Santali; A Grammar of the Santhal Language (Skrefsrud) (1873)

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A

GRAMMAR OF THE

SANTHAL LANGUAGE BY THE

REV. L.

0.

SKREFSRUD,

M.A.S.B.

MISSIONARY TO THE SANTHALS.

BENARES: PRINTED AT THE MEDICAL HALL PRESS, BENARES,

FOR THE CALCUTTA SCHOOL BOOK AND VERNACULAR LITERATURE SOCIETY, 9,

GOVERNMENT PLACE, EAST, CALCUTTA. 1873.

PRINTED BY

E. J.

LAZARUS AND

CO,

INTRODUCTION. SANTHALI

is

the language spoken by a people called

by-

foreigners the Santhals or Santals, inhabiting the western

Lower Bengal, from Orissa

frontier of

gulpore in the north, of late

made

Bha-

in the -south to

so

prominent to the

by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, Sir George

public

Campbell's famous " Enactment for the better Government of the Santhals," Dr. Hunter's highly interesting " Rural gal," his suggestive

ages

of India

"

Ben-

Comparative Dictionary of the Langu-

and High Asia/' and the Commissioner of

" Chutia Nagpore, Colonel Dalton's able Ethnology of India."

It is

ence, in liQrs,

spoken with hardly more than a dialectical

common by

Mundas, Hos and Korkos ; but

ture Santhali its

is

as

Kotfas, Maliles,

in

Bir„

grammatical struc-

superior to the others as

is

Sanskrit to

cognate languages.

It

belof gs to what

speech," or "

Santhals, Kolhes,

differ-

what

is

is

called

denominated by August Schleicher, as

compounding languages," and

be second

to

the " Turanian family of

will, I

none of these (not evea

believe,

be found to

to th^ .Turkish*

which

INTRODUCTION.

IV is

deemed

to be one of the

most philosophical of languages)

in grammatical structure.

At what period the Santhal language attained copiousness

sent

is

its

pre-

not easily ascertained; but certain

it

seems from the traditions of the people (which I hope soon to publish with their institutions

and poetry) that they had

arrived at a not inconsiderable state of culture in the Punjab,

when

the Aryans entered India, although there are no indi-

cations showing that nifests in a degree

it

far

had

that

richness which

itself,

The name by which the Santhals

Now

ditions,

Pilchu

this

word

is,

(or

Haram,

tradition, is the father of all

Hasd-^alc,

themselves

It

is

Pilchu Hatfam, and Hasd

human

It

is

accounted

mankind, and his first-born was all

evident that in

being the old geni-

Had

in the

words

Has-dali belong to the same is

with ih (in

etc.)

true for,

race.

the Santhal Adam,) says the

sd and d being interchangeable as sth

sthan—thal,

is

according to the Santhal tra-

which means of Hasd, the

tive-sign in Santhali.

root,

call

connected with the very origin of the

Had-am

now ma-

above what might be expected from

a language of the same group as

Hor, man.

it

that the nasal in as

Hasd would

Hasd-aU would have

not give Had, but

Hand;

to

be

but

v

Introduction. tlie

interchange of

as ond-on~od*on> of

n$ and d to take

which are at present

Khond and Gond

Had is

out

;

;

Kolhes and Kols) Rul-i, ;

Rher>

will

Rar, (the

Ror, (the Kor*kos)

;

;

Rhond,

;

;

Kol, (the

workman) Khair, (Khairgar, ;

birds,

;

(the

Gar, (the Garos)

Konds)

Gorid,

;

;

Gour, Our, (the Gonds).

who, according to the Santhal tradi-

Haram

were the parents of Pilchu

With regard

to the ancient

and Pilchu Budhi,

root.

home

traditions say, that the cradle of the

of the Santhals, the

human

race (before the

was in the East (not east from the Santhal Parganas,

but from the place whence the traditions took their the two

first

human

rise)

from Hiri

(like

were born

;

that

beings were carried to the west to Hihi-

ri-pipiri (a reduplication of Hiri-piri, which again

ters

names o.

