English for Health Sciences-PART 1

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ELEMENTARY

LEVEL

FOURTH EDITION

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MEDICAL COTISULTANT

Emeritus Professor David A. Price Evans, MD, DSc, PhD, FRGP

;i ;; l",ff. ;;";"i,o.-; =i *,:,- ;##.i ;; ;";;;"*1 J"*- #, l; ; ;- k, UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM, U.K.

CONTENTS

Contents Unit

1

Arab llospitals BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started SkimmingForMainldeas .............. Reading: Arab Hospitals.. AfterYouRead............ Comprehension Check Finding Specificlnfomation ..........

..............'..

1

.........'.

1

UnderstandingPronounReference

.................

5

........'....'...

5

UnderstandingSentences

..............

....-........-.. 2

........2 ................

3

................. 3 ................. 4

...-.................. 7 Context .............'.... 8 Synorymrs ....... 8 SelectiveReading:Categorize ................. 9 GoingBeyondtheText Vocabulary(newcontext) '......'..... 9

Meaning in

Unit

2

Structure and Function of the Heart

BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started ScanningForSpecific Information

.'............. 10 .......'. 10 ....'...........

11

Reading: Structure and Function of the Heart....'...... 11 .........-.... 12 AfterYouRead............ .--.....-........ 12 GettingtheMainldea ............... 12 ComprehensionCheck ....'...... 13 UnderstandingReference .... 14 GoingBeyondthetext............ ..........- 14 Vocabulary(newcontext) Using the Dictionary to Find Parts of Speech .................. 1 5

vll

COI{TE

Unit

3

Unit

4

Unit

5

CONTENTS

ScanningForSpecificlnformation

..................... 34

Reading: Americans' Use of Medications................ .......34 .................. 35 AfterYouRead.............

Shucture GettingtheMainldea Comprehension Check Understanding Reference MeaninginContext Going Beyondthe Text Vocabulary(newcontext) Understanding Reading

Unit

6

Unit 7

.... 35

....36 .................... 36 ................ 37

.......38 .................... 38 ................ 39

Infections BeforeYouRead......... .................... 40 Getting Started .............. 40 SkimmingForMainldeas .............. ................... 4l Reading: Infections. .....................41 AfterYouRead ............. ..................42 GettingtheMainldea ....42 Comprehension Check .................... 42 Understanding Reference ................ 43 ................... 43 SporyT ns andAntonlrms ............... MeaninginContext .......44 .................... 45 Leamingto Summarize GoingBeyondtheText........... .........46 ................ 46 Vocabulary (new context) ..................... 47 Categories The Common Cold BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started Scanning For Specific lnformation Reading: The Common Cold AfterYouRead............ UnderstandingReading Structure Getting the Main Idea ..............

.................... 48 .............. 48 ..................... 49 ...... 49

................... 50 .... 50 ........ 50

tx

CO}{TE

Unit

8

Unit

9

Revision VocabularyConsolidation.............. Reading:

Bacteria...

.................... 67 ..................... 70

ComprehensionQuestions................

.................72

Reference Antonyn's

................ 72

Understanding

....72

Unit 10 Caffeine and Coffee BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started SkimmingForMainldeas ..............

....................73 ..............73 ...................74

CONTENTS Reading: Caffeine and Coffee AfterYouRead .............

GettingtheMainldea ComprehensionCheck Understanding Contrast UnderstandingReference ............... SSmonyrnsandAntoqrms MeaninginContext Summarize DiscussingtheReading Vocabulary(newcontext)

.....74 ..................15

....75 ....................76 ...................76 ................... 77

................l7 .......78 ..............'..... 79 .................... 80 ................ 80

Unit 11 Why Have They l{ot Found a Cure for Cancer? BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started ScanningForSpecificldeas .........

.................... 81 .............. 81 ............'..'..... 82

Reading: Why Have They Not Found a Cure for Cancer?,............... .-...... 82 .'................ 83 AfterYouRead.............

GettingtheMainldea '...............'..... 83 ........'.....'..... 83 ComprehensionCheck .....'.......... 84 UnderstandingReference .'..'.. 84 MeaninginContext .....' 85 UnderstandingCause andEffect .........86 MakinganOutline .........81 GoingBeyondtheText........... ................ 87 Vocabulary(newcontext) ................... 88 Parts of Speech............

Unit 12 First Aid t I

,

t

BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started SkimmmgForMainldeas ..............

..............'....' 89

.'...........' 89 '.........'........ 90

xl

CONTENTS Reading: FirstAid... AfterYouRead .............

