Now that's ………………………………………! You're just jealous, Duncan. Y ​ ou​ shut up!     

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I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

  Description:  Pure  back  vowel.  Long.  The  tongue,  between  the  centre  and  the  back  is  in  the fully open position. Lips are neutrally open.     Distribution   Initial aunt 

Medial chance 

Final  spa  23

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

Most ​ hard, bar 

​ heart, hearth 

​ reservoir, memoir 

Some 

  +  nasal  +  ​ clerk, Derby 

​ repertoire 

consonant ​ answer, chance  ​ laugh, aunt  Some 

 



voiceless  ​ calm, palm, half 

fricative​ past, after 

 

  Attention!  Many  words  containing  /ɑː/  share  the  same  or  similar  spelling.  They  are  words  where  orthographic  ​a  occurs  before  a  nasal,  e.g.  France, or a fricative, e.g. basket, class. Here you  have a list of the commonest BATH words:    Pre-fricative  af

after, craft, staff 

alf/ alve

calf, halve 

ask

basket 

asp

grasp 

ass

grass, glass (but ass, classical, classify, mass / æ /) 

ast

fast, castle (but –astic is usually / æ /, e.g. plastic, fantastic) 

ath

path, rather (but ​maths​ with / æ /) 

  Pre-nasal  an

banana 

am

example, (but ample, exam / æ /) 

ance

advance, glance (but romance, finance, cancel, cancer / æ /) 

and

command, demand, (but we use / æ / in single syllable words) 

ans

answer 

ant

grant, chant, advantage, can’t 

  ❖ Note  that  some  BATH  words  take  /ɑː/  in  British  English  and  /æ/  in  American  English. (e.g. class, answer, grass, pass, laugh, etc.)  24

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

/ ɑː /

 

/ bɑːθ /

    arms, alms  

psalm  

mark, marque  

balm, harm  

art  

ask  

charged  

mask, masque  

arch  

last  

dark  

past, passed  

charm  

fast  

barn 

clasp  

starve  

pass  

scarred  

grass  

hard  

glass  

martyr  

draught, draft  

star  

laugh  

far 

clerk  

car  

papa  

bar  

 

heart, hart  

sergeant  

hearth  

palm  

Darby  

calm  

  marmalade  

drama  

retard  

farthing  

panorama  

commander  

rhubarb :  

bargain  

remark  

parson  

disaster  

department  

laughter  

alas  

 

carpet  

draughtsman  

 

  At a party (A 49)  Listen  to  the  dialogue  paying  attention  to  the  target  sound.  Then,  read  the  dialogue and fill the gaps with the correct adjective from the box.  marvelous

attractive

fabulous

fantastic

smart 

  (Margaret and Alana are at the bar. People are laughing in the garden.)  ALANA:  What  a  ………………………………………  party  this  is!  I’m  having  so  much  fun,  Margaret.  MARGARET: Where’s your glass, Alana?  ALANA: Here you are. Thanks. That’s enough. 

25

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

MARTIN:  Alana!  Margaret!  Come  into  the  garden.  Tara  Darling  and  Marcus  Marsh are dancing on the grass.   MARGARET: In the dark?  MARTIN: They are dancing under the stars.  ALANA: 2 …………………………………………..! And Bart Jackson is playing his guitar.  MARCARET:  Just  look  at  Tara!  She  can’t  dance  but  she  looks  very  3  …………………………………….. .  MARTIN: Look at Markus. What a 4 …………………………………………………… dancer!  ALANA:  What  an  5  ……………………………………………………..  couple  they  are!  Let’s  take a  photograph of them.   

26

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

    Description:  Pure  back  vowel.  Short.  The  back  of  the  tongue  is  in  the  fully  open position. Lips are lightly rounded.  27

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Initial

Medial

off 

Final 

Boss 

  

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

BVP ​ song, dog 

  ​after        because,  laurel, 

All ​ sock, clock 

wallet,  quality,  quantity,  sausage, cauliflower 

 

what 

 