Had-i, Har-i, (a low caste ;

be found to be from the same

flood)

of the

(Kher-o-arrrKherwar, the ancient name of the

Has, Has-in, two tions,

same change.

Ho, (the Hos)

(a low

Santhals) yRer, (the Kerus) (Gours, Gurka)



(the Santhals)

Kar-ens) Ro$> (the Kod*as)

;

:

is

a jingle

Hako-palco) where seven sons and seven daughto

them

;

;

(all

the Santhals) small.

number

the root cf a very large

Hindu) Bod, Hor,

Khairs)

among

are probably instances of the

the aboriginal tribes of India

in Santhali

hundin=^hudm==hurin

;

use

in

common

quite

is

that they proceeded to Sasanbeda, from

INTRODUCTION.

VI

whence they removed of their sins,

Khojkaman, where God, on account

destroyed the whole

human

with

race

fire-

however, being saved in the cave of Har-ti, or

two,

rain,

to

Har-a-ta mountain. After

the flood,

part of the

new

so

run the

race, took

traditions,

the Santhals, a

an easterly direction and came

to

Jarpi, whence (passing the SiApass and the Bahrpass) they

proceeded to Aere.

From

A ere

(Iran?)

came

they

to

Khande

from Khande, taking a north-easterly

Chae

Tartary

(the Chinic

?),

I)

and

they entered

direction,

and turning south-eastward,

and passing the Chae and Champa

Champa

(Afghanistan

passes, they arrived at

with the seven rivers, (Saptasind, the present Pan-

jab?) where they lived their institutions

From

for

generations,

and where many

of

were formed.

this place of prosperity

and power (they had

also

kings of their own) they were driven by powerful enemies,

and wandering through many places they came

from whence they removed to Sikhar (Hazaribagh

jNlagpore,

District)

and

lived near

finally

many

Qua

nai,

to

rivers,

nai, Sitijo nai, the the

at last to

the Santhal Parganas.

they say,

among which

They have

are the

Maha

Giru nai the Sura nai, the Gan nai and

INTRODUCTION.

They are divided

VII

into twelve tribes, each of which

divided into twelve families.

They were

originally

sub-

is

composed of

only seven tribes, and the five additional are deemed inferior.

One of

the tribes

J,Hasdati;

rom;

Kishu;

2,

Soren;

6,

The remaining eleven are

is lost.

3,

Tiidu;

7,

Murmu;

4,

Baske

9,

8,

;

:—

as follows

Mandri; Chore;

Hem-

b,

10,

Pad ria

11, Besra.

The

and arrangement

construction

such an intricate language as Santhali •with

many

difficulties,

of a

has

to

collect

from the mouths of the people

the materials chiefly

of

necessarily beset

is

when one

especially

Grammar

and

;

moreover to write in a foreign tongue, hence imperfections are inevitable

yet one thing I

;

may

and that

say,

make

the

San-

as accurate as possible,

and

I

I have spared no trouble in endeavouring to

thal part of the

Grammar

sure that

my

common

difficulty in

for

Missionary brethren, learning

who themselves

Santhali,

any error which they may discover

To

those

who

are

first

may

not be unacceptable.

Pronoun

to

will bear with

the

me

in the book.

Grammar

memory

;

they ought

After having

20 pages, they should commit the

of the

feel

am

not acquainted with the language a

few hints as to what parts of the to learn

that

is,

full

first

learnt the

and abridged form

and having mastered which

;

VIII

INTRODUCTION.

they would do well (page 144). learnt,

The

in learning

the table of the tense-signs

auxiliary verbs

(page 146) should next be

and then the regular verb (pages 156-270).