........'.............90 ...............'.. 91

.................... 91 ComprehensionCheck ....92 Antonyns .......92 MeaninginContext .................... 93 GoingBeyondtheText ................ 94 Vocabulary (new context) ................... 95 Parts of Speech............ ImprovingReading Skills:Predictions .....'..'....... 96

Unit 13 Accidents BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started

...-..............-.97

ScanningForSpecificlnformation

....................' 98

Accidents. AfterYouRead............. GettingtheMainldea ComprehensionCheck FindingSpecificlnformation ............. UnderstandingReference MoreAboutExamples MeaninginContext UnderskndingSentences ............. Summarize DiscussingtheReading Vocabulary(newcontext)

....................'.98

Reading:

.............- 97

.'................ 99

....99 .................... 99 ............... 100 .............. 101 .........'........ 101 ..... T02 ................... 103 .................. 103 .................. 104

...........". 104

Unit 14 Headaches BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started Reading: Headaches AfterYouRead............. GettingtheMainldea ComprehensionCheck

.................. 105 ............ 105 ......'........... 106 ................ 107

..107 .................. 107

CONTENTS

Unit

tS Why llo People Smoke? BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started

.................. 112

ScanningForSpecificlnformation

................... 113

............

ll2

.......... 113 Smoke?.... AfterYoulisten.......... .................. 114 ComprehensionCheck .................. 114 UnderstandingReference ............. ................... 115 UnderstandingSignalWords ............... ............ 116 MoreAboutCauseandEffect ....... ll7 DiscussingtheReading .................. 117 Vocabulary(newcontext) .............. 117 Categories ................... 118

Reading: Why Do People

Unit 16 High Blood Pressure BeforeYouRead......... GettingStarted Main ldeas and Summary Reading: High Blood Pressure AfterYouRead ............. UnderstandingReading Structure GettingtheMainldea ComprehensionCheck Understanding SignalWords ............ Signalling anUnexpectedResult UnderstandingReference Synonyrns andAntonyrns ............... MeaninginContext

.................. 119 ............ 119 ...........-.. 120 .................... 120

................122 .. 122

..122 .................. 122 ............... 124

.... 124 .............. 125 ................. 125

.....126

xlll

CONTENTS

Sentences SelectiveReading: Categoize DiscussingtheReading Vocabulary(newcontext) ..... ... . . ParlsofSpeech............ Understanding

.............. I27

........128 .................. 128

................129 ................. 130

Unit 17 WhyDo Children GetChickenpox? BeforeYouRead......... Getting Started Scanning For Specific Information

.................. 131 ............ 131 ................... 132

Reading: Why Do Children Get Chickenpox?...... ........132 AfterYouRead............. ................ 133 UnderstandingReading Structure .................... 133

ComprehensionCheck Understanding SignalWords ............ UnderstandingReference ............. Summarize GoingBeyondtheText Vocabulary(newcontext) PartsofSpeech............ ImprovingReading Skills:Prediction

.................. 133 ............... 134 ................... 134 .................. 135 .................. 135 .............. 135 ................. 136 ................ 137

Unit 18 Revision VocabularyConsolidation..............

.................. 138

Leprosy.... Comprehension Check Understanding Reference ............. Synonyms Vocabulary(newcontex| ...........

.................. 142 .................. 143 ................... 144 ...................144

Reading:

Glossary...

xtv

................. 145

....148

UNIT

1:

Arab Hospitals

T]-NTT 1

Arab Hospitals at the pictures, the title, and the words below. Together discuss the '..lowing questions.

-:ok

Before You Read Getting Started Exercise 1 1. 2.

Whatis ahospital? Who works in a hospital, and what do they do there?

UNIT l: Arab Hospitals

Skirnming for Main Ideas Aparagraph usually talks about one topic (subject). often one sentence is the topic sentence. It talks about the topic and the main ideas of the paragraph. The other sentences give details about the main idea. (Hints: The topic is just a word o, u noun phrase - a few words. It is not a sentence. The topic sentence can be found in different places in the paragraph: beginning. middle. or end..;

Exercise 2 R-ead tEee f*ll*wimg paragrapfus

quiekly. Bon,t use a dietionary and don,t the details" tryEren you ftnisfu, wrlte the topie anr! the topic semtence of eaeh paragraph

llsrry ah**t

Reading

?*pi*1,, T*pie*e*-t*nce:

10

T*pie *entexree;

UNIT

1:

Arab Hospitals

additioa':te"ihe' I&lri:' Ho$oital in Damascus and.'the.. Mansuri ur Cairo, an outstanding hospital was the Adudi Hospital

ln

in

Baghde{i*i.was

available at the time.

