APOSTILA - with VERBS

SAVE OFFLINE

Teacher: Aline De Gregorio Alves Borges

Group: ________________________________________________________________________

Student’s name: _____________________________________________________________________________

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES Prefix + root + suffix UNFORGETABLE (negação) / (esquecer)/ (-able – adj.) -ABLE/-IBLE = -ável/-ível (adj.) UN- = negação •

• Sufixo – altera a classe gramatical Prefixo – geralmente não altera classe gramatical.

SUFFIXES Adjectives -able/-ible = ável/ível ex.: tolerable, unbelievable, irresistible, possible, responsible -al = al/ -ico/ica -

ex.: ecological, political, technical, terminal, fraternal

-an = (nacionalidade /religião) - ex.: Algerian, American, Brazilian, Presbyterian -ant = ante

- ex.: relevant, expectorant

-er = mais

- ex.: taller, stronger, safer

-ese = nacionalidade

- ex.: Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese

-ful = com

- ex.: meaningful, forceful

-less = sem

- ex.: meaningless, forceless, heartless

-ic = -ico

ex.: catholic, alcoholic

-ish =

ex.: selfish, boyish, greenish

-ive = ivo

ex.: native, active, narrative, primitive, respective

-ous = -oso/-osa

ex.: courageous, luminous, litigious, precious

Nouns -ance = ância ex.: importance, performance, relevance -er/-or = (aquele/aquilo que) -hood (condição)

ex.: worker, farmer, lawyer, dreamer, actor, author

ex.: childhood, neighborhood, brotherhood

- ics= -estudo - ex.: linguistics, electronics, mechanics -ism = -ismo

- ex.: heroism, mechanism, chauvinism

-ist = -ista

ex.: nationalist, specialist, analyst

-ity = -idade (estado, condição) ex.: identity, reality, ability, sensibility, loyalty, cruelty, honesty, mortality -ment = -mento

ex.: liniment, judgment, entertainment, amazement

-ness = (condição, qualidade ou estado)

ex.: happiness, sadness, greatness 2

-ion = -ão (transforma verbos em substantivos)

ex.: extension, direction, discussion

Verbs -ate = activate, terminate, capacitate, alienate -ize = nationalize, formalize, pressurize, fraternize -fy = qualify, electrify, exemplify, purify -en = frighten, fatten, smoothen

PREFIXES Prefix a, ab a, an ad, af, at, ag ambi amphi Ant, anti ante cata con, cor , com contra de di dia dis e, ex em em en hyper hypo il im in ir per peri post pre pro re sub, sup super trans

Meaning From, away Without (sem) to both (ambos) around (ao redor) Against (contra) Before(antes) Down(em baixo) with , together (com/junto) Against (contra) From, down (de/baixo) Apart (separar, apartar) Through (através) not (não) out of, over (fora, término out (fora) in (dentro) in (dentro, em/ in-) Above, over (sobre/híper) Under (embaixo, sob) not (não) In, not (in, não, em) not (negação) not (negação) Through (através) Around (ao redor) After (pós/ depois) Before (pré/ antes) For, forth (para, adiante, antes) Back, again, down (repetição) under (abaixo) Over, above(super) Across (através, trans-)

Examples Avert (evitar, desviar) Atheist, anarchist Adhere, affix, attain, aggressive Ambidextrous, Ambiguous Amphitheater (anfiteatro) Antonym, antipathy Antedate Cataract, catacomb Convene, correlate, compare contradict Descend, debase (descender/ degradar, rebaixar) Divert, divorce Diagonal Disagree, disappear, Disconnect Evaluate, exponent Emanate Embark Enclose(incluir) hypercritical hypodermic Illegal, illegible Import, impossible Inactive Irresponsible, irresistible permeate perimeter Postpone, posterity Predict, precede, Prehistoric Pronoun, procession Recall, revive, retreat, redo Subordinate, suppose supervise Transport, transmit