 

cough, 

​ quarrel, yatch        /ɒ/

/ klɒk /

 

  ox 

soften  

squabble 

constant  

on 

often 

watch 

aquatic  

hog 

moss 

won 

contrary 

hot 

god  

waddle 

conference 

top  

box 

squat 

promise 

chop 

sock 

quaff 

proverb 

clock 

shot 

hollow 

doctor 

gone 

wrong 

olive 

probable 

dock 

knob 

wander  

obstacle 

shone  

hovel 

watchful  

obstinate 

novel  

cock 

wallow 

commodity 

rot 

snob 

squander 

 

mock 

wash 

squalid  

grovel 

what 

quantity  

soft 

squash 

quality   28

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

TV Advertisement on “ONWASH”  VOICE A: What's wrong with you, Mrs Bloggs?  MRS BLOGGS: What's wrong with me? I want a holiday from this 1  ………………………….. job of washing socks!   VOICE B: Buy a bottle of “Onwash”, Mrs Bloggs!  VOICE C: “Onwash” is so 2 ………………………….. and 3 ……………………………..  VOICE D: You don't want lots of 4 ……………………………………….. water with  “Onwash”.  VOICE A: lt's not a 5 ………………………….. job with “Onwash”.  VOICE B: Use “Onwash” often.  VOICE C: You won’t be sorry when you’ve got “Onwash”.  VOICE D: Everybody wants “Onwash”.  EVERYBODY: “Onwash” is so 6 ……………………………………………..!   

29

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

    Description​:​ Pure back vowel. Long. The back of the tongue is raised to  between the half open and half close positions. Lips are loosely rounded.      30

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Medial taught 

Initial or 

Final  law 

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

All ​ saw 

​ + < ​ l >​ tall, talk 

​ broad 

Most ​ war, 

after ​ war,  ​ water 

lord, short, fork 

quarter 

Most ​ board 

​ floor, door 

​ sure, pure 

Most ​ cause, fault,  + C ​ bought,  daughter 

fought 

 

​ broad 

      / ɔː / / bɔːl /   more  order  cord  port  law 

  / ɑː / cart  park  darn  star  ark barn tart martyr bark  hearty   

saw  pause  bought  thought  caught,  / ɔː /  caught , court   pork  dawn  store  auk  born  taught, tort  mortal  baulk  haughty 

  hall  always  water  war    /ʌ/ nut  cut  fudge  but ton, tun  bun  done son, sun  one, won  buck flood

 

/ ɔː /  nought, naught   caught  forge  bought  torn  born, borne  dawn  sawn  worn  baulk  flawed  31

 

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Sports report from Radio Station 4  ANNOUNCER: This morning the Roarers football team arrived back from York. Laura  Short is our sports reporter, and she was at the airport.  LAURA SHORT: Good morning, listeners. This is Laura Short. All the footballers are  walking towards me. Here’s George Ball, the goalkeeper. Good morning, George.  GEORGE BALL: Good morning. Are you a reporter?  LAURA SHORT: Yes, George. I’m Laura Short from Radio Station 4. Tell us about the  football match with York.  GEORGE BALL: Well, it was awful. We lost. And the score was forty-four, four. But it  wasn’t my fault, Laura.  LAURA SHORT: Whose fault was it, George?  GEORGE BALL: The forwards.  LAURA SHORT: The forwards?  GEORGE BALL: Yes. The forwards. They were always falling over or losing the ball!     

32

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

    Description:​ Pure back vowel. Short. The part of the tongue just behind the centre is  raised, just above the half open position. The lips are rounded, but loosely so. The  tongue is relatively relaxed.      Distribution   Initial Oops (rare) 

Medial good 

Final    33

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

Some ​ put, pull, 

​ could, should 

Worsted, Worsester 

cushion 

w ​ olf, woman 

Most ​ book, cook  Some ​ good, wool        /ʊ/

 

/ wʊl /

  put 

crook 

wood, would 

push 

shook 

good 

pull 

nook 

soot 

full 

rook 

foot 

bull 

brook 

wool 

look 

cook 

could 

hook 

book 

should 

took 

hood 

 

 

 

cuckoo 

butcher 

woolen 

bullet 

mistook 

impudent 

worsted 

porcupine 

gooseberry 

foothold 

spoonful 

manhood 

Worcester 

fulfil 

 

        34

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

A lost book  Mr. Cook: Could you tell me where you’ve ………………….. my ………………………..,  Brownmen?  Mrs. Cook: Isn’t it on the ……………………………?  Mr. Cook: No. The bookshelf is full of your ………………………………. books.  Mrs. Cook: Then you should ………………………………….. in the bedroom,  …………………………… you?  Mr. Cook: I’ve looked. You …………………….. that book and put it somewhere,  didn’t you?  Mrs. Cook: The living-room?  Mr. Cook: No. I’ve looked. I’m going to ………………………….. all my books in a box  and lock it!  Mrs. Cook: Look, John! It’s on the floor next to your foot.  Mr. Cook: Ah! Good! 

35

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

  Description:​ Pure back vowel. Long. The back of the tongue is raised just  below the close position. Lips are rounded. The tongue is tense.  