It

a'with the besi eqaipnrerit'and supplies

was staffed

by 24doctors, some specialized

in internal medicine, others in surgery, ophthaLmology, orthopedics,

dermato@,oi'p*t"uti'

,-

'*diiai'

m*b nF.*

tit,it.,

io LZSS AD by invading Mongolian armies. t'Maurieet*t4retr,', t+ospitals rn Hittoty' in KF

was destroyea

taa*p

\fter You Read Comprehension Check E rercise 3 -.:.!\\'ering specific questions about a reading helps you to check your --ierstanding of the text. Writing answers to these questions helps you to .,. ,ierstand the organrzation of words into sentences. The organization of , ,:,rds into sentences is grammar. Obviously, grammar helps you to understand ', rat you read.

\nslyer questions 1-2 by laoking at Faragrap*r 1. 1, Who first improved early hospitalization systems? Three types of hospitals are mentioned in this paragraph. What are they? 2-

b. c.

.\nswer questions 3-6 by looking at Faragraph 3. How were all hospitals similar in design? -1.

What was each section supplied with?

2.

UNIT l: Arab Hospitals

5. How were patients 6.

assigned

to wards?

Name two diseases treated in the internal medicine ward. b.

a.

Answer questions 7-9 tty looking at Paragraph 3. 7

.

Three outstanding hospitals are mentioned in this paragraph. What are they? a.

b. c.

8.

Six specialized departments are mentioned in this paragraph. What are they?

9.

a.

d.

b.

e.

c.

f.

Who destroyed the Adudi Hospital?

Finding Specific Information General ideas or topics often'have specific facts or examples that support them or make them clear.

Eaucie4 Find the specific facts or examples in Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the reading pussilge. First read each paragraph. Then circle the letter next to specific information that supports the general topic. Notice that there is usually more than one specific fact in a paragraph. Circle as many letters as necessary.

Paragraph

2

What is the specific information? a. All hospitals were similar in design.

b. c.

There were two sections, one for males and the other for females.

Each section is provided with necessary furniture, medical equipment, and instruments.

UNIT

:iragraph -\

1:

Arab Hospitals

3

hat is the specific information? a. It was furnished with best equipment and supplies.

b. It was staffed by 24

doctors.

c. The Adudi hospital was an outstanding hospital in Baghdad.

L

nderstanding Pronoun Reference A pronoun takes the pl*ce of a noua. When you read, it's important to rmderstand.the rneaning of,each pronoun and the nounthat the pronotrn refers to. To find thenoun that a pronoun refers to, look back in'the senterce

orintheseatencesthalcomeo-eforeit,'

Erercise

''''

:

.

5

. ..ik back at the reading passage to find the meaning of the tbllowing :'lnouns. What does each pronoun refer to? their [paragraph 2, line 10]

I. it [paragraph 3, line 17] i it [paragraph 3, line 19]

Lnderstanding Sentences Erercise 6 i.rad the sentences. Circle all the verbs. Underline the sutrjects (noun ,'r pronoun) of the verbs. the patient and gave him medicine. E)L{MPLE: The doctorflr-b

1. Doctors see their patients every morning. 2. King Fahad Hospital has more than 200 beds. 3. The doctor diagnosed the trouble immediately. 4. Bone consists largely of calcium phosphate. 5. The patient had a chest X-ray.

UNIT

1:

Arab Hospitals

6.

Early hospitals were small.

7.

Dr. Ahmad is a surgeon.

8.

Munerah works at Gaza Hospital.

9.

Every hospital had two separate sections.

10. They accepted two more patients.

Exercise

7

Underline the subject and write s above it. circle the vertr and write v above it. Double underline the obiect and write o above it.

svo EXAMPLE. 1.

The

doctor

saw

the patient.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

2. Many patients need special diets. 3.

Doctors usually see their inpatients in the moming.

4.

The surgeon excised the tumor.

5.

She overcame her problems.

6. ln 1196, Edward Jenner introduced

his smallpox vaccine.

7.

The government built two hospitals last year.

8.

The college accepted 200 students this year.

9,

The teacher explained the digestive system.

10. She collected her medicine from the pharmacy.

6

I

UNIT

1:

Aratr Hospitals

Read each sentence carefully. Then circle the letter of the

word or phrase

Meaning in Context Exercise 8 that has the same meaning as the boldfaced word. Use sentence clues.

l.