It

is

of

the highest importance, however, for the student to learn well

the abridged Pronoun and the tense-signs, for these are as it

were the very key to the language. In conclusion, I would here beg to

thanks

to

my highly esteemed and Grammar

;

and

my aged and much

least, to

is

the oldest Missionary

among

encouragement he has given

the recommendation given by

the

him

me

in

—I

am

dialect of

prove valuable to the Philologist.

down from Sage publish them ,

to

who

Santhals, and

my own

ago,

21 years

work, and for

B

S. in

favor

outlines.

SKREFSRUD.

in possession of a large

composed in a very old

respected friend

to the C. S.

L. 0.

S.

it

B. Mission in Orissa,

of these pages instead of a reprint of his

P.

printing of

Grammar

published an outline of a Santhal for the

in the

W.

Dr. Phillips, Sr., of the American F.

who

Wenger

to Dr. Lazarus, of Benares, for his

management

but not

most sincere

the arrangement and cor-

personal care and skilful last,

my

learned friend Dr.

for his very valuable assistance in

rection of the

offer

number

of song s

Hinde, and which

may

They have been handed

Sage among the Santhals.

I

hope soon to L. S.

CONTENTS, V&.QE.

CHAPTER

I,

Section!

—Of the

— Of

»

1

...

II.'

letters,

...

the pronunciation of

letters,

2

(a.)

Vowels,

(b.)

Consonants,

...

3

(a)

Semi-vowels,

...

7

(c£.)

Semi-consonants,

Section

III.

CHAPTER

»

*

11

the permutation of

12

letters,

13

II.-~Of nouns,

— Of gender, — Of number, —Of IV. — Of declension,

Section

n

8

—Of accentuation,

IV.— Of

n

«

...

I.

II.

III.

CHAPTER Section

III.— Of I.

14

case,...

15

20

adjectives,

— Of —Of comparison

of adjectives,

— Of numerical

adjectives,

»

II.

«

III.

gendei\

CHAPTER IV.— Of

21

23

pronouns,

Section I.— Of personal pronouns,... (a.)

Full pronouns,

(b.)

Abridged pronouns or

...

n if

...

suffixes,

.

29

CONTENTS.

SECTION

II.

—Of possessive pronouns,

III.— Of demonstrative

t

IV.—Of

it

V.— Of

f>

VI.

»

— Of

CHAPTER V.—Of

30

pronouns,

...

35

...

38

37

interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, ... indefinite

...

40

pronouns,

40

verbs,

41

(*)

Voices,

(b.)

Moods,

43

(c)

Tenses,

ih.

(d.)

Genders,

44

(e.)

Numbers,

(f)

Persons,

(9)

Cases,

45

(h.)

Forms,

(i)

Conjugations.

46

Tables of the formation of the verb. I.

General form

(active

and

Nominative case (object inanimate),

(b.)

Accusative (object animate),

(c.)

Dative (object inanimate),

(d.)

Dative (object animate),

II— Reservative

47

reflexive voice\

(a.)

...

...



...

48

...

49

...

...

50

...

.,.

51

...

...

52

...

...

53

...

form.

(a.)

Accusative (object inanimate),

(b.)

Accusative

(object animate),

III.— -Intensive form,

...

...

)

CONTENTS.

XI

Reciprocal.

I.~ General foem, (a.)

54

,

Nominative case

(object inanimate).

r

(b .)

Accusative (object animate),

55

(c.)

Dative (object inanimate),

56

(d.)

Dative (object animate),

II.

—RESERVATIVE

FORM,

...

...

57

Accusative (object inanimate),

(b.J

Accusative (object animate),

III— Intensive

58

...

(a.)

59

60

form,

IV.— CONTINUATIVE FOEM,

61

.

(a.)

Nominative case (object inanimate

(b.)

Accusative (object animate),

(c.)

Dative (object inanimate),

(d)

Dative (object animate),

62

...

63

...

64

65

Reciprocal continuative. (a.)

Nominative

(object inanimate),

(b.

Accusative (object animate),

(c.)

Dative (object inanimate),

(d.)

Dative (object animate),

it

66

67

...