36

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Initial

Medial

ooze 

Final 

food 

grew 

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

Most ​ crew 

​ lose, do 

​ beauty 

Many ​ spoon, 

​ group, through 

 

loose 

​ fruit, cruise 

Many ​ Susan, music  ​ true, blue           

/ uː / / buːt /   shoot  hoop  loop  hoof  cool  tool  tooth  spoon  boot  groove  food  root, route  soon  mood   

moon  stool  goose  proof  fool  brute  rule  truth  rude  screw  grew  strew  threw, through  flew, flu, 

blew, blue  true  shoe  move  lose  loose  prove  juice  June  fruit  soup   

   

37

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

/ juː /  Tune  Fume  Tube  Huge  Nude   mute  spume  cute   

mule  tutor  cupid  mew  feud  spew  pew  dew, due 

stew  few  new, knew,  newt  cue, queue, Kew   

The two rudest students in the school  MISS LUKE: Good afternoon girls.  GIRLS: Good afternoon, Miss Luke.  MISS LUKE: This afternoon we're going to learn how to cook soup. Turn on  your computers and look at unit twenty-two.  LUCY: Excuse me, Miss Luke.  MISS LUKE: Yes, Lucy?  LUCY: There's some chewing gum on your shoe.  MISS LUKE: Who threw their chewing gum on the floor? Was it you, Lucy?  LUCY: No, Miss Luke. It was Susan.  MISS LUKE: Who?  LUCY: Susan Duke.  SUSAN: It wasn't me, stupid. It was Julie.  JULIE: It was you!  SUSAN: lt wasn't me! My mouth's full of chewing gum. Look, Miss Luke!  JULIE: Stop pulling my hair, Susan. It was you!  SUSAN: YOU!  JULIE: YOU!  MISS LUKE: Excuse me! lf you two continue with this rudeness, you can stay  after school instead of going to the pool.     

38

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

    Description:​ Pure central vowel. Long. The centre of the tongue is between  the half open and half close position. Lips are relaxed, and neutrally spread.      Distribution   Initial earth 

Medial word 

Final  stir  39

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

Exceptions 

All stressed word final 

+ ​ word, 

Colonel, milieu, bleu 

​ her, fir 

world, work 

 

All +C​ skirt,  ​ journey, courtesy  girl, alert 

​ earth, early,  heard 

    Attention!  ❖ There’s generally involved an involved in the spelling, but you should  do NOTHING to produce this sound. ‘Botox effect’: don’t spread your  lips, don’t round your lips, don’t lower your jaw, and don’t raise your jaw!      / ɜː / / pɜːl /

 

    fern  

irk 

urge  

worse  

stern 

shirt 

burn  

worst  

jerk  

flirt  

murk  

earn, urn 

earth  

skirt 

curds  

heard, herd  

earl  

first  

burst  

tern, turn  

pearl, purl 

third  

spur  

fir, fur  

learn  

mirth  

purr  

word, whirred  

yearn  

stir  

work  

world, whirled  

search  

stirred 

worm  

colonel, kernel  

hearse 

firm  

worth  

 

   

40

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

Indicate the stressed syllable in the following words. If it is necessary, look  them up in the dictionary!  worship  

murmuring 

prefer 

worsening  

turnip 

merciful  

occur 

internal 

surface  

furnace 

occurred  

discursive 

journey  

squirming  

occurring 

 

murderer  

perjury  

refer 

murdered  

infernal  

referred  

earnest, Ernest  

disturbing  

preferring 

impersonal     The worst nurse  SIR HERBERT: Nurse!  COLONEL BURTON: Nurse! I’m thirsty!  SIR HERBERT: Nurse! My head hurts!  COLONEL BURTON: Nurse Sherman always wears such dirty shirts.  SIR HERBERT: He never arrives at work early.  COLONEL BURTON: He and …er…Nurse Turner weren’t at work on Thursday,  were they?  SIR HERBERT: No, they weren’t.  COLONEL BURTON: Nurse Sherman is the worst nurse in the guard, isn’t he,  Sir Herbert?  SIR HERBERT: No, he isn’t, Colonel Burton. He’s the worst nurse in the world!     

41

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

      Description:​ Pure central vowel. Short. The centre of the tongue is between  the half close and half open positions. Lips are relaxed and neutrally spread.    