The Arabs were not the first to build hospitals, but they were the first to improve early hospitalization systems.

a. b. 2.

start

stop

c. d.

make better delay

Although the majority ofArab hospitals were general, there were hospitals which specialized in one kind of illness, such as leprosy,

eye diseases, or mental diseases.

a. few b. most

c. d.

some large

The patients were assigned to wards according to the type

of

illness, so there were wards for internal medicine, orthopaedics, and surgery.

a. classifled b. allocated 4.

c. d.

named

told

tn addition to the Nuri Hospital in Damascus and the Mansouri

in Cairo, an outstanding hospital was the Adudi Hospital in Baghdad.

a. b. 5"

bad

c.

frir

d.

excellent

worst

It rvas furnished with the best equipment and supplies available at the time.

&. staf[ed with b- provided with

c. d.

free of deprived of

UNIT

1:

Arab Hospitals

Synonyms Exercise 9 Match the diseases on the left with the department where they can be treated on the right. Put the letter of the correct answer on the lines.

Selective Reading: Categorize, Cross Out

Exercise

10

Read the line of words.In each line one word does not belong. Cross it out. Then if possible write the name of the category to which the other items belong. Work quickly.

EXAMPLE: red

1. leprosy

'),(dysentery

blue

yellow green

anger

cancer

AIDS

stretcher

scissors

2. microscope wheelchair vitamins 3. fever

sweating

malaria

pain

vomiting

4. tablets

injection

syftrp

forceps

lotion

5. histology

bacteriolory surgery

diarrhea

radiology

6. milk

fish

aspirin

beans

8

rice

colours

UNIT 1: Arab Hospitals

Going Beyond the Text Exercise 11 In small groups, talk about any hospital you have visited or been

a

patient in. For

e.rample: new/old, size, staff. .. etc.

\acabulary (new context) Exercis e 12 The following words are from the text. Put the correct word in the l-rlanks.

1.

Hospitals are built to

health standards in this country.

she takes her tablets, her blood pressure remains high. -t.

The two hospitals are

They both do various

kinds of heart operations.

4.

now

5,

in heart diseases, but

Twenty years ago this hospital

it

also treats cancer.

Patients with medical problems go to the medical

ri.hile those who need operations go to the surgical ward. The renal ward is divided into two and the other The field r-BIl

one for males

for females.

of

has advanced a lot. Surgeons

now deal with difficult cases with no complications.

This department is

by 20 teachers.

UNIT 2: Structure and Function of the Heart

UNIT

2

Structure and Function of the Heart the Look at the picture, the title, and the words below. Together discuss

following questions.

Before You Read Getting Started

Exercise

1

1. What is the heart? 2. What does the heart look like? 3. What does the heart do? 4.Whathappenswhentheheartdoesnotfunctionwell? 10

u*Ction orthe Heart

t.*#ffiffi. Sometimes you want to find information quickly. In this case, you don't :ead every sentence. Instead, you scan the material

-

you look quickly

ior the important words. To do this, have a question in your mind. Then run your finger down the page until the answer'Jumps out" at '.'ou. Don't read any more than necessary in order to answer your -:uestion.

Erercise

2

i .nd answers to the questiens and lvrite them on the lines below. L How many chambers does the heart have?

l,

\\Ihat are the two upper chambers of the hearl called?

-r. What is the function -1.

of the heart valves?

How many primary coronary arteries are there in the heafi?

Reading

10

l1

Uf{IT 2: Structure and Fuxrction of $he Slea blood out of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous blood ,'on111.'to.the':luags.. In the lu$gi, the,red blood cells pick up oxygen, and the oxygenated blood is pumped to the remainder of the body I

b

,

,

15 ,l

.

l ','

i

',

u*iile,

T,.here

't

''""

are'four valves present within

fu

"'

'''

r''

'

heatt.' These valvgs

'dg,.g to frg the,back-flow of blood. A,wall I l , ' called,the'sep1llp divides:the henrt.into {ght and left sides. The heart is the hardest working muscle in the body. For

set'as'one:

,

20

:

enriched blood. The heart muscle receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries. .There are:.tluee prinnarv coronary arteries,

and eaeh.one'has many smaller branches, allowlqg eveqr portion of the heart to receive blood. The right and Ieft main coronary

25

After You

R.ead

Gettixeg tEre Maisa {dea

Exercise 3 Circle the ietter of tlee rciain idea of the readimg.

a.

The heart consists of four chambers in addition to the arteries and veins.

b.

Ventricles pump blood out ofthe heart.

c. The four valves of the heart prevent the back-flow d.

ofblood.

The four chambers of the heart and its'blood vessels have specific flrnctions.