3

CONJUNCTIONS TEMPO When = quando While = enquanto (que) As = como/ enquanto (que) After = depois Before = antes Until = até Till = até Since = desde/ já que/ visto que Once = uma vez (que) Now (that) = agora (que) Whenever = sempre/qualquer hora In the meantime = nesse meio tempo Then = então Yet = ainda (que); já (que) As soon as = assim que LUGAR Where = onde Wherever = onde quer que; em qualquer lugar MODO How = como As = como As if = como se As though = como se CAUSA Why = por quê/ por que Because = porque Since = uma vez que; visto que. As = assim que, visto que. Seeing that = visto que Now that = agora que For = para/ por/porque PROPÓSITO So that = para que In order that = para que In order to = para CONCESSÃO Though = embora Although = embora Even though = mesmo que; ainda que. Even if = mesmo se; ainda que. Whatever = qualquer/ o que quer q.. Wherever = em qualquer lugar Whenever = sempre/ qualquer hora However = seja como for Whether… or not = se… ou não No matter = não obstante COMPARAÇÃO As… as = tanto… quanto So… as = tanto… quanto As = (assim) como

Such... as = tal… como Like = como CONDIÇÃO If = se Unless = a menos que Whether = se As long as = desde que/contanto que So long as = desde que/contanto que Provided that = desde que/contanto que On condition that = desde que/contanto que; na condição que Supposing that = supondo que In case = no caso RESULTADO So that = a fim de que; de modo que ADIÇÃO And = e Both … and = ambos… e As well as = bem como And also = e também Not only…but also = não só… mas também Furthermore = além disso Besides = além disso Likewise = da mesma forma Moreover = além disso Again = mais uma vez; novamente CONTRASTE But = mas Yet = já que; ainda Still = ainda However = contudo, entretanto, todavia Nevertheless = contudo, entretanto, todavia Nonetheless = contudo, entretanto, todavia In spite of = apesar de Despite = apesar de Whereas = enquanto (que), visto que ALTERNATIVA Or = ou Either… or = ou… ou Neither … nor = nem… nem Or else = ou também Otherwise = ou, senão CONSEQUÊNCIA So = então Therefore = portanto Accordingly = de acordo Thus = assim; desta forma Consequently= consequentemente So that = para que, assim Then = então

4

PREPOSITIONS SINGLE WORD (UMA PALAVRA) About = sobre, a cerca de, aproximadamente Above = acima Absent = fora de, ausente, sem Across = através de, pelo After = depois (de), após Against = contra Along = ao longo (de) Alongside = ao lado de, junto a Amid = entre, no meio de Amidst = entre, no meio de Among = entre (vários elementos) Amongst = entre (vários elementos) Around = em torno de, ao redor, em volta As = como, enquanto At = em, na, no, nas, nos Atop = sobre, em cima de Before = antes (de) Behind = atrás (de) Below = abaixo, sob Beneath = abaixo, sob Beside = ao lado (de), perto (de) Besides = além (de) Between = entre (dois elementos) Beyond = além (de) By = por, pelo, de Despite = apesar de, não obstante Down = abaixo, para baixo During = durante Except = exceto, fora, salvo Following = seguinte, depois de For = para, por, em lugar de, porque From = de (origem) In = em (dentro), na, no, nas, nos Inside = em (dentro), na, no, nas, nos Into = para dentro, em (dentro) Like = como (igual – para comparar) Mid = meio Minus = menos Near = perto (de), próximo Nearest = mais perto (de), mais próximo Notwithstanding = não obstante Of = de Off = fora (de) On = em (sobre), na, nos, nas, nos Onto = para cima, em Opposite = de fronte, oposto, em frente a Out = fora Outside = (de) fora Over = sobre, acima Past = anterior, antes, após Round = ao redor, em volta (de) Since = desde (que), já que, visto que Through = através (de) Throughout = em toda parte, durante todo Till = até (Till = until) To = para, por, à