42

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 Distribution   Initial about 

Medial

Final 

waiters 

actor 

  Spelling:   Most Common 

Less Common 

​ appear, about 

​ easily 

​ of, combine 

​ but,  

​ the, improvement 

​ actor,  

​ manner, theatre 

​ culture  ​ colour  ​ popular  ​ generous 

    /ə/

/ ə ˈkæmərə /

he 

rector  

harder 

among  

ardour  

after  

matter  

valour 

wider  

gather  

candour  

runner 

sister  

colour  

sector  

better 

savour  

captor  

bitter  

odour  

tailor  

actor  

jealous 

motor  

factor  

amaze  

manor, 

doctor  

alive 

manner  

tenor  

manner  

porous  

picture  

pressure  

culture  

measure  

vulture  

mixture  

treasure 

texture  

adventure 

injure  

furniture 

leisure  

 

generous   credulous   frivolous  garrulous   amorous  valorous  

 

43

I.N.P.I.  Phonetics and Phonology I 

future  

pattered 

soda 

compare  

seizure 

staggered  

Sofa  

complain  

delicate  

withered  

Rota 

connect  

separate (adj) 

angered  

quota  

to contrast  

illiterate  

forward(s)  

data 

to concern  

adequate  

eastward(s)  

visible  

conclude  

inanimate 

backward(s) 

commence  

conceal  

intimate (adj)  

northward(s)  

to combine  

confuse  

mattered  

centre 

commit  

contain  

gathered  

scepter 

commend  

conserve 

chequered 

theatre 

command  

 

watered  

lustre  

compel  

  Attention!  ❖ It’s the “Queen of English” because it’s the most frequent vowel by far!  ❖ Most unstressed syllables take schwa.    Barbara   

44

Diphthongs

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I 

 

 

There  are  seven  diphthongs  in  English.  Diphthongs  are  sounds  which  consist  of  a 

movement  or  glide  from  one  vowel  to  another.  Perhaps  the  most  important  thing  to  remember  about  all  the  diphthongs  is  that  the  first  part is much longer and stronger than  the  second  part.  Take  /aɪ/  as  an  example.  Most  of  this diphthong consists of the /a/ vowel,  and  only  in  about  the last quarter of the diphthong does the glide to /ɪ/ begin. As the glide  to  /ɪ/  happens,  the  loudness  of  the  sound  decreases.  As  a  result,  the  /ɪ/ part is shorter and  quieter. The English diphthongs can be shown in the following diagram: 

 

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I   

/ ɪə eә /  /  ɪə eә / are called centring diphthongs because they all glide towards the /ә/ (schwa) vowel,  as  the  symbols indicate. The starting point for / ɪə ​/ is a little closer than / ɪ / in ​bit, bin​. / eә  / begins with the similar vowel sound as the / e / of g​ et, men​.     / eɪ aɪ ɔɪ /  /  eɪ  aɪ  ɔɪ  /  the  three  diphthongs  that  glide  towards  /ɪ/.  /  eɪ  / begins with the same vowel  sound  as  the  /e/  of  ​get,  men​.  /  aɪ  /  begins  with  an  open  vowel  which  is  between  front  and  back;  it  is  quite  similar  to  the  /  ʌ  /  in  words  like  ​cut,  bun​.  The  starting  point  of  /  ɔɪ  /  is  a  little  more  open  than  /ɔ:/  in  ​ought,  born​.  The  closing  diphthongs  have  the  characteristic  that  they  all  end  with  a  glide  towards  a  closer  vowel.  Because  the  second  part  of  the  diphthong  is  weak,  they  often  do  not  reach  a  position  that  could  be  called  close.  The  important  thing  is  that  a  glide  from  a  relatively  more  open  towards  a  relatively  closer  vowel is produced.    / əʊ aʊ /  /  əʊ  aʊ  / are the two diphthongs that end with a glide towards  /ʊ/. So as the tongue moves  closer  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth  there  is at the same time a rounding movement of the lips.  This  movement is not a large one, again because the second part of the diphthong is weak.  The  vowel  position  for  the  beginning  of  / əʊ / is the same as for the "schwa" vowel /ә/. The  lips  may  be  slightly  rounded  in  anticipation  of  the  glide  towards  /ʊ/,  for  which  there  is  quite  a  noticeable  lip-rounding.  /  aʊ  /  begins  with  a  vowel  similar  to  /ɑ:/  but  a  little  more  front. There is slight lip-rounding during the glide towards /ʊ/.    Practice​ /​ ɪə /  tear   near   fear   clear   dear , deer   beer  steer   sneer   jeer    merely  

cheer   shear, sheer  here, hear  weir, we're   mere  cleared   rear  beard   smear  