Comprehension Check

Exercise cirele

tBre

4

letter of the best ax:sever ac*cndimg ter tiee re*dimg passege.

1. The heart is a.

solid

b. hollow

t2

c. hard d. tense

2: Structure and Function of the Heart

l. The heart is situated a. above b. below

the lungs. c. between d. under

-i. The upper chambers are called a. ventricles

c. atria

b. valves

d. septum

{. The right and Ieft

atrra

a. pump blood out of the heart c. oxygenate blood d. receive blood b. send blood to the lungs with oxygenated blood. 5. The coronary arteries supply c. the red blood cells in the lungs a. the heart muscle d. the upper chambers b. the ventricles 5. Oxygenated blood is carried away from the heart by c. ventricles a. atrta d. aorta and arteries b. veins

-. Blood is brought

E. The

a. ventricles

by the veins. c. right side of the heart

b. sternum

d. valves

back to the

receives blood from the lungs. c. vein a. aorta d. lower chamber b. left atrium

9. The red cells in the lungs c. originate in the aorta a. prevent the back-flow of blood b. pump blood to every part of the body d. pick up oxygen

Understanding Reference Exercise 5 Look back at the reading passage to find the meaning of the following n'ords. What does each word refer to?

it

[paragraph 1, line 3] 2. these fparagraph 1, line 7] f

.

3. these [paragraph 2, bne llf 4. these [paragraph 3, line 16] 5. its fparagraph 4, line 2l] 13

UNIT 2: Structure a*d Function of'the Fleart

Exercise 6 Match the parts of the b*dy with their functions. Write ttre tetters on ihe lines"

Going Beyond the Text Exercise 7 If you

see someone having a heart attack, what

will you do? How

can you

help?

Vocabulary (new context) Exercise I 'l'he f,*llcwing words are f,r*trr the text" Cornplete the fnllor+,ing senten*es lvith the ecrreet lvortl from ahe box below.

1. The such as

system consists of a number of muscles

the muscles of the face and the neck.

2. The patient with heart failure was admitted to the care unit (CCU). 14

T 2: Structure and Function of the Heart

: l:e doctor took a blood sample from the patient's vein. - l:-e heart is in the front of the chest between the lungs. : -:e coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood. ' - he heart muscle blood from the right and left arteries, - lne two passages of the nose are divided by the nasal

[-

sing the Dictionary to Find parts of Speech don't need to look up every word in a dictionary because you can :'tten guess the meanings from the context. Sometimes, howeveE you may '.i ant to use a dictionary for otherpurposes for instance, to find the part rf speech of a word or to learn related words. t ou

-\ dictionary will tell you the parts of speech a word can be, usually with lhese abbreviations: n. : noun, u : verb, udj.:adjective, adv. :adverb, prep.

: preposition, conj. : conjunction.

ihe meanings ofthe

The abbreviation appears before

wordwiththatpartof speech.

Example: The dictionary enhy below shows that the word health is a noun u'ith three meanings). A related adjective is healthful or healthy; a related ' adverb is healthily; a related noun is healthiness. health /hele/ n 1 [tT] the srate of beingwell, without disease: Health

::

ltetter than weahh

2

health-ful /helOfa ar at the seaside

l/

[tl

the condition of the body: in poor healtb / in ,ood health 3 p] (before drinking) a wish for ot toast to someone,s success and continued freedom from illness (esp. in the phrs. Drink :omeone's health, drink a beahb to snm€nne) your bealthl

health-y /hele

@ood)

adj likely to produce good health: the healthful

i/ adi 1 strong, not often i/t; ana$t in gootr healtb 2 a

HEAIITHFUL b good for the mind or character: That book is not healtblr readingfor a child c narural: He bas a healthl disrike ( school. 3 showing good health: a clear heahfu, skin.

healthily adv healthiness n

[e

15

TINIT 2: Structure and Function of the Heart

Exercise 9 Find these words in your dictionary. Write the part of speech on the lines before each word - (n.) for noun, (v.) for verb, (adj.) for adjective, and (adv.) for adverb, as in the examples. some words, in different context, can be more than one part of speech' Note: If possible, everyone in the class should use the same kind of dictionary for the following exercise. Work quickly. The first student with the correct answers is the winner. 1.

atrium

9.

remainder

.,

muscular

10.

enriched

3.

slightly

11.

stemum

4.

coronary

12.

pump

5.

continuous

13.

vein

6.

branches

14.

supply

7.

venfficle

15.

oxygenated

8.

ho1low

16.

originate

t6

Diet

L ]iIT 3

Sflet -

r

at the picture, the title, and the words below. Together discuss the

,x ing questions.