68

Tables of the formation of the tenses.

I— General

form,

69

...

(a.)

Nominative active

(b.)

Nominative

(object inanimate),

reflexive

and

inanimate),

...

»

passive (object ...

.,,

...

73



CONTENTS.

XII

77

(c.)

Accusative active (object animate)*...

...

(d.)

Accusative reflexive (object animate),

...

84

(e.)

Dative active (object inanimate),

...

.*.

88

(f.)

Dative active (object animate),

...

.*.

92

(g.)

Dative reflexive (object animate),

...

...

96

,.

...

102

(a.) Accusative active (object inanimate),...

...

IL—Reservattve form,

106

(b.)

Accusative active (object animate)

(c.)

Accusative reflexive (object animate),

Intensive form,

III.

(a.)

Active,

...

(K)

Reflexive

...

... ..,.

..*

»

...

...

110

...

114

..•

»

...

116

...

118

Continuative form.

Nominative active

(a.)

(object inanimate),

(b.)

Accusative active (object animate),..,.

...

122

(c.)

Accusative reflexive (object animate),

.„.

126

...

...

130

Dative active (object inanimate),

(d.) (e.)

Dative active (object animate),

...

...

134

(f.)

Dative reflexive (object animate),

...

...

140

Signs of the tenses stripped of infixes,

...

all ...

suffixed ...

and ...

144

Conjugations of verbs.

I,— The auxiliary verb metia, to be, to exist, II.— Of the auxiliary verb /s;

With the

...

Section

Section

...

...

derived from adverbs,

(a).

(a).



From the inflected adjective participles, ... From verbs formed from the substantive cases,

d.

...

insertion of n,

II— Of III— Of

314

*

315, ...

pronouns,

...

adjectives,

...

Adjectives formed from nouns,

...

*

316 ... ...

... ,,,..

317 *

XV

CONTENTS, (h).

Adjectives formed from other adjectives,

(c).

Adjectives formed from verbs,

(d),

Adjectives

IV— Of

319 #

formed from adverbs and postpositions,

Section

...

verbs,

320,

...

#

...

321

(a).

Verbs formed' from nouns,

(b).

Verbs formed from adjectives,

(c).

Verbs formed from adverbs,...

(d).

Verbs formed from postpositions,

322

V— Of

322

Section

if

Adverbs,

(a).

By

(b).

By doubling the word,

(c).

By infixing fa?, By prefixing or

(d).

...

affixing

kate, leka,

te,

and

3

gi,

»

ft

affixing certain particles,



B. ON THE COMPOSITION OF WORDS. nouns, Compound I. — (a).

Nouns joined

(b).

Adjectives joined to nouns,...

II.

324r

to nouns,

— Compound Adjectives,

...

...

(a).

Nouns

(b).

Adjectives joined to adjectives,

III.

a

preceding adjectives,../

... ...

— Compound Verbs,

(a).

Verbs joined

to nouns,

(b).~ Verbs joined to adjectives,

.., ...

325

(c)„

Verbs joined

(d).

Verbs joined to adverbs,

(e).

Verbs joined

to postpositions,

(f).

Verbs joined

to.

to

verbs, ...

certain particles,

...

...

.

XVI

CONTENTS.

PART

CHAPTER Section .

II.— Of Syntax.

I.— Of subject and predicate, Of the subject,... ...

I.



...

...

327

...

...

»

328

(a).

Simple Subject,

(b).

Subject modified by a noun in the case,

(e).

Subject modified by a noun in the genitive

...

case,

...

...

Subject modified by an adjective,

(d).

Section II

— Of the predicate,

...

»

...

...

"

...

...

»

*

...

...

(a).

Simple predicate,

...

...

....

(b).

Predicate modified by a noun,

...

...

»

(c).

Predicate modified by an adverb,

...

...

*

(dj.

Predicate modified by an adjective,

III—Of

Section

...

congruence,

...

...

(a).