year   leer   queer   freer   seer, sear, sere   sphere   serious   weird 

eerie  

revere   2

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I   

dreary  lugubrious  inferior  queerly   mysterious  interfere   India  appear  imperious  delirious  nuclear  series   experience   Julius  cereal, serial  salubrious  interior  fearless  endearing  exterior   bleary  superior       Don't  put  your  beard  in  the  beer,  not  even  if  it's  near  beer,  which  isn't  real  beer,  and  isn't dear.   A  series  of  mysterious  crimes,  some  serious,  appear  to have been committed near here,  I fear.   It's  clear  that  some  will  cheer  and  others  will  jeer  when  the  peer  speaks.  Though  his  eyes  are  bleary  and  his  voice  is  queer,  he's  really  a superior person with much experience,  gained through years and years of serious study, not merely of theory.  We're near the end of the year.  After her dreary ordeal she was tearful hut soon became cheerful.   He  spoke  the  speech  from  King  Lear  in  a  clear  voice,  and  the  audience  cheered  and  cried "Hear, hear!'  Steer clear of the pier, dear.  Clear that rubbish out of here and don't put it anywhere near.       / eә /  air, heir,  bare, bear   share   chair   wear, where, ware   blare   lair  tear (rend), tare   scarce   laird  hair, hare   mare, mayor   care   stair , stare   there, their  rare   fair, fare    pear, pair   flair, flare    scarce   square     careless   repair   various   despairing   airy   unbearable   impair  scarecrow  beware   hairy  scarcely   questionnaire   fairy  Aquarius   airplane  compare   aquarium   commissionaire  dairy   hardware       There,  that's  the  square  where the fair will be held. It'll be opened by the Mayor, who is  already  carefully  preparing  to  do  his  share.  It'll  be  a  rare  treat to see him enter on a mare,  3

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I   

wearing  his  chain  of  office.  That's  more  than  you'd  dare  to  do,  I'm  prepared  to  swear.  You'd be scared of riding on a mare to the fair.   The heir took care to put out a chair for his uncle, who scarcely thanked him.   Would you dare lo go to the lair of that hairy bear?   It's  not  fair  to  stare  at  Claire  on  the  stairs,  nor  at  the dress she wears, for she's shy and  doesn't care to be stared at.  You should wear a pair of trousers that will put up with wear and tear.   Mr. Clare has a flair for rare antiques.      / eɪ /  age  aim  say  ache  aid   slay  ape  frail  pay  fate  paid  bray  late  raid  bate, bait  same  laid  tale, tail  name  sable  waste, waist  race  mange  nay, neigh  frame  haste  hail, hale  make  taste  mane, main  came  strange  chaste, chased  snake  cradle  male, mail  grape  eight  gate, gait  wave  freight  vane, vain, vein  shame  hay  pray, prey  shave  tray    favour  abrade  to co-ordinate  afraid  cavalcade  earthquake  lazy  major  to animate  amaze  available  contemplate  to estimate  basis  sleight  to deliberate  mitigate  ancient  to moderate  populate  arrange  basin  basement  radiant  declaim    James hates people taking his name in vain.   Eight  grave  grey  apes were eating grapes without haste. The flavour of the grapes made  the  apes  say  :  "Hey!  We're  glad  we  came  to  taste  these  grapes  today.' The main game that  apes play is that of chasing their neighbours and shaking their tails.   In spite of his age, he has neither aches nor pains.  Our  maid  Maisie  makes  mistakes  but  she  never  breaks  plates,  and isn't lazy. The other  day  Major  Clay  carne  to  stay  with  us,  and  Maisie  thought he was her fiancé, for they have  the  same  gait,  Major  Clay  and  the  fiancé,  Joe  May,  the  baker's  boy.  So  Maisie  made  4