E rnd

:

addd3Nm hhods.

Meat, Poultry, Fish Dry Beans, Eggs & Nuts Group

2.3

SERVINGS

r. '1

diet

I

:

carbohydrates

food

Fruit 6roup 2.1

SERVTNGS

:

weigfut

proteins

Before llou Read Getting Started Exercise 1 1. What food groups does the picture show? 2. What nutrients are present in each group? 3. What does the worddietmean? 4. How can you get abalanced diet? 5. Do you know any diseases which can be controlled

by diet?

LINA?- -3:

{}iet

Gesc?EBEm

g {*x

Exercise F

Sg=*c€ffi

c

6sE

fl*rsaea€€*ce

2

isld ansyvers to tiee questions atrd sl'rite ttrec& osl the triues bel*w.

1. What does a mixed diet consist

ofl

2. How much fat does cow's milk contain? 3. How much carbohydrate is required every day? 4. What causes a low standard of health in underdeveloped countries?

5. What does the amount of carbohydrate depend

on?

K*adBreg #iet Diet is the dailyamount of food consumedby an individual. Humans require a mixed diet, i.e., a diet consisting of different animal and plant foods, as no single food contains a1l the essential nutrients

in

Milk, for instance, contains all the nutrients required by the body but not in the proportions the body requires. Cow's milk contains on average:

the proportions required for health.

Protein Lactose

t0

4.4% 4.0-5.4%

Fat

3.5%

Mineral salts

0.7%

Water

87.0-88.0%

A well-balanced diet should contain foodstuffs roughly in the following proportions by weight: 1 part protein, 1 part fat, 4 parts carbohydrates. In addition, it must contain traces ofthe various vitamins.

18

lH€E 3: *ie€ The standard dailyrequirements are estimated by many authorities to be:

Protein

46-569

Fat

66-809 (or 25Y, of the total calorie intake)

Carbohydrates 300-4009 (or 50-60% of the total calorie intake) Health may be maintained by eating a well-balanced diet containing the above foodstuffs according to the needs ofthe individual. For example. larger amouns ofprotein are required by pregnant women,

growing children, and people carrying out healy work. In the first group, there is a need for building material to make new tissue for growth. in

addition to the constant repair of cells that are worn out. ln the second, more tissue needs repairing. More fat is desirable for people living in cold countries. In many densely populated underdeveloped countries, Iack ofprotein and lat is responsible for a low standard of health and a

highrate ofdeath. The amount ofcarbohydrate required depends on the amount

of energy

a

person uses. Thus,

a

person doing heavy work requires

more than a sedentary worker.

While nutrition is much more complex than these examples indicate, they are enough to show its importance to

a

healthy 1ife.

lAdapted lrom Jackson and Bennert. 1988. Physiology with Anatomy For \!rrses.

\tter

)

B*ee ffi*a#

n-

nd*a"s€acad$eag ReadEaeg S€a"aae€ear*

L-

rercise

3

''.tcit tE:* f'*iE*eving i$eac rvitfu their p*ragr*pE:s. ?Yrit* tEee xaercatfuers #€ : pilragrfiglEas *sp tia* Eimes. a. The amount of energy needed determines the amount of carbohydrates required.

b. A mlxed diet is essential to provide the body with necessary nutrients. c. A well-balanced diet is very important for good health. d. Pregnant women and growing children need a large amount ofprotein for making new tissue and repairing wom out cells.

t9

UNIT 3: Diet

Comprehension Check

Exercise

4

Circle the letter of the best answer according to the reading passage. 1. People need amixed dietbecause a. persons require nutrients in different quantities

b. there is not one type of food that contains all necessary nutrients c. animal foods are

richerthanplant foods

d. humans need animal foods only

2.

Milk contains

_

a. protein and

b. all the

3.

in different proportions.

lactose

nutients

d. new tissue

The standard dailyrequirement of fats is

66-809 b.300-4009 a.

4.

c. fats and carbohydrate

c.3.5o/o

d.87-88%

Large amounts ofproteins arerequiredby a. pregnantwomen and growing

children

b. people living in cold countries

c. sedentaryworkers d. none ofthe above

5.

