Elementary Textbook On Physics Volume 3

In this post, we will see Elementary Textbook on Physics - Volume 3 - Oscillations And Waves Optics Atomic And Nuclear Physics edited by G. S. Landsberg. About the book: Volume 3 covers aspects of wave motion, oscillations, optics and atomic and modern physics. These topics include: Basic Concepts. Mechanical Vibrations. Acoustic Vibrations. Electric Oscillations. Wave Phenomena. Interference of Waves. Electromagnetic Waves. Light Phenomena: General. Photometry and Lighting Engineering. Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics. Application of Reflection and Refraction of Light to Image Formation. Optical Systems and Errors. Optical Instruments. Interference of Light. Diffraction of Light. Physical Principles of Optical Holography. Polarization of Light. Transverse Nature of Lightwaves. Electromagnetic Spectrum. Velocity of Light. Dispersion of Light and Colours of Bodies. Spectra and Spectral Regularities. Effects of Light. Atomic Structure. Radioactivity. Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Power. Elementary Particles. New Achievements in Elementary Particle Physics. About the series (from Front Jacket and Preface): Elementary Textbook on Physics first appeared in 1948-52 under the editorship of Academician G.S. Landsberg (1890-1957) and immediately became popular with students preparing for entrance examinations in physics. The success of the book was due very much to the fact that each section was written by a specialist. Contributors to the book included the scientists S.E. Khaikin, M.A. Isakovich, M.A. Leontovich, D.I. Sakharov (Vol. 1), S.G. Kalashnikov (Vol. 2), S.M. Rytov, M.M. Sushchinskii (with the participation of I.A. Yakovlev), F.S. Landsberg-Baryshanskaya, and F.L. Shapiro (Vol. 3). These three volumes form a course on elementary physics that has become very popular in the Soviet Union. Each sectioh was written by an authority in the appropriate field, while the overall unity and editing was supervised by Academician G.S. Landsberg (1890-1957). This textbook has gone through ten Russian editions and a great deal of effort went into the last edition to introduce SI units and change the terminology and notation for the physical units. A feature of this course is the relatively small number of formulas and mathematical manipulations. Instead, attention was focussed on explaining physical phenomena in such a way as to combine scientific rigour and a form understandable to school children. Another aspect of the text is the technological application of the physical laws. These features make the text a world-class textbook. For students preparing to enter universities and colleges to study physics, and for those it high schools specialising in physics. The book was translated from the Russian by Natalia Wadhwa and was first published by Mir in 1989. Contents Vol 3 Front Cover 1 Front Jacket 2 Title Page 8 Contents 10 Preface to the First Russian Edition 16 Part One Oscillations and Waves 18 Chapter 1 Mechanical Vibrations Basic Concepts. 18 1.1. Periodic Motion. Period 18 1.2. Oscillatory Systems. Free Oscillations 18 1.3. Pendulum Kinematics of Oscillations 20 1.4. Vibrations of a Timing Fork 21 1.5. Harmonic Oscillations. Frequency 23 1.6. Phase Shift 26 1.7. Dynamics of Pendulum Oscillations 28 1.8. Formula for the Period of a Simple Pendulum 30 1.9. Elastic Vibrations 32 1.10. Torsional Vibrations 34 1.11. Effect of Friction. Damping 35 1.12. Forced Vibrations 38 1.13. Resonance 39 1.14. Effect of Friction on Resonance Phenomena 41 1.15. Examples of Resonance Phenomena 42 1.16. Resonance Phenomena Induced by an Anharmonic Periodic Force 44 1.17. The Relation Between the Form and Harmonic Composition of Periodic Oscillations 47 Chapter 2 Acoustic Vibrations 51 2.1. Acoustic Vibrations 51 2.2. Subject of Acoustics 52 