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I   

straight  for  the  Major  and  embraced  him,  to  his  amazement.  When  she  saw  her  mistake,  she hastened away, but the Major was gay for the test of the day.     /​ aɪ /  mild   sigh   flies   kind   height   fry   bind   thigh   I, eye  mind, mined   slight, sleight   thyme, time   wind   sky   rhyme  high   skies   delight   wild  idle, idol   bicycle   while   tie   tricycle   night, knight   lie   deny   bright   despite   surprise   flight   syphon (or: siphon)   advertise   might, mite  despise   decline   right, rite, write   silence   syren, siren   try   quite   blind   shy   shiny   signed   cry  recline   find   by, buy, bye   sniper   isle   dye, die       Ice  in my nice wine? No, no ice. Ice in wine is not nice. Iced wine's a vice Fine wine  is  not  nice with ice. I won't deny l like wine. I do like wine. I delight in the tight wine. The  tight  wine  lit  the  right  time.  And  the  time,  you  know,  is  always  right  for  wine.  Whether  it's  five  or  nine  or  any  other  time,  it's  always  time  for  wine  for  a  civilized  mind.  Drink  wine  and  learn  lo  rhyme  nine  and  wine  and  rhyme  and  time.  A  rhyme  in  time  saves nine,  Drink,  some  fine  Cyprus wine and praise the vine that grew the wine. Nine ripe wines in a  line  make  time  fly.  Time  flies  anyhow.  I  might  deny  that  time  flies,  but  I  won't,  tonight.  Time  flies  but  I  don't.  Why  the  time  flies  neither  mice nor men know. Why doesn't ice fly  and  time  melt?  I  don't  know  why,  so  pass  the  wine  and  try  to  pass  the  time.  Pour  some  time into my wine and I'll live to the nine hundred and ninety-nine before I die.           / ɔɪ /    oil  foist  loin  moist  soil  spoil  hoist  joist  choice  join   coil  broil  boil  void  foil  quoit   coin   joint  toil  voice   boy, buoy   5

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I   

cloy   coy  toy        annoy   enjoy   recoil   ointment   deploy   despoil   oily   employ   poison   oyster   rejoice   moisture   boisterous   exploit (noun)   hoity-toity   exploit (verb)       It’s a joy to watch the boy playing with his toys.   That  noisy  boy  has  a  voice  that's  most  annoying.  His only way of enjoying himself is to  make a noise.   What sort of a noise would a noisy, annoyed oyster make?   The oily voice of the lawyer spoilt our enjoyment of the play.   We must leave the choice to the fall of a coin.   To avoid rheumatism, anoint your joints with an oily ointment.   Plant those royal lilies in moist soil.   Don't spoil the joint by boiling.   The employer exploited his employees and foisted all sorts of toil on them.       / aʊ /  owl   now   mound   town   cow   shout   bow  brow   louse   round  found   spouse  crowd   mouse   loud   sprout  house   proud   how   round   doubt   row  sprout   spout   brown   bounce  spouse  gown   rouse  scout  drown   plough, plow  lout   frown   trout     about   resound   trousers   around   thousand   renowned  aloud, allowed   confound   endowed  mountain   abound   clowning  fountain   flounder   scoundrel   expound      6

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I   

John  Brown's  been  to  town.  Now,  in  town  he  found  an  owl,  a  towel,  and  a  trowel.  Don't  scowl:  he  really  did  buy  an  owl,  a  stuffed  owl,  an  elegant  fowl.  That  stuffed  brown  owl  will  stand  on  his  mantelpiece,  with  a  stuffed  brown  mouse  in  its  foul  beak.  Brown's  dog  Towser  will  growl  when  he  sees  that owl, and the baby'll howl. Towser's a sound dog,  a  bouncing  hound  who  covers  the  ground  by  leaps  and  bounds.  I  haven't  found  out  how  much  Brown  paid  for  that  owl,  but the amount was doubtless large. Oh hello, Brown, how  are  you?  And  where's  Towser?  Ah,  Towser?  Down,  Towser,  down  !  Brown,  stop  Towser!  Towser's  growling  and  tearing  my  trousers,  Towser,  you  clown,  get  down!  Go  and  tear  your master's trousers, Brown's trousers.          / əʊ /    home  moan   goal   tone   glow   foal  hope  show, shew   bow   nose, knows  blow   grow   bone   slow, sloe   throw   note   know, no   flow   choke  hold, holed  crow   rope   fold, foaled  told, tolled   joke  ghost   cold   Rome, roam  though   bold, bowled  oak  dough, doe   hoe   oaf  groan   comb   boat  soak   so, sew, sow  boast   coal   goat   slopes   oaks   note   mope   boned   own   code   shown/shewn   Joan   lobe     hope   tote     ode, owed   tope     rode, road, rowed   smoke     owner   coke     soak   soap     node   joke   robe   sewed, sowed   potato  borrow   ogre  tomato   burrow   photograph   only  barrow  probate  Roman   marrow  imposing   sorrow   sparrow   coconut   tomorrow  narrow  smoulder  7

INPI  Phonetics and Phonology I 

    Don't  you  know,  Rover's  got  no  bone?  What,  no  bone  for  Rover?  Rover  won't  stay  at  home  unless  Rover's  got  a  bone.  Joe,  go  to  Jones  the  butcher's  and  get  á  bone  lest  poor  Rover  groan  and  leave  home.  Phone?  No,  don't  phone  -  go.  If  you  go  they'll  show  you  bones  galore,  for  they've  oceans  of  bones  below  where  it's  cold.  They've  sold  bones  since  Bonaparte  died,  so  they  know  good  bones  from  mouldy  old  bones.  Take  Rover  with  you,  Joe.  Rover  too  knows  a  good  bone  when  he  sees  one.  Buy  him  a  bone  that  weighs  half  a  stone.  