Toward = para, em direção (à/de) Towards = para, em direção (à/de) Under = debaixo, abaixo, sob Underneath = abaixo, sob, embaixo Unlike = ao contrário de, diferente de Until = até (until = till) Up = em cima, acima Upon = sobre, em Via = via With = com Within = dentro de, em Without = sem MULTI-WORDS - TWO WORDS (2 PALAVRAS) According to = de acordo com, em conformidade com, segundo … Ahead of = em frente a, diante de As to = como, em relação a, sobre Aside from = com exceção de Because of = por causa de Close to = próximo a, perto de Due to = devido a Far from = longe de, ao contrário de In to (into) = para dentro, em Inside of = dentro de Instead of = ao invés de On to (onto) = sobre, para cima Out of = fora de Outside of = fora de Owing to = devido a, por causa de Near to = perto de Next to = próximo de, ao lado de, junto a Prior to = antes de Subsequent to = depois de, subsequente a NO-FULLY GRAMMATICALIZED Concerning = a cerca de, sobre Considering = considerando, em vista de Regarding = a respeito de, em relação a PREPOSITION - LIKE MODIFIERS OF QUALIFIED NOUN PHRASES Apart from = exceto, a não ser, por But = exceto Except = exceto Plus = além, ademais (mais) Save = exceto POSTPOSITIONS Ago = atrás Apart = além Aside = além Away = sem Hence = daqui Not withstanding = apesar de On = daqui em diante Through = através, por Withal = com (withal = with/arcaíco) 5

PARTS OF SPEECH •

Articles o o

The (singular, plural) ………………………o,a,os,as A/AN (singular/countable nouns) ……….. uma, um

SOME (plural/uncount. Nouns)………………………….. alguns, algumas

•

Nouns o

•

Adjectives o

•

So, then, as soon as, as long as, however, although…

Interjections o

•

Of, with, without, for, at, in, on, after, before,

Conjunctions o

•

When, where, why, how, which… that, this, those, these…. I, you, he… my, her, his….. mine, yours… myself…

Prepositions o

•

Here, there, always, never, often, slowly, quickly, quietly, fast, …

Pronouns o

•

infinitive: to run, to jump, to play gerund: running, jumping, playing participle: (regular verbs) – worked, played, jumped (irregular verbs) – run, done, written

Adverbs o

•

ugly, beautiful, wonderful, delicious, dangerous, comfortable, handsome

Verbs o o o

•

Paulo, chair, nation, nationality, happiness, …

Oh! Ah! Ouch! Oh my Gosh! Oh my God! Wow! …

Numeral o

One – first… two – second… three – third… four – fourth….

VERB TENSES EXAMPLE I write a letter/ She writes a letter. I wrote a letter I will write a letter I am writing a letter I was writing a letter I will be writing a letter I am going to write a letter I have written a letter I had written a letter I will have written a letter I have been writing a letter I had been writing a letter I will have been writing a letter Can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would

TENSE Present simple Past simple Future simple Present continuous Past continuous Future continuous Future with “going to” Present perfect simple Past perfect simple Future perfect simple Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Future perfect continuous Modals

6

SIMPLE TENSES SIMPLE PRESENT Os auxiliares do presente simples são: DO e DOES (geralmente usados na interrogativa e negativa). DO/DON’T– usados para I, WE, YOU, THEY DOES/DOESN’T – usados para HE, SHE, IT Affirmative I love apples You work in US. He stays at home She wakes up early. It fits well. We study together. They live in the same flat.

Negative I don’t love apples You don’t work in US. He doesn’t stay at home. She doesn’t wake up early. It doesn’t fit well. We don’t study together. They don’t live in the same flat.

Interrogative Do I love apples? Do you work in US? Does he stay at home? Does she wake up early? Does it fit well? Do we study together? Do they live in the same flat?

SIMPLE PAST Regular Verbs Need/needed Want/wanted Finish/finished Start/started

x

• •

Irregular verbs think/thought go/went get/got cut/cut

Regular verbs end with –ED There’s only one form for the past of the verbs (except to be – was/were)

DID – Auxiliar do passado simples (para todas as pessoas). DIDN’T - Negativa do auxiliar DID Affirmative I traveled last week. You liked it very much. He enjoyed a lot. She worked hard. It tasted good. We met there. They went there yesterday.

Negative I didn’t travel last week. You didn’t like it very much. He didn’t enjoy a lot. She didn’t work hard. It didn’t taste good. We didn’t meet there. They didn’t go there yesterday.

Interrogative Did I travel last week? Did you like it very much? Did he enjoy a lot? Did she work hard? Did it taste good? Did we meet there? Did they go there yesterday?

SIMPLE FUTURE WILL – Auxiliar do futuro simples (para todas as pessoas) WON’T - Negativa do auxiliar WILL – ‘LL - Contração de will com o sujeito. Affirmative I will travel. You will like it. He will enjoy. She will feel fine. It will work. We will meet there. They will get along well.

Negative I won’t travel. You won’t like it. He won’t enjoy. She won’t feel fine. It won’t work. We won’t meet there. They won’t get along well

Interrogative Will I travel? Will you like it? Will they enjoy? Will she feel fine? Will it work? Will we meet there? Will they get along well?

TO BE PRESENT I am He/she/it is We/you/they are

PAST I was He/she/it was We/you/they were.

FUTURE I will be He/she/it will be We/you/they will be 7

LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS MOST COMMONLY USED INFINITIVE Be Bear Beat Become Begin Bend Bet Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Bring Broadcast Build Burn Burst Buy Catch Choose Cling Come Cost Creep Cut Dig Do Draw Dream Drive Dwell Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Flee Fling Fly Forbid Forget Forsake Freeze Get Give Go Grow Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Kneel Know Lay Lead Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie

SIMPLE PAST Was/ were Bore Beat Became Began Bent Bet Bit Bled Blew Broke Bred Brought Broadcast Built Burnt Burst Bought Caught Chose Clung Came Cost Crept Cut Dug Did Drew Dreamt Drove Dwelt Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flung Flew Forbade Forgot Forsook Froze Got Gave Went Grew Hung Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Knew Laid Led Leapt Learnt Left Lent Let Lay

PAST PARTICIPLE Been Born beaten Become Begun Bent Bet Bitten Bled Blown Broken Bred Brought Broadcast Built Burnt burst bought Caught Chosen Clung Come Cost Crept Cut Dug Done Drawn Dreamt Driven Dwelt Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Fled Flung Flown Forbidden Forgotten Forsaken Frozen Gotten Given Gone Grown Hung Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Kept Knelt Known Laid Led Leapt Learnt Left Lent Let Lain

MEANING Ser/ estar Suportar/gerar Derrotar Tornar-se Começar Curvar Apostar Morder Sangrar Soprar Quebrar Criar Trazer Transmitir Construir Queimar Explodir Comprar Pegar Escolher Agarrar-se Vir Custar Rastejar Cortar Cavar Fazer Desenhar Sonhar Dirigir Habitar Comer Cair Alimentar Sentir Lutar Encontrar Fugir Arremessar Voar Proibir Esquecer Abandonar Congelar Receber Dar Ir Crescer Pendurar Ter Ouvir Esconder Bater Segurar Ferir Manter Ajoelhar-se Saber Por Conduzir Saltar Aprender Sair Emprestar Deixar Estar deitado

8

Light Lose Make Mean Meet Mislay Overtake Pay Put Read Ride Ring Rise Run Say See Seek Sell Send Set Sew Shake Shine Shoot Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit Sleep Smell Speak Speed Spend Spill Spit Split Spread Spring Stand Steal Stick Sting Stink Strike Swear Sweep Swell Swim Swing Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw Undergo Understand Wake Wear Weep Win Wind Withdraw Write

Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mislaid Overtook Paid Put Read Rode Rang Rose Ran Said Saw Sought Sold Sent Set Sewed Shook Shone Shot Showed Shrank Shut Sang Sank Sat Slept Smelt Spoke Sped Spent Spilt Spat Split Spread Sprang Stood Stole Stuck Stung Stank Struck Swore Swept Swelled Swam Swung Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw Underwent Understood Woke Wore Wept Won Wound Withdrew Wrote

Lit Lost Made Meant Met Mislaid Overtaken Paid Put Read Ridden Rung Risen Run Said Seen Sought Sold Sent Set Sewn Shaken Shone Shot Shown Shrunk Shut Sung Sunk Sat Slept Smelt Spoken Sped Spent Spilt Spat Split Spread Sprung Stood Stolen Stuck Stung Stunk Struck Sworn Swept Swollen Swum Swung Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Undergone understood Woken Worn Wept Won Wound Withdrawn Written

Acender Perder fazer Significar Encontrar Extraviar Ultrapassar Pagar Por Ler Cavalgar Tocar Subir Correr Dizer Ver Procurar Vender Enviar Colocar Costurar Tremer Brilhar Atirar Mostrar Encolher Fechar Cantar Afundar Sentar-se Dormir Cheirar Falar Acelerar Gastar Derramar Cuspir Rachar Espalhar Pular Levantar-se Roubar Grudar Picar Cheirar mal Golpear Jurar Varrer Inchar Nadar Balançar-se Pegar Ensinar Rasgar Contar Pensar Jogar/ atirar Sofrer Compreender Acordar Usar Chorar Vencer Dar corda Sacar Escrever

9

LIST OF THE REGULAR VERBS MOST COMMONLY USED VERB Abrir Aceitar Aconselhar Acontecer Acreditar Acrescentar Acusar Admirar Advertir Afogar-se Agradecer Ajudar Alcançar Amar Andar Anunciar Aparecer Apontar Aposentar-se Aprender Apressar-se Arranjar Assustar Atacar Aterrissar Atrair Atrasar Bater Beijar Brincar/jogar Carregar Casar-se Chamar Chegar Chorar Chover Chutar Cobrir Coçar Colecionar Colocar Comemorar Comparar Comportar-se Concordar Condenar Confessar Considerar Consistir Conter Convencer Cozinhar Cruzar Dançar Dar boas vindas Decidir Declarar Defender Derrotar Derrubar Descansar Descrever Desculpar Desejar Despedir/disparar

INFINITIVE Open Accept Advise Happen Believe Add Accuse Admire Warn Drown Thank Help Reach Love Walk Announce Appear Point Retire Learn Hurry Arrange Frighten Attack Land Attract Delay Knock Kiss Play Carry Marry Call Arrive Cry Rain Kick Cover Scratch Collect Place Celebrate Compare Behave Agree Condemn Confess Consider Consist Contain Convince Cook Cross Dance Welcome Decide Declare Defend Defeat Drop Rest Describe Excuse Desire Fire

PAST Opened Accepted Advised Happened Believed Added Accused Admired Warned Drowned Thanked Helped Reached Loved Walked Announced Appeared Pointed Retired Learned Hurried Arranged Frightened Attacked Landed Attracted Delayed Knocked Kissed Played Carried Married Called Arrived Cried Rained Kicked Covered Scratched Collected Placed Celebrated Compared Behaved Agreed Condemned Confessed Considered Consisted Contained Convinced Cooked Crossed Danced Welcomed Decided Declared Defended Defeated Dropped Rested Described Excused Desired Fired

PAST PARTICIPLE Opened Accepted Advised Happened Believed Added Accused Admired Warned Drowned Thanked Helped Reached Loved Walked Announced Appeared Pointed Retired Learned Hurried Arranged Frightened Attacked Landed Attracted Delayed Knocked Kissed Played Carried Married Called Arrived Cried Rained Kicked Covered Scratched Collected Placed Celebrated Compared Behaved Agreed Condemned Confessed Considered Consisted Contained Convinced Cooked Crossed Danced Welcomed Decided Declared Defended Defeated Dropped Rested Described Excused Desired Fired

10

Desperdiçar Destruir Determinar Dever Discutir Discutir/ brigar Distinguir Ditar Divertir-se Dividir Durar Duvidar Empregar Empurrar Encher Encorajar Enterrar Entregar Escapar Escovar Esforçar-se Esperar Estudar Evitar Evitar/impedir Examinar Excitar Existir Falar Ferir Forçar Fornecer Gostar Gritar Guiar Habitar Imaginar Imitar Importar-se Incomodar Insistir Insultar Interessar Interromper Invejar Ir buscar Juntar-se Justificar Lavar Lembrar Levantar Liberar Matar Matar Melhorar Merecer Mudar Mudar-se Negar Nevar Obedecer Observar Odiar Oferecer Omitir Ordenar/ pedir Ouvir Parabenizar Parar Parecer

Waste Destroy Determine Owe Argue Quarrel Distinguish Dictate Enjoy Divide Last Doubt Employ Push Fill Encourage Bury Deliver Escape Brush Struggle Wait Study Avoid Prevent Examine Excite Exist Talk Injure Force Furnish Like Shout Guide Inhabit Imagine Imitate Care Annoy Insist Insult Interest Interrupt Envy Fetch Join Justify Wash Remember Raise Free Kill Murder Improve Deserve Change Move Deny Snow Obey Watch Hate Offer Omit Order Listen to Congratulate Stop Seem

Wasted Destroyed Determined Owed Argued Quarreled Distinguished Dictated Enjoyed Divided Lasted Doubted Employed Pushed Filled Encouraged Buried Delivered Escaped Brushed Struggled Waited Studied Avoided Prevented Examined Excited Existed Talked Injured Forced Furnished Liked Shouted Guided Inhabited Imagined Imitated Cared Annoyed Insisted Insulted Interested Interrupted Envied Fetched Joined Justified Washed Remembered Raised Freed Killed Murdered Improved Deserved Changed Moved Denied Snowed Obeyed Watched Hated Offered Omitted Ordered Listened to Congratulated Stopped Seemed

Wasted Destroyed Determined Owed Argued Quarreled Distinguished Dictated Enjoyed Divided Lasted Doubted Employed Pushed Filled Encouraged Buried Delivered Escaped Brushed Struggled Waited Studied Avoided Prevented Examined Excited Existed Talked Injured Forced Furnished Liked Shouted Guided Inhabited Imagined Imitated Cared Annoyed Insisted Insulted Interested Interrupted Envied Fetched Joined Justified Washed Remembered Raised Freed Killed Murdered Improved Deserved Changed Moved Denied Snowed Obeyed Watched Hated Offered Omitted Ordered Listened to Congratulated Stopped Seemed

11

Passar Pedir emprestado Pedir/perguntar Permitir Permitir Persuadir Pertencer Pintar Precisar Preferir Preparar Pretender Procurar, revistar Produzir Prometer Pronunciar Provar Provar (comida...) Publicar Pular Punir Puxar Querer Querer saber/ imaginar Receber Reclamar Reconhecer Recusar Reivindicar Repetir Respeitar Respirar Responder Responder Rir Seguir Sentir falta de Separar Servir Sofrer Sorrir Suplicar Supor Surpreender Suspirar Temer Tentar Ter sucesso Ter/ possuir Terminar Terminar Tocar Traduzir Trair Tratar Trocar Usar Vestir Viajar Virar Visitar Viver/ morar

Pass Borrow Ask Allow Permit Persuade Belong Paint Need Prefer Prepare Intend Search Produce Promise Pronounce Prove Taste Publish Jump Punish Pull Want Wonder Receive Complain Recognize Refuse Claim Repeat Respect Breathe Answer Respond Laugh Follow Miss Separate Serve Suffer Smile Beg Suppose Surprise Sigh Fear Try Succeed Own End Finish Touch Translate Betray Treat Exchange Use Dress Travel Turn Visit Live

Passed Borrowed Asked Allowed Permitted Persuaded Belonged Painted Needed Preferred Prepared Intended Searched Produced Promised Pronounced Proved Tasted Published Jumped Punished Pulled Wanted Wondered Received Complained Recognized Refused Claimed Repeated Respected Breathed Answered Responded Laughed Followed Missed Separated Served Suffered Smiled Begged Supposed Surprised Sighed Feared Tried Succeeded Owned Ended Finished Touched Translated Betrayed Treated Exchanged Used Dressed Traveled Turned Visited Lived

Passed Borrowed Asked Allowed Permitted Persuaded Belonged Painted Needed Preferred Prepared Intended Searched Produced Promised Pronounced Proved Tasted Published Jumped Punished Pulled Wanted Wondered Received Complained Recognized Refused Claimed Repeated Respected Breathed Answered Responded Laughed Followed Missed Separated Served Suffered Smiled Begged Supposed Surprised Sighed Feared Tried Succeeded Owned Ended Finished Touched Translated Betrayed Treated Exchanged Used Dressed Traveled Turned Visited Lived

12