In many underdeveloped countries, the standard of health is poor and the rate of death is high because

_.

a. the diet does not contain enough protein and fat

b. thenumberofpeople is large c. there are no hospitals and

clinics

d. people use more carbohydrates

6,

Goodhealth canbe a. being an

maintainedby_.

office worker

b. having moreproteins and carbohydrates c.

doinglightduties

d. eating awell-balanced diet

7,

2A

_ protein a. b.milk

More

is desirable forpeople

living in cold countries.

c. fat

d. carbohydrate

Ilie{

nderstanding Signal Words rignalling Exarnples I-

SQnal words are words which show the relationship between ideas. When ,,

i

state a general idea or mention an object or a word, we often give an

:,.ample in order to help the reader understand. Words which signal eramples include:

for

F. '..

i

example

rercise

such as

instance

to illustrate

5

-r\\€r the fcllowimg . ind

for

questions.

for instance in line 4.

a. What is the example? b. What is this an example ofl Find

for example in lines 22. a. What is the example?

b. What is this an example of?

Svnonyms and Antonyms Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. For example, big and

large are synonyms because they mean almost the same thing. Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example, big and small are antonyms because their meanings are opposite to each other-

Understanding the relationships between words can help you build your

vocabulary and make you a better reader.

2t

UNIT 3: Diet

Exercise 6 Decide if the following pairs of words are synonyms or antonyms. If they are synonyms, circle S.If they are antonyms, circleA.

1. consumed 2. different

eaten

S

same

S

3. essential 4. correct 5. amounts

important

S

wTong

S

proportions

S

6.ridr

heavy

S

A A A A A A

7. lack of 8. difficult

short

S

A

S

A

of

srnple

IGanjrBr

inffieffi,

Eercise

7

Read each sentence carefully. Then circle the letter of the word or phrase that has the same meaning as the boldfaced word. use sentence clues.

1.

Diet is the daily amount of food consumed by an individual. Humans require a mixed diet, i.e., a diet consisting of different animal and plant foods.

a.

2.

sense

c. rate

b. quantity

d. meal

For example, milk contains all the nutrients required but not in the correct proportions for the body. a. food

elements

b. chemicals

3. 4.

A well-balanced diet is essential to maintain health. a. high-fat

c. correctly varied

b.low-protein

d. proportionate

Large amounts of proteins are required by pregnant women, growing children and people carrying out heavy work.

a. used b. needed 22

c. fats and proteins d. mixed diet

c.

eaten

d. bought

Diet In many densely populated underdeveloped countries, lack of protein and fat is responsible for a low standard of health and a high rate of death.

6.

a. empty

c. withveryfewpeople

b. with a lot ofpeople

d. cloudy

The amount of carbohydrate required depends on the amount of energy a

person uses. Thus, a person doing heavy work requires more than a sedentary worker.

a. voluntary

c. active

b. stationary

d. noisy

Uiscussirg

Erercise

tte redirg

8

I:i small groups, talk about

a

well-balanced diet for yourselves.

\ ocabulary (new context) E rercise 9 T he

following words are from the text. Put the correct word in the blanks.

rsiahin. diet

1.

se-&nt+tr:y

Hospitals are important to

.........

The physician advised the patient to avoid a _t.

It is

..........

health.

................

lifestyle.

........ to observe the patient after the operation.

He had a complicated operation. +.

The doctor put the patient on a low-fat and a low-carbohydrate in order to lose weight. His work does not meet

It.

the

required.

"\spirin is the most blood clotting tendencies.

... drug for patients having

The prognosis ............... on how much he responds to the new drug.

i.

This diet contains all foodstuffs in

the

... required for health.

23

UNIT 4: Medicines and Drugs

UNIT 4 Medicines and Ilrugs Look at the pictures, the title, and the words below. Together discuss the following questions.

Before You Read Getting Started Exercise I 1. 2. 3. 4. 24

Whataremedicines? Where dotheycome from?

What are they used for? What forms of medicines do you know?

4: Metlicines and Drugs

skimming for Main Ideas Erercise 2 ;.erd the following paragraphs quickly. Don't use a dictionary. When .,u finishr

write the topic and the topic sentence of each paragraph"

Reading A largiipart medicines tlrld

@s.

of,,a paticntls'keatment'in hospital consists

of

These,are cherniiai,comporlnds that can benatural

or artifi cially. producgd.

Topie: Topic sentence:

:Naturalm

alrnals, or'frqlnlthe ground such as irorg sulphur, orpotassium. Digoxin is an example ofa drug which comes from the plant'fox glove'. Insulin and certain cines oorne fiom pfqlts,

antibiotics are medicinesproduced from tiving organisms. On the other :': hand,au1ry-ren ii5dru9 thatismda-made.;,r" :::.-,'i',,, '

.'

Toptel Tapie $entence!