Concord of the verb with

(b),

Concord of the adjective with the

...

nominative,

its

...

380

Concord of the relative with edent,

CHAPTER II— Of Section

I.

The nominative

(b).

The

n

II.

...

III—The V".

..*

etive case,

...

—The dative

case,

«

VI.—The

«

yil.—The

ease,

ablative case, locative case,

cases,

...

331

. ,

332

... *

...

...

...

...

..,

...

...

...

...

.,,

...

333

...

...

334

...

...

instrumental ease,

—The accusative

antec-

eases,

case,

vocative ease,

—The gen

IV. w

its

— The nominative and vocative

(a).

Section

...

nouns and

«

sub-

stantive, (c),

329

,.,

... ... ...

;

" *

n

»

335

..e

. »

XVII

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER Section

III.— Of pronouns,

L— Of

...

...

...

personal pronouns.,

»,»

..„

possessive pronouns,

.

. .

"

II.— Of

«

III— Of

demonstrative pronouns,

**«

*

IV.— Of

interrogative pronouns,

...

»<

V,— Of

relative pronouns,

CHAPTER IV— Of

verbs,

Section



Section

IL— Of

tenses,

IIL— Of moods,

IV— Of

,

clauses,

836 387 fy

*

...

...

337

...

.o

w

*

« e

e

O00

...

....

... .

. .

O00

.

oco

»

338 »

389 "'

O00

...

340

...

...

...

357

o

L— Of words,

r'

Bao

V— Of the forms,.. CHAPTER V— Of the arrangement of II.— Of

*oo

cases in connection with the verbs,

»

Section



.««

...

I.— Of the voices, ... The active voice, (a.) ... f6j The reflexive voice, The reciprocal active voice, (c.J The reciprocal reflexive voice, (d.) The deponent voice, ... (e.)

.

835



...



365 367

words and clauses,

...

eoo

...

368

..,

»**

O o

370

CHAPTER L SECTION

The Santals being their own,

by which

Roman

LETTERS.

any signs or characters of

destitute of

to express their language in writing,

are obliged to borrow as the

L— OF THE

them from some other language.

character presents the fewest difficulties to the

European Student,

it

appears advisable to adopt that char-

with certain diacritical signs, to represent sounds pecu-

acter,

the Santal language.

liar to

Vowels.

Consonants.

Semi

Semi Con-

Vowels.

sonants.

Long.

a

e e % o o

u

Eaucal,

h

Short.

a

V \J V »-» Q, o,

o

pronounced

is

like the

added

the nasal element

;./i£,..yes

In

this

to it

hq r

;

.

as.

;

French

>

-,

sound with

of these vowels retains its respective

nsual. time) ae.

and

or en,

pronounced like

a" is

argatrfy early

(before the

also.

diphthong, as well as in

all

the others,

the

vowels retain their respective sounds, like in German, and are not like in English, where ai

oa

pronounced

is

e* in hair,

Irke^

like o-in load J ; as^ paera, to swim..

df the preceding consonant.

tbh, is

m, Is pronounced

like the

English

m..;

as molon, the

'Sorehead.

ft,

is

,

pronounced like the English h in "have.; as "has

^pleasure.

.

s,.ismot a dental, nor yet a cerebral, but a palatal.

Ss pronounced by drawing the tip of the tongue a

little

It

back

i

iifromt the lower '"teeth,

and the middle of

it

touching the pal-

ate, expelling the breath through the concavity of the

ia

ithat position

:

— thus the Santal

s is

.produced.

tongue

;:

7.)

(

SEMI-VOWELS.

pronounced

y, is

like the English

y

This letter

in yes.

is

used instead of e, when pronounced between two other vowels as te3mi the last syllable

when

the

u

;

mutual"

re-opening

the same time them without al-

at

touch them, but letting

:— thus

SECTION

and

by U)

as

p

dcil, is

p

is

;

as konka,

when doubled, have the claddl.

inserted

serma.

the four semi-consonants; .Also words

passage

free

ACCENTUATION".