Transcription Rules    Vowel Sounds 

Diphthongs

Plosives

★ Strong aspiration  When /p, t, k/ are followed by a vowel sound or /l, r, w, j/, not preceded by /s/ in a  stressed syllable: /pʰeɪs, tʰreɪn, kʰliːn/ 

Fricatives

Affricates

Nasals

Approximants

[ɫ] in syllable-final position: candle, chuckle, full, table, Will, people, settling 

Consonant + Vowel sound linking: all consonants in word-final position followed by  a vowel sound: tɒp ͜ əv ͜ aʊə hedz, ni:z ͜ ən ͜ aɪz      Silent letters    Some consonants are written but not pronounced. This is either because they were  once pronounced (knock) or come from a foreign language (psychology).  Initial position  cz – czar  kn – knock, knee, knight, knife  gn – gnat, gnaw, gnome  pn – pneumonia  ps – psychology, psychiatry, pseudo  pt – Ptolemy  wr – write, wrong, wring, wrist  wh – who, whom, whose, whole  End position  -mb – lamb, climb, thumb  -ng – king, thing, song, wing  -gm – paradigm, diaphragm  -gn – sign, reign, foreign, resign (but signature, resignation)  -mn – condemn, autumn, column  -pt – receipt (except for reception)  Other positions  doubt muscle castle whistle isle viscount sword Norwich         

  Suffixes 

  -e suffix  Sometimes the addition of the –e suffix to a noun to form a verb changes the quality  both of the vowels sound and of the final –th:  a bath ​/bɑːθ/​ ; to bathe /​ beɪð/​; a breath ​/breθ/​; to breathe ​/brɪːð/     Punctuation and Other Aspects    - No capital letters  - No commas, semicolons, dashes, or stops. Use / and // for short and long  pauses, respectively.  - For new paragraphs, start a new line, using indentation.  - Respect the position of each symbol as regards the line: ​ʃ tʃ ʒ j g - Make sure that similar symbols are drawn correctly in order to avoid  confusion: ə ​ ð ɔ ɒ ɑ   - Check that you haven’t used letters like ‘c’, ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘o’, ‘y’ or ‘x’  - Check that you have transcribed all the words in their correct form (plurals,  past, 3rd person singular) 

  References      Gebhardt, F (A.A. 2010-2011). English Pronunciation. Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia.  Corsi di Laurea in Filosofia, Lettere, Storia    Cruttenden, A., & Gimson, A. C. (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.).  London: Routledge. 

THE 37 ESSENTIAL WEAK-FORM WORDS

HECTOR ORTIZ LIRA •UNIVERSIDAD METROPOLITANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN •UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE 2008

INTRODUCTION Weak forms are an essential feature of English pronunciation. Students who wish to acquire a high level of oral performance, as is the case of future teachers of English, must be aware of their existence, since failure to produce them will affect English rhythm quite considerably and even lead to misunderstanding. Spanish-speaking learners face a number of difficulties in this respect. On the one hand, weakening of the grammatical items which make up the weakform inventory in non-prominent contexts does not exist in Spanish. On the other hand, unless the weakened pronunciations are represented with a contracted form, i.e. by the use of apostrophes, (e.g. I could’ve helped if you’d asked me /aî k¨d \v «helpt îf jud `å…st mi/), English spelling does not provide learners with the information they need to make the correct choice. One final point concerns the varying type of information they find in books and courses. For instance, lists of weak-form words vary in length (e.g. as many as 48 in Gimson & Cruttenden 2001, 40 in Roach 2000, 35 in Kenworthy 1987, and 44 in García Lecumberri & Maidment 2000). This paper is divided in two parts. Part I intends to establish the main points concerning the topic. Part II provides a list of the essential items with examples in ordinary spelling and phonemic transcription with intonation marks. Since the use of weak and strong forms depends to a considerable extent on sentence accentuation, students are advised to read transcribed texts and mark utterances by making use of the so-called ‘tonetic-stress marks’, which indicate intonation. The analysis of minimal pairs such as /aî k\n `help/ and /aî kæn `help/ or /«w√n f\ `tu…/ and /«w√n fø… `tu…/ should help identify important differences in meaning; whereas /aî k\n `help/ and /«w√n f\ `tu…/ are the normal, usual patterns, /aî kæn `help/ may be understood as a contradicting remark –Contrary to what you may expect, I can be of help–, and /«w√n fø… `tu…/ is perceived as one, four, two. In sum, weak forms can only be taught and learned in connected speech. They are not a feature The 37 essential weak-form words. H. Ortiz Lira. UMCE, USACH. 2008. Page 1