25

E-TFJEB'4:

Medicines and llrugs

Medicines are administered to patients in different ways. They

15

can be taken orally or intravenously. They can also be injected into the

muscle or under the skin, as well as per rectum. The medicine which is given to be absorbed in the rectum is calted a suppository. Some drugs. such as eyedrops or topical skin preparations, can be applied directly

20

to the target area. These preparations tend to have a very localized effect and do not usually enterthe bloodstream in sigruficant quantities. (Smith,

2A0A. Comptete

Family Health Guide.)

Topic:

Trpie sentense:

Af,ter You Reaci C*xnpreEaeresiom CEaecEi Exercise 3 Say whether the following staterments are true or false according to

the passage. Cirele (Y) for true or' {Fi for false. Write the nunetrers of tirre(s) where *ar fierd the answers. 'f he* rewrite the false statements correctlv in the space [relorv the statement. I. Medicines can be made in the laboratory or obtained from nature. ,v,

T F

Line(s)

2. Natural medicines originate in laboratories.

T F Line(s)

3. Digoxin is an example of a drug that comes from animals.

T

F

Line(s)_ 4. Insulin is produced from living organisms. 5. Medicines

26

T

can only be taken through the mouth.

F

Line(s)

T F Line(s)_

UNIT 4: Medicines and Drugs

fi,

3e:-blocker drugs may disturb sleeping pattems. T

F Line(s)

i" r"ce effects occur as a result of drugs acting on the target area only. T F Line(s)

Ffnding Specific Information Erercise 4 are two lists of information from the reading passage. Which 'ur"cific ideas give support to each general idea? write the letter of ir-e general idea next to each specific idea, as in the example. :fr*r're

,kneral

Ideas

r

\arural medicines come from different sources. im- \Iedicines can be given to patients in different ways.

u

Drugs and medicines can cause side effects

:pecific Ideas

1. Eyedrops can be applied directly to the target area. 2. Digoxin comes from a plant called "fox-glove". 3. Beta-blocker drugs may disturb sleeping patterns. 4. Iron andpotassium are examples of naturally-occurring chemicals. 5. Medicines can be injected into the muscle or under the skin. 6. Medicines can be taken orally or intravenously.

Understanding Reference Exercise 5 Look back at the reading passage to find the meaning of the following pronouns. What does each pronoun refer to?

1. they fparagraph 3, line 13] 2. they fparagraph 4,line 15] 3. they lparagraph 4, line 161 27

UNIT 4: Medicines

amd

Drugs

Active and Fassive Look at the following sentences.

svo Active:

a.

An aspirin tablet can cure a headache.

Passive: b. A headache can be curerl tly an aspirin tairlet. Now look at the following sentences from the passage.

SVO

Active:

a. Patients cantake medicines orally.

SV Passive: b. Vledicines can be taken orally by patients.

In the active yoice, the subject does the action of the verb. In the passive voice, the subjoct receives the action. It is the object of the active sentence. The by phr*se is used in passive sentences when it is imoportant to know

who perforrns an action.

Form: singular object * is + past participle plural ob;iect * ar€,* past participle

Exercise

.

'

6

Look at these sentences from the reading pfissage. Say ifthey are active or passive.

1.

A large part ofpatients' treatment in hospital consists ofmedicines and drugs. (lines 1-2)

2. Drugs and medicines can cause side effects. (line 9) 3. Beta-blocker drugs may be used in the treatment of high blood pressure. (line 12)

4.

Medicines are administeredtopatients in differentways. (line 15)

5. 6.

They can be taken orally or intravenously. (lines 1 5- 16)

28

They can also be injected into the muscle or under the skin. (lines 16-17)

4: Medicines and Drugs

Erercise 7 flhange these sentences from active to passive. 1. He can take a painkiller every eight hours.

)

Scientists must find a featment forAIDS.

3. You can write iron symbolically.

4. You should handle acids with gre at care. 5. He may complete his researchnext year. 6. The experimenterheats the gas carefully. 7. Theymake antibiotics &om living organisms.

8. We find iron and sulphur in the ground.

Exercise

I

Change these sentences from passive to active. 1. Expansionis causedbyheat.

2,

The project

3.

Iron and steel are attracted by magnets.

4.

The results shouldbe analyzed.

will

be completed next year,

5.

Sound waves are produced by vibrations.

6.

Headaches can be relieved by painkillers.

7.

Potassium is found in the ground.

8.

The patient can be seen today.

29

UNIT 4: Medicines and Drugs

Making Notes Exercise 9 Cornplete the following diagram with informaticn from the reading passage.

j

j

2;

5 l

e,jrg

Beliurd the

Eauci.e

IbE