;

.

This

An

also

.is

.accent

the case

as dal, dapal*

In words of two syllables the penultima cented

it

produced

is

generally ac-

exception to this rule attends

as.rehet',

ending in a diphthong

;

chah8/p\ as savhdo.

rqrecll,

senolL

And

finally,

12

(

words terminating in n are

many

;

)

Besides

tehen, seven

these

there

other exceptions.

Words

of three syllables are not very

common

Sam-

in the

and when occurring, the accent varies

tal language,

as pciria

;

pordeni sarido. they

Jingling words of four syllables retain the accent

when

have,

By

separate.

the declension of nouns the accent

is

not altered.

In the conjugation, the vowel preceding the semi-consonants are

and

11

t\

t'

as ddl

ktt* ;

)

But when those

inspirations

by a vowel, and U consequently changes into

followed

g and

accented.

is

into

cl,

vowel has the accent

then the succeeding

;

dalkedea.

SECTION IV.— OF THE PERMUTATION OF LETTERS, The are, as

9 y

cli

exception from this rule

followed by a

is

the softer sound.

that

it

into is,

j, t

by a vowel,

into d,

and

p

into

An

b.

that where one of those semi-conso-

it

ought not to be changed into.

It is true, that

to this rule, but the

shows,

followed

above mentioned, changed into the respective softer

sounds, viz. U into g

nants

when

semi- consonants,

four

many

ought to be done

Santals do not adhere

Santals do, and

best-speaking ;

as dalakat'a,

analogy

instead

of

dalakada. o, is

sometimes changed into

iv,

they are inserted between two. vowels

— taya,

and ;

as

e into y,

i. e.

when

heoa^lmwd, iaea

13

(

)

CHAPTER

II.

OF NOUNS. To Nouns belong Gender, Number, Case and Declension

L—OF

SECTION The genders are

The names

three, masculine, feminine

of males

feminine

females,

;

GENDER.

masculine

are

and

the

;

neuter.

names

and the names of inanimate

of

objects,

neuter.

The Santals have three methods

of distinguishing sex,

viz.

By

a.

woman 6.

;

difference of

andia, a male

;

words

;

as herel, a

man

;

mqiju, a

enga, a female.

By

difference of termination

By

prefixing a

;

as hora, a boy

;

kor% a

girl.

c.

andia

kul, a tiger

;

word

indicative

enga kul y a

of the gender

;

as

tigress.

SECTION II.—OF

NUMBER

Santal nouns have three numbers, viz. Singular, Dual

The dual

and

Plural.

ral,

by adding ko to the

m

is

formed by adding kin, and the plu« root.

The neuter

the dual, and ko in the plural

receives

also

kin

,

14

(

III.— OF CASE.

SECTION The Santa! noun has

)

properly speaking no cases, at least'

not in the classical sense, as the word never changes., but

meaning

takes various' affixes which give the required

may

those affixes being so constantly used, they

;

still,.,,

be regarded^

comprehension of the-

as forming case%, thus' facilitating the

European student.

By

may be

those affixes eight cases

formed, mz. the-

Nominative, the Genitive- or Possessive, the Instrumental, the-

Loca-

Dative, the Accusative or Objective, the Ablative, the

and the Vocative.

tive,

The nominative The

genitive

is

is

the root.

formed by affixing to the root ren, or

The

or an, or reali, or rean.

first

of these is used,

succeeding noun designates an animate

when the

four last are used, is

formed from

re, in,

on-parom)=re-on=zren is

formed from

a,

with the verb it,

or

it is

it is, ho,

they.

position,

;

it

thou

and

when

they— they

noun

e

= water

it

the 11 it

!

(i.

a neuter.

lir

a,

which

:

em, to

used in

give,, a,

will give him, or

3rd.



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Santali; A Grammar of the Santhal Language (Skrefsrud) (1873)

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