of the word, but a feature of the utterance and as such should be taught from the very initial stages. Learners are advised to analyse the following examples and use the accompanying recording as practice material for listening and repetition.

PART I: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1. There is a small group of about 35 to 40 very common structural words in English which are pronounced in mainly two different ways—a weak form and a strong form; some of these words have more than one weak form. In general, weak forms are much more common than strong forms; in fact, weak forms are the normal pronunciations and for this reason students should identify them and use them from the very early stages. The most complete and updated information concerning the pronunciation of weak-form words can be found in the two standard pronunciation dictionaries: Wells (2008) and Roach, Hartman & Setter (2006). Here users may find out about regular, occasional and fairly unusual forms. 2. A weak form usually contains a weak vowel –mainly /\/, sometimes the neutralized versions i and u– and, in some cases, no vowel, e.g. (1)

Come and kiss me. /«k√m \n k ` îs mi/

(2)

Bread and butter. /«bred n `b√t\/

3. In most contexts the use of weak forms is not optional, but compulsory. Failure to pronounce weak forms in appropriate contexts will result in a foreign accent, unnecessary (and therefore wrong) emphasis or contrast, excessive formality or even pomposity. 4. Weak-form words are structural or function words, i.e. adjectival words (including articles), some pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and a group of auxiliary verbs. 5. Students must learn when to use weak forms and when not to use them. The correct choice depends mainly on three factors, all of which are exemplified below, viz. (i) ACCENT: Is the weak-form word accented or unaccented? (ii) STRANDING: Is the weak-form word exposed as a result of a grammatical operation implying movement or deletion? (iii) PHONETIC ENVIRONMENT: Is the weak-form word followed by a vowel or a consonant? Does the weak-form word beginning with /h/ occur after a pause? The 37 essential weak-form words. H. Ortiz Lira. UMCE, USACH. 2008. Page 2

6. Accent, which is a feature of the utterance, affects all weak-form words: weak forms are never accented; strong forms may be either accented or unaccented. In examples (3) and (4), the accented weak-form words convey contrast: us v. them and are not v. am; in (5), the adverbial for instance occurring in medial position in the utterance forms an intonation group of its own, separating the auxiliary verb from the noun phrase; as a result, the auxiliary verb was has to bear an accent, e.g. (3) (4)

(5)

Is this for us or for them? /îz «∂îs f\r √s Æ ø… f\ ∂em/ ' ` A: You’re not certain, are you? /jø… «nÅt `sé…tn Æ `å… ju/ B: I am certain! /aî `æm sé…tn/ There was, for instance, the question of money. /∂\ `wÅz Æ f\r înst\ns Æ ∂\ «kwestß\n \v `m√ni/ ' (Cf. There was the question of money, for instance /∂\ w\z ∂\ «kwestß\n \v `m√ni, f\r înst\ns/).

7. The use of prepositions and auxiliary verbs in their weak or strong forms may depend on whether they are exposed or not as a result of a syntactic device. For instance, in order to form a wh-question such as that in (6), the word what, which is governed by of in the sequence of what, is moved to initial position in the utterance. Similarly, in (7) the speaker has decided to highlight the noun phrase a cold drink, which is governed by the preposition for, and is also moved to initial position. As a result of these syntactic movements the prepositions of and for are left exposed or stranded and are pronounced with the strong (though unaccented) form, e.g. (6) (7)

What’s it made of? (< It is made of what). /«wÅts ît meîd Åv/ ` A cold drink is what I’m looking for (< I’m looking for a cold drink). /\ «k\¨l `drîNk îz wÅt aîm l¨kîN fø…/

The same applies to auxiliary verbs. In examples (8) and (9), the grammatical operation does not involve movement to the right but omission of the main verb, because the speaker wants to avoid repetition, e.g. (8)

Dance? Æ Of course I can. / 'då…ns Æ \v `kø…s aî kæn/ (
Unit 1 - Phonetics and Phonology I - 2021

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