2.3. Musical Tone. Laudness and Pitch 53 2.4. Tembre 54 2.5. Acoustic Resonance 56 2.6. Recording and Reproduction of Sounds 58 2.7. Analysis and Synthesis of Sound 59 2.8. Noises 60 Chapter 3 Electric Oscillations 63 3.1. Electric Oscillations and Methods of Their Observation 63 3.2. Oscillatory Circuit 66 3.3. Mechanical Analogy. Thomson Formula 69 3.4. Electric Resonance 72 3.5. Undamped Oscillations. Self-Excited Oscillatory Systems 75 3.6. Valve Oscillator 78 3.7. Theory of Oscillations 80 Chapter 4 Wave Phenomena 84 4.1. Waves 84 4.2. Wave Propagation Velocity 86 4.3. Radiolocation 4.4. Transverse Waves in a Cord 90 4.5. Longitudinal Waves in an Air Column 93 4.6. Waves on the Surface of a Liquid 96 4.7. Energy Transfer by Waves 98 4.8. Reflection of Waves 101 4.9. Diffraction 103 4.10. Directional Emission 105 Chapter 5 Interference of Waves 108 5.1. Superposition of Waves 108 5.2. Interference of Waves 109 5.3. Conditions for Formation of Interference Maxima and Minima 111 5.4. Interference of Acoustic Waves 113 5.5. Standing Waves 114 5.6. Vibrations of Elastic Bodies as Standing Waves 116 5.7. Free Vibrations of a String 117 5.8. Standing Waves in Plates and Other Extended Bodies 120 5.9. Resonance in the Presence of Many Frequencies 122 5.10. Conditions for a Perfect Sound Emission 124 5.11. Binaural Phase Effect. Sound Direction Finding 126 Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Waves 128 6.1. Electromagnetic Waves 128 6.2. Conditions for a Perfect Emission of Electromagnetic Waves 129 6.3. Oscillator and Aerials 130 6.4. Hertz’ Experiments on Electromagnetic Waves. Lebedev’s Experiments 134 6.5. Electromagnetic Theory of Light. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves 137 6.6. Experiments with Electromagnetic Waves 139 6.7. Popov’s Invention of Radio 146 6.8. Modern Radio Communication 149 6.9. Other Applications of Radio 152 6.10. Propagation of Radio Waves 154 6.11. Concluding Remarks 158 Part Two Geometrical Optics 162 Chapter 7 Light Phenomena: General 162 7.1. Effects of Light 162 7.2. Interference of Light. Colours of Thin Films 164 7.3. Brief Information from the History of Optics 165 Chapter 8 Photometry and Lighting Engineering 167 8.1. Radiant Energy. Luminous Flux 167 8.2. Point Sources of Light 168 8.3. Luminous Intensity and Illuminance 170 8.4. Laws of Illumination 171 8.5. Units of Photometric Quantities 173 8.6. Brightness of Sources 174 8.7. Problems of Lighting Engineering 176 8.8. Appliances for Concentrating Luminous Flux 177 8.9. Reflectors and Scatterers 178 8.10. Brightness of Illuminated Surfaces. 181 8.11. Photometry and Measuring Instruments 182 Chapter 9 Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics 187 9.1. Rectilinearity of Wave Propagation 187 9.2. Rectilinear Propagation of Light. Light Rays 188 9.3. Laws of Reflection and Refraction of Light 193 9.4. Reversibility of Light Rays 197 9.5. Refractive Index 199 9.6. Total Internal Reflection 202 9.7. Refraction in a Plane-parallel Plate 205 9.8. Refraction in a Prism 206 Chapter 10 Application of Reflection and Refraction of Light for Image Formation 209 10.1. Light Source and Its Image 209 10.2. Refraction in a Lens. Focal Points 210 10.3. Images of Points Located on the Principal Optical Axis of a Lens. Lens Equation 215 10.4. Applications of the Thin Lens Equation. Real and Virtual Images 217 10.5. Image of a Point Source and of an Extended Object Formed by a Plane Mirror. Image of a Point Source Formed by a Spherical Mirror 221 10.6. Focal Point and Focal Length of a Spherical Mirror 224 10.7. Relation Between the Positions of a Source and Its Image on the Principal Optical Axis of a Spherical Mirror 225 10.8. Methods of Preparation of Lenses and Mirrors 226 10.9. Images of Extended Objects Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses 227 10.10. Magnification of Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses 228 10.11. Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses 230 10.12. Optical Power of Lenses 235 Chapter 11 Optical Systems and Errors 237 11.1. Optical System 237 11.2. Principal Planes and Principal Points of a System 237 11.3. Image Construction in a System 239 11.4. Magnification of a System 239 11.5. Drawbacks of Optical Systems 240 11.6. Spherical Aberration 241 11.7. Astigmatism 244 11.8. Chromatic Aberration 245 11.9. Confinement of Beam Cross Sectionsin Optical Systems 246 11.10. Lens Aperture 247 11.11. Brightness of Image 248 Chapter 12 Optical Instruments 251 12.1. Projection Optical Instruments 251 12.2. Photographic Camera 253 12.3. The Human Eye as an Optical System 255 12.4. Optical Instruments Outfitting the Eye 257 12.5. Magnifying Glasses 259 12.6. Microscopes 261 12.7. Resolving Power of Microscopes 263 12.8. Telescopes 263 12.9. Magnification of Telescopes 265 12.10. Telescopes in Astronomy 266 12.11. Image Brightness for Extended and Point Sources 270 12.12. Lomonosov’s Telescope 272 12.13. Binocular Vision and Sensation of Depth. Stereoscopes 272 Part Three Physical Optics 277 Chapter 13 Interference of Light 277 13.1. Geometrical and Physical Optics 277 13.2. Experimental Realization of Interference of Light 277 13.3. Explanation of Thin Film Colours 281 13.4. Newton’s Rings 282 13.5. Calculation of Wavelength of Light with the Help of Newton’s Rings 284 Chapter 14 Diffraction of Light 287 14.1. Bundles of Rays and the Shape of Wave Surface 287 14.2. Huygens’ Principle 288 14.3. Reflection and Refraction from the Viewpoint of Huygens’ Principle 289 14.4. Huygens’ Principle in Fresnel Interpretation 291 14.5. Simple Diffraction Phenomena 292 14.6. Explanation of Diffraction by Fresnel’s Method 295 14.7. Resolving .Power of Optical Instruments 296 14.8. Diffraction Grating 299 14.9. Diffraction Grating as a Spectral Instrument 301 14.10. Preparation of Diffraction Gratings 302 14.11. Diffraction at an Oblique Incidence of Light on a Grating 302 Chapter 15 Physical Principles of Optical Holography 304 15.1. Photography and Holography 304 15.2. Holographic Recording with a Plane Reference Wave 307 15.3. Obtaining Optical Images by Reconstructing the Wave Front 310 15.4. Holographing by Opposing Light Beam Method 313 15.5. Application of Holography to Optical Interferometry 315 Chapter 16 Polarization of Light. TransverseNature of Light Waves 320 16.1. Passage of Light Through Tourmaline 320 16.2. Hypotheses Explaining Observed Phenomena. Polarized Light 321 16.3. Mechanical Model of Polarization 322 16.4. Polaroids 323 16.5. Thinsverse Nature of Light Waves and Electromagnetic Theory of Light 323 Chapter 17 Electromagnetic Spectrum 325 17.1. Methods of Investigating Electromagnetic Waves of Different Wavelengths 325 17.2. Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation 326 17.3. Discovery of X-rays 327 17.4. Effects of X-rays 329 17.5. X-ray Ihbe 330 17.6. Origination and Nature of X-rays 331 17.7. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves 332 Chapter 18 Speed of Light 334 18.1. First Attempts to Determine the Speed of Light 334 18.2. Determination of the Speed of Light by Roemer 335 18.3. Measurement of the Speed of Lightby Rotating-Mirror Method 336 Chapter 19 Dispersion of Light and Colours ofBodies 339 19.1. State-of-the-art in Chromatography Before Newton’s Studies 339 19.2. Main Discovery of Newton in Optics 339 19.3. Interpretation of Newton’s Observations 341 19.4. Dispersion of Refractive Indicesfor Different Materials 342 19.5. Complementary Colours 343 19.6. Spectral Composition of Light Emitted by Various Sources 345 19.7. Light and Colours of Bodies 346 19.8. Absorption 19.10. Coloured Bodies Illuminated by Coloured Light 348 19.11. Masking and Unmasking 349 19.12. Colour Saturation 350 19.13. Colour of the Sky and Dawns 351 Chapter 20 Spectra and Spectral Regularities 354 20.1. Spectroscopic Instrumentation 354 20.2. types of Emission Spectra 355 20.3. Origin of Different Types of Spectra 357 20.4. Spectral Laws 358 20.5. Spectral Analysis Using Emission Spectra 359 20.6. Absorption Spectra of Liquids and Solids 362 20.7. Absorption Spectra of Atoms. Fraunhofer Lines 362 20.8. Investigation of Red-Hot Bodies. Blackbody 363 20.9. Temperature Dependence of Emission of Red-Hot Bodies. Incandescent Lamps 365 20.10. Optical Pyrometry 366 Chapter 21 Effects of Light 368 21.1. Action of Light on a Substance. Photoelectric Effect 368 21.2. Laws of Photoelectric Effect 369 21.3. Light Quanta 372 21.4. Application of Photoelectric Phenomena 374 21.5. Photoluminescence. Stokes’ Shift 376 21.6. Physical Meaning of Stokes’ Shift 378 21.7. Luminescent Analysis 378 21.8. Photochemical Action of Light 379 21.9. The Role of Wavelength in Photochemical Processes 380 21.10. Photography 380 21.11. Photochemical Theory of Vision 384 21.12. Duration of Visual Sensation 386 Part Four Atomic and Nuclear Physics 393 Chapter 22 Atomic Structure 393 22.1. Atoms 393 22.2. Avogadro’s Constant. Size and Mass of Atoms 394 22.3. Elementary Electric Charge 396 22.4. Units of Charge 22.5. Measurement of Mass of Charged Particles. Mass Spectrograph 400 22.6. Electron Mass. Velocity Dependence of Electron Mass 403 22.7. Einstein’s Law 405 22.8. Mass of Atoms. Isotopes 408 22.9. Isotope Separation. Heavy Water 410 22.10. Nuclear Model of Atom 412 22.11. Energy Levels of Atoms 415 22.12. Induced Emission of Light. Quantum Generators 420 22.13. Hydrogen Atom. Peculiarities of Motion of an Electron in an Atom 424 22.14. Many-Electron Atoms. Origin of Optical and X-Ray Spectra of Atoms 428 22.15. Mendeleev’s Periodic System of Elements 429 22.16. Quantum and Wave Properties of Photons 432 22.17. Fundamentals of Quantum (Wave) Mechanics 438 Chapter 23 Radioactivity 446 23.1. Discovery of Radioactivity. Radioactive Elements 446 23.2. Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma- Radiation. Wilson Cloud Chamber 23.3. Methods of Detecting Charged Particles 453 23.4. Properties of Radioactive Radiation 456 23.5. Radioactive Decay and Radioactive Thinsformations 460 23.6. Applications of Radioactivity 464 23.7. Accelerators 464 Chapter 24 Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Power 470 24.1. Nuclear Reactions 470 24.2. Nuclear Reactions and Transformation of Elements 472 243. Properties of Neutrons 473 24.4. Nuclear Reactions Induced by Neutrons 475 24.5. Artificial Radioactivity 477 24.6. Positron 479 24.7. Application of Einstein’s Law to Annihilation and Pair Formation 481 24.8. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei 482 24.9. Nuclear Energy. Energy Sources of Stars 485 24.10. Uranium Fission. Chain Nuclear Reaction 488 24.11. Application of Nondecaying Chain Fission Reaction. Atom and Hydrogen Bombs 493 24.12. Nuclear Reactors and Their Applications 495 Chapter 25 Elementary Particles 503 25.1. General Remarks 503 25.2. Neutrino 505 25.3. Nuclear Forces. Mesons 507 25.4. Particles and Antiparticles 511 25.5. Particles and Interactions 516 25.6. Detectors of Elementary Particles 518 25.7. Clock Paradox 523 25.8. Cosmic Radiation (Cosmic Rays) 524 Chapter 26 New Achievements in Elementary-Particle Physics 528 26.1. Accelerators and Experimental Technology 528 26.2. Hadrons and Quarks 533 26.3. Quark Structure of Hadrons 542 26.4. Quark Model and Formation and Decay of Hadrons 543 26.5. Leptons. Intermediate Bosons. The Unity of All Interactions 547 Answers and Solutions 551 Part I Oscillations and Waves 551 Part II Geometrical Optics 553 Part III Physical Optics 556 Part IV Atomic and Nuclear Physics 557 Conclusion 562 Index 565 Back Jacket 577 Back